Letters of state written by Mr. John Milton, to most of the sovereign princes and republicks of Europe, from the year 1649, till the year 1659 ; to which is added, an account of his life ; together with several of his poems, and a catalogue of his works, never before printed.

LETTERS Written in the Name of OLIVER the Protector.

To the Count of Oldenburgh.

Most Illustrious Lord,

BY your Letters, dated Janu∣ary 20. 1654. I have bin given to understand, That the Noble Frederick Matthias Wolisog, and Chirstopher Griphiander were sent with certain Commands from your Illustrious Lordship into England, who when they came to us, not onely in your Name Congra∣tulated our having taken upon us the Government of the Eoglish Repub∣lick, but also desir'd that you and your Territories might be compre∣hended in the Peace which we are

about to make with the Low Countries, and that we would con∣firm by our present Authority the Letters of safe Conduct lately grant∣ed your Lordship by the Parlament. Therefore in the first place we return your Lordship our hearty thanks for your Friendly Congratulation, as it becomes us; and these will let you know that we have readily granted your two Requests. Nor shall you find us wanting upon any opportu∣nity, which may at any time make manifest our Affection to your Lord∣ship. And this we are apt to believe you will understand more at large from your Agents, whose Fidelity and Diligence in this Affair of yours, in our Court, has bin eminently con∣spicuous. As to what remains, we most heartily wish the Blessings of Prosperity and Peace, both upon you and your Affairs.

Your Illustrious Lordship's most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c.

To the Count of Oldenburgh.

Most Illustrious Lord,

WE receiv'd your Letters, dated May 2 from Olden∣burgh, most welcome upon more then one account; as well for that they were full of singular Civility and Good-will toward us, as because they were deliver'd by the hand of the most Illustrious Count Antony, your beloved Son. Which we look upon as so much the greater Honour, as not having trusted to Report, but with our own Eyes, and by our own Observation discern'd his Vertues be∣coming such an Illustrious Extracti∣on, his noble Manners and Inclina∣tions, and lastly his extraordinary Affection toward our selves. Nor is it to be question'd but he displays to his own People the same fair hopes at home, that he will approve him∣self the Son of a most Worthy and most excellent Father, whose signal

Vertue and Prudence has all along so manag'd Affairs, that rhe whole Territory of Oldenburgh for many years, has enjoy'd a profound Peace and all the blessings of Tranquility in the midst of the raging confusions of War thundring on every side. What reason therefore why we should not value such a Friendship that can so wisely and providently shun the Enmity of all men? Last∣ly, Most Illustrious Lord, 'tis for your Magnificent* 1.1 Present that we return you Thanks; but 'tis of Right, and your Me∣rits claim, That we are cordially

Westminster, June 29. 1654.

Your Illustrious Lordship's most Affectionate, Oliver, &c. Superscrib'd, To the Most Illustrious Lord, Anthony Gunther, Count in Oldenburgh, and Delmen∣horst, Lord in Jehvern and Kniphausen.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c. To the most Serene Prince, Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Esthonia, Carelia, Breme, Ver∣den, Stettin in Pomerania, Cassubia and Vandalia. Prince of Rugia, Lord of Ingria, Wismaria, as also Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Duke of Bavaria, Cleves and Monts, &c. Greeting.

Most Serene King,

THough it be already divulg'd over all the world that the Kingdom of the Swedes is translated to your Majesty with the extraordi∣nary Applause and Desires of the Peo∣ple, and the free Suffrages of all the Orders of the Realm, yet that your Majesty should rather chuse that we should understand the welcome News by your most friendly Letters, then by the common voice of Fame, we thought no small Argument both of your good-will toward us, and of the honour done us among the

first. Voluntary therefore, and of Right we Congratulate this Accessi∣on of Dignity to your egregious Me∣rits, and the most worthy guer∣don of so much Vertue. And that it may be Lucky and Prosperous to your Majesty, to the Nation of the Swedes, and the true Christian In∣terest, which is also what you chiefly wish, with joynt supplications we implore of God. And whereas your Majesty assures us, That the pre∣serving entire the League and Alli∣ance lately concluded between this Republick and the Kingdom of Swe∣den shall be so far your care, that the present Amity may not only conti∣nue firm and inviolable, but if possi∣ble, every day encrease and grow to a higher perfection, to call it into question would be a piece of impie∣ty, after the Word of so great a Prince once interpos'd, whose sur∣passing Fortitude has not only pur∣chas'd your Majesty a Hereditary Kingdom in a Foreign Land, but also

could so far prevail, that the most August Queen, the Daughter of Gustavus, and a Heroess so matchless in all degrees of Praise and Mascu∣line Renown, that many Ages back∣ward have not produc'd her equal, surrender'd the most just possession of her Empire to your Majesty, neither expecting nor willing to accept it. Now therefore 'tis our main desire, your Majesty should be every way assur'd, that your so singular Affecti∣on toward us, and so eminent a signi∣fication of your Mind can be no other then most dear and welcome to us, and that no Combat can offer it self to us more glorious, then such a one wherein we may, if possible, prove Victorious in out-doing your Majesty's Civility by our kind Offi∣ces that never shall be wanting.

Westminster, July 4. 1654.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c.

To the most Illustrious Lord, Lewis Mendez de Haro.

WHAT we have understood by your Letters, most Illu∣strious Lord, that there is an Embassa∣dor already nominated and appointed by the most Serene King of Spain, on purpose to come and Congratu∣late our having undertaken the Go∣vernment of the Republick, is not onely deservedly acceptable of it self, but render'd much more well∣come and pleasing to us by your sin∣gular Affection and the speed of your Civility, as being desirous we should understand it first of all from your self. For, to be so belov'd and ap∣prov'd by your Lordship, who by your Vertue and Prudence have ob∣tain'd so great Authority with your Prince, as to preside, his equal in Mind, over all the most Important Affairs of that Kingdom, ought to be so much the more pleasing to us, as well understanding that the judge∣ment

of a surpassing Person, cannot but be much to our Honour and Or∣nament. Now as to our cordial In∣clinations toward the King of Spain, and ready propensity to hold Friend∣ship with that Kingdom, and en∣crease it to a stricter perfection, we hope we have already satisfi'd the Present Embassador, and shall more amply satisfie the other, so soon as he arrives. As to what remains, Most Illustrious Lord, we heartily wish the Dignity and Favour where∣in you now flourish with your Prince, perpetual to your Lordship; and that whatever Affairs you carry on for the Publick Good, may pro∣sperously and happily succeed.

White-Hall, September. 1654.

Your Illustrious Lordship's most Affectionate, Oliver, &c.

To the Most Serene Prince Charles Gustavus Adolphus, King of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, &c.

BEing so well assur'd of your Ma∣jesty's good-will towards me by your last Letters, in answer to which I wrote back with the same Affection, methinks I should do no more then what our mutual Amity requires, if as I communicate my grateful Tydings to reciprocal Joy, so when contrary Accidents fall out, that I should lay open the sence and grief of my Mind to your Majesty, as my dearest Friend. For my part this is my Opinion of my self, That I am now advanc'd to this degree in the Commonwealth, to the end I should consult in the first place, and as much as in me lies, for the com∣mon Peace of the Protestants. Which is the reason, that of necessity it be∣hooves me more grievously to lay to heart what we are sorry to hear con∣cerning the bloody Conflicts and

mutual Slaughters of the Bremeners and Swedes. But this I chiefly be∣wail, that being both our Friends, they should so despitefully Combat one against another, and with so much danger to the Interests of the Protestants; and that the Peace of Munster, which it was thought would have prov'd an Asylum and Safeguard to all the Protestants, should be the occasion of such an unfortunate War, that now the Arms of the Swedes are turn'd upon those whom but a little before, among the rest, they most stoutly defended for Religions sake; and that this should be done more especi∣ally at this time when the Papists are said to Persecute the Reformed all over Germany, and to return to their intermitted for some time Oppressi∣ons, and their pristin Violencies. Hearing therefore that a Truce for some days was made at Breme, I could not forbear signifying to your Majesty, upon this opportunity of∣fer'd,

how cordially I desire, and how earnestly I implore the God of Peace, that this Truce may prove successfully happy for the Good of both Parties, and that it may con∣clude in a most firm Peace, by a com∣modious Accommodation on both sides. To which purpose, if your Majesty judges that my Assistance may any ways conduce, I most wil∣lingly offer and promise it, as in a thing, without question, most ac∣ceptable to the most Holy God. In the mean time, from the bottom of my heart, I beseech the Almighty to Direct and Govern all your Counsels for the common Welfare of the Christian Interest, which I make no doubt, but that your Majesty chiefly desires.

White-Hall, Octob. 26. 1654.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate,

Oliver, &c.

To the Magnificent and most Noble, the Con∣suls and Senators of the City of Breme.

BY your Letters deliver'd to us by your Resident Henry Olden∣burgh, that there is a difference kind∣led between your City and a most Potent Neighbour, and to what streights you are thereby reduc'd, with so much the more Trouble and Grief we understand, by how much the more we love and embrace the City of Breme, so eminent, above others, for their Profession of the Orthodox Faith. Neither is there any thing which we account more sacred in our wishes, then that the whole Protestant Name would knit and grow together in Brotherly Uni∣ty and Concord. In the mean time, most certain it is, that the common Enemy of the Reformed rejoyces at these our Dissentions, and more haughtily every where exerts his Fury. But in regard the Contro∣versie which at present exercises

your contending Arms, is not within the power of our decision, we Im∣plore the Almighty God, that the Truce begun may obtain a happy issue. Assuredly, as to what you desir'd, we have written to the King of the Swedes, exhorting him to Peace and Agreement, as being most chiefly grateful to Heaven, and have offer'd our Assistance in so Pious a Work. On the other side we like∣wise exhort your selves to bear an equal Mind, and by no means to re∣fuse any honest conditions of Recon∣ciliation. And so we recommend your City to Divine Protection and Providence.

White-Hall, Octob. 26. 1654.

Your Lordships most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Republick of England, To the most Illustrious Prince of Tarentum.

YOUR Love of Religion, ap∣parently made known in your

Letters to us deliver'd, and your ex∣celling Piety and singular Affection to the Reformed Churches, more especially considering the Nobility and Splendor of your Character, and in a Kingdom too, wherein there are so many and such abounding hopes propos'd to all of Eminent Quality that revolt from the Ortho∣dox Faith, so many Miseries to be undergone by the Resolute and con∣stant, gave us an occasion of great joy and consolation of Mind. Nor was it less grateful to us that we had gain'd your good Opinion, upon the same account of Religion, which ought to render your Highness most chiefly belov'd and dear to our selves. We call God to Witness, That whatever hopes or expectations the Churches, according to your Rela∣tion, had of us, we may be able one day to give them satisfaction, if need require, or at least to demonstrate to all men how much it is our desire never to fail 'em Nor should we

think any fruit of our Labours, or of this Dignity or Supream Em∣ployment which we hold in our Republick, greater, then that we might be in a condition to be ser∣viceable to the enlargement, or the welfare, or which is more sacred, to the Peace of the Reformed Church. In the mean time, we exhort and beseech your Lordship to remain stedfast to the last minute in the Orthodox Religion, with the same resolution and constancy, as you profess it receiv'd from your An∣cestors with Piety and Zeal. Nor indeed, can there be any thing more worthy your self, or your Religious Parents, nor in consideration of what you have deserv'd of us, though we wish all things for your own sake, that we can wish more Noble or Ad∣vantagious to your Lordship, then that you would take such Methods and apply your self to such Studies, that the Churches, especially of your Native Countrey, under the Disci∣pline

of which your Birth and Ge∣nius have render'd you Illustriously Happy, may be sensible of so much the more assur'd security in your Pro∣tection, by how much you excel others in Lustre and Ability.

White-Hall, April—1654.

Oliver the Protector, &c. To the most Serene Prince, Immanuel Duke of Savoy, Prince of Piemont, Greeting.

Most Serene Prince,

LEtters have bin sent us from Ge∣neva, as also from the Dauphi∣nate, and many other Places border∣ing upon your Territories, wherein we are given to understand, That such of your Royal Highness's Sub∣jects as profess the Reformed Religi∣on, are Commanded by your Edict, and by your Authority, within three days after the Promulgation of your Edict, to depart their Native Seats and Habitations, upon pain of capital Punishment, and Forfeiture of all

their Fortunes and Estates, unless they will give security to relinquish their Religion within Twenty days, and embrace the Roman Catholick Faith. And that when they appli'd themselves to your Royal Highness in a most Suppliant manner, implo∣ring a Revocation of the said Edict, and that being receiv'd into pristin favour, they might be restor'd to the Liberty granted 'em by your Prede∣cessors, a part of your Army fell up∣on 'em, most cruelly Slew several, put others in Chains, and compell'd the rest to Flye into Desert places and to the Mountains cover'd with snow, where some Hundreds of Fa∣milies are reduc'd to such Distress, that 'tis greatly to be fear'd, they will in a short time all miserably Perish through Cold and Hunger. These things, when they were related to us, we could not chuse but be touch'd with extream Grief and Conpassion for the Sufferings and Calamities of this Afflicted People. Now in re∣gard

we must acknowledge our selves link'd together not onely by the same tye of Humanity, but by joynt Communion of the same Re∣ligion, we thought it impossible for us to satisfie our Duty to God, to Brotherly Charity, or our Profession of the same Religion, if we should onely be affected with a bare sorrow for the Misery and Calamity of our Brethren, and not contribute all our endeavours to Relieve and Succour 'em in their unexpected Adversity, as much as in us lies. Therefore in a greater measure we most earnestly Beseech and Conjure your Royal Highness, that you would call back to your thoughts the moderation of your most Serene Predecessors, and the Liberty by them Granted and Confirm'd from time to time to their Subjects the Vaudois. In Granting and Confirming which, as they did that, which without all question was most grateful to God, who has bin pleas'd to reserve the Jurisdiction

and Power over the Conscience to himself alone, so there is no doubt but that they had a due consideration of their Subjects also, whom they found Stout and most Faithful in War, and always Obedient in Peace. And as your Royal Serenity in other things most laudably follows the footsteps of your Immortal Ance∣stors, so we again and again beseech your Royal Highness not to swerve from the path wherein they trod in this particular; but that you would vouchsafe to Abrogate both this Edict, and whatsoever else may be Decreed to the Disturbance of your Subjects upon the account of the Re∣form'd Religion; that you would ratifie to 'em their conceded Privi∣leges and pristin Liberty, and com∣mand their Losses to be repair'd, and that an end be put to their Oppressi∣ons. Which if your Royal High∣ness shall be pleas'd to see perform'd, you will do a thing most acceptable to God, revive and comfort the mi∣serable

in dire Calamity, and most highly oblige all your Neighbours that Profess the Reformed Religion, but more especially our selves, who shall be bound to look upon your Clemency and Benignity toward your Subjects as the fruit of our ear∣nest Solicitation. Which will both engage us to a reciprocal return of all good Offices, and lay the solid foun∣dations not only of establishing, but encreasing Alliance and Friendship between this Republick and your Dominions. Nor do we less pro∣mise this to our selves from your Ju∣stice and Moderation; to which we Beseech Almighty God to encline your Mind and Thoughts. And so we cordially Implore Just Heaven to bestow upon your Highness and your People the Blessings of Peace and Truth, and prosperous Success in all your Affairs.

White-Hall, May—1655.

Oliver Protector of the Republick of England, to the most Serene Prince of Transilvania, Greeting.

Most Serene Prince,

BY your Letters of the 16th. of Nov. 1654. you have made us sensi∣ble of your singular good-will and af∣fection toward us; and your Envoy, who deliver'd those Letters to us, more amply declar'd your desire of contracting Alliance and Friendship with us. Certainly for our parts, we do not a little rejoyce at this Op∣portunity offer'd us to declare and make manifest our Affection to your Highness, and how great a value we justly set upon your Person. But after Fame had reported to us your egregious Merits and Labours un∣dertaken in behalf of the Christian Republick, when you were pleas'd that all these things, and what you have farther in your thoughts to do in the defence and for promoting the Christian Interest, should be in

Friendly manner imparted to us by Letters from your self, this afforded us a more plentiful occasion of Joy and Satisfaction, to hear, that God, in those remoter Regions, had rais'd up to himself so Potent and Renown∣ed a Minister of his Glory and Pro∣vidence: And that this great Mi∣nister of Heaven so fam'd for his Courage and Success, should be de∣sirous to associate with us in the com∣mon Defence of the Protestant Re∣ligion, at this time wickedly assail'd by Words and Deeds. Nor is it to be question'd but that God, who has infus'd into us both, though separa∣ted by such a spacious interval of ma∣ny Climates, the same desires and thoughts of defending the Orthodox Religion, will be our Instructor and Author of the ways and means whereby we may be assistant and use∣ful to our selves and the rest of the Reformed Cities, provided we watch all opportunities that God shall put into our hands, and be not wanting

to lay hold of 'em. In the mean time we cannot without an extream and penetrating sorrow forbear put∣ting your Highness in mind how un∣mercifully the Duke of Savoy has Persecuted his own Subjects, Pro∣fessing the Orthodox Faith, in cer∣tain Valleys at the feet of the Alps. Whom he has not only constrain'd by a most severe Edict as many as refuse to embrace the Catholick Religion, to forsake their Native Habitations, Goods and Estates, but has fall'n upon 'em with his Army, put several most Cruelly to the Sword, others more Barbarously Tormented to Death, and driven the greatest number to the Mountains, there to be consum'd with Cold and Hunger, exposing their Houses to the Fury, and their Goods to the Plunder of his Executioners. These things as they have already bin rela∣ted to your Highness, so we readily assure our selves, that so much cru∣elty cannot but be grievously displea∣sing

to your ears, and that you will not be wanting to afford your Aid and Succour to those miserable Wretches, if there be any that sur∣vive so many Slaughters and Cala∣mities. For our parts we have Written to the Duke of Savoy, be∣seeching him to remove his insenc'd Anger from his Subjects; as also to the King of France, that he would vouchsafe to do the same; and lastly to the Princes of the Reformed Re∣ligion, to the end they might under∣stand our sentiments concerning so fell and savage a piece of Cruelty. Which though first begun upon those poor and helpless People, however threatens all that Profess the same Religion, and therefore imposes up∣on all a greater necessity of providing for themselves in general, and consult∣ing the common Safety; which is the course that we shall always fol∣low, as God shall be pleas'd to di∣rect us. Of which your Highness may be assur'd, as also of our since∣rity

and affection to your Serenity, whereby we are engag'd to wish all prosperous success to your Affairs, and a happy issue of all your Enter∣prizes and Endeavours, in asserting the Liberty of the Gospel and the Worshippers of it.

White-Hall, May—1655.

Oliver Protector, to the most Serene Prince, Charles Gustavus Adolphus, King of the Swedes, Greeting.

WE make no question but that the same of that most rigid Edict has reach'd your Dominions, whereby the Duke of Savoy has to∣tally Ruin'd his Protestant Subjects Inhabiting the Alpine Valleys, and commanded 'em to be extirminated from their Native Seats and Habita∣tions, unless they will give security to renounce their Religion receiv'd from their Forefathers, in exchange for the Roman Catholick Supersti∣tion, and that within Twenty days

at farthest; so that many being kill'd, the rest Strip to their Skins and expos'd to most certain destructi∣on, are now forc'd to wander over desert Mountains and through per∣petual Winter, together with their Wives and Children, half dead with Cold and Hunger; and that your Majesty has laid it to heart with a Pious sorrow and compassionate con∣sideration we as little doubt. For that the Protestant Name and Cause, although they differ among them∣selves in some things of little Conse∣quence, is nevertheless the same in general and united in one common Interest, the hatred of our Adver∣saries, alike insenc'd against Prote∣stants, very easily demonstrates. Now there is no body can be igno∣rant, that the Kings of the Swedes have always joyn'd with the Reform∣ed, carrying their Victorious Arms into Germany in Defence of the Pro∣testants without distinction. There∣fore we make it our chief request,

and that in a more especial manner to your Majesty, that you would so∣licit the Duke of Savoy by Letters, and by interposing your intermedia∣ting Authority, endeavour to avert the horrid Cruelty of this Edict, if possible, from People no less Innocent then Religious. For we think it su∣perfluous to admonish your Majesty, whither these rigorous begininnings tend, and what they threaten to all the Protestants in general. But if he rather chuse to listen to his Anger then to our joynt Intreaties and In∣tercessions, if there be any Tye, any Charity or Communion of Religion to be Believ'd and Worshipp'd, upon Consultations duly first communica∣ted to your Majesty and the chief of the Protestant Princes, some other course is to be speedily taken, that such a numerous multitude of our Innocent Brethren may not miser∣ably Perish for want of Succour and Assistance. Which in regard we make no question but that it is your

Majesties Opinion and Determinati∣on, there can be nothing in our opi∣nion more prudently resolv'd, then to joyn our Reputation, Authority, Councels, Forces, and whatever else is needful, with all the speed that may be, in pursuance of so Pious a design. In the mean time we be∣seech Almighty God to Bless your Majesty.

Oliver Protector, &c. to the High and Migh∣ty Lords, the States of the United Pro∣vinces.

WE make no question but that you have already bin in∣form'd of the Duke of Savoy's Edict, set forth against his Subjects Inhabi∣ting the Valleys at the feet of the Alps, Ancient Professors of the Orthodox Faith; by which Edict they are com∣manded to abandon their Native Ha∣bitations, stript of all their fortunes, unless within Twenty days they em∣brace the Roman Faith; and with

what Cruelty the Authority of this Edict has rag'd against a needy and harmless People; many being slain by the Soldiers, the rest Plunder'd and driven from their Houses together with their Wives and Children, to combat Cold and Hunger among de∣sert Mountains, and perpetual Snow. These things with what commotion of Mind you heard related, what a fellow-feeling of the Calamities of Brethren pierc'd your breasts, we readily conjecture from the depth of our own Sorrow, which certainly is most Heavy and Afflictive. For being engag'd together by the same tye of Religion, no wonder we should be so deeply mov'd with the same Affections upon the dread∣ful and undeserved Sufferings of our Brethren. Besides, that your con∣spicuous Piety and Charity toward the Orthodox, where-ever overborn and oppress'd, has bin frequently ex∣perienc'd in the most urging streights and calamities of the Churches. For

my own part, unless my thoughts deceive me, there is nothing where∣in I should desire more willingly to be overcome, then in Good will and Charity toward Brethren of the same Religion afflicted and wrong'd in their quiet Enjoyments; as being one that would be accounted always ready to prefer the Peace and Safety of the Churches before my particu∣lar Interests. So far therefore as hitherto lay in our power, we have Written to the Duke of Savoy, even almost to Supplication, beseeching him that he would admit into his breast more placid thoughts and kinder effects of his Favour toward his most Innocent Subjects and Sup∣pliants; that he would restore the Miserable to their Habitations and Estates, and grant 'em their pristin freedom in the Exercise of their Re∣ligion. Moreover we Wrote to the chiefest Princes and Magistrates of the Protestants, whom we thought most nearly concern'd in these mat∣ters,

that they would lend us their Assistance to intreat and pacifie the Duke of Savoy in their behalf. And we make no doubt now but you have done the same, and perhaps much more. For this so dangerous a pre∣sident, and lately renew'd severity of utmost Cruelty toward the Re∣formed, if the Authors of it meet with prosperous Success, to what apparent dangers it reduces our Re∣ligion, we need not admonish your Prudence. On the other side, if the Duke shall once but permit himself to be atton'd and won by our united Applications, not onely our Afflict∣ed Brethren, but we our selves shall reap the noble and abounding Har∣vest and Reward of this laborious Undertaking. But if he still persist in the same obstinate Resolutions of reducing to utmost extremity those People, among whom our Religion was either disseminated by the first, Doctors of the Gospel, and preserv'd from the defilement of Superstition,

or else restor'd to its Pristin sincerity long before other Nations obtain'd that felicity; and determins their ut∣ter extirpation and destruction; we are ready to take such other Course and Counsels with your selves, in common with the rest of our Re∣formed Friends and Confederates, as may be most necessary for the pre∣servation of Just and Good men upon the brink of inevitable Ruin, and to make the Duke himself sensi∣ble, that we can no longer neglect the heavy Oppressions and Calami∣ties of our Orthodox Brethren. Farewel.

To the Evangelick Cities of Switzerland.

WE make no question but the late Calamity of the Piemon∣tois, Professing our Religion, reach∣ed your Ears, before the unwelcome News of it arriv'd with us. Who being a People under the Protection and Jurisdiction of the Duke of Sa∣voy,

and by a severe Edict of their Prince Commanded to depart their Native Habitations, unless within Three days they gave security to em∣brace the Roman Religion, soon after were assail'd by Armed Vio∣lence, that turn'd their Dwellings into Slaughter-houses, while others, without Number, were terrifi'd into Banishment, where now Naked and Afflicted, without House or Home, or any Covering from the Weather, and ready to perish through Hunger and Cold, they miserably wander thorough desert Mountains, and depths of Snow, to∣gether with their Wives and Chil∣dren. And far less reason have we to doubt, but that, so soon as they came to your knowledge, you laid these things to heart, with a Com∣passion no less sensible of their mul∣tipli'd Miseries, then our selves; the more deeply imprinted perhaps in your minds, as being next Neigh∣bours to the sufferers. Besides, that

we have abundant proof of your singular Love and Affection for the Orthodox Faith, of your constancy in retaining it, and your Fortitude in defending it. Seeing then, by the most strict Communion of Religion, that you, together with our selves, are all Brethren alike, or rather one body with those unfortunate People, of which no member can be Af∣flicted without the feeling, without pain, without the detriment and hazard of the rest; we thought it convenient to Write to your Lord∣ships concerning this matter, and let you understand, how much we believe it to be the general Interest of us all, as much as in us lies, with our common Aid and Succour, to relieve our extirminated and in∣digent Brethren; and not only to take care for removing their Mi∣series and Afflictions, but also to provide, that the mischief spread no farther, nor incroach upon our selves in general, encourag'd

by Example and Success. We have Written Letters to the Duke of Savoy, wherein we have most earnestly besought him out of his wonted Clemency, to deal more gently and mildly with his most faithful Subjects, and to restore 'em, almost Ruin'd as they are, to their Goods and Habitations. And we are in hopes, that by these our Intreaties, or rather by the united Intercessions of us all, the most Serene Prince at length will be atton'd, and grant what we have requested with so much Importu∣nity. But if his mind be obsti∣nately bent to other determina∣tions, we are ready to communi∣cate our Consultations with yours, by what most prevalent means to relieve and re-establish most Inno∣cent men, and our most dearly be∣loved Brethren in Christ, tormented and overlaid with so many Wrongs and Oppressions; and preserve 'em from inevitable and unde∣served

Ruin. Of whose welfare and Safety, as I am assur'd, that you according to your wonted Piety, are most cordially tender, so, for our own parts, we cannot but in our opinion prefer their preserva∣tion before our most important In∣terests, even the safeguard of our own life. Farewel.

Westminster, May, 19. 1655.

O. P.

Superscrib'd, To the most Illustrious and Potent Lords, the Consuls and Senators of the Protestant Cantons and Confederate Cities of Switzerland, Greeting.

To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Lewis King of France,

Most Serene and Potent King,

BY your Majesty's Letters which you Wrote in answer to ours of the 25th of May, we readily understand, that we fail'd not in our Judgement, that the inhuman

Slaughter and barbarous Massacres of those men, who profess the Re∣formed Religion in Savoy, perpetra∣ted by some of your Regiments, were the Effects neither of your Orders nor Commands. And it afforded us a singular occasion of Joy, to hear that your Majesty had so timely signifi'd to your Collonels and Officers, whose violent preci∣pitancy engag'd 'em in those inhu∣man Butcheries without the encou∣ragement of Lawful Allowance, how displeasing they were to your Majesty; that you had admonish'd the Duke himself to forbear such Acts of Cruelty; and that you had interpos'd with so much Fidelity and Humanity, all the high Veneration paid you in that Court, your near Alliance and Authority, for restoring to their ancient Abodes those unfor∣tunate Exiles. And it was our hopes, That that Prince would in some measure have condescended to the good Pleasure and Intercessions

of your Majesty. But finding not any thing obtain'd either by your own, nor the Intreaties and Impor∣tunities of other Princes in the Cause of the Distressed, we deem'd it not foreign from our duty, to send this noble Person, under the Character of our extraordinary Envoy, to the Duke of Savoy, more amply and, fully to lay before him, how deeply sensible we are of such exasperated Cruelties inflicted upon the Profes∣sors of the same Religion with our selves, and all this too out of a hatred of the same Worship. And we have reason to hope a success of this Negotiation so much the more prosperous, if your Majesty would vouchsafe to employ your Authority and Assistance once again with so much the more urgent importunity; and as you have undertaken for those Indigent People that they will be Faithful and Obedient to their Prince, so you would be gratiously pleas'd to take care of their Welfare

and Safety, that no farther Oppressi∣ons of this nature, no more such dis∣mal Calamities may be the portion of the Innocent and Peaceful. This being truly Royal and Just in it self, and highly agreeable to your Benig∣nity and Clemency, which every where protects in soft security so many of your Subjects professing the same Religion, we cannot but expect, as it behoves us, from your Majesty. Which Act of yours, as it will more closely bind to your Sub∣jection all the Protestants throughout your spacious Dominions, whose Af∣fection and Fidelity to your Predecessors and your self in most important Di∣stresses have bin often conspicuously made known; so will it fully convince all Foreign Princes, that the Advice or Intention of your Majesty were no way contributory to this prodigious Violence, whatever inflam'd your Ministers and Officers to promote it. More especially, if your Majesty shall inflict deserved punishment

upon those Captains and Ministers, who of their own Authority, and to gratifie their own Wills, adven∣tur'd the perpetrating such dreadful Acts of Inhumanity. In the mean while, since your Majesty has assur'd us of your justly merited aversion to these most inhuman and cruel Proceedings, we doubt not but you will assord a secure Sanctuary and Shelter within your Kingdom to all those miserable Exiles that shall flye to your Majesty for Protection; and that you will not give permission to any of your Subjects to assist the Duke of Savoy to their prejudice. It remains that we make known to your Majesty, how highly we esteem and value your Friendship: In testimo∣ny of which, we farther affirm there shall never be wanting upon all occa∣sions the real assurances and effects of our Protestation.

White-Hall, July 29. 1655.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c.

To the most Eminent Lord, Cardinal Maza∣rine.

Most Eminent Lord Cardinal,

HAving deem'd it necessary to send this Noble Person to the King with Letters, a Copy of which is here enclos'd, we gave him also farther in Charge to Salute your Ex∣cellency in our Name, as having entrusted to his Fidelity certain other matters to be communicated to your Eminency. In reference to which Affairs, I intreat your Eminen∣cy, to give him entire Credit, as be∣ing a Person in whom I have repos'd a more then ordinary confidence.

White-Hall, July 29. 1655.

Your Eminencies most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of. Eng∣land.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, to the most Serene Prince, Fre∣derick III. King of Danemark, Nor∣way, &c.

WITH what a severe and un∣merciful Edict Immanuel Duke of Savoy has expell'd from their Native Seats his Subjects inha∣biting the Valleys of Piemont, men otherwise harmless, onely for many years remarkably famous for embra∣cing the Purity of Religion; and after a dreadful Slaughter of some numbers, how he has expos'd the rest to the hardships of those desert Mountains, Stript to their Skins, and barr'd from all relief, we believe your Majesty has long since heard, and doubt not but that your Majesty is touch'd with a real commiseration of their Sufferings, as becomes so puissant a Defender and Prince of the Reformed Faith. For indeed the Institutions of Christian Religion require, that whatever Mischiefs

and Miseries any part of us undergo, it should behove us all to be deeply sensible of the same: Nor does any man better then your Majesty fore∣see, if we may be thought able to give a right conjecture of your Piety and Prudence, what dangers the suc∣cess and example of this fact portend to our selves in particular, and to the whole Protestant name in general. We have written the more willingly to your self, to the end we might assure your Majesty, that the same sorrow which we hope you have con∣ceiv'd for the Calamity of our most Innocent Brethren, the same opi∣nion, the same judgment you have of the whole matter, is plainly and sincerely our own. We have there∣fore sent our Letters to the Duke of Savoy, wherein we have most im∣portunately besought him to spare those miserable People that implore his mercy, and that he would no longer suffer that dreadful Edict to be in force. Which if your Majesty and

the rest of the Reformed Princes would vouchsafe to do, as we are apt to belive they have already done, there is some hope that the Anger of the most Serene Duke may be as∣swag'd, and that his Indignation will relent upon the Intercession and Importunities of his Neighbour Princes. Or if he persist in his De∣terminations, we protest our selves ready, together with your Majesty, and the rest of our Confederates of the Reformed Religion, to take such speedy methods as may enable us, as far in us lies, to relieve the distres∣ses of so many miserable Creatures, and provide for their Liberty and Safety. In the mean time we beseech Almighty God to bless your Majesty with all Prosperity.

White Hall, May—1655.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. to the most Noble the Con∣suls and Senators of the City of Geneva.

WE had before made known to your Lordships our ex∣cessive Sorrow for the heavy and un∣heard of Calamities of the Prote∣stants Inhabiting the Valleys of Piemont, whom the Duke of Savoy Persecutes with so much Cruelty, but that we made it our business that you should at the same time under∣stand, that we are not onely affect∣ed with the multitude of their suffer∣ings, but are using the utmost of our endeavours to Relieve and Comfort 'em in their distresses. To that pur∣pose we have taken care for a gather∣ing of Alms to be made throughout this whole Republick; which upon good grounds we expect will be such, as will demonstrate the affection of this Nation toward their Brethren labouring under the burthen of such horrid Inhumanities; and that as

the Communion of Religion is the same between both People, so the sence of their Calamities is no less the same. In the mean time while the Collections of the Money go forward, which in regard they will require some time to accomplish, and for that the Wants and Necessi∣ties of those deplorable People will admit of no delay, we thought it re∣quifite to remit beforehand Two thousand Pounds of the Value of England, with all possible speed to be distributed among such as shall be judg'd to be most in present need of Comfort and Succour. Now in regard we are not ignorant how deeply the miseries and wrongs of those most innocent people have affected your selves, and that you will not think amiss of any Labour or Pains where you can be assisting to their Relief, we made no scruple to commit the Paying and Distribu∣ting this Sum of Money to your Care; and to give ye this farther

trouble, that according to your wonted Piety and Prudence, you would take care that the said Mo∣ney made be distributed equally to the most Necessitous, to the end that though the Sum be small, yet there may be something to Refresh and Revive the most Poor and Needy, till we can afford 'em a more plentiful Supply. And thus, not making any doubt but you will take in good part the trou∣ble impos'd upon ye, we beseech Almighty God to stir up the hearts of all his People Professing the Orthodox Religion, to resolve upon the common Defence of them∣selves, and the mutual Assistance of each other against their imbit∣ter'd and most implacable Enemies: In the prosecution of which we should rejoyce that our helping hand might be any way service∣able to the Church. Farewel.

Fifteen hundred Pounds of the foresaid Two thousand will be remitted

by Gerard Hench from Paris, and the other Five hundred Pounds will be taken care of by Letters from the Lord Stoup.

June 8. 1655.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. to the most Serene Prince, the Duke of Venice.

Most Serene Prince,

AS it has bin always a great oc∣casion of rejoycing to us when ever any prosperous Success attended your Arms, but more especially against the Common Enemy of the Christian Name; so neither are we sorry for the late Advantage gain'd by your Fleet, though as we under∣stand, it happen'd not a little to the Detriment of our People. For cer∣tain of our Merchants, William and Daniel Williams and Edward Beale, have set forth in a Petition presented to us, that a Ship of theirs, call'd the Great Prince, was lately sent by

them with Goods and Merchandize to Constantinople, where the said Ship was detain'd by the Ministers of the Port, to carry Soldiers and Provisions to Creet; and that the said Ship being constrain'd to Sail along with the same Fleet of the Turks, which was set upon and van∣quish'd by the Gallies of the Veneti∣ans, was taken, carri'd away to Ve∣nice, and there adjudg'd Lawful Prize by the Judges of the Admi∣ralty. Now therefore in regard the said Ship was press'd by the Turks, and forc'd into their Service without the Knowledge or Consent of the Owners directly or indirectly ob∣tain'd, and that it was impossible for her, being Ship'd with Soldiers, to withdraw from the Engagement, we most earnestly request your Sere∣nity, That you will remit that sen∣tence of your Admiralty, as a Pre∣sent to our Friendship, and take such care that the Ship may be restor'd to the Owners, no way deserving the

displeasure of your Republick by any Act of theirs. In the obtaining of which request, more especially upon our Intercession, while we find the Merchants themselves so well assur'd of your Clemency, It behoves us not to question it. And so we be∣seech the Almighty God to continue his prosperous Blessings upon your Noble, Designs and the Venetian Re∣publick.

Westminster, December—1655.

Your Serenity's, and the Vene∣tian Republick's, most Affecti∣onate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. to the most Serene Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene King,

CErtain of our Merchants, by name, Samuel Mico, William Cockain, George Poyner, and several others, in a Petition to us have set

forth, That in the year 1650. they Laded a Ship of theirs, call'd the Vnicorn, with Goods of a very con∣siderable value; and that the said Ship being thus Laden with Silk, Oyl and other Merchandize, a∣mounting to above Thirty four thousand of our Pounds, was taken by the Admiral and Vice-Admiral of your Majesty's Fleet in the Medi∣terranean Sea. Now it appears to us, that our People who were then in the Ship, by reason there was at that time a Peace between the French and us, that never had bin violated in the least, were not willing to make any Defence against your Ma∣jesty's Royal Ships, and therefore over-rul'd besides by the fair Promi∣ses of the Captains Paul, and Terrery, who faithfully engag'd to dismiss our People, they paid their Obedience to the Maritime Laws, and produc'd their Bills of Lading. Moreover, we find that the Merchants aforesaid, sent their Agent into France to demand

Restitution of the said Ship and Goods: And then it was, that after above Three years slipt away, when the Suit was brought so far that Sen∣tence of Restitution or Condemna∣tion was to have bin given; that his Eminency Cardinal Mazarine ac∣knowledg'd to their Factor Hugh Morel, the wrong that had bin done the Merchants, and undertook that Satisfaction should be given, so soon as the League between the two Na∣tions, which was then under Nego∣tiation, should be Ratifi'd and Con∣firm'd. Nay, since that, his Excellen∣cy M. de Bourdeaux, your Majesty's Embassador, assur'd us in express Words, by the Command of your Majesty and your Council, That care should be taken of that Ship and Goods in a particular Exception, a part from those controversies, for the decision of which a general pro∣vision was made by the League; of which promise, the Embassador, now opportunely arriv'd here to so∣licit

some business of his own, is a Testimony no way to be question'd. Which being true, and the Right of the Merchants in redemanding their Ship and Goods so undeniably appa∣rent, we most earnestly request your Majesty, that they may meet with no delay in obtaining what is justly their due, but that your Majesty will admit the grant of this Favour, as the first fruits of our reviv'd Amity and the lately renew'd League be∣tween us. The refusal of which, as we have no reason to doubt, so we beseech Almighty God to Bless with all Prosperity both your Majesty and your Kingdom.

Westminster, Decemb.—1655.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c.

To the Evangelic Cities of Switzerland.

IN what condition your Affairs are, which is not the best, we

are abundantly inform'd, as well by your publick Acts transmitted to us by our Agent at Geneva, as also by your Letters from Zurick, bearing date the 27th. of December. Where∣by, although we are sorry to find your Peace, and such a lasting League of Confederacy broken; ne∣vertheless since it appears to have happen'd through no fault of yours, we are in hopes that the Iniquity and perverseness of your Adversa∣ries are contriving new occasions for ye to make known your long-ago experienc'd Fortitude and Resolution in Defence of the Evangelick Faith. For as for those of the Canton of Schwits, who account it a Capital Crime for any person to embrace our Religion, what they are might and main designing, and whose instigati∣ons have incens'd 'em to resolutions of Hostility against the Orthodox Religion, no body can be ignorant, who has not yet forgot that most de∣testable Slaughter of our Brethren in

Piemont. Wherefore, most beloved Friends, what you were always wont to be, with God's assistance still conti∣nue, Magnanimous and Resolute; suf∣fer not your Privileges, your Confede∣racies, the Liberty of your Consci∣ences, your Religion it self to be trampled under foot by the Worship∣pers of Idols; and so prepare your selves, that you may not seem to be the Defenders onely of your own Freedom and Safety, but be ready likewise to Aid and Succour, as far as in you lies, your Neighbouring Brethren, more especially those most deplorable Piedmontois; as being cer∣tainly convinc'd of this, that a Pas∣sage was lately intended to have bin open'd over their Slaughter'd bodies to your sides. As for our part, be assur'd, that we are no less anxious and solicitous for your Welfare and Prosperity, then if this confla∣gration had broken forth in our Re∣publick; or as if the Axes of the Schwits Canton had bin sharpen'd for

our Necks, or that their Swords had bin drawn against our Breasts, as in∣deed they were against the bosoms of all the Reformed. Therefore so soon as we were inform'd of the con∣dition of your Affairs, and the ob∣stinate Animosities of your Enemies, advising with some sincere and honest Persons, together with some Mini∣nisters of the Church most eminent for their Piety, about sending to your Assistance such Succour as the present posture of our Affairs would permit, we came to those Results, which our Envoy Pell will impart to your consideration. In the mean time we cease not to implore the Blessing of the Almighty upon all your Counsels, and the Protection of your most just Cause as well in War as in Peace.

Westminster, Jan.—1655.

Your Lordships and Worships most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England &c. to the most Serene Prince Charles Gustavus, by the Grace of God King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, &c.

Most Serene King,

SEeing it is a thing well known to all men, that there ought to be a Communication of concerns among Friends, whether in Prosperity or Adversity; it cannot be, but most grateful to us, that your Majesty should vouchsafe to impart unto us by your Letters the most pleasing and delightful part of your Friend∣ship, which is your joy. In regard it is a mark of singular Civility, and truly Royal, as not to live onely to a man's self, so neither to rejoyce alone, unless he be sensible that his Friends and Confederates partake of his gladness. Certainly then, we have reason to rejoyce for the Birth of a young Prince Born to such an ex∣cellent King, and sent into the world

to be the Heir of his Father's Glory and Vertue; and this at such a lucky season, that we have no less cause to Congratulate the Royal Parent with the memorable Omen that befel the Famous Philip of Macedon, who at the same time receiv'd the Tydings of Alexander's Birth, and the Con∣quest of the Illyrians. For we make no question, but the wresting of the Kingdom of Poland from Papal Sub∣jection, as it were a Horn dismem∣bred from the Head of the Beast, and the Peace so much desir'd by all Good men, concluded with the Duke of Brandenburgh will be most highly conducing to the Tranquility and Advantage of the Church. Heaven grant a conclusion correspondent to such signal beginnings; and may the Son be like the Father in Vertue, Piety, and Renown, ob∣tain'd by great Atchievments. Which is that we wish may luckily come to pass, and which

we beg of the Almighty, so propiti∣ous hitherto to your Affairs.

Westminster, Feb.—1655.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Comonwealth of England, &c.

To the King of Danemark.

Most Serene and Potent Prince,

JOhn Freeman and Philip Travess, Citizens of this Republick, by a Petition presented to us, in their own and the Name of several other Merchants of London, have made a complaint, That whereas about the Month of March in the year 1653. they Freighted a certain Ship of Sun∣derburgh, call'd the Saviour, Nicolas Weinskinks Master, with Woollen Cloth, and other Commodities to the Value of above Three thousand Pound, with Orders to the Master, That he should Sail directly up the Baltick for Dantzick, paying the usual Tribute at Elsenore, to which pur∣pose

in particulor they gave him Money; nevertheless that the said Master, Perfidiously and contrary to the Orders of the said Merchants, slipping by Elsenore without paying the usual Duty, thought to have proceeded in his Voyage, but that the Ship for this reason was immedi∣ately Seiz'd and detain'd with all her Lading. After due consideration of which Complaints, we Wrote in fa∣vour of the Merchants to your Ma∣jesty's Embassador residing at London, who promis'd, as they say, that as soon as he return'd to your Majesty, he would take care that the Mer∣chants should be taken into consider∣ation. But he being sent to Nego∣tiate your Majesty's Affairs in other Countries, the Merchants attended upon him in vain, both before and after his departure, so that they were forc'd to send their Agent to prose∣cute their Right and Claim at Copen∣hagen, and demand Restitution of the Ship and Goods; but all the Be∣nefit

they reap'd by it, was onely to add more expences to their former damages, and a great deal of labour and pains thrown away; the Goods being condemn'd, to Confiscation, and still detain'd: Whereas by the Law of Danemark, as they set forth in their Petition, the Master is to be Punish'd for his Offence, and the Ship is to be Condemn'd but not the Goods. And they look upon this misfortune to lye the more heavy upon 'em, in regard the Duty which is to be paid at Elsenore, as they tell us, is but very small. Wherefore seeing our Merchants seem to have given no cause of Proscription, and for that the Master confess'd before his death, that this damage befel them onely through his neglect; and the Father of the Master deceas'd, by his Petition to your Majesty, as we are given to understand, by lay∣ing all the blame upon his Son, has acquitted the Merchants, we could not but believe the detaining of the

said Ship and Goods to be most un∣just; and therefore we are confident, that so soon as your Majesty shall be rightly inform'd of the whole matter, you will not only disapprove of these Oppressions of your Ministers, but give command that they be call'd to an account, that the Goods be re∣stor'd to the Owners or their Factors, and Reparation made 'em for the Losses they have sustain'd. All which we most earnestly request of your Majesty, as being no more then what is so just and consentane∣ous to reason, that a more equitable demand or more legal satisfaction cannot well be made, considering the Justice of our Merchants Cause, and which your own Subjects would think but fair and honest upon the like occasions.

To the most Serene Prince, John the Fourth, King of Portugal, &c.

Most Serene King,

THE Peace and Friendship which your Majesty desir'd, by your Noble and Splendid Embas∣sy, sent to us some time since, after certain Negotiations begun by the Parlament, in whom the Supreme Power was vested at that time, as it was always most affectionately wish'd for by us, with the assistance of God, and that we might not be wanting in the Administration of the Government which we have now taken upon us, at length we brought to a happy conclusion, and as we hope, as a sacred Act, have ratifi'd it to perpetuity. And therefore we send back to your Majesty, your ex∣traordinary Embassador, the Lord John Roderigo de Sita Meneses, Count of Pennaguiada, a person both ap∣prov'd by your Majesty's judgment, and by us experienc'd to excel in Ci∣vility,

Ingenuity, Prudence and Fi∣delity, besides the merited applause which he has justly gain'd by accom∣plishing the ends of his Embassy, which is the Peace which he carries along with him to his Country. But as to what we perceive by your Let∣ters dated from Lisbon the second of April, that is to say, how highly your Majesty esteems our Amity, how cor∣dially you favour our Advancement, and rejoyce at our having taken the Government of the Republick upon us, which you are pleas'd to manifest by singular Testimonies of Kindness and Affection, we shall make it our business, that all the world may un∣derstand, by our readiness at all times to serve your Majesty, that there could be nothing more acceptable or grateful to us. Nor are we less ear∣nest in our Prayers to God for your Majesty's safety, the welfare of your Kingdom, and the prosperous success of your Affairs.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the High and Mighty States of the United Provinces.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends,

CERTAIN Merchants, our Countrey-men, Thomas Bassel, Richard Beare, and others their Co-Partners, have made their complaints before us, That a certain Ship of theirs, the Edmund and John, in her Voyage from the Coast of Bra∣sile to Lisbon, was set upon by a Privateer of Flushing, call'd the Red-Lyon, Commanded by Lambert Bartelson, but upon this condition, which the Writing Sign'd by Lambert himself testifies, That the Ship and whatsoever Goods belong'd to the English should be restor'd at Flushing: where when the Vessel arriv'd, the Ship indeed with what peculiarly be∣long'd to the Seamen was restor'd, but the English Merchants Goods were detain'd and put forthwith to Sale: For the Merchants who had

receiv'd the Damage, when they had su'd for their Goods in the Court of Flushing, after great Expences for Five years together, lost their Suit, by the pronouncing of a most unjust Sentence against 'em by those Judges, of which some being in∣terested in the Privateer, were both Judges and Adversaries, and no less Criminal altogether. So that now they have no other hopes but onely in your Equity and uncor∣rupted Faith, to which at last they fly for Succour; and which they believ'd they should find the more inclinable to do 'em Justice, if assisted by our Recommendati∣on. And men are surely to be pardon'd, if afraid of all things in so great a struggle for their Estates, they rather call to mind what they have reason to fear from your Authority and high Power, then what they have to hope well of their Cause, especially be∣fore sincere and upright Judges:

Though for our parts we make no question, but that induc'd by your Religion, your Justice, your Integrity, rather then by our Intreaties, you will give that Judgment which is Just and Equal and truly becoming your selves. God preserve both you and your Republick to his own Glory and the defence and Succour of his Church.

Westminster, April 1. 1656.

Oliver Protector of the Com∣monwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c. To the most Serene Prince, Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, Duke of Esthonia, Carelia, Breme, Ver∣den, Stettin, Pomerania, Cassubia and Vandalia, Prince of Rugia, Lord of Ingria and Wismaria, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Juliers, Cleves and Monts.

Most Serene Prince,

PEter Julius Coict having accom∣plish'd the Affairs of his Embas∣sy with us, and so acquitted himself, that he is not by us to be dismiss'd without the Ornament of his deser∣ved Praises, is now returning to your Majesty. For he was most ac∣ceptable to us, as well and chiefly for your own sake, which ought with us to be of high consideration, as for his own deserts in the diligent acquittal of his Trust. The Re∣commendation therefore which we receiv'd from you in his behalf, we

freely testifie to have bin made good by him, and deservedly given by your self; as he on the other side is able with the same Fidelity and Integrity to relate and most truly to declare our singular Affection and Obser∣vance toward your Majesty. It re∣mains for us to beseech the most Merciful and All-powerful God to Bless your Majesty with all Felicity, and a perpetual course of Victory over all the Enemies of his Church.

Westminster, Apirl 17. 1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene Prince,

JOhn Dethic Mayor of the City of London for this Year, and Willi∣am Wakefield Merchant, have made their Addresses to us by way of Peti∣tion

complaining, That about the middle of October 1649. they freight∣ed a certain Ship, call'd the Jonas of London, Jonas Lightfoot Master, with Goods that were to be sent to Ostend; which Vessel was taken in the mouth of the River Thames, by one White of Barking, a Pyrate Robbing upon the Seas by Vertue of a Commission from the Son of King Charles deceas'd, and carri'd to Dnnkirk, then under the Jurisdiction of the French. Now in regard that by your Majesty's Edict in the year 1647. renew'd in 1649. and by some other Decrees in favour of the Par∣lament of England, as they find it recorded, it was Enacted, That no Vessel or Goods taken from the Eng∣lish, in the time of that War, should be carri'd into any of your Majesty's Ports to be there put to Sale, they presently sent their Factor Hugh Morel to Dunkirk, to demand Resti∣tution of the said Ship and Goods from M. Lestrade then Governor of

the Town; more especially finding them in the Place for the most part untouch'd, and neither Exchang'd or Sold. To which the Governor made Answer, That the King had bestow'd that Government upon him of his free Gift for Service done the King in his Wars, and therefore he would take care to make the best of the Reward of his Labour. So that having little to hope from an Answer so unkind and unjust, after a great Expence of Time and Mo∣ney, the Factor return'd home. So that all the remaining hopes which the Petitioners have, seem wholly to depend upon your Majesty's Justice and Clemency, to which they thought they might have the more easie access by means of our Letters. and therefore that neither your Cle∣mency nor your Justice may be wanting to People despoil'd against all Law and Reason, and contrary to your repeated Prohibitions, we make it our request. Wherein, if

your Majesty vouchsafe to gratifie us, since there is nothing requir'd but what is most just and equitable, we shall deem it as obtain'd rather from your innate Integrity, then any in∣treaty of ours.

Westminster, May—1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectio∣nate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the High and Mighty Lords, the States of the United Provinces.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends,

JOhn Brown, Nicholas Williams, and others, Citizens of London, have set forth in their Petition to us, that when they had every one brought in their Proportions and Freighted a certain Ship call'd the Good-Hope of London, bound for the East-Indies, they gave Orders to their Factor to take up at Amsterdam Two thousand four hunder'd Dutch Pounds, to in∣sure

the said Ship; that afterwards this Ship in her Voyage to the Coast of India was taken by a Ship belonging to the East-India Company; upon which they who had engag'd to Insure the said Vessel refus'd to Pay the Money, and have for this Six years by va∣rious delays eluded our Merchants, who with extraordinary Diligence and at vast Expences endeavour'd the recovery of their just Right. Which in regard it is an unjust Grievance that lies so heavy upon the Petitioners, for that some of those who oblig'd themselves are Dead or become Insolvent, therefore that no farther Losses may accrue to their former Damages, we make it our earnest request to your Lordships, that you will vouchsafe your Integrity to be the harbour and refuge for People toss'd so many years, and almost shipwrack'd in your Courts of Justice, and that speedy judgment may be given ac∣cording

to the rules of Equity and Honesty in their Cause which they believe to be most just. In the mean time we wish you all Prospe∣rity to the Glory of God and the Welfare of his Church.

Westminste, May—1656.

Your High and Mighty Lord∣ships most Affectionate, Oli∣ver Protector of the Com∣monwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the High and Mighty Lords, the States of the United Provinces,

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends,

THE same Persons in whose behalf we wrote to your Lordships in September the last year, Thomas and William Lower, the law∣ful Heirs of Nicholas Lower, deceas'd, make grievous complaints before us, that they are oppress'd either by the Favour or Wealth of their Adversa∣ries, notwithstanding the Justice of their Cause; and when that would

not suffice, although our Letters often pleaded in their behalf, they have not bin able hitherto to obtain Possession of the Inheritance left 'em by their Father's Will. From the Court of Holland, where the Suit was first Commenc'd, they were sent to your Court, and from thence hurri'd away into Zealand (to which three Places they carry'd our Letters) and now they are re∣manded, not unwillingly, back again to your Supream Judicature; for where the Supream Power is, there they expect Supream Justice. If that hope fail 'em, eluded and frustra∣ted, after being so long toss'd from post to pillar for the recovery of their Right, where at length to find a resting place they know not. For as for our Letters, if they find no be∣nefit of these the Fourth time Writ∣ten, they can never promise them∣selves any advantage for the future from slighted Papers. However, it would be most acceptable to us, if

yet at length, after so many con∣tempts, the injur'd Heirs might meet with some Relief by a speedy and just Judgment, if not out of re∣spect to any Reputation we have among ye, yet out of a regard to your own Equity and Justice. Of the last of which we make no questi∣on, and confidently presume you will allow the other to our Friend∣ship.

Westminster, May—6656.

Your High and Mighty Lord∣ships most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of the Common∣wealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, John King of Portugal.

Most Serene King,

WHereas there is a considerable Sum of Money owing from certain Portugal Merchants of the Brasile Company to several English Merchants, upon the account of

Freightage and Demorage, in the years 1649 and 1650. which Money is detain'd by the said Company by your Majesties Command, the Mer∣chants before-mention'd expected that the said Money should have bin paid long since according to the Arti∣cles of the last League, but now they are afraid of being debarr'd all hopes and means of recovering their Debts; understanding your Ma∣jesty has order'd, That what Mo∣ney is owing to 'em by the Brasile Company, shall be carri'd into your Treasury, and that no more then one half of the Duty of Freightage shall be expended toward the Pay∣ment of their Debts; by which means the Merchants will receive no more then the bare Interest of their Money, while at the same time they utterly lose their Principal. Which we considering to be very severe and heavy upon 'em, and being over∣come by their most reasonable Sup∣plications, have granted 'em these

our Letters to your Majesty; chiefly requesting this at your hands, to take care that the aforesaid Brasile Com∣pany may give speedy Satisfaction to the Merchants of this Republick, and pay 'em not onely the Principal Money which is owing to 'em, but the Five years Interest; as being both just in it self, and conformable to the League so lately concluded between us; which on their behalf in most friendly manner we request from your Majesty.

Your Majesties most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of the Com∣monwealth, &c.

From our Palace at West∣minster, July—1656.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the Most Serene Prince Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, &c

Most Serene King,

AS it is but just that we should highly value the Friendship of your Majesty, a Prince so Potent, and so Renown'd for great Atchieve∣ments; so is it but equally reason∣able that your Extraordinary Embas∣sador, the most Illustrious Lord Christiern Bond, by whose sedulity and care a strict Alliance is most sa∣credly and solemnly ratifi'd between us, should be most acceptable to us, and no less deeply fix'd in our esteem. Him therefore, having now most worthily accomplish'd his Embassy, we thought it became us to send back to your Majesty, though not without the high Applause which the rest of his singular Vertues merit; to the end, that he who was before conspi∣cuous in your esteem and respect,

may now be sensible of his having reap'd still more abundant fruits of his Sedulity and Prudence from our Recommendation. As for those things which yet remain to be trans∣acted, we have determin'd in a short time to send an Embassy to your Ma∣jesty for the setling of those Affairs. In the mean time Almighty God preserve in safety so great a Pillar of his Church, and of Swedeland's wel∣fare.

From our Palace at Westminster, July—1656.

Your Majesties most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. to the most Serene Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene King, our most dear Friend and Confederate.

CErtain Merchants of London, Richard Baker and others, have made their complaint in a Petition to us, That a certain hir'd Ship of theirs, call'd the Endeavour, William

Jop Master, Laden at Tenariff with Three hundre'd Pipes of rich Cana∣ry, and bound from thence for Lon∣don, in her Voyage between Palma and that Island, upon the 21st. of November in the year 1655. was taken by Four-French Vessels, seem∣ing Ships of Burthen, but fitted and mann'd like Privateers, under the Command of Giles de la Roche their Admiral, and carri'd with all her Freight, and the greatest part of the Seamen to the East-Indies, whither he pretended to be bound (Fourteen excepted, who were put ashore up∣on the Coast of Guiney) which the said Giles affirm'd he did with that Intent, that none of 'em might escape from so Remote and Barbarous a Countrey to do him any harm by their Testimony. For he confess'd he had neither any Commission to take the English Vessels, neither had he taken any, as he might have done before, well knowing there was a firm Peace at that time between the

French and our Republick: But in regard he had design'd to revittle in Portugal, from whence he was driven by contrary Winds, he was con∣strain'd to supply his necessities with what he found in that Vessel; and believ'd the Owners of his Ships would satisfie the Merchants for their Loss. Now the Loss of our Mer∣chants amounts to Sixteen Thousand English Pounds, as will easily be made appear by Witnesses upon Oath. But if it shall be Lawful upon such trivial Excuses as these, for Pyrates to violate the most Religious Acts of Princes, and make a sport of Mer∣chants for their particular benefits, certainly the sanctity of Leagnes must fall to the ground, all Faith and Authority of Princes will grow out of date and be trampl'd under foot. Wherefore we not onely re∣quest your Majesty, but believe it mainly to concern your Honour, that they who have adventur'd upon so slight a pretence to violate the

League and most Sacred Oath of their Sovereign, should suffer the Punishment due to so much Perfidi∣ousness and daring Insolence; and that in the mean time the Owners of those Ships, though to their Loss, should be bound to satisfie our Mer∣chants for the vast Detriment which they have so wrongfully sustain'd. So may the Almighty long preserve your Majesty, and support the Interest of France against the Common Ene∣my of us Both. From our Palace at Westminster, August—1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, To his Eminency Cardinal Ma∣zarine.

Most Eminent Lord,

HAving an occasion to send Let∣ters to the King, we thought it likewise an offer'd opportunity to

Write to your Eminency. For we could not think it proper to conceal the subject of our Writing from the sole and onely person, whose singu∣lar Prudence Governs the most im∣portant Interests of the French Nati∣on, and the most weighty Affairs of the Kingdom with equal Fidelity, Council and Vigilance. Not with∣out reason we complain, in short, to find that League by your self, as it were a crime to doubt, most sacred∣ly concluded, almost the very same day contemn'd and violated by one Giles a French-man, a petty Admiral of Four Ships, and his Associates equally concern'd, as your Eminen∣cy will readily find by our Letters to the King, and the Demands them∣selves of our Merchants: Nor is it un∣known to your Excellency howmuch it concerns not only Inferiour Ma∣gistrates, but even Royal Majesty it self, that those first Violators of so∣lemn Alliances should be severely punish'd. But they, perhaps, by this

time being arriv'd in the East-Indies, whither they pretended to be bound, enjoy in undisturb'd possession the Goods of our People as Lawful Prize won from an Enemy, which they Robb'd and Pilledg'd from the Owners contrary to all Law and the pledg'd Faith of our late sacrd League. However, this is that which we request from your Emi∣nency, That whatever Goods were taken from our Merchants by the Admiral of those Ships, as necessary for his Voyage, may be restor'd by the Owners of the same Vessels, which was no more then what the Rovers themselves thought Just and Equal; which, as we understand, it lies within your Power to do, con∣sidering the Authority and Sway you bear in the Kingdom. From our Pa∣lace at Westminster, August—1656.

Your Eminencies most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most High and Mighty Lords, the States of the United Provinces.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dear Friends and Confederates.

WE make no doubt, but that all men will bear us this Testimony, That no considerations, in contracting Foreign Alliances, ever sway'd us beyond those of de∣fending the Truth of Religion, or that we accounted any thing more sa∣cred, then to Unite the Minds of all the Friends and Protectors of the Protestants, and of all others, who at least were not their Enemies. Whence it comes to pass, that we are touch'd with so much the more grief of Mind, to hear that the Pro∣testant Princes and Cities, whom it so much behoves to live in Friend∣ship and Concord together, should begin to be so jealous of each other, and so ill dispos'd to mutual Affecti∣on;

more especially, that your Lordships and the King of Sweden, then whom the Orthodox Faith has not more Magnanimous and Coura∣gious Defenders, nor our Republick Confederates more strictly conjoyn'd in Interests, should seem to remit of your confidence in each other; or ra∣ther, that there should appear some too apparent signs of tottering Friend∣ship and growing discord between ye. What the causes are, and what progress this alienation of your Af∣fection has made, we protest our selves to be altogether ignorant. However, we cannot but conceive an extraordinary trouble of mind for these beginnings of the least dissention arisen among Brethren, which infal∣libly must greatly endanger the Pro∣testant Interests. Which if they should gather strength, how preju∣dicial it would prove to the Prote∣stant Churches, what an occasion of triumph it would afford our Ene∣mies, and more especially the Spa∣niards,

cannot be unknown to your Prudence, and most industrious ex∣perience of Affairs. As for the Spaniards, it has already so enliven'd their confidence, and rais'd their Cou∣rage, that they made no scruple by their Embassador residing in your Territories, boldly to obtrude their Counsels upon your Lordships, and that in reference to the highest con∣cerns of your Republick; presu∣ming partly with Threats of renew∣ing the War, to terrifie, and partly with a false prospect of Advantage to sollicit your Lordships to forsake your Ancient and most Faithful Friends the English, French and Danes, and enter into a strict Confederacy with your old Enemy, and once your domineering Tyrant, now seemingly atton'd, but what is most to be fear'd, only at present treacherously fawning to advance his own Designs. Certain∣ly he, who of an inveterate Enemy, lays hold of so slight an occasion of a sudden to become your Counsellor,

what is it that he would not take up∣on him? where would his Insolency stop, if once he could but see with his eyes, what now he onely rumi∣nates and labours in his thoughts; that is to say, Division and a Civil War among the Protestants? We are not ignorant, that your Lord∣ships, out of your deep Wisdom, frequently revolve in your Minds what the posture of all Europe is, and what more especially the condition of the Protestants: That the Can∣tons of Switzerland adhering to the Orthodox Faith, are in daily expecta∣tion of new Troubles to be rais'd by their Countrey-men embracing the Popish Ceremonies; scarcely reco∣ver'd from that War which for the sake of Religion was kindled and blown up by the Spaniards, who sup∣pli'd their Enemies both with Com∣manders and Money: That the Councils of the Spaniards are still contriving to continue the slaughter and destruction of the Piemontois,

which was cruelly put in execution the last year: That the Protestants under the Jurisdiction of the Em∣peror are most grievously harass'd, having much ado to keep Possession of their Native Homes: That the King of Sweden, whom God, as we hope, has rais'd up to be a most stout Defender of the Orthodox Faith, is at present waging with all the Force of his Kingdom a doubtful and bloody War with the most Po∣tent Enemies of the Reformed Re∣ligion: That your own Provinces are threatened with Hostile Confe∣deracies of the Princes your Neigh∣bours, Headed by the Spaniards; and lastly, that we our selves are bu∣sied in a War proclaim'd against the King of Spain. In this posture of Affairs, if any Contest should hap∣pen between your Lordships and the King of Sweden, How miserable would be the condition of all the Re∣formed Churches over all Europe, expos'd to the Cruelty and Fury of

unsanctifi'd Enemies? These cares not slightly seize us; and we hope your Sentiments to be the same; and that out of your continu'd Zeal for the common Cause of the Protestants, and to the end the present Peace be∣tween Brethren professing the same Faith, the same Hope of Eternity, may be preserv'd inviolable, your Lordships will accommodate your Counsels to these Considerations, which are to be preferr'd before all others; and that you will leave no∣thing neglected that may conduce to the establishing Tranquility and Uni∣on between your Lordships and the King of Sweden. Wherein if we can any way be useful, as far as our Au∣thority, and the Favour you bear us will sway with your Lordships, we freely offer our utmost Assistance, prepared in like manner to be no less serviceable to the King of Sweden, to whom we design a speedy Embassie, to the end we may declare our Senti∣ments at large concerning these mat∣terso

We hope, moreover, that God will bend your Minds on both sides to moderate Counsels and so restrain your Animosities, that no provoca∣tion may be given either by the one or the other, to fester your differen∣ces to extremity: But that on the other side both parties will remove whatever may give offence, or occa∣sion of jealousie to the other. Which if you shall vouchsafe to do, you will disappoint your Enemies, prove the consolation of your Friends, and in the best manner provide for the welfare of your Republick. And this we beseech you to be fully con∣vinc'd of, that we shall use our ut∣most care to make appear, upon all occasions, our extraordinary Affecti∣on and Good-will to the States of the Vnited Provinces. And so we most earnestly implore the Almighty God to perpetuate his Blessings of Peace, Wealth and Liberty upon your Re∣publick, but above all things to pre∣serve it always flourishing in the

Love of the Christian Faith, and the true Worship of his Name. From our Palace at Westminster, Aug.—1656.

Your High and Mightinesses most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, to the most Serene Prince, John King of Portugal.

Most Serene Prince,

UPON the 11th. of July last, Old-stile, we receiv'd by Tho∣mas Maynard the Ratification of the Peace Negotiated at London, by your Extraordinary Embassador, as also of the private and preliminary Ar∣ticles, all now confirm'd by your Majesty: And by our Letters from Philip Medows, our Agent at Lisbon, dated the same time, we understand that our Ratification also of the same Peace and Articles, was by him, ac∣cording to our Orders sent him, de∣liver'd to your Majesty: And thus,

the Instruments of the foremention'd Ratification being mutually inter∣chang'd on both sides in the begin∣ing of June last, there is now a firm and settl'd Peace between both Nati∣ons. And this pacification has given us no small occasion of joy and satis∣faction, as believing it will prove to the common benefit of both Nations, and to the no slight detriment of our common Enemies, who as they found out a means to disturb the for∣mer League, so they left nothing neglected to have hinder'd the re∣newing of this. Nor do we questi∣on in the least, that they will omit any occasion of creating new matter for scandals and jealousies between us. Which we however have con∣stantly determin'd, as much as in us lies, to remove at a remote di∣stance from our thoughts; rather we so earnestly desire, that this our Alli∣ance may beget a mutual confidence greater every day then other, that we shall take them for our Enemies,

who shall by any artifices endeavour to molest the Friendship by this Peace establish'd between our selves and both our People. And we readily perswade our selves, that your Ma∣jesty's thoughts and intentions are the same. And whereas it has pleas'd your Majesty, by your Letters dated the 24th. of June, and some days after the delivery by our Agent of the interchang'd Instrument of con∣firm'd Peace, to mention certain clauses of the League, of which you desir'd some little Alteration, being of small moment to this Republick, as your Majesty believes, but of great importance to the Kingdom of Portugal, we shall be ready to enter into a particular Treaty in order to those Proposals made by your Maje∣sty, or whatever else may conduce, in the judgment of both Parties, to the farther establishment and more strongly fastning of the League: wherein we shall have those due con∣siderations of your Majesty and your

Subjects, as also of our own People, that all may be satisfi'd; and it shall be in your choice, whether these things shall be Negotiated at Lisbon or at London. However, the League being now Confirm'd, and duly Seal'd with the Seals of both Nati∣ons, to alter any part of it, would be the same thing as to annul the whole; which we are certainly as∣sur'd your Majesty by no means de∣sires to do. We heartily wish all things Lucky, all things Prosperous to your Majesty. From our Palace at Westminster, August—1656.

Your Majesties most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, John King of Portugal.

Most Serene King,

WE have receiv'd the unwel∣come News of a wicked and inhuman Attempt to have

Murther'd our Agent Philip Medows, residing with your Majesty, and by us sent upon the blessed Errand of Peace; the hainousness of which was such, that his Preservation is onely to be attributed to the Pro∣tection of Heaven. And we are given to understand by your Letters dated the 26th. of May last, and de∣liver'd to us by Thomas Maynard, that your Majesty justly incens'd at the horridness of the Fact, has Com∣manded inquiry to be made after the Criminals, to the end they may be brought to condign Punishment: But we do not hear that any of the Ruffians are yet apprehended, or that your Commands have wrought any effect in this particular. Wherefore we thought it our duty openly to de∣clare how deeply we resent this bar∣barous outrage in part Attempted, and in part committed: And there∣fore we make it our Request to your Majesty, That due Punishment may be inflicted upon the Authors, Asso∣ciates,

and Encouragers of this Abo∣minable Fact. And to the end that this may be the more speedily accom∣plish'd, we farther demand, That persons of Honesty and Sincerity, Well-wishers to the Peace of both Nations, may be entrusted with the Examination of this Business, That so a due scrutiny may be made into the bottom of this malicious contri∣vance, to the end both Authors and Assistants may be the more severely Punish'd. Unless this be done, nei∣ther your Majesty's Justice, nor the Honour of this Republick can be vin∣dicated; neither can there be any stable assurance of the Peace between both Nations. We wish your Ma∣jesty all things Fortunate and Pro∣sperous. From our Palace at White-Hall, August—1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver, Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Illustrious Lord, the Conderd' Odemira.

Most Illustrious Lord,

YOUR singular Good-will toward us and this Republick, has laid no mean obligation upon us, nor slightly ti'd us to acknowledg∣ment. We readily perceiv'd it by your Letters of the 25th. of June last, as also by those which we receiv'd from our Agent Philip Meadows, sent into Portugal to conclude the Peace in Agitation; wherein he inform'd us of your extraordinary zeal and di∣ligence to promote the Pacification, of which we most joyfully receiv'd the last Ratification; and we perswade our selves, that your Lordship will have no cause to repent either of your pains and diligence in procuring this Peace, or of your Good-will to the English, or your Fidelity toward the King, your Sovereign; more especi∣ally considering the great hopes we

have, that this Peace will be of high Advantage to both Nations, and not a little Inconvenient to our Enemies. The onely Accident that fell out un∣fortunate and mournful in this Nego∣tiation, was that unhallow'd Villa∣nany nefariously attempted upon the Person of our Agent, Philip Medows. The conceal'd Authors of which intended piece of Inhumanity, ought no less diligently to be sought after, and made Examples to Posterity, then the vilest of most openly detect∣ed Assassinates. Nor can we doubt in the least of your King's Severity and Justice in the Punishment of a Crime so horrid, nor of your Care and Sedulity to see that there be no remissness of Prosecution; as being a person bearing due veneration to the Laws of God, and Sanctity among men, and no less zealous to maintain the Peace between both Nations; which never can subsist if such inhuman Barbarities as these escape unpunish'd and unreveng'd.

But your abhorrency and detestation of the Fact is so well known, that there is no need of insisting any more at present upon this unpleasing subject. Therefore, having thus de∣clar'd our Good-will and Affection to your Lordship, of which we shall be always ready to give apparent demonstrations, there nothing re∣mains, but to implore the Blessings of Divine Favour and Protection upon you, and all yours. From our Palace at Westm. Aug.—1656.

Your Lordship's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England &c. to the most Serene Prince Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, &c.

Most Serene King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

BEing assur'd of your Majesty's concurrence both in Thoughts and Councels, for the defence of the Protestant Faith against the Enemies

of it, if ever, now at this time, most dangerously vexatious, though we cannot but rejoyce at your prosperous Successes, and the daily Tidings of your Victories, yet on the other side we cannot but be as deeply afflicted to meet with one thing that disturbs and interrupts our joy; we mean, the bad News, intermix'd with so ma∣ny welcome Tydings, that the Anci∣ent Friendship between your Majesty and the States of the Vnited Provin∣ces, looks with a dubious Aspect, and that the mischief is exasperated to that heighth, especially in the Baltick Sea, as seems to bode an un∣happy rupture. We confess our selves ignorant of the Causes; but we too easily foresee that the Events, which God avert, will be fatal to the Interests of the Protestants. And therefore, as well in respect to that most strict Alliance between us and your Majesty, as out of that Affecti∣on and Love to the Reformed Reli∣gion, by which we all of us ought

chiefly to be swai'd, we thought it our duty, as we have most earnestly exhorted the States of the Vnited Provinces to Peace and Moderation, so now to perswade your Majesty to the same. The Protestants have Enemies every where enow and to spare, inflam'd with inexorable re∣venge; they never were known to have conspir'd more perniciously to our destruction, witness the Valleys of Piemont, still reaking with the Blood and Slaughter of the Miser∣able; witness Austria, lately tur∣moil'd with the Emperor's Edicts and Proscriptions; witness Switzer∣land; But to what purpose is it in many words to call back the bitter lamentations and remembrance of so many Calamities? Who so ignorant, as not to know that the Counsels of the Spaniards, and the Roman Pon∣tiff, for these Two years have fill'd all these Places with Conflagrations, Slaughter, and Vexation of the Orthodox. If to these mischiefs

there should happen an access of Dissention among Protestant Bre∣thren, more especially between Two Potent States, upon whose Courage, Wealth and Fortitude, so far as human Strength may be reli'd upon, the Support and Hopes of all the Reformed Churches depend, of necessity the Protestant Religion must be in great jeopardy, if not upon the brink of destruction. On the other side, if the whole Prote∣stant Name would but observe per∣petual Peace among themselves with that same Brotherly Union as be∣comes their Profession, there would be no occasion to fear what all the Artifices or Puissance of our Enemies could do to hurt us, which our fra∣ternal Concord and Harmony alone would easily repel and frustrate. And therefore we most earnestly re∣quest and beseech your Majesty to harbour in your Mind propitious thoughts of Peace, and inclinations ready bent to repair the breaches of

your Pristin Friendship with the Vnited Provinces, if in any part it may have accidentally suffer'd the decays of mistakes or misconstructi∣on. If there be any thing wherein our Labour, our Fidelity and Dili∣gence may be useful toward this Composure, we offer and devote all to your service. And may the God of Heaven favour and prosper your Noble and Pious Resolutions, which together with all Felicity, and a perpetual course of Victory we cor∣dially wish to your Majesty. From our Palace at Westm. Aug.—1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the States of Holland.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends,

IT has bin represented to us, by William Cooper a Minister of Lon∣don, and our Countrey-man, That

John le Maire of Amsterdam, his Fa∣ther-in-Law, about Three and thirty years ago devis'd a Project, by which the Revenues of your Republick might be very much advanc'd with∣out any burthen to the People, and made an agreement with John Van∣denbrook to share between 'em the reward which they should obtain for their Invention, which was the set∣ling of a little Seal to be made use of in all the Provinces of your Territo∣ries, and for which your High and Mightinesses promis'd to pay the said Vandenbrook and his Heirs the yearly Sum of 3000 Gilders, or 300 English Pounds. Now although the use and method of this Little Seal has bin found very easy and expedi∣tious, and that ever since great In∣comes have thereby accru'd to your High and Mightinesses and some of your Provinces, nevertheless nothing of the said Reward, tho with much importunity demanded, has bin paid to this day; so that the said Vanden∣brook

and le Maire being tir'd out with long delays, the Right of the said Grant is devolv'd to the foresaid William Cooper, our Countrey-man; who desirous to reap the fruit of his Father-in-Law's Industry, has peti∣tion'd us, That we would recom∣mend his just demands to your High and Mightinesses, which we thought not reasonable to deny him. Where∣fore, in most friendly wise, we re∣quest your High and Mightenesses fa∣vourably to hear the Petition of the said William Cooper, and to take such care, that the Reward and Stipend, so well deserv'd, and by contract Agreed and Granted, may be paid him annually from this time forward, together with the Arrears of the years already pass'd. Which not doubting but your High and Mightinesses will vouchsafe to perform, as what is no more then just and becoming your Magnificence, we shall be ready to shew the same favour to the Petitions of your Countrey-men upon any

occasions of the same nature, when∣ever presented to us. From our Palace at White-Hall, September—1656.

Your High and Mightinesses most Affectionate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

AGainst our will it is that we so often trouble your Majesty with the wrongs done by your Sub∣jects, after a Peace so lately renew'd. But as we are fully perswaded that your Majesty disapproves their be∣ing committed, so neither can we be wanting to the complaints of our People. That the Ship Anthony of Dieppe was Legally taken before the League, manifestly appears by the Sentence of the Judges of our Ad∣miralty Court. Part of the Lading, that is to say, Four thousand Hides, Robert Brown, a Merchant of London

fairly bought of those who were en∣trusted with the Sale, as they them∣selves testify. The same Merchant, after the Peace was confirm'd, carri'd to Dieppe about Two hundred of the same Hides, and there having Sold 'em to a Currier, thought to have receiv'd his Money, but found it Stopt and Attach'd in the hands of his Factor; and a Suit being com∣menc'd against him, he could obtain no favour in that Court. Wherefore, we thought it proper to request your Majesty, that the whole matter may be referr'd to your Council, that so the said Money may be dis∣charg'd from an unjust and vexatious Action. For if Acts done and ad∣judg'd before the Peace, shall after Peace renew'd be call'd into question and controversy, we must look upon assurance of Treaties to be a thing of little moment. Nor will there be any end of these complaints, if some of these Violators of Leagues be not made severee and timely Examples

to others. Which we hope your Majesty will speedily take into your Care. To whom God Almighty in the mean time vouchsafe his most Holy Protection. From our Palace at White-Hall, September—1656.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, John, King of Portugal.

Most Serene King,

THE Peace being happily con∣cluded between this Repub∣lick and the Kingdom of Portugal, and what refers to Trade being duly provided for and ratifi'd, we deem'd it necessary to send to your Majesty Thomas Maynard, from whom you will receive these Letters to reside in your Dominions, under the Character and Employment of a Consul, and to take care of the Estates and Interests of our Merchants. Now in regard

it may frequently so fall out, that he may be enforc'd to desire the Privi∣lege of free Admission to your Ma∣jesty, as well in matters of Trade, as upon other occasions for the Inter∣est of our Republick, we make it our request to your Majesty, That you will vouchsafe him favourable Access and Audience, which we shall acknowledge as a singular demon∣stration and testimony of your Ma∣jesties Good-will toward us. In the mean tlme we beseech Almighty God to bless your Majesty with all Prosperity. From our Court at Westm. October—1656.

Your Majesties most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

To the King of the Swedes.

Most Serene and Potent King,

ALthough your Majesty's wonted and spontaneous Favour and Good-will toward all deserving men

be such, that all recommendations in their behalf may seem superfluous, yet we were unwilling to dismiss without our Letters to your Majesty, this Noble Person, William Vavassour Knight, serving under your Banners, and now returning to your Majesty: Which we have done so much the more willingly, being inform'd, that formerly following your Majesty's fortunate Conduct, he had lost his Blood in several Combats to assert the Noble Cause for which you Fight. Insomuch, that the succeed∣ing Kings of Swedeland in renumera∣tion of his Military Skill, and bold Atchievements in War, rewarded him with Lands and Annual Pensi∣ons, as the Guerdons of his Prowess. Nor do we question but that he may be of great use to your Majesty in your present Wars, who has bin so long conspicuous for his Fidelity and Experience in Military Affairs. 'Tis our desire therefore that he may be recommended to your Majesty ac∣cording

to his merits, and we also farther request, That he may be paid the Arrears that are due to him. This, as it will be most acceptable to us, so we shall be ready, upon the like occasion, whenever offer'd, to gratify your Majesty, to whom we wish all Happiness and Prosperity.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, John King of Portugal.

Most Serene King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

THomas Evans, a Master of a Ship, and our Countrey-man, has presented a Petition to us, where∣in he sets forth, that in the years 1649. and 1650. he serv'd the Brafile Company with his Ship the Scipio, being a Vessel of Four hunder'd Tuns, and of which he was Master: that the said Ship was taken from him, with all the Lading and Furni∣ture

by your Majesties Command; by which he has receiv'd great Da∣mage, besides the loss of Six years gain arising out of such a Stock. The Commissioners by the League appointed on both sides for the deci∣ding controversies, valu'd the whole at Seven thousand of our Pounds, or twice as many Milreys of Portugal Money, as they made their report to us. Which Loss falling so heavy upon the foresaid Thomas, and being constrain'd to make a voyage to Lis∣bon for the Recovery of his Estate, he humbly besought us that we would grant him our Letters to your Majesty in favour of his demands. We therefore, although we Wrote the last year in behalf of our Mer∣chants in general to whom the Bra∣sile Company was Indebted, never∣theless that we may not be wanting to any that implore our aid, request your Majesty, in regard to that Friendship which is between us, that consideration may be had of this

man in particular, and that your Majesty would give such Orders to all your Ministers and Officers, that no obstacle may hinder him from de∣manding and recovering without de∣lay, what is owing to him from the Brasile Company, or any other per∣sons. God Almighty Bless your Ma∣jesty with perpetual Felicity, and grant that our Friendship may long endure. From our Palace at Westm. October—1656.

Your Mrjesty's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the Illustrious and Mag∣nificent Senate of Hamborough.

Most Noble, Magnificent, and Right Worshipful,

JAmes and Patrick Hays, Subjects of this Commonwealth, have made grievous Complaint before us, That they being Lawful Heirs of their Brother Alexander, who dy'd Intestate, were so declar'd by a Sen∣tence

of your Court pronounc'd in their behalf against their Brother's Widow; and the Estates of their deceas'd Brother, together with the Profits, onely the Widow's Dowre excepted, being adjudg'd to them by vertue of that Sentence; nevertheless, to this very day they could never reap any benefit of their Pains and Expences in obtaining the said Judgment, notwithstanding their own declar'd Right, and Letters for∣merly Written by King Charles in their behalf; for that the great Power and Wealth of Albertvan Eyzen, one of your Chief Magi∣strates, and with whom the greatest part of the Goods was deposited, was an Opposition too Potent for them to surmount, whilst he strove all that in him lay that the Goods might not be restor'd to the Heirs. Thus disappointed and tir'd out with delays, and at length reduc'd to ut∣most Poverty, they are become sup∣pliants to us that we would not for∣sake

'em, wrong'd and oppress'd as they are in a Confederated City. We therefore believing it to be a chief part of our duty, not to suffer any Countrey-man of ours in vain to de∣sire our Patronage and Succour in distress, make this request to your Lordships, which we are apt to think we may easily obtain from your City, That the Sentence pro∣nounc'd in behalf of the two Bro∣thers may be Ratifi'd and duly Exe∣cuted according to the intents and purposes for which it was given; and that you will not suffer any longer delay of Justice, by any Ap∣peal to the Chamber of Spire, upon any pretence whatever: For we have requir'd the Opinions of our Lawyers, which we have sent to your Lordships fairiy Written and Sign'd. But if intreaty and fair means will nothing avail, of necessi∣ty (and which is no more then ac∣cording to the customary Law of Nations, though we are unwilling

to come to that extremity) the seve∣rity of Retaliation must take its course; which we hope your Pru∣dence will take care to prevent. From our Palace at Westm. Octob. 16. 1656.

Your Lordships most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Lewis, King of France.

Most Serene and Potent King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

WE are apt to believe that your Majesty receiv'd our Letters dated the 14th of May, of the last year, wherein we wrote that John Dethic, Mayor of London that year, and William Waterford, Merchant, had by their Petition set forth, That a certain Vessel, call'd the Jonas, freight∣ed with Goods upon their Accompt, and bound for Dunkirk, then under the Jurisdiction of the French, was taken at the very Mouth of the Thames, by

a Sea-Rover, pretending a Commissi∣on from the Son of the late King Charles: Which being directly con∣trary to your Edicts, and the Decrees of your Council, That no English Ship taken by the Enemies of the Parlia∣ment, should be admitted into any of your Ports, and there put to sale, they demanded Restitution of the said Ship and Goods from M. Lestrade, then Go∣vernor of the Town, who return'd 'em an answer no way becoming a Person of his Quality, or who pre∣tended Obedience to his Sovereign; That the Government was conferr'd upon him for his good Service in the Wars, and therefore he would make his best advantage of it, that is to say, by right or wrong; for that he seem'd to drive at: As if he had receiv'd that Government of your Majesties free gift, to authorize him in the rob∣bing your Confederates, and con∣temning your Edicts, set forth in their favour. For what the King of France forbids his Subjects any way to have a

hand in, that the King's Governor has not only suffer'd to be committed in your Ports, but he himself becomes the Pirate, seizes the Prey, and open∣ly avouches the Fact. With this An∣swer therefore the Merchants depart∣ed, altogether baffl'd and disappoint∣ed; and this we signifi'd by our Let∣ters to your Majesty the last year with little better success; for as yet we have receiv'd no Reply to those Let∣ters. Of which we are apt to believe the reason was, because the Governor was with the Army in Flanders; but now he resides at Paris, or rather flut∣ters unpunish'd about the City, and at Court enrich'd with the Spoils of our Merchants. Once more therefore, We make it our Request to your Majesty, which it is your Majesty's Interest in the first place to take care of, That no person whatever may dare to justify the wrongs done to your Majesty's Confederates by the contempt of your Royal Edicts. Nor can this Cause be properly referr'd to the

Commissioners appointed for deci∣ding Common Controversies on both sides; since in this Case, not only the Rights of Confederates, but your Au∣thority it self, and the Veneration due to the Royal Name, are chiefly in dis∣pute. And it would be a wonder, that Merchants should be more troubled for their Losses, then your Majesty provok'd at Incroachments upon your Honour. Which while you disdain to brook, with the same labour you will demonstrate that you neither re∣pent of your Friendly Edicts in fa∣vour of our Republick, nor conniv'd at the Injuries done by your Subjects, nor neglected to give due respect to our demands. From our Court at Westminster, Novemb.—1656.

Your Majesty's most bounden by Good-will, by Friendship and Solemn League, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Frederic III. King of Danemark, Norway, the Vandals and Goths; Duke of Sleswich, Holsatia, Stormatia and Dithmarsh; Count in Oldenburgh and Delmenhorst, &c.

Most Serene and Potent King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

WE receiv'd your Majesty's Letters, dated the 16th of February, from Copenhagen, by the most worthy Simon de Pitkum, your Ma∣jesty's Agent here residing. Which when we had perus'd, the Demon∣strations of your Majesty's Good-will towards us, and the Importance of the Matter concerning which you write, affected us to that degree, that we design'd forthwith to send to your Majesty some person, who being fur∣nish'd with ample Instructions from us, might more at large declare to your Majesty our Counsels in that Affair. And tho we have still the

same Resolutions, yet hitherto we have not been at leisure to think of a Person proper to be entrusted with those Commands, which the weight of the matter requires; tho in a short time we hope to be more at liberty. In the mean while, we thought it not convenient any longer to delay the letting your Majesty understand, that the present Condition of Affairs in Europe has employ'd the greatest part of our Care and Thoughts; while for some years, to our great grief, we have beheld the Protestant Princes and Supream Magistrates of the Re∣formed Republicks, (whom it rather behoves, as being engag'd by the common Tye of Religion and Safety, to combine and study all the ways imaginable conducing to mutual de∣fence) more and more at weakning variance among themselves, and jea∣lous of each other's Actions and De∣signs; putting their Friends in fear, their Enemies in hope, that the Po∣sture of Affairs bodes rather Enmity

and Discord, then a firm agreement of mind to defend and assist each o∣ther. And this sollicitude has fix'd it self so much the deeper in our thoughts, in regard there seems to appear some sparkles of jealousy be∣tween your Majesty and the King of Sweden; at least, that there is not that conjunction of Affections, which our Love and Good-will in general toward the Orthodox Religion so im∣portunately requires; your Majesty, perhaps, suspecting that the Trade of your Dominions will be prejudic'd by the King of Sweden; and on the other side, the King of Sweden being jealous, that by your means the War, which he now wages, is made more difficult, and that you oppose him in his contracting those Alliances which he seeks. 'Tis not unknown to your Majesty, so eminent for your pro∣found Wisdom, how great the Dan∣ger is that threatens the Protestant Religion, should such Suspicions long continue between two such Potent

Monarchs; more especially, which God avert, if any symptom of Ho∣stility should break forth. However it be, for our parts, as we have ear∣nestly exhorted the King of Sweden, and the States of the Vnited Provinces to Peace, and moderate Counsels (and are beyond expression glad to behold Peace and Concord renew'd between them; for that the Heads of that League are transmitted to us by their Lordships, the States-General) so we thought it our duty, and chiefly becoming our Friendship, not to conceal from your Majesty what our Sentiments are concerning these matters, (more especially being so affectionately invited so to do by your Majesty's most Friendly Letters; which we look upon, and embrace, as a most singular Testimony of your Good-will toward us) but to lay be∣fore your eyes, how great a necessity Divine Providence has impos'd upon us all, that profess the Protestant Re∣ligion, to study Peace among our

selves, and that chiefly at this time, when our most embittered Enemies seem to have on every side conspir'd our destruction. There's no neces∣sity of calling to remembrance the Valleys of Piemont still besmear'd with the Blood and Slaughter of the miserable Inhabitants; nor Austria, tormented at the same time with the Emperor's Decrees and Proscriptions; nor the impetuous Onsets of the Po∣pish upon the Protestant Switzers. Who can be ignorant, that the Arti∣fices and Machinations of the Spani∣ards, for some years last past, have fill'd all these places with the con∣fus'd and blended havock of Fire and Sword? To which unfortunate Pile of Miseries, if once the Reformed Brethren should come to add their own Dissentions among themselves, and more especially two such Potent Monarchs, the chiefest part of our strength, and among whom so large a Provision of the Protestants Securi∣ty and Puissance lies stor'd and hoard∣ed

up against Times of Danger, most certainly the Interests of the Prote∣stants must go to ruine, and suffer a total and irrecoverable Eclipse. On the other side, If Peace continue firm∣ly fix'd between two such powerful Neighbours, and the rest of the Or∣thodox Princes; if we would but make it our main study to abide in Brotherly Concord, there would be no cause, by God's assistance, to fear neither the force nor subtilty of our Enemies; all whose Endeavours, and laborious Toils, our Union alone would be able to dissipate and fru∣strate. Nor do we question, but that your Majesty, as you are freely wil∣ling, so your willingness will be con∣stant in contributing your utmost As∣sistance to procure this blessed Peace. To which purpose, we shall be most ready to communicate, and join our Counsels with your Majesty; profes∣sing a real and cordial Friendship, and not only determin'd inviolably to ob∣serve the Amity so auspiciously con∣tracted

between us, but as God shall enable us, to bind our present Al∣liance with a more strict and Frater∣nal Bond. In the mean time, the same Eternal God grant all things prosperous and successful to your Ma∣jesty. From our Caurt at White-Hall, Decem.—1656.

Your Majesties most closely united by Friend∣ship, Alliance and Good-will, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene and Il∣lustrious Prince and Lord, the Lord Wil∣liam, Lantgrave of Hess, Prince of Here∣feldt, Count in Cutzenellebogen, Decia Ligenhain, Widda and Schaunburg, &c.

Most Serene Prince,

WE had return'd an Answer to your Letters sent us now near a Twelvemonth since, for which we beg your Highnesses pardon, had not many, and those the most Impor∣tant Affairs of the Republick under our care, constrain'd us to this unwil∣ling

silence. For what Letters could be more grateful to us, then those which are written from a most Reli∣gius Prince, descended from Religi∣ous Ancestors, in order to settle the Peace of Religion, and the Harmo∣ny of the Church? Which Letters at∣tribute to us the same Inclinations, the same Zeal to promote the Peace of Christendom, not only in your own, but in the Opinion and Judg∣ment of almost all the Christian World, and which we are most high∣ly glad to find so universally ascrib'd to our selves. And how far our En∣deavours have been signal formerly throughout these Three Kingdoms, and what we have effected by our Ex∣hortations, by our Sufferings, by our Conduct, but chiefly by Divine Assi∣stance, the greatest part of our People both well know, and are sensible of, in a deep tranquility of their Consci∣ences. The same Peace we have wish'd to the Churches of Germany, whose Dissentions have been too

sharp, and of too too long endurance; and by our Agent Dury, for many years in vain endeavouring the same Reconciliation, we have cordially of∣fer'd whatever might conduce on our part to the same purpose. We still persevere in the same Determinati∣ons, and wish the same Fraternal Charity one among another, to those Churches. But how difficult a task it is to settle peace among those Sons of Peace, as they give out themselves to be, to our extream grief, we more then abundantly understand. For that the Reformed, and those of the Augustan Confession, should cement together in a Communion of one Church, is hardly ever to be expect∣ed: 'Tis impossible by force to prohi∣bit either from defending their Opini∣ons, whether in private Disputes, or by publick Writings. For Force can never consist with Ecclesiastical Tran∣quility. This only were to be wish'd, that they who differ, would suffer themselves to be entreated, that they

would disagree more civilly and with more moderation; and notwithstand∣ing their Disputes, Love one another; not imbitter'd against each other as Enemies, but as Brethren, dissenting onely in Trifles, though in the Fun∣damentals of Faith most cordially agreeing. With inculcating and per∣swading these things, we shall never be wearied; beyond that, there is nothing allow'd to human Force or Counsels: God will accomplish his own work in his own time. In the mean while, you, most Serene Prince, have left behind ye a noble testimo∣ny of your Affection to the Churches, an eternal Monument becoming the Vertue of your Ancestors, and an Exemplar worthy to be follow'd by all Princes. It only then remains for us to implore the Merciful and Great God to Crown your Highness with all the Prosperity in other things which you can wish for; but not to change your Mind, then which you cannot have a better, since a better

cannot be, nor more Piously devoted to his Glory. Westm. March—1656.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, the Duke of Curland.

Most Serene Prince,

WE have bin abundantly satis∣fi'd of your Affection to us, as well at other times, as when you kindly entertain'd our Embassador in his Journey to the Duke of Muscovy, for some days together making a stop in your Territories: Now we are no less confident that your Highness will give us no less obliging Testimonies of your Justice and Equity, as well out of your own Good nature, as at our request. For we are given to un∣derstand, That one John Johnson, a Scotchman, and Master of a certain Ship of yours, having faithfully dis∣charg'd his Duty for 7 years together in the Service of your Highness, as to your Highness is well known,

at length deliver'd the said Ship, call'd the Whale, in the Mouth of the River, according as the Custome is, to one of your Pilots, by him to be carried safe into Harbour. But it so fell out, that the Pilot being ignorant of his Duty, though frequently Warn∣ed and Admonish'd by the said John∣son, as he has prov'd by several Wit∣nesses, the said Ship ran aground and split to pieces, not through any fault of the Master, but through the want of Skill, or Obstinacy of the Pilot. Which being so, we make it our earnest request to your Highness, That neither the said Shipwrack may be imputed to the foremention'd Johnson, the Master, nor that he may upon that account be depriv'd of the Wages due to him; by the onely en∣joyment of which, he having lately suffer'd another misfortune at Sea, he hopes however to support and com∣fort himself in the extremity of his Wants. From our Court at Westm. March—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Noble the Consuls and Senators of the Republick of Dantzick.

Most Noble and Magnificent, our dearest Friends,

WE have always esteem'd your City, flourishing in Industry, Wealth, and studious Care to pro∣mote all useful Arts and Sciences, fit to be compar'd with any the most Noble Cities of Europe. Now in regard that in this War, that has long bin hover∣ing about your Confines, you have ra∣ther chosen to side with the Polanders, then with the Swedes; we are most heartily desirous, that for the sake of that Religion which you embrace, and of your ancient Commerce with the English, you would chiefly ad∣here to those Counsels, which may prove most agreeable to the Glory of God, and the Dignity and Splendour of your City. Wherefore we intreat ye, for the sake of that Friendship which has bin long establish'd be∣tween your selves and the English Na∣tion, and if our Reputation have ob∣taine'd

any favour or esteem among ye, to set at Liberty Count Conismark, conspicuous among the Principal of the Swedish Captains, and a Person singularly fam'd for his Conduct in War, but by the Treachery of his own People surpris'd at Sea; where∣in you will do no more then what the Laws of War, not yet exasperated to the heighth, allow; or if you think this is not so agreeable to your Inte∣rests, that you will however deem him worthy a more easy and less se∣vere Confinement. Which of these two Favours soever you shall determin to grant us, you will certainly perform an act becoming the Reputation of your City, and highly oblige besides the most famous Warriers and most eminent Captains of all Parties; and lastly, lay upon our selves an obligati∣on not the meanest; and perhaps it may be worth your Interest to grati∣fy us. From our Court at Westm. April—1657.

Your Lordships most Affectionate, Oliver, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c. To the most Serene aud Potent Prince and Lord, Emperor and great Duke of all Russia, sole Lord of Volodomaria, Moscow and No∣vograge, King of Cazan, Astracan and Syberia, Lord of Vobscow, great Duke of Smolensko, Tuerscoy, and other Pla∣ces. Lord and great Duke of Novogrod, and the Lower Provinces of Chernigoy, Rezansco and others. Lord of all the Northern Climes; also Lord of Eversco, Cartalinsca, and many other Places.

ALL men know how Ancient the Friendship, and how vast the Trade has bin for a long train of years between the English Nation and the People of your Empire: But that singular Vertue, most August Emperor, which in your Majesty far outshines the Glory of your Ance∣stors; and the high Opinion which all the Neighbouring Princes have of it, more especially moves us to pay a more then ordinary Veneration and Affection to your Majesty, and to de∣sire

the imparting of some things to your Consideration, which may con∣duce to the Good of Christendome and your own Interests. Wherefore, we have sent the most Accomplish'd Richard Bradshaw, a person of whose Fidelity, Integrity, Prudence, and Experience in Affairs, we are well assur'd, as having bin imploy'd by us in several other Negotiations of this nature, under the Character of our Agent to your Majesty; to the end he may more at large make known to your Majesty our singular Good will and high Respect toward so Puis∣sant a Monarch, and Transact with your Majesty concerning the mat∣ters above-mention'd. Him there∣fore we request your Majesty favourably to receive in our Name, and as often as shall be re∣quisite to grant him free Access to your Person, and no less gracious Au∣dience; and lastly, to give the same credit to him in all things which he shall Propose or Negotiate, as to our

selves if we were personally present. And so we beseech Almighty God to Bless your Majesty and the Russian Empire with all Prosperity. From our Court at Westm. April—1657.

Your Majesty's most Affectionate, Oliver, Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the Most Serene and Potent Prince Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, &c.

Most Serene and Potent King, our dearest Friend and Confederate,

THE most Honourable William Jepson, Collonel of Horse, and a Senator in our Parlament, who will have the Honour to deliver these Letters to your Majesty, will make known to your Majesty, with what disturbance and grief of Mind we receiv'd the News of the fatal War broke out between your Majesty and the King of Danemark, and how much it is our cordial and real endea∣vour,

not to neglect any labour or duty of ours, as far as God enables us, that some speedy remedy may be appli'd to this growing Mischief, and those Calamites averted, which of necessity this War will bring upon the Common Cause of Religion; more especially at this time, now that our Adversaries unite their Forces and pernicious Counsels a∣gainst the Profession and Professors of the Orthodox Faith. These and some other Considerations of great importance to the Benefit and Pub∣lick Interests of both Nations, have induc'd us to send this Gentleman to your Majesty under the Character of our Extraordinary Envoy. Whom we therefore desire your Majesty kindly to receive, and to give Credit to him in all things which he shall have to impart to your Majesty in our Name; as being a Person in whose Fidelity and Prudence we very much confide. We also farther request, That your Majesty will be pleas'd

fully to assure your self of our Good∣will and most undoubted Zeal, as well toward your Majesty, as for the Prosperity of your Affairs. Of which we shall be readily prepar'd with all imaginable willingness of mind to give unquestionable Testimonies up∣on all occasions. From our Court at Westminster, August—1657.

Your Majesty's Friend, and most strictly Co∣united Confederate, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, The Lord Frederick William, Marquess of Brandenburgh, High Chamberlain of the Imperial Empire, and Prince Elector, Duke of Magdeburgh, Prussia, Juliers, Cleves, Monts, Stettin, Pomerania, of the Cassiubiands and Vandals, as also of Silesia, Crosna, and Carnovia, Burgravae of Norrinburgh. Prince of Halberstadt and Minda, Count of Mark and Ra∣vensbergh, Lord in Ravenstein.

Most Serene Prince, our dearest Friend and Confederate

SUCH is the fame of your High∣ness's Vertue and Prudence both in Peace and War, and so loudly spread through all the World, That all the Princes round about are ambi∣tious of your Friendship; nor does any one desire a more faithful or con∣stant Friend and Associate: There∣fore to the end your Highness may know that we are also in the number of those that have the highest and most honourable Thoughts of your Person and Merits, so well deserving

of the Commonwealth of Christen∣dome; we have sent the most Wor∣thy Col. Will. Jepson, a Senator in our Parlament, in our Name to kiss your Majesties hands, and with all to wish the continuance of all Prosperity to your Affairs, and in Words at large to express our Good-will and Affecti∣on to your Serenity; and therefore make it our request, That you will vouchsafe to give him Credit in those matters concerning which he has In∣structions to Treat with your Ma∣jesty, as if all things were Attested and Confirm'd by our Personal Pre∣sence. From our Court at White-Hall, August—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Noble the Con∣suls and Senators of the City of Hambo∣rough.

Most Noble, most Magnificent and Worthy,

THE most Accomplish'd, Col∣lonel William Jepson, a Senator

in our Parlament, being sent by us to the most Serene King of Sweden, is to Travel through your City; and therefore we have given him in Com∣mand, not to pass by your Lordships Unsaluted in our Name; and with∣all to make it our request, That you will be ready to Assist him upon whatsoever occasion he shall think it requisite to crave the Aid of your Authority and Counsel. Which the more willingly you shall do, the more you shall find you have acquir'd our Favour. From our Court at West∣minster, August—1657.

To the most Noble the Consuls and Senators of the City of Breme.

HOW great our Affection is toward your City, how parti∣cular our Good-will, as well upon the account of your Religion, as for the celebrated Splendor of your City, as formerly you have found, so when occasion offers, you shall be farther

sensible. At present, in regard the most Accomplish'd Collonel, Wil∣liam Jepson, a Senator in our Parla∣ment, is to Travel through Bremen with the Character of our Envoy Extraordinary to the King of Sweden, 'tis our Pleasure that he salute your Lordships lovingly and friendly in our Name: and that if any accident fall out, wherein your Assistance and Friendship may be serviceable to him, that he may have free Admissi∣on to desire it, upon the score of our Alliance. Wherein we are confident you will the less be wanting, by how much the more reason you will have to be assur'd of our singular Love and Kindness for your Lordships. From our Court at White-Hall, Au∣gust —1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Noble the Sena∣tors and Consuls of the City of Lubeck.

Most Noble, Magnificent, and Right Worshipful our dearest Friends,

COllonel William Jepson, a Person of great Honour, and a Senator in our Parlament, is to pass with the Character of a Publick Minister from your City to the King of Swe∣den, encamping not far from it. Wherefore we desire your Lordships, that if occasion require, upon the account of the Friendship and Com∣merce between us, you will be Assi∣stant to him in his Journey through your City, and the Territories under your Jurisdiction. As to what re∣mains, it is our farther pleasure, That you be Saluted in our Name, and that you be assur'd of our Good∣will and ready Inclinations to serve your Lordships. From our Court at Westminster, August—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the City of Hamborough.

Most Noble, Magnificent, and Right Worshipful,

PHilip Meadows, who brings these Letters to your Lordships, is to Travel through your City, with the Character of our Agent, to the King of Danemark. Therefore we most earnestly recommend him to your Lordships, that if any occasion should happen for him to desire it, you would be ready to Aid him with your Authority and Assistance: And we desire that this our Recommenda∣tion may have the same weight at present with your Lordships as for∣merly it wont to have; nor shall we be wanting to your Lordships, upon the same Opportunities. From our Court at White-Hall, August—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England &c. To the most Sereae Prince Frederick Heir of Norway, Duke of Sleswic, Holsatia, and Ditmarsh, Count in Oldenburgh and Delmenhorst.

Most Serene Prince, our dearest Friend,

COllonel William Jepson, a Person truly Noble in his Countrey, and a Senator in our Parlament, is sent by us, as our Envoy Extraordinary to the most Serene King of Sweden; and may it prove Happy and Prosperous for the common Peace and Interests of Christendome. We have given him Instructions, among other things, That in his Journey, after he has Kiss'd your Serenities hands in our Name, and declar'd our former Good-will and constant Zeal for your Welfare, to request of your Serenity also, That being Guarded with your Authority, he may Tra∣vel with Safety and Convenience through your Territories. By which kind act of Civility your

Highness will in a greater measure oblige us to returns of answerable Kindness. From our Court at Westm. August—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, Ferdinand Great Duke of Tuscany.

Most Serene Great Duke, our dearest Friend,

THE Company of our Mer∣chants, Trading to the Eastern Coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, by their Petition to us have set forth, That William Ellis, Master of a Ship call'd the Little Lewis, being at Alex∣andria in Egypt, was hir'd by the Basha of Memphis, to carry Rice, Sugar, and Coffee, either to Constan∣tinople or Smyrna, for the use of the Grand Seignior; but that contrary to his Faith and Promise given, he bore away privately from the Ottoman Fleet, and brought his Ship and La∣ding to Leghorn; where now he lives in Possession of his Prey. Which

Villanous Act, being of dangerous Example, as exposing the Christian Name to scandal, and the Fortunes of our Merchants living under the Turks to Violence and Ransack; we therefore make it our request to your Highness, That you will give Command that the said Master be Apprehended and Imprison'd, and that the Vessel and Goods may re∣main under seizure, till we shall have given notice of our care, for the restitution of those Goods to the Sultan: Assuring your Highness of our readiness to make suitable returns of gratitude whenever opportunity presents it self. From our Court at Westm. Septemb.—1657.

Your Highness's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the most Serene Prince, the Lord Frederic William Marquiss of Brandenburgh, &c.

Most Serene Prince, our most dear Friend and Con∣federate,

BY our last Letters to your High∣ness, either already or shortly to be deliver'd by our Embassador William Jepson, we have imparted the substance of our Embassy to your Highness; Which we could not do without some mention of your great Vertues, and demonstration of our own Good will and Affection. Ne∣vertheless, That we may not seem too superficially to have glided over your transcending deservings of the Protestant Interests; we thought it proper to resume the same subject, and pay our Respect and Veneration, not more willingly, or with a greater fervency of Mind, but somewhat more at large, to your Highness. And truly most deservedly, when

daily Information reaches our ears, That your Faith and Conscience, by all manner of Artifices Tempted and Assail'd, by all manner of Arts and Devices Solicited, yet cannot be shaken, or by any Violence be rent from your Friendship and Alliance with a most Magnanimous Prince and your Confederate: And this, when the Affairs of the Swedes are now re∣duc'd to that condition, that in ad∣hering to their Alliance, 'tis mani∣fest that your Highness rather con∣sults the common Cause of the Re∣formed Religion, then your own Ad∣vantage. And when your Highness is almost surrounded and besieg'd by Enemies, either privately lurking, or almost at your Gates; yet such is your Constancy and Resolution of Mind, such your Conduct and Prow∣ess becoming a great General, that the burthen and massy bulk of the whole Affair, and the event of this important War, seems to rest and de∣pend upon your sole determination.

Wherefore your Highness has no rea∣son to question but that you may re∣ly upon our Friendship and unfeign∣ed Affection; who should think our selves worthy to be forsaken of all men's Good word, should we seem careless in the least of your unble∣mish'd Fidelity, your Constancy, and the rest of your applauded Vertues, or should we pay less respect to your Highness upon the common score of Religion. As to those matters pro∣pounded by the most Accomplish'd John Frederic Schlever, your Coun∣sellor and Agent here residing, if hitherto we could not return an An∣swer, such as we desir'd to do, though with all assiduity and diligence la∣bour'd by your Agent; we intreat your Highness to impute it to the present condition of our Affairs, and to be assur'd, that there is nothing which we account more sacred, or more earnestly desire, then to be ser∣viceable and assisting to your Inte∣rests, so bound up with the Cause of

Religion. In the mean time we be∣seech the God of Mercy and Power, that so signal a Prowess and Fortitude may never languish or be oppress'd, nor be depriv'd the Fruit and due Ap∣plause of all your Pious Undertakings. From our Court at Westminster, Sep∣tember —1657.

Your Highness's most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

To the most Excellent Lord, M. d. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Extraordinary Embassador from the most Serene King of France.

Most Excellent Lord,

LVcas Lucie Merchant of London, has made his Complaint to the most Serene Lord Protector, con∣cerning a certain Ship of his, call'd the Mary; which in her Voyage from Ireland to Bayonne, being driven by Tempest into the Port of St. John de Luz, was there detain'd by ver∣tue of an Arrest, at the Suit of one Martin de Lazan; nor could she be

discharg'd till the Merchants had given security to stand a Tryal for the Property of the said Ship and Lading. For Martin pretended to have a great Sum of Money owing to him by the Parlament for several Goods of his which in the year 1642. were Seiz'd by Authority of Parla∣ment▪ in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ship call'd the Santa Clar••…••… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in manifest, That Martin 〈…〉〈…〉 the Owner of the said 〈…〉〈…〉 that he Prosecuted the 〈…〉〈…〉 Owners Richard and 〈…〉〈…〉 with his Pa••••ner, whole 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was Antonio Fernandez; and that upon the said Mar••••n and Antonio's falling out among them∣selves, the Parlament Decreed that the said Goods should be stop'd till the Law should decide to which of the two they were to be restor'd. Upon this, Antony was desirous that the Action should proceed; on the other side, neither Martin, nor any body for him, has hitherto appear'd in Court: All which is evidently ap∣parent

by Luca's Petition hereto an∣nex'd. So that it seems most unrea∣sonable, That he who refus'd to try his pretended Title with Antonio, to other mens Goods, in our own Courts, should compel our People and the true Owners to go to Law for their own in a Foreign Domini∣on. And that the same is apparent to your Excellency's Equity and Prudence, the most Serene Lord Pro∣tector makes no question; by whom I am therefore commanded in a par∣ticular manner to recommend this fair and honest Cause of Lucas Lucy to your Excellency's consideration; to the end that Martin, who neglects to try his pretended Right here, may not under that pretence have an opportunity in the French Domini∣ons to deprive others of their Right∣ful claims.

Westm. Octob.—1657.

Your Excellency's most Affectionate

.

Oliver Protector of the Commonweolth of England, &c. To the most Serene Duke, and Senate of the Republick of Venice.

Most Serene Duke and Senate, our dearest Friends,

SO numerous are the Tydings brought us of your fortunate Successes against the Turks, that there is nothing wherein we have more frequent occasion to employ our Pens, then in Congratulating your Se∣renities for some signal Victory. For this so recently obtain'd, we give ye Joy, as being not onely most Auspicious and Seasonable to your Republick, but which is more Glo∣rious, so greatly tending to the Deli∣verance of all the Christians groan∣ing under Turkish Servitude. More particularly we recommend to your Serenity and the Senate Thomas Galily, formerly Master of the Ship call'd the Relief, who for these Five years together has bin a Slave; tho this be not the first time we have interceded in his behalf; yet now we do it the

more freely, as in a time of more then ordinary Exultation. He, ha∣ving receiv'd your Commands to serve your Republick with his Ship, and Engaging alone with several of the Enemies Gallies, Sunk some, and made a great havock among the rest; but at length his Ship being Burnt, the Brave Commander, and so well deserving of the Venetian Republick, was taken, and ever since for Five years together, has endur'd a miser∣able Bondage under the Barbarians. To redeem himself he had not where∣withall; for whatsoever he had, that he makes out, was owing to him by your Highness and the Senate, upon the account either of his Ship, his Goods, or for his Wages. Now in regard he may not want Relief, and for that the Enemy refuses to dis∣charge him upon any other conditi∣on, then by exchange of some other person of equal value and reputation to himself, we most earnestly intreat your Highness and the most Serene

Senate, and the Afflicted Old man, Father of the said Thomas, full of Grief and Tears, which not a little mov'd us, by our Intercession begs, That in regard so many prosperous Combats have made ye Masters of so many Turkish Prisoners, you will ex∣change some one of their Number, whom the Enemy will accept for so stout a Seaman taken in your Ser∣vice, our Countreyman, and the onely Son of a most sorrowful Father. Lastly, That whatsoever is due to him from the Republick, upon the score of Wages, or upon any other account, you will take care to see it paid to his Father, or to whom he shall appoint to receive it. The ef∣fect of our first request, or rather of your Equity was this, that the whole matter was examin'd, and upon an exact stating of the accounts the Debt was agreed; but perhaps by reason of more important busi∣ness intervening, no payment ensu'd upon it▪ Now the condition of the

miserable Creature admits of no longer delay; and therefore some endeavour must be us'd, if it be worth your while to desire his well∣fare, that he may speedily be deli∣ver'd from the noysome Stench of Imprisonment. Which, as you flou∣rish no less in Justice, Moderation and Prudence, then in Military Fame and Victorious Success, we are con∣fident you will see done, of your own innate Humanity and Free will, without any hesitation, without any incitement of ours. Now that ye may long flourish, after a most Po∣tent Enemy subdu'd, our daily Prayers implore of the Almighty. From our Court at Westminster, October—1657.

Your Highnesses most Affectionate, Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. To the High and Mighty Lords, the States of the United Pro∣vinces.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends and Confederates,

THE most Illustrious William Nuport, your Extraordinary Embassador for some years residing with us, is now returning to your Lordships; but with this condition, That after this respit obtain'd from your Lordships, he shall return again in a short time. For he has re∣main'd among us, in the discharge of his Trust, with that Fidelity, Vigi∣lance, Prudence and Equity, that neither you nor we could desire greater Vertue and Probity in an Em∣bassador, and a Person of unblemi∣shed Reputation; with those incli∣nations and endeavours to preserve Peace and Friendship between us, without any fraud or dissimulation, that while he officiates the duty of

your Embassador, we do not find what occasion of scruple or offence can arise in either Nation. And we should brook his departue with so much the more anxiety of mind, con∣sidering the present juncture of times and affairs, were we not assur'd, that no man can better or more faithfully declare and represent to your Lord∣ships, either the present condition of Affairs, or our Good-will and Af∣fection to your Government. Being therefore every way so excellent a Person, and so well deserving both of yours and our Republick, we re∣quest your Lordships to receive him returning, such as we unwillingly dismiss him, laden with the real Testimonials of our Applauses. Al∣mighty God grant all Prosperity to your Affairs and perpetuate our Friendship, to his Glory, and the sup∣port of his Orthodox Church.

From our Court at Westminster Novem∣ber —1657.

Your High and Mightinesses most devoted.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the High and Mighty Lords the States of the United Provinces.

Most High and Mighty Lords, our dearest Friends and Confederates,

GEorge Downing is a Person of Eminent Quality, and after a long trial of his Fidelity, Probity and Diligence, in several and various Ne∣gotiations, well approv'd and valu'd by us. Him we have thought fitting to send to your Lordships, dignify'd with the Character of our Agent, and amply furnish'd with our Instructi∣ons. We therefore desire your Lord∣ship to receive him kindly, and that so often as he shall signify that he has any thing to impart in our Name to your Lordships, you will admit him free Audience, and give the same Cre∣dit to him, and entrust him with whatsoever you have to communi∣cate to us: which you may safely do, as if our selves were personally pre∣sent. And so we beseech Almighty

God to bless your Lordships, and your Republick with all prosperity, to the Glory of God, and the Support of his Church. From our Court at White-Hall, Decemb.—1657.

Your High and Mightinesses most Affectionate Oliver, &c.

To the States of Holland.

THere being an Alliance between our Republick and yours, and those Affairs to be transacted on both sides, that without an Agent and In∣terpreter, sent either by your selves, or from us, matters of such great mo∣ment can hardly be adjusted to the advantage of both Nations, we thought it conducing to the common good of both Republicks to send Geroge Downing, a Person of Eminent Quality, and long in our knowledge and esteem for his undoubted Fideli∣ty, Probity and Diligence, in many and various Negotiations, dignifi'd with the Character of our Agent, to

reside with your Lordships, and chiefly to take care of those things, by which the Peace between us may be preserv'd entire and diuturnal. Concerning which we have not one∣ly written to the States, but also thought it requisite to give notice also of the same to your Lordships, Su∣preme in the Government of your Province, and who make so consider∣able a Part of the Vnited Provinces; to the end you may give that recep∣tion to our Resident which becomes him, and that whatever he Transacts with your High and Mighty States, you may assure your selves shall be as firm and irrevocable, as if our selves had bin present in the Negoti∣ation. Now the most Merciful God direct all your Counsels and Actions to his Glory and the Peace of his Church. Westm. Decemb.—1657.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of England, &c. to the most Serene Prince, Ferdinand Great Duke of Tuscany.

Most Serene Great Duke, our much Honour'd Friend,

YOur Highness's Letters, bear∣ing date from Florence the 10th. of Novemb. gave us no small occasion of content and satisfaction; finding therein your Good will toward us, so much the more con∣spicuous, by how much Deeds then Words, Performances then Promises, are the more certain marks of a cor∣dial Affection. For what we re∣quested of your Highness, That you would command the Master of the Little Lewis, William Ellis, who most ignominiously broke his Faith with the Turks, and the Ship and Goods to be Seiz'd and Detain'd, till Resti∣tution should be made to the Turks, least the Cnristian Name should re∣ceive any Blemish by Thieveries of the like nature; all those things, and that too with an extraordinary zeal,

as we most gladly understood before, your Highness writes that you have seen diligently perform'd. We there∣fore return our Thanks for the kind∣ness receiv'd, and make it our farther request, That when the Merchants have given security to satisfie the Turks, the Master may be discharg'd, and the Ship, together with her Lading, be forthwith dismis'd, to the end we may not seem to have had more care perhaps of the Turks Inte∣rest, then our own Countreymen. In the mean time we take so kindly this surpassing favour done us by your Highness, and most acceptable to us, that we should not refuse to be branded with ingratitude, if we should not ardently desire a speedy opportunity, with the same promp∣titude of Mind, to gratifie your Highness, whereby we might be enabl'd to demonstrate our readi∣ness to return the same good offi∣ces to so noble a Benefactor upon

all occasions. From our Court at Westm. Decemb.—1657.

Your Highnesses most Affectionate, Oliver, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandals, &c.

Most Serene and Potent Prince, our most Invincible Friend and Confederate,

BY your Majesty's Letters, dated the 21st. Of February from your Camp in Seland, we found many reasons to be affected with no small joy, as well for our own parti∣cular, as in regard of the whole Christian Republick in general. In the first place, because the King of Danemark, being become an Enemy, not induc'd thereto, as we are apt to believe, by his own Inclinations or Interests, but deluded by the Artifi∣ces of our common Adversaries, is reduc'd to that condition by your sud∣den irruption into the very heart of

his Kingdom, with very little blood shed on either side, that what was really true, he will at length be per∣swaded that Peace would have bin more beneficial to him, then the War which he has enter'd into against your Majesty. Then again, when he shall consider with himself, that he cannot obtain it by any more speedy means, then by making use of our Assistance long since offer'd him to procure a Reconciliation, in regard your Majesty so readily intreated by the Letters onely, deliver'd by our Agent, by such an easy concession of Peace, most clearly made it appa∣rent how highly you esteem'd the Intercession of our Friendship, he will certainly apply himself to us; and then our Interposition in so Pious a work, will chiefly require, that we should be the sole Reconciler and almost Author of that Peace, so be∣neficial to the Interests of the Pro∣testants; which, as we hope, will suddenly be accomplish'd. For when

the Enemies of Religion shall despair of breaking your United Forces by any other means then setting both your Majesties at variance, then their own fears will overtake 'em, lest this unexpected Conjunction, which we ardently desire, of your Arms and Minds, should turn to the destruction of them that were the Kindlers of the War. In the mean time, most Mag∣nanimous King, may your Prowess go on and prosper; and the same felicity which the Enemies of the Church have admir'd in the Progress of your Atchievements, and the stea∣dy Careir of your Victories, against a Prince, now your Confederate, the same, by God's assistance, may you enforce 'em to behold once more in their subversion. From our Palace at Westminster, March 30. 1658.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene Prince Fer∣dinand, Great Duke of Tuscany.

Most Serene Prince,

THE Answer which we have given to your Agent here resi∣ding, we believe, will fully satisfy your Highness, as to our Admiral, who but lately put into your Ports. In the mean time, John Hosier, Ma∣ster of a Ship, call'd the Owner, has set forth in a Petition to us, that in April, 1656. he hir'd out his Ship, by a Charter-party Agreement, to one Joseph Arman, an Italian, who manifestly broke all the Covenants therein contain'd; so that he was en∣forc'd, lest he should lose his Ship and Lading, together with his whole Principal Stock, openly to set forth the fraud of his Freighter, after the manner of Merchants; and when he had caus'd it to be register'd by a Publick Notary, to sue him at Le∣ghorne. Joseph, on the other side,

that he might make good one Fraud by another, combining with two other Litigious Traders, upon a faign'd Pretence, by Perjury, seiz'd upon Six thousand Pieces of Eight, the Money of one Thomas Clutterbuck. But as for his part, the said Hosier, after great Expences and loss of time, could ne∣ver obtain his Right and Due at Le∣ghorn: Nor durst he there appear in Court, being threaten'd as he was, and way-lay'd by his Adversaries: We therefore request your Highness, that you would vouchsafe your Assi∣stance to this poor Opprest Man, and according to your wonted Justice, re∣strain the Insolence of his Adversary. For in vain are Laws ordain'd for the government of Cities by the Au∣thority of Princes, if Wrong and Violence, when they cannot abro∣gate, shall be able by Threats and Terror to frustrate the Refuge and Sanctuary of the Laws. However, we make no doubt, but that your Highness will speedily take care to

punish a daring Boldness of this na∣ture; beseeching Almighty God to bless your Highness with Peace and Prosperity. From our Court at West∣minster, April 7. 1658.

To the most Serene and Potent Prince Lewis, King of France.

Most Serene and Potent King, and most August Friend and Confederate,

YOUR Majesty may call to mind, that at the same time, when the renewing the League be∣tween us was in agitation, and no less auspiciously concluded, as the many Advantages from thence ac∣crewing to both Nations, and the many Annoyances thence attending the Common Enemy, sufficiently testify, those dreadful Butcheries befel the Piedmontois, and that we recommended with great fervency of mind and compassion, their Cause on all sides forsaken and afflicted, to your Commiseration and Protection.

Nor do we believe, that your Maje∣sty, of your self, was wanting in a Duty so pious, that we may not say, beseeming Common humanity, as far as your Authority, and the Venera∣tion due to your Person, could pre∣vail with the Duke of Savoy. Cer∣tain we are, that neither our selves, nor many other Princes and Ci∣ties were wanting in our Perfor∣mances, by the Interposition of Em∣bassies, Letters, aud Intreaties. After a most bloody Butchery of both Sexes, and all Ages, at length Peace was granted, or rather a certain Clan∣destine Hostility cover'd over with the name of Peace. The Conditions of Peace were agreed in your Town of Pignerol; severe and hard; but such, as those miserable and indigent Creatures, after they had suffer'd all that could be endur'd that was op∣pressive and barbarous, would have been glad of, had they been but ob∣serv'd, as hard and unjust as they were. But by false Constructions,

and various Evasions, the Assurances of all these Articles are eluded and violated: Many are thrust out from their ancient Abodes; many are for∣bid the Exercise of their Religion; new Tributes are exacted; a new Citadel is impos'd upon them; from whence the Soldiers frequently ma∣king Excursions, either plunder or murther all they meet. Add to all this, That new Levies are privately prepa∣ring against 'em; and all that embrace the Protestant Religion are command∣ed to depart by a prefix'd day; so that all things seem to threaten the utter extermination of those deplorable Wretches, whom the former Mas∣saker spar'd. Which I most earnestly beseech and conjure ye, Most Christian King, by that RIGHT HAND, which sign'd the League and Friendship between us, by that same goodly Or∣nament of your Title of MOST CHRISTIAN, by no means to suffer; nor to permit such liberty of Rage and Fury uncontroul'd, we will

not say, in any Prince, (for certainly such barbarous Severity could never enter the breast of any Prince, much less so tender in years, nor into the fe∣male thoughts of his Mother) but in those sanctifi'd Cut-throats, who pro∣fessing themselves to be the Servants and Disciples of our Saviour Christ, who came into this World to save Sinners, abuse his meek and peace∣ful Name and Precepts to the most cruel slaughter of the Innocent. Res∣cue you that are able, in your towr∣ing Station worthy to be able, rescue so many Suppliants prostrate at your feet, from the hands of Ruffians, who lately drunk with Blood, again thirst after it, and think it their safest way to throw the Odium of their Cruelty upon Princes. But as for you, great Prince, suffer not, while you reign, your Titles, nor the Con∣fines of your Kingdom, to be conta∣minated with this same Heaven-offending Scandal, nor the peaceful Gospel of Christ to be defil'd with

such abominable Cruelty. Remem∣ber that they submitted themselves to your Grandfather Henry, most friend∣ly to the Protestants, when the Vi∣ctorious Lesdiguieres pursu'd the re∣treating Savoyard o're the Alpes. There is also an Instrument of that Submission register'd among the Publick Acts of your Kingdom, wherein it is excepted and provided among other things, That from that time forward the Piemontois should not be deliver'd over into the Power of any Ruler, but upon the same Conditions upon which your Invin∣cible Grandfather receiv'd them into his Protection. This Protection of your Grandfather, these Suppliants now implore from you as Grand∣child. 'Tis your Majesty's part, to whom those People now belong, to give 'em that protection which they have chosen, by some exchange of Habitation, if they desire it, and it may be done: Or if that be a Labour too difficult, at least to succour 'em

with your Patronage, your Commise∣ration, and your admittance into San∣ctuary. And there are some Reasons of State to encourage your Majesty not to refuse the Piemontois a safe Asylum in your Kingdom: But I am unwilling that you, so great King, should be induc'd to the defence and succour of the miserable by any other Arguments then those of your Ance∣stor's pledg'd Faith, your own Piety, Royal Benignity and Magnanimity. Thus the Immaculate and intire Glory of a most Egregious Act will be your own, and you will find the Father of Mercy, and his Son, King Christ, whose Name and Doctrine you have vindi∣cated from nefarious Inhumanity, so much the more favourable and propi∣tious to your Majesty, all your days. The God of Mercy and Power infuse into your Majesty's Heart a Resolu∣tion to defend and save so many In∣nocent Christians, and maintain your own Honour.

Westm. May—1658.

To the Evangelick Cities of the Switzers.

Illustrious and most Noble Lords, our dearest Friends,

HOW heavy and intolerable the Sufferings of the Piemontois, your most afflicted Neighbours, have bin, and how unmercifully they have been dealt with by their own Prince, for the sake of their Religion, by reason of the Felness of the Cruelties, we almost tremble to remember, and thought it superfluous to put you in mind of those things, which are much better known to your Lordships. We have also seen Copies of the Letters, which your Embassadors, Promoters and Witnesses of the Peace, conclu∣ded at Pignerol, wrote to the Duke of Savoy, and the President of his Council at Turin; wherein they set forth, and make it out, that all the Conditions of the said Peace are bro∣ken, and were rather a Snare then a Security to those miserable People. Which Violation continu'd from the

Conclusion of the Peace to this very moment, and still growing more heavy every day then other: unless they pa∣tiently endure, unless they lay them∣selves down to be trampl'd under foot, plash'd like Mortar, or abjure their Religion, the same Calamities, the same Slaughters, hang over their Heads, which three years since, made such a dreadful havock of them, their Wives and Children; and which, if it must be undergone once more, will certainly prove the utter extirpation of their whole Race. What shall such miserable Creatures do? in whose behalf no Intercession will avail, to whom no breathing time is allow'd, nor any certain place of Re∣fuge. They have to do with Wild Beasts, or Furies rather, upon whom the remembrance of their former Murders has wrought no compassion upon their Countrymen, no sense of humanity, nor satiated their ravenous hunger after blood. Most certainly these things are not to be endur'd, if

we desire the safety of our Brethren the Piemontois, most Ancient Pro∣fessors of the Orthodox Faith, or the Welfare of our Religion it self. As for our selves, so far remote, we have not been wanting to assist 'em as far as in us lay, nor shall we cease our fu∣ture Aid. But you, who not only lie so near adjoining, as to behold the Butcheries, and hear the Outcries and Shrieks of the Distressed, but are also next expos'd to the fury of the same Enemies; consider for the sake of the Immortal God, and that in time, what it behoves ye now to do: Consult your Prudence, your Piety, and your Fortitude, what succour, what re∣lief and safegard you are able, and are bound to afford your Neighbours and Brethren, who must else undoubtedly and speedily perish. Certainly the same Religion is the cause, why the same Enemies seek also your Perditi∣on; why, at the same time the last year, they meditated your ruin, by In∣testine Broiles among your selves. It

seems to be only in your power, next under God, to prevent the Extirpa∣tion of this most Ancient Scien of the Purer Religion, in these remainders of the Primitive Believers; whose preservation, now reduc'd to the ve∣ry brink of utter ruin, if you neglect, beware that the next Turn be not your own. These Admonitions, while we give ye freely, and out of Brother∣ly love, we are not quite as yet cast down: For what lies only in our power so far distant, as we have hi∣therto, so shall we still employ our utmost Endeavours, not only to pro∣cure the safety of our Brethren upon the precipice of danger, but also to relieve their Wants. May the Al∣mighty God vouchsafe to both of us that peace and tranquility at home, that settlement of Times and Affairs, that we may be able to employ all our Wealth and Force, all our Studies and Counsels in the defence of his Church against the Rage and Fury of her Ene∣mies. From our Court at White-Hall, May—1658.

To his Eminency Cardinal Mazarin.

Most Eminent Lord,

THE late most Grievous Cru∣elties, and most Bloody Slaugh∣ters perpetrated upon the Inhabitants of the Valleys of Piemont, within the Duke of Savoy's Dominions, occa∣sion'd the writing of the inclos'd Let∣ters to his Majesty, and these other to your Eminency. And as we make no doubt but that such Tyranny, Inhu∣manities, so rigorously inflicted upon harmless and indigent People, are highly displeasing and offensive to the most Serene King; so we readily per∣suade our selves, that what we re∣quest from his Majesty in behalf of those unfortunate Creatures, your Eminency will employ your endea∣vour, and your favour to obtain, as an accumulation to our Intercessi∣ons. Seeing there is nothing which has acquir'd more good-will and affe∣ction to the French Nation, among

all the Neighbouring Professors of the Reformed Religion, then that Liber∣ty and those Privileges, which by pub∣lick Acts and Edicts are granted in that Kingdom to the Protestants. And this among others was one main Rea∣son, why this Republick so ardently desir'd the Friendship and Alliance of the French People. For the setling of which we are now treating with the King's Embassador, and have made those progresses, that the Treaty is almost brought to a conclusion. Be∣sides that, your Eminency's singular Benignity and Moderation, which in the management of the most Impor∣tant Affairs of the Kingdom, you have always testifi'd to the Protestants of France, encourages us to expect what we promise to our selves from your Prudence and Generosity; whereby you will not only lay the foundations of a stricter Alliance between this Re∣publick and the Kingdom of France, but oblige us in particular to Re∣turns of all good Offices of Civili∣ty

and Kindness: And of this we desire your Eminency to rest as∣sur'd.

Your Eminency's most Affectionate.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene and Potent King, our most August Friend and Confederate.

IT being the intention of Thomas Viscount Falconbridge, our Son-in-Law, to Travel into France, and no less his desire, out of his profound Respect and Veneration to your Ma∣jesty, to be admitted to Kiss your Royal hands; though by reason of his pleasing Conversation we are un∣willing to part with him, neverthe∣less not doubting but he will in a short time return from the Court of so great a Prince, celebrated for the resort of so many Prudent and Cou∣ragious Persons, more nobly pre∣par'd

for great Performances, and fully Accomplish'd in whatsoever may be thought most Laudable and Vertuous, we did not think it fit to put a stop to his generous Resoluti∣ons. And though he be a Person, who, unless we deceive our selves, carries his own Recommendations about him, wheresoe're he goes; yet if he shall find himself somewhat the more favour'd by your Majesty for our sake, we shall think our selves Honour'd and Oblig'd by the same Kindness. God Almighty long pre∣serve your Majesty in safety, and con∣tinue a lasting Peace between us, to the common Good of the Christian world. From our Court at White-May—1658.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Eminent Lord Car∣dinal Mazarin.

Most Eminent Lord,

HAving Recommended to the most Serene King, Thomas Vi∣scount Falconbridge our Son-in-Law, desirous to see France; we could not but acquaint your Eminency with it, and Recommend him in like manner to your self; not ignorant of what moment and importance it will be to our Recommendation first given him. For certainly, what benefit or advantage he shall reap by residing in your Countrey, which he hopes will not be small, he cannot but be behold∣ing for the greatest part of it to your Favour and Good will; whose sin∣gle Prudence and Vigilancy, Supports and Manages the grand Affairs of that Kingdom. Whatever therefore grateful Obligation your Eminency shall lay upon him, you may be assur'd you lay upon our selves, and

that we shall number it among your many Kindnesses and Civilities alrea∣dy shew'd us. Westm. May—1658.

Oliver Protector &c. To the most Eminent Lord Cardinal Mazarin.

Most Eminent Lord,

HAving sent the most Illustrious Thomas Bellasis, Viscount Fal∣conbridge, our Son-in-Law, to Con∣gratulate the King, upon his arrival in the Camp at Dunkirk, I gave him Order to attend and wish your Emi∣nency long Life and Health in our Name, and to return Thanks to your Eminency, by whose Fidelity, Pru∣dence and Vigilancy, it chiefly comes to pass, that the Affairs of France are carri'd on with such Success in several parts, but more especially in near-adjoining Flanders, against our common Enemy the Spaniard; from whom we hope that open and Armed Courage now will soon exact a rigo∣rous account of all his Frauds and

Treacheries. Which that it may be speedily done, we shall not be want∣ing, either with our Forces, as far as in us lies, or with our Prayers to Heaven. From our Court at White-Hall, May—1658.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene and Potent Prince, our most August Friend and Confederate,

SO soon as the News was brought us, That your Majesty was ar∣riv'd in your Camp, and was sate down with so considerable an Army before Dunkirk, that infamous nest of Pyrates, and Place of Refuge for Sea-Robbers, we were greatly over∣joy'd, in certain assurance, that in a short time now, with God's Assistance, the Seas will be more open and less infested by those Plundering Rovers; and that your Majesty, by your Military Prowess, will now

take speedy Vengeance of the Spanish Frauds; by whom one Captain was by God corrupted to the Betraying of Hesden; another Treacherously Surpriz'd at Ostend. We therefore send the most Noble, Thomas Vi∣scount Falconbridge, our Son-in-Law, to Congratulate your Majesty's arri∣val in your Camp so near us, and that your Majesty may understand from his own lips, with what Affection we labour the Prosperity of your At∣chievemants, not onely with our united Forces, but with our cordial Prayers, that God would long pre∣serve your Majesty, and perpetuate our establish'd Friendship, to the common Good of the Christian world. From our Court at Westm. May—1658.

To the most Serene Prince, Ferdinand Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Most Serene Great Duke,

IN regard your Highness in all your Let∣ters, has ever signifi'd your Extraordi∣nary Affection toward us, we are not a lit∣tle griev'd, that either it should be so ob∣scurely imparted to your Governors and Ministers, or by them so ill interpreted, that we can reap no benefit or sign of it, in your Port of Leghorn, where your Friendship toward us ought to be most clearly and tru∣ly understood: Rather, That we should find the Minds of your Subjects daily more averse and hostile in their demeanor toward us. For how unkindly our Fleet was lately treated at Leghorn, how little accommoda∣ted with necessary Supplies, in what a Ho∣stile manner twice constrain'd to depart the Harbour, we are sufficiently given to under∣stand as well from undoubted Witnesses up∣on the Place, as from our Admiral himself, to whose Relation we cannot but give Cre∣dit, when we have thought him worthy to Command our Fleet. Upon his first arri∣val in January, after he had caus'd our Let∣ters to be deliver'd to your Highness, and all Offices of Civility had pass'd between

our People and yours; when he desir'd the Accommodation of Porto Ferraro; answer was made, it could not be granted, least the King of Spain, that is to say, our Ene∣my should be Offended. And yet what is there which a Prince in Friendship more frequently allows to his Confederate, then free entrance into his Ports and Harbours? Or what is there that we can expect from a Friendship of this nature, more ready to do us unkindness then befriend us, or aid us with the smallest Assistance, for fear of provoking the displeasure of our Enemies. At first indeed, Prattick was allow'd, tho onely to Two or Three of our Seamen out of every Ship, who had the Favour to go ashoar. But soon after, it being nois'd in the Town, That our Ships had taken a Dutch Vessel Laden with Corn for Spain, that little Prattick we had was Prohibited; Longland, the English Consul, was not per∣mitted to go aboard the Fleet; The liberty of taking in Fresh water, which is ever free to all that are not open Enemies, was not suffer'd, but under Armed Guards, at a severe rate; and our Merchants which reside in the Town, to the vast emolument of your People, were forbid to Visit their Countreymen, or Assist 'em in the least. Upon his last arrival, toward the latter

end of March, no body was suffer'd to come Ashoar. The fifth day after, when our Admiral had taken a small Neapolitan Vessel which fell into our hands by chance, above Two hunder'd great shot were made at our Fleet from the Town, though without any damage to us. Which was an argument, that what provok'd your Governors with∣out a cause, as if the Rights of your Har∣bour had bin violated, was done out at Sea, at a great distance from your Town or the Jurisdiction of the Castle. Presently our Long-boats sent to take in Fresh water, were assail'd in the Port, and one taken and detain'd; which being redemanded, an∣swer was made, That neither the Skiff nor the Seamen should be restor'd, unless the Neapolitan Vessel were dismis'd; tho certain it is, that she was taken in the open Sea, where it was lawful to Seize her. So that ours, after many Inconveniences suffer'd, were forc'd at length to set Sail, and leave behind 'em the Provision, for which they had paid ready Money. These things, if they were not done by your Highness's Con∣sent and Command, as we hope they were not, we desire you would make it appear by the Punishment of the Gover∣nor, who so easily presum'd to violate his Master's Alliances; but if they were done

with your Highness Approbation and Or∣der, we would have your Highness under∣stand, that as we always had a singular va∣lue for your Friendship, so we have learnt to distinguish between Injuries and Acts of Kindness. From our Court at White-Hall, May—1658.

Your good Friend, so far as we may, Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Lewis King of France.

Most Serene and Potent Prince, our most August Confe∣derate and Friend,

BY so speedily repaying our profound Respect to your Majesty, with an Ac∣cumulation of Honour, by such an Illustri∣ous Embassy to our Court; you have not onely made known to us, but to all the People of England, your singular Benignity and Generosity of Mind, but also how much you favour our Reputation and Dig∣nity. For which we return our most cor∣dial Thanks to your Majesty, as justly you have merited from us. As for the Victory which God has given, most fortunate, to

our United Forces against our Enemies, we rejoyce with your Majesty for it; and that our People in that Battel were not wanting to your Assistance, nor the Military Glory of their Ancestors, nor their own Pristin Fortitude, is most grateful to us. As for Dunkirk, which as your Majesty Wrote, you were in hopes was near Surrender: 'tis a great addition to our joy to hear from your Majesty such speedy Tidings, that it is abso∣lutely now in your Victorious hands; and we hope moreover, that the loss of one City will not suffice to repay the twofold Treachery of the Spaniard, but that your Majesty will in a short time Write us the welcome News of the Surrender also of the other Town. As to your Promise, That you will take care of our Interests, we mistrust it not in the least, upon the Word of a most Excellent King and our most as∣sured Friend, confirm'd withal by your Embassador, the most accomplish'd Duke of Crequi. Lastly, we beseech Almighty God to prosper your Majesty and the Affairs of France, both in Peace and War. West∣minster, June—1658.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Eminent Lord, Cardi∣nal Mazarin.

Most Eminent Lord,

WHile we are returning Thanks to the most Serene King, who to Honour and Congratulate us, as also to intermix his Joy with ours for the late glorious Vi∣ctory, has sent a splendid Embassy to our Court; we should be ungrateful, should we not also by our Letters pay our due ac∣knowledgments to your Eminency; who to testifie your Good-will toward us, and how much you make it your study to do us all the Honour which lyes within your power, have sent your Nephew to us, a most Ex∣cellent and most Accomplish'd young Gen∣tleman; and if you had any nearer Rela∣tion, or any Person whom you valu'd more, would have sent him more especially to us, as you declare in your Letters; adding wlthal the Reason, which coming from so great a Personage, we deem no small ad∣vantage to our Praise and Ornament; that is to say, to the end that they who are most nearly Related to your Eminency in Blood, might learn to imitate your Emi∣nency in shewing Respect and Honour to

our Person. And we would have it not to be their meanest strife to follow your Exam∣ple of Civility, Candour, and Friendship to us; since there are not more conspicuous Examples of extraordinary Prudence and Vertue to be imitated then in your Emi∣nency; from whence they may learn with equal Renown to Govern Kingdoms, and manage the most important Affairs of the World. Which that your Eminency may long and happily Administer, to the Pro∣sperity of the whole Realm of France, to the common Good of the whole Christian Republick, and your own Glory, we shall never be wanting in our Prayers to implore.

From our Court at White-Hall, June—1658.

Your Excellency's most Affectionate.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene and Potent Prince, Charles Gustavus, King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, &c.

Most Serene and Potent Prince, our dearest Confiderate and Friend,

AS often as we behold the busy Coun∣sels, and various Artifices of the common Enemies of Religion, so often do we revolve in our Minds, how necessa∣ry it would be, and how much for the safe∣ly of the Christian world, that the Prote∣stant

Princes, and most especially your Ma∣jesty, should be united with our Republick in a most first and solemn Confederacy. Which how ardently and zealously it has bin sought by our selves, how acceptable it would have bin to us, if ours, and the Af∣fairs of Swedeland, had bin in that posture and condition, if the said League could have bin sacredly concluded to the good liking of both, and that the one could have bin a seasonable Succour to the other, we declar'd to your Embassadors, when first they enter'd into Treaty with us upon this Subject. Nor were they want∣ing in their duty; but the same Prudence which they were wont to shew in other things, the same Wisdom and Sedulity they made known in this Affair. But such was the Perfidiousness of our wicked and rest∣less Countrey-men at home, who being often receiv'd into our Protection, ceas'd not however to machinate new disturbances, and to resume their formerly often frustra∣ted and dissipated Conspiracies with our Enemies the Spaniards, that being altoge∣ther taken up with the preservation of our selves from surrounding dangets, we could not bend our whole care and our entire Forces, as we wish'd we could have done, to defend the common Cause of Religion. Nevertheless what lay in our power, we

have already zealously perform'd; and whatever for the future may conduce to your Majesty's Interests, we shall not onely shew our selves willing, but industrious to carry on, in union with your Majesty, up∣on all occasions. In the mean time, we most gladly Congratulate your Majesty's Victories most Prudently and Couragiously atchiev'd, and in our daily Prayers implore Almighty God long to continue to your Majesty a steady course of Conquest and Felicity, to the Glory of his Name. From our Court at White-Hall, June—1658.

Oliver Protector of the Commonwealth of Eng∣land, &c. To the most Serene Prince the King of Portugal.

Most Serene King, our Friend and Confederate,

JOhn Buffield, of London Merchant, has set forth in a Petition to us, That in the year 1649. he deliver'd certain Goods to Anthony, John, and Manuel Ferdinando Casta∣neo, Merchants in Tamira, to the end that after they had sold 'em, they might give him a just account, according to the Custome of Merchants; after which, in his Voyage for England, he fell into the hands of Pyrates, and being Plunder'd by 'em, receiv'd no small Damage. Upon this News, Antony and Manuel, believing he had bin Kill'd,

presently look'd upon the Goods as their own, and still detain 'em in their hands refusing to come to any Account; co∣vering this Fraud of theirs with a Sequestra∣tion of Englisb Goods that soon after ensu'd. So that he was forc'd the last year, in the middle of Winter, to return to Portugal and demand his Goods, but all in vain. For that the said John and Anthony could by no fair means be perswaded, either to deliver the said Goods, or to come to any Account; and which is more to be admir'd, justifi'd their private detention of the Goods, by the Publick Attainder. Finding therefore that being a stranger, he should get no∣thing by contending with the Inhabitants of Tamira in their own Countrey, he betook himself for Justice to your Majesty; hum∣bly demanded the judgment of the Conser∣vator, appointed to determine the Causes of the English; but was sent back to the Cognizance of that Court, from which he had appeal'd. Which though in it self not unjust, yet seeing it is evident that the Mer∣chants of Tamira make an ill use of your Publick Edict to justify their own private Couzenage, we make it our earnest request to your Majesty, that according to your wonted Clemency you would rather re∣fer to the Conservator, being the proper Judge in these Cases, the Cause of this

poor Man, Afflicted by many Casualties, and reduc'd to utmost Poverty; to the end he may recover the Remainder of his For∣tunes from the Faithless Partnership of those People. Which, when you rightly understand the business, we make no questi∣on but will be no less pleasing to your Ma∣jesty, to see done, then to our selves. From our Court at Westminster, August, 1658.

To the most Serene Prince Leopold, Arch-Duke, of Austria, Governour of the Low-Countries under Philip K. of Spain.

Most Serene Lord,

CHarles Harbord, Knight, has set forth in his Petition to Us, that having sent certain Goods and Houshold-Stuff out of Holland to Bruges under your Jurisdicti∣on, he is in great danger of having them arrested out of his hands by Force and Vi∣olence. For that those Goods, were sent him out of England in the Year 1643. by the Earl of Suffolk, for whom he stood bound in a Great Sum of Money, to the end he might have wherewithal to satisfy himself, should he be compell'd to pay the Debt. Which Goods are now in the Pos∣session of Richard Greenville, Knight, who broke open the doors of the place where they were in Custody, and made a Violent

seizure of the same, under pretence of we know not what due to him from Theophilus Earl of Suffolk, by Vertue of a certain Decree of our Court of Chancery, to which those Goods, as being the Earls, were justly liable; whereas by our Laws, neither the Earl now living, whose Goods they are, is bound by that Decree, neither ought the Goods to be seiz'd or detain'd; which the Sentence of that Court, now sent to your Serenity, together with these Letters, positively declares and proves. Which Letters the said Charles Harbord has desir'd of us, to the end we would make it our Request to your Highness, that the said Goods may be forthwith discharg'd from the violent seizure, and no less un∣just action of the said Richard Greenville, in regard it is apparently against the Custom and Law of Nations, that any Person should be allow'd the liberties to sue in a Foreign Jurisdiction upon a plaint where∣in he can have no relief in the Country where the Cause of Action first arose. Therefore the Reason of Justice it self, and your far Celebrated Enquanimity encou∣rag'd us to recommend this Cause to your Highness. Assuring your Highness, that whenever any dispute shall happen in our Courts concerning the Rights and Proper∣ties of your People, you shall ever find us

ready and quick in our Returns of Fa∣vour. Westminster—

Your Highnesse's most Affectionate Oliver Pro∣tector of the Commonwealth of England, &c.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Horses which threw him out of the Coach-box.