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LAtin Grammar is the Art of right understanding, speak∣ing, or writing Latine, ob∣servd from them who have spoken or written it best.
Grammar hath two Parts: Right-wording, usually call'd Etymologie, and right-joyning of words, or Syn∣taxis.
Etymologie, or Right-wording, teach∣eth what belongs to every single word or part of Speech.
DEclin'd are those Words which have divers endings; as Homo a man, hominis of a man; Amo I love, amas thou lovest. Undeclin'd are those words which have but one ending, as bene well, cum when, tum then.
Nounes, Pronounes, and Participles, are de∣clin'd with Gender, Number, and Case; Verbs, as hereafter in the Verb.
GEnders are three, the Masculin, Feminin, and Neuter. The Masculin may be declin'd with this Article Hic, as hic Vir a Man; The Fe∣minin with this Article Haec, as haec Mulier a Wo∣man; The Neuter with this Article Hoc, as hoc S•…•…um a Stone.
Of the Masculin are generally all Nounes be∣longing to the Male kind, as also the Names of Rivers, Months, and Winds.
Of the Feminin, all Nounes belonging to the Female kind, as also the names of Countries, Cities, Trees, some few of the two latter ex∣cepted: Of Cities, as Agragas and Sulmo, Mascu∣lin; Argos, Tibur, Praen•…•…ste, and such as end in um,
Neuter; Anxur both. Of Trees, Oleaster and Spinus, Masculin; but Oleaster is read also Feminin, Cic. Verr. 4. Acer, siler, suber, thus, robur, Neuter.
And of the Neuter are all Nouns, not being proper Names, ending in um, and many others.
Some Nouns are of two Genders, as hic or haec dies a Day; and all such as may be spoken both of Male and Female, as hic or haec Parens a Father or Mother; some be of three, as hic haec and hoc Pelix Happy.
WOrds Declin'd have two Numbers, the Singular, and the Plural. The Singular speaketh but of one, as Lapis a Stone. The Plural of more then one, as Lapides Stones; yet some∣times but of one, as Athenae the City Athens, Lite∣rae an Epistle, aedes aedium a House.
Note that some Nounes have no Singular, and some no Plural, as the nature of thir significati∣on requires. Some are of one Gender in the Sin∣gular; of another, or of two Genders in the Plural, as reading will best teach.
NOunes, Pronounes, and Participles are de∣clin'd with six Endings, which are called Cases, both in the Singular and Plural Number. The Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.
The Nominative is the first Case, and properly nameth the thing, as Liber a Book.
The Genitive is Englisht with this Sign of, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Libri of a Book.
The Dative with this Sign to, or for, as Libro to or for a Book.
The Accusative hath no sign.
The Vocative calleth or speaketh to, as O Liber O Book, and is commonly like the Nomina∣tive.
But in the Neuter Gender the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative, are like in both Num∣bers, and in the Plural end alwayes in a.
The Ablative is Englisht with these Signs, in, with, of, for, from, by, and such like, as d•…•… Libro of or from the Book, pro Libro for the Book And the Ablative Plural is alwayes like the Dative.
Note, that some Nouns have but one ending throughout all Cases, as Frugi, nequam, nihil; and all words of number from three to a hundred, a•…•… quatuor four, quinque five, &c.
Some have but one, some two, some three Cases only, in the Singular or Plural, as use will best teach.
A Noune is the Name of a thing, as Manus a Hand, Do•…•… a House, Bonus Good, Pul∣ch•…•…r Fair.
Nounes be Substantives or Adjectives.
A Noun Substantive is understood by it self, as homo a man, domus a house.
An Adjective, to be well understood, re∣quireth a Substantive to be joyn'd with it, as bo∣nus good, parvus little, which cannot be well un∣derstood unless somthing good or little be either nam'd, as bonus vir a good man, parvus puer a lit∣tle boy; or by use understood, as honestum an honest thing, boni good men.
NOunes Substantive have five Declensions or forms of ending thir Cases, chiefly distin∣guisht by the different ending of thir Genitive Singular.
THe first is when the Genitive and Dative singular end in ae, &c. as in the Example following.
| Singular. | Plural. |
| Nom. Voc. Abl. musa | Nom. Voc. musae |
| Gen. Dat. musae | Gen. musar um |
| Acc. musam | Dat. Abl. mus•…•…s. |
| Acc. Musas |
This one word familia joyn'd with pater, ma∣ter, filius, or filia, endeth the Genitive in as, a•…•… pater familias, but somtimes familiae: Dea, mu•…•…, equa, liberta, make the Dative and Ab•…•…ative plu∣ral in abus; filia and nata in is or abus.
The first Declension endeth alwayes in a, un∣less in some words deriv'd of the Greek: and is always of the Feminin Gender, except in names attributed to men, according to the ge∣neral Rule, or to Stars, as Cometo, Planeta.
Nounes, and especially proper Names deri∣ved of the Greek, have here three endings, as, es, e, and are declin'd in some of thir Cases after the Greek form. Aeneas, acc. Aenean, voc Aene•…•…. Anchises, acc. Anchisen, voc Anchise or Anchisa, •…•…bl. Anchise. Penelope, Penelopes, Penelope, Penelopen, voc. abl. Penelope. Somtimes following the La∣tin, as Marsya, Philocteta, for as and es; Philocte∣tam, Eriphylam, for an and en. Cic.
THe second is when the Genitive Singular endeth in i, the Dative in o, &c.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Voc. Liber | Nom. Voc. Libri |
| Gen. libri | Gen. librorum |
| Dat. Abl. libr•…•… | Dat. Abl. libr•…•… |
| Acc. librum | Acc. libros. |
Note that when the Nominative endeth in us, the Vocative shall end in e, as Dominus ô Domine, except Deus ô Deus. And those following, Ag∣•…•…us, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, f•…•…vius, e or us.
When the Nominative endeth in ius, if it be the proper name of a man, the Vocative shall end in i, as Georgius ô Georgi; hereto add filius ô fili, and genius ô geni.
All Nounes of the Second Declension are of the Masculin or Neuter Gender; of the Mascu∣lin, such as end in ir, or, or us, except some few, humus, domus, alvus, and others deriv'd of the Greek, as methodus, antidotus, and the like, which are of the Feminin, and some of them som∣times also Masculin, as atomus, phaselus; to which add f•…•…us the name of a disease, grossus, pampi∣nus, and rubus.
Those of the Neuter, except virus, pelagus, and vulgus (which last is sometimes Masculin) end all in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and are declin'd as followeth:
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Ac. Voc. Studium | Nom. Ac. Voc. Studia |
| Gen. studii | Gen. studiorum |
| Dat. Abl. studio | Dat. Abl. studiis. |
Some Nouns in this Declension are of the first Example Singular, of the second Plural, as
Pergamus the City Troy, Plur. Haec Pergama; and some names of hills, as Maenalus, Ismarus, haec Isma ra; So also Tartarus, and the Lake Avernus; others are of both, as sibilus, jocus, locus, hi lo•…•…i, or haec loca. Some are of the Second Example Sin∣gular, of the first Plural, as Argos, Caelum, Plur. hi Caeli; others of both, as Rastrum, Capistrum, Filum, Fraenum; Plur. fraeni or fraena. Nundinum, & Epulum, are of the first Declension Plural, Nun∣dinae, Epulae; Balneum of both, balneae or balnea.
Greek proper names have here three endings, os, on, and us long from a Greek Diphthong. Haec Delos, hanc Delon. Hoc Ilion. The rest regu∣lar, Hic panthus, ô panthu, Virg.
THe third is when the Genitive singular end∣eth in is, the Dative in i, the Accusative in om and somtimes in im, the Ablative in e, and somtimes in i, the Nom. Acc. Voc. Plural in es, the Genitive in um and somtimes in ium, &c.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Gen. Voc. Panis | Nom. Ac. Vo. panes |
| Dat. pani | Gen panum |
| Acc. panem | Dat. Abl. panibus. |
| Abl. pane |
| Sing | Plur. |
| Nom. Voc. Parens | No. Ac. Voc. parentes |
| Gen. parentis | Gen. parentum |
| Dat. parenti | Dat. Abl. parentibus. |
| Acc. parentem | |
| Abl. parente |
This third Declension, with many endings, hath all Genders, best known by dividing all Nounes hereto belonging into such as either increase one syllable long or short in the Geni∣•…•…ive, or increase not at all.
Such as increase not in the Genitive are ge∣nerally Feminin, as Nubes nubis, Caro carnis.
Except such as end in er, as hic venter ventris, and these in is following, natalis, aqualis, lienis, •…•…rbis, callis, caulis, collis, follis, mensis, ensis, fustis, funis, panis, penis, crinis, ignis, cassis, fascis, to•…•…is, •…•…iscis, unguis, vermis, vectis, postis, a•…•…is, and the Compounds of assis, as centussis.
But Canalis, finis, clunis, restis, sentis, amnis, cor∣•…•…is, linter, torquis, anguis, hic or haec; To these add •…•…epres.
Such as end in e are Neuters, as mare, rete, and two Greek in es, as hippomanes, cacoëthes.
Nounes encreasing one syllable long in the Genitive are generally Feminin, as haec pietas pietatis, virtus virtutis.
Except such as end in ans Masculin, as do∣drans, quadrans, sextans; in ens, as oriens, torrens, bidens a pick-axe.
In or, most commonly deriv'd of Verbs, as •…•…or, clamor; In o, not thence deriv'd, as ternio, senio, ser•…•…o, temo, and the like.
And these of one syllable, sal, sol, ren, splen, as, bes, pes, mos, flos, ros, dens, mons, pons, sons, grex.
And words deriv'd from the Greek in e•…•…, as lichen; in er, as crater; in as, as adamas; in es, as lebes; to these, hydrops, thorax, phaenix.
But scrobs, rudens, stirps the body or root of a tree, and calx a heel, hic or haec.
Neuter, these of one syllable, mel, sel, lac, sar, ver, cor, aes, vas vasis, os ossis, os oris, rus, thus, jus, crus, pus. And of more syllables in al and ar, as capital, laquear, but halec hoc or haec.
Nounes encreasing short in the Genitive are generally Masculin, as hic sanguis sanguinis, lapis lapidis.
Except, Feminin all words of many syllables ending in do or go, as dulcedo, compago, arbor, hyems, cuspis, pecus, pecudis: These in ex, forfex, carex, tomex, supellex: In ix, appendix, hi∣strix, co•…•…endix, filix. Greek Nounes in as and is, as lampas, iaspis: To these add chlamys, bacehar, syndon, icon.
But margo, cinis, pulvis, adeps, forceps, pumex, vamex, imbrex, obex, silex, cortex, onix and sardo∣nix, hic or haec.
Neuters are all ending in a as problema, in en, except hic pecten, in ar as jubar, in er these, ver∣ber, iter, uber, cadaver, zinziber, laser, cicer, siser, piper, papaver; somtimes in ur, except hic furfur, in us as onus, in ut as caput; to these, marmor, aequor, ador.
Greek proper names here end in as, an, is and eus, and may be declin'd some wholly after the Greek form, as Pollas pallados palladi pallada; others in some Cases, as Atlas, acc. Atlanta, voc. Atla. Goramas, plur. garamantes, acc. garàmantas. Pan panos pana Phyllis phyllidos, voc phylli, plur. Phyl∣l•…•…des, acc. phyllidas. Tethys, tethyos, acc. tethyn, voc. tethy. Neapolis, neapolios, acc. neapolin. Pa∣ris, paridos or parios, acc. parida or parin. Orphe∣us orpheos orphei orphea orpheu. But Names in eus borrow somtimes thir Genitive of the Se∣cond
Declension, as Erechtheus, erech•…•…hei. Cic. Achilles or Achilleus, Achillei; and somtimes their Accusative in on or um, as Orpheus Orpheon, The∣seus Theseum, Perseus Perseum, which somtimes is formd after Greek words of the First Declension Latin, Perseus or Perses, Persae Persae Persen Persae Persa.
THe fourth is when the Genitive Singular endeth in us, the Dative Singular in ui, and somtimes in u, Plural in ibus and sometimes in ubus.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Gen. Vo. Sensus | Nom. Ac Voc. Sensus |
| Dat. sensui | Gen. sensuum |
| Acc. sensum | Dat. Abl sensibus. |
| Abl. sensu |
The fourth Declension hath two endings, us and u; us generally Masculin, except some few, as haec manus, ficus the fruit of a tree, acus, por∣ticus, tribus: but penus and specus hic or haec. U of the Neuter, as gelu, genu, veru; but in the Singular most part defective.
Proper Names in os and o long pertaining to the Fourth Declension Greek, may belong best to the fourth in Latin, as Androgeos, Gen. Androgeo, Acc. Androgeon. Hic Athos, hunc Atho, Virg. Haec Sappho, Gen. Sapphus, Acc. Sappho. Better Au∣thors follow the Latin form. as Dido didonis di∣donem. But Iesus Iesu Iesu Iesum Iesu Iesu.
THe fifth is when the Genitive and Dative Singular end in ei, &c.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Voc. Res | Nom. Acc. Voc. res |
| Gen. Dat. rei | Gen. rerum |
| Acc. rem | Dat. Abl. rebus. |
| Abl. re |
All Nounes of the fifth Declension are of the Feminin Gender, except dies hic or haec, and his Compound meridies hic only.
Some Nounes are of more Declensions then one, as vas vasis of the third in the Singular, of the second in the Plural vasa vasorum. Colus, lau∣rus, and some others, of the second and fourth. Saturnalia saturnalium or saturnaliorum saturnalibus, and such other names of feasts, Poēmata poēma∣tum, Poëmatis or poëmatibus, of the second and third Plural. Plebs of the third and fifth, plebis or plebei.
A Noun Adjective is declin'd with three Terminations, or with three Articles.
An Adjective of three terminations is declin'd like the first and second Declension of Substan∣tives joyn'd together after this manner.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. bonus bona bonum | Nom. Vo. boni bonae bona |
| Gen. boni bonae boni | Gen. bonorum bona∣rum bonorum |
| Dat. bono bonae bono | Dat. Abl. bonis |
| Ac. bonum bonam bonum | Ac. bonos bonas bona. |
| Voc. bone bona bonum | |
| Abl. bono bona bono |
In like manner those in er and ur, as sacer sa∣cra sacrum, satur satura saturum: but unus, totus, so∣lus, alius, alter, ullus, uter, •…•…ith their compounds
Neuter, uterque, and the like, make thir Genitive Singular in ins, the Dative in i, as Unus una unum, Gen. unius, Dat. uni, in all the rest like bo∣nus, save that olius maketh in the Neuter Gen∣der aliud, and in the Dative alii, and somtimes in the Genitive.
Ambo and duo be thus declin'd in the plural only. Nom. Voc. Ambo ambae ambo.
Gen. amborum ambarum amborum.
Dat. Abl. Ambobus ambabus ambobus.
Acc. ambos or ambo, ambas ambo.
Adjectives of three Articles have in the No∣minative either one ending, as hic, haec, & hoc felix; or two, as hic & haec tristis, & hoc triste; and are declin'd like the Third Declension of Substantives, as followeth.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. hic haec & hoc Felix | Nom. hi & hae felices; & haec felicia |
| Gen. felicis | Gen. felicium |
| Dat. felici | Dat. Abl. felicibus |
| Acc. hunc & hanc fe∣licem, & hoc felix | Acc. hos & has felices, & haec felicia |
| Voc. ô felix | Voc. ô felices, & ô fe∣licia. |
| Abl. felice or felici |
| Sing. | Plur. |
| No. hic & haec tristis, & hoc triste | Nom. hi & hae tristes; & haec tristio |
| Gen. tristis | Gen. tristium |
| Dat. Abl. tristi | Dat. Abl. tristibus |
| Acc. hunc & hanc tri∣st•…•…, & hoc triste | Acc. hos & has tristes, & haec tristia |
| Voc. ô tristis, & ô triste | Voc. ô tristes, & ô tristia. |
There be also another sort which have in the Nominative Case three Terminations and three Articles, as hic acer, hic & haec acris, hoc acre. In like manner be declined equester, volucer, and some few others, being in all other cases like the Examples beforegoing.
ADjectives, whose signification may in∣crease or be diminish't, may form Com∣parison, whereof there be two degrees above the positive word it self, The Compara∣tive, and Superlative.
The Positive signifieth the thing it self without comparing, as durus hard.
The Comparative exceedeth his Positive in signification, compar'd with some other, as durior harder; and is formd of the first Case of his Po∣sitive that endeth in i, by putting thereto or and us, as of duri, hic & haec durior, & hoc durius; of dulci, dulcior dulcius.
The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree, as durissimus hardest; and it is formd of the first case of his Positive that endeth in is, by putting thereto simus, as of duris duris∣simus, dulcis dulcissimus.
If the Positive end in er, the Superlative is formd of the Nominative case by putting to ri∣mus, as pulcher pulcherrimus. Like to these are vetus veterrimus, maturus maturimus; but dexter dextimus, and sinister sinisterior sinistimus.
All these Nouns ending in lis make the Su∣perlative by changing is into limus, as humilis, sunilis, facilis, gracilis, agilis, docilis docillimus.
All other Nounes ending in lis do follow
the general Rule, as utilis utilissimus.
Of these Positives following are formd a dif∣ferent sort of Superlatives; of superus, supremus and summus; inferus, infimus and imus; exterus, extimus and extremus; posterus postremus.
Some of these want the Positive, and are form'd from Adverbs; of intra, interior intimus, ultra ulterior ultimus, citra citerior citimus, priden•…•… prior primus, prope propior proximus.
Others from Positives without Case, as nequam nequior nequissimus.
Some also from no Positive, as ocior ocissimus. Some want the Comparative, as novus novis∣simus, sacer sacerrimus.
Some the Superlative, as senex senior, juve∣nis junior, adol•…•…scens adolescentior.
Some ending in us, frame thir Comparative as if they ended in e•…•…s, benevolus, maledicus, magnificus magnificentior magnificentissimus.
These following are without Rule, Bonus melior optimus, Malus pejor pessimus, Magnus ma∣jor maxi•…•…, Porvus minor minimus; Multus pluri∣mus, multa plurima, multum plus plurimum.
If a Vowel come before us, it is compared with magis and maximè, as pius, magis pius, maxi∣mè pius; idoneus, magis and maximè idoneus. Yet some of these follow the general Rule, as As∣siduus assiduissimus, strenuus strenuior, exiguus exi∣guissimus, tenuis tenuior tenuissimus.
A Pronoun is a part of Speech that standeth for a Noun Substantive, either at present or before spoken of, as ille he or that, hic this, qui who.
There be Ten Pronounes, Ego, tu, su•…•…, ille, pse, iste, hic, is, qui and quis, besides their Co•…•…∣pounds, egomet, t•…•…e, hic•…•…e, idem, quisnam, aliq•…•…, and such others. The rest so call'd, a•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉, •…•…uus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, cuj•…•… and cujas, are not Pronouns, but Adjectives •…•…hence deriv'd.
Of Pronounes such as shew the thing present are called Demonstrotives, as ego, tu, hic; and such as refer to a thing antecedent or spoken of be∣fore are called Relatives, as qui who or which.
Quis, and often qui, because they ask a que∣stion, are called Interrogatives, with their Com∣pounds ecquis, numquis.
Ego, tu, sui, be of the First Declension, and be thus declin'd.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Ego | Nom. Acc. Nos |
| Gen. mei | Gen. nostrum or no∣stri |
| Dat. mihi | Dat Abl. nobis |
| Acc. Abl. me | |
| Voc. Caret | Voc. Caret. |
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. Voc. Tu | Nom. Acc. Voc vos |
| Gen. tui | Gen. vestrum or ve∣stri |
| Dat. tibi | Dat. Abl. vobis. |
| Acc. Abl. te |
| Sing. | Nom. Voc Caret | Dat. sibi |
| Plur. | Gen. sui | Acc. Abl. se. |
From these three be deriv'd meus, tuus, suus, noster, vestor, nostras, vestras, (which are called
Possessives) whereof the former five be declin'd like Adjectives of three Terminations, except that meus in the Vocative Case maketh mi, m•…•…, meum; Nostras, Vestras, with three Articles, as hic & haec nostras & hoc nostrate, vestrate. In other Case•…•… according to Rule.
These three, ille, iste, ipse, be of the Second Declension, making thir Genitive singular in ius, their Dative in i; and the former two be declin'd like the Adjective alius, and the Third like unus before spoken of.
Sing.
These four, hic, is, q•…•… and quis, be of the third Declension, making thir Genitive singular in jus, with j consonant, and be declin'd after this manner.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. hic haec hoc | Nom. hi hae haec |
| Gen. hujus | Gen. horum harum horum |
| Dat. huic | Dat. Abl. his |
| Acc. hunc hanc hoc | Acc. hos has haec |
| Voc. Caret | Voc. Caret |
| Abl. hoc hac hoc |
Of iste and hic is compounded istic istaec, istoc or istuc. Acc. istunc istanc, istoc or istuc. Abl. istoc istac istoc. Plur. istaec only.
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. is ea id | Nom. ii eae ea |
| Gen. ejus | Gen. eorum earū eorum |
| Dat. ei | Dat. Abl. iis or eis |
| Acc. eum eām id | Acc. eos eas ea |
| Voc. Caret | Voc. Caret |
| Abl. eo ea eo |
| Sing. | Plur. |
| Nom. qui quae quod | Nom. qui quae quae |
| Gen. cujus | Gen. quorum quarum quorum (queis |
| Dat. cui | Dat. Abl. quibus or |
| Acc. quem quam quod | Acc. quos quas quae |
| Voc. Caret | Voc. Caret |
| Abl. quo qua, quo or qui |
In like manner quivi•…•…, quilibet, and quicunque the Compounds.
Sing. Nom. Quis, qua or quae, quid. Gen: &c. like qui. So quisquam, quisnam, Compounds.
Of Quis are made these Pronoun Adje∣ctives, Cujus cuja cujum, whose: and hic & haec cujas and hoc cujato, of what Nation.
Quisquis is defective, and thus declin'd.
No.
| Ac.
| Ab.
|
A Verb is a part of Speech, that betokeneth being, as Sum I am, or doing, as Laudo I praise: and is declin'd with Mood, Tense, Num∣ber and Person.
THere be four Moods, which express the man∣ner of doing: the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential or Subjunctive, and the Infini∣tive.
The Indicative Mood sheweth or declareth, as Laude I praise.
The Imperative biddeth or exherteth, as Lauda praise thou.
The Potential or Subjunctive is Englisht with
these Signs, may, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, might, would, could, should; Or without 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Indicative, if a Con∣junction go 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…llow. As Laudem. I may or •…•…an prais•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 when I praised. Ca∣•…•…, si prae•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bewar'd if I ha•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉
The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is englisht with this sign To, a•…•… Laudare to praise.
THe•…•… be three Tenses which express th•…•… time of doing: The Present, the Preterit o•…•… past, and the Future.
The Present Tense speaketh of the time tha•…•… now is, as Laudo I praise.
The Preterit speaketh of the time past, and i•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by three degrees: the Preterimper∣fect, the Preterperfect, and the Preterpluperfect•…•…
The Preterperfect speaketh of the time n•…•… perfectly past, as Laudabam I praised or did praise.
The Preterperfect speaketh of the time per∣fectly past, as Laudavi I have praised.
The Preterpluperfect speaketh of the time mor•…•… then perfectly past, as Laudaveram I had praised.
The Future Tense speaketh of the time to come as Laudabo I shall or will praise.
THrough all Moods, except the Infinitive, there be three Persons in both Numbers, as Sing. Laudo I praise, laudas thou praisest, lauda•…•… he praiseth; Plur. Laudamus we praise, laudati•…•… ye praise, laudant they praise. Except some Verb•…•… which are declin'd or form'd in the Third Per∣son only, and have before them this sign, It; a•…•… Taedet it irketh, oportet it behoveth, and are call∣ed Impersonals.
The Verb which betokeneth being, is proper∣ly this Verb Sum only, which is therefore call'd a Verb Substantive, and formd after this man∣ner.
Pres. sing. I am. Sum, es, est, Plur. sumus, estis, sunt.
Pret. imp. I was. Eram, eras, erat, Pl. eramus, eratis, erant.
Pret. perfect I have been. Fui. fuisti, fuit, Plur. suimus, fuistis, fuerunt or fuere.
Pret. plup. I had been. Fueram, fueras, fuerat, Pl. fueramus, fueratis, fuerant.
Fu∣ture. I shall or will be. Ero, eris, erit, Pl. erimus, eritis, erunt.
Be thou.
| Sing. | Plur. |
|
|
Pres. sing. I may O•…•… can be. Sim, sis, sit, Pl. simus, sitis, sint.
Preter impers I might or could be. Essem or forem, es, et, Pl. essemus, esse tis, essent or sorent.
Preter∣perfect I might or could have been. Fuerim, ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint.
Preterplup. with a con∣junction. Si If I had been. Fuissem, es, et, Pl. emus, etis, ent.
Future Si If I shall be or shall have been. Fuero, ris, rit, Pl. rimus, ritis, rint.
Pres. and preter∣imperf Esse, to be.
Preter∣perfect, & pret. pluper. Fuisse, to have or had been.
Future Fore, to be hereafter.
In like manner are form'd the Compounds: Absum, adsum, desum, obsum, praesum, prosum, pos∣sum; but possum somthing varies after this man∣ner.
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Possum, potes, potest, Plur. possumus, potestis, possunt. The other are regular, pot•…•…ram, potui, potuer•…•…m, potero.
Imperative it wants.
Potent. Pres. Possim, &c. Preterimperfect, Possem.
Infin. Pres. Posse. Preterit. Potuisse.
IN Verbs that betoken doing are two Voices, the Active and the Possive.
The Active signifieth to do, and always end∣eth in o, as Doceo, I teach.
The Passive signifieth what is done to one by ano∣ther, and always endeth in or, as Doceor I am taught.
From these are to be excepted two sorts of
Verbs. The first are called Neuters, and cannot take or in the Passive, as Curro I run, Sodeo I sit; yet signifie somtimes passively, as Vapulo I am beaten.
The second are call'd Deponents, and signifie actively, as Loquor I speak; or Neuters, as Glo∣rior I boast: but are form'd like Passives.
VErbs both Active and Passive have four Conjugations, or forms of declining, known and distinguisht by thir Infinitive Mood Active, which alwayes endeth in re.
In the first Conjugation, after a long, as Lau∣dare to praise.
In the second, after e long, as habere to have.
In the third, after e short, as legere to read.
In the fourth, after i long, as audire to hear
In these four Conjugations, Verbs are de∣clin'd or formd by Mood, •…•…ense, Number, and Person, after these Examples.
| Singular. | Plural. | ||||
| I praise. | Thou praisest. | He praiseth | We praise. | Te praise. | They praise. |
| Laudo, | laudas, | laudat, | laudamus, | laudatis, | laudant. |
| Habeo, | habes, | habet, | habemus, | habetis, | habent. |
| Lego, | legis, | legit, | legimus, | legitis, | legunt. |
| Audio, | audis, | audit, | audimus, | auditis, | au•…•…t. |
I praisd or did praise. Preter∣imperfect tens. sing.
I have praisd. Preter∣perfect tens. sing.
I had praisd. Preter∣pluperfect tense sing.
Future tense sing. I shall or will praise.
| Pres. Sing. | ||||
| Praise thou. | Let him praise. | Let us praise. | Praise ye. | Let them praise. |
| Lauda, laudato. | Laudet laudato. | Pl. lau∣demus. | Laudate, laudatote. | Laudent, laudanto. |
| Habe, habeto. | Habeat habeto. | Pl. habe∣amus, | Habete, habetote. | Habeant, habento. |
| Lege, legito. | Legat legito. | Pl. lega∣mus. | Legite, legitote. | Legant, legunto. |
| Audi, audito. | Audiat audito. | Pl. audi∣amus. | Audite, auditote. | Audiant, audiunto. |
I may or can praise. Present tense sing. Laudem, laudes, laudet, Pl. laudemus, laudetis, laudent.
I might or could praise. Preterim∣perfect t•…•…nse sing.
I might or should have praisd. Preter∣perfect tense sing.
If I had praisd. Preterplu. sing. with a Conjun∣ction. Si
If I shall praise or shall have praisd. Future tense sing. Si
Present and Pre∣terimper∣fect tense
Preterper∣fect & Pre∣terpluper∣fect tense.
Volo, vis, vult, Plur. Volumus, vultis, volunt.
Nolo,— Plur. Nolumus,—nolunt.
The rest is wanting in this Tense.
Malo, mavi•…•…, ma∣vult Plur. Malumus, mavultis, ma∣lunt.
Volo and Malo want the Imperative Mood.
Present tens. sing.
Preterim perfect tens. sing.
Present.
Indicat. Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est; Plur. Editis or estis.
Imper. Ede or es, edito or esto. Edat, edito or esto. Plur. Edite este editote estote.
Poten. Preterimperfect Tense, Ederem or essem.
Infinit. Edere or esse.
EO and queo, with his Compound Nequeo, make •…•…unt and qu•…•…unt in the Plural Indicative pre∣sent, and in thir Preterimperfect ibam and qui∣bam, thir Future i•…•…o and quibo.
Imperat. I, ito. Eat, ito. Plur. Eamus. Ito, itote. Eant, eunto.
Potent. Eam. Irem. &c.
I am praised.
I was praisd. Preterim. perfect •…•…ens. sing.
Note that the Passive Voice hath no Preterper∣fect, nor the Tenses deriv'd from thence in any Mood.
I shall or will be praisd. Future tense sing.
| Prese•…•…t 〈◊〉〈◊〉 | ||||
| Be thou praisd. | Let him be praisd. | Let us be praisd. | Be ye praisd. | Let them be praisd. |
| Laudare, laudator. | laudetur, laudator. | Pl. lau∣demur. | laudamini, laudaminor. | laudentur, laudantor |
| Habere, habetor. | habeatur, habetor. | P. habe∣amur. | habemini, habeminor. | habeantur, habentor. |
| L•…•…gere, legitor. | legatur, legitor. | Pl. lega∣mur. | legimini, legiminor. | legantur, leguntor. |
| Audire, auditor. | audiatur, auditor. | P. audi∣amur. | audimini, audiminor. | audiantur, audiuntor. |
I may or can be praisd. Present sing. Lauder, eris or ere, etur, Plur. emur, emini, entur.
I might or should be praisd. Preterim∣perfect sing.
Present & Preterim∣perfect
EDor, editur or estur: The test is Re∣gular.
The Verb Fio, is partly of the Third, and partly of the Fourth Conjugation, and hath only the In∣finitive of the Passive Form.
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Fio, fis, fit, Plur fim•…•…s, fitis, fiunt. Preterimperfect, Fieb•…•…m. Pre∣terperfect it wants. Future Fiam, &c.
Imperat. Fi, fito. Plur fite, fitot•…•…. Fiant, fi•…•…mo.
Potent. Pres. Fiom, &c. Preterimperfect, 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Infinit. Fieri.
Also this Verb Fero, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 contracted or short'n'd in some Tenses, both Active and Passive, as F•…•…rs, •…•…rt, for fer•…•…, ferit, &c.
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Fero, fers, fert, Plur.—•…•…ertis is,—Preterperfect, Tuli
Imperat. •…•…er ferto, &c. Plur. Forto •…•…ertote.
Potent. Preterimperfect, F•…•…rrem, &c.
Infinit. Ferre.
Indicat. Pres. Sing. Feror, •…•…rris or ferre, f•…•…r∣tur, &c.
Imperat. Sing. Forro, fertor, &c.
Potent. Preterimperfect, Ferrer.
Infinit. Ferri.
THere be also belonging to the Infinitive Mood of all Verbs certain Voi•…•…es called G•…•…runds and Supines, both of the Active and Passive signi∣fication
The first Gerund endeth in di, as Laudandi of praising or of bei•…•…g praisd. The second in do, as Laudando in praising or in being praisd. The third in dum, as Laud•…•…ndum to praise or to be praisd.
Note that in the two latter Conjugation•…•…, the Gerunds end s•…•…ntimes in undi, do, dum, as dicendi or 〈◊〉〈◊〉: But from Eo alwayes eundi, except in the Compound Ambiendi.
Supines are two. The first signifieth Actively,
a•…•… laudatum to praise; the latter Passively, as laudatu to be praised. Note that most Neuters of the second Conjugation, and volo, nolo, malo, with many o∣ther Verbs, have no Supine.
VErbs of the first Conjugation form thir Pre∣terperfect Tense in avi, Supine in atum, as Laudo laudavi laudatum.
Except,
Poto potavi potatum ox potu•…•…; neco necavi necatum or nectum.
Domo, tono, sono, crepo, veto, •…•…ubo, form ui, itum, as cubui cubitum; but secui sectum, fricui frictum, •…•…ico micui: yet some of these are found Regular in the Preterperfect Tense or Supine, especially com∣pounded, as increpavit, dis•…•…repavit, dimicavit, so∣natum, dimicatum, intonatum, infricatum, and the like.
Plico and his Compounds form ui or avi, as ex∣plicui explicavi explicitum or explicatum; except supplico, and such as are compounded with a Noun, as Duplico Multiplico in avi only.
But Lavo lavi lautum lotum or lavatum, juvo juvi, adjuvo adjuvi adiutum.
Do dedi datum, Sto •…•…eti statum, in the Com∣pounds, s•…•…isi, stitum and somtimes stotum, as Presto prestiti prestitum and prestatum.
VErbs of the second Conjugation form thir thir Preterperfect Tense in ui, thir Supine
in itum, as habeo habui habitum.
Some are Regular in thir Preferperfect Tense; but not in thir Supines, as doceo docui doctum, mi∣sceo miscui mi•…•…um, teneo tenui, torreo tortui tostum, censeo censui censum, pateo patui passum, careo carui cassum and caritum.
Others are Irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supines, as Jubeo jussi jussum, sorbeo sorbui sorpsi sorptum, mulceo mulsi mulsum, luceo luxi.
Deo in di, as sedeo sedi sessum, video vidi visum, prandeo prondi pransum. And some in si, as suadeo suasi suasum, rideo risi risum, ardeo a•…•…si arsum. Four double thir first Letters, as Pondeo pependi pensum, mordeo momordi morsum, spondeo spopondi sponsum, tondeo totondi tonsum, but not in thir Compounds, as dependi depensum.
Geo in si, and some in xi, as urgeo ursi, mulgeo mulsi mulxi mulctum, augeo auxi auctum, indulgeo in∣dulsi indultum, frigeo frixi, lugeo luxi.
ieo leo and neo nevi, vieo vievi vietum, But Cieo cievi citum, deleo delevi deletum, fleo flevi fletum, •…•…mpleo complevi completum; as also the Com∣pounds of Oleo, except redoleo and suboleo; but adolevi adul•…•…m, neo nevi netum, but maneo mansi, torqueo torsi tortum, haereo haesi.
Veo in vi, as serveo servi, but deferveo deferbui, conniveo connivi and connioci, movi motum, vovi vo∣•…•…m, cavi cautum, savi saut•…•….
THe third Conjugation sormeth the Preter∣perfect Tense, by changing O of the Present Tense into I; the Supine without certain Rule, as lego legi lectum bibo bibi bibitum, lambo lambi, scabo s•…•…abi, ico ici ictum, mando mandi mansum, pando pandi 〈◊〉〈◊〉, edo edi esum or estum, in like manner comedo,
the other compounds esum only; rudo rudi, s•…•…lla salli salsum, psallo psalli, emo emi emptum, viso visi visum, verto verti versum, solvo solvi solutum, volvo volvi volutum, exuo exui exutum, but ruo rui ruitum, in compound rutum, as derui derutum; ingruo, metuo metui.
Others are irregular both in Preterperfect Tense and Supine.
In bo, scribo scripsi scriptum, nubo nupsi nuptum, cumbo cubui cubitum.
In co, vinco visi victum, dico dixi dictum, in like manner duco, parco peperci and parsi parsum and par∣citum.
In do, these three loos n, findo fidi fissum, s•…•…indo scidi scissum, fundo fudi fusum. These following, vado, rado, laedo, ludo, divido, trudo, claudo, plaudo, rodo, si and sum, as rosi rosum, but cedo cessi cessum. The rest double thir first Letter in the Preterper∣fect Tense, but not compounded, as tundo tu•…•…udi tunsum, contundo contudi contusum, and so in the o∣ther Compounds. Pendo pependi pensum, dependo dependi, tendo tetendi tensum and tentum, contendo contendi, pedo pepedi peditum, c•…•…do cecidi casum, occido, recido recidi recasum. The other Compounds have no Supine. Caedo cecidi caesum, occido occidi occisum. To these add all the compounds of do in this Con∣jugation, addo, credo, edo, dedo, reddo, perdo, ab•…•…lo, obdo, condo, indo, trado, prodo, vendo vendidi vendi∣tum, except the double Compound, abscondo ab∣seondi.
In go, ago egi actum, dego degi, satago sategi, frango fregi fractum, pango to joyn pegi pactum, pango to sing panxi, ango anxi, jungo junxi junctum; but these five, fingo, mingo, pingo, stringo, ringo, loos n in their Supines, as finxi fictum, ningo ninxi, figo fixi fixum,
•…•…go ve•…•…i v•…•…ctum; diligo, negligo, intelligo, le•…•…i le∣ctum, spargo sparsisparsum. These double thir first Letter, tango tetigi tactum, but not in his Com∣pounds, as contingo contigi, pango to bargain pe∣pigi pactum, pungo and repungo pupugi and pun•…•…i punctum the other Compounds punxi only.
Ho in xi, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 traxi tractum, veho vexi vectum.
In lo, vello velli and vulfi vulsum, colo colui cul∣•…•…; excello, precello, cellui celsum; •…•…lo alui alitum •…•…ltum. The rest, not compounded, double thir first Letter, Fallo fefelli falsum, refello refelli, pello pepuli •…•…ulsum, compello compuli, cello ceculi, percello perculi perculsi perculsum.
In mo, vomo vomui vomitum, tremo tremui, premo pressi pressum, como, promo, demo, sumo, after the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner, as sumpsi, sumptum.
In No, sino sivi s•…•…um, sterno stravi stratum, sp•…•…rno sprevi spretum, lino levi lini and livi litum, cerno 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cretum, tomno tempsi, contemno contempsi contemp∣•…•…, gigno genui genitum, pono posui positum, cano •…•…ini •…•…ntum, con•…•…ino concinui concentum.
In Po, •…•…umpo rupi ruptum, scalpo scalpsi scalptum, The rest in 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as strepo strepui strepitum.
In qu•…•…, linquo liqui, relinquo reliqui relictum, coque 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
In •…•…o, verro verri and versi versum, sero to sow s•…•…vi satum, in compound situm, as insero insitum; sero of another signification most us'd in his com∣pounds, •…•…ssero, consero, desero exero, serui •…•…rium, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ussi ust•…•…m, gero gessi gestum, quaero quaesivi quae∣•…•…um, tero trivi tri•…•…um, curro, excurro, prae•…•…urro, cu∣curri cursum, the other compounds double not, as concurro concurr•…•….
In So, accerso, arcesso, incesso, i•…•…cesso, ivi itum, •…•…pesso both i and iv•…•…, pinso pinsui pistum and pin∣•…•….
In sco, pasco pavi pastum; compesco, d•…•…spesco, u•…•…; posco poposci, disco didici, quinisco quexi, nosco novi notum, but agnosco ognitum, cognosco cognitum.
In to, sisto stiti statum, flecto flexi flexum, pecto pexui pexi pexum and pectitum, necto nexui nexi ne∣xum, plecto plexi plexum, sterto stertui, meto messui messum, mitto misi missum, peto petivi petitum.
In vo, vivo vi•…•… victum.
In xo texo texui textum, nexo nexui nexum.
In cio, fa•…•…io feci factum, jacio jeci jactum, lacio lexi lectum, specio spexi spectum, with thir Compounds, but elicio elicui elicitum.
In dio, fodio fodi fossum.
In gio, fugio fugi fugitum.
In pio, capio cepi captum, •…•…apio •…•…epui •…•…aptum, cu∣pio cupivi •…•…upitum, sapio sapui sapivi sapitum.
In rio, pario peperi partum.
In tio, quatio quassi quassum, concutio concussi con∣cussum.
In uo, pluo plui pluvi plutum, struo struxi structum, fluo fluxi fluxum.
THe fourth Con•…•…ugation sormeth the Preter∣perfect Tense in ivi, the Supine in itum.
Except, Venio vent ventum comperio, reperio, re∣peri reper•…•…, •…•…ambio •…•…ampsi •…•…ampsum, sepio sepsi se∣ptum, sa•…•…cio sarsi sar•…•…um, •…•…cio farsi fartum, fulceo fulsi ful•…•…um, se•…•…tio sensi 〈◊〉〈◊〉, haur•…•… hausi haustum, sancio sa•…•… sanctum •…•…itum vin•…•…, vin•…•… vin•…•… s•…•…lio •…•…alui saltum, in Compound sultum, as desilio desilui d•…•…sultum, amicio amicui •…•…ctum, aperio, •…•…erio pe•…•…ui pe•…•…tum, ve eo v•…•…nivi venum, singultivi singul∣tum, sepelivi sepultum.
THese Verbs Compounded change a into e throughout, Damno, lacto, sacro, fallo, arceo, tracto, partio, sarcio, carpo, patro, scando, spargo, as conspergo conspersi conspersum.
These following change thir first vowel into i, and some of them thir Supines into e, habeo, lateo, salio, statuo, cado, laedo, cano, quaero, caedo, tango, egeo, teneo, taceo, sapio, rapio, placeo, displiceo, displicui displicitum; Except complaceo, perplaceo, posthabeo.
Scalpo, calco, salto, change a into u, as exculpo.
Claudo, quatio, lavo loos a, as excludo, excutio, eluo.
These following change thir first Vowel into i, but not in the Preterperfect Tense, and somtimes a into e in the Supine, emo, sedeo, rego, frango, ca∣pio, jacio, lacio, specio, premo, as comprimo com∣pressi compressum, conjicio conjeci conjectum, pango in two only, compingo, impingo: Ago, in all but pe∣rago, satago, circumago, dego and cogo coegi: Facio with a Preposition only, not in other Compounds, as inficio, olfacio: Lego in these only, diligo, eligo, in∣telligo, negligo, seligo, in the rest not, as praelego, add to these supersedeo.
VErbs called Inceptives ending in sco, borrow thir Preterperfect Tense from the Verb whereof they are deriv'd, as tepesco tepui from tepeo, ingemisco ingemui from ingemo; as also these Verbs, cerno to see, vidi from video, sido sedi from sedeo, fero tuli from tulo out of use, in the Supine
latum, tollo sussuli sublatum from suffero.
These want the Preterperfect Tense.
Verbs ending in asco, as puerasco; in isco, as sa∣tisco; in urio, except parturio, osurio: these also, vergo, ambigo, ferio, furo, polleo, nideo, have no Pre∣terperfect Tense.
Contrary, these four, Odi, caepi, novi, memini, are found in the Preterperfect Tense only, and the Tenses thence deriv'd, as odi, oderam, oderim, odissem, odero, odisse, except memini, which hath memento mementote in the Imperative.
Others are defective both in Tense and Person, us Aio, ais, ait, Plur. aiunt. The Preterimperfect aiebam is intire. Imperative, ai. Potential, aia•…•…, aiat, Plur. •…•…iamus, aiant.
Ausim for ausus sim, ausis, ausit, Plur. ausint.
Salveo, salvebis, salve salveto, salvete salvetote, salvere.
Ave aveto, avete avetote.
Faxo, faxis, faxit, faxint.
Quaeso, Plur. quaesimus.
Infit, infiunt
Inquio or inquam, inquis inquit, Plur inquiunt. Inquibat, Cic Topic. inquisti, inquit. Future, in∣quies, inquiet Imperat. Inque inquito. Potent Inquia•…•….
Dor the first person Passive of do, and for before faris or fare in the Indicative, are not read, nor d•…•… or fer in the Potential.
A Participle is a part of Speech, partaking with the Verb from whence it is deriv'd in Voice, Tense, and signification, and with a Noun Adje∣ctive in manner of Declining.
Participles are either of the Active or Passive Voice.
Of the Active Two. One of the Present Tense ending in ans, or ens, as laudans praising, habens, le∣gens, audiens, and is declin'd like faelix, as hic haec and ho•…•… habens, Gen. habentis, Dat habenti, &c. Do∣cens docentis, &c. But from eo, euns, and in the com∣pounds iens euntis, except ambiens ambientis. Note that some Verbs otherwise defective, have this Participle, as aiens, inquiens.
The other of the Future Tense is most common∣ly formd of the first Supine, by changing m into rus, as of laudatum laudaturus to praise or about to praise, habiturus, lecturus, auditurus; but some are not regularly formd, as of sectum secaturus, of ju∣tum juvaturus, sonitum sonaturus, partum pariturus, argutum arguiturus, and such like; of sum, futurus: This, as also the other two Participles following are declin'd like bonus.
This Participle, with the Verb Sum, affordeth a second Future in the Active Voice, as laudaturus sum, es, est, &c. as also the Future of the Infi∣nitive, as laudaturum esse to praise hereafter, futurum esse, &c.
Participles of the Passive Voice are also two, one of the Preterperfect tense, another o•…•… the Fu∣ture.
A Participle of the Preterperfect Tense, is formd of the latter Supine, by putting thereto s, as of laudatu laud•…•…us praisd, of habitu habitus, lectu le∣ctus, auditu audit•…•….
This Par•…•…iciple joyn'd with the Verb Sum, sup∣plyeth the w•…•…nt of a Pre•…•…erperfect and Preterplu∣perfect •…•…ense in the Indicative •…•…od passive, and both them and the Future of the Potential; as also
the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect of the In∣finitive, and with ire or fore the Future; as laudatus sum or sui I have been praisd, Plur. laudati sumus or suimus we have been praisd, laudatus eram or fueram, &c. Potential, laudatus sim or •…•…uerim, laudatus essem or fuissem, laudatus ero or fuero, Infinit. laudatum esse or fuisse to have or had been praisd; laudatum ire or fore to be praisd hereafter.
Nor only Passives, but some Actives also or Neuters, besides thir own Preterperfect Tense, borrow another from this Participle; Caeno Caena∣vi and Caenatus sum, Juravi and •…•…uratus, Potavi and potus sum, Titubavi and tituba•…•…us, Car•…•… car•…•…i cassus sum, Prandeo prandi and pransus, Pateo p•…•…tui and passus sum, Pla•…•…eo placui pla•…•…tus, Sues•…•…o suevi sue∣tus sum, Liber libuit and libitum est, Licet li•…•…uit lici∣tum, Pudet puduit puditum, Piget piguit pigitum, Tae∣det teduit p•…•…rtaesum est, and this Deponent Me•…•…eor m•…•…rui and meritus sum
These Neuters following, like Passives, have no other Preterperfect Tense, but by this Parti∣ciple, Gaudeo g•…•…isus sum, fido fisus, audeo ausus, fio fact•…•… soleo solitus sum.
These Deponents also form this Participle from Supines irregular; Labor lapsus, patior passus, per∣petior perpessus, fateor fassus, conf•…•…eor, diffiteor diffes∣sus, gradior gressus, ingredior ingressus, fati•…•…or fessus, metior mensus, utor usus, ordior to spin orditus, to be∣gin orsus, nitor nisus and nixus, •…•…iscor ultus, ira∣scor iratus, reorratus, obliviscor oblitus, fruor fructus or fruitus, miserior misertus, tuor and tueor tuitus, lo∣quor locutus, sequor secutus, experior expertus, pacis∣cor pactus, •…•…anciscor nactus, apiscor aptus, adipiscor adeptus, queror questus, proficiscor profectus, expergiscor experrectus, comminiscor commentus, nascor natus, mo∣rior mortuus, orior ortus sum.
A Participle of the Future Passive is formd of the Gerund in dum, by changing m into s, as of laudandum laudandus to be praisd, of habendum haben∣dus, &c. And likewise of this Participle with the Verb Sum, may be formd the same Tenses in the Passive, which were form'd with the Participle of the Preterperfect Tense, as laudandus sum or fui, &c.
Infinit. Laudandum esse, or fore.
Of Verbs Deponent come Participles, both of the Active and Passive form, as loquor loquens lo∣cutus locuturus loquendus; whereof the Participle of the Preter Tense signifieth somtimes both Actively and Passively, as dignatus, testatus, medi∣tatus, and the like.
AN Adverb is a part of Speech ioynd with some other to explain its signification, as valdè probus very honest, benè est it is well, valdè doctus very learned, benè mane early in the morn∣ing.
Of Adverbs, some be of Time, as hodiè to day, Cras to morrow, &c.
Some be of Place, as Ubi where, ibi there, &c. And of many other sorts needless to be here set down.
Certain Adverbs also are compar'd, as Doct•…•… learnedly, doctiùs doctissimè, fortiter fortiùs fortissimè, saepe saepius saepissime, and the like.
A Conjunction is a part of Speech, that joyn∣eth Words and Sentences together.
Of conjunctions some be Copulative, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and, quoque also, nec neither.
Some be Disjunctive, as aut or.
Some be Causal, as nom for, quia because, and many such like.
Adverbs when they Govern Mood and Tense, and joyn Sentences together, as cum, ubi, post∣quam, and the like, are rather to be call'd Con∣junctions.
A Preposition is a part of Speech most common∣ly, either set before Nouns in Apposition, as ad patrem, or joyn'd with any other words in Composition, as indoctus.
These six, di, dis, re, se, am, con, are not read but in Composition.
As Adverbs having Cases after them, may be call'd Prepositions, so Prepositions having none, may be counted Adverbs.
AN Interjection is a part of Speech, expressing some passion of the mind.
Some be of sorrow, as heu, hei.
Some be of marvelling, as papae.
Some of disdaining, as vah.
Some of praising, as euge.
Some of exclaiming, as ô, proh, and such like.
WOrds are somtimes encreast or diminisht by a Letter or Syllable in the beginning, middle or ending, which are call'd Figures of Speech:
In the beginning, as Gnatus for Natus, Tetuli for tuli. Prothesis.
In the middle, as Rettulit for Retulit, Cinctutus for Cinctus. Epenthesis.
In the end, as Dicier for dici. Paragoge.
In the beginning, as Ruit for Eruit. Apherisis.
In the middle, as Audiit for Audivit, Dixti for dixisti, •…•…amna for lamina. Syncope.
In the end, as Cons•…•…i for consilii; scin for scisne. Apocope.