Machivael's [sic] discourses upon the first decade of T. Livius, translated out of the Italian. To which is added his Prince. With some marginal animadversions noting and taxing his errors. By E.D.

CHAP. XIII.

Of Auxiliary Soldiers, mixt, and native.

THe Auxiliary forces, being the other kind of unprofitable armes, are, when any pu∣issant one is called in, who with his forces comes to assist and defend thee; such as in these later times did Pope Julius use, who ha∣ving seen the evil proof of his mercenary sol∣diers in the enterprize of Ferrara, applied himself to the Auxiliaries, and agreed with Ferdinand King of Spain, that with his For∣ces he should aid him. These armes may be profitable and advantagious for themselves; but for him that calls them in, hurtfull; be∣cause in losing, thou art lest defeated; and conquering, thou becomest their prisoner. And however that of these examples the an∣cient stories are full fraught; yet will I not part from this of Pope Julius the second, which is as yet fresh: whose course could not have been more inconsiderate, for the desire he had to get Ferrara, putting himself wholly into strangers hands: but his good fortune

caused another cause to arise, that hindred him from receiving the fruit of his evil choice; for his Auxiliaries being broken at Ravenna, and the Swissers thereupon arriving, who put the Conquerors to flight beyond all opinion, even their own and others, he chanced not to re∣main his enemies prisoner, they being put to flight, nor prisoner to his Auxiliaries, having vanquished by other forces than theirs. The Florentines being wholly disarmed, brought ten thousand French to Pisa for to take it, by which course they ran more hazzard, than in any time of their troubles. The Emperor of Constantinople, to oppress his neighbors, brought into Greece ten thousand Turks, who when the war was ended, could not be got out thence, which was the beginning of Greeces fervitude under the Infidels. He then that will in no case be able to overcome, let him serve himself of these armes; for they are much more dangerous than the mercenaries; for by those thy ruine is more suddenly executed; for they are all united, and all bent to the obedience of another. But for the mer∣cenaries to hurt thee, when they have vanqui∣shed, there is no more need of time, and greater occasion, they not being all united in a body, and being found out and paid by thee, where∣in a third that thou mak'st their head, can∣not suddenly gaine so great authority, that he can endammage thee. Insumme, in the mercenaries their sloth and lazinesse to fight is more dangerous: in the auxiliaries their valonr. Wherefore a wise Prince hath al∣wayes avoyded these kind of armes, and be∣taken himself to his owne, and desired rather to loss with his owne, than conquer

with anothers, accounting that not a true victorie which was gotten with others armes. I will not doubt to alleadge Caesar Bargia, and his actions. This Duke entred into Romania with auxiliarie armes s bringing with him all French souldiers: but afterwards not ac∣counting those armes secure, bent hinselfe to mercenaries, judging lesse danger to be in those, and tooke in pay the Orsini and the Vitelli, which afterwards in the proof of them, finding wavering, unfaithful, and dangerous, he extinguishd, and betook himselfe to his owne; and it may easily be perceiv'd what difference there is between the one and the other of these armes, confidering the difference that was between the Dukes re∣putation, when he had the French men alone, and when he had the Orsini and Vitelli; but when he remaind with his own, and stood of himselfe, we shall find it was much augmen∣ted: nor ever was it of grate esteeme, but when every one saw, that he wholly possessed his owne a mes. I thought not to have parted from the Italian examples of late memory; but that I must not let passe that of Hiero the Siracusan, being one of those I formerly nam'd. This man (as I said before) being made general of the Siracusans forces, knew presently that mercenary souldiery was nothing for their profit in that they were hirelings, as our Italians are; and finding no way either to hold, or cashier them, made them all bee cut to peeces, and afterwards waged warre with his owne men, and none others. I will also call to memory a figure of the old Testament serving just to this pur∣pose. When David presented himselfe before

Saul to goe to fight with Goliah the Philistims Champion, Saul to encourage him, clad him with his owne armes, which David when he had them upon his back, refus'd, saying, he was not able to make any proofe of him∣self therein, and therefore would goe meet the enemy with his own sling and sword. In summe, others armes either fall from thy shoulders, or cumber or streighten thee. Charls the seventh, Father of Lewis the eleventh, having by his good fortune and valour set France at liberty from the English, knew well this necessity of being arm'd with his owne armes, and settled in his King∣dome the ordinances of men at armes, and infantry. Afterwards King Lewis his sonne abolisht those of the infantry, and began to take the Swissers to pay; which errour fol∣low'd by the others, is (as now indeed it appeares) the cause of that Kingdomes dangers. For having given reputation to the Swissers, they have renderd all their own armes contemptible; for this hath wholly ruind their foot, and oblig'd their men at armes to forrein armes: for being accustomed to serve with the Swissers, they think they are not able to overcome without them. From whence it comes that the French are not of force against the Swissers, and with∣out them also against others they use not to adventure. Therefore are the French armies mixt, part more naries, and part natives, which armes are farre better than the simple mercenaries or simple auxiliaries, and much inferiour to the natives; and let the said example suffice for that: for the Kingdome of France would have been unconquerable, if

Charles his order had been augmented and maintaind but men in their small wisdome begin a thing, which then because it hath some favour of good, discovers not the poyson that lurkes thereunder, as I before said of the h••ctick feavers. Wherefore that Prince which perceives not mischiefes, but as they grow up, is not truely wise; and this is given but to few: and if we consider the first ruine of the Romane Empire, we shall find it was from taking the Goths first into their pay; for from that beginning the forces of the Romane Empire began to grow weak, and all the valour that was taken hence was given to them. I conclude then that without having armes of their owne, no Principality can be secure, or rather is wholly oblig'd to fortune, not having valour to shelter it in ad∣versity. And it was alwayes the opinion and saying of wise men, that nothing is so weak and unsetled, as is the reputation of power not founded upon ones owne proper forces: which are those that are composed of thy subjects, or Citizens, or servants; all the rest are mercenary or auxiliary; and the manner how to order those well, is easie to find out, if those orders above nam'd by me, shall be but run over, and if it shall be but consider'd, how Philip Alexander the Great his Father, and in what manner many Republicks and Princes have armd and ap∣pointed themselves, to which appointments I referre my selfe wholly.