Machivael's [sic] discourses upon the first decade of T. Livius, translated out of the Italian. To which is added his Prince. With some marginal animadversions noting and taxing his errors. By E.D.

CHAP. VI.

Of new Principalities, that are conquer'd by ones own armes and valour.

LEt no man marvaile, if in the discourse I shall make of new Principalities, both touching a Prince, and touching a State, I shall alledge very famous examples: for seeing men almost alwayes walk in the pathes beaten by others, and proceed in their actions by imitation; and being that others wayes cannot bee exactly follow'd, nor their vertues, whose parterue thou set'st before thee, attain••d unto; a wise man ought al∣wayes to tread the footsteps of the worthiest persons, and imitate those that have been the most excellent: to the end that if his vertue arrive not thereto, at least if may yeeld some savour thereof, and doe as good Archers use, who thinking the place they intend to hit, too farre distant, and knowing how farr the strength of their bow will carry, they lay their ayme a great deale higher than the mark; not for to hit so high with their arrow, but to bee able with the help of so high an aime to reach the place they shoot at. I say, that in Principalities wholly new, where there is a new Prince, there is more and lesse difficulty in maintaining them, as the vertue of their Conquerour is greater or lesser. And because this successe, to become

a Prince of a private man, presupposes either vertue, or fortune; mee thinks the one and other of these two things in part should mitigate many difficulties; however he that hath lesse stood upon fortune, hath maintain'd himselfe the better. Moreover it some what facilitates the matter in that the Prince is constrain'd, because he hath not other dominions, in person to come and dwell there. But to come to these who by their owu vertues, and not by fortune, attain'd to be Princes; the excellentest of these are Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and such like; and though of Moses we are not to reason, he onely executing the things that were commanded him by God; yet merits he well to be admir'd, were it only for that grace that made him worthy to converse with God. But considering Cyrus, and the others, who either got or founded Kingdomes, we shall find them all admirable; and if there particular actions and Lawes be throughly weigh'd, they will not appeare much differing from those of Moyses, which he receiv'd from so Sovraigne an instructer. And exami∣ning their lives and actions, it will not appeare, that they had other help of fortune, than the occasion, which presented them with the matter wherein they might introduce what forme they then pleas'd; and without that occasion, the vertue of their mind had been extinguish'd; and without that vertue, the occasion had been offer'd in vaine. It was then necessary for Moses to find the people of Israel slaves in Aegypt, and oppress'd by the Aegyptians, to the end that they to get out of their thraldome, should bee wil∣ling

to follow him. It was fit that Romulus should not be kept in Albia, but expos'd pre∣sently after his birth, that he might become King of Rome, and founder of that City. There was need that Cyrus should find the Persians discontented with the Medes government, and the Medes delicate and effeminate through their long peace. Theseus could not make proof of his vertue, had not he found the Athenians dispers'd. These occasions therefore made these men happy, and their excellent vertue made the occasion be taken notice of, whereby their countrey became enobled, and exceeding for∣tunate. They, who by vertuous waies, like un∣to these, become Princes, attain the Principality with difficulty, but hold it with much ease; and the difficulties they find in gaining the Principality, arise partly from the new orders and courses they are forc'd to bring in, to lay the foundation of their State, and work their own security. And it is to be consider'd, how there is not any thing harder to take in hand, nor doubtfuller to succeed, nor more dange∣rous to mannage, than to be the chief in bring∣ing in new orders; for this Chief finds all those his enemies, that thrive upon the old orders; and hath but luke warme defenders of all those that would do well upon the new orders, which luke-warme temper proceeds partly from fear of the opposers who have the laws to their advantage; partly from the incredu∣lity of the men who truly believe not a new thing, unless there be some certain proof given them thereof. Whereupon it arises, that when∣soever they that are adversaries, take the oc∣casion to assayle, they do it factiously; and these others defend but cooly, so that their whole

party altogether runs a hazzard. Therefore it is necessary, being we intend throughly to dis∣course this part, to examine if these innova∣tors stand of themselves, or if they depend up∣on others; that is, if to bring their work to effect, it be necessary they should intreat, or be able to constrain; in the first case they all∣wayes succeed ill, and bring nothing to pass; but when they depend of themselves, and are able to force, then seldom it is that they haz∣zard. Hence came it that all the prophets that were arm'd, prevail'd; but those that were unarm'd, were too weak: for besides what we have alledg'd, the nature of the people is changeable, and easie to be perswaded to a matter; but it is hard also to settle them in that perswasion. And therefore it behoves a man to be so provided, that when they beleeve no no longer, he may be able to compel them thereto by force. Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus would never have been able to cause their Laws long to be obey'd, had they been disarm'd; as in our times it befel Fryer Jerome Savanarola, who perish'd in his new constitu∣tions, when the multitude began not to beleeve him; neither had he the means to keep them firme, that had beleev'd; not to force beleefe in them that had not beleev'd him. Wherefore such men as these, in their proceedings find great difficulty, and all their dangers are in the way, and these they must surmount by their vertue; but having once master'd them, and be∣ginning to be honored by all, when they have rooted those out that envi'd their dignities, they remain powerful, secure, honorable, and hap∣py. To these choice examples, I will add one of less remark; but it shall hold some proportion

withthem, and this shall suffice me for all others of this kind, which is Hiero the Sitacusan. He of a private man, became Prince of Siracusa, nor knew he any other ayd of fortune than the occasion: for the Siracusans being oppress'd, made choyce of him for their Captain, where∣upon he deserv'd to be made their Prince: and he was of such vertue even in his private for∣tune, that he who writes of him, sayes, he wanted nothing of reigning, but a Kingdom; this man extinguish'd all the old soldiery, or∣daind the new; left the old allyances, enter∣tained new; and as he had friendship, and sol∣diers that were his own, upon that ground he was able to build any edifice; so that he indu∣red much trouble in gaining, and suffered but little in maintaining.