The general history of Spain from the first peopling of it by Tubal, till the death of King Ferdinand, who united the crowns of Castile and Aragon : with a continuation to the death of King Philip III / written in Spanish by the R.F.F. John de Mariana ; to which are added, two supplements, the first by F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salcedo, the other by F. Basil Varen de Soto, bringing it down to the present reign ; the whole translated from the Spanish by Capt. John Stevens.

The History of SPAIN.

BOOK XXIV.

CHAP. I. The Princess Elizabeth pretends to be Reconciled to her Brother, and openly aspires to the Crown upon his Indisposition; D. John Pacheco, Master of Santiago, dies; Differences betwixt the French and Aragonians; King Ferdinand goes to Barcelona; Jews Massacred in Sicily; Ferdinand and Elizabeth proclaimed King and Queen of Castile; The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Princess Joanna his Niece.

THere was no end of the Discontents of the Nobility of Castile. The Aragonian Faction increased daily in strength. The Master of Santiago ceased not to heap up Riches, and only dreaded the Aragonians should prevail, which would endanger his Estate, great part whereof had belonged to the Princes of that House. This made him endeavour to obstruct the Mariage of Prince Ferdinand with the Princess Elizabeth, and that of D. Henry of Aragon with the Princess Joanna. His great Aim was to possess him∣self of the Castle of Segovia, as well as that of Madrid, looking upon them as his greatest se∣curity. Only Andrew de Cabrera, who had great Interest with the King, and was a Man of much forecast, opposed him. This caused Animosities betwixt them, and each strove to un∣dermine the other. The Master was more Powerful, but Cabrera more Fortunate and Poli∣tick. He used all his Endeavours to Reconcile King Henry to his Sister, the Princess Elizabeth, which the absence of the Master of Santiago much forwarded; and finding the King one day * 1.1 alone, he pressed him hard upon that Point, representing to him the danger of opposing the Inclinations of the People, and how much to the King's advantage it was to have them well affected towards him. The King being naturally irresolute and inconstant, was easily moved. At several other times Cabrera urged the same thing to the King, till he perswaded him to send for his Sister. This done, he sent Beatrix de Babadilla, his Wife, in a Disguise like a Coun∣try Woman, to Aranda, where she advised the Princess to go away with speed to Segovia, as∣suring her of her Brothers Kindness, and that at worst she could be safe in the Castle. Ha∣ving agreed upon it, the Lady Beatrix returned to her Husband, and the Princess soon fol∣lowed, and came into the Castle of Segovia on the 28th of December preceding the beginning of the year 1474. Her coming surprized the Town and Court, and the Marquiss of Villena * 1.2 suspecting some Design against him, withdrew to Ayllon, a Town not far from thence. King Henry received the News in the Forest of Balsain, where he was Hunting. He immediately returned to Segovia, and visited his Sister. Both testified much Joy at their Meeting, and spent a long time in private. At parting the Princess recommended her Affairs to the King, who answered, he would consider of it. Next night they supped together in the Castle, and the 3d day the Princess appeared a Horseback in the Streets, the King himself holding her Bridle. This was a Joyful day to Spain, none doubting but it would put an end to so many Troubles. To add to the Publick Satisfaction, King Ferdinand, by the Advice of his Wife, came to Segovia. On the day of the Epiphany the Two Kings and Queen appeared together in publick, and afterwards Dined together in the Bishops House, where Andrew de Cabrera Treated them Magnificently. James Enriquez del Castillo writes, that D. Roderick de Villan∣dro, Earl of Ribadeo, Dined with them, by virtue of a Priviledge granted to his Father (as was said in its place) of Dining with the King upon New-Years-Day. After the Dinner there was a Ball, and then a Collation. But all this Joy was allayed by the King's Indisposition, who being taken with a violent Pain in his Side, was carried away to his Palace. It was sus∣pected by the People he was Poisoned, and their Opinion gained Credit, because he never af∣ter * 1.3 had his Health, and died within a year. But these were only Surmises, publick Prayers were made for his Health, and he was somewhat eased.

As soon as the King recovered, Articles were proposed between him, and his Sister. The Princess demanded to be Sworn Heiress of the Crown, and promised if that were done, to be always Obedient to him, as also to deliver up her Daughter as a Hostage, to be kept by Andrew * 1.4 de Cabrera. On the other side, the Earl of Benavente required the Princess Joanna should be Married to D. Henry of Aragon, and threatned if it were not Granted, to break off any Agree∣ment designed betwixt the King and his Sister. All the other Nobles and Courtiers were di∣vided, as their Interest led them. The Family of Mendoça, both Numerous and Powerful, be∣gan to incline to the Princess Elizabeth. For that very Reason, the Archbishop of Toledo was for siding with the Princess Joanna. King Henry was irresolute. D. John Pacheco the Master of Santiago, advised him by Night to secure the City, and apprehend his Sister and her Husband,

promising to Assist him in it. This design was discovered, and King Ferdinand immediately withdrew to Turuegano. The Princess Elizabeth resolved to keep Possession of the Castle of Segovia, where all the Royal Treasure lay. After their parting the two Kings, Henry and Ferdi∣nand met again accidentally. The Earl of Benavente had some time before the Town of Car∣rion given him by King Henry, which he Fortified. The Marquess de Santillana was offended at it, and perswaded the Earl of Trevin̄o to Surprize it. He did so, and the Marquess March∣ed from Guadalajara with Forces to Support him. The Earl of Benavente moved from Segovia, to take Revenge of them both, and many of the Nobility flocked with Forces to favour the Party they inclined to. King Ferdinand Marched with some Troops to Assist the Marquess de Santilla∣na, and King Henry planted himself between the two Armies, to perswade them to an Accom∣modation, which he effected. The Earl of Benavente wholly referred himself to the King, and consented to Raze the Castle of Carrion, and resign the Town to the Crown, the Archbishop of Toledo giving him the Town of Magan in lieu of it. After this, the Marquess saw the Princess Elizabeth at Segovia, whence he returned to Guadalajara, with a resolution to change Parties. King Henry having been at Valladolid and Segovia, went to Madrid at the perswasion of D. John Pacheco. He perswaded the King to go to the Borders of Portugal, to make a Match for the Princess Joanna, with the King of Portugal; but his main design was to take Possession of Truxillo; which was given him by the King. Gracian de Sesse Governor of the Castle, refused to deliver it up, till what he had laid out upon it was Refunded, and his Accounts passed. King Henry finding his indisposition increase upon him, returned to Madrid. The Master of Santiago being also taken ill, was carried on Mens Shoulders to Truxillo. He designed to per∣swade * 1.5 the Governor to Surrender the Castle, but died suddenly, of a swelling in his Cheek, whence so much Blood gushed, that it Choaked him. It is said the last Words he spoke, were only to ask whether the Castle were Surrendred. His death was kept private, till the Castle was delivered up. In lieu of it the Governor had the Town of S. Felix in Galicia, given to him and his Heirs; an unfortunate Gift to him, for in a Mutiny the People of that Town stoned him to death.

The Aragonians and French were at variance about Rusillon, and Cerdagne, the former en∣deavouring to Recover those Counties, and the latter pleading their Rights to them by way of * 1.6 Mortgage. Thus both Parties prepared to renew the War, after the expiration of the Truce. Nevertheless, John Folch Earl of Cardona, and Hugo de Rocaberti Castellan of Amposta, were sent Ambassadors to France, with a splendid Retinue, to endeavour the composing this Affair ami∣cably. They pretended the Money was not lent in time, and that contrary to the Agreement John Duke of Lorrain had been supported out of France. As the Ambassadors returned without concluding any thing, they were detained at Lyons, contrary to all Law and Equity. Those Lords being detained in France, the Aragonians durst not attempt any thing. Yet the beginning of the Summer, 500 French Horse Commanded by John Alonso, Lord of Aluda, entred Rusillon, and joyning with the French Garrisons, sat down before Elna, the lower part thereof as being weak, the Citizens abandoned. The King of Aragon then held the Cortes of Catalonia at Barcelona, and prepared for War, tho' Aged, and sick of a Quartan Ague. He had no great Force, and therefore sought to get Supplies from abroad. King Ferdinand of Naples, sent him 500 Horse by Sea. Ferdinand his Son in June possessed himself of Tordesillas, a good Town in Old Castile, being invited thither by the Townsmen to oppose Peter Menda∣via Governor of Castro Nun̄o, who with a Company of Robbers did great harm thereabouts. From Segovia whither he returned, he resolved to go Visit his Father, who was sick. By the way at Alcalà, he Visited the Archbishop of Toledo, thinking by that Civility to gain him to his Party. At Guadalajara he also Visited the Marquess de Santillana, and so went on to Bar∣celona, where his Father lay. In the Kingdom of Valencia, the Towns of Segorve and Exerica Mutinied at the same time, and took up Arms. The People of Exerica, to free themselves from the Tyranny of Francis Sarsuela, who they pretended oppressed them. Those of Se∣gorve, to follow D. Henry de Aragon contrary to the King's Will and Pleasure. These Con∣fusions lasted long, but nothing remarkable hapned in them, only, that at length Segorve was confiscate, and Exerica restored to its Owner. King Ferdinand was at Barcelona consulting with his Father about the War in Russillon, when News was brought him from Castile, that that D. John Pacheco, Master of Santiago, departed this Life on the 4th of October, upon whose Death the Nobles were worse divided than before. Many aimed at that Mastership. The Duke of Medina Sidonia, the Marquess of Santillana, and the Earls of Albuquerque and Be∣navente, confided in their Riches, and hoped that way to carry it. D. Alonso de Cardenas, chief Commendary of Leon, was chosen in that City; and D. Roderick Manrique, Earl of Paredes, at Veles. The Marquess de Villena pleaded, the Pope during his Father's Life-time, had given him that Dignity; but because he produced no Bull, it was supposed he only did it to delay time, till he could make an Interest with his Holiness. As he went towards Villa∣rejo de Salvanes, to meet the Earl of Ossorno, he was apprehended, and sent Prisoner to Fuen∣tiduen̄a. King Henry Resenting this Affront, and believing the Earl of Ossorno would not obey his Orders, sate down with some Forces before Fuentiduena, tho he was then much indisposed. Many Lords, as well Spiritual as Temporal, repaired thither to serve him. Delays were dan∣gerous, the King's Sickness increasing, and the Weather being bad, therefore they resolved to oppose one Fraud against another. Lope Vasquez de Acun̄a, Brother to the Archbishop of

Toledo, pretending to Treat with the Earl of Osorno's Wife, secured her, and a Son of hers, and carried them away to Huete. This obliged her Husband to release the Marquess. Thus the Designs of the Earl of Osorno were disappointed. King Ferdinand being informed what had hapned, left the Care of the War in Ampurias to his Father, and returned to Zaragoça. There he thought, if the Affairs of Castile would permit, to assemble the Cortes of Aragon in order to raise Money, whereof he stood in great want. The more because the French Forces daily increased, and they had besieged Elna with 900 Horse and 10000 Foot. That place being reduced to great extremity, surrendred on the 5th of December, upon Condition the Garrison should march away in safety. It was much feared lest Perpignan should be lost, the Castle being already in the Hands of the French, as were all the Garrisons about it. This year was particularly Remarkable for the Ha∣vock made among the Jews in all parts of Sicily. The Rabble without respect to D. Lope de Urrea, their Viceroy, who punished some of them, killed many of those Wretches, and plun∣dered their Houses. The Peace with the Moores of Granada was duely observed on both sides. In Navarre there were Tumults between the Biamonteses, who took part with the Princess El∣lenor, and the Agramonteses, who favoured the King of Aragon.

CHAP. II. The Death of Henry King of Castile; Ferdinand and Elizabeth usurp the Crown of Castile from Joanna the Rightful Heiress, and are proclaimed King and Queen; The King of Portugal undertakes the Protection of the Rightful Heiress, his Neece.

KIng Henry's Indisposition, which had held him long, daily encreased, and, being height∣ned with Troubles and the Toil of his late Expedition, became mortal. The Physicians * 1.7 ordered him to be carried to Madrid, hoping the Air might contribute to his Recovery; but neither that nor any Medicines proved effectual. On the 11th of December, having prepared himself as became a good Christian, he gave up the Ghost, at the end of the 45th Year of his Age, and having Reigned 20 Years, 4 Months, and 22 Days. His Will was not made in form, but written in haste by John de Oviedo his Secretary, in whom he reposed great Confi∣dence. He appointed the Cardinal of Spain and Marquess de Villena his Executors. Being asked by F. Peter de Maçuelos, Prior of S. Hierom in Madrid, who Confessed him at that time, Whom he appointed to Succeed him? He said, the Princess Joanna, whom he recommended to his Two Executors, as also to the Duke of Arevalo, the Marquiss of Santillana, the Earl of Benavente, and the Constable, in whom he most confided. His Body was deposited, with∣out much Ceremony, in the Monastery of S. Hierom at Madrid, and thence, as he had or∣dained, translated to the Church of Guadalupe. This Prince was for nothing so remarkable as for his loose Life. He left no Issue Male, and was himself the last of the Male Line of King Henry the Bastard.

King Henry's death caused a mighty alteration in Castile: The greatest number took part with * 1.8 the Princess Elizabeth; yet many adhered to the Princess Joanna; particularly the Marquess de Villena and the Duke of Arevalo, with all their Kindred and Followers, supported that Lady. They expected she should have the Title of Queen, and they all the Power, chu∣sing a Husband for her where they thought fit. All the Country, from Toledo to Murcia, sided with these Two Noblemen, as did all the Men of Note in Galicia, with such Resolution, that they took Arms against D. Alonso de Azevedo y Fonseca, Archbishop of Santiago, because he declared for the other side. At Segovia, such as were there present, publickly took the Oath of Allegiance to Queen Elizabeth, upon a Scaffold raised for that purpose. Then King Ferdi∣nand and Queen Elizabeth were proclaimed by a Herauld, amidst the loud Acclamations of the People. All kissed her Hand, and conducted her a Horseback to Church. Few Lords were then in Segovia, and none of them Grandees. The first that came to express their Loyalty were the Cardinal of Spain, and Earl of Benavente; soon after, the Archbishop of Toledo, the Marquiss de Santillana, the Dukes of Alva and Albuquerque, the Constable and the Admiral. Others did their Homage, and took the Oath of Allegiance by Proxy. No Oath was taken to King Ferdinand, till he came and swore to preserve the Privileges of the King∣dom. He was then holding the Cortes of Aragon and Zaragoça, and endeavouring to raise Money; but as soon as he heard of the death of King Henry, he set out for Castile. He left his Sister Joanna, Contracted to Ferdinand King of Naples, then a Widower, to preside in the Cortes. It was usual with the Nobility of Castile to sell their Loyalty as dear as they could. The King being at Almazan, the Earl of Medina Celi sent to acquaint him, That the Kingdom of Navarre appertained to the Lady Anne his Wife, as Lawful Daughter to Charles Prince of Viana: He said if King Ferdinand would not assist him in recovering his Right, he should not want Aid elsewhere, meaning from France. Having sent away the Messenger without any Answer, the King went on to Turuegano, where he stayed till the City Segovia was provided for his Reception. He made his Entry into that City on the 2d of January, * 1.9 1475. and was received with great Pomp. All the Three Estates did Homage to him, and * 1.10 kissed his Hand. Some Debate arose about the manner of Government: The Queen's Ser∣vants

contended King Ferdinand ought not to intermeddle in the Government, nor so much as call himself King of Castile; to which purpose they brought Examples of Queens of Naples. On the other side the Aragonians pleaded, That King Henry having left no Heirs Male, the Crown was devolved upon King John of Aragon, as Head of the Family. But this was easily answered by Examples of many Women that had inherited the Crown of Castile. At length the King and Queen agreed the Matter between themselves upon these Conditions; That in all Charters, Patents, and upon the Coin, King Ferdinand should be named before Queen Elizabeth; That the Arms of Castile should be on the right of those of Aragon; That all Gar∣risons should be held in the Queen's Name, and all Officers of the Revenue take their Oath to her; That Grants of Benefices should be in the Name of both, but only in the Disposal of the Queen; That when they were together, both should have equal Authority in the Admi∣nistration of Justice; and when in different places, each in that part; That the Affairs of other Provinces should be determined by him or her who was nearest to the Council, which should be observed in the Choice of Civil Governours. King Ferdinand was concerned, that his Subjects should prescribe Laws to him, but thought fit to wink at it for the present. And the Queen is said to have mollified him, promising, that the whole disposal of all things should be in him. This done, King Ferdinand applied himself to the Care of Settling the Kingdom, which was much distracted by the late Broils.

The Marquess de Villena at the same time held Correspondence with King Ferdinand, and * 1.11 King Alonso of Portugal. He was no less Politick than his Father, and it was not doubted, but he would incline to that side where he expected the greatest advantage. Of King Ferdinand he demanded, that his Two Competitors to the Mastership should be declared illegally chosen, and he secured in that Dignity. This Request seemed to the King somewhat harsh, not think∣ing it safe to add so great a Revenue to one so Powerful, and in whom he could repose but little Confidence: however he gave him a favourable Answer for the present, which was to promise, he would favour him in obtaining his Desires, provided he would deliver up the Princess Joanna to a Third Person. He replied he would not do it, nor should ever be pre∣vailed upon to break his Word to King Henry, having ingaged to him to take care of his Daughter. At the same time he sent Persons in whom he confided, to perswade the King of Portugal to take upon him the Protection of his Neece; since it appertained to him as the next of Kin, and as such he ought to take upon him the Government of Castile. He blamed his fearfulness, and conjured him since he was so powerful a King, not to forsake that Innocent Lady, assuring he would find many in Castile that would appear for him as soon as they had a Head to whom they might have recourse. The King of Portugal was at Estremoz, on the borders of his Kingdom, when King Henry died. He immediately called a Council, and laid before them what was proposed by the Marquess de Villena. Opinions, as is usual in such cases, varied. Most were for declaring War, and invading Castile without delay, pleading they had great store of Treasure heaped up having long enjoyed Peace, great numbers of Horse and Foot, and a powerful Fleet at Sea. John Prince of Portugal was the chief Promoter of this unfortunate War. Only Ferdinand, Duke of Bragança, whom Age made more Cautious and Circumspect, was against ingaging in that Affair, which some attributed to Fear, and others to Affection to Queen Elizabeth, who was his Brothers Grandaughter. He urged, the Mar∣quess de Villena and his Party were the same who not long since proclaimed Prince Alonso King, and declared the Princess Joanna a Bastard; That they offered no strong Holds for se∣curity of performing what they promised; and, That it was hard to perswade a Prejudiced People, that the Princess Joanna was Legitimate. These Precautions were approved of by the Wiser sort, yet the plurality of Voices prevailed, the common Misfortune of Councils, where Number takes place of Weight. However before they positively declared, Lope de Al∣buquerque was sent into Castile, to Examine into the Posture of Affairs, and at his return * 1.12 brought an Ingagement signed by many Noblemen, wherein they promised, That if the King of Portugal would Marry the Princess Joanna, they would when it was time appear for him. It fell out very opportunely to advance this Design, that the Archbishop of Toledo being dis∣gusted, withdrew from Segovia the 20th of February, pretending to retire for his Ease, having lived long at Court. This was the pretence, but in reality he was displeased. He complained, he was kept in Hand with Specious Promises, without receiving any Reward for his great Ser∣vices; or in Recompence of spending his Paternal Estate, to bestow the Crown upon those ungrateful Princes. Above all it grieved him to see the Cardinal so much in favour, that no∣thing was done without him. Means were used to appease him, but all in vain. He threat∣ned to make it appear how dangerous a thing it was to provoke the Archbishop of Toledo. Neither were the Prayers, mixed with Threats, of his Brother the Earl of Buendia, of any force. For he being Proud, and lavish of his Tongue, grew worse when good Advice was given him. Besides, one Ferdinand de Alarcon, who being of the same Temper, was his great Favourite, still was buzzing in his Ears, and inflamed his Passion.

CHAP. III. The King of Portugal calls himself King of Castile, and is assisted by many of the Nobi∣lity, being Contracted to Joanna the Rightful Heiress; He takes several Places in Castile; The French make Peace with England, and ingage to assist Portugal against Ferdinand.

THE Disgust of the Archbishop of Toledo did not a little perplex the King and Queen, * 1.13 fearing he might cause great Revolutions, being Rich and Powerful. This made them careful to gain what Friends they could, and to appease the Nobility. The first reduced was Henry of Aragon, which was done by restoring to him his Patrimony of Segorve and Ampu∣rias, and pardoning all past Faults, which highly obliged the Earl of Benavente his Cousin. It was now the easier to content him, because he had lost all hopes of Marrying the Princess Joanna, she being gone from Escalona to Truxillo, in order to be Married to the King of Por∣tugal. The Town of Perpignan being pressed with a long Siege, surrendred on the 14th of March, upon Condition the Aragonian Ambassadors detained in France, should be released, and the Townsmen have Liberty either to stay there, or depart whither they pleased. A Truce for 6 months was concluded between France and Aragon. King Ferdinand sent an Embassy into France to propose a Peace, and Treat about Restoring Russillon. The King of France received the Ambassadors Honourably, and sent one to Castile to propose a Match betwixt the Dauphin and the Princess of Castile, which if concluded, he promised Supplies of Men and Money to Reduce the Nobility of that Kingdom, and to stand to the Judgment of Arbitrators as to the Affair of Russillon. King Ferdinand was not averse from this Proposal, but the King of Aragon Resented it, and Complained that such Important Affairs should be Managed with∣out his privity. Above all, he feared lest the Archbishop of Toledo should endeavour to set up another King in Castile. The King of Portugal was ready on the Frontiers with an Army of 5000 Horse and 14000 Foot. Thus all hopes of Accommodation being taken away, the King and Queen prepared for War. Andrew de Cabrera to make himself the more acceptable, de∣livered up the Royal Treasures, for which he was created Marquess of Moya, Earl of Chin∣chon, and Hereditary Governor of the Castle of Segovia. Medina del Campo, a great Town of Trade, was secured to the Kings Interest, the Castle being delivered up to him by the Duke of Alva. The Rendezvous was at Valladolid, whither the King and Queen went, and soon ga∣thered an indifferent Army. King Ferdinand stayed in Old Castile, where the People were well affected towards him, and Queen Elizabeth passed the Mountains to endeavour to appease the Archbishop of Toledo; but he to avoid seeing her, went away from Alcalà to Brihuega, a strong little Town, pretending there was a design to kill him. Peter Fernandez de Velasco, the Constable, sent by the Queen upon the same Errand, could not prevail with him. However the Queen's Labour was not lost, for she secured Toledo, putting a Garison into that City, and expelling the Earl of Cifuentes and John de Ribera, who favoured the Archbishop. She went not to Madrid because the Marquess de Villena held the Castle. This done, she returned to Segovia to Coin all the Silver and Gold that was there. King Ferdinand secured Salamanca, but the Houses of such as were of the other Party were plundered. Zamora opened the Gates to him, but Alonso de Valencia, the Governour, would not deliver up the Castle, of which he was Governour. He thought not fit to attempt reducing it by force, nor to go to Toro, fearing John de Ʋlloa, a Powerful Citizen, who was inclinable to favour the Portugueses, having deserved Death for several Crimes. The King and Queen being come to Valladolid, the City of Alcaraz submitted to them, and the Citizens laid siege to the Castle. The Earl of Pa∣redes, the Lord of Coca, and the Bishop of Avila, assisted the Townsmen, and the Marquess de Villena came to raise the Siege, but finding himself too weak, desisted. This loss moved him by Letter to hasten the King of Portugal; That King was on the Frontiers near Badajoz in May, upon the 18th day of which month he had a Grandson born at Lisbon, which was looked upon as a good Omen; he was called Alonso, was Sworn Heir to the Crown, but lived not long. The Earl of Feria, who stood firm to King Ferdinand, was in Badajoz, and had lately taken a Town called Xerez. The Portugueses ought to have taken the Right Hand way, and broke into Andaluzia, where Carmona, Ezija and Cordoua were for them, so that having se∣cured Sevil they had left no Enemy behind them. Yet they turned to the Left, and marched through Estremadura to Plasencia. In this City the King of Portugal was Contracted to the Princess Joanna, and tho they Consummated not the Marriage, expecting a Dispensation be∣cause of the near Kindred that was betwixt them, yet they were Crowned and Proclaimed * 1.14 King and Queen of Castile. Here the King created Lope de Albuquerque Earl of Penamacor, to Reward his Labour in gaining the Nobility of Castile. A Manifesto was also published, and sent to all parts, declaring the Right of the Princess Joanna, and reflecting on King Fer∣dinand and Queen Elizabeth.

The War broke out in several parts at the same time. Villena, with its Dependencies, was infested with Forces out of the Kingdom of Valencia. Hereupon the Inhabitants of that City, at the perswasion of the Earl of Paredes, took up Arms, and declared for King Ferdinand, having first Capitulated, That they should for ever be incorporated in the Crown of Castile.

Cuidad Reall was recovered from the Master of Calatrava, who had possessed himself thereof without any other Right than that of Arms. Great havock was made by both Parties in An∣daluzia and Galicia. Peter Alvarado saved the City Tuy for the King of Portugal. The Ci∣tizens of Burgos besieged the Castle of that City, which Inigo de Zun̄iga, the Governor, and D. Luis de Acun̄a, the Bishop, held for the Portugueses. That King being called upon on every side, knew not whither to go first. The Nobility failed in their Supplies of Men, Money, and Provisions. The People hated the Portugueses, and they themselves began to grow weary of the War, perceiving King Ferdinand, who at the time they broke into Castile, had scarce 500 Horse, now headed an Army of 10000 Horse and 30000 Foot. The King of Portugal marched first to Arevalo, a Town that was for him, and thence went to take possession of Toro and Samora. King Ferdinand marched after him, and encamped near Toro, where the Enemy was, designing to Relieve that Castle, which still held out for him. No Action hap∣ned betwixt them. King Ferdinand sent a Challenge by a Herald. The Portugues answered his Forces were dispersed, yet offered to accept of single Combat. Therefore King Ferdi∣nand not being able to relieve the Castle, which was at last surrendered, Provision and Mo∣ney growing scarce, returned to Medina del Campo. The Cortes assembled in that City, gran∣ted him, towards carrying on the War, half the Silver and Gold of the Churches, provided he engaged to restore it as soon as the Kingdom was free from War. Then he sent out to besiege the Castle of Burgos. Many said King Ferdinand retired from Toro through Fear, and that it denoted an ill posture of Affairs. Certain it is, it moved the Archbishop of Toledo, without regarding the Prayers of all his Relations and Friends, to go away and join the King of Portugal with 500 Horse. He and the Duke of Arevalo advised that King to march in Person with 1500 Horse, and a good Body of Foot, to relieve the Castle of Burgos; which he did, and by the way took the Castle of Baltanas, seated on the Mountains between Pi∣suerga and Duero, sending the Earl of Benavente, whom he found there, Prisoner to Pen̄afiel. The Portugues, satisfied with this Action, for that he had made a rich Booty, and believing himself too weak to encounter King Ferdinand, turned back, without attempting the Relief of Burgos. The Princess Joanna was at Zamora, and Queen Elizabeth at Valladolid, whence she moved with what Force she could gather to assist her Husband at Burgos, if need were. In July the Ambassadors of Castile and Aragon made their Submission to the Pope, and were fa∣vourably received and entertained by him, which offended the Portugues Ambassadors, who said the Pope ought not to receive them, till the Right both Parties pretended was cleared: Therefore the Pope said he received those Ambassadors from Castile, saving still to any others their Titles and Claims. This Year was very remarkable throughout all Christendom, for the great Jubilee granted by Pope Sixtus, to be continued afterwards every 25th Year, whereas be∣fore it was every 50th. Many resorted to Rome to gain this Indulgence, and among them King Ferdinand of Naples, now by reason of his Age grown more Devout and Religious than he was before.

At the end of this Year, the King of Aragon held the Cortes of that Kingdom at Za∣ragoça, being in care about carrying on the War against Portugal and France: And the more, for that one Roderick Trahiguere not regarding the Truce then in being, had with French * 1.15 Forces entred Catalonia, taken the Town of St. Laurence, and struck such a Terror into all the Country, that all such as were of Age were by Edict commanded to appear in Arms, a thing never done but in time of extream Danger. In Castile, the Portugues Forces prevailed, and were encouraged by the Hopes of Succours out of France; which were reckoned the more secure, because a Peace was concluded betwixt the English and French, in which the Dukes of Britany and Burgundy were included. The Kingdom of Aragon was not able to withstand two such powerful Enemies; therefore in November the King concluded a Peace for Seven Months with the French on the side of Aragon. To weaken the Portugues, he wrote to the Archbishop of Toledo in very courteous Terms, desiring an Interview: But the Archbishop was a Man too positive to be brought to condescend. His Passion was so great, he was often heard to say, I made the Lady Elizabeth a Queen, and I will bring her down to the Spinning-wheell. King Ferdi∣nand valued not his Threats, believing if he were reconciled, the Cardinal might be disgusted. The Marquis de Villena, and Master of Calatrava, at this time went out of Old Castile to Al∣magro, designing for Baeça, the Castle of which City was besieged by their Adversaries. Hereupon Ocan̄a, a Town belonging to the Marquess, mutinied. The Earl of Cifuentes and John de Ribera, with the Forces they carried out of Toledo, turned out the Marquess's Gar∣rison, and left the Place to the Earl of Paredes, who called himself Master of Santiago. King Ferdinand hasted from Burgos to Zamora, and secured that City, with the Assistance of the Governour Francis de Valdes. The Castle was besieged, with a Resolution not to desist till it were taken. A Meeting was proposed betwixt the King of Aragon and his Son, as also the Princess Eleanor of Navarre, to find some Method of settling the Disorders in Navarre, as also to prevent any Succours coming to the Portugueses out of France through that Country. King Ferdinand was busie at Zamora, when the Castle of Burgos, there being no hopes of Relief, surrendered to Queen Elizabeth, at the beginning of the Year 1476. James de Ribera was ap∣pointed Governour of it, the Queen having an Affection for him, because he was Tutor * 1.16 to Prince Alonso. On the 17th of January died at Madrid Queen Joanna, Wife to the last King Henry, and Mother to the present unfortunate Queen Joanna. Her Body was buried in

the Church of St. Francis, in a Tomb of White Marble, near the High Altar. For that end were removed the Bones of Roderick Gonçalez de Clavijo, who went Ambassador to Tamerlan, and after his return, buik the great Chapel of that Church for himself to be buried in. Thus even after death the weakest are wronged. Many Reports were spread abroad about the Occasion of this Queen's Death, most Historians say she was Poisoned by her Brother the King of Portugal.

CHAP. IV. Prince John of Portugal comes into Castile with Forces to his Father's Assistance; The Battle of Toro betwixt King Ferdinand and him of Portugal; The latter defeated; The Castilian Nobility forsake him, and he returns home.

JOhn Prince of Portugal was left at home to govern the Kingdom: He being a forward * 1.17 Youth, and understanding his Father advanced little in Castile, raised 2000 Horse and 8000 Foot, but ill Armed, and Undisciplined. With this Recruit he set out to join his Father. Having passed the Bridge of Ledesma, he attacked the Town of S. Felices, but was repulsed. On the 9th of February he came to Toro, where he found his Father had 3500 Horse, and 20000 Foot, in Winter Quarters. King Ferdinand lay before the Castle of Zamora, with only 2500 Horse, and double that number of Foot; Thence he sent Orders to all his Forces to join him, being assured the Portugueses would oblige him to raise the Siege, or come to a Battle. The King of Aragon advised him not to hazard a Battle, as of dangerous Conse∣quence if lost, and costly tho gained. With King Ferdinand were the Cardinal of Spain, the Duke of Alva, the Admiral, and his Uncle the Earl of Alva Liste, the Marquess of Astor∣ga, and the Earl of Lemos. At Alahejos lay with a Body of Men, D. Henry of Aragon the King's Cousin, D. Alonso his Brother, and the Earl of Trevin̄o, ready to march to Zamora, which is not far distant, Queen Elizabeth from Burgos returned to Tordesillas, to be the nearer upon Occasion. The King of Portugal reinsorced by his Son, resolved to relieve the Castle, or at least to make a shew of so doing, and accordingly marched out of Toro as if he intend∣ed to move streight towards the Enemy. Yet on a sudden, as if he had changed his Reso∣lution, passed the Bridge, and marched on the other side of the River, encamping over∣against Zamora, near the Monastery of St. Francis. He planted his Cannon at the Foot of the Bridge which led from the City to his Camp, so that he could not obstruct the Battering of the Castle, nor was there any access to give him Battle. Thirteen days were there spent in fruitless Disputes. On the first of March, at break of day, he marched back, breaking the Bridge that the Enemy might not pursue. King Ferdinand having spent some time in repair∣ing the Bridge, resolved to follow, and sent before D. Alvaro de Mendoça, with 300 light Horse, to engage the Enemies Rear. Thus the King of Portugal marching but slowly by reason of his Baggage, King Ferdinand had time to overtake him, after passing a Defile, and entring a large Plain about a League and a half from Toro. This was about Sun-setting, nevertheless the Enemy could not avoid fighting; King Ferdinand being so near, and there being no way to escape but over the Bridge. Hereupon the Army halted, and the King drew it up in order of * 1.18 Battle. King Ferdinand was dubious, but the Nobility and Officers being all for fighting, the signal was given, D. Alvaro de Mendoça, with his 300 Horse, gave the first on-set. John Prince of Portugal, who led the Van, in which were 800 Men at Arms, mixed with Musqueteers, received them so hotly, they were put to flight. Both Kings were in the Body of their Armies, which charged furiously, and the Battle stood a long time dubious, both Par∣ties being disordered, and fighting confusedly. A hot Dispute was about the King of Portugal's Standard. Peter Vaca de Sotomayor took it from the Bearer called Duarte de Almeida, but o∣thers coming on both sides it was torn to pieces. Almeida was taken, or as others will have it, killed. His Arms instead of the Standard hang at this day in the Cathedral of Toledo. In fine, * 1.19 the Portugueses fled, and the King with a few made his way to the Mountains, without ever stopping till he came to Castronun̄o. Night stopped the pursuit, but Henry Earl of Alva Liste, who had gone as far as the Bridge of Toro, was taken by a Party of the Enemy, under the Command of John Prince of Portugal, who made good his Ground upon a Hill King Fer∣dinand thought not sit to attack them, because his Men were dispersed plundering. Both Par∣ties stood looking upon one another several hours, but the Portugueses stayed last, which Acti∣on their Historians magnifie, and affirm the Prince had the Victory. King Ferdinand re∣turned to Zamora, and the Portugueses to Toro. In this Fight the Archbishop of Toledo never stirted from the Prince of Portugal's side. Few were killed, and fewer taken, but the Booty was considerable, most of the Portugues Baggage being lost. From Zamora King Ferdinand removed to Medina del Campo, where at the Suit of the Constable, whose Daughter was Con∣tracted to the Earl of Uren̄a, he Pardoned him and his Brother the Master of Calatrava, notwithstanding they and many others only waited to see which Party would prevail.

This caused great Disorders throughout the whole Kingdom. Particularly at Fuenteovejuna, * 1.20 one night in April, the People took Arms to kill Fernan Perez de Guzman, chief Commen∣dary of Calatrava, which he had well deserved for the Insolencies committed in that Town

Such was the resolution of those People, that thô many young Men and Women were put up∣on the Rack to discover the Authors of that Design, nothing more could ever be got from them, but that Fuenteovejuna did it. All manner of Crimes were committed, the Law being of no Force, which moved the Towns, as we said had been done before, to associate themselves and raise Forces to punish Criminals. Alonso de Quintanilla the King's Treasurer, promoted this Design. Laws were established for the Associators to be governed by, which continued in force 20 Years, till all the troubles being ended, the Kingdom was restored to Peace. The Stress of the War was now removed to the utmost part of Biscay, called Guipuscoa, where stands the impregnable Fortress of Fuenterabia, encompassed with the Sea, and strongly fortified to Curb the French, who often commit waste in that Country. This Place the French Besiged by way of a diversion to the Forces that then lay before the Castle of Zamora. They battered down a great part of the Walls and filled the Ditch, which laid the Place open, the Garrison being weak and harrassed with continual labour. James Sarmiento Earl of Salinas who had the charge of the Castle encouraging his Men, made a desperate Sally and ruined all the Enemies Works. This good success and the accession of some Recruitsthat came to them, gave them courage to Fight the Enemy in open Field, where they parted upon equal Terms, but still the Siege was not raised. Thus much of Biscay. Peter Arias, and Peter de Toledo raised the Peo∣ple of Madrid, and having received some supplies from the Queen and Marquess de Santilla, besiged the Castle of that Town, which was held by a Garrison of the Marquess de Villena. At the same time Truxillo in Estremadura, and Baeça in Andaluzia were besieged by the Forces of King Ferdinand. Chinchilla and Almansa, Towns in the Marquisate of Villena, called Forces out of Valencia to their Aid, and revolted from the Marquess, but he soon reduced them. In all other things the Aragonians were succesful, and the Portugueses unfortunate. The Castle of Zamora surrendred to King Ferdinand on the 19th of March. This loss so discouraged the Portugueses, that their Prince carried away the Princess Joanna, on whose account the War was made, to Portugal under a Guard of 400 Horse. With a like number the Archbishop returned to his Province upon pretence of reducing some Persons who favoured King Ferdi∣nand, but in reality to retire, being weary of the War, and despairing of Success. King Fer∣dinand laid Siege to the strong Castle of Calatapieda, but soon desisted, and concluded a Truce for half a Year, upon condition the Towns of Villalva, Mayorga, and Portillo should be re∣stored to the Earl of Benavente, they having been lately delivered up by him to purchase his liberty. D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes called himself Master of Santiago, was possessed of Vcles, the chief Town of that Order, and laid Siege to the Castle which held for the Mar∣quess of Villena. He and the Archbishop of Toledo came to relieve the besieged, but were re∣pulsed by D. Roderick and his Son D. George Manrique, a brave Youth, tho short lived, of whose parts we shall speak in another place. Neither was the Sea free from this War. An∣drew Suncer with some Gallies of Aragon did harm along the Coast of Portugal. So many losses perplexed the King of Portugal, and moved many of the Nobility of Castile who sided with him to think of making their Peace at home. Among these, the first was the Duke of Arevalo who gave the Town of Pinto to Roderick de Mendoza for assisting him in his reconci∣liation. He submitted and did Homage to Queen Elizabeth, whereby instead of punishment he obtained singular favours. In particular D. John de Zuniga his Son was made Master of the Order of Alcantara, which before was in dispute betwixt him and D. Alonso de Monroy. Soon after the Lady Beatrix Pacheco Countess of Medellin submitted. On the 4th of May a Match was concluded betwixt Ferdinand, Grandson to the King of Naples, and the Lady Elizabeth, Daughter to the King of Castile. The King of Naples was to secure her 200000 Crowns, and her Father 150000, in case she had Issue Male. King Ferdinand was won to make this Match by a great Sum of Money offered him, whereof he stood in great need. The King of Portugal finding all things combined against him, resolved to leave Castile; but with a design to procure Forces out of France to March into Spain, since of himself he was too weak, and the Nobles that followed his Party either could not, or would not support him. Before his departure, he proposed a Peace, offering to refer himself wholly to the Ar∣bitration of the King of Aragon and Archbishop of Toledo. But the War being near ended, it was too late to harken to such proposals. He left the Earl of Marialva to Command at Toro, and returned to Portugal on the 13th of June. Some Gentlemen of Castile bore him Company, being resolved to stick by him, rather because they despaired of Pardon, than out of any affection.

CHAP. V. The Tumults of Navarre; The King of Portugal his Voyage into France; Toro recover∣ed by the Castilians, from the Portugueses; Several other Places retaken; Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy, and Galeazzo Duke of Milan, Murdered.

IN Russillon and Cerdagne, the French, notwithstanding the Truce, had taken Salsas, a strong Castle opposite to Narbonne, the Bulwark of Spain, and laid Siege to Lebia, a strong Town in Ampurias. Besides this, the Soldiers under Luis Mudarra who had served well at the Siege of Perpignan Mutinied for their Pay. They took several Towns, and made War as if they had been Enemies, and it was feared they would join with the French. There was no suf∣ficient Force to suppress them, therefore the King's Party in Lerida gave them Security that they should receive their Pay, and by that means they were pacified. Still they were not strong enough to oppose the French, the King of Aragon being then in Navarre, where the * 1.21 Factions ran as high as ever. The Biamonteses had the better, being possessed of Pamplona, and having laid Siege to Estela. King Ferdinand also favoured them, which much offended his Father, and it was requisite to provide, that the French might not get Footing there. Those People were perswaded the King of Aragon and Princess Elenor contrived to deliver up the Kingdom of Navarre to King Ferdinand, and exclude Francis Phebus the Son of Gaston Earl of Faux, Grandson to the Princess Ellenor. King Ferdinand went to Biscay to appease the Tumults, and Relieve Fuenterabia. For the Relief of that Place, he ordered a Fleet to be provided, which he gave in charge to D. Ladron de Guevera a Noble Person. To settle the Affairs of Navarre, he desired his Father to give him a meeting at Vitoria. Queen Ellzabeth resided at Tordesillas on the River Duero, to Curb the Portugues Garison of Toro. D. Alonso de Aragon her Brother in Law was also there with 300 Horse, and despairing now of being Restored to the Mastership of Calatrava, he Married Ellenor de Soto, one of the Queens Lady's, the Pope having dispensed with his Vow of Chastity. This so incensed his Father the King of Aragon, that he took from him the Towns of Ribagorça and Villahermosa, and gave them to D. John his Bastard Son. D. Jaime de Aragon, pretended these Places belonged to him by Inheritance, and took up Arms to defend his Right, but it cost him his Life. The Citizens of Segovia Mutini∣ed and Besieged the Castle, where was the Princess Elizabeth, and it was given out they had taken it. Alonso Maldonado raised this Tumult in hatred to D. Andrew de Cabrera, who put him out from being Lieutenant. D. John Arias Bishop of the City, and Luis de Mesa assisted him. Queen Elizabeth repaired thither with Speed, and pacified that Insurrection; some of the Mu∣tiniers fled, others were Executed. In August the King of Aragon came to Vitoria, being de∣tained till then by a sore Foot. There with great Joy to see his Son King of Castile, whence he had been himself formerly Expelled, he embraced and kissed him. He would not suffer him to kiss his Hand, but gave him the Right. The Princess Ellenor was present at this meeting. They consulted about their Affairs, and some write that the King of Aragon had resolved to resign up that Crown to his Son, but desisted, because Castile was not then entirely Reduced, and Colora the French Admiral was gone with a Fleet to Portugal, to carry that King into France. He was then preparing for that Voyage, and being in a readiness, Sailed first over * 1.22 into Africk, to secure his Conquests there. With him went the Duke of Bragança, the Earl of Pen̄afiel his Favourite, the Prior of Ocrato, and D. John Pimentel, Brother to the Earl of Bena∣vente. He carried 250 Men to reinforce the Garrisons of Tangier and and Arzila. From Ceuta he set Sail, and Landed at Colvire in September, whence he went to Perpignan and Narbonne, and was received Magnificently. His coming revived the War in Russillon. The Aragonians took the Town of St. Laurence, the French wasted the Territory of Ampurias. But the worst was, that the Natives were in an Uproar, and therefore could not oppose the Enemy. At the same time the King of Aragon returned from Vitoria to Tudela, being very desirous to put an end to the Troubles of Navarre. The Princess Joanna was left to Go∣vern Catalonia, during her Fathers absence. Knowing her own weakness, she endeavoured to come to an Accommodation, and Ambassadors were sent on both sides, but all they could Con∣clude was a Prolongation of the Truce. The King of Portugal made the best of his way to Tours, where the King of France was at that time. He was sumptuously Received and Enter∣tained. After the Ceremony of the Reception was over, he laid his Case before the King of France, declaring the justice of his Cause, and imploring his Aid. That King promised his labour in coming to him should not be lost, but his Actions were not answerable to his Words, for at Paris, whither the King of Portugal followed him, he excused himself upon account that the English and Burgundians had again declared War against him. Besides he pleaded the King of Portugal's Marriage with the Princess was not Lawful, by reason they were too near of Kin. The King of Portugal thus disappointed, went to meet the Duke of Burgundy his Kins∣man and Ally, hoping to be a Mediator betwixt him and France, but without any Success The War that broke out in France, was advantageous to Castile; for the French who Besieged Fuenterabia concluded a Truce with the Biscayners for a short time at first, and only by Land, but soon after by the Solicitation of the Cardinal of Spain, it was prolonged, and without that limitation.

After their parting at Vitoria the two Kings, Father and Son met again in October at Tudela to endeavour to quell the Tumults of Navarre. The Earl of Lerin and the Constable Peter Peralta who were Heads of the Factions came thither and promised to stand by what the two Kings should determine. Both Parties ingaged to stand to Judgment, and within 16 Months to appoint Arbitrators, who were to decide all Controversies. This much offended the Lady * 1.23 Magdalen, Wife that was to the late Gaston Earl of Faux, fearing it was a contrivance to ex∣clude her Children their Fathers Inheritance. Berengarius de Sos Dean of Barcelona was sent Ambassador to appease that Lady, and advise her not to mistrust the Kings of Castile and A∣ragon, nor join with France. She was then at Pau a Town in Bearne, and answered she thank∣ed them, and would always endeavour rather to promote Peace than War. On the 5th of October, the Articles of Marriage betwixt Ferdinand King of Naples and Joanna Daughter to the King of Aragon, were Sign'd at Tudela. The Lady was Contracted at Cervera, a Town in Catalonia, and from thence forward she was called Queen of Naples. Beatrix Daughter to the King of Naples, was at the same time Married to Mathias King of Hungary. She was a virtuous Lady, but Barren, and consequently had no Issue by him, nor by King Ladislaus his Sucessor, whom she afterwards Married. Mean while the City Toro in Castile was surprized in the Night by D. Alonso de Fonseca, Bishop of Avila, and D. Frederic Son to D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Parades. A Shepherd, called Bartholomew shewed them how it might be scaled on that side which was least regarded, by reason of a Morass that lay before it. Hav∣ing * 1.24 entred the Town, they Besieged the Castle, and Queen Elizabeth hearing the news, re∣paired thither with speed from Segovia, where she had been appeasing the late Tumult. Ma∣ry Wife to John de Ulloa surrendred that Fortress on the 19th of October. Her Son in Law the Earl of Marialva who Commanded in those parts, quitted another Fort called Villalfonso, near Toro, and retired into Portugal. There remained Castronun̄o, from which Place Peter de Mendoza an able Soldier did great harm to the neighbouring Country. For this reason the Kings Forces after the taking of Toro laid Siege to that Place, and planted their Artillery, which was carried thither with much labour. Great application was made at the same time to reduce the Marquess de Villena and Archbishop of Toledo. The Marquess seemed most inclina∣ble to Submit; but demanded the restitution of Villena, and above 20 Towns taken from him in that Neighbourhood. The Archbishop was more obstinate, tho the King of Aragon ceased not to advise to compound with him at any rate. But that Business was not yet ripe. They began by the Marquess de Villena, and promised to restore to him his whole Estate, provided he surrendred the Castles of Madrid and Truxillo which still held for him. The same offer was made to the Archbishop of Toledo. D. Lope de Acun̄a his Nephew delivered up the City Huete, which had been given him with the Title of a Duke in the time of his troubles by King Hen∣ry. At the same time were killed two powerful Princes, Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Galeazzo Duke of Milan, Murdered in the Church whilst he was at Mass.

CHAP. VI. King Ferdinand possesses himself of the Mastership of Santiago in Trust, which has ever since continued in the King's of Spain; War with the Moores of Andaluzia; The King of Portugal, after having Abdicated his Crown, returns home and is restored by his Son.

QUeen Elizabeth wisely put an end to a Debate that arose about the Mastership of Santia∣go. D. Roderick Manrique Earl of Paredes, who called himself Master of Santiago, and was famous for taking the Town of Huescar from the Moores, died in November at Vcles. His Son George Manrique wrote a learned Elegy upon his death. D. Alonso de Cardenas his Compe∣titor being dead, resolved to go to Vcles with armed Men, and force the Electors to chuse him. Many other great Men aimed at that Dignity. The King and Queen consulted at Toro what was best to be done in that Case, and resolved rather to make use of Cunning than Force. The King staied at Toro, but the Queen made such haste to Vcles, that as Ferdinand del Pulgar writes, she came to that Place in three Days from Valladolid. She perswaded the Knights to go with her to Ocan̄a. which being a bigger Town and strong, they might with more Se∣curity proceed upon their Election. There by the means of D. Alonso de Fonseca Bishop of Avila, and her Secretary Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo she prevailed upon them, that to avoid Contention, they should for some time Create King Ferdinand her Husband Administrator of * 1.25 that Dignity. This was it that first weakened the power of that Order, and soon after those of Calatrava and Alcantara followed their example. Yet it was not long before the King and Queen conserred that Honour upon D. Alonso de Cardenas, only obliging him to pay a certain Pension towards carrying on the War with the Moores, which highly offended the other No∣bles, who thought they had as well deserved as he. King Ferdinand having settled the affairs of Old Castile, and concluded a Truce with the Enemy, went away to Ocana at the beginning of the Year 1477. Then he again pardoned and received into his favour the Earl of Uren̄a, who now seemed perfectly reconciled. From Ocan̄a he went with the Queen to Toledo, where in pursuance of a Vow made, if they overcame the King of Portugal, she ordered to be Built the famous Monastery of Franciscans still to be seen in that City, and called St. Juan de los

Reyes. Thence they removed to Madrid, and there received Advice that the Portugueses infested the Country about Badajor and Cuidad Rodrigo. D. Gomer de Figueroa Earl of Feria was sent before to oppose them, and the Queen followed soon after towards the Frontiers of Portugal. King Ferdinand staied at Madrid in hopes to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo, but he was so obstinate he would not see the King. Therefore on the 24th of March the King set out for Old Castile to endeavour to pacifie Navarre, which again laboured under the former Factions, the Agramonteses having taken Estela, and the Princess Elenor labouring to recover it with her own, and the Forces of Castile. At the same time the King and Queen were surprized with the News that Albohacen King of Granada, notwithstanding the Truce which had lasted several Years, had broke into the Kingdom of Murcia with 4000 Horse, and 30000 Foot. This * 1.26 attempt terrified the Christians who were wholly unprovided, and the more for that on the 6th of April he took a little Town called Ciesa by Storm, which he burnt and put all the Inha∣bitants to the Sword. Besides he took a great booty of Cattle, and returned home without any loss, tho Peter Faxardo Lieuteannt of Murcia endeavoured to oppose him. The harm done was not so great, but that Castile not being yet pacified, there was no hopes of taking revenge. Cantalapiedra and Castronun̄o two Castles that held for the Portugueses were again besiged and forced to surrender. The People were so incensed against Castronun̄o for the harm had been done them from thence, that they levelled it with the ground. The Garrisons of both Places according to Articles were conducted to Portugal. Mendavia Governor of Castronun̄o receiv∣ed 7000 Florins, and deserves great praise for having so long defended that Place against so great a power. The Queen was no less intent upon reducing Truxillo, the Castle of whice Place was held for the Marquess de Villena. Peter de Baeza the Governor being summoned, an∣swered at first, that he would not surrender unless the Marquisate of Villena were restored to his Lord, as had been agreed. The Queen offered to put those Towns into the power of a Third Person to be named by the Governor, who should deliver them to the Marquess at the end of 6 Months. But he fearing some Fraud would not submit; at last the Marquess to please the Queen, went into the Castle, and could hardly perswade him to surrender. The Governor was so higly offended that he discharged himself from ever more serving the Mar∣quess, who had not Capitulated for him, and his Men. King Ferdinand on the one side de∣sired to go to Andaluzia, whither the Queen his Wife called him, and on the other had a great mind to see his Sister Joanna before she Embarked for Italy. Navarre kept him employed, and he could not well depart thence. That Princess Sailed from Barcelona in August, aboard a Fleet brought thither to carry her, by D. Alonso her Son in Law, D. Peter de Guevara Marquess del Gasto, and many other Persons of Quality. She touched at Genoa, was there Nobly enter∣tained, and lastly arrived at Naples. There her Marriage was Celebrated, with all expressions of Joy imaginable. John Lopez de Medina-celi, Archdeacon of Almaçan Built a Colledge at Si∣guença, for 13 Collegians, and a Monastery of the Order of St. Hierome, called St. Anton.

There was no end of the Troubles either in Castile, or Andaluzia, every Nobleman posses∣ed * 1.27 himself of what Towns he could. The Duke of Medina Sidonia held Sevil, the Marquiss of Cadiz, Xerez, D. Alonso de Aguilar, Cordova. Their pretence was to secure themselves a∣gainst their Enemies, especially the Portugueses, but the real design, to enlarge their Estates. Those very Cities were divided into Factions. In Sevil some favoured the Duke of Medina Sido∣nia, others the Marquess of Cadiz. In Cordova were the factions of Alonso de Aguilar and the Earl of Cabra. Queen Elizabeth, tho advised to the contrary, as having no sufficient Force, went first to Sevil. There she possessed her self of the Castle of Triana, and the other works belonging to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. King Ferdinand leaving Navarre, and having in some manner settled Old Castile, constituted Peter de Villaldrando Earl of Ribadeo, Governor of Galicia, and his own Brother D. Alonso de Aragon with the Constable Lieutenants of Castile. This done he set out towards Andaluzia, by the way visited the Church of Guadalupe and or∣dered the Duke of Alva and Earl of Benavente to bear him Company, being suspicious of them, because it was given out they were associating with others of the Nobility. On the 3d of September he came to Sevil, There he found the Marquess of Cadiz was suspected, and it was said of him, that he was inclinable to assist the Portugueses, and to that purpose kept a Garrison at Alcalà de Guadaira, under the King's Nose. It was proposed to gain and appease him, to this purpose he had a meeting with the King, by himself at Night. It was moved that he should deliver up the Forts he had taken. He answered he could not do it, unless the Duke of Medina Sidonia at the same time surrendred the Fortresses of Nebrixa and Utrera, and other Castles, otherwise it would be only weakening of him, to strengthen his Adversary. This Demand was thought reasonable, and therefore both of them delivered up their Forts to the King. The rest of the Lords and Nobles were induced to follow their ex∣ample, especially because at the same time a Truce was concluded by D. James de Cordova, Earl of Cordova with the King of Granada, in whom they reposed their greatest Confidence. The affairs of Navarre were in a worse posture, and no hopes of any composition, because the old animosities went on. The Princess Elenor sought some remedy, and put them in mind that the term of 16 Months wherein they had promised to accommodate all affairs, was near expiring. At the same time she protested that since there was no help in her Father, or Bro∣ther, she would have recourse to some other, the blame whereof must lie at their door who were the cause of it; for if some care were not taken, that Kingdom must inevitably run to

ruin; Great misfortunes make the afflicted speak boldly. Nevertheless all were deaf to these complaints, both Kings being far off, and they embroil'd with affairs of their own. Besides the affairs of Rusillon those of Sicily and Sardinia perplexed the King of Aragon. Raimund Floch * 1.28 Earl of Cardona was Viceroy of Sicily. He went over to Naples with Queen Joanna, and re∣turned thence to his Command, at such time as D. John de Cabrera dying young, his Earldom of Modica fell to his Sister Anne. Many aimed at that Estate, some would exclude her, others aspir'd to Marry her. The King of Aragon because it was convenient to find a Husband to that great Fortune, resolv'd to Marry her to D. Alonso de Aragon, Bastard Son to his Son King Ferdinand. This did not succeed, but afterwards Frederick Son and Heir to the Admiral of Castile, carried her from all his Rivals, and by this means join'd that Earldom to his own Patrimony. In Sardinia, Leonard de Alagon Marquiss of Oristan mutinied, he had never been thoroughly pacified, and now complain'd of new wrongs done him by Nicholas Carroz de Ar∣borea. Neither Age nor Sickness hindred the King of Aragon from attending publick Affairs. The Marquess of Oristan was Impeached, and Judgment given against him at Barcelona on the 15th of October, by which he was declared to have forfeited his Estate. One only Ship was sent with Recruits, which being a small succour the War lasted long. King Ferdinand after reducing Andaluzia, was still in Care about Portugal. He rejoiced that tho' the King of Por∣tugal had brought home a dispensation from the Pope to Marry the Princess Joanna, yet he had obtained no succours in France. On the other side, he was concern'd because it was re∣ported the Archbishop of Toledo did Court that King to return to Castile. That Prelate being very old and passionate, scarce knew what he did, and therefore never reflected how weak that King was. It is reported that the King of Portugal having lost all hopes of Assistance, in despair set out from Paris, resolving to go in Pilgrimage to Rome and Hierusalem, and then * 1.29 become a Fryar, rather out of disgust to the World, than affection to that Life. He went some days Journey, and then sent back one of Three Servants that were with him to open a Scrutore he left at Paris, where were found two Letters, one for the King of France, giving him an account of his design. In the other he advised his Son immediately to cause himself to be Crowned King. His Son having read this Letter, was Crowned on the 11th of November, only Five days before the arrival of his Father at Cascaes. For the King of France had imme∣diately sent some Persons after him, who forced him to come back. He advis'd him to return to his Country, which he accordingly did. The King came to Portugal very sad and lean. His Son went out with joy to receive him, and restored him his Crown and Dignity. This was the event of the King of Portugals Voyage and Attempts, which at first were hot, but in the Conclusion fell to the Ground. The following Year 1478, was unfortunate, and remarkable, because on the 23th of January was Born in Flanders of the Lady Mary, Heiress to Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy, and Maximilian Duke of Austria, Philip who was afterwards happy in the great Dominions he acquired, and the Successor he left, tho his pro∣sperity was not lasting, Death snatching him away in the prime of his youth. In the Month of April, in the City of Florence, certain Citizens conspiring against the Brothers of the House of Medicis, who they suspected design'd to Usurp the Sovereignty of that City, till then Free, Murder'd Julian in the Church of St. Librada, the other called Lawrence de Medicis saved himself in the Sacristy of the said Church. Hereupon the other Citizens ran to Arms, and apprehended Salviato Archbishop of Pisa, one of the Conspirators in the Pallace of the Seigneury whither he went to exhort the People to defend their Liberty. Without farther Process he hanged him out of the Window. The Cardinal of St. George, who was said to fa∣vour the Conspirators, was in great danger. Florence was Excommunicated for the Murder of the Archbishop, but the King of France interposing, the City was absolv'd, rather through fear than for any good-will. The Pope and King of Naples had also made War upon the Florentines, but now also a Peace was Concluded, and they were left at Liberty as they were before.

CHAP. VII. Sardinia entirely reduced; The Birth of John Prince of Castile; The Inquisition first settled in Spain; Peace Concluded betwixt France and Castile; the death of King John of Aragon.

IN Sardinia the War continu'd hot, and both parties looked for supplies from abroad. The Genoeses who ought to have assisted the Marquess de Oristan, as their ancient Allie, forbore * 1.30 because they had lately concluded a Truce at Naples, with the House of Aragon. Fresh suc∣cours came daily to the Royallists from Aragon and Sicily, and at last the Earl of Cardona Viceroy of Sicily went over in Person. After several skirmishes, the two Armies met near a Castle called Machomera. There the Battle was given, in which the Marquess was killed, and his Army routed. Artal his Son endeavouring to make his escape in a Boat, was taken by Two Aragonian Gallies, and carried Prisoner into Spain by Villamarin the Admiral. He was Confined to the Castle of Xativa, and all his Estate which was considerable, as well in

Sardinta, as the Continent Confiscate. Particularly the Marquisates of Oristan and Gociano, were for ever annexed to the Crown, and added to the other regal Titles. This Battle was fought on the 19th of May. Thus that Island which had been so long contended for, was at last wholly subdued by the Aragonians. King Ferdinand of Castile, tho the Affairs of Andaluzia were not altogether settled, and his Queen was with Child, returned to the Kingdom of Ara∣gon for two reasons. The first, to reduce the Archbishop of Toledo, and perswade him not to call in the King of Portugal again. The other to revive the Association of the Towns against Robbers and Outlaws, which decayed much by reason of the great charge of keeping Soldi∣diers in Pay. To this effect the Cortes were held at Madrid, where the Association was con∣tinued for Three Years longer. Nothing could be concluded with the Archbishop, tho en∣deavours were used to satisfie him, there had been no design of killing him. After the Cor∣tes broke up, King Ferdinand returned to Sevil, the Queen earnestly desiring it, because she was near her time. Thither came Ambassadors from the King of Granada to desire the Truce might be renewed, which was refused, unless besides doing Homage, he would pay the Tri∣bute used formerly. The King sent Ambassadors to Granada, to treat of it, and the Moore answered, That the Kings who used to pay that Tribute were dead many Years before, and that at present in the Mint of Granada no Gold or Silver was Coined, but instead of it they made Spears, Darts and Cimiters. King Ferdinand, tho' offended at this Answer, necessity obliging him to it, renewed the Truce. On the 28th of June the Queen fell in labour, and was delivered of a Son called Prince John, who was unfortunately cut off in the Flower of * 1.31 his Age, as we shall relate in its Place. The King of Aragon tho tired with Age, demanded this Child should be sent to him, to be bred up after the manner of Aragon. At this time the King of Aragon contended for the Archbishoprick of Zaragoça. His aim was to confer it up∣on D. Alonso Bastard Son to King Ferdinand. The Pope was willing to dispence with his Ille∣gitimacy, but not with his Age, for he was but Six Years old, and therefore desired to be∣stow that See upon the Cardinal Ausias Despuch, believing the King would allow it by reason of the great services done by his Brother, the Master of the Order of Montesa. It proved otherwise, for the King in a passion seized the Cardinals Estate, and affronted his kindred. The King of Naples interposing, who was great with the Pope, the King of Aragon obtain∣ed his desire, and that Dignity was given to D. Alonso as perpetual Administrator. This was the foundation of a Custom prejudicial to the Church, ever since in use, and meerly extorted from the Pope at that time. It was then the Custom in Spain that all Bishops had their no∣mination from the King, whence ensued another dispute about the See of Taraçoza, for the Cardinal Andrew Ferrer, dying, the Pope bestowed it upon Andrew Martinez. King Ferdi∣nand opposed it, designing that Church for the Cardinal of Spain, who at last carried it. Such another debate hapned about the See of Cuenca, in which the King also prevailed. A Bull was also granted, by which the whole power of nominating their Bishops was granted to the Kings of Castile for ever. Four years before another Bull had been obtained, which ex∣cluded for the future all Strangers from reversions of Bishopricks. James Saldan̄a Ambassador from King Henry at Rome procured it. He went to Portugal with the Princess Joanna, and from him is descended a noble Family there of his Name. F. Alonso de Burgos Bishop of Pa∣lencia Built at Valladolid the famous Monastery of St. Paul, of his own Order, that is, the Do∣minicans. It had been began in the time of King Alonso the Wise. The Church was doubt∣less built lately by the Cardinal John de Torquemada, who had his Education in that House.

At this time the holy Tribunal of the Inquisition was first erected in Castile. There were before certain Inquisitors of this nature, but they had not the power, nor the method that was * 1.32 now introduced. The principal promoter and founder of this Court was the Cardinal of Spain, moved to it by the great corruption caused by the mixture of Christians, Jews and Moores. Many Jews who had been Converted, relapsed to their former Error, and particu∣larly the number was great at Sevil, where the Inquisition first executed its Authority. If their Crimes were hainous, they were burnt, if of a lesser hue their Goods were Confiscate, their Persons condemned to perpetual Imprisonment, or obliged to wear what they call a Sanbenito, that is piece of yellow Baise hanging on the Breast and Back with a red Cross upon it, which was a mighty Infamy. It was thought too much severity that the Children should suffer for the Crimes of their Parents, that the accuser should not be known nor confront the party accused, as had ever been used in all Courts, and lastly, that Sins of this nature should be punished with death. Some wholly condemned this severity, yet others approved of and defended it. The event has made it appear this Court has been very necessary and advanta∣geous to the Kingdom. Many wholesome Laws were at first Enacted, and have since been enlarged to restrain the power of the Judges, and keep them within the bounds of modera∣tion, that they may not be debauched by Avarice. But the greatest security consists in that these Imployments are always bestowed on Persons of great learning, and known integrity and piety. The first Inquisitor General was F. Thomas de Torquemada, of the Order of St. Do∣minick, Confessor to the King and Queen, and Prior of the Monastery at Segovia. His Au∣thority at first extended only to the Kingdom of Castile, Four years after it comprehended all Aragon. At first the Inquisitor General used to send his Commissioners to all parts as occasion required, without having any fixed Tribunals. Since it is established that the Inquisitor Gene∣ral with Five of the supream Councill determines all the most weighty Affairs of Religion at

the Court where the other Tribunals are. All smaller Affairs are committed to 2 or 3 Inquisi∣tors, who keep their Courts in several Cities. The places where now the Inquisitors reside, are Toledo, Cuenca, Murcia, Valladolid, Santiago, Logron̄o, Sevil, Cordova, Granada, Elerena, and in the Kingdom of Aragon, Valencia, Zaragoça, and Barcelona. An Edict was published by the Inquisitor General, offering a free pardon to all guilty Persons who should come in and submit themselves. 17000 as well Men as Women of all sorts are said to have presented themselves. 2000 were burnt, and a greater number fled. From this beginning it has rose to be the most dreaded Tribunal in the World. A proper remedy against the Calamities that soon after ensued, and confounded many other Kingdoms.

Before the King and Queen of Castile went from Sevil, they ordered that neither the Duke of Medina Sidonia, nor the Marquess of Cadiz should be admitted into that City, so the heats * 1.33 of the Factions being taken away, all was in Peace. On the Frontiers of Portugal Lope Vasco a Portugues, Governor of the Castle of Mora, secured that place for King Ferdinand, and sent him advice of it that he might be relieved. King Ferdinand was very desirous to make War upon Portugal in Person, thinking it would redound to his Honour not only to defend his own, but to invade another. Neither his Father, nor any of the wiser sort approved of his design, as dangerous and unprofitable. Therefore he sent D. Alonso de Cardenas Master of Santiago with 1500 Horse, and 15000 Foot. Nothing of Moment was done, for John Prince of Portugal recovered the Castle of Mora, which disappointed all their designs. It was more requisite to secure Truxillo, thither the King and Queen went, taking Cordova in their way. Mean while at Land, a Town in the Territory of Cahors in France, a Match was agreed be∣twixt Frederick second Son to the King of Naples, and Anne Daughter of Amadee Duke of Savoy. The King of France promised the Bride who was his Sisters Daughter, a great Estate in France, and offered to deliver up Russillon and Cerdaigne, till such time as he performed, or the King of Aragon paid the Money about which they were at variance. This highly of∣fended the Two Kings of Spain, Father and Son, who resented that the King of Naples with∣out regard to their kindred, should prefer the friendship of France before that of Spain, and ac∣cept of those Places for which they were Engaged in War. The Truce was near expiring, and there was danger the War would again break out at a very improper time for both Nations. The King of France was busie in the Conquest of Flanders. In Castile all was not settled, for the King of Portugal prepared to renew the War, and the Countess of Medellin a Masculine Woman, with Alonso de Monroy Deputy to the Master of Calatrava were revolted. For these reasons John de Gamboa Governor of Fuenterabia, and the Archdeacon of Almaçan by Order of King Ferdinand began to treat of an acommodation with the French Ambas∣sadors, who were at Bayonne. They managed this Affair so well, that the Truce was chang∣ed into a Peace upon the old Conditions that had been betwixt those Two Crowns, and * 1.34 the King of Aragon was included, which was only imposing upon him, since the Lands in dis∣pute were not restored to him. However it was agreed, Judges should be appointed to de∣cide that Difference. The joy conceived in Castile on account of this Peace, was increased by some concurring Causes. One was, that the Earl of Alva Liste, the Kings Unckle, came to Truxillo, having been à Prisoner ever since the Battle of Toro. Another, that the Archbi∣shop of Toledo, drove by necessity, all his Revenues being Seized, submitted to King Ferdinan∣do, and delivered up his strong Holds to be held by the King It was given out, he held Cor∣respondence with the King of Portugal still, nevertheless he was pardoned. Moreover, Pope Sixtus revoked the dispensation he had given the King of Portugal, for Marrying his Neece, the Princess Joanna, which many thought was too great a Compliance with the King of Na∣ples, at whose Suit it was done, and misbecoming the Papal Authority. In order to settle all their Affairs, and particularly the Peace with France, the Two Kings, Father and Son de∣signed to meet at Molina and Daroca. When on a sudden the King of Aragon fell sick at Barcelona, and died on the 19th of January 1479. His Body was buried at Poblete, and he was so Poor, that to defray the Charge of his Funeral, his Houshold Goods were Pawned. * 1.35 He lived 81 Years. 7 Months and 20 Days. Of Disposition he was Robust, and of Spirit * 1.36 Lively. The latter part of his Life was stained with a leud Appetite, tho he was past acting, for he fixed his Affection upon a handsome young Woman, called Frances Rose, whom he design'd to have formerly Married to that D. Jayme de Aragon, who was Executed at Barcelona. In his Will, made 10 Years before his Death, he ordained several godly Works to be performed. Particularly the Erecting Two Monasteries of the Order of St. Hierome, which are famous at this time. One of them is St. Engracia at Zaragoça, the other St. Ma∣ry de Belpuch in Catalonia, his Son exactly performing all that he had ordained. He also ordered that the Grandsons of his Son Ferdinand, tho' by a Daughter, should Inherit the Crown of Aragon, and take place of their Mothers.

CHAP. VIII. Elenor Queen of Navarre; The troubles of that Kingdom, and her Death; The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile; Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians; Heretical Opinions Started and Condemned in Spain; King Ferdinand goes into A∣ragon.

BY the Death of the King of Aragon, his Dominions were divided: Aragon fell to King Ferdinand, and Navarre to the Princess Elenor in the Right of her Mother. She had been 7 Years a Widow, and consequently exposed to great Misfortunes. That Kingdom was * 1.37 still divided betwixt the old Factions. The Biamonteses, Enemies to the new Queen were most prevalent. These troubles seemed to be a Judgment for the Murders committed upon Charles Prince of Viana, the Princess Blanch his Sister, and the Bishop of Pamplona. Queen Ellenor Reigned not a whole Month. She was more Fortunate in her Issue than in her Life, for she had 4 Sons, Gaston, John, Peter, and James, and 5 Daughters, Mary, Joan∣na, Marguerite, Catherine and Ellenor, we shall briefly speak of them all, great Families be∣ing descended from them. Gaston died, as was said before, and left two Children, Francis Phebus and Catherine, who both Reigned in Navarre successively. John was Lord of Narbonne, which he bought of his Father, and had Issue, Gaston and Germana. Gaston was killed at the Battle of Ravenna, where he was General for Luis the 12th of France. Germana Married King Firdinand after the death of his first Wife. Peter applied himself to learning and piety, and Pope Sixtus made him a Cardinal. James followed the War, and was never Married. Mary the Eldest Daughter was Married to William Marquess of Monferrat. Joanna to John Earl of Armagnac. Margaret to Francis Duke of Britany, and had Issue Ann and Elizabeth. Ann the Heiress being Married, first to Charles the 8th, and after his death to Luis the 12th of France, joined that Dukedom and Kingdom. Catherine 4th, Daughter to Queen Ellenor, Married Gaston de Faux Earl of Candale, and brought forth 2 Sons and a Daughter called Anne, Married to Ladislaus King of Hungary. Ellenor the Youngest Daughter died a Maid. Queen Ellenor died on the 12th of February at Tudela, where she began her Reign. In her Will she Ordained out of her own Money a Monastery of Franciscans should be Built at Tafalla, and that her Body should be Buried there, and the Bones of her Mother Queen Blanch be also Translated thither, from the Monastery of Nuestra Sen̄ora de Nieva in Old Castile, where they were deposited. The Revenue was so exhausted, that she was forced to Sell her Jewels to Live. Francis Phebus, so called for his extraordinary Beauty, being but 11 Years of Age suc∣ceeded her. His Mother the Lady Magdalen, and his Uncle Peter the Cardinal, had the Administration of the Government till he came to Years, and discharged their Trust Pru∣dently in those difficult Times. The late Queen during her Troubles, had no help from her Brother the King of Castile, therefore she made no mention of him in her Will, but directed the Governors to Adhere to France, as they did, which was the Cause they soon lost that Kingdom. Thus much of Navarre. In Castile some new Oppinions in matters of Religion were broached. One Peter Oxomensis a Professor of Divinity at Salamanca, was the Author. By Order of Pope Sixtus, the Archbishop of Toledo assembled several Persons of great Learn∣ing at Alcala, where he Refided, who all Condemned those new Opinions, and the Au∣thor was Excommunicated, unless he recanted. Sentence was given on the 24th of May, * 1.38 and soon after Pope Sixtus confirmed it by his Bull. John Prexanus a famous Divine in that Age. afterwards Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo, wrote a Book against the said Peter. The Marquisate of Villena was now the Seat of War, for the Marquess, because Covenants were not performed with him, had recourse to Arms, and relieved the Town of Chinchilla, be∣sieged by the King's Forces. Peter Ruiz de Alarcon, who Commanded a Party of the King's, was defeated near Alberca by Peter de Baeça, and D. George Manrique, who in another Skir∣mish with Peter de Baeça was Wounded, of which hurt he afterwards died. A great pitty, that so ripe a Wit should be so soon cut off. Hereupon the Marquess was liable as having been in Arms against the King's Forces. He excused himself, laying the blame upon the Insolency of those Officers who forced him to do so, and pleaded he had no dealings either with the King of Portugal, or Archbishop of Toledo. These excuses, whether True or Coun∣terfeit, prevented any farther proceedings against him. In this War there happned an ex∣traordinary accident worth Relating. The King's Party had hanged 6 of the Prisoners they took. In revenge, John Berrio an Officer of the Marquess, ordered as many of those he had taken, to be put to death in the same manner. The Prisoners cast Lots, and among the rest, it fell to the share of one of 2 Brothers, that were Prisoners, who had a Wife and Children, to die. The other Brother who was a Batchellor, begged to be put to death in his place, and so it was done, after they had both long, and with many Tears contend∣ed about it.

King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth received the News of King John's Death, and their * 1.39 own Accession to the Crown of Aragon, in Estremadura, where they were quelling the Tu∣mults raised by the Countess of Medellin, and D. Alonso de M••nrey. The Countess had a

Spirit above a Woman, for she kept her own Son D. John Portocarrero, some years a Prisoner, and at last turned him out of Doors, which was the cause she was in Arms, fearing lest she should be obliged to restore the Earldom to her Son, who laid Claim to it as his Father's In∣heritance. She also designed to keep the City Merida, in which she had a Garison. D. Alonso was digusted that the Mastership of Alcantara was taken from him, and given to D. John de Zun̄iga, upon which Pretence he seized several Towns belonging to that Military Order. The King provided for the War with Portugal, which it was feared would prove more bloody than before; yet both Parties being exhausted, a Treaty was proposed. This was the more Welcome to the Portugueses, because on the 24th of February they had received a great Over∣throw near Albufera, two Leagues from Merida, by the Forces under the Command of the Master of Santiago. The Slaughter was so great that few escaped to Merida, which, as was * 1.40 said, held for the Countess of Medellin. In this Battle the Master and other Officers signa∣lized themselves, and among them James de Vera, who killed the Portugues Standard-bearer, and took the Royal Standard. As a Reward the Master had the Pension of 3 Millions he was to pay out of the Mastership, remitted; and other Favours were bestowed upon James de Vera, and the rest. The Lady Beatrix Dutchess of Viseo, Aunt to Queen Elizabeth, and Mo∣ther-in-Law to John Prince of Portugal, took upon her to Compose Differences betwixt Castile and Portugal. King Ferdinand was in haste to take possession of his new Kingdom, and the more, for that the Aragonians to curb the Navarrois, who had taken some Strong Holds on their Frontiers, had assembled the Cortes without acquainting him; which Action was contrary to the known Laws of that Kingdom. Therefore the King left Queen Elizabeth to conclude the Peace with her Aunt. Alcantara was the place agreed upon betwixt them * 1.41 Two for their Meeting. This done the King went to pay his Devotions at Guadalupe, and thence by the way of Santollalla, Heriza, and Calataynd, to Aragon. He made his Publick Entry into Zaragoça on the 28th of June with great State, and the general Applause of the People, who went out to meet him. Next him went Luis Naya the chief Magistrate of the City. The King was richly Cloathed, and under a Canopy, and the People with loud Ac∣clamations wished him a Long and Happy Reign. There he spent some time in hearing the Complaints of all that thought themselves aggrieved. Soon after he went to Barcelona, where he made Proposals about Recovering Russillon and Cerdagne, but it took not effect then. Yet Four Judges were appointed to determine all Differences betwixt France and Aragon, as had been agreed at Bayonne. From Barcelona the King went on to Valencia, there he was splendidly received as in other Places, and applied himself to pacifie certain Tumults occasioned by D. Ximeno de Urrea, Viscount de Viota, who had by force of Arms seized D. Jayme de Pallas, Viscount Chelva, and his Wife, on pretence that Chelva and Mançanera possessed by the said D. Jayme, belonged to him. By the King's Command both Parties laid down their Arms. Afterwards when the Suit had depended three years, the Judges offended at the Insolency of D. Ximeno, in presuming to use Force, gave Sentence against him, and adjudged those Towns to his Adversary D. Jayme de Pallas.

CHAP. IX. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal; The Turks get footing in Italy, and are again expelled; King Alonso of Portugal dies; Henry the late King of Castile his Grants vacated by the Cortes; Prince John, Son to King Ferdinand, sworn Heir of Castile.

QUeen Elizabeth, and her Aunt the Dutchess of Viseo, met, as had been agreed, at Alcan∣tara, * 1.42 and after some days spent in Debating, fixed upon these Articles. That the King of Portugal should not Stile himself King of Castile, nor give the Arms of that Kingdom; and King Ferdinand should do the same in respect to Portugal. That Prince John, Son to King Ferdinand, as soon as he was of Age, should Marry the Princess Joanna. That in case Prince John, when at Age, should dislike that Marriage, then his Father and Mother should be o∣bliged to pay 100000 Ducats to the Princess Joanna. That if she thought the time too long to stay, she might have liberty to become a Nun. That the Princess Elizabeth of Castile should be Married to Alonso, Grandson to the King of Portugal. That the Disaffected Nobles of Castile should not be protected in Portugal. That the Conquest and Discoveries on the Coast of Africk, and in the Ocean, should entirely appertain to Portugal. Lastly, That for Security of the Performance of these Articles, the Princesses Joanna and Elizabeth, and Prince Alonso, should be delivered as Hostages to the Dutchess of Viseo, to be by her kept in the Castle of Mora, and the King of Portugal on his part to deliver up to her four other Castles on the borders of the Kingdom. This was the end of that tedious and expensive War. Great Rejoycing and Thanksgiving was throughout all Spain for the Peace. King Ferdinand from Valencia, where he received this Joyful News, returned to Toledo about the end of the year. There Queen Elizabeth, his Wife, expected him, and their Joy was redoubled by the Birth of the Princess Joanna, whom Heaven had decreed to inherit the Kingdoms of her

Ancestors. Soon after the other Princess Joanna, Daughter to King Henry, perceiving how she was imposed upon, became a Nun in the Monastery of S. Clare at Coimbra, where she led a Virtuous Life, and persevered till her Death. Nevertheless the Princess Elizabeth and Prince Alonso were delivered up to the Dutchess of Viseo according to Articles. The Coun∣tess of Medellin, and D. Alonso de Monroy submitted, as did other Nobles of Castile, who had been the chief support of Portugal. The Marquess of Villena, his former Articles being some∣what altered, was restored to the King and Queen's Favour about the beginning of the year 1480. By this new Contract the Marquess was left possessed of Escalona, Belmonte, Villena, * 1.43 and Almansa, the other Towns of his fell to the King. Necessity obliged him to submit to these hard Terms. In January died Renee, Duke of Anjou, in France, a Prince no less famous for his ill Fortune than long Life. Till the last he Stiled himself King of Aragon, Sicily, and Hierusalem, all empty Titles. In his Will he appointed his Nephew Charles his Heir. To Renee Duke of Lorrain, his Grandson by the Mother side, he left the Dutchy of Bar, which he possessed in France.

At Toledo the Cortes of Castile were assembled: Great numbers of People resorted thither, and many Grievances were laid before them. The Country complained that the Nobility oppressed the Poor, and devoured the Revenues of the Crown, which was the cause that heavy Taxes were daily imposed upon the People. Commissioners were appointed to inspect into this Affair; and they having considered of it, declared, that all Grants made by King * 1.44 Henry, or extorted by force, ought to be void. Yet all the Power of the Laws and Magi∣strates was not of force to curb the Insolencies of the Nobility. In May all the Three Estates swore Prince John Heir of the Crown after the death of his Parents. Now Castile being thus settled, the King and Queen went first to Medina del Campo, and then to Valladolid, where some Noblemen received exemplary Punishment for Crimes committed, which terrified others. Galicia was not perfectly reduced, that being a fierce sort of People. The Cities Lugo, Orense, Mondon̄edo, Bivero, and Corun̄a, would not submit: Ferdinand de Acun̄a, and a Civilian called Garcia Chinchilla, were sent to pacifie them. These Two assembling the People at Santiago, and putting to death the Mareschal Peter Pardo, and some other Gentlemen, brought the Country under subjection. King Ferdinand was then gone to Catalonia upon this account: Mahomer the Great Turk having in vain besieged Rhodes the space of three Months, was for∣ced to quit that Enterprize. Part of his Fleet sailed to Vallona in Albania, opposite to Apulia, a Province of the Kingdom of Naples. Thence Achmet Bassa who Commanded, passed over into Italy, and took the City Otranto on the 13th of August, where he made a great Slaughter, * 1.45 sparing neither Sex nor Age. From this Place the Turks made Incursions into the Country, destroying all they came at, to the great Terror of all Italy. This moved the Christian Princes to think of joining their Forces to stifle that Flame. Particularly King Ferdinand sent Gonzalo Beteta Ambassador to Pope Sixtus, who was then much displeased with the King, as appeared upon several occasions, and now more especially; for he constituted the Archbishop of Toledo his Legate in Spain, without acquainting the King with his Design. The publick Danger made private Animosities be forgot. The King also sent D. John Melguerite, Bishop of Girona, in the Month of February, 1481. to make a League with all the Princes of Italy. At the same time the King gathered a Fleet of 35 Sail of all sorts at Barcelona. The * 1.46 King of Portugal fitted 20 Ships for this purpose; but these Succours went on slowly. There∣fore D. Alonso, Duke of Calabria, with what Forces he could gather in Italy, at last laid Siege to Otranto. It fell out happily that Mahomet the Great Turk died at Nicomedia in Bithynia, on the 3d of May. News hereof being brought to the Turks in Otranto, they surrendered that City the 5th Month after it had been besieged, upon condition to depart freely. The Duke of Calabria retained in his Service about 1500 Turks, designing to make use of them against the Florentines. It was the vulgar Opinion they well deserved it, because they had called in the Turks; yet many believed this was a Policy of the Duke, to cast the Scandal of retaining those People upon his Enemy. The Succours of Aragon and Portugal were of no use, for they arrived in Italy after Otranto was surrendred. Besides the distance, weighty Affairs kept those Kings employed, and diverted them from sending those Succours sooner. King Ferdi∣nand held the Cortes of Aragon at Calatayud, whither Queen Elizabeth by her Husband's Order brought Prince John. D. Alonso Enriquez the Admiral, and Peter Fernandez de Velasco the Constable, were appointed Commissioners to Govern Castile. The King's aim was to have his Son sworn Heir to that Kingdom, as had been before done in Castile, and was also perfor∣med there on the 29th of May. Soon after, the same was done at Barcelona for the Principa∣lity * 1.47 of Catalonia. Besides these Cares, another was added from Navarre. Peter the Cardinal, and James his Brother, Unkles to the young King, came to Zaragoça: There being admitted to Audience, in a long Harangue they laid before King Ferdinand the Misfortunes Navarre la∣boured under, the Rebels being possessed of the most considerable Towns and Cities. The Biamonteses had Pamplona, the others Estela, Sanguessa, and Olite. They represented, That their King had nothing left him but the Title: That the Earl of Lerin ceased not to commit all manner of Crimes. Therefore they begged King Ferdinand to pity that young King, and deliver him from the Slavery of his Subjects. King Ferdinand having heard the two Brothers, promised he would stand by King Francis; and to shew his readiness, sent certain Persons with the Two Princes, who from him should advise the Rebels to submit to their King. The

Cortes of that Kingdom met at Tafalla; there King Ferdinand's Ambassadors gave an account of what they had in Commission. The Navarrois answered, That if the King had not been received as he ought in the Kingdom, it was not the fault of them all, but of some few, who disturbed the Peace of the Country; yet if he would come to them, no Town would be wanting in expressing its Loyalty. This Answer was satisfactory; and therefore it was pro∣posed to King Ferdinand that King Francis should go to Pamplona. It was thought sit he should go with a good Guard, lest in that time of Confusion any Affront should be offered him. At this time the King of Portugal died at Sintra, in the very Chamber where he was born, and * 1.48 on the 28th of August. His Body was carried to Aljubarrota. His Son John II. for his high Spirit and great Exploits Sirnamed the Great, succeeded him. This Prince, as well as his Fa∣ther, was always an utter Enemy to Castile. The Father carried it more openly, but the Son subtilly and underhand; and therefore more furiously vented his Passion upon some Noblemen of his Kingdom, whom he suspected of favouring Castile, as we shall soon see. For Piety, Goodness, Severity towards Crimina, Sharpness of Wit, and a Tenacious Memory, he equalled all the Kings his Contemporaries, and excelled many. He used to say, That a Kingdom either found Princes wise, or made them so, by their continual conversing with Men of great Parts, who constantly are about the Courts of Kings, and use all Arts in Speech and Behaviour to obtain their Desires, and discover their Ability.

CHAP. X. Francis King of Navarre comes out of France, is Crown'd, and soon after Dies; A Con∣spiracy against the King of Portugal discover'd, and the Conspirators punish'd; Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Ratified; Luis the Eleventh King of France dies.

THree Princes died successively one year after another About the end of this year departed this * 1.49 Life Charles Duke of Anjou. He appointed the King of France his Heir, by which means Anjou and Provence were annexed to the Crown of France, besides other Pretentions, which served only to intail a War upon that Kingdom. On the first of July, in the following year 1482, died D. Alonso Carillo y Acun̄a, Archbishop of Toledo, a Man even when of great Age, lively and active. He retired in his latter days rather through necessity, than of his own in∣clination. * 1.50 He was buried in the Monastery of S. Francis, built by himself at Alcalà de He∣nares; he also made the Church of S. Stephen, till then a Parish, Collegiate. He was addicted to Chimistry and died Poor, yet is said to have left some Money to repair the School at Alcala. On the left hand of the Archbishop's Tomb was buried his Son Troylus, which the Cardinal D. Francisco Ximenez caused to be removed, looking upon it as a Monument of that Prelate's incontinency. From this Troylus are descended the Marquesses of Falces in Navarre, their Sir∣name is Peralta. The Cardinal of Spain succeeded D. Alonso Carrille in the Archbishoprick of Toledo. He was Son to Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça, Marquess of Santillana, and Brother to James Hurtado de Mendoça first Duke del Infantado. This Prelate was a Person of great Virtue and Ability, and had this Dignity conferred on him as a Reward for his good Services. D. Ynigo Manrique, Bishop of Jaen, was translated in his stead to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. In Navarre a great Joy was allayed by a greater Sorrow. King Francis, who during the Troubles of Navarre had resided in France, at last, as had been agreed, came to Pamplona with his Mo∣ther, Uncles, and a great Retinue of Nobility of France, and Navarre. He was received * 1.51 with great Pomp and a general Applause, Crowned in the Cathedral, and Proclaimed King on the 3d of October. He was then in the flower of his Youth, being 15 years of Age, won∣derful Beautiful, and well inclined. The first thing he did was to forbid upon Pain of Death any Persons whatsoever calling themselves Biamonteses or Agramonteses, the hateful Names of those Factions which had so long distracted that Kingdom. He made Luis Earl of Lerin Constable, and gave him Larraga and other Towns to oblige him, because he was powerful. This done he took a Progress through the Kingdom, punished Malefactors, and secured the Authority of Magistrates. It was proposed to Marry him to secure the Succession. King Ferdinand offered his Daughter the Princess Joanna. The King of France advised him to take to Wife the other Princess Joanna, Daughter to King Henry, then a professed Nun in Portugal, thinking by this means to have an opportunity of subduing Castile. Magdalen the young King's Mother, an Ambitious Woman, was more inclinable to this Match, and there∣fore lest any Violence should be offered her Son, persuaded him to repass the Mountains, where he had large Dominions. He was no sooner come to the City Pau, or S. Paul in Bearne, but he fell sick and died on the 30th of January 1483. His Body was buried in Lescar, a * 1.52 City in Bearn. His Sister Catherine succeeded him in the Throne, as was her due. By her * 1.53 Marriage soon after that Kingdom fell under the Dominion of the French, who enjoyed it not long.

In Portugal King John punished some of the Nobility, who had conspired to Murder him, and with their Blood revenged their wicked Designs against his Person. These Nobles were offended at the King's Austere Temper, his Severity in punishing Offenders, and for his great freedom in declaring his Mind. But above all they resented, that contrary to ancient Cu∣stom,

the King's Alguaziles, or Officers, by his special Command, apprehended and punish∣ed Malefactors upon their Estates. They consulted together, and expecting no Redress by fair Means, resolved to use Force. The Heads of this Conspiracy were the Dukes Ferdinand of Bragança, and James of Viseo, the most Powerful Men in the Kingdom, and of the Blood Royal. Many others joined with them, as the Marquess de Montemor, the Earl of Haro, the Duke of Braganca's Brothers, D. Garcia de Meneses Bishop of Ebora, his Brother Ferdinand, and D. Lope du Albuquerque Earl of Penamacor. This Conspiracy was discovered after this manner. The Cortes sate at Ebora. Some good Laws were Established, and among other things it was provided, that the Nobility should not have the Power of Oppressing the People. This the Duke of Bragança complained was a Breach of the ancient Priviledges of the No∣bility, and offered to produce the Grants of Kings to his Predecessors. Lope de Figueredo, his Comptroller, searching for these Papers, found among them others which made out, that the Duke held Correspondence with the King of Castile, to the prejudice of the Crown of Portugal. He carried them privately to the King, who having viewed them, ordered him to Copy them, and return the Originals to the place where he found them. It hapned the Queen in the Spring of the year 1483, was sick at Almarin after Lying in. Her Brother the Duke of * 1.54 Viseo, and her Brother in Law the Duke of Bragança, came to visit her. The King Enter∣tained them kindly, desiring to put a stop to that Mischief without hazarding a War. At length one morning after hearing Mass, he took the Duke of Bragança aside, there he told him how he was informed of all his Designs and Treasonable Correspondence with Castile, that he was with much difficulty induced to believe it, and yet being convinced of the truth, was willing to Pardon, and bury it in oblivion, advising him to consider none could be more his Friend than he that was so near a Kinsman, and that if any thing had been amiss he ought to have advised him better, or winked at any Error in the Government. This Discourse of the King's surprized the Duke. He begged the King would not give Credit to Informers, who strive to rise upon the Ruins of others, assuring him he would not lay the stain of Disloyalty upon his Family, and affirming with great Imprecations upon himself, that all he said was true. The King went away to Santarem, the Dukes to their Estates, no way departing from their Designs. Mean while F. Ferdinand de Talavera, Prior of Prado, a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome near Valladolid, and the King's Confessor, was sent to Portugal to Ratifie the late * 1.55 Peace, and Propose, that the Prince and Princess given as Hostages, might be restored to their Parents, which was accordingly done. Only this Alteration was made in the former Ar∣ticles, that Prince Alonso should Marry the Princess Joanna, the youngest Daughter of King Ferdinand, because they were both of an Age. In May the Princess Elizabeth returned to Castile, and Prince Alonso to his Father, the Duke of Bragança accompanying him to Ebora, where the Court was. There he was apprehended, upon Intelligence given by Gaspar Jusarte, that he still held Correspondece with King Ferdinand, by the means of Peter Jusarte. Both Brothers were Rewarded for the Discovery. The Duke was impeached of High Treason, Tried, and Condemned to Death. His Execution was on the 22th of June. With him suf∣fered 6 other Fidalgos or Noblemen, found guilty of the same Crime. The Constable of Portugal, the Dukes Brothers, and others fled. The Dutchess, as soon as she received the News of her Husband's Death, sent her 3 Sons, Philip, James, and Denis, to Castile. Philip died there a Batchelor, James was Pardoned, and returned to Portugal, Denis Married the Hei∣ress of the Earl of Lemos in Castile. His youth saved the Duke of Viseo, the King only giving him a Reprimand the day after the Execution of the other. Neither the Punishment of the one, nor the Mercy extended to the other Duke, had influence enough to prevail with the other Conspirators to desist. They complained that no Man was safe, and that the Duke of Bragança had been wrongfully put to death. Therefore it was resolved the King should be murdered, and the Duke of Viseo set up in his place. They only waited an opportunity to give the Stroke, but before it could be performed all the Conspiracy was detected after this manner. James Tinoco had a Sister who was Mistress to the Archbishop of Ebora: She ha∣ving found out what was contrived, discovered it to her Brother, and he to the King, put∣ting on the Habit of a Franciscan Frier to speak to him at Setuval, that it might be the more private. Vasco Coutin̄o, whose Brother Gutierre Coutin̄o was one of the Conspirators, gave the King the same Account: He was afterwards Rewarded with the Earldom of Barba and Estre∣moz. The King went out to Visit a Church near Setuval, and with him the Conspirators, being resolved to execute their Design as he came out of the Church. By good fortune one of his Bed-chamber, whose Name was Faria, warned him of the Danger he was in. He spoke cour∣teously to the Conspirators, which abated somewhat of their Rage; however he got into ano∣ther Church in the Suburb of that City, called Nuestra Sen̄ora la Antigua. This he did to gain time till more of his Followers could come up, and therefore continued long talking with Vasco Coutin̄o. This perplexed the Conspirators, fearing if that Opportunity were lost, some of the Number might obtain a Reward with the Ruin of the rest. The King having escaped that Danger, sent, upon some other Pretence, for the Duke of Viseo, who was with his Mo∣ther at Palmela, waiting the issue of the Contrived Treason. Not imaging any Discovery, he adventured to obey the King's Call. No sooner did he enter the Chamber where the King was, but the King himself, in the presence of a few that were there, Stab'd him, saying these Words, Go tell the Duke of Bragança what all his Contrivances are come to. The Duke of Viseo was about

30 years of age when he came to this end. Astrologers had Prognisticated he should be a King. All his Estate was given to his Brother Emanuel, with the Title of Duke of Beja. He afterwards came to be King of Portugal, and created his Tutor James de Silva Earl of Porta∣legre. Some of the other Conspirators were taken, as the Archbishop of Ebora, his Brother Ferdinand, and Gutierre Coutin̄o. The rest lived poor, and died miserably in Castile. On the 30th of August died Luis XI. King of France, near Tours. He ordained in his Will that Rus∣sillon and Cerdagne should be restored to the former Owner. His Son Charles VIII. succeeded * 1.56 him, being but 13 years of age, sickly and mishapen. His Father caused him to be bred at Amboise, allowing but a few Servants to converse with him. Neither would he allow him so much Learning as his Grammar. He said all the Latin he had need of was these Words, Qui nescit dissimulare, nescit regnare. But we have out-run the time we were upon; to begin the next Book, it will be necessary to turn back to relate the Affairs of Castile.

The End of the 24th BOOK.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Counter∣feit Re∣concilia∣tion of the Princess Elizabeth to the King her Brother.
• * 1.2

  1474.
• * 1.3

  King Hen∣ry of Ca∣stile sup∣posed to be Poison∣ed.
• * 1.4

  Elizabeth the King's Sister o∣penly a∣spires to the Crown.
• * 1.5

  The Ma∣ster of Santiage dies.
• * 1.6

  French and Aragoni∣ans at va∣riance.
• * 1.7

  Henry K. of Castile dies.
• * 1.8

  Castile di∣vided be∣twixt the Rightful Princess Joanna, and Eliza∣beth the Usurper.
• * 1.9

  1475.
• * 1.10

  Ferdinand received in Castile.
• * 1.11

  Marquess de Villena his double Dealing.
• * 1.12

  Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the Rightful Heiress.
• * 1.13

  Ferdinand labours to gain the Nobility of Castile.
• * 1.14

  Alonso K. of Portu∣gal pro∣claimed King of Castile, being Contract∣ed to the Rightful Heiress.
• * 1.15

  French and Portuguese Forces a∣gainst Ca∣stile.
• * 1.16

  1476,
• * 1.17

  John Pr. of Portugal comes to his Fa∣thers as∣sistance into Ca∣stile.
• * 1.18

  Fight be∣twixt the Portugues and Casti∣lian Ar∣mies.
• * 1.19

  Defeat of the Portu∣gueses.
• * 1.20

  Great Disorders through∣out Ca∣sile.
• * 1.21

  Factions in Na∣varre.
• * 1.22

  Alonso King of Portugal, goes o∣ver into Africk and thence in∣to France.
• * 1.23

  Endea∣vours to pacifie Navarre.
• * 1.24

  Toro sur∣prized by the Castili∣ans.
• * 1.25

  King Fer∣dinand chose Ma∣ster of Santiago in trust.
• * 1.26

  Moores of Granada invade Murcia.
• * 1.27

  Noble∣men se∣cure to them∣selves all the strong holds.
• * 1.28

  Disorders in Sicily and Sardi∣nia.
• * 1.29

  The King of Portu∣gal re∣solves to go in Pil∣grimage to Hierusa∣lem, and resigns his Crown to his Son. John Prince of Portugal restores the Crown to his Fa∣ther. 1478
• * 1.30

  Sardinia reduced.
• * 1.31

  Birth of Prince John of Castile.
• * 1.32

  Inquisiti∣on first settled in Spain.
• * 1.33

  Actions on the Frontiers of Castile, and Portu∣gal.
• * 1.34

  Peace be∣twixt Ca∣stile and France.
• * 1.35

  1479.
• * 1.36

  John King of Aragon dyes.
• * 1.37

  Factions continue in Navarre
• * 1.38

  Heretical oppinions condemn∣ed in Spain.
• * 1.39

  Coun••ess of Medel∣lin a tur∣bulent-Woman.
• * 1.40

  Over∣throw of the Por∣tugueses.
• * 1.41

  King Fer∣dinand goes into Aragon.
• * 1.42

  Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Por∣tugal.
• * 1.43

  1480.
• * 1.44

  Grants made by King Hen∣ry: decla∣red void by the Cor∣tes.
• * 1.45

  The Turks take O∣tranto in Italy.
• * 1.46

  1481.
• * 1.47

  Ferdi∣nand's Son sworn Heir of Castile, A∣ragon, and Catalonia.
• * 1.48

  Alonso King of Portugal dies. John II. of Portugal.
• * 1.49

  Three great Men die.
• * 1.50

  1482.
• * 1.51

  Francis Crowned King of Navarre.
• * 1.52

  1483.
• * 1.53

  The young K. of Na∣varre dies. Traitors punished in Portu∣gal.
• * 1.54

  1483.
• * 1.55

  Ratifica∣tions of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal.
• * 1.56

  Luis XI. King of France dies.