The Latine grammar. Or, A guide teaching a compendious way to attaine exact skill in the Latine tongue for a proper congruity and elegant variety of phrases in prose and verse. Published for the common good in continuation of a former guide, teaching to read English rightly, and write accordingly. By Richard Lloyd.

THE TRUE REASON OF A RIGHT SYNTAX.

THe Syntax is a congruous and orderly dispo∣sall of all the parts of Speech, requiring with congruity of words a meet placeing of the same in Prose or Poems. And it is two fold, Analogicall in the simple and common custom of Construction, or Anomalous, when swarving thence, it hath for Authority the constant practise of approved classick writers▪ And this last doth fi∣gurat either the Construction of simple sentences, or the elocution of the whole speech.

Of Analogicall Construction.

The Analogicall Construction is two fold, by Concordance, or by Consequence.

Of Concordance.

By Concordance a Substantive or any part of Speech put Substantively having a regent power will require any Noune or Verb depending there∣on to agree therewith in its proper affections. Tum capitale nefas operosa diluit arte vir nequam.

Of Consequence.

It was a common error generally received, that every oblique did belong to a certaine regence of some particular part of Speech, which mistake hath multiplyed Rules, and thereby stunned al young Students without cause; for the structure of oblique Substantives (which are no Appositions▪) do not depend upon the regence of any part of Speech, but upon a consequence, or in pursuance of a certrine sense and meaning of the precedent leading word, what part of Speech soever it be, as in that respect indifferent to the structure of a∣ny oblique. Wherefore either Verb, or Noune, or Adverb, standing for a guide, as it, shareth in the same signification, so it will be joyned to the same oblique, in construction, as Hostibus occurrite, or obvii, or obviam ite.

Sometimes severall oblique Substantives refer∣ring to the same leader for limitations of severall circumstances make with it one predicat answer∣ing to a rect Substantive precedent, as to the Sub∣ject. Sponte domi trepidante manu sibi detrahit ostrum.

Of Anomalous Construction.

The Anomalous construction is made by six fi∣gures altering the ordinary Syntax of words, to wit, by Enallage, Hypallage, Ellipsis, Pleonasmus, Zeugma, and Syllepsis, whereof the two last belong only unto Concordance, the fourth only to a Consequence, and the three first may concerne either of both.

Enallage is a figure that changeth parts of Speech and their affections each with another, whereof before in the Etymologie. Hypallage doth trans∣ferre Substantives or Adjectives, being the same, or different Cases, and sometimes different Gen∣ders having some mutuall dependance amongst themselves each to the others place, as Pectus quoque robor a fiunt, where Robora the last of both rects doth stand for regent, and pectus put in Ap∣position thereto is taken collectively for all parts of the breast. So Amantium irae amoris est redinte∣gratio, where id may be Elliptically understood with irae a Genitive Singular, else, as a rect of a Noune plurall only it may be apposed to the regent Singular. Likewise praeclarae virtutis homo, for precla∣••us virtute. Auri sacra fames, for sacri. Solstitium peco∣ri defende, for Solstitio defende pecus, date-classibus au∣stros, for classes austris. In nova fert animus mulat••s dicere formas, for corpora in novas formas mutata.

••llipsis doth figurate the construction, when some word that is very obvious, but wanting, must be supplyed, having common instances in most Rules.

Eleonasmus is a redundance of words, where some may be spared, were it not of purpose to make the sentence more remarkable, as abstinet a Vino, pridie eius diei, or calendarum, ubi gentium quo terra∣rum abiit, nusquam loci invenitur tua solius culpa est hisce oculis egomet vidi meis auribus audivi, sic ore lo∣cutus, vitam voxit improbam, morte obii•• repentina, re∣bus gaudens secundis laetatu, berbae sub sibi succo vi∣ctitant.

Zeugma doth figurate the concordance, when a Verb or Adiective agreeing with the nearest re∣gent Substantive, is to be supplyed in a congruous

number, person, case, and gender, with all other regents having respect thereto, whether set before or after without any Copulatives or with them, as Ego de patre, Tu de liberis, omnes de Bello percontati sunt. Socus & Classe relicta.

After Adverbs of exception or comparison, the Verb or A••iective will best agree with the remotest regent. Cui nemo nisi mulieroulae indignatus esset. Ego sicut faenum lotus laresco.

If a Verb or Adiective be placed with a regent Noune of multitude, having parts that follow wherewith it may be supplyed, or if the same be placed with any part being understood with the rest then it is called Prolepsis, as Populus vivit, al••i in penuria, in deliciis alii. Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque iacet, where the Distributive uterque must be re∣solved to the parts, Mars nudus, Venus nuda, being an implicite Prolepsis.

Syllepsis doth affect the concordance, when many regents copulated whereof some or all be singular do govern a Verb or Adiective plurall agreeing with the worthier regent in Person or Gender, the first of both being worthiest, and the second next in dignity, as Tu & Uxor estis valetudinarii. Ego, filia tum servitiis omnibus moribundae sebricitamus. So the Preposition cum with the Ablativall case doth often take the place of a rect and copulative, Juradabant Rhemus cum fratre Quirino, for et Fra∣ter: But in prose the Verbs or Adiectives would best agree with rects, being seldome altered by the oblique, except it be with Poets, and that harshly if the oblique be a Pronoune, as Divellimur inde Iphitus & Pelias mecum: In things without life the neuter commonly passeth for the worthiest Gender Divitiae Decus honor omnia in oculis sita sunt. And

sometimes in living things, Judaei suem leporem aut cygnum gustare nolunt, quae tamen alunt lueri gratia: sometimes when the Copulated regents concurre in the same Gender, the Adjective doth agree with them. Grammatica olim & Musica iunctae sunt. Sometimes the copulated being adiuncts of men, whatsover their own Gender be, will admit of ad∣jectives Masculine. Inventus praecipueque mancipiae morigeri sunto, which is a Metonymie.

Many Adiectives Singular copulated may agree with a Substantive plurall: Magna minorque ferae, Colores albus, ater & viridis in Iride spectantur, which are an implicite Prolepsis.

Lastly, if divers regents are included in a Col∣lective or Distributive, which may be resolved to hic & ille, alter & alter, being equivalent with a Copulate, and the Verb or Adiective doth agree with them only in signification, not in their pro∣per affections of Number and Gender, then it is called of late Writers Synthesis, Tota Gens in seipsos armati, uterque deluduntur, Terrae Titania proles fulmi∣ne deiecti, for Titanes, hoc pecus omne meum multae quoque montibus errant, where Oves or Caprae, a specificall kind must be supplyed from the generall word pecus. Servitia repudiavit qui catervatim con∣currebant, by a Metonomy of the adiunct. Latium & Capua multati sunt agro, for Latini & Capuenses, by a Metonomia of the Continent. Vos o Calliope placidas praebete Canenti, for Musae quarum ipsa dux erat, by a Synecdoche of the species, Capita coniurationis crucibus affixi, by a Metaphor. Other examples passe under the name of Synthesis where some known Appellatives are understood Elliptical∣ly, as plus quam duo millia caesi, where hominuns

should be supplyed, Rex tibi praecipimus, for Ego cum P••oceribus, nobis praesente, for Praeside cum Asses∣sor••bus. Other instances having no equivalence with a Copulate, cannot be a structure by Syn∣thesis, but by plaine Ellipsis, as in Eunucho sua, where must be supplyed Comaedia, Praeneste sub ipsa, suply Urbe, Centauro, in m••gna, supply Navi.

The Concordance of continued Substantives.

A regent Substantive will require any other Substantives in a continued signification common∣ly called Apposition, be they few or many to a∣gree with it selfe alwayes in person, and regular∣ly in Case and Number, as Authorem perdis scelerum origo & fome••, otium, fatis authoribus istaec tot mala contingunt: where the latter continued Sub∣stantives declare the nature of the former; some∣times by adding property, as in the former instan∣ces, sometimes by clearing an ambiguity, as Leo sydus caeleste, sometimes by restraining generality, as Ludi Consualia.

The apposed figuratively may be a Genitive with a regent of any other case by Antiptosis, as Urbs Antiochiae, for Antiochia, transit flumen Rheni, for Rhenum; And it must be a Genitive, with a re∣gent possessive standing for the same Case of the Primitive by Enallage, as Tuum oculat testis indici∣um elevari nequit, for Tui indicium.

Likewise the apposed may be of a different number, which being plurall only, will agree with a regent singular, as, Egot uae deliciae. And con∣trariwise Parisii Metropolis, or being a regular Noune plurall may agree with a regent collective singular, as, Senatu patriae praedonibus And con∣trariwise, sunt pecus igaavum fuci. Or with many regents singular copulated, Philippus & Maria Re∣ges

Angliae. And contrarywise, Servitia famulu•• cum famula vili acquisivit.

Lastly, the apposed being moveable Substantives must accord in Gender with the regent, Ensis vi∣ctor, hafla vel ferrum victrix, the Neuter agreeing best with feminines of nouns unmovable to the neu∣ter. A Nominative after an Indicative or the Accu∣sative standing instead thereof after an Infinitive of Verbs Substantive, having the nature of defini∣tions, are apposed to their defined regents in a con∣tinued signification; for no word can be governed of any more then one regent in the same respect, as, Honor est virtutis calcar, nuptiae dignoscuntur hon••∣stior conditio quam iucundtor, Musae habentur, literatis∣sima Cohors. Ego salutor matris deliciae. Ars vocatur inopum divitiae la••d bus arguitur vini Bacchator Ho∣merus. Vos mallem amicos esse quam haberi. Circen∣ses curule certamen vocari constat, where the verbs Substantive do constantly accord with regents, but Participles signifying to be esteemed, or called, or a Relative, ioyned with other Moods reduced thence, may indifferently accord either with the regent or with the apposed Substantive. Passim cla∣rescit Lutetia vocata, or voca••i Parisii quae vocatur, or qui vocantur Parisiii, quam, or quos vocant Parisios. And if both be Appellatives that betoken things inanimate, then such Participles do commonly accord with the apposed, Paupertas visum est onus, omnis error non est habenda stultitia. And they con∣stantly agree with the apposed, when both referre to Men. Opibus congerendis student Gens universa∣dicti Veneli, or, quos vocant venetos, Proles Aeneia condidit Albam, qui fertur Julus, or by variation, Cui nomen Julus, or Juli, or Julium. Likewise such being apposed, require a concordance of any Ad∣iective

following, Fulmina belli Scipiadae caesi. Last∣ly, an Apellative apposed to a proper name will requi••e the regence. Apiolae Latino um opid••m cap∣tum est, Bihlia sacer co••ex e•••• assiaue revolvendus.

Moreover Datives construed with, dabis, dato, datur, libet l••cet, expedit aequum necesse opu est, and such other as they take the place of Accusatives before the Infinitives of Verbs Substantive or passive of esteem or calling, so they admit the Appositions following the said Infinitives to be either Datives or Accusatives answerable to the Accusatives to be supplyed from thence. Do tibi dum bonus es, justo sanctoque videri, a quum est piis censeri innoxiis, non datur vobis haberi civibus, or cives, mihi neo libet nec licet esse negligenti, or negli∣gentem, where vos from vobis, and me from mihi, should be supplyed with Cives and negligentem.

The Concordance of Adjectives.

Adiectives whether Nouns, Pronouns or Par∣ticiples agree with their Substantives, being of the same sentence with them, in Person, Case, Gen∣der, and Number: vos omnes habiti, estis infidi, but a Pronoune Relative being of another sentence, may be of another Case, then the Antecedent Substantive, which is to be supplyed therewith. ••aeta••ies quam nulla potest involvere Nubes for quam diem, and any Participle wherein a Relative is in∣cluded must have the antecedent substantive suppli∣ed Coguntur Superi, renuit mora nulla vocatos, Supply, Superos, and sometimes to avoid ambiguity, the Substantive is repeated with a Relative to cleare the sense. Laus est virtutis merces quam mercedem ventosi tan•• ••mmodo a••petunt, and the Substantive is oft repeated without necessity, diem scito esse nul∣lam quo die pro ••••••s non agam. Sometimes the regent

Substantive is transferred from the principall sen∣tence and made the same Case with the Relative, changed to a Demonstrative by Antiptosis. Quam struo domum vestra erit And a Relative plurall con∣strued with a partitive Singular, may be changed from the Genitive, and made the same Case with it. Nubium flatus varii quibus al••o sinduntur alio perrum unlur, or qui alius cas findit alius perrum∣pit, being Prolepsis. Sometimes the Relative is put in the Antecedents Case Greekwise, Aliquid corum scribe quo••um for quae consuevisti. Sometimes the precedent Verb is to be supplyed therewith. L••∣g••m edicito quam tibi videtur, supply edic••adam esse.

Sometimes qui is used for qualis, and being plu∣rall, referring to an Antecedent Singular, the antecedent must be understood specifically, not in∣dividually. Eunuchum deperit quibus Reginae tantum utuntur. Qualis & quantus: being Relatives agree alwayes with the latter Substantive. Tales viros esse putas, qualis famina. Tanta tibi sides, quan∣ta opes. And such Relatives may be changed unto Adiectives with Comparative Adverbs, tam and quam, as tam optimum oleum quam acerbissi••a erit olea, for tale obeum qualis olea, Sol tantus, quanta on••rus rota, or Sol tam magnus quam ••ota.

Adiectives used Adverbially are englished after Verbs Active or Neuter, betokening quality, time, or posture. And answering to a precedent regent Substantive Oxoniam petit ••ibens & frequens, for libenter & frequenter. Oportet nos matu••inos agere, for mane, saltat subrius, ••bit cubitum inc••••natus, incedit rectus, do••mit supinus.

Distributives being plurall only are properly ioyned with regents that want the Singular: Sin∣guli proceres, binae literae, t••rna castrae. Pronounes par∣titive

have much affinity with Substantives, for as regents they require a concordance of finit Verbs in person and number, and of Adiectives in Case, Gender, Person and Number. Nullus superum sper∣netur inultus, supply with Superum numero, or consortio, where the principall regent being the Genitive plurall doth allwayes leave an im∣presse of its owne person and Gender in the partitive.

The partitive being a Superlative placed be∣tween two Substantives of a continued significati∣on may agree with either of them, but more pro∣perly with the regent. Inedia frangitur Leo anima∣llum fortissimus, or fortissimum, or Animal fortissi∣mum, being then indefinite.

The Genitive of the principall regent after Su∣perlatives may be changed to the Accusative with ante. Rosa ante alios stores suavissimus, or to the Accusative with inter, or to the Ablative with e. de. ex. after any partitive, Natu maximus vestrum inter vos e. or de vobis, Manuum, or e manibus, or inter ma∣nus dextra est fortior, Zonarum, de Zonis, or inter Zonas media. Hoc operum mihi crede tu••rum, or ex operibus, or inter opera. Ego fratrum, or e fratribus superstes, nigra Lanarum coloribus inepta, Craesus divi∣tum, u••us, solus, or such like being Ellipticall. Other instances are Graecismes. Degeneres canum, im∣probi hominum, Sociorum opportuni, acer equorum, used for Superlatives.

The Partitive Superlatives may refer to diverse or contrary kindes. Sic ego sum rerum non ultima Sexte tuarum, rerum omnium mors est extremum, bona existimatio est omnium prima, hominum est malorum optimus bonorum pessimus. And sometimes the re∣gent is repeated with the Partitive, as the Antece∣dent

with the Relative, Oculorum dexter oculus cae∣cu••••t. Lastly, the principall regent may be a Ge∣nitive singular being a Collective. Pompeii sangui∣nis unus, ••uventutis pessimus.

The same Pronouns desisting to be Partitives agree with their Substantives, in all four affections like other Adiectives, Ʋnus hostis, alter amious est, utrunque spe••nis.

Substantives Greek-wise are used for Adiectives being no Appositions. Dat marem strepitum, for masculum, habet heroas sensus, amat iuvenes ••ocos, Ro∣mula tellus. Qu••m populum late regem cognevi∣mus.

Any Adiective Neutrall in either of both num∣bers, may be put Substantively, quiddam, negotium verbum, or Chrema being understood, varium & mutabile semper faemina, and such may be Substan∣tives to any other Adiectives, as mala sunt ferenda, but more commonly the Pronouns. Omne rarum charum pau••a his similia, and such may be under∣stood with Participles that forme the Preter tense of the Infinitive, nocet esse locutum, supply id. Lastly Pronouns of quantity being Neuters Sin∣gular, are usually construed with a Genitive of any Substantive, wherewith otherwise they should ac∣cord in all proper affections thereof like other Ad∣iectives. Minus tristitiae, extremum luctus, dimidium, or d••plum pecuniae, plus doloris id noctis, &c. for minor tristitia, &c. And such a Genitive is some∣times Plurall, not only of Nounes that want the Singular, as istud divitiarum, but also of the regu∣lar, after Partitives, as tantum nummorum. Other examples imitating the same structure be Grae∣cismes, Opaca locorum, amara curarum, cuncta terra∣rum, abdita rerum, ardua montium. Lubrica vallium.

And such are these Genitives singular standing for Collectives. Telluris operta, belli acuta, famae in∣ania, fortunae ineerta. But omnia sunt hominum tenu•• pendentia filo, for humana omnia, is Enallago.

Any word taken Technically will be an Aptote, and may be either put in Apposition with another Substantive, as Lactea nomen habet, or stand for a Substantive to an Adiective. Istud Anticomarita. So may Verbs stand for Aptote Substantives in the Indicative, non habemus salem quod in te est, In the Subjunctive aequum est ut suum cuique reddas, In the Infinitive: Suadere molestum est. Likewise Adverbs are used for Aptote Substantives. Nuper praeteritum mox futurum, nunc tantummodo nostrum est. But Ad∣verbs of quantitie standing for Partitives with a Genitive plurall, leave the concordance of Ad∣iectives in Gender and Number to the Genitive being the principall regent, as due thereto from themselves if they were variable, partim signorum erepta sunt, bombardarum displosae, plusquam quinqua∣ginta militum occisi, for quedam signa nonnullae bom∣bardae quinquaginta milites, by Enallage. Lastly, two Aptotes singular, as a Copulative require an Ad∣iective plurall, frigere & calere sunt contraria.

Some Adiectives are set alone, the common Substantive being understood. Vescimur bubula, supply carne, Laborat tertiana, supply febri, perfunditu•• calida, supply, aqua, aeris centeni, supply, Nummi scribitur in duo decim, supply Tabulis, venit ex Tus∣cu••ano, supply, agro, docet togatam, supply comaedi∣••••. Pronominall and Participiall Adiectives do usually accord with a Genitive of the Primitive understood in the possessive, by Eunallage of the forme and Figure. And likewise the Relatives have often the same concordance with the former:

Accomodatissimum stomacho est lac caprium quae fronde vescuntur, mea nil refert qui sum innoxius, sua ipsius laude quantus erat, or sua ipsorum laude quanti, tua est unius, or solius culpa, nostra duorum, or pauco∣rum sententia quot quot adsumus, damnatur, vestra cu∣iusque plurium, or omnium spes quota suit, tota ce∣cidit, tunc tua defuncti molliter ossa cubent, nostros vi∣disti flentis ocell••s, by Enallage of Figure and Num∣ber. And if a Participle doth precede, the pos∣sessive should not follow but the Primitive, as ma∣ternae lugentis lachrymae, or lugentis matris lachrymae id suaserunt.

The Concordance of Verbs Personall with Rects.

A Verb Personall doth agree with a regent No∣minative, in Number and Person, as, Nemo semper sapit. And whereas some Tense in the Passive and Deponent voices, be formed by the Participle, The same must likewise accord with the Rect, in Case, Gender, Number and Person, as other Ad∣iectives. Litterae alihi honorandae nobi (cum illiberali∣ter aspernatae sunt. In such grecismes, as, Haec errata condonabitur. Nounes that seem to be the Rects are plaine Accusatives thus to be made en∣tire, Quantum ad haec errat a condonahitur. Any part of speech by Enallage may be made an Aptote, and as the Substantive to an Adjective, so likewise the Nominative to a Verb Personall, being com∣monly singular, as afore said. But Adverbs col∣lective or partitive construed with Genitives plu∣rall will govern Verbs plurall, as, Abunde fabula∣rum historiis admixtae sunt, for fabulae quam pluri∣rimae

Testium partim sunt oculati, partim auriti, for quidam testes. And the Verbs are alwayes plural when the principall regents betoken living things. Else if they signifie things inanimate, ioyned with Adverbs or Pronouns partitive, they will ad∣mit a Verb singular, as plurimum, or satis leporum & facetiarum omni sermone fusum est. Of two Rects singular copulated, or one Collective singular comeing before a Verb or Adiective plurall in Syllepsis and Synthesis. And of Verbs or Adiectives agreeing with the neerest Rects or Substantives, whether of divers, or of the same kindes, as parts of the whole in Zeugma and Prolepsis. The Rect being the first or second person singula or plurall is never expressed, but to notifie some distinct property, either in a common Act or passion resolvible to Pronouns of diversity, or to Coniunctions exceptive, both with Negatives. Quod ego in laude pono tu vertis vitio, for alter nul∣lus, nos seria quaerimus vos ludo indulgetis, for prae∣tere a nulli, or nemo nisi vos, or praeter vosipsos. Or in a singular Act or passion resolvible to a Pro∣noune demonstrative or individuall, or to a Su∣perlative Adverb absolute or Prepositionall, Nos colimur Domini Servi sordescitis ipsi, for nos soli, or vnici, so ••os p••aecipue, or prae ali••s. Otherwise the first and second person in both numbers are al∣wayes understood. Quid facis ignoro, nitimur in ve∣titum, discite iustitiam moniti.

Likewise a Rect of the third person being a Relative, except qui, is understood after Adverbs coniunctive or disiunctive, or a Negative in place thereof. Ni••edula lucet, ac splendescit, friget vero, non calet. Sometimes the coniunctive Adverb is not expressed, but may be supplyed by a resolution of

the sentence. Voce faucibus elapsa, reverti n••quit, or si vox faucibus elaberetur, nequit Reverti. Quas tibi do literas, raro displicent, is a figurative structure by Antiptosis.

The Relative Qui must necessarily be supplyed with any Vocative after obliques of the second person, or any possessives derived thence to make the Syntax intire and perfect. Vestra Judices sen∣tentia stabit, for qui estis Judices; and by varia∣tion, vestra Judicum sententia stabit, or vestra Ju∣diciaria sententia. Te pater obsecro, for qui es pater, or by variation, te patrem oro, resolvible in the same manner to qui es pater, but not by necessity, as in the former, that being Ellipticall, this a per∣fect structure. Rects that betoken men are com∣monly understood, specially with est, fertur, ferunt, dicunt, aiunt, praedicaut, clamitant, tradunt, prohibent, and such others.

The Rects are likewise understood with Verbs of exempt power instanced in their Etymologie, Saxa pluunt, signifying the Stones drop or sweat, is a Regular sentence, but saxa pluit, the Cloud doth shower Haile, is Ellipticall, where Nubes should be supplyed. The Verb Substantive is commonly understood, as, quot homines, tot sententiae, rari quip∣pe boni, mi••um, immane, quantus quantus, &c.

Sometime a Verb Adiective is understood. Ego continuo mecum, supply cogitabam, recte tu quidem & vere supply loqueris, which is familiar in Dia∣logues.

Such Verbs are likewise understood in Proverbs Sus Minervam, supply docet, Cantharus pillulam, sup∣ply sapit.

By the Figure Apostopesis, Verbs are omitted, having sometimes a known sense of indignation.

Quos ego, supply puniam, or of derision, Tune illam cantando, supply antecellis. Sometimes a concealed sense either of obscenesse. Tu autem sed Hircum oles or of some other odiousnesse, Novimus & qui te, sup∣ply viderunt. And of other imperfect sentences accompanying Interiectionall Adverbs, it hath been spoken already in their Etymology.

Lastly Genitives of some proper passion or affe∣ction ioyned with Accusatives of the person, be∣ing construed with the Verbs Impersonall, pae••itet, taedet, miseret, pudet, piget, seem to take the place of Nominatives by A••tiplosis, as, avaros impendii taedet, for impendium, else some Pronoune Demonstra∣tive is to be supplyed, with such as id, or tantum im∣pendit taedet. And the same will fitly answer to the Question what, a Charactaristicall note of Rects to Verbs and Substantive to Adjectives. And moreover such Genitives may be changed to Infinitives, the usuall Rec••s of all Impersonalls, as tanti laboris nos nil paenituit, or Nos nil paeni∣tuit tantum tolerasse labo••em. In like manner is used Platonis mihi in mentem venit, supply, dictum, Civi∣tatis refert, supply bonum.

Of Construction by consequence in Generall.

The Genitive is construed alwayes with a for∣mer Substantive, and if it be not expressed, it must be supplyed by Elipsis: The Acquisitive may be construed with any part of speech, having a sense suitable thereunto. But the guid or leading word is Ellipticall being a Substantive with two Da∣tives after a Verb Substantive, or an Adiective

with a Gerundivall Dative, whereof in their proper places. Ablativals with many Accusatives are u∣sually construed with Prepositions, which if they be not expressed, are alwaies to bee supplyed with any Ablativals and with all Accusatives, being no suf∣ferers.

All the Obliques being Ellipticall are likewi•••• called Synecdochicall Cases, because they ••••••∣ctually note that part wherein some proper 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or affection doth reside, whereof particular 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is given in the particular Syntax of every Ca••••

Prepositions in the Compounds do often refer to their proper Cases, Oppido abuns transiit Rhenum, which are sometimes repeated with their Cases; Ad consilium accersunlur Jurisperiti cum legibus colla∣turi. And sometimes they are transferred from Compounds to their Cases, by the figure Tmesis, sub amplexus ibit amica tuos, for subibit. Moreover ex and prae in Compounds, have the force of ex∣tra and praeter, egreditur urbem, excedit modum, prae∣vertitur Hebrum.

Derivatives are construed with the same Obli∣ques, as their Primitives, when they continue the same sense, not swerving thence. Epulum saluti sa∣tis commodule apparatur, or sat commoda, or quae sat commodet, optimus, or Optime ommum dixit, reliquis melior aut melius audit, propior, aut propius, aut proxime nobis aut a nobis, aut nos, aut ad nos sedet; whereof before in Adverbes, so Justitia est legibus obtemperatio, nil tibi hanc rem curatio est, domum re∣ditionis spe sublata, Catonis de hoc vitio sententia de∣cretum aut opinio stabit, Tuum hominis probi pectus perspexi.

Some Nounes in the same signification have sundry constructions, as pater mihi, or mei, or meus, doctissimus ominum, or ante, or inter omnes, or ex omnibus poeta dignus avis, or avorum, vacuus irae, or it a, or ab ira, sumus pares aut aequales nobis, or inter nos, stercus agro vel ad agrum utile, Murus trigin∣ta pedibus, pedes, or pedum longus. Some Nounes admit of various structures, but in various sen∣ses. Aer est omnium commune, where the Guide is put Substantively; or omnibus communis, where it is put Adjectively with relation; or communis in∣ter omnes, or nobis cum omnibus aliis: by vertue of Con most familiary used in composition to this last structure. In like sort Regum secundus, the Guide being Partitive, secundus Regi, or a Rege, being an Adiective of Diversity; So farti admissio idem est ac ipfum furtum, the Guide being construed with a Copulative: or idem furto, as an Adjective of likenesse, or idem cum furto, in a Comparative sense: So vir consilii alienus, for expers, ambitioni a∣lienus, for inhabilis, maiestate alienus, for vacuus, vir gravis paci, for molestus, gravis authoritate, for pol∣lens, similis tui; referring to internall qualities, si∣milis tibi, referring to externall parts. Some Verbes also in the same sense admit of divers structures, as dono impertio aspergo insterno induo exuo prohibeo in∣terdico, and such others are construed with Acu∣satives of the Person, and Ablativals of the thing▪ or Accusatives of the thing, and Acquisitives of the Person: dono te munere, or tibi munus, &c. O∣thers are construed with an Acquisitive or an Ac∣cusative, praestolo antecedo anteeo antesto attendo il∣ludo insulto tibi, or te, &c. So libido nobis, or nos incessit, morti, or mortem occubuit, tecto, or tectum sub∣iit,

eloquentiae, or ad eloquentiam hoc conducit. Others are construed with Acquisitives, or Ablativals, con∣sentio tibi, or tecum, dissentio tibi, or a te, acquiesco sententiae, or sententia. Others with other Cases, lo∣quor tibi, or ad te, admoneris errati, or erratum, or de errato, comparamur aliis, or cum aliis, or ad ali∣os, or inter alios, interest vestrum Judicum, or ve∣stra Judices, supersedeas exemplorum multitudini, or multitudine, or multitudinem. Others are construed with Acquisitives of the Person, or Accusatives of the Thing, medicor tibi morbido, or tuam morbum, condono peccanti, or peccatum, or condono te pecca∣tum. Tempero, moderor, with such other, having Rectes of the Adiunct are construed with the Ac∣quisitive, but having Rectes of the Subiect are con∣strued with the Accusative. Officium moderatur no∣stro consilio, but nos moderamur consilium officio non ex libidine, Pudor temperat nostrae orattoni, or nos tem∣peramus orationem pudore.

Most Verbes with change of significations will vary in their Constructions: Accedo tibi, for assen∣tior te accedo, for adeo, abhorruit sce••us, for odit perpetratum, abhorruit a scelere, for devitavit perpe∣trandum, ausculto tibi, for obedio ausculto te, for audio aemulor te. for imitor aemulor vobiscum, for certoae,-mulor malorum faelicitat••, for invideo, Caveo tibi, for provideo, caveo te, for fugio, coveo a••te, for metuo, Ca∣veo pignore, for securum facio, consulo tibi, for pros∣picio, consulo te, for consilium pet••, consulo in Commu∣ne, for statuo, de commodis consulo, for moneo; and senatores consulunt put absolutely, contingit mihi, for accidit, contingo te, for ••ango, doleo tuam vicem, or de tuis rebus adversis, or ob res adversas, but do∣let mihi caput▪ the Verbe referring transitively, to

others miseries, but Intransitively to our owne.

Do litteras tibi ut nuncio, do ad te ut amicum, socius deficit mihi, for deest, deficit me, for desti∣tuit, deficit a me, for desciscit, deficit ab adiu∣tore, for dissidet, deficit in hostem, for mutatur, alimento deficit herba, for caret, faeneror pe∣cuniam tibi Sc. usuram daturo, or abs te Sc. usuram recepturo, irae indulget, for non obstar, iram in∣dulget, for fovet, formido metuo timeo vobis, or de vobis ut amicis, formido vos ut hostes, or a vobis ut hostibus, impono tibi praestigiis ut vete∣rator, impono te humeris ut Baiulus, prospicio sa∣luti Sc. tuendae, prospicio periculum Sc. futurum, in me recipio, for promitto, me domum recipio, for confero, me stupentem recipio, for ad me redeo, refero tibi ut noscas, refero ad te ut decernas, re∣fero tuos mores, for imitor, nostra refert, for ad nos spectat, officio renunciat, for discedit, Praeto∣rem renuncio, for promulgo, vacat studijs, for operam dat, adineptias vacat, for otiatur, culpa vacat, for caret. And many others whereof be∣ore in the redundant formes of Verbs.

The Construction of Genitives Regular or Ellipticall.

The Genitive is alwayes construed with ano∣ther Substantive, which if it be expressed hath a Genitive in some sorte a cause thereof. But if it be understood, being usuall after Adiectivall Nouns or Verbs of passion, then the Genitive doth de∣note the cause of such affection, Ratione, or Causa, being to be supplyed therewith, as the former

Substantive. And some Genitives of Nounes that betoken a specificall place or time, have a more Generall known Appellative understood there∣with, whereof particular instances were given be∣fore in the properties of that Case.

A Genitive of the person or thing construed with a Rect or oblique, may be changed to a Da∣tive, but more properly a Genitive of the person, as Patri domus, ecquid tibi causa doloris, exitio nautis est mare, mihi fascinat Agnos. Sunt oculis tene∣brae per tantum lumen abortae. Suo sibiiure abluntur amnes. In this last example, sihi is Pleonasticall, which is familiar to it, and also to mihi and tibi. Two Datives of the thing with Sum, or one of the Thing, and another of the Person, with do, duco, habeo, relinquo, tribuo, verto, venio, and such like are usually construed, both in Verse and Prose, otherwise the Dative of the person, with Substantives of other Cases, are more familiar in Poetry, and the same is ordinarily a Pronoune as in t••e following instances. Rex pius est Reipublicae ornamento: where may be noted that Sum, the Co∣pula like the Coniunctions doth never stand for guide, that office in such structure belonging to Author Instrumentum via, or causae understood El∣liptically, and thus supplyed. Rex pius est Author▪ aut causa ornamento, aut ornamenti Reipublicae Ar∣tes sunt Senectuti subsidio, aut Senectutis instrumen∣ta subsidii, aut subsidiaria instrumenta. But in stru∣cture with other Verbs, the Dative of the thing, doth referre unto the Verb, and the Dative of the person doth referre to the former Dative, as the latter of two Substantives, having the place of known Genitives. Virtutem bonis vitio vertunt im∣probi,

for bonorum vitio ne ipsis probro vitium duca∣tur, for ipsorum probro, altisque ludibrio habeantur, for aliorum ludibrio.

Any Genitive being the latter of two Substan∣tives, or a Dative in place thereof, having no Epithet construed with it may be changed to an Adjective Possessive derived thence, signifying▪ Persons, Places, Times, Matter, Art, Sect, or some property, as Tuo hoc futurum est commodo, for tibi commodo, herba est hortensis, or horti, vestis Hye∣malis, or Hyemis, vas vitreum, or vitri, lex Gram∣matica, factio Romanensis opus mire artificiosum, for mirabilis artificii, for Genitives will admitte of such Epithites only as may be changed into Adverb•• with a Possessive.

In property of speech, the Pronouns possessive meus tuus suus noster and vester, should be used with Nounes of affection, as, amor, odium, cura, neglectus, &c. when such affections are Transitive passing from the person. Otherwise the Genitives of the Primitives, mei tui sui nostri and vestri are more proper, when such affections are Passive, resting in the person, as, Tuo favet desiderio, for qui desideras, but tui favet desiderio, for qui desideraris: which Lawes are seldome observed in the Pronouns, and much lesse in other Possessives, or Primitives, whereas it would much clear the sense to be strict∣ly observed in both kindes.

The Gerundivall Genitive hath sometimes construed with it a Genitive plural of such nouns as otherwise would be a Substantive thereunto be∣ing made a second future, as, licentia diripiendi Pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum.

A Dative of the person, is alwayes construed

with a Gerundivall Rect, as properly belonging to the second Future, whence the Gerunds are derived. Vigilandum est custodi, not Custodis. And it is commonly understood▪ being Pronominall, as, discendum est aut vapulandum, supply, vo∣bis.

A Genitive of a Substantive joyned with an Epithet of eminency, for praise or dispraise, may be changed to an Ellipticall Ablative. Judex maximae integritatis, or maxima integritate, supply, affectus, imbutus, indutus, insignis, praeditus, &c. And both Cases may be changed by Hyppallage, Judex maximus integritatis, supply laude, or Dote, or maximus integritate, for pro integritate, so mu∣lier multae impudentiae, or multa impudenttae, supply, infamia deliquio, &c.

Sometimes an Epithet is supplied by a Prono∣minall Rect of the Verb Substantive, referring to a remarkable antecedent, that hath full force thereof. Pater qua est indulgentia facile exoratur p••r∣duellis in gratiam restitui nequit, eiuscemodi est mali∣tiae, which may thus be made intire structures, qua est indulgentia, supply, insignis, or pro qua est indul∣gentia, so eiusmodi est malitiae, supply, reatu, or pro eiuscemodi malitiae reatu, or culpa.

The Genitives of proper names betokening per∣sons, are sometimes construed with former Sub∣stantives understood Elliptically being knowne Appellatives referring thereunto, as itur ad Vestae, supply, templum, Deiphobe Glauci, supply, Uxor filia sorer, serva, with such others.

The Genitive is sometimes construed with a Primitive Elliptically understood in the Possessive Tua Magistri dogmata, for tui Magistri, whereof in

the concordance of continued Substantives.

The Genitive of time is found Ellipticall, some∣time, but very seldome, abest bidui, supply, spa∣tio, militiae natus, Belli ••ccisus, supply, tempore. Pro∣per names of Townes or Citties, and sometimes of Ilands, being of the first or second Declensi∣on, and singular number, are Genitives Ellipti∣call, when ought is signified to be done, or hap∣pen either in them or at them. Strabo natus Cre∣tae, supply, insula, Gnosi, supply Urbe non Gortynae, supply, Oppido. And such are, humi, and do∣mi, being Appellatives, if the first be not an Ad∣verb, for it never admitteth any Epithet in such structure, as, Co••pora fundit humi, not humi gelidae. But Domi will admitt meae, tuae, suae, nostrae, ve∣steae, al enae, and none other, as, Non altenae ves∣cuntu••, quam meae & patris Domi, not Domi paternae, supply, mensa, or sub tecto.

Genitives of the Person construed after the Verb Substantive, and referring to a property whether externall of fortune, or internall of manners, are put ELLIPTICALLY,

Some Substantive of a continued significati∣on being to be supplyed with them, so in the first kind, the Rect precedent should be repeated, as Ovis nigra est Melthoei, supply, Ovis. And in the se∣cond kind proprium may be supplyed. Or in stead thereof when it is spoken of ought that is good, of∣ficium, or if spoken of any thing that is evill, then, mos or consuetudo may be supplied. Pastoris est oves tondere, furis deglubere, supply, proprium, hominis est errare, supply Mos, Christiani est resipiscere, supply, officium, where may be noted, that mei, tui sui nostri vestri, The Genitives of Pronouns primi∣tive,

will not admit such structure, but must be changed to the possessives, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, as, docere meum est, discere vestrum, supply, officium, And any of the former may be made a Possessive, as, Ovis Melibeta, tondere pastorale, errare humanum, supply, quiddam, or such like. Likewise refert interest, or in the same sense est will not ad∣mit any Genitive of Pronouns Primitive, but in∣stead thereof, an Ablative of the possessives is fa∣miliarly construed with them, causa or vice being to be supplyed. Tua judicis refert, supply, vice. And other Genitives either of the Person or thing will ioyne thereto in structure; Ut recte agant omnium est, ut boni regnent interest Reipublicae, where offici∣um, with the former, and bonum with the latter kind of Genitives should be supplied.

Genitives of the measure construed with Nouns of quantity are Elliptical. Trabs sex pedum longa du••rum lata vnius crassa, supply, pro mensura, if the structure is not otherwise regular. Verbs of e∣steem value or concernment, as sum or fio stan∣ding for aestimor addico condico, sto, consto do distraho emo, redimo, mercor, veneo, vendo venundo, liceo licito, taxo, habeo, duco, pendo, puto, facio, consulo, and refert interest, or in the same sense with both, est, are construed with these Genitives of Substan∣tives, flocci, nauci, pili, teruncii, and assis nihili, or of Adiectives put Substantively, huius tanti, quan∣ti, with their Compounds, aequi, boni, pluris, mino∣ris, plurimi, maximi, and magni, parvi, with all which precio is understood Elliptically. Pluris est oculatus testis quam auritus, so tanti passim fit pecu∣nia, supply, pretio, which may be an Hypallage, for tant o pretii, or with supply of res, or quidda, for

a continued Substantive, it may be made, tanti pretii fit pecunia, supply res. Genitives of the crime or punishment are Ellipticall, being construed, either with Nouns that signifie Guilt or Inno∣cence, as, reus noxius conscius affi••is immunis pu∣••us insons, or Verbs of accusing, condemning, or acquitting, as accuso alligo arc••sso arguo astringo cito convinco defero deprehendo increpo insimulo interrogo postulo damno condemno iudico teneor absolvo libero purgo with which crimine or paena are Ellipticall, as reus furti, conscius homicidii, purus sceleris, insons caedis, supply, crimine, so reus capitis, immunis verbe∣rum, supply, paena, accusaris periurii, supply, cri∣mine, damnaris dupli, absolveris peculatus, supply pae∣na, where may be noted that castigo condono corripio culpo excuso mulcto plecto punio reprehendo vitupero, are construed with Accusatives of the crime or punishment, as culpo discipuli oscitantiam, not Discipulum oscitantiae.

Nouns or verbs betokening affections of the mind, as Remembrance, Care, Knowledge, Cer∣tainty, Boldnesse desire hop••, or what is contra∣ry thereunto, are construed with Genitives El∣lipticall having ratione causa or gratia, understood with them, as praesagus mali, immemor sui, improvi∣dus Belli, indoctus ••ilae, dubius v••ri, fidens animi appetens vini cupidus aurisecurus armorum intrepi∣dus procellae laetus bonorum certus vincendi, or victo∣riae, so discru••ior mentis erubesco fortunae fastidio vestri vestrarumque ineptiarum fallor mentis gaudeo voti miror iustitiae indoluit successorum paternae ve∣retur irae miserescit infaelicis re••um satagit suarum ob∣livistitur meritorum meminit iniuriarum, demum re∣cordaturus vindictae.

Likewise such Adiectivall Nounes or Verbs, as signifie Plenty, Power, Worthynesse, or the con∣trary, are construed with Genitives Ellipticall, as inanis vacuus, or expers irae, dives auri plenus a∣movis lactis abundans tutelae indiget operae paucus c••∣pax artium compos voti inops m••ntis, impos rationis potitur voluptatum urbis, or homo ind••gnus avorum, Cura tuae virtulis digna, Immunis B••lli fuit & liberri∣ma Legum Roma, these last examples be graecismes & mostly used by Poets. Moreover Nounes either of affections with Genitives being their fears, or of plenty, worth and power with Genitives, signi∣fying the parts affected, may both be reduced to a Genitive or Ablative of the property belonging to praise or dispraise by Hypallage, as vir anxius mentis, or anxiae mentis, or anxia mente, so multus ci∣bi or multi cibi, nullus fidei, or nullius fidei bea••us oe∣rebri, or beati cerebri, infelix fortunae, or infaelivis for∣tunae, amplus nasi or ampli nasi, integer vitae, or in∣tegrae with such others.

Lastly, Nouns of likenesse, property or com∣munity are construed also with Ellipticall Geni∣tives: instar habet meriti. Iambus Choraei par est, Domi∣ni similis vitium non S••nectutis, proprium, sed etiam Juventus commune. All which like consors: soci∣us affinis Compes, with many more, may passe for Substantives, and as such admit of Datives in∣stead of Genitives, so tui studiosus m••i necessartus suorum liberalis alienorum profusus vitiorum fugax, laborum patiens, alearum doctus, scelerum conscius, are construed with Genitives as the former, but such will not be changed to the Datives. And it may be noted that Nouns or Verbs, of Desire, hope, care, knowledge, may in place of Genitives

be construed with the Infinitive or other Moods reducible thence, as cupidus divitiarum ••itescere ditescendi, or u ditescat. And those of worthabi∣lity or boldnesse may in place thereof be constru∣ed with Accusatives, and the Preposition ad: Or with the Infinitive. Virgo tuae formae, or ad tuam for∣mam digna, nubere, or quae nubat tibi digna, so impar tui congressus, or ad tuum congressum, or tecum cougredi, or ad congrediendum, audax facinoris, or ad facinus, or ut faciat.

Construction of the Acquisitive regular or Ellipticall.

Nouns or Verbs signifying honour, favour, profit, pleasure, ease, yeeldance, obedience, trust, promise, performance, command, discovery, neer∣nesse, likenesse, or what is contrary thereunto, are construed regularly with Acquisitives of the thing or persons notifying the scope of such relation, Id prudentiae consentaneum, tibi maxime decet: wherenote that the Accusative after decet or oppor••••t do either precede an Infinitive expressed or understood, or otherwise is Ellipticall, as hath been instanced in that case. Nemini amicus, faves voluptatibus saluti noxiis, res adversae bonis prosunt iis non obsunt. In Which sense, iuvare laedere, and of∣fendere, are construed with Accusatives, so Supe∣rioribus supplicamus, authoritati alienae inter∣cedentes, tali nunquam supplices. In which sense, precor obtestor oro imploro obsecro quae∣so, are constiued with Accusatives. Ars alteri facilis & iucunda est, alteri displicet, quatenus ipsi difficilis, tibi fidus tuae probitati non diffido

nobis moriger iusso parebis, decretum nobis nun∣ciavit, nulli mandavit, ut vectigalia Caesari solverentur, pertinacia est constantiae vicina si∣milis propinqua finitima, vel saltem non con∣traria, hoc alienissimum est, or dissidet tuae arti & personae.

Regular acquisiives are also construed with all compounds of Sum, except Possum: Or with other Verbs compounded with satis bene or male, or with any Verb compounded with prae, ad con sub super ante post ob in and inter, when such Praepositions do not referre to their proper cases, as if they were not compounded. Est and suppetit, for adest, and videor, for appareo, be con∣strued also with such Acquisitives velle suum cui∣que est, mihi rerum suppetit usus, tibi videris optimus.

Acquisitives of the person, are commonly con∣strued with Verbs Active of taking away nummos abstulit eripuit exemit subtraxit furatus est mihi. Or of the thing with Verbs Neuter of forbearance, parcit vacat abstinet supersedet cessat cedit, or disce∣dit certamini.

Participialls in bilis, and Participles in dus, are construed with Acquisitives only: nullo penetra∣bilis astro lucus erat. Visa mihi soror est visendaque denuo nulli. Other Moods of Verbs passive are construed with Acquisitives of the person, but ve∣ry seldome: Ego non intelligor ••lli.

These Adjectives, par aptus utilis idoneus faci∣lis with their Compounds, and natus promptus paratus expeditns alacer ferox ardens vehemens, may by variation chang the Acquisitive to an Accusa∣tive with ad, or to an Infinitive, or any other Mod reducible thence, vir idoneus Bello, or ad Bellum,

Belligerare ut Belligeret, or ad Belligerandum.

Ellipticall Acquisitives were noted in their proper places. Constructions of Abla∣tivalls regular and Ellipticall.

Ablativalls are regularly construed with some Prepositions serving thereunto. And such are all Appellatives and proper Names of Countries, and commonly of Ilands signifying the place whence motions rise, or wherein or whereat they rest as, veniens ex ur••e discessit ab Italia, uxorem in Lemno ducturus.

But proper Nouns of Townes and Cities be∣ing of the third Declension, or being pluralls only of the first or second Declension in the same signification as the former are Ellipticall Abla∣tivalls, and so are ruri or domo signifying from a place, not at or in it, domi hodie mansurus domo eras discedam est mihi far modicum, rure or ruri: such Ablativals ending anciently in i. as tempori and vesperi, r••gnavit Amyclis Lacedaemone natus.

Ablativalls of time are regular, whether it be articulate time answering to the Question when, de luce vigillat, sub nocte dormit, or be a continu∣at time, answering to the Question how long, pa∣cem pollicetur pro triginta diebus ab annis triginia na∣tus, but more commonly both are Ellipticall without Prepositions, and the articulate is more familiarly the Ablativall, but the continuate an Accusative.

Ablativalls of the person construed with Verbs Passive in any Moods besides the Participle, are commonly regular, qui vult ab improbis laudari a

probis culpabitnr, and they are constantly such with the Neuter Passives, Vapulo, vento exulo sio, and the Compounds of it, benefit a Deo, or any imperso∣nall passive, Regnatur a multis, and mostly with, Verbs of asking receiving, or takeing away, as vemam oremus ab ipso, ab ora••ulo audivi ab hosti∣bus misere acceptus, e vita, or de medio tollitur, and with Nounes or Verbs of neernesse or distance: Nobiscum aequales, or collati, ab aliis discrepant, or snnt dive••si, which three last may be changed to Acquisitives; id vitio assine dissidet pietati exuit mihi vestem.

Ablati••alls are sometimes, but seldome used re∣gularly, with Verbs or Nouns of plenty, or emp∣tinesse, Liber a metu vacat a nego••iis: but they are commonly Ellipticall, as opibus abundat. And such Ablatives by variation may be made Rects, and the Rects Acquisitives, as opes illi abundant. Moreover such Ablativalls may be changed into Genitives, whereof before in that construction. But these Verbs emungo, fraudo, levo, orbo privo spolio viduo, are constant to Ellipticall Ablatives, without variation, and such are pluit, sanguine, carne, lacte, and captus, or cassus oculis.

Ablativalls of Price are very seldome used re∣gularly as litterae pro nihilo habentur, but are usual∣ly found Ellipticall with Nounes or Verbs, as au∣ro venalis, carus obolo vilis asse obsonatus drachma. Likewise magno parvo vili paululo minimo nimio di∣midio duplo, with such are put Substantively, danda magno accepta parvo ducuntur.

Ablativalls betokening particular crimes, or utroque alio altero nullo ambobus plurimis, referring to crimes, are used regularly with Nouns or Verbs,

as Uxorem accusavit de pudicitia & veneficio de am∣bobus, or de altero damnata est de rapina & homi∣cidio reus ageris; but other Ablatives of crimes or punishment, are commonly Ellipticall, and may be made Genitives, whereof before in that con∣struction.

Ablatives with the Preposition de are construed with mereor, and ago ambigo celo certo cogito dico loquor glorior iudico qnaero statuo tracto, and such o∣ther. Or with Substantives having the same sense, as liber lis sermo sententia, &c. or with Nouns or Verbs of affection, and such may be changed to a Genitive instanced in that construction.

Ablatives with e.de. or ex, are construed regu∣larly with Nouns of the Comparative or Superla∣tive degree being put partitively instanced al∣ready in their concordance. But when Ablatives betoken the measure of excesse, or the part ex∣ceeded with such Nouns or Verbs, they are Ellipticall caeteris multo doctior, ab iis virtute su∣peratur.

And such are Ablatives of the measure after Nouns that betoken quantity, Liber tribus digitis crassus. And such is the Ablative in this example, It clamor caelo where tenus may be supplyed. And contrariwise a Pronominall Ablative is sometime to be supplyed with tenus. Est aliquod prodire tenus for eatenus, or hactenus. And otherwise Caelo may Greek wise be put for caelitus.

Ablativalls of the integrall part or matter, be alwayes regular, homo constat ex animo & corpore, vas integrum ex auro, and sometimes of the effi∣cient with Verbs Neuter, prae timore siluit, but al∣wayes with the Passives: a patre diligimur. And

sometimes of the manner, cum luctu loquitur. And ordinarily the Gerundivall Ablatives, ex defen∣dendo quam ab accusando uberior gloria comparatur. Other Ablatives of the cause or instrument, or part affected, or of the manner, or such like ad∣junct, or circumstance are Ellipticall, being con∣strued with Nouns or Verbs. Natura parens im∣perio tyrannus quisque deterior est licentia mi∣les ense validus Consilium specie laerum offi∣cio durum eventu luctuosum aeger corpore sanus mente natione Britannus aetare provectus in∣genio tardus moribus severus nomine Grama∣ticus rebarbarus, vinces veritate digito com∣pesce labellum onusti crapula relevandi sunt abstinentia, mente, ac artibus contremescunt, tuo solius ductu nobis haec mala creantur; where may be noted that Ablatives of the cause or part may be resolved to the Rects, and of the manner to Adiectives or Adverbs, and of either kind, o∣therwise, as in the following instances; verilo∣quus qui, or quoniam verum loqueris vinces, or veri∣tas vincet digitus labellum compescat abstinentes cra∣pulam relevabunt, rem peregit mira celeritate, or ce∣lerrimus or celerrime, mens & artus sibi contremiscunt te solo duce, or quum tu duceres, or a te duce mala haec creantur; where the Ablative called absolute may admit a Preposition: Auro loquente pollebis, for siloquatur aurum, or pro auro lo∣quente. Concurrunt aegri audito medicum ve∣nisse, for ab adventus rumore, or quando ad∣ventus fama crebrescret, so ulceribus resecandis or dum secarentur, or de futura ulcerum lectio∣ne contristantur. Te convalituro, or post quam convalesces, or de tua valitudine gratulabimur

senecta aetate, or quamquam senesceret, or in se∣nectute literas didicit. Thus all such called ab∣latives absolute are Elliptical, but may admit of Prepositions with them: Ablatives of the same, or of a cognate signification construed with Verbs neuter, or with neutrall Deponents are al∣wayes Ellipticall. Vita vivit longissima recta ibat via sua fidunt sapientia morte moritur car∣ne vescitur officio fungitur viribus nititur, urbe, or urbis potitur seipso fruetur bonis laetatur sese dignatur honore, or se putat dignum cultu, or coli, pec unia tibi utendum est, or tibi usus, or opus est id solum emas non quo est opus sed quod necesse, where opus and necesse differ in sense and structure, but with acquisitives they ioyn in both, id minus mihi necesse, aut opus est.

Ablatiues are Ellipticall construed with Verbs of forbidding, as arceo veto interdico prohibeo, or with Verbs of affecting, as prosequor afficio, praeditus imbutus, aqua interdico, amore prosequor; virtute praeditus literis imbutus. And such are Ablatives, construed with natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, crea∣tus, ortus editus, as nate Dea. And such are the Ablatives, mea, tua, sua, nostsa, vestra, construed with refert interest, and est whereof before in the structure of the Genitives.

Constructions of Accusatives regular and Ellipticall.

Nouns that imply some suffering, and bound a transient action are only regular Accusatives con∣strued with Verbs Active or Deponent, or with Verbs neuter, having a cognate signification with

such Accusatives, as voluptatem cepi, or voluptas me cepit, pacem ambiens litem sortior. These examples, dul••e canit horrendum sonat multa garrit bacchanalia vivit, are neuters put adverbially Greekwise, and seldome used save in Poetry. But the rest that follow are Nouns and Verbs of the same sense. vi••am vivit, iter currit sanguinem sitit nefas peccat aves ea v••scuntur quae rapiunt pedibus mea bona uteris patria commoda potitur offi∣cium functus estfa•• ut amorem fruar allium olet paternam vocem sonat. All which ioyned with some Epithets, are more familiarly read in the Ablative, whereof before in that construction. But Hircum olet, hominem sonat, are Metonymies of the subject for the adiunct, and therefore cannot be made Abiatives till they are reduced to a cog∣nat sense, as Hi••ci faeto•••• olet, humana voce sonat And such are, pert•• su•• Ignaviam, for Ign••vi•• sor∣dibus, so auri scrupulus argenti denos valet, for Denorum pr••cio.

Some Verbs Active with an Accusative of the person admit another of the thing in a cognate signification to their owne, and such are, Induo doceo moneo hortor suadeo consulo celo taceo percontor postulo rogo flagito posco peto oro obsecro, as ind••o, or exuo te vestes, doceo te literas, id ipsum nos monuisti quod cogitaba∣mus, fames nos talia suafit multa vos hortabar amicos hanc rem consulam, id parentes celo vos sensum taceo hoc illos percontor pacem te pos∣cimus, te veniam oramus, vitae rationem vos postulo sententiam vos rogo alimenta vos pos∣co, whereof induo will change the Accusative of the person, to an Acquisitive, or of the thing,

to an Ablative, docoo, moneo, consulo, percontor, celo change the Accusative of the thing to an Ab∣lative with de, postulo, and the rest change the Ac∣cusative of the person, to an Ablative with ab. And all of them retaine the Accusative of the thing being made passive, which doth make it pro∣bable, such cases are Ellipticall, having ad circum iuxta secundum, or such like understood with them, because they do not determine a transient action, requisite to regular Accusatives, as aforesaid. Moreover the Accusatives of the thing being mostly Pronominalls, when they have not the same signification with the leading Verb must not be used otherwise then as they are warranted by good Authors in their practise or use thereof.

These examples, Reges vos turba creavit, Te virum pr••esta Tyrannidem latrocinium vocamus, ar•• Accusatives of continued, not of divers significa∣tions.

Accusatives construed with Verbs or Adjectives of profit, likenesse, neernesse, inclination, or the contrary are construed regularly with ad the Pre∣position, and may be changed to the Infinitive, or to the Acquisitive instanced in that constructi∣on.

Accusatives of Nouns Appellative, or proper names of Countries, and commonly of Islands, notifying the place, whereto a motion tendeth, are regularly construed with ad the Preposition. Profectus ad Galliam mox ad ur bem exinde ad forum se contulit. Denique ad Samum concessit. But pro∣per names of Townes and Cities in that significa∣tion are constantly Ellipticall. Athenas & Mega∣ra migravit. And sometimes proper names of

Ilands. Cyprum profectus est. And seldome of Countries, as, Italiam petijt, so proxime Hispani∣am, and such like have ad understood with them Elliptically.

The Accusatives of Rus and Domus in both numbers are Ellipticall in the same sense, Nuper∣rime domos & ru••a sua redierunt. And such are names of Nations used for the Countrey, and of speciall actions used for the place, wherein they are done, both being Metonymies, the first of In∣habitants contained for the continent, in the last of adjunct acts for the place where they are acted. Mauros veniunt, for Mauritaniam, it inficias ex∣equias suppetias, or Cubitum venatum, and such like Supines. But Accusatives may be regular, if the motion reach not to the Town, but neare it, or the proper names of Townes have Epithets with them. Ad Capuam venit, for ante juxta, or prope, Hoc iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas.

Nounes that answer the question how far de∣termining the space or intervall of place indefi∣nitly like those that referre to particular places by the question whether are Ellipticall Accusatives after Verbs of motion, vix pedem aut unguem latum hinc discessit: And sometimes they are regular, per stadium Olympiae ingreditur Milo, surgit tres ar∣bor in ulnas. And sometimes they are Ablatives after Verbs that have no expresse mention of mo∣ving; abest hinc quingentis millibus passuum. And such are measures of length, breadth, or thick∣nesse, umbratres ulnas longa, which may be made Ablativalls, or Genitives Ellipticall instanced in those constructions.

Nouns that betoken a continuall time, are

commonly regular Accusatives; per id tempus, intra sex annos. And sometimes are Ellipticall, puer id aetatis, majorem vitae partem infaelix. And sometimes they are made Ablatives, docuit nos quatuor annis. And very seldome Genitives in∣stanced in that structure.

Nounes that betoken the part affected with a property or passion construed with Adjectives or Verbs, either Neuter or Passive will be Ellipti∣call Accusatives, being Graecismes. Os vocem∣que Deo similis sed caetera dispar, dolet caput, redimi∣tus tempora lauro. But latinewise, such Nounes will properly be made Ellipticall Ablatives in∣stanced in that structure.

Of the due placing of Words in sentences.

An orderly disposition of words in sentences doth require a foure fold circumspection.

1. That some sentences or parts of speech ac∣customed to certain places be not removed thence without good warrant.

2. That warrantable elegancies may be prefer∣red before vulgar postures.

3. That an Euphony be preserved in both.

4. That the perspicuity of sense be not impaired by any.

1. Of sentences and words designed to certaine places.

1, In prose the continued sentences, or Abla∣tives called the absolute, do commonly begin the periods.

2. Pronouns Relative, or conjunctive Adverbs,

do usually begin such sentences as are continued.

3. Adverbs of exciting, forbidding, shewing, or wishing, and any Interrogatives pronominall or adverbiall, being no Encliticalls should ordi∣narily begin the principall sentences.

4. Moreover in every sentence customarily Ad∣jectives are placed before their Substantives, the Antecedents before reciprocalls, all kinds of Ad∣verbs before the words whereto they should re∣ferre, excepting some notified in their proper pla∣ces; And finite Verbs are placed last, But in verse, all the former Rules will admit variations, being then authorised, when they are used with approved Poets, whose practise is the best guide therein.

2. Of Elegance in some postures swarving from the Vulgar.

Verbs finite whether those called Impersonall, or the Neuters referring to sundry causes, will best beseem the first place, dedecet viros muliebriter rixari, vigilat Dominus & servi: deflorescit formae dignitas, aut morbo, aut vetustate. Some Adverbs are placed elegantly after the words which they do limit, mitigati admodum sunt eorum animi, post∣quam diu nimium disputassent, impense cnpiunt, sed consulunt parum, non succedit quod faciunt sedulo, futura prospicit longissime, so commonly the finall Polisyllables will smooth the sounds of sentences and make the Adjectives at last gratefull, nihil isthoc visum est molestius, quod ipse facit, non putat injustum, and specially when such have before

them some Parenthesis, parentum dilectio est (me judice) maxima, such are dissyllabicall Adjectives, specially Pronouns after Substantives of many syllables, inter oratores bonos raro convenit, facul∣tas nulla tibi dabitur, and the Genitive is hand∣somely seated between the Adjective and its Sub∣stantive, or a Preposition, and the case whereto it serveth, sagacissimus naturae in••agator Aristoteles, omnes omnium charitates patria complectitur, ad illi∣us temporis incommoda hoc accessit. Proper na••es being Polysyllables placed first grace the sen∣tence, else are disgraced, except an Epithet of praise or dispraise doth lead them. Neoptolemus cognominatur Achillis fillus, or Nobillissima Achillis proles Neoptolemus cognominatur, qui tyrocinium in Bello adolescentulus posuit, where the principall, not the continued sentence doth lead the rest. And if continued sentences be but short, the sub∣ject of the principall whereto they refer should lead them, Spiritus, qui densatur hy••mali frigore, in nebulam quasi concretus c••rnitur. Last Prose pla∣ced versewise, or verse placed prosewise will lose their elegance.

3. Of Euphony requisite in placing words.

The good sound of words joyned in composi∣tion, are the best patterns of Euphony in words joyned by Apposition, with this caution, that letters sounding well being doubled between words compounded, have ill sounds between words app••sed, wherefore the former may not u∣sually ••nd in the same letter, or in another of a cognate sound, with that which doth begin the

next word after. Nor in any wise may the same syllable end the former, and begin the next word after, for that hath neere Alliance unto stam∣mering.

2. The same word repeated, without a figure cannot sound well, and therefore it should be supplyed by a Relative or a Synonymy.

3. Homoteleutons, being figures should be used accordingly as rarities.

4. Sandy or loose words that will not conca∣tenat like untunable feet, ending every where with the words in verses, will make sentences have flat and jarring sounds. In fine, the advise of judicious eare in this Office wil be of singular steed.

4. Of cleering the sense of words in every posture.

As the former Rules conduce thereto, so like∣wise it will much availe for perspicuity of sense in words. 1 To preserve in sentences a naturall order by placing the whole before the parts, and causes before effects, and the worthiest before lesse worthy; Omnis familia, parentes, liberi, servitia, in∣defessis laboribus victumquae ritan••. 2. To shun the multiplying of Relatives, answ••ring either to single or to sundry Antecedents, and in stead thereof, either to repeat such Antecedents, or to use Distributives, specially when the Antecedents are of the same Gender and number, as, Socordes ab ignavis discrep••nt, deficiunt enim socordes prospi∣ciendo, ignavi fortiter agendo, h•• fortitudine, illi consilio carent.

3. To use Laconisme will conduce thereto, for

prolixe sentenees will tire the Auditors under∣standing and with all beget obscurity.

4. Lastly, to distinguish words by accents ac∣cording to the Rules thereof specified in their proper place, and to give all sentences proper points regulated before in the Rules of Art for writing.