Analogia honorum, or, A treatise of honour and nobility, according to the laws and customes of England collected out of the most authentick authors, both ancient and modern : in two parts : the first containing honour military, and relateth to war, the second, honour civil, and relateth

THE FIRST PART; OR Honour Military. (Book 1)

CHAP. I.

ALL Honours may not im∣properly be said to receive their Birth either from the City, Court, or Camp, which of all is esteemed the most worthy and ho∣nourable, raising some to Imperial and Princely Dig∣nities, and disthroning others: And in all Kingdoms (even amongst the barbarous Ame∣ricans) War hath ever been, and yet is, held in high esteem, and of great Importance; as well for the preservation of their Laws and Rights, as for the defence of their Dominions; for which War is permitted by the Laws of God, is taught by the Laws of Nature, and commanded by the Laws of Nations. And to excite men to valour and noble Atchievments, Reward, or Honours is conferred upon such that merits the same, according to their De∣serts, for the defence of holy Church, their King, and Country.

War being therefore of such concern, it be∣hoveth every prudent Prince, for the welfare of his People, to be always prepared for Peace or War, either Offensive or Defensive, both for Forreign Invasion, or the suppressing Do∣mestick Insurrections; wherefore it hath been found expedient to joyn good Laws (the Friends of Peace and Rest) unto Arms; War being always accompanied with men of audacious and furious Spirits.

Iustinianus, for the uniting of Laws and Arms, appointed one Officer, called a Praetor, to command both Martially and Civilly; which Name the Romans continued for their General of War, and by his Office had Authority both Martial and Civil. By which it appears that War cannot endure without the assistance of Law: and wise men, in former Ages, did hold that Prudence and Power ought not to be se∣parated; of which Opinion was Horace, say∣ing, Vis expers consilii mole ruit sua. Like∣wise for the same reason, learned Writers were induced to commend valiant Captains and wise Counsellors, as it were joyntly and in one rank; for with Simonides they joyned Pausanias, with Craesus, Solon; and with Pericles, A∣naxagoras.

Of War, and the Causes thereof.

DIscord is common to all men, and that occasioned either by Revenge for Inju∣ries done, out of covetousness in gaining that which belongs to others; for ambition in gain∣ning Fame by noble Victories, or such like

Reasons; and this maketh one City to wage war against another, one Province to invade another, and whole Kingdoms to oppress one another, even to a Conquest if they can. A∣ristotle proveth that some men by nature are born to Command, and others to Obey: by which it appears that War is necessary, as well to compel those to Obedience, as the others to hold their Authority. The Romans did sometimes judge it convenient to make War only to train up their Youth fit for Service, and to keep them from idleness, which breedeth Intemperance and Dishonesty. And by Acti∣on, Princes that are martially inclined, have not only gained Renown, but also much en∣larged their Dominions. Yet I am of the Opi∣nion, That War ought not to be made without just cause, and when the Enemy cannot be per∣swaded to reason by Embassadors, prudent Princes and Commanders do not wage War unadvisedly; and when they do, they should follow the Example of Trajanus, who ob∣served these Cautions; to be careful to supply the places of his slain Souldiers; to repress the enemies pride; and according to Military Dis∣cipline, constrain Mutiners to Obedience and Order.

Of Souldiers.

SOuldiers, or men professing Arms, according to Vlpianus, were called Milites à mali∣tia, id est duritia; that is, were so named in respect of the hardness and danger they endure in defence of other people, or because they keep off the injuries which enemies do offer. He that desireth to enjoy the Honour belong∣ing to Arms, ought first to prove himself a Souldier: which by the Civil Laws may be done three ways; the first is by Certificate from the Captain or Officers; secondly, he ought to make proof of his experience and manhood in Martial Affairs; and thirdly, to be registred in the List of received Souldiers: and none other properly ought to be termed Souldiers.

By ancient Custom, Souldiers always took an Oath not to abandon their Captain or Camp, not to commit Treason, nor consult with one another privately to cause mutining, and the like. Martianus the great Doctor, did re∣ject Bondmen as persons unfit and unworthy to be called Souldiers; and no person that hath committed any infamous Crime, of which he is convicted, ought afterwards to bear Arms; so honourable is the Name and Dignity of a Souldier.

The persons excused from bearing Arms, are Priests, and all in Holy Orders, all Graduates in Schools, all men above the Age of 60 years, and those under the Age of 17 years.

Those Souldiers that had long served the Romans, either in their Legion, or elsewhere, and deported themselves obediently to their Officers, and honestly to all men, were called Veterani, and had great favour shewed them; and that when any Veteran had honestly ser∣ved them the space of twenty years, he was then called Emeritus, and might have his dis∣mission to end his days in peace and quietness, with the enjoyment of divers Immunities, be∣sides signal marks of Honour according to their merit; which was a great encouragement to Youth to be trained up in Military Service, which oft-times they made use of, appointing Tutors to instruct them therein, and these they called Tyrones.

And as on the one hand the Romans reward∣ed them for good Service, so on the other they inflicted punishments according to the hei∣nousness of the Offence; as for Treason, Dis∣obedience, Abandoning their Colours, and Assisting the Enemy; also for Theft, Murther, and Cowardise, which they esteemed most vile. The experience of which was seen when Spra∣ctacus defeated the Romans, conducted by Crassus: For presently upon that dishonour, Crassus commanded a Decimation, and put to death a tenth man in every Legion, for not having couragiously behaved himself; which being done, he began the fight afresh, and although their number was lessened, yet were they victorious, and made havock of the Ene∣my. And if it happened that a Souldier was degraded for any Offence, it was deemed more dishonourable unto him, than a punishment either Corporal or Pecuniary.

The Donatives or Rewards which the Ro∣mans used to bestow on deserving Souldiers, were either advance of Honour, increase of Wealth, or both; and that more or less, ac∣cording to their Deserts: some of which I shall here give account of. To him that had dis∣mounted an Enemy (if a Foot-man) was gi∣ven a pot of Gold, or a piece of Plate; and if an Horse-man, an ornamental Badge to be set on his Crest. He that first mounted the Wall of an Enemies Town or place of Fortification, had a Crown of Gold. Octavius Caesar, after the Philippian War, gave unto the Legionary Souldiers certain Crowns, and unto every Captain a purple Garment. Iulius Caesar, after his Triumph for Victory against Phar∣nax, gave unto every Souldier five thousand Groats, to every Leader twice as many, and to every Horse-man double so much. Pompeius having overcome Mithridates, before he tri∣umphed, bestowed upon every Souldier five hundred Groats, and upon the Captains a far greater Reward. And Alexander Severus did usually say, That Souldiers would not live in awe of their General, if they were not well clothed, well fed, well armed, and some mony in their Purses.

Nor was the Romans slack in their Re∣wards unto their Generals; for besides rich Presents, they conferred Honour on them, and received them home with triumphal Arches;

and to perpetuate their Fame, they erected Pillars, Statues, or Obylisks, to set forth their noble Victories.

But what need we fetch all these Examples from the Romans, when our modern Princes do the same: witness the high advance to Honour and Riches that our Soveraign, King Charles the Second, bestowed on that truly loyal and much deserving Subject, George late Duke of Albemarle, whom I shall anon take more occasion to speak of: Nor hath his Maje∣sties Favour been only shewed on him, but on divers others, as their Merits deserved; some of which I shall also take occasion to speak of in place more convenient.

Of Ambassadors or Legats.

THE Office of an Ambassador is of so great Honour and Trust, that none are imployed therein, but such as are sufficiently known unto their Prince for Persons of Inte∣grity, Prudence, Knowledge in State Affairs, and such as will be strict Observers of their Masters Commands. The Romans had so high an esteem for Ambassadors, that whensoever any came to Rome, he was first brought unto the Temple of Saturnus, where his Name was written before the Praefectiarii, and from thence he was conducted to deliver his Embasie to the Senate. Ambassadors ought to be in all Countries inviolable; and whoso offered Vio∣lence unto them, was thought to have done contrary to the Law of Nations: which caused Publius Mutius to command, That whosoe∣ver did assault an Ambassador, should be deli∣vered up to the Enemy from whom the Am∣bassador was sent; and although the Enemy received him not, yet was he to remain an Exile.

Ambassadors are generally imployed by their Prince for the Confirming or Establishing of Peace, a Truce, or Leagues: To demand Re∣stitution for things unjustly detained, or Satis∣faction for Injuries done: To establish or adjust Commerce, or the like. And they are sent (and so likewise received) in some State and Grandure befitting so high a Dignity.

The Ceremonies, in many Countries, for the Confirming and Establishing of Peace, a Truce, and Leagues have been diversly used.

The Lacedemonians confirmed their Trea∣ties with great Sacraments, swearing to ob∣serve the same justly, and without fraud. The Tartarians caused some weapon of War to be brought, and thereupon they took an Oath to observe the same; which done, they drank of the water wherein the weapon was washed. The Grecians (after the death of Cyrus the younger) confirming a Peace with Arieno, a Commander of a barbarous sort of people, cau∣sed a Bull, a Boar, a Wolf, and a Ram to be slain, and laid upon a Shield, and in the blood of those Beasts the Grecians dipt their Swords, and the Barbarians their Launces, each pro∣testing to observe Fidelity and Friendship to each other. And the Romans used this Cere∣mony, that when Peace was made, the Prae∣tor, the Consul, or Senate delivered to the Foe∣cial an Herb called Verbena, or Grass pull'd up by the root, and therewith some Boughs of Verbena, together with a Flint taken out of the Temple of Iupiter Feretrius; which done, the Foecial caused a Sow to be brought to the Market-place, and holding a Scepter in his Hand, having his Head covered with a Cloath, he crowned himself with a Crown of Verbena; then beseeched he Iupiter, Mars, and the other Gods, that if any of the Parties failed to perform their Agreements, that then he should be stricken and slain like the Sow; after which Imprecations her Body was cut with the Flint, upon which they cast Fire and Water, and so their Sacrifice was solemnized.

Of War, and the natural Inclinati∣ons of the English to it.

IRrational Animals and Vegetables are not only subject to, and swayed by the Powers and Influences of the Climate under which they live, but likewise the Temperatures and Complexions of Mens Bodies, which also work∣eth different effects in their Minds and Disposi∣tions: For proof whereof, Experience shew∣eth that the Italians and French (as well in former Ages as at present) are more naturally Courtly, and of brisker Spirits than the Flem∣mings: The Spaniards and Lybians more A∣gile and Crafty, subject to Choller, Malice, and Pride, than the Suede, Muscovite, or other Septentrional People remoter from the Sun, who are more inclined to Valour and Animosi∣ty, and the Nations proximate to the Sun have their Blood seccicated, which causeth Melan∣choliness, and are noted for the searching in∣to the secrets of Nature. The Greeks are in∣clined to Anger, but noted to have been ex∣quisite Mechanicks. The Egyptians and Iews are addicted to Superstition and Idolatry. The Turks and Tartars to Cruelty: yea, the careless Americans to Lust and Idleness, representing the Golden Age in their modern Lives, who are, according as Ovid fansies, the ancient World.

Contentique cibis nullo cogente creatus, Arbutes fetus, montanaque fraga legebant. Cornaque, & in duris herentia mora rubetis Etque deciderant patula Jovis arbore glandes.

Content with Natures vain forc'd food They gather Wildings, Strawberries of the Wood, Sower Curnels, what upon the Bramble grows, And Acrons which Joves spreading Oak bestows.

To draw home to Britain, a Microcosme of it self, situate under a temperate Clime, Fertile to the envy of many of her Neigh∣bours, and blessed with all that is necessary for Human Life, producing Men endowed with all the Vertues that other People dispersed over the face of the Universe, can boast of, and principally with hearts that contemn death it self, which to other Nations is so dreadful, having an affection to Arms, and are covetous of Fame, Soveraignity, and Honour above o∣ther men.

But it may be objected, How then comes it to pass that we are confined within the nar∣row Bounds of our Brittish Seas? Secondly, Wherefore have we quitted our Claim to France, or suffered it to lye dormant so many Ages?

To the first may be Answered; That it was the piety of our Princes to content their selves within their own Limits, and were unwilling to be troublesome to other Princes, until our Henry the Second was supplicated by the Irish to commiserate their Calamities, and deliver them out of their Intestine Broyls, into which their irreconcileable Divisions and unchristian∣like Fewds had plunged them. Thus by Com∣position, rather than Conquest, was our Sove∣raignity confirmed in Ireland, and the Charter signed by the Irish Princes and the Common∣alty, which being transmitted to Rome, was confirmed by Pope Adrian about the Year 1174.

For France it may also be Answered; That we were constrained to vindicated a just Title to that Crown by force of Arms, when Argu∣ments and fair Means would not prevail: and for the loss of it, 'tis apparent in all Histories, that our Discords at home, not the Courage or Force of France forced us to quit the same, gaining with few Blows what otherwise they would not so much as have attempted. Add hereunto the covetousness and envy of some of our Natives, who being themselves out of Command, will yield any tearms to a Forreign Enemy, rather than maintain an Army in pay for their security; by which facile Concessions and Peace thus purchased, we discourage our Souldery, suffer them to lose their Discipline, and to degenerate by Sloath and Idleness; (a Depravity which cost the Romans very dear at the beginning of their second Cartha∣genian War) being almost ruined before they could recover their former practise of Arms, but for us meliora spero.

War being in divers Cases just upon the Of∣fensive part, and absolutely necessary on the Defensive, 'tis fit we consider the proper De∣finition thereof. It is generally said, to be the Exercise of Arms against an Enemy, but more properly 'tis a Contention between Princes or States, by force of Men under Discipline to ob∣tain Victory: And the end of War is either to obtain Victory, or to live in Peace and Honour.

The Division of War (for so much as con∣cerns England) may be of two sorts or kinds; viz. Terene and Naval; in open Field, or up∣on the Seas. The Art and Exercise of both are absolutely necessary, it being impossible for us to secure our Shoars, if we are not Ma∣sters of the Seas; nor were we ever victorious in our Transmarine Attempts, before our E∣nemies Naval Forces were conquered, as ap∣pears by the Histories of Edward the Third, Henry the Fifth, &c. Thus are our Oaken Castles our securest Bulwarks to defend us from our Enemies; nor can we offend them abroad without these floating Squadrons; how need∣ful then is the excellent employ of Navigation to our Nation, and how glorious, or rather terrible might we be to the Universe, it we did more encourage it, by maintaining a Roy∣al Navy, and having an Army ready upon any occasion; be it either by standing Troops, or a reformed and well disciplined Militia, which is held more grateful to the People in gene∣ral.

Philip de Comines tells us of his own know∣ledge, That the English, at their first Arri∣val in France, were very raw, and ill disci∣plined Souldiers; but within the space of two or three weeks, which they spent in mode∣rate Exercise, before the French could rally up a Force to engage them, they grew expert in their Weapons, and became fit for the Field-Service: from whence he concludes, That the English, of all People in the World, are the most prone to War, and aptest to make good Souldiers. Our late Actions at home and a∣broad justifie our ligitimate Succession from such valiant Ancestors; nor is there any thing so much wanting amongst us, as Encourage∣ment to the truly generous Martial Spirits. Charles the Fifth advises his Son to preserve his old Souldiers from sloath by constant Exer∣cise, and to train up the Youth of Spain under Leaders who had Lands, Goods, and Relati∣ons, to secure their Loyalty to the Crown, if they were naturally addicted to Arms; be∣cause sense of Honour, or shame of Punish∣ment, with the loss of Estate, must necessari∣ly prevail more with such, that can be expe∣cted from others who carry all their Interest in their Persons, and have nothing to care for but their own safety. Also the priviledge of wearing a Martial Robe; the priority of place in some publick Assemblies, or the like, would much encourage Youth to Martial Discipline. Nor is this only a Spanish Device, but 'twas the practise of the Romans, who had their several Triumphs for their Victorious Gene∣rals, and also particular Rewards for their private Souldiers. He who had first boarded an Enemies Ship, entred their Camp or Garri∣son, slain one of their Captains in Combat, taken a Standard, &c. was rewarded with a Silver Crown of form denoting his Exploit, with a Collar of Gold, or the like; the wear∣ing

〈◊〉〈◊〉 which in their Theatres was prized 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the possession of a Seignory without ••••ch an Honour. We read of a young man •••• Scipio's Army, who had done gallant Ex∣p••o••ts in a Battel under him, so that he de∣served such a Reward as aforesaid; Scipio judging of his mind, gave him a good sum of Money, exhorting him to persevere in his Va∣lour: but he with a sad countenance laid down the Gold at Scipio's feet, demanding of him the Honourable Ensign of Victory in lieu of the Gold, preferring Glory before Gain; for which noble Act he was not only commended, but advanced by the General, as most fit for Ho∣nour and Office, having a Spirit free from the sordid Vice of Covetousness, which blasts the Fame of many a valiant Captain, and ruins many a brave Army. It were to be wished that such Roman Spirits were now to be found amongst us, and then 'tis probable the War might have proved more succesful: but now¦adays such true Valour gives place to Interest, and to an Officer of Fortune, the dread of being disbanded makes a Victory more fatal to him than a Foil; for who will beat his Enemy, that must feel a want when he has none to appear against? What then more serviceable than a well disciplined Militia to be imployed upon all occasions, at Sea and Land? For the Officers (as men of Estates) would be glad to win Honour with hazard of their Lives; and if they should return with the loss of a Limb, would not put the King to the Charge of a Pension: And for the Souldiers, when dismist, may immediately fall to their Trade, or to Husbandry, plea∣sing themselves to tell their Neighbours the Story of their Adventures. Thus the large Armies of Horse, which support the Turkish Empire, are maintained. Thus is Poland preserved from the power of the Turk: and by this very way were our Kings anciently guarded, their Castles defended, their For∣ces for Conquest, as well as Defence, mu∣stered up (viz. by Knights Service) as our Histories and Law Books sufficiently demon∣strate.

Of Captains General, Marshals, and other chief Commanders.

AN Army may be provided, a Navy rigged, manned, and equipped, but the chief and most difficult task is to find a Generalissimo worthy of Command, one up∣on whose Conduct the hope of the War de∣pends; I mean not in the force of his Per∣son, but in his Knowledge in Military Af∣fairs, in his Magnanimity, which compre∣hends the four Cardinal Vertues, viz. Pru∣dence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude; in his Authority, and in his Disposition to en∣gage the Affections of his Souldiers, without which they will hardly be brought to do him Honour, nor their King and Country good Service, as might be demonstrated by several Examples, were it convenient.

It behoveth a General, not only to Con∣duct his Army, but carefully to provide for them Provisions as well as Ammunition, and to shew himself prudent, patient, cautious, and liberal unto them, indeavouring to gain by love what he might command from them by power. And this made Homer to call A∣gamemnon a Pastor of People, because he carefully looked after the safety of his Army. Theodosius the Emperor did not command the meanest of his Souldiers to do any thing, but that he himself would sometimes do. And Antonius did sometimes march on foot, and carry in his Hand the general Ensign of the Army, which was very ponderous, to shew that his Souldiers should not refuse to undergo any Labour that should be required from them.

Amongst the many good properties required in a General, nothing is more commendable than Liberality; and on the contrary, Cove∣tousness as much detestable: for hard it is to attend the Affairs of War, and be overmuch in love with Money. Yet that Commander, who with Honor and good Conscience can attain to Wealth, is not to be disliked; for thereby he may upon an emergent occasion supply the wants of a necessitated Army. And that General is most to be esteemed, who (as a Souldier) knoweth how to offend his Enemy, to govern his own Forces, pa∣tiently to suffer want, and to endure labour. heat, and cold: For sometimes it is found, that he who hath Authority to command, want∣eth another to command him, for want of true knowledge of those things that belong unto his Office; for it is more difficult for a General or Commander to know what be∣longeth unto him, than to execute the Office of that place, seeing that Skill must pre∣cede Action, and use go before Command∣ment.

It is expedient for all Princes and Comman∣ders to be well read in Histories, and princi∣pally those that concern the Actions of their Ancestors. And this (as some believe) cau∣sed King Edward the Third (when he made War against Robert the Second, King of Scots) to order a certain Monk to attend him in that Expedition, to write down all the Actions of that Enterprize. Mahomet the Second, Emperour of the Turks; endeavour∣ed much to know the Histories of his Prede∣cessors, and gave liberally unto one Iohn Ma∣ria of Vincenza, to write the Victories he obtained against Vssancassan King of Persia. Much more praise and honour is due unto those Commanders, that by long Service, and due degrees of War, have deserved the Titles

appertaining unto Arms, and bear about them the Scars and Marks of true Valour.

A General of Horse (according to Plato) ought to be made by the consent of the whole Army. The Praefecti or great Com∣manders were elected by those Souldiers that bare Targets: The Tribuni militum had their advancement by the voice of Men at Arms; and other Captains or Commanders of a low∣er quality were chosen by the chief Gene∣ral. And that Person that in Service was most painful, in Actions most industrious, in Perils most resolute, in Counsel most provi∣dent, and in Execution most quick, was by the Chieftains elected for their Emperor.

Leo the Emperor, in his Book entituled, The Preparation for War, speaking of the Election of a General, saith, That to know the generosity of a Horse, or a Dog, we have regard to his proper Operations, rather than to the Dam or Sire which begot him; even so the Nobleness of a Man ought to be consider∣ed by his proper Valour and Vertue, and not by the Blood of those that brought him into the World, neither of the Glory of his An∣cestors, which oft-times degenerates. I con∣fess, to aim more at the Nobleness of the Blood than at the necessary Vertues of the Person chosen, is a dangerous Error in time of Acti∣on, and proved fatal to Phocas the Emperor, when he sent his Nephew Manicel against the Sarazens, being a young Man of no Experi∣ence, yet stubborn in his Resolves; who, contrary to the Vote of his Council of War, followed his Enemy till he was drawn by them into certain Streights, and hemmed in, and the most part of his Army slain. Fazelli lib. 6. Dec. 2. Hist. Sicili.

A Charge of so grand an Import ought therefore to be bestowed upon a worthy Per∣son, whose Vertues have been tryed in times of trouble, one (if to be found) whose con∣duct hath been crowned with Success. The Commander, whose Helmet hath been usual∣ly canopied with the Plumes of Victory, will not quickly be forsaken of his Souldiers in the uttermost Extremity; they still expecting the same Fortune should attend him, as Iulius Caesar oftentimes experienced: nor is it an ea∣sie task to engage an Enemy against him upon equal terms.

An experienced, liberal, and tender affectio∣native General to his Souldiers is then the Man: and the more Illustrious by Birth the better; Equality causing Emulation, which some con∣vert to envy, and that oftentimes ends in inve∣terate Malice.

Never have we been more fortunate than in our Royal Armies when we have had a King, or an Heir Apparent to the Crown, the Head thereof; witness our Victories in Pale∣stine and Cyprus under King Richard; our many victorious Henries and Edwards; the Battels of Cressey, Poictiers, and Agincourt; our grand Victory at Sea in the Dutch War under the Conduct of his Royal Highness Iames Duke of York. Nor are we at pre∣sent destitute of Captains of the Blood Roy∣al, which are endowed with all Virtues and Princely Qualities requisite for so great Im∣ploy: Let me but mention his Royal Highness the Duke of York, and all Christendome will second me, to his eternal Fame; that neither Alexander, Caesar, nor any other old Cap∣tains shewed greater Courage or Skill, passed through greater perils by Land or Sea than he hath done; nor is there any Person in Eu∣rope that can justly dispute for Glory with him, or whose Life hath been so illustrious. Let us but consider, How that at Twenty years of Age he had traced most part of Christendome to encounter glorious Actions; that since he has been engaged in all sorts of Combats, wherein he hath been Conqueror: That he hath appeared magnanimous in Cam∣paigns, Leguers, Battels, and Seiges by Land; in the most furious and dreadful Sea fights, in which he hath given life to some Enemies, and taken it from others: His escaping such Hazards, and passing by Domestick Broyls with a Princely Scorn, would half perswade a credulous person that he had evaded the time of dying, and that for the World's gene∣ral good it were decreed, he should endure as long as the Sun and Moon to support the Gran∣dure of the Brittish Monarchy, in the Person of his Sacred Majesty King Charles the Second, and his lawful Successors.

Next to his Royal Highness, we may justly commemorize his Highness Prince Rupert, Duke of Bavaria, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland, Earl of Holder∣ness, &c. who from his Birth was designed for Warlike Atchievements: for the calamities that followed that illustrious Family from Bo∣hemia to the Palatinate, forced the Queen and this Infant Prince into the Low Countries, where he passed his tender Age in the practi∣sing the knowledge of Military Affairs; inso∣much that at about the Age of Thirteen years he marched under the command of the Prince of Orange to the Seige of Rhine∣berg, and proved so good a Proficient in that rough Study, that at the Age of Eighteen he was thought fit to command a Regiment of Horse in Germany. In the Battel of Lemgow, 1638. being taken by the Imperalists under the Command of Count Hatzfield, he remain∣ed a Prisoner above three years, till by the Mediation of his Uncle, the King of Great Brittain, he was set at Liberty: And in re∣quital of which kindness, hearing that Eng∣land was in an uproar, he posted hither, and tendered his Service to his Uncle, who in An∣no 1642 graciously received him; and at a Chapter held at ••ork, was made Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter. 'Twas then

[illustration]

The Effiges of the Right Noble George, late Duke of ALBEMARLE. Earle of Torrington Baron Moncke of Potheridge•• Beauchamp and Teys, Knight of the Noble order of the Garter, Lord Leiutenant of Devonshire. Captaine Generall of all his Majestyes Land Forces. Ioynt Admirall with his Highness Prince Rupert in the last Dutch Warr•• one of the Lords Comissioners of his Majestys Treasury•• one of the Gentlemen of his Bedchamber &-one of y^e L^ds. of his most Hon^ble. privy Councell &c^a.

Edw. Le Davis sculp

a time of Action, and each party endeavour∣ed to gain a Reputation by their Valour at the opening of the War; in which his Highness had the Fortune to rout a party of the Rebels Horse near Worcester, commanded by one Colonel Sands. The Prince being made Ge∣neral of his Majesties Cavalry, he had Field∣room enough to exercise his Courage, and shew his Conduct. Divers Incounters, and some pitched Fields are sought with various success, viz. at Edghill, the taking of Ci∣rencester, the raising of the Siege of Newark, Litchfield and Latham-house, the taking of Bristol, and those bloody Battels at Newber∣ry and Marstou-moor, in all which he was a principal Actor, and in some the chief Com∣mander. And as an acknowledgment of his Majesties Favours for these his many hazards and good Services done, he was created Duke of Cumberland; and in Anno 1644. was made Generalissimo of his Majesties Forces in the room of General Ruthen: He marcheth from Oxford with the King Northwards. In May 1645. takes Leicester by storm; but hearing that Fairfax and Cromwell had beleaguer'd Oxford, he returns, diverts their Design, and fights the fatal Battel of Naisby against them: Is afterwards besieged in Bristol by Fairfax, which he surrenders upon Articles; and thence marcheth to Oxford, where he continued, till the King despairing of any relief, quitted the Garrison, and went into Scotland. Oxford being delivered up, the Prince takes the be∣••••fit of the Articles of Surrender to transport himself into France: was afterwards Admiral of such Ships as left the Rebels to pay their Duty to their Soveraign Prince, in which he ran many hazards, and escaped the perils of the Seas; but his Brother, Prince Maurice, perished in a Hericane. At last he returns to Paris to the King, and from thence goes into Germany, where he remained till his Ma∣jesties most happy Restauration, by whom he was affectionately invited and welcomed into England in Anno 1662. and made a Pri∣vy Councellor. In the year 1666. was joyn∣ed Admiral with the Duke of Albemarle a∣gainst the Dutch Fleet, and rescued him from the danger that he and his Squadron were in, being assaulted by the Dutch's whole Fleet, when ours was unhappily divided; but the Prince's seasonable Assistance secured our Honour, and put the Enemy to a shameful flight. In the year 1673. he went Admi∣ral to Sea against the Dutch. These his A∣ctions are remunerated by a Pension of Four thousand pounds per Annum; and the War∣denship of Windsor Castle. Thus you see the life of a Hero to be like a Voyage at Sea, composed of Calms and Tempests, which un∣expectedly succeed each other.

Thus in a Victor's Garland oft we see, Laurels with Cypress intermixed be.

But I could lose my self in the Admiration of these Objects, were I not again surprized by the late Generous and Noble Exploits of the Heroick Prince, Iames Duke o•• Mon∣mouth, whose brave Spirit disdaining to be confined to the ease of a Court life, con∣temning the soft pleasures of Peace, seeks out Dangers abroad, makes Bellona his Mi∣stress, de••ies death in his ascent to Honour, and thus immortalizes his Name throughout Christendome by his Valour and Conduct at Mastricht, in Anno 1673. To affect Glory in Youth is becoming a Royal Birth; and to be∣gin with Victory is a happy Omen of Fu∣ture Success. In a long progress of time a Coward may become a Conquerour: Some others from mean Adventures, passing through gross Errors, grow to Experience, and in time perform great Exploits: But as there are few Rivers Navigable from their first Fountain; so are such Men doubtless very rare and singular, who have not any need either of growth or years, nor are sub∣ject either to the Order of Times, or Rules of Nature. Proceed brave Prince in the path you have so fairly traced out, and let the World see your renowned Valour.

Of a lower Orb, we may justly boast of our English Fabius, General Monk, who so wisely wearied out Lambert by his de∣lays, and cajoled the rebellious Rump Par∣liament. He was a Person of great Valour, Experience and Prudence, whose Loyalty and Conduct hath given him a never dy∣ing Fame to be celebrated by the Pens and Tongues of all good Subjects, whilst the Name of Britain lasteth. His Exploits were tru∣ly great, his Success in his Conduct renown∣ed with too many Victories to be here in∣serted: Let it suffice to say he was bred a Souldier, and after the many risks of For∣tune got the Art to mannage that fickle Lady so well, that he triumphed over his Foes both in War and Peace, acted the part of a good Politician, the trusty old Cushai, confounding the Counsel of Achitophel, to preserve his Royal Master, and was the bles∣sed Instrument of his Majestie's most happy Restauration to his Crown and Dignity, and the Kingdom to its pristine Laws and Liberties, securing to himself and Posterity that well purchased Title of the most High, Potent, and Noble Prince George, Duke of Albemarle, Earl of Torrington, Baron Monk of Potheridge, Beauchamp and Teys; besides which Hereditary Titles, he was Knight of the Noble Order of the Garter, one of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council, and Captain General of all his Majesties

Forces during life; an Honour and Office scarce ever before intrusted in the hands of a Subject in times of Peace. He lived the darling of his Country, dearly beloved of his Majesty, and all the Royal Stem, and dreadful to our Forreign and Home-bred Foes, but laden with Love, Honour, and Years. He yielded up his Life to the Hands of him that gave it, and departed in peace the Third Day of Ianuary, Anno Dom. 16 69/70. lamented by all good Subjects.

—Post funera Virtus.

We have many more that by Experience and Conquest are very well known to be eminent Warriers, whose Noble Acts were enough to fill large Volumes, and whose worthy Atchievements will be recorded in the Histories of that Age for an Encourage∣ment to Posterity, the Effigies of some of which I have here lively represented to your View.

[illustration]

The Effigies of y^e. Right Hon^ble: Charles Earle of CARLISLE Viscount Morpeth Baron Dacres of Gillsland, Lord Leiutenant of Cumberland & Westmoreland Vice Admirall of y^e. Countyes of North••mberland Camberland Westmoreland y^e Bishoprick of Durham. The Towne & County of Newcastle & Maritin parts There adiacent & one of his Ma^tyes most Hon^ble priuy Councell &c^a

Abra. Bl••thing sculp.

[illustration]

The Effiges of the Right Hon^ble. William Earle of Craven, Viscount Craven of Vffington, Baron Craven of Hampsted-Marshall, Lord Leiutenant of the County of Middlesex, and Borough of Southwarke, and one of the Lords of his Majestys most Hon^ble. privy Councell &ca.

[illustration]

This Portraiture is in memory of Bertram Ashburnham of Ashburnham in Sussex, who in the tyme of King Harold was Warden of the Cinqueports, Constable of Dover and Sheriff of the said County. and being a person in soe great power at the Landing of William the Congueror, King Harold (who was then in the North) sent him a Letter to raise all the force under his Comand to withstand the Invador. And when the King cam•• vp to oppose y^• Conqueror, the said Bertram (who had an eminent Comand in the Battle) received soe many wounds that soon after he dyed thereof And since which tyme (through the mercy of god) the Said family (in a direct male line) have euer since continued at Ashburnham aforesaid, and are the present possessors thereof.

Edw: Le Davis Sculp.