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GRammar is a Series o•• rules directing to write and speak congruously, whence the true meaning of words may be cert••inly known. And it hath two parts, E∣tymologie and Syntaxe.
Etymologie doth teach the affectious of words, specially such as concerne the variations of parts of Speech.
The principall parts of speech are three.
1 Nouns that betoken things.
2 Verbs that betoken a doing or suffering of the things.
3 Adverbs that signifie some circumstance be∣longing to the things, or to the doing or suffe∣ring of them
All regular Nowns and Verbs are variable by proper affections, But Adverbs are invari∣able savi••g b•• common accidents.
The common affections equally belonging to all parts of Speech are two, the forme and fi∣gure.
The forme doth consist in the signification of wor••s for which they were ordained.
The figure doth consist in the origination of words, distinguishing them as Primitives and Derivatives.
The signification of Words is either genuine and literall, according to their originall institu∣tion, or Tropologicall and translatitious with Ano∣logie to the literall for words change sense each with other proportionably to the bonds of union,
or marks of opposition known between them, where∣fore in a consentaneous sense any part will deno∣minate the whole, or the whole any part having essentiall union each with other by a Trope called Synecdoche, likewise the cause will denominate its owne effect, or a subject, its own adjunct, and con∣trariwise, having naturall union amongst them∣selves, by a Trope called Metonymia, others ha∣ving a Relative union (as they resemble) so ac∣cordingly they may denominate one another by a Trope called Metaphora. Lastly; in a di••entaneous sense when the gesture and pronunciation of the speaker, compared with a knowne condition of the thing or party spoken of, doe evidence a con∣trariety between the words and meaning, it is by a Trope called Ironia.
A Trope doth modifie the sense of words in pro∣portion to their native use instituted either, 1▪ For supply where proper words are wanting, or 2 To civilize proper words which seem offensive, or 3 When the words are decent to beget variety the main object of delight. And it should be regula∣ted with ingenuity, perspicuity, and moderation, for Jewels are not to cloath the body, but to adorne some eminent parts thereof; besides that the best things growing common become contemptible, in fine when the literall sense of words, with good Authors, doth breed absurdity, the Trope must rectifie it. And there is no such Author without Tropes, nor any student that can attaine their
meaning, without previous skill therein as prin∣ciples.
By Synecdoche either the Genus that is common and universall, doth give name unto the Species, being some particular comprehended under it, as Atrides, for Agamemnon, whereas Atreus had a∣nother Sonne, Cytha••aea, for Venus: Nequam for Diabolus. And thereto belongeth any other Nown, used by the figure Antonomasia, Orator for Ci∣cero, Poeta for Homerus, Urbs for Roma, quadrupes for Equus, mortalis for Homo, ventus for Auster, ne crede colori, for pulchritudini, bello virtus dignoscitur, for spectatur fortitudo, uteris authoritate intemperantius, for iracundius, semper ebrius, for saepe. And contra∣riwise the species doth give name unto the genus, as Anglus perit, for Angli, the singular for the plurall, Cato, Curii, for sapiens, frugales, Boreas for ventus, pon∣tus for Mare, nectar for Vinum, Charta, Papyri ••au∣dex, for membrana, fides Punica, for fallax, aut affli∣cta, omnium gemitu triumphas, for gaudes, vivit baccha∣nalia, for Intemperanter, parum abest, for nihil aut non. The finite for infinite, or else the totall, or inte∣grall doth give name unto the parte or members, as Catone sepulto, for Catonis corpore, bibit Ara••im, for aquam, prosternit silvam, for Arbores, Graeci, for Ar∣givi, tertium portu pe••egit annum, for Hyemem, men∣dicant ostiatim, for ad Ostia divitum, vellet dimicare viritim, for singulatim. And contrariwise, the part doth denominate the whole, animaque litavit, for homine, arbiter est oculus, for oculatus, aes for num∣mus, ferrum aut mucro, for gladius, pi••us, prora, puppis, for Navis, imen, Janua, par••es, tectum, for-Domus, mae∣nia,
for Ʋrbs, te septima portat omnibus errantem ter ris et fluctibus aestas, for annus, quiescit, for dormit momentaria caecitate percussus, for subita, pedetentim venit, for tarde.
Thus whether the whole doth name the part, or a part the whole, either-way they advance each other; the whole naming a majori, doth ascribe its entire worth and honour to the part thence named, the part naming ab insigniori, doth nobilitate the whole by its eminency, without which none should denominate. Wherefore we call a Foole stultum ca∣put, not calcaneum, because the heele is uncapable of discretion. And a devout person pium pectus, not cerebrum, the seate of affection, complying mostly with devotion. Last, this trope hath precedence before the rest, as grounded on the neerest bond of union, to witt, the inward causes of matter and forme, and is seconded by Metonymia, grounded on the outward causes.
By Metonymia, the externall cause being the 1. efficient, 2. instrument, or 3. end, is put for the effect. 1. Ae••neadae for Aeneae posteritas, Lucanus legi∣tur for poema. Aethiopes multum monstrant in corpore solem, for nigredinem; praeceps ira insolens victoria, and most epithets; jugulat for occidit, segnius inslat for tardius. 2. Lingua for sermo, manus for scriptura, ar∣ma for bellum. 3. Justitia for patibulum, aris impo∣nit honorem, for victimam. And contrariwise the Ef∣fect is put for the Cause. 1. Garminibus metus om∣nis abest, for poetis, Libycae clades, for Scipiadae, expal∣luit for timui••, sudavit for laboravit. 2. Direxit vul∣nera for tela. 3. serta legunt for flores. Onom••∣topoeia
doth belong to a Metonymie of the effect, as bomhus apum for id soni. The subject also doth give name unto the adiuncts taken largly, whether inherent therein, or adhering thereto, which way are used, 1. The seat for quality non tibi plus cordis sed minus oris inest, for prudentiae, verecundiae. 2. The continent for the thing contained, focus for ignis, poculum ebibit for vinum, specially places for in∣habitants or things done therein. Africa belligerat, for Africani, carcer for captivi, sunt pleni ruris for rusti∣citatis, forum for lites, id rostra docent, for conciona∣tores, tibi militat aether, for fulgura cum tonitribus. 3. The chiefe Authors and Owners for things per∣taining to them. Junoni templum struxit Sidonia Di∣do for structurae author erat praecipua. Acheloia cornua fregit Hector, for Dux cum exercitu, so Advocatus for cliens, proximus ardet V calegon, for domus. 4. Things for time proper thereto, tertia messis erat for annus. 5. The thing signified for the signe. Orphea consti∣tuit medio sylvas{que} sequaces, for imagines caelatas pal∣lida luna pluit for pluviam prae monstrat, populi cor im∣pingua for impinguatum renuncia. Hereto belong sa∣cramentall phrases, but Sacraments are of a higher nature, morally exhibiting, like Seales and earnests, a present right with assurance of a future full enioy∣ment. 6. The Antecedent for the Consequent, tegit pedes for alvum exonerat; fuit Ilion ingens gloria Dardannium for desiit esse, tunc messis in herba for ver, so messis in umbra for hyems, muner a non sperno for ac∣cipio, preces exaudiuntur for Conceduntur. Some call these instances Litotes, some call them Metalepsis, and both such and other Examples denominating all the Company by the chiefe Actor, have neer af∣finitie with Synecdoche of the part, as contrary-wise
Curii for frugales have affinity with a Meto∣nymie of the subiect for the adiunct quality. Like∣wise the adiunct doth give name unto the subiect. 1. Vertues, Vices, and other properties, are set for things endued therewith, patientia vincit for patiens, scelus for scelestus, iussit potestas for magistratus, artem terra quaevis alit for artificem, A Cyathis for Promus. 2. V••na coronant for pocula, comburunt••r lites for fora, Mene putas vestris includere ••udis for ••i••cis, frigus opa∣cum quod umbraculis adiacet. 3. Luget Parnassus for Musae, hic passim insanitur for ab omnibus vicinis. 4. Capiunt oculis & pectore noctem, for somnum, fun∣dit ab antris Aeolus armatas hyemes for procellas, solsti∣tio defende pecus for astu. Autumno gravidae vites for vuis, nulla infaelicior aetas for nullius aetatis homines. 5. Ʋrina sana for sanitatem indicans, sceptrum, fasces, pupura for princeps, claves for Ecclesiasticall, gladius for civill government, pubes, lanugo for iuvenlus, toga for pax subscripsit for assensit. 6. Multa desiderantur for desunt. Lavinaque venit littora for ita postmodum vocata, scenam calefecimus for implevimus, speluncis abdidit atris for profundis, which last Metonymies are as more remote so far more elegant: but the for∣mer between causes and effects are more familiar, because more naturall.
By Metophora words change their sense accord∣ing to the likenesse of the thing spoken of, to the things which properly they do betoken, and that ample ground doth make this trope more capacious then any other; as Corvus for nocens, Columba for in∣noxius, legis habena for potestas. Fulmen fortunae for impetus, ferreus est precibus for inexorabilis, lae ta seges for uber, aurea Phaebe for ruhicunda, vites gemmant
for germinant, laterem lavat for nugatur, ramos com∣pesce fluentes for excrescentes, fluxae vires for minutae, Hebraei ab Hebero flu••n••, for oriuntur, mens fluctuat for dubitat, Lente venit for cunctanter, id lente fert for patienter, lente agit for remisse, lente rem probat for diu, which is derived from lentus, properly signify∣ing viscous or clammy.
This trope as it is more copious then any other, so it is more useful to unmaske the nature of things, to excite accordingly either love or hatred there∣unto, and to accomplish both with grace, or without offence; therefore it is familiar in Adages or Pa∣rables of the wise, but it will require these cautions following.
1. That it doth not admit more disproportion then proportion, as Caeli fornices, being neither large enough, nor circular.
2. That it be not too far fetcht, Syrtis patrimo∣nii.
3. That it be not too obscene, as stercus curiae.
4. That it doth not imply a contradiction, fer∣reus in studiis puerest.
5. That it be not devious from it selfe, exundat & ardet amore.
6. That it be not too familiar a condition, re∣quisite to all tropes, because they must be rarities.
Lastly, those Metaphors be most emphaticall, which add life or reason to inanimate or senselesse things, as Pontem indignatus Araxes, and having a double analogy they be reciprocall, as auriga navis, or gubernator ••urrus, but terminating in a simple rela∣tion they cannot be converted, as vulpes may be set for callidus, but not contrariwise callidus for vulpes, except it be by another trope, called Synecdoche ge∣neris.
By Ironia words are carryed from their owne to a cleane contrary sense, which is understood by the expression and contradiction of such words, to the things which literally they betoken. Scilicet hac vi∣tam servatam dote rependis, for ingratitudine Me duce Dardanius spartam expugnavit adulter, for minime gen∣tium. Id facinus in laude ponas egregia, for ignominia; Credo quam innumerabiles hostium copias in Italia fu∣disset, for nullas: so Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua car∣mina, as admodum inculta. Sic, idem iungat vul••es & mulgeat hircos, for ineptias agat; which two last are called Astismus: En agros metire iacens, & Satia te San∣guine Cyre, both called Sarcasmus. These examples, Midas pauper, for Cui sua desunt bona: or Codrus di∣ves, for qui nil cupit, are not Ironies, but Metony∣mies of the consequent; dare classibus austros, for clas∣ses austris is Hypallage; de tuis nildicam periuriis, or ut praeteream tua latrocinia, are Apophasis and Para∣lipsis, Lucus qui non lucet, Parcae quae non parcunt, Euxinus for Axenus are Antiphrasis; all which re∣semble this trope, but are especially different from it.
Lastly, it is used most in merriments, and some∣times in grave, but sharpe reproofes of faults, no lesse odious then notorious.
Metalepsis is a graduall progresse of sundry tropes in the same word, Stratoque super discumbitur ostro. Hinc movet Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum: Post aliquot mea regna vid••ns mirabar aristas.
Allegoria is the continuation of the same trope in sundry words, nostros habemus Curios, Mamercos,
Marios, rete accipitri non tenditur neque milvo ne charta nos prodat pertimesco, sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus, Contrahe sam vento tua turgida vela secundo.
Filiolas Cadmi profert Nilotis Arundo, Quas serit e Cnidio distillans sepia nodo.Which last is called Aenigma.
Catachresis is an usurpation of words enforced from the received to an improper sense, faciesque simillima lauro, Ʋltores sperate Deos, tibi laeta minatur, Vir gregis, aut acres tendunt arcus, minuto sunt ani∣me, Capitis nives.
Hyperbole doth amplifie or abate the sense of words used unequally to their true meaning, not to de∣ceive, but to levell the uneven opinion of the hearers, by such means rectified, and the first sort is called Auxesis, the last Meiosis: Gigantes for proceri, Nani for pusilli, Mons for verruca, Parricidium for homicidium and contrariwise nusquam tuta fides, for apud paucos, the indefinite for the finite, all Hyperbolicall Synecdoches, which some Authors think to be Catachresis Venere formosior, pice nigri∣or, sublimi feriam sydera vertice.
Every affection doth in some sort belong to all the Tropes, but the Irony is least affected with them. Metalepsis is most familiar to Synecdoche and the Metonymie, even as the Allegory to the Metaphor, Catachresis with good Authors, doth only affect the speech intended for the rusticks. And otherwise doth resemble the speech of Rusticks for the most part in Comoedies.
There be three affectious common to Nouns and Verbs, to wit Number, Gender, and Per∣son, whereof the Number doth equally belong both to Nouns and Verbs, the other two un∣equally, for the Gender is more peculiar unto Nouns, and the Person unto Verbs.
There be two Numbers,
Two Substantives singular with a Con∣iunctive Adverb called a Copulative, or one Noune Collective, or a Pronoune Distribu∣tive singular, referring to a society is equiva∣lent to the plurall, speaking implicitly of many: And Verbs or Adiectives referring thereunto, will agree with the more worthy Person or Gender, the former in both being accounted worthiest, saving that the Neuter standeth for the worthier Gender after copulates that be∣token things inanimat, as Virga & Baculus nos consolata sunt, gens armati perimus, vestrum ali∣quis adeste, utraque suo delectatae studio, aliud de dignantur. Likewise Verbs singular called Im∣personalls, are equivalent to the plurall, by ver∣tue of the oblique construed with them, as nos
docere oportet, vobis discere non luber••ab omnibus aut luditur aut cessatur.
Lastly, Nouns proper or common, being only plurall, referring in Apposition to other Sub∣stantives singular, are equivalent thereunto, and speak but of one, as Vrbs Athenae, Baccha∣nalia, festum infame, Circenses, curule certamen, Aeneides, Virgilij poema. Tu mihi deliciae, Ars inopis divitiae.
Where may be noted that any Substantive of a continued signification, speaking of the same thing, must be put in the same case, Phoebe nutrix nos amat alumnos.
The Gender doth distinguish Nouns betoken∣ing Male or Female, physically by their sexes, but otherwise doth Gramatically differ sexies, Nouns having commonly like Declension, and constantly a like construction unto those which have proper sexes.
The distinct Genders are only three,
A Noune cannot be of any more then one of the said three Genders in the same Sentence or Construction. But otherwise many Nounes by their termination and signification, may be some of the two first, and others of all three Genders; and of this last sort are all Adiectives, which if they have three divers endings, as bonus bona bonum, the first as bonus is Masculine, the second as bona, is Foeminine, the third as bonum, is Neuter; or having two seve∣rall endings, as dulcis dulce, the first as dulcis is Masculine or Foeminine, the second as dulce is Neuter; or having but one ending, as faelix, dulci∣bus, bonis, then such are of all three Genders, cal∣led the Common of three.
Substantives physically betokening both Sexes, hee and shee, under the same ending, as such by sig∣nification are both of the Masculine and Foeminine Gender, called the Nounes of the Common of two, but notwithstanding in the same Sentence, or in a continued Construction they keep constant∣ly to one Gender, as Parens de quo dubitatur Afri∣canus est.
Other Substantives having no reference to di∣stinct Sexes, are called Nounes of the doubtfull Gender, being either Masculine or Foeminine, upon the authority of approved Authors who use the same promiscuously only in a continued Construction, but not in the same Sentence, as nullus est dies qua lite∣ras non scribo. Appellatives of Beasts, Birds, & Fishes, as vulpes, hirundo, passer, aquila, Cetus, specially those least conversant with man, though having distinct Sexes, yet keep constantly to one Gender, most a∣greeable to their termination, and are called Epi∣coenes.
Some such Nouns betokening domestike crea∣tures, and having a Termination that is not con∣stant to one Gender, be of the common of two, as Bos, Sus, Canis, and such like: And others of like sort, not having reference to any sex, are doubt∣full as Grus, Bubo, with such others.
The proper Gender of any Nouns may cer∣tainely be known by their signification or ter∣mination, and sometimes by combination of both together.
Nouns Physically betokening a certaine sex, if Male, are Masculines, as Galba, if Female are Feminines, as socrus, but filius is Mascu∣line, and filia feminine, both by signification and by termination.
All proper names, and many common Nouns referring to more knowne Appellatives will i∣mitate the same, as in signification, so likewise in Gender, some few excepted, that follow the Termination constant to a certaine Gender.
The more knowne Appellatives being Mas∣culines, do for the most part communicate the same Gender to all proper names, or lesse known
Appellatives subordinate ther••unto as Deus, Pan Angelus, Gabriel, Diabolus, Sathanas, fluvius O∣rontes, but Averna, Gadir, be Neuters by the Terminations, constant to that Gender, Mons, Ossa, but Aetna, is feminine, referring unto Ru∣pes, Ventus, Lybs, but Ornithiae, is feminine, La∣pis, Adamas, but Marmor is Neuter, and Chry∣stallus feminine, referring unto Gemma, Piscis, Labrax, but Auxumae is feminine.
The more known Appellatives being femi∣nines, do in like sort transmit their Gender to their respective lesse known Appel••atives, or to proper names belonging thereunto, as Dea, Ju∣no, furia Alecto, mufa Clio, regio Persis, insula Cyprus, Urbs Pergamus, but Gabij, Hippo, Acra∣gas, are Masculines Bactra, Lugdunum, Hispal, Proeneste, Argos, Tibur, Zeugma, be neuters: Herba Baccharis, but Helleborus is Masculine, Arbor Pinus, but Pinaster is Masculine, navis Ar∣go comaedia Eunuchus, fabula Thyeste••, but in these last Examples Synthesis doth sway the Gender.
Any part of Speech taken materially for the elementary parts of the word, are of the Neu∣ter Gender, as Amicitia, for Amicitiae vocabulum, Etymologice sumptum, dictum est ab amo. Or ta∣ken figuratively, as the Verb or Adverb in∣stead of a Substantive by Enallage, as scire tuum ••ihilest, for scientia tua, Cras aliud veniet, for Crastinus alter; And such are all Aptote Sub∣stantives,
as Tempe, fas, Halec, virus, sinapi, eor∣nu, nihil, hir, frir, pondo, Chaos, Hippomanes, pascha, with other exotick, or peregrine words, refer∣ring to no Physicall sex, either male or fe∣male.
Nouns Regular, that do not referre either to a Physicall sex, or to a more known Appella∣tive, are best discerned in their proper Gender, by their Declensions, where accordingly their proper Gender shall be specified.
There be three Persons in both Numbers, both of Nouns and Verbs distinguished each from other: The first Person, as the speaker singularly, ego doceo: plurally, nos Docemus, ••he second Person is spoken to, singularly, tu disces, plurally, vos discetis. The third Per∣son is spoken of singularly, ille advertat, plural∣ly, illi advertant. And all Nouns whatsoever be of the third person, whether Substantives (not apposed to ego, nos, tu, or vos) or Adiectives that have not the same for their Substantives. Moreover, ego, nos, tu, and vos, are common∣ly understood with Verbs, being never expressed but by way of restriction or amplification notifi∣ed by Coniunctions exceptive or Demonstra∣tive, as in the Syntax will be instanced.
By Enallage any part of Speech or their affections may be changed one for another; populum late regem, for regnantem; Criminibus terrere novis, for terrebat, Which with other variations, by Tropes and Syno∣nymes, are very usefull for copiousnesse and ele∣gancy of expression, and are most necessary to gaine or advance good skill in Poetry, as the meet∣est helps to prepare Phrases for metricall formes. Moreover Enallage hath obtained sundry names in sundry respects, being called Antimeria, when it changeth parts of Speech, or Antiptosis, when it changeth Cases, or Heterosis changing Genders or Declensions, or Alloiosis changing other affecti∣ons.
The Genuine forms commonly called the kinde of Nouns are two, the Substantives and the Adi••ctives, distinguished each from other three wayes.
1 The Substantive hath a, or the before it, because understood of it selfe, and it answereth to the Question who or what, for clearing the sense of all other parts of speech ioyned there∣with in structure. But Adiectives have no such signe, because of themselves, they have no per∣fect sense, but in reference to their Substan∣tives. And therefore Adiectives agree with their Substantives, in Case, Gender, Numb∣••••, and Person.
2 The Substantive hath but one Gender, or two at the most, but Adiectives have all three Genders.
3 The Substantive regularly, hath but one ending in the same Case, but all Adiectives have two endings, in some Cases, and some Ad∣iectives in some Cases have three divers en∣dings.
Plus, and quid with its compounds, as quic∣quid, aliquid, and the like, are alwayes put Substantively. And such are sometimes other Adiectives of the neuter Gender, having quid∣dam, or negotium, or verbum, — in the Hebrew, or Chrema in the Greek Idiome, understood therewith, as triste senex miles, turpe senilis A∣mor, horrida narrant. Likewise other Adiec∣tives of the Masculine or Feminine Gender, have known Substantives to be supplyed there∣with, as omnis amicus, supply homo, Pinguis Ferina, supply caro, una triremis, supply, navis, meus natalis, supply, dies.
Substantives may be changed unto Adjectives, or contrariwise, and either of them to Verbs, or Adverbs, as Ingenium Herois, heroicum ingenium, or ingeniosus Heros, pro dotum copia, or co piose dotatus, aevo quolibet locoque, or semper et ubique, clarescet, or audiet clarissimus, or clarissime.
There be two kinds of Substantives.
1 Proper names belonging definitly to one, as Homerus. Or 2 Nouns Appellative and com∣mon, belonging indefinitely unto any of the same rank or condition, as Poeta belonging equally to any of the Poets.
Proper names by Tropes put on the nature of Appellatives signifying in a borrowed sense, not the persons, but their conditions, as Hydra for Clades, Metaphorically, Nero, for Tyrannus, Synecdochical∣ly, but such are used more commonly in the plurall as Aristo••eles for Philosophi, Alexandriae, for Ʋ••bes imperatoriae by Synecdoche of the species, Caii, Decii, Fabricii, for ipso••um Liberi, by a Metonymie of the cause, the Authors giving names unto their fami∣lies.
Appellatives are contrariwise used for proper names Antonomastically as Clades Lernensis, for Hydra Lernaea, Tyrannus, for Nero, Philosophus, for Aristoteles, Atrides, for Agamemnon.
Proper names, or Appellatives may be changed one to another by Synonyms.
Aegyptus for tellus que faecundissima Nilo, Pluviae inscia regna, Arvum genitale Canopi, Deorum prodigio∣sa parens.
Adulator: Qui vendit fucum fumumque, Morbus amicitiae, Mancipium ventris.
Qui captat ficum, Cauda blanditur, Sermonem sesamo condit, Rosas loquitur, Qui Vulpe b••nignior audit, Et pellax patulas oleum distillat in aures.
Chamaeleon quemlibet ••olorem imitans, Corvus ca∣daverum oculos effodiens, Cervus et fistula, Apis in ore mel, sub cauda spiculum gerens, Lupus asinum titil∣lans.
Placentinorum potius quam Veronensium soboles.
Assentator by Synecdoche of the part; Parasitus, by a Metonymie of the adjunct, Palpo, Metaphorically fautor et fo or Ironically.
Adiectives are of three sorts or kinds.
1 Nounes betokening for the most partisome quality.
2. Pronouns, Notifying alwayes the quantity.
3 Participles, signifying an Active or Pasive power, capable of intension, and thereby di∣stinct from any act or passion▪ which hath all∣wayes some adsignificance of time, proper to the Verbs, and inconsistent with intension.
Pronounes considered at large, are of two kinds, either Demonstratives when joyned with their Substantives, they shew a thing not spo∣ken of before: or Relatives, when referring to their Substantives, construed in a former Sentence, and then called Antecedents, they reherse a thing spoken of before.
The Pronounes considered strictly in their di∣stinct formes of quantity are either, 1. Finite and singular, as Ego tu sui ille ipsei hic is and iste, or 2. Indefinite, being either. 1. particular, as non-nullus quidam aliquis, or 2. universall, as omnis nul∣lus. All which are called Redditives when they an∣swer to qui or quis, the Interrogatives. And quis or such other desisting to be Interrogatives become Redditives, admitting diverse formes suitable to their structure.
These Possessives meus tuus suus noster vester Ho∣mericus Ciceronianus, and such like answering to the Interrogative Cuius may be sorted with finite Pro∣nounes.
Other Possessives referring not to peculiar per∣sons, but unto Countries, as Atheniensis Romanus Cres Libs Arpinas nostras vestras with such other, answer∣ing to the Interrogative Cuias, may suit with the Indefinite; In which ranck may be placed likewise all the rest that follow.
The Cardinall Pronounes, as unus duo tres qua∣tuor, and the rest answering unto Quot.
The distributives, as bini, trini or binarij, ternarii, and the rest answering to Quoteni.
The multiplicatives, as duplex triplex, &c. an∣swering unto Quotuplex.
The Ordinals, as primus secundus tertius, &c. answering unto Quotus.
The Proportinals, as duplus triplus, &c. an∣swering unto Quotuplus.
The Temporals as biduanus bimestris biennis, answering to Quotennis.
The Frequentatives and Diminutives, as mul∣tus nimius paululus, answering unto Quantus.
The Comparatives and Superlatives, as doctior and doctissimus, answering unto Qualis.
Ego tu sui, being alwaies Substantives, have a pro∣perty to be constant to their dictinct persons, but any other will admit of any person agreeable to their Substantives; as sui Caesarem defendamus, or defendite servi Sui and suus, are called reciprocals, because they have immediate recourse to a pre∣cedent Substantive, either in the same Sentence, as trahit sua quemqu•• voluptas, or quis{que} sua voluptate trahitur, or in a former sentence reducible to the same, as vule nulier u•• ipsa & omnia laudentur sua: or vult sese ac sua laudari. Hic, iste, and ille when they referre to three, hic doth point at the last and neer∣est; iste at the second neerest, ille at the first and furthest. And commonly hic and ille are limited in like manner, when they referre to two. But ille and iste compared together, Ille r••ferreth to the best, and Iste to the basest.
Pronounes have much affinity with Adverbes, and are commonly interchanged therewith, whe∣ther Interrogatives, as ubi, for quo die aut loco; or
Redditives, as hactenus, for usque ad hunc diem au•• locum; or Collectives, as perimus una, for omnes; or Distributives, as deferimus singulatim for singuli; or Numerals, as Nummi dividuntur hipartito, for in duas partes, and by way of equivalence, Castra si∣mul expugnantur ter quina, for quindecim. Distri∣butives passing for Cardinals, with Substantives that have no singular. Adverbes likewise supplie Diminutives and Frequentatives, either by ap∣position, as parum argutus, non satis facundus: or by composition, as subargutus, non perfacundus, for ar∣gutulus, haud facundiosus. More instances of remissi∣on, or intention, follow in the compounds of prepo∣sitionall Adverbes. And it may be noted, that all Pronounes, as implying, a quantity may be used partitively, yet such as have not that sense proper∣ly, but adventitiously, will not admit the structure of the partitives regularly; for it may be said, facun∣diosus oratorum, but satis facundus, or perfacundus oratorum, will be a barbarisme.
A Relative may be put to substantives of con∣tinued signification; as fucos arcent ignavum pecus, or qui sunt pecus ignavum, or qui sunt ignavi. And it must necessarily be supplyed with Vocatives af∣ter Obliques of the second person, or their Posses∣sives: as Do tibi Maeri meum vinum, bibo Maeri tu∣umque, for qui es Maeri.
Relatives will change the Participle of the pre∣sent Tense, to the Indicative; as sat luit desipiens, or qui desipit, and Participials in bilis, or Futures in aus, to the Subjunctive, as p••trem reperies exorabi∣lem, or exorandum, or qui exoretur. And sometimes they are changed to Conjunctive Adverbes cau∣sall; as Te felicom arbitror, qui, or quoniam probus audis Sometimes they cease by repitition of the
Antecedent, with si dum cum quia qu••mvis: as sat prosecisti, cu•• (or cum tibi) Cicero placeat; Scelus ad∣mittis quod (or quamvis seelus) abhorres. And if both Sentences be Negatives, by changing the last to nisi, as null••s homo miser, quem non (or ni∣si hominem) Deus odit.
Interrogatives may be changed to their Reddi∣tives, with Num or such like Adverbes; (as quot, or an, utrum, nunquid lot) cahortes duxisti, Quam pau∣cas (or nonne paucas) reducis.
These resolutions young Scollers should bee trained to make readily, as their certaine Guide to finde out the structure of Interrogatives, at farre distance from the words, whetherto they do re∣ferre.
Likewise Relatives for the same end may be chan∣ged to Demonstratives, as Stolidum reo••, quem tam dilucida nedum intelligere constat; or si consta•• eum nedum intelligere tam dilucida.
By the figure Nounes are either primitive, as the originals not exceeding ordinarily one or two syllables, as sors tristis, or Derivatives, as descending thence, which if they come but of one originall, are called simples, and if from two or more, they are called Compounds.
Nounes simply derivative, are either Verbals, as suadela suasorius, or adverbialls, as inter∣nus extraneus, or Denominatives coming either from proper names, being patronymicals: as Hectorides Phoronis, being Gentiles, as Macedo Libyssa: or from Appellatives, being Possessives,
Frequentatives, Diminutives, Comparatives, or Superlatives, as herbarius, herbosus, herbula herbaceus, herbidior and herbidissimus.
Substantives end in a, antia arium arius Scriba ia∣ctantia auctarium emissarius, ber. bra. brum. bula, bu∣lum, tuber scatebra ventilabrum fabula, stabulum, orum culum, fulcrum, vinculum, and by syncope v••nclum do. uredo ela, entia, es, eus, suadela, sapientia, teges abigeus, ••go, imago, for imitago, ta, il, ile, io, is ius, furia, pugil, cubile, legio, messis, genius, lum, ja∣culum; men, mentum, mes, monia, solamen, alimen∣tum, fomes, alimonia, na. num, nus, urina regnum colo∣nus. or, dolor, trina, tru. trum, trus, tum, doctrina tonitru, aratrum, tonitrus, viretum, ver, ul, ulis, ul∣tus, ur, us, cadaver, consul, curulis, tumultus, fulgur, mergus, ex. ux. vindex, dux. Supine Verbals end in sio. sor. so••ium, sum, sura, sus: as censio, censor, censorium, p••nsum, censura, census: tio. tor. torium, trix. trum, tum, tura, tus. lectio, lector, tentorium, mo∣trix, lectrum, tectum, lectura, lectus. xamen. xio. xor. xorium. xum, xura, xus. flexamen, flexio, ••ixor, frix∣orium, frixum, flexura, nexus.
Adjectives end in arius, actuarius, bilis, bris, bun∣dus, flebilis, lugubris, palabundus, cer, cris, crus, cu∣lus, cundus, cus. volucer, volucris, ludicrus, ridiculus, iracundus caducus. dis, dus, viridis, pallidus, er. es. piger, deses, ilis, itius, jus, vtilis, for vtibilis, fictitius, anxius, lus, nus, orius, rus, vlcus ivus, us, uus, ax. ox. pendulus, plenus, oratorius, avarus, biulcus, sativus, probus, cae duus, tenax, praecox.
Adverbiall Adiectives end in aneus, arius extra∣neus, contrarius, cus, anticus. er. ernus, erus, exter, externus, or exterus, gnus, benignus, in quus, propin∣quus, ius nimius, dinus, tinus, perendinus, diutinus, and such like of time, and mediastinus of place, ex∣cept such Nounes are compounded with tenus.
Patronymicks Masculine, end in ades, ides, ion; and Plurall in adae, or idae, Anchisiades, Iliades, Maenetiades Atlaentiades, Aeacides, Pelides, Japeti∣on, Oedipodion, Aeneadae, Romulidae, Aegidae. Foe∣minines end in as, ine, is, one. Thestias, Ilias, Peli∣as, Phaetontias, Nerine, Adrastine, Acrifione, Nere∣is, Inachis, Latois; whereto may be added Mascu∣lines in ta, as Donatista, Jacobita, and such other, denominating Sectaries from their first Authors.
Gentile Sustantives have for endings an, ar, as, ax. Acarnan Car Arcas, Nostras, Thrax. ens. er. es, essa, Laurens, Ser, Cres, Cressa. ibs. idae. ins. ir. is. is∣sa. ix. Libs, Numidae, Tyrins, Trevir, Samnis, Aethi∣opissa, Cilix. o. on. ops. os. ox. Brito, Lacon, Aethi∣ops, Tros, Capadox. ta. tes. tis. Israelita. Spartiates, Spartiatis. ur. urs. us. Ligur, Tiburs, Anglus, ys, yssa, yx. Libys, Libyssa, Japyx.
Gentile Adiectives Possessive have terminati∣ons, anus, arius, aticus, Romanus, Dardanarius, Apol∣loniaticus. ensis, enus, eius, eus. Atheniensis, Aby∣denus, Aetneius, Maroneus. iacus. icus, ius inus. Aegyptiac••s, Aegypticus, Aegyptius, Agrigenti∣nus.
Adjectives ending in alis, anus, aris, filialis, mon∣tanus, familiaris, ber. bris. cer. cris. cus. saluber, mu∣liebri••, alacer, alacris, magicus, ensis ernus. eus. ca∣strensis, paternus, meus, aureus, inus, itimus. ius, ivus. vicinus, legitimus, regius, festivus, ster, stis, stris. stus. uus. noster, caelestis, campestris, honestus, tuus, annuus. All which respectively may be possessive.
Frequentatives end usually in tus. idus. lentus. licus. lus. orus. osus. fortunatus, herbidus, violentus, famelicus, nubilus, Ʋxorius, piscosus. Diminutives being both Substantives and Adjectives, notefy∣ing alwayes an abatement, and that often with in∣dignity, and sometimes with flattery, and seldomest with modesty, do end in ella. ellum. ellus. opella, flagellum, cultellus, or illa. illum. illus. mammilla, sigil∣lum, pugillus, tantillus, ola. olium. olum. olus- filiola, epistolium, ingeniolum, filiolus, ula. uleus. ululus ulum. ulus. adolescentula, equuleus, homululus, frustulum, adolescentulus, ridiculus, senecio, homuncio flosculus, di∣caculus, grandiusculus, ramunculus, sio. ster. pusio, Grammaticaster.
Materialls end in aceus. alis. arius. aticus. hordea∣ceus, aqualis, aquarius, aquaticus, etus. eus. cus. inus. ius. itius. querc••tus, querceus, quercicus, quercinus quercius, lateritius, gnus abieguus, if it be not com∣pounded with genus, ••a••us. quernulanus, or quer∣queculanus, neus. nus. querueus, quernus.
Comparatives end constantly in or, and Super∣latives in mus, as prior, primus,.
Adiectives whose signification may increase or be diminished, being put absolutely without excesse, as durus hard are called Positives, or somewhat exceding the positive in a proportion, between two having the English ending in er or the signe more set before it, as harder or more hard be called Comparatives, or surpassing all others of like kind, having the English ending in est, or the signe most before it as hardest, or most hard, be called Superlatives.
Comparatives and Superlatives are both formed from their Positives ending in i whereto the Comparatives adde the termination or. and the Superlatives add ssimus, so duri maketh durior and durissimus, likewise tristi maketh tristior and tristissimus.
Positives that end in er and ur apocopated have rimus put thereto, in forming the Super∣lative, as niger nigerrimus, celer celerrimus, ma∣tur maturrimus, And some few that end in lis, change that to llimus, as humilis humillimus, so facilis and similis with their Compounds and with some Authors, gracilis, agilis, docilis, but with others these three last keep the Generall Rule, and all Adiectives besides, which end in lis, as nobilis nobilior nobilissimus.
Some Adiectives are used onely to one of the three former degrees in signification, as for exam∣ple. To the Superlative onely maximus, minimus, optimus, pessimus,. To the Comparative onely ma∣ior, minor, melior, peior. To the Positive onely, as all Nounes either incapable of intension and re∣mission, being extreames; as aeternus, mom••ntaneus, praecipuus, gregarius; or equall in their condi∣tion; whether first of nature, being Nounes ma∣teriall, as faginus; or fignifying the species of time or place, as bimulus, diurnus, meridionalis; or being derivatives from proper names, as Paschalis, Eous: or of relation, as all Pronounes being pronominally taken for tuissimus, as patruissimus, and Neronior is used for tibi simillimus, deposing the proper sense, or of adsignificance, being Par∣ticiples of the first Future, never admitting a com∣parison, because they never faile to signifie an ex∣presse time. But Participles of the second Future, are used onely to the Superlative, and that with late Writers, not with Classick Authors. And Par∣ticiples of the Present & the Preterrenses, when they desist to signifie time, do become Nounes, and admit Comparisons; as amans, amantior, a∣mantissimus, doctus, doctior, doctissimus.
Other Adiectives are by use unmoveable, which end in ar. or ur. bundus crus. cus. eps. es. eus. ius. lus. mus. ster. stus. uus. seldome admitting a Compa∣rative, or Superlative degree, saving by a supple∣ment of magis, and maxime, or such like, answer∣ing to more and most, the signes thereof in english,
as the Positive dispar, hath for Comparative ma∣gis dispar, for the Superlative maxime dispar, and so in the rest.
Some Adiectives want the Positive onely, as plus plurimum, deterior deterrimus, magnificentior mag∣nificentissimus and such like Compounds of dico, loquor, volo.
Some want Comparatives onely, as consultus, di∣versus, falsus, fidus, inclytus, invictus, invisus, invi∣tus, meritus, novus, nuperus, pius, sacer, strenuus.
Some Adiectives, want onely the Superlatives, as adolescens, ingens, iuvenis, salutaris, satur, senex, taciturnus, and proximus, imitating a Positive doth make proximior onely.
Comparatives or Superlatives leaving the na∣ture of Partitives, are used absolutely for Positives; as celerior celerrimus, or celerius celerrime, huc advo∣lasti, for celer, or celeriter.
Likewise Comparatives may take the place of Superlatives, as multo praestantior omnibus ille, for praestantissimus omnium. And contrariwise Superla∣tives may take the place of Comparatives, fidissimus ille duorum, for fidelior.
Superlatives may be changed and diversly ren∣dred, either by Adverbes of intension put unto the Positive, as apprime doctus, perdite nefarius, nequic∣quam infaustus, undi{que} probus; or by Adverbes of re∣mission with a Negative, as haud parum, or medio∣criter letus, or with Adverbes of likenesse, referring to singularity, as alous vt nix, or tropologically, when proper Names or some Appellatives stand
for Adiectives; as Theseus, for fidissimus, decus & tutela Pelasgum, for incly••••ssimus, and such others.
Some Positives have the force of Superlatives affirmatively, as princeps omnium: or negatively, nulli secundus; or any Positive construed with a Genirive plurall of its owne Substantive, as im∣piger fluminum, nigra lanarum. Superlatives may be expressed by Hebraismes, as putum putum argen∣tum, flos florum, sapiens consiliariorum, vir sanguinum, populus electionis, dulcis prae nectare, excelsus supra Gentes. Superlatives may be implyed in Paraphra∣ses, as vir, si quisquam alius, bonae frugi, impertum ob∣tinens, nulli cedens, parem nusquam inventurus, palma dignus, nullum non supera••ns, and such others.
Compounds come either from entire words, whe∣ther two rects and both Substantives, as jusjuran∣dum; or two rects, the one a Substantive, and the other an Adiective, as respublica, or both rect Ad∣iectives, as alteruter; or a rect and oblique both Substantives, as paterfamilias, or oblique and rect, both Adiectives, as levidensis; or oblique Substan∣tive, and rect Adiective, as jurisperitus, or two rects Adiectives, with an Advebe, as unusquis{que} where all rects are onely variable, and the rest unmove∣able. Or Compounds come from words impaired, commonly the former, as grandaevus, sometimes both, as aprugnus: Sometimes words compounded be of divers tongues, as epitogium, parisyllabicum ambactus: Sometimes the simples are ob••olet sa∣ving in composition, either both, as completus, or the former as difficilis vesanus, or the latter, as de∣sensio, and such are all encliticals, as egomet, tute, idem quidam, quispiam, quicun{que} hicce, suapte. Some for eu∣phony
take increase of letters, as reditus, and some change the first Vowell of the latter simple, as ini∣micus, pertinax. Moreover Compounds with Clas∣sick Authors, are much more in use then the simple words, both as more significant, tending to briefe descriptions, and as affoording more variety in the resolutions, whereof the first is found in composition of Nounes and Verbes, instanced in the variation of Substantives, and the other in Composition of Nounes or Verbes, with prepositionall Adverbes, which will be instanced in that place.
Affections proper unto Nounes, are three, Case, Declension, and Gender.
Cases are divers endings of Nounes in either of both numbers, being regularly foure, the No∣minative, Gentrive, Dative, and Accusative.
The Nominative called also the Rect, in op∣position to al other Cases, called Obliques, goeth before a Verb Personall, which doth agree there∣with in person and number, or else cometh after a verb substantive in apposition to the Nomni∣tive going before it, as necessitas est artium ma∣gistra.
Some Greek Nounes are found irregular, be∣ing redundnant in the Nominative singular of some
Declensions by casting away s. as Thomas, Thoma, Crhyses, Chryse, in the first, Orpheus, Orpheu, in the second, Oedipus, Oedipu, Aias, Aia, Pallas, Palla, A∣lexis, Alexi, Paris Pari, Simoeis Simoei in the third. All which are proper names, and some Latine Nouns Appellatives, cast away us. as from meus, be∣ing with old Authors mius cometh mi, from genius, geni, from filius fili, and from all proper names, as Caius Cai, Georgius Georgi, Aemilius Aemili, and such like. And all other both proper and common Nouns of the second Declension ending in us (Deus only excepted) will change us to e. imitating therein Nouns of the third Declension in the Greek, as optime Feste nequaquam, ins••nio
Lastly all Nounes in such redundant Terminati∣ons being rectes, because they are never derived from the Genitives, are only of the second person, singular spoken to, and therefore called Vocatives to distinguish them from the regular Terminations, which are used indifferently for any of the three persons.
The Geniti••e so called, because thence are ••ormed all other Obliques and Derivatives, may be known in English by the signe of before ••t, or by the encliticall s. added thereunto, and ••n latine by being the latter of two Substan∣••ives, that have divers significations, as Di∣••cipuli Magister, the Master of the Schollar, or ••he Scholars Master. But the Genitive con∣••trued with adiectivall Nouns or Verbs have the ••o••mer Substantives understood, being easily to ••e supplyed, as the more known Appellatives,
referring to their subordinate species of place, time, praise, price, cryme, punishment, order, mea∣sure, or some peculiar respect, as vivit Romae, sup∣ply Urbe, abest bidui, supply spacio vel itinere, e∣jusmodi est probitatis, supply Virtute, venalis te∣runcii, supply precio, reus furti, supply, crimine damnatus exilii, supply poena, poetarum doctissi∣mus, supply ordine, or numero, liber sex digito∣rum crassus, supply mensura, inops fide, promisso∣rum dives, rerum suarum satagit, alienarum imme∣mor, supply ratione. Moreover Genitives be∣ing the latter of two Substantives, are often changed to the Datives, as filius Heri, or Hero.
The Dative is construed with any part of Speech, being either put acquisitively with refe∣rence to the end or obiect, having in English the signs to, or for, as obviat, or venit obviam, or obvius mihi, or else Ablatively with reference to some cause, part, or specifical circumstance, having the signs from, through, in, with, by, & after the Compa∣rative degree, the signe then, being the English of prepositionall Adverbs expresly put there∣to, o•• otherwise understood therewith, as ab Italia discessit, quia prae ebrietate bacchabatur, postmodum Athenis exceptus, herbis sanatus est a Medico, sociis omnibus sobrior.
The Ablative in regard of a redundant termina∣tion found only in the singular not of all, but of some Declensions, hath passed for a distinct latine case (which the Greek, a mother tongue unto the
Latine hath never owned) And therefore it were more equall to account the same a redundant Da∣tive by the same law, whereby the Vocative is con∣cluded to be a redundant Nominative. For to make either of them a distinct case, would require the same to have a distinct ending in both numbers and all Declensions, according to an equall Rule required alike in every Case, wherein both these redundants faile. Moreover (as the Nominative is frequently used to the second Person (for a Voca∣tive) so the regular Dative is often used promiscu∣ously for the redundant Ablative, as proximus Re∣gi, or a rege, id mihi, or mecum commune, ali••nus ambi∣tioni, or ambitione, oratori, or ab oratore diversus est Po∣eta, tibi or a te fama petatur, Virgilius Homero compara∣tur, or cum Homero, formido tibi, or de te, robori, or ro∣bore fidens, tibi, or tecum certabo, vitia haec insunt amo∣ri, or in amore, vosmet eripite slammae or slamma, with many more.
The Accusative called in Greek the Causa∣tive, as pointing ordinarily at some cause, fol∣loweth a Verb transitive, bring the Active or Deponent, or a Verb neuter being o•• the same signification with it, or else goeth before an in∣finitive mood, as veritatem tueri, haud eam labe∣ctare Judicis est, villicus provectam aetatem vivens, suam senectutem o••iari dedignatur.
Otherwise the Accusative construed with Verbs neuter of different signification from it is Ellipticall, having understood therewith ei∣ther an infinitive of some Verb Transitive, or more commonl•• some prepositionall 〈◊〉〈◊〉, as Id possumus, supply agere, quod probos ••ece, for
apud probos, but most usually the Prepositions serving thereunto are expyesied therewith, as per mare veniunt in Britannian.
All variable Nounes are ranged according to their mutuall Analogy among themselves, to five distinct forms, and thence are called Nouns of the first, or second, or third, or fourth, or fifth Declension; for the Declension is a distinct form or way of varying Nounes, according to their severall Cases or Terminations.
Nounes of the two first Declensions are parisyl∣labicall, having like number of Syllables in all Cases, save in the Genitive plurall of both, and in the Dative plurall of moveable Substantives, in the first onely, as dearum, deabus, deorum.
Nounes of the three last Declensions are impa∣risyllabicall, taking the increase of a Syllable in sundry oblique Cases, which increase some Nounes of the third Declension have in all the obliques thence.
Nounes both Substantive and Adiectives of the Neuter Gender, in the Nominative and Accu∣sative, both singular and plurall, of any Declensi∣on do end alike, and in the plurall do end onely in a, few Pronounes excepted, as hoc, quod, ambo, and duo, being all irregular, whereof in the Hete∣roclites,
Nounes of the third Declension, whether Mas∣culines or Foeminines, or both, end alike in the No∣minative and Accusative plurall. And Nounes of the fourth end alike, not onely in those two Cases,
but also in the Nominative and Genitive singular; and Nounes of the fifth end alike in the Nomina¦tive singular, and in the Nominative and Accusa∣tive plurall. And Nounes both of the first and fifth end alike in the Genitive and Dative Singular.
Lastly, it is of most concernment farre above any other, that Schollers be well versed, and very per∣fect in the Declensions of Nounes and Conjuga∣tions of Verbes; the onely parts of Speech variable by proper affections: And for that purpose the distinct Termination proper to every Case of each Declension, should be made familiar to them, that by casting of the same from any Oblique, the word then having for its last bound the Characteristicall letter, which is alwaies that next preceding the termination of the Nominat••ve; Learners may with ease change the termination of such Obliques to the proper ending of the Rect, or Nominative in the same Declension, as for instance; filiabus, by termination is a Dative plurall of the first De∣clension, take thence abus, and the word doth end in i, being the Characteristicall, then put thereto a, the termination of the Rect in that Declension, and it will be filia, which any Novice may decline accordingly, but without such certaine prescript to finde out the Rect, hee will faile therein. So pueros by termination is an Accusative plurall of the second Declension, take thence os, and the word will bee puer, whereto us the proper ending of the Rect in that Declension should bee added, were it not a∣pocopated, so from fab'ros, take away os, it will bee fab'r, and being no proper ending, it may be under∣stood that such words are syncopated in all the Ob∣liques, whence e, the middle Syllable is cut off, and must bee restored to the Rect, making it faber. In
the third Declension, affording greatest difficulty in such Nounes, as do increase in the Genitive singular; a recourse should be made to the sundry endings of Rects therein, and good notice taken of the sundry endings of the Genitive singular, be∣longing often to the same ending of the Rect, and by a reduction of the terminations of other Ob∣liques, to the termination of that Genitive, the Rects proper ending will soon be found by Analogy with particular instances in that Declension, as for example; in partibus, change tibus, a termina∣tion of the Dative plurall to tis, an ending of the Genitive singular, and by rule partis must come from pars; so in remigum, laticum, change gum, and cum, to gis, and cis, both by rule come from ex. the proper ending of the Rect, changing e, to i, and in limites, change tes, to tis, and limitis will come from the Rect limes, changing likewise e, to i, and casting away s: in vulnera, change era, to eris, and by rule vulneris will come from the Rect vulnus. And in words of the fourth and fifth De∣clension the former Rules will serve.
Latine Nounes of the first Declension do end only in a, being by termination Foeminine, and are declined as in the Example fo••lowing.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Und-a. | ae. | ae vel a. | am. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| ae. | arum. | is. | as. |
Greek Nouns Substantive of this Declension end in as, and es, which in Latine will both end in a. and others end also in e. And hebrew Nouns end in am, or as, which latine-like will end in amus, as from A∣braham, or Abrah••s, Abrahamus. And all be declined as in examples following.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Satrap-as vel a. | ae | ae vel a. | am vel an. |
| Athlet-es vel a. | ae. | ae vel a. | am vel en. |
| Epitom-e | es. | e. | en. |
| Ad-am vel as. | ae. | ae. vel a. | am. |
| The plurall as in Latine Nounes. |
Substantives of this Declension answering to the first or second in the Greek may be of any Gender, except the neuter, for Greek Nouns ending in e are feminines, as Epitrope; or ending in as, or es, or made thence to end in a be Masculines, as tiaras & tiara, planetes and planeta, or Nouns that end in a, & do betoken humane conditions belonging to both sexes, are of the Common of two by signification, as advena, verna; or referring to noe certaine sex may be of the Doubtfull gender by authority, as Talpa: or being Appellatives of bruit creatures, may be epicoenes, as vipera, Simia.
With old Authors, Nounes ending in a vowell before a, or ending in ra, or na, have the Genitive singular in as Greek-wise, as dux vias, for viae, im∣petus auras, filius Latonas: And old Poets have changed ae to ai. as Aulai, Pictai, Geryonai, for au∣lae, pictae, Geryonae.
The Dative singular is constanly redundant in this Declension and in none other besides this.
The Genitives plurall of Nouns Patronymick, and Gentile, and Nouns compounded of colo, and gigno are often Syncopated, as Aeneadum, spartia∣tum, Caeli••olum, Terrigenum, the two first of these ending Greekwise in the common tongue, being Parisyllabicall in all cases, as Aeneadae, Aeneadon, which by the Boeotick or Aeolick dialect may end in a on as Aeneidaon And Latine Nounes do imitate the same Dialect, having r. inserted between a and um, as in Aenidarum.
Some moveable Substantives ending in us of the second, and in a of this Declension, have therein a redundant Dative plurall, as nata maketh natis, common to it with natus, and natabus proper to it selfe, for distinction of the Genders, as the Nounes redundant in the rect distinguish persons.
Some proper names are redundant, being of this and the second Declension, as Hierosolyma Hiero∣solimae, and Hierosolyma Hierosolymorum. And some Appellatives are of this Declension in the plurall, and of the second in the singular, as epulum epuli, and epulae epularum. Others of this, and the third; as Pascha Pasche, and Paschatis, Orontes Orontae
and Oro••tis, Chalcas Chalcae and Chalcanvis.
Latine Nouns of the second Declension, end constantly either in um. being all neuters, or us. or in (er and ur) having us apocopated, being Masculines by termination, except few such being feminines, and all be declined, as in the example following.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Ov-um | i. | o. | um. |
| Alv-us vel e. | i. | o. | um. |
| Puer | i. | o. | um. |
| Li-ber | bri. | bro. | brum. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| a. | orum. | is. | a. |
| i. | orum. | is. | os. |
| i. | orum. | is. | os. |
| bri. | brorum. | bris. | bros. |
In this Declension vir with all Substantives ending in er and Adiectives ending in er and ur, have us apocopated, and both Substantives, and Adiectives ending in er, not having a vow∣ell, or halfe vowel going before er. be for the most part syncopated in all the obliques, as vir for virus, viri, viro, miser for miserus, miseri, misero, satur, for saturus. saturi, saturo, but faber, for faberus, fabri, fabro, and sacer, for sacerus, sacri sacro. Some are excepted, as adulter, presbi∣ter,
socer, alter, asper, celtiber, gibber, lacer, liber (the Adiective) prosper, dexter, making dexteri or dex∣tri, and all Compounds of gero, and fero, which are never syncopated, as armiger, armigeri, stelli∣fer, stelliferi. Moreover all Adiectives in the second termination being feminines, are of the first Declension, but in the first and third being Masculines and neuters are of this Declension, and are thus declined.
| Procer- | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| us vel e | i. | o. | um. | |
| a, | ae. | ae vel a. | am. | |
| um. | i. | o. | um. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| i. | orum. | is. | os. |
| ae. | arum. | is. | as. |
| a. | orum. | is. | a. |
Some Pronouns in the Genitive singular do end in ius, and some in jus. and both in the Dative end in i. as unus una unum, unius, uni, being o∣therwise regular, as also totus, solus, and alter, uter, ullus, with their Compounds, but ille ipse iste, with is ejus ei, qui cujus cui, and hic hujus huic are more irregular, whereof in the Heteroclits.
Greek Nouns of this Declension in the Nomi∣native singular end in os. on. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉s. and eus. and are thus declined.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accusa. |
| Byss-us vel e. | i. | o. | um. |
| Barbit-on. | i. | o. | on. |
| Ath-〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉s. | 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. | 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. | 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉n vel 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 |
| Thes-eus vel eu.ei.v.eos.eo v.ei.eum v.ea. | |||
| The pluralls as in Latine. |
Substantives of this Declension answering to the third and fourth of the simple, and to the third of the contracts in the Greek, may be of any Gen∣der except the Common of two; For besides Mascu∣lines most usuall in this Declension of Nouns both Greek & Latine, ending in os, or in us, many Greek Nouns changing os to us, and few latine Nouns in us, are feminines, as for instance.
Antidotus costus methodus byssus{que} papirus Nardus & hyssopus dialectus eremus & arctus Graeca, latina colus vannus domus alvus humus{que}.Likewise pampinus is doubtfull, and elephantus, epicaene. And Symbolon, with all such other Greeke Nounes are Neuters.
The Genitive Singular ending in ij, is often apocopated, as tua cura peculi, for peculii.
The Nominative Plurall with some old Authors, doth end in ei. as captivei, for captivi.
The Genitive Plurall is often syncopated, but mostly with Poets, as Chara deum soboles, for deo∣rum, but it happeneth very seldome in the Neuter Gender, as duellum, for duellorum.
All Adiectives of three divers endings are re∣dundant, being of this and the first Declension; as bonus bona bonum, some Nounes are of this and the third Declension, as sequester, sequestri, and sequestris, glomus, glomi, and glomeris, vesper, vesperi, and vesperis, polypus, polypi, and polypodis. Perseus, Persei, and Perseos. Other Nounes are redundant in the Genitive plurall onely, as Bacchanalia, Baccha∣naliorum, and Bacchananum: ancilia, anciliorum, & ancilium; And so sponsalia, vecligalia. Others are redundant in the Dative plurall onely: as poemata, poematis, and poematibus, or poemasi. Other redun∣dants in the Singular bee of this, and in the Plurall of the third Declension: as iugerum, iugeri, and iu∣gera, iugerum, iugeribus; being both formerly Nounes moveable, but now obsolet, saving that iu∣geris, and iugere, of the Genitive and Dative abla∣tivall singular bee still in use.
Nouns of the third Declension do end in three Vowels, a e o. and in seven Consonants, c
l n r s t x. Amongst which the Terminations a e c t. and both us, and or, increasing short in substantives, & us increasing long in Monosylla∣bles; & al Adjectives of the Comparative degree, be alwaies Neutrals. And al. el. en. ar. ur. be most∣ly Neuter endings, but admit Exceptions, Aus. or ys. or us. increasing long, or os. making otis. are alwaies foeminine by Termination: And for the most part such are Substantives that end in as. or is. or x. or s. with another Con∣sonant, and Polisyllables Derivative in o. and Parisyllabicals in es. but some of such endings admit Exceptions, Or, and os. making oris. be alwaies Masculines and ordinarily dissyllables primitive in o and Impatisyllabicals in on. and es. and er. being syncopated, the several•• Excep∣tions to this last, and to the former Genders follow next after the formes, by which such Nounes must be declined, as in these Ex∣amples.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Turr-is. | is. | i. vel e. | em. vel im. |
| Lau-s. | dis. | di vel de. | dem. |
| Pect-us. | oris. | ori vel ore. | us. |
| Fael-ix. | icis. | ici vel ice | icem & ix. |
| Trist-is & e. | is. | i. vel e. | em & e. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| es. | ium. | ibus. | es. |
| des. | dum. | dibus. | des. |
| ora. | orum. | oribus. | ora. |
| ices & icia. | icium. | icibus. | ices & icia. |
| es & ia. | ium. | ibus. | es & ia. |
Nounes of this Declension answering to the fifth of the Simples, and to the first, second, and fifth of the Contracts in the Greeke, have all seven Gen∣ders, and some few exotick, either Greeke Appella∣tives, or Hebrew proper Names, have two more Terminations, the one in y. the other in id. as mo∣ly molyos, Neuter by Termination, David, Davidis, Masculine by signification, declined regularly like the rest.
A. and e. in this Declension are terminations of Nounes Neuter onely; as problema problematis, cu∣bile cubilis maenia maenium. O. in Nounes Primitive of two Syllabls, is a termination Masculine: as ordo ordinus, sermo sermonis; and in these Nounes
of many Syllables, pugio pugionis, scipio titio, senio ternio. But caro, carnis not increasing is Foemi∣nine, and so is grando grandinis, with all Deriva∣tives of many Syllables ending in do, and go; as dulcedo dulcedinis, prurigo pruriginis, except harpa∣go harpaginis, a Greeke Noune▪ Masculine. Like∣wise derivative Verbals, and Denominatives, end∣ing in io, bee Foeminines; as lectio lectionis: so legio, concio, with communio, ditio, talio, rebellio, per∣duellio; lastly, Hiericho Hiericbuntis, by signification is Foeminine: But bubo bubonis, is of the doubt∣full Gender, and hirundo hirundinis, an Epicoene.
c. and t. are endings of Neuters onely, as caput ca∣pitis, lac lactis; halec is an Aprote; for halecis doth come from halex a Foeminine.
Al, and el, are Neutrall endings; as mel mellis, animal animalis: but sal, in a different sense is Neu∣trall, or Masculine, in the Singular, but masculine onely in the Plurall, used for facetiae.
Il. ol. and ul. are Masculine endings, as mugil mugilis, which with old Authors was Parisyllabicall, sol solis, exul exulis: which last is accounted com∣mon, but good Authors say exulem & vagam redux∣it, or vagam ab exilio, not vagam exulem.
An. in. on. are Masculine terminations, as Paean Paeanis, Evan Evantis, Delphis or Delphin, Delphinis. Xenophon Xenophontis, by signification and termina∣tion Masculines: and agon agonis, canon canonis, by termination onely: But Sindon Sindonis, is Foemi∣nine, and halcyon halcyonis, aedon aedonis Epi∣coenes.
En. is a Neutrall ending, as lumen luminis, but pecten pectinis, ren renis, and splen, lichen, lien, are Masculines.
Ar. and ur. bee Neutrall terminations, as calcar calcaris, being formerly Parisyllabicall, hepar, for hepas, by antithesis, hepatis: far farris, for diffe∣rence from faris, fatur, murmur murmuris, ••ecur ieco∣ris, and iecinoris, by Epenthesis, or from an obsolet iecinus, but salar salaris, and furfur furfuris, bee Masculines, turtur and vultur Epicoens.
Er. is a Masculine termination, as imber imbris, alacer alacris, pater patris, campester campestris, with many more both Substantives and Adiectives, syncopated in all Obliques, after b. c. t. aether ae∣theris, crater crateris, puber, and pubes by Antithe∣sis, puberis, except it er syncopated, for itiner itineris, ver veris, cadaver cadaveris. And cicer, laser, spinther, piper, papaver, Neuters, with sicer, laver, which as Herbes be Foeminines by signification: But linter lintris, clyster clysteris bee of the doubtfull Gender, and passer passeris an Epicoene.
Or. increasing long is a Masculine ending, as, honor, and honos by Antithesis, honoris, but arbor arbo∣ris, is Foeminine, and cor cordis Neuter, with ador, or ados adoris, aequor, marmor, and all others increasing short.
Yr. is a termination of Greeke Nounes, being the common of two by signification; as martyr marty∣ris.
As. a termination of Nounes increasing, is Foe∣minine; as pietas pietatis, lampas lampadis, except vas vadis, and as assis, which with all ponderals derived thence, as bes bessis, semis, or semissis, se∣missis, decunx decuncis, dodrans dodrantis are Mas∣culines, so are likewise Gigas gigantis, and mas maris, by signification; but vas vasis is Neuter.
Aus. is a termination Foeminine: as laus lau¦dis.
Es. is a termination Foeminine of parisyllabi∣call Nounes, as nubes nubis, and a Masculine end∣ing of imparisyllabicals, as pes pedis, termes terme∣tis, fomes fomitis, lebes lebetis; but Chremes making Chremis, and Chremetis, is by signification Masculine, so are abies abietis, Ceres Ce••eris Foeminines, aes aeris is Neuter, vepres vepris, palumbes palumbis, and ales alitis are of the doubtfull Gender, and vulpes Epicoene. Nounes plurall onely that end in es, do analogically keep such Gender as they should bee of, were they regular, and had the singular, as am∣bages Faeminine, and natales Masculine, because ambages, and natalis their singulars would bee such.
Is. of Nounes increasing, or not increasing, is mostly a termination Foeminine as navis navis, lis litis, cuspis cuspidis, genesis geneseos or genesios, charis charitos, so Themis making Themis or The••idis, or Themissis, and Salamis or Salamin S••laminis, are by signification feminines, likewise Simoeis Simoentis, ••s by signification masculine. Some imparisyllabi∣••alls encreasing in dis nis and ris are masculines, as ••pis lapidis, Aeneis Aeneidis or Aeneidos, sanguis san∣••uinis, glis gliris, vomis for vomer vomeris. And few ••arisyllabicalls.
Mascula sunt piscis, fascis, sic mensis et orbis. ••t corbis sentis vectis sic vermis et axis. Et fustis postis torris velut anguis et unguis. Quaelibet in quis lis demum claudentia nisve.All Adjectives ending in is are of the Common two, as tussis, likewise Scrobis scrobis or scrobs scro∣••s, is of the doubtfull gender.
Os making otis will be feminine, as Cos cotis, dos dotis, and making oris, masculine, as flos floris, but os oris, and os ossis, with epos epeos, and such Greek words be neuters. Heros herois, is by signification Masculine, and so are custos custodis, sacerdos sac••rdo∣tis, of the Common of two; us increasing short, is a termination neutrall, as corpus corporis, vulnus vul∣neris, or increasing long in Monosyllables, and Nounes of the Comparative degree, as ius, iuri, me∣lius melioris, but mus muris, lepus leporis, ligus or ligur liguris, be Masculines by signification, pecus pecudis, is feminine, if pecudis be not a parisylla∣bicall. Any other Nounes increasing long are fe∣minines, as incus, subscus, palus paludis, tellus telluris, virtus virtutis, so opus opuntis is feminine by signification, and likewise grus gruis of the doubtful Gender.
Ys is a termination feminine of Greek Nounes, as Chelys Chelyos, Chlamys Chlamydis or Chlamydos. But Gortys or Gortyn Gorlynos, is by signification and termination faeminine.
S. with another consonant next it in the end of Nounes is a feminine termination, as trabs or trabes trabis, glans glandis, pars partis, hyems hyemis, stips o•• stipis, stipis, fron•• frondis or frontis, puls pultis, and Tiryn•• Tirynthis feminine by signification. But fons fontis, ••••ons, pons, dens and Hydrops Hydropis, Chalybs Cha∣lybis, Gryps Gryphis are masculines. And princeps principis, auceps aucupis of the common of two by signification, adeps adipis, forceps forcipis, of the doubtfull Gender, concors concrod••s, caelebs caelibis, anceps ancipitis of the common of three.
X. Being the termination of Nouns is feminine 〈◊〉〈◊〉 pax, pacis, nex necis, carex caricis, nix nivis, filix filicis, nos noctis, lux lucis, obsolet frux frugis, styx stygis, coccys
onix onych is. But these grex gregis, remex re••igis, and thorax thoracis, caudex or codex codicis, podex, cu∣lex, pulex, mu••ex, ramex, rumex, apex, latex frutex, pol∣lex, vertex, calix, volvox, tradux, bombyx are mascu∣lines, and so is Hylax Hylactis by signification; but senex senis for senecis is of the common of two: And lim••x limacis, imbrex imbricis, varix va••icis of the doubtfull gender, so ••udax audacis, tr••••lex triplicis, f••elix faelicis, velox velocis, trux trucis of the Common of three.
The Dative singular of some Nounes in this De∣clension is regular, ending only in i, and those not only Greek, as poesis poesi, but also latine, being either proper names as Cha••ybdis, Opis, Fabaris, Syrtis, or Ap∣pellatives, as buris, amussis, strigilis mare, or the two last endings apocopated, as mugil, vigil, animal, cal∣car, par, september, memo••, and most Adjectives ex∣cept these that follow which have a redundant Da∣tive in e. to wit, all Participles not made Nouns participial as n••cens, not innocens, or such as are de∣fective in the neuter as Senex, Juvenis, or that in∣crease short, as deses, uber, vetus, or that increase long, being made proper names, as Clemens, Fae∣lix.
Many Substantives have the redundant Dative in e. to wit Nounes syncopated, as caro venter, and collis turris, with such like doubling l. and r. so apis nubes dogma grando sermo lac sal splen far mas virtus caput lex, but victrix and such nounes verbal taken adjectively, may be used indifferently.
Substantives in the Accusative singular end only in im, whose Datives end only in i. and other pari∣syllabicals end either in em or im; whose Datives may take or leave the redundancie, as navis, pup∣pis: but all the rest being no neuters, both Substan∣tives and Adjectives end only in em, except Greek Nounes which have for their terminations in, as ge∣nesin, some yn, or a, Erinnyn or Erinnyda, and some em or a. as aetherem, or aethera, and latine Nouns Greekwise as cassidem or cassida.
All Adjectives or Substantives neuter increasing short, and monosyllable Substantives that end in us encreasing long, make the Nominative plurall in a. and the Genitive plurall in um as caeliba caelibum, so vigila participa votera memora impota dogmata cru∣ra. Other monosyllables make the Nominative like∣wise in a. but the Genitive in ium, as corda cordium, ossa ossium. And all other netuers not increasing, increasing long, whether of Substantives or Adje¦ctives, make ia, and ium, as retia retium, so vectigalia laquedria omnia folicia, excepting nounes of the com∣parative degree, as meliora meliorum.
Substantives of other Genders in the Genitive plurall end in um, either increasing short or synco∣pated as sanguinum, fratrum, salub••um, volucrum, campestrum, or not increasing, that have a vowell next before um pum or tum, as canum opum va∣tum, or increasing long with a vowell next before cum dum gum num ••rum tum, as radicum, paludum,
legum, leonum, rumorum, civitatum, and the rest end for the most part in ium, as Ʋrbium fascium vadium salium carnium marium mersium litium. Genitives plurall of some nounes that end in ium, are syncopated as sapi••ntum caelestum boum. Some admit Epenthesis as alituum caelituum, some end Greek-wise, as haerese••n.
The Dative plurall of some greek nouns end in asi, as dryasi for dryadibus. And likewise bos will make bubus, and bobus for bovibus.
The Accusatives plurall end sometimes in eis, of Substantives and Adiectives feminine, that end in the genitive plurall in ium, as parteis omneis, being an Archaisme, and sometimes the Adiective is con∣tracted, as omnis for omn••is. And in greek nounes that Case doth end sometimes in as greek-wise as rhetoras for rhetores.
Some Nouns redundant are of this and the fifth Declension, as requies requietis and requ••ei, so fames famis and famei; some are in the singular of this, in the Plurall of the second, as vas vasis, and vasa vasorum, from vasum now obsolet.
Nounes of the fourth Declension end in us, be∣ing for most part Masculine verballs, few other Nounes in us are feminines, and all pluralls in ua ••euters, being derived from Aptotes singu∣lar in u; the Nounes variable are declined as in these examples.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Curr-us | us | ui vel u | um |
| Corn-u | u | u | u |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| us | uum | ibu s | us |
| ua | uum | ubus | ua |
Substantives of this Declension answering neer∣est to the fourth of the contracts in the Greek, may be of any Gender, having the Common of two an•• Epicoene. Some Greek proper names of this De∣clension have a third termination of rects in o. as Clio, Clotho, Gorgo, Jo, Mantho, Sappho, all feminines by signification, and are declined as in this ex∣ample.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Ecch-o | us | oi | o. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| us |
Some few Appelatives are likewise feminines, as porticus acus tribus manus colus domus ficus, and the plurall idus, likewise penus specus be of the doubt∣full gender.
The Genitive singular of this Declension with old Authors did end sometimes in i. as fructi for fructus copia, so tumulti, ornati. And sometimes in uis as del••ium anuis, for anus. And the Genitive plurall is often syncopated, as Currum.
Some Poets have used the Dative singular only in u. as parce metu. Moreover the Dative plurall of arcus artus lacus partus spe••us tribus veru do end on∣ly in ubus, but cornu genu portus do end both in i∣bus and ubus, and most other Nounes in ibus only.
Nouns redundant are of this and the second De∣clension, as Domus domi, for any dwelling place, and Domus domus for an edifice, ficus fici for the Tree, and ficus ficus for the fruit, colus coli for the Instru∣ment
and colus colus for the work: others are of this and the third, as penus penoris and penus.
Nouns of the fifth Declension end only in es, being feminines, and are thus declined.
| Nomi. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Aci-es | ei. | ei vel e | em. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| es | erum | ebus | es. |
The fifth (having no affinity with Greek De∣clensions, as the redundant Dative hath none with Greek cases) is a latine Declension of Nounes de∣scending mostly from other Declensions, either the fi••st, as from mollitia mollities, from desidia desidies, from Barbaria Barbaries, or the second, as from allu∣vium alluvies, or the third, as from plebs plebes, or the fourth, as from acus acies.
And Nounes of this Declension be feminines, as most usually derived from such, except dies of the doubtfull Gender in the singular, and masculine in the plurall, and meridies only masculine: further∣more dies with effigies facies res species and acies are entire in the plurall. But the rest have only the Nominative and Accusative plurall, or entirely want that number, as betokening vertues or vices,
whereof in Nounes Anomalous, remaining only to be handled.
Dies with good Authors is found in the Genitive, as paena dies for diei, so is die apocopated, mercatus die septimi. And Dii syncopated, laetiliamque di••, but this last may come from dius obsolet, whence are diu and most Derivatives that are in use, like∣wise the Dative singular in other Nounes is oft con∣tracted, as res commissa fide, for fidei.
Nounes Anomalous are ra••ged to foure sorts, that is to say, to redundants, defectives, hetero∣geneous and heteroclitous, whereto may be ad∣ded Heteroeidous, such as have divers formes, proper to the Pronouns, and Hete••oschematous belonging unto Compounds▪ all notified all••eady in their distinct places.
Nounes Heteroclit swarving mostly from the regular, and very needfull to be known, as ve∣ry usuall, are these that follow, ego tu sui is iste ille ipse hic qui ambo and duo, the three first being totally irregular, and the eight last only in parte, are declined as in the following instances.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| Ego. | mei. | mihi vel me | me |
| Tu. | tui. | tibi vel te | te. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| nos | nostrum vel nostri | nobis | nos |
| vos | vestrum vel vestri. | vobis | vos. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus |
| caret | sui | sibi vel se | se. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| is | eo | eum | |
| ca | ejus | ei vel ea | eam |
| id | eo | id. |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| ii vel ei | eorum | iis | eos |
| eae | earum | vel | eas |
| ea | eorum | eis | ea |
| Ist | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| e | o | um | ||
| a | ius | i vel a | am | |
| ud | o | ud |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| i | orum | os | |
| ae | arum | is | as |
| a | orum | a |
And in like manner be declined ille and ipse, saving that ipse maketh the neuter ipsum.
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| hic | hoc | hunc | |
| haec | huius | huic vel hac. | hanc |
| hoc | hoc | hoc |
| Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accu. |
| hi | horum | hos | |
| hae | harum | his | has |
| haec | horum | haec |
| Qui | quo | quem | |
| Quae | cuius cui v | qua | quam |
| Quod | quo | quod |
| Qui | quorum | quibus | Quos |
| Quae | quarum | queis | quas |
| Quae | quorum | vel quis | quae. |
| Du— | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Accus. |
| o | orum | obus | os | |
| ae | arum | abus | as | |
| o | orum | obus | o |
And in like manner Amb—
Num and en compounded, or ne si and alius ap∣posed to, or compounded with quis, will change quae both singular and neuter plurall to qua:num; en, si, and ne are scarce compounded with any other Case besides the Nominative and the Ac∣cusative; but alius is compounded with quis in all Cases, and quae or quod may be apposed there∣unto.
Se may be doubled in the Accusative and quis in that and other cases, as in the Nominative quisquis quicquid, in the Dative Ablativall quoquo quaqua quoquo, and in the Accusative quicquid.
Isle and hic are compounded together in the Nominative, istic istaec istoc and istuc, in the Da∣tive Ablativall istoc istac istoc, in the Accusative istunc istanc istoc or istuc. And ecce with eum and cam eos and eas, eccum eccam eccos eccas. And en with illum illam as ellum ellam. Lastly, quis in the Nominative, and qui in the Dative ablativall being seperate, are of the Common of two.
Some Nouns with the number change their Gen∣der, as in the following instances.
Masculines in the Singular, Neuters in the Plu∣rall: as avernus averna, Pangaeus Pangaea, where the Neutrall Adiectives may bee put Substantively, or refer to known Appellatives, the first to flumina, the last to arva, or iuga.
Masculines in the Singular, Masculines and Neu∣ters in the Plurall; as iocus, locus, ioci, or ioca, loci, or loca, both being with old Authors Neuter in the Singular, but now grown obsolet.
Feminines in the Singular, and Neuters in the Plurall; as carbasus carbasa, the Neuter Singu∣lar being now obsolet, and the Masculine Plurall: Neuters in the Singular, Masculines in the Plurall, as caelum eaeli, and caeli caelorum, neither Singular of this, nor Plurall of that being in use.
Neuters in the Singular Masculine, and Neuter in the Plurall: as fraenum fraeni, and fraena, rastrum, rastri and rastra, the Masculines Singular being ob∣solet.
Neuters in the Singular, Feminines in the Plu∣rall: as delicium deliciae.
Neuter in the singular, common of three in the Plurall; as plus, pluris, plures and plura. In all which Examples it would bee an easier way to account such Nounes defective in the number, which they want, whereby all the Heterogeneous vanish, as needlesse incumbrances to young Students. And upon the same account may be iustly banished the combination of Nounes defective: as of Jupiter with Jovis, supellex with supellectilis, and such others, which ought not to passe so, else by the same Law all Compounds of such defective Simples should retaine like Obliques: but Marspiter will not make Mars Jovis; neither doth Dijovis come from diespiter, but diespitris.
All Aptotes spoken of in the Genders are de∣fective.
All the Cardinall Nounes of number, (unus ex∣cepted) are defective in the Singular: as duo tres quatuo••, ducenti, millia; Distributives, as singuli ge∣mini, bini, trini, or t••rni: but such are used of Poets in the singular, terno consurgunt ordine remi, yet in a different sense.
Nounes implying a Dignity do commonly want the Singular, whether proper Names of Townes, Gabij, Th••bae, Pergama: of Feasts, Floralio: of Games Apollinares, Pythia: of Bookes, Biblia; or Appel∣latives, superi, lares, Penates, Caelites, proceres, primo∣res, magnates, sori, fasces, natales, maiores aedes nuptiae munia: or betokening terrour, as manes parcae lemu∣res, inseriae: or plenty, divitiae opes blanditiae, sales, and facetiae, in the same sense, or at least variety idus, calendae, sortes, dirae, lactes, bellaria.
All proper Names (unlesse they are Plurall on∣ly, as in the former rule) or taken Appellatively, ••ot for the persons, but for their conditions in∣stanced in the variation of Substantives, are onely singular: as Jda Tagus Lelaps. Some of these ad∣mit of both numbers, but in a double sense: as Per∣gamus, a Towne in Asia, and Pergama, the Trojan-turrets, or in a double notion, as Argos an aptote, and Argi variable.
Appellatives also want the Plurall, being abstracts, as gloria lux, and in particular such as betoken Ver∣tues or Vices, whether morall, as fama pudor indo∣les culpa labes: or naturall, as salus contagio poda∣gra fames sitis vita mors lethum: specially such as
end like desidia, sapientia ignavia materia pietas forti∣tudo, Or Names of peculiar Ages, as pubes senium: Or Names of any Office of Persons, or property of place or time, tribunatus tablinum iustitium: or Names of Plants or Fruites, bacchar triticum siligo: or of Liquids and things measurable, pix lac oleum butyrum saccarum: or of Metals, aurum argentum fer∣um, aes for aera the aptote Plurall and such others, betoken things materiat, not the bare matter. Or Nounes collective or Distributive, having in the singular a force of Plurals, as vulgus, plebs, proles alter nemo.
Lastly Names of things individuall, as mundus phaenix, sol ignis, for soles, and ignes signifie daies, or heates; so vesper oriens ver, hyems meridies unus: wee read unis vivunt legibus for ijsdem, but oftner proceres uni, for soli.
Monoptotes being onely rects, Jupiter, supellex, for supellectilis is a regular Adiective, exspes, macte singular, and macti plurall, being onely Ge∣nitives, as nauci dicis cuiusmodi, which may bee an Aptote Adiective, impraesentiarum which may be an Adverb, being only Datives Acquisitive, ostentui, dispicatui, divisui inductui, or Ablativals ambage impete injussu, natu, & diu noctu astis imprimis ingrat••is, which may bee Adverbes, being onely Accusatives, eccos ellas inficias, inferias.
Diptotes being Nominatives and Accusatives, dica dicam, and all Aptotes, excepting such as end in u. likewise suppetiae suppetias with parisyllabi∣call Plurals of the third Declension; as grates, and many Plurals of the fifth, and hyemes for colds ••r stormes: and rura fora ora man••, taken indefi∣nitely,
not particularly. Being Rects and Abla∣tives, fors forte; being Gen••tives and Ablativalls, spontis sponte, verberis verbere, iugeris iugere, repe∣tundarum repetundis: Being Accusatives and Ab∣latives, as dictum dictu, and all Supinalls.
Triptotes wanting Rects, Jovis, sui (the Primi∣tive) and dapis, frugis, ditionis, precis, vicis, opis, sor∣dis, primoris: or wanting the Genitive, as nemo quisquis istic faeces vices; or wanting the Dative, as plus tantundem.
Pauper dives iuvenis, and such other want Neu∣ters, caetera caeterum doth want a Masculine, satius is neuter only, Ego nos tu vos have each but one Person.
All Nounes Epicoene by synthesis, or, of the doubtfull, or, of the common of two, or of the common of three; as elephantus bubo parens faelix, bee redundant in Gender, because they do by sig∣nification belong to many, though by construction they referre certainely unto one Gender, whereof already.
Some Adiectives do abound, as in Declension, so in Gender, being of two or three divers endings; as inermis, or inermus: so bijugis, enervis, magnani∣mis, effraenis; and with some Authors, insomnis pro∣clivis, illimis, enormis, imberbis, insormis, hilaris, end also in us. And with some Authors procerus, and benignus, end also in is.
And moveable Substantives will abound as in Gender so in Declension, sponsa sponsus, admonitum, admonitio admonitus, cassida cassis, baptismus baptis∣ma, alluvium, alluvio alluvies, abacus abax, gryphus gryps, pavus pavo, hebdomada hebdomas, mulctra mulctrale, involoc••um involucre, occipitium occiput, praesepium praesepe, tonurum tonurus, delphinus del∣phis, or delphin, with many more.
Other Substantives abound in Gender but not in their Declension; as baculus baculum, tapes tape∣te, and such other. And other Nounes are redun∣dant, either in case alone, or in Declensions one∣ly notified in their proper places.
Lastly, besides these Anomalies of Nounes in the direct motions by cases, and in the indirect moti∣ons by Genders, there is another transverse mo∣tion of Adiectives made by comparisons which is anomalous and irregular, spoken of already in the various Figures of Nounes.
Verbs like Nouns are of two kinds, being ei∣ther Substantive betokening to be, or Adjective signifying to do, or suffer.
Verbs Substantive may be distinguished as they signifie either. 1. Truth of being, as sum fio existo evado maneo nascor orior efficior tueor constituor vivo, or 2 the hope of being as ro∣gor poscor exoror designor: or 3, the opinion of being, as audio, for vocor credor dicor habeor ex∣istimor videor: or 4 the experience of being, as arguor cognoscor inscribor.
Verbs Adjectivall have foure kinds, being ei∣ther Neuter, Active, Passive, or Deponent; the two first ending in o, and the two last in or.
The Verb Neuter betokneing either to do, or suffer is intransitive or absolute, having a signi∣fication in it selfe compleat, either Actively in Verbs of gesture, as discumbo surgo sto venio disce∣do mingo, nubo with their Meditatives, micturio nupturio; or Passively in Verbs inceptives and their Primitives, as caleseo and caleo, and in ma∣ny others, as aegroto vapulo veneo liceo fio with its Compounds.
A Verb Active having of it selfe an imperfect signification, is alwaies transitive to a sufferer, either person or thing; as pater amat filium & ejus indolem, and some are transitive only to the thing of the same signification with themselves, ••s gaudium gaudet, alienum arat sundum, bibit vinum, canit hymnum.
The Verb Passive hath also an imperfect sense without recourse unto the Doer: for correla∣tives reflect upon, and withall interpret each an∣other: as amatur a patre filius, eadem contilena canitur.
A Verb Deponent laying aside the transverse
motion from or, to o, doth in the passive termi∣nation retain the three former significations, in that respect called also a Verb common: as ra∣rius osculor, used absolutely for a Verb of ge∣sture, osculor te, used transitively, referring to a sufferer, osculor a te, used passively reflecting up∣on the doer.
Few Verbs will equally share in all three sen∣ses, but any Deponent will admit, as in the Participle of the second Future, a passive sense and structure, so in all other Moods and Ten∣ses an active signification and construction: as pauca tibi sunt loquenda, or pauca loquere.
A Verbe Substantive and an Adjective construed together, will both bee changed into an Adjectiveall Verbe; and contrariwise, as arte oratio excoli∣tur & splendescit, or exculta est & splendida.
A Verbe Neuter of gesture may be made a Passive in the third person singular onely, and contrariwise, as audita virorum clade flebant saemi∣nae, or fleba••ur a saeminis; but such Ablatives of the Doers are seldome expressed, and the precedent Ablative of the thing or cause, called the absolute, will bee resolved to a Nominative: as virorum clades quum a faeminis audiretur, flebatur.
The Verbe Active may bee turned to a Passive, by making the Accusative of the sufferer a Nomina∣tive, and the Nominative of the Doer an Ablative of the person or of the thing, with ab the preposi∣tionall Adverbe serving thereunto, or to a Dative of the person put acquisitively, specially with Po∣ets,
as virtutem nos colimus, tu samam petas, or Ab nobis colitur virtus, tibi fama petatur, so Tu canas hym∣num, nos fundum arabimus, or hymnus a te canatur Ab nobis arabitur sundus.
Verbes Deponent are invariable to any other kinde, both as defective in Figure, and as partici∣pating in the sense or forme of the other three.
By the figure Verbes are either primitive, be∣ing originals, as do curro caveo; and such like Active or Neuter verbs in o. or else they are de∣rivative, as descending from a primitive: whe∣ther simply from one, as cursito, or compoundedly from two or more, as reddo.
Verbs simple a•••• of three sorts, denominative, verball or adverbiall.
Verbes denominative are either Apparatives; as aquor frumentor l••gnor, pabulo••, resolued by sup∣pedito aquam, &c. Or Imiatives, as adolescenturio cucurio, ligurio, prurio, scaturio, Syllaturio, patrisso, aegresco, calvesco, canesco, puerasco, vilesco, silvescit, vesperascit, graecor, irascor, ruslicor, vulpinor; re∣solved by adoles••entem ref••ro, &c.
Verball derivatives are of five sorts. 1. Fre∣quentatives, 2. Diminutives, 3. Desideratives, 3. Inchoatives; and 5. all Verbes in or, deri∣ved either from known Verbes in o, being Active, as doceor, from doceo, or Neuter, as curritur, from curro; or from supposed Verbes in o. and such are
all Deponents, as fateor, from supposed fateo.
Frequentatives or iteratives be all of the first Coniugation, and for the most part derived of the Supine by changing um to o. as tracto tonso nexo, commentor sector syncopated, grassor amplexor. And in the first Coniugation by changing atum unto ito, if the Supine be a Polysyllable, as of clamatum clamito, else if it be a disyllable, it keep∣eth a. as nato. Some frequentatives joyne both the precedent formes together, as of dictum dicto, and from dictatum dictito, so from pulso pulsito, and pulto syncopated. And some verbs of the third Congu∣gation in the second person singular cast away s. taking to in the place of it, as agito stuito fugito, quaerito, the last syllable save one being short in all simple frequentatives, being polysillables, and all be derived from Verbs Active or Deponent, be∣ing of the first or third Coniugation, and may be resolved by the Adverb saepe or the verb soleo, as saepe quaero, or quaerere soleo, &c.
Diminutives being of the first Coniugation, have the Terminations following albico can••illo sor∣billo pullulo pitisso dormito, they are derived from Verbs of all foure Coniugations, and may be re∣solved by aliquantulum put unto the Primitive, or by sub and such other compounded with it, as ali∣quantulum albeo or subalbico.
Desideratives or meditatives take both formati∣on and signification, from the first future ending in rus as cenaturio pransurio esurio iturio; and they
are derived usually from Verbs Neuter of any Coniugation, and will continue Neuters, and may be resolved, ca••nare cupio. And suitable thereto in sense are, viso accerso arcesso incesso lacesso facesso ca∣pesso, &c. for vid••re accire appeto.
Inchoatives or Augmentatives are of the third Coniugation, and derived from Verbs neuter of all foure Coniugations, by adding co to the se∣cond person singular, as labasco hisco for hiasco cla∣resco putesco from obsolet puteo miseresco, tremisco re∣miniscor fruiscor and fruniscor o••dormiscor resolved by incipio laba••e, or pergo clarere.
Verbs derived from Adverbs be all of the first Coniugation, as intro satio supero, and are redu∣cible only to their Primitives, or otherwise vari∣able by some synonymes.
Verbs of more then one originall are compoun∣ded of Verbs with Nounes, as belligero multiplico, of Verbs with Verbs, as calefacio calefio, and actito may come of actum ito, of Verbs with Adverbs, either absolute, as benefacio satisfacio, or prepo∣sitionalls either inseparable, as confe••o diduco dis∣cedo removeo s••cerno, or seperable either one, as defetiscor, or two as indefessus, or of obsolet Verbs with such whether Latine, as renideo conniveo a∣dipiscor aspicio deleo elicio expedio extinguo off••ndo, or Greek as excello expleo induo experior.
A syllable is sometimes inserted in the compound, as in concipilo reciproco recupero, Sometimes a let∣ter only as in comburo redimo, both for Euphonie. Sometimes the simples are impaired, either both as aucupor cogo malo, or the Verb is only entire, as, possum credo trano ampu••o aufero assero, or only maimed, as prebeo dego pergo. And in some Com∣pounds both are intire, as manumitto satisdo. Some Verbs in composition change a. to u. as consulo in∣sulto exculpo inculco. Some change o. to u. as oc∣culo, some cast away a. as excludo percutio diluo, some change a. to e. as gradior making egredior, so patior fatiscor damno lacto sacro follo arceo tracto par∣tio scando patro candeo carpo spargo pario, so compesco dispesc•• those two from pasco, some Verbs change the first vowel into i. through all Moods and Tenses as caedo making p••aecido praeci••i, so laedo egeo quaero tene••, cado cano salio except in consulo, so patior rapio sapio statuo tango taceo and placeo, except in complaceo and perplaceo, so habeo except in posthabeo, so maneo compounded with e. in pre and pro, so pango saving in composition with circum de ob and re. Other Verbs change the first vowell into i. in all Tenses, except the preter tense, and such other as be derived thence, as fateor making confiteor, but confessus, so capio frango iaeio premo and emo, except coemo, so rego except pergo surga, so ago, except perago satago dego cogo, so facio compounded with prepositionall Adverbs, so lego compounded with e de con inter di and nec, which three last make intellexi dilexi neglexi, but all other like the simple. Lastly by composi••ion, some change the figure on∣ly, as, verto revertor, some only the Coniugation,
as do das, making addo addis, some both, as sperno making aspernor, some change the coniugation and forme, as candeo making accendo, some the forme and figure, as sacro making execror, some all three together, as frango making suffragor.
The proper affections of Verbs are foure, Moods, Tenses, Persons and Coniugati∣ons.
Moods are distinct wayes of using verbs in the same sense and structure being seven. The Indicative, Imperative, Subiunctive, Par∣ticiple, Infi••itive, Gerund and Supine.
Verbs of the Indicative, whence all other Moods are formed, either aske a Question or give a reason of doing or suffering, as Quo va∣dis? Oxoniam peto.
Verbs Imperative either 1 Command by authority, or 2 Advise as a duty, or 3 Grant to importunity, or 4 Crave as curtesse. 1. Paeni Sicilia excedunto. 2. Fraus omnis abesto. 3 Re••∣tuas tibi habe. 4. Dil caeptis aspirate.
A verb Subiunctive doth commonly inter∣pret another principall verb, being allwayes the Indicative or Imperative, and therefore hath a precedent Coniunctive adverb causall or con∣ditionall
put thereto, or implyed therewith, being familiarly resolved to the Infinitive, as, Jubeo valeas, or ut valeas, or te valere, so cave facias, or ne facias, or cave facere.
Otherwise the Subiunctive by Enallage standeth for the Imperative, called either per∣missive and potentia••l resolvible to the Infini∣tive with possum volo debeo, or with the Im∣personalls, licet libet oportet, as vitiis aeque omnibus abhorreas, or te vitiis aeque omnibus ab∣horrere oportet. Or else an Optative being then ioyned with an Adverb of wishing and resolvible to the Infinitive with quaeso, precor, opto, as utinam dictis Al••ane maneres, or te dictis manere opto.
The Participle an amphibious kind partaketh with Nouns in Declension, by Case and Gen∣der, and with Verbs in Coniugation, by tense, signification, and construction; and with both in number and person. Wherefore the two futures, retaining constantly both tense and structure, are constant Moods of verbs, as Mulier Graios visura Penates: or Cui Graiorum Penates visendi The present and preterperfect tense then only are Moods, when they keep expresse mention of time, and the same structure, as vinum a∣mans, or qui amat, segnitiem exosus, or qui odit polenta pransus, or qui pransit. Else words of either tenses become Nounes, desisting to be Moods of verbs by deposing the tense & struc∣ture, as Vini amans, or amator, which alwayes happeneth when such words admit a different Figure from the verbs whence they ate derived,
either by composition, as, impatiens operis, indoctus lyrae, or a Comparative intension, as, quanto re∣verentior ille deorum, tanto sit reliquis ornati∣or, unus habetur prae reliquis longe cultissimus.
Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are constru∣ed regularly with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as miles audax est, or audet occidere et occidi. But irregularly and figuratively by Enallage, they sometimes stand for a Nominative Aptote, as, humanum est irasci, sometimes for a Genitive of the Gerund, as, m••tere tempus erat, for metendi, sometime for the Indicative, as, Tum pius Aene∣as as humeris abscindere vestem for abscindebat, or Elliptically another verb may be understood therewith, as abscendere caepit.
Gerunds being the second future put Sub∣stantively are used in the singular number only, to expresse the administration of affairs. And being Genitives are accordingly construed with a former Substantive either expressed, as, vi∣vendi ratio, or understood with adiectivall nouns or verbs, as, Id fecit assentandi, potius quam quod gratum haberet, supply causa, which construction is sometimes found of Gerundivalls, as, Insti∣tuitur imperium reipublicae augendae, supply gra∣tia. And the Genitives of Gerund, are some∣times used for the Gerundivalls by Enallage, as licentia diripiendi pomorum, for diripiendorum pomorum, sometimes also by Enallage the In∣finitive doth come in place thereof, as, Non da∣tur ad Musas currere lata via for currendi.
In the Dative acquisitive Gerunds are con∣strued either with verbs, as, operam navat exo∣rando nec flendo modum facit, or flendi, where the latter of two Substantives is changed to a Dative; or with Adiectives, as, tundendo inhabi∣le ferrum, scribendo papyrus inutilis, and the Ad∣iectives are sometimes understood, as, Non sunt aes alienum solvendo, supply pares, idonei, and such like.
In the Dative Ablativall Gerunds are con∣strued with prepositionall Adverbs, expressed or understood, as, in judicando criminosa celeritas, cantando rumpitur anguis.
In the Accusative Gerunds are construed with Prepositions constantly expressed, as, locus ad agendum amplissimus.
The Nominative is commonly a gerundival, keeping the construction of the passive voice, as, vobis bibendum aut abeundum, where the Ac∣quisitive is commonly understood, But by a Grec••siue seldome used in the latine, it will ad∣mit Cases of the verb, as, armorum si nobis ca∣rendum, pugnent alii, amicos tibi demerendum, resolved by oportet, aut opus est amicos te demere∣ri, or ut demerearis.
The Supine so called, as regardlesse of af∣fections, belonging thereunto, is construed with verbs of motion, notifying the tearme or end thereof, as, tui misertum venio, Graiis servitum matribus ibant, scitatum oracula missi, coctum, non vapulatum conducti sunt, ire with the first, and iri with the last being understood, nolo Uxorem filio datum, aut has litteras sibi renunciatum iri, de
injuriis questum itur, Legantur socios rogatum, re∣solved, rogaturi, rogare, or ut rogarent socios.
The Dative Ablativall of the Supine may be construed with verbs of motion like other Substantives, but is no Mood of a verb, for it admitteth no casuall word thereof, as, redit venatione, or venatu ferarum, not feras. And moreover will be construed with Adiectives, which construction the Supine will not admit as facile mirum arduum fas opus, turpe factu, or fieri, not factum or facere or factum ire.
Lastly but few Deponents will forme this Ablati••all as, dignum imitatu.
The Indicative and Subjunctive are definite in time, person, and number, and likewise the Im∣perative in all three, but notwithstanding it is defective in time present or past, nor lyable to command or counsell, and also in the first person, for all men do allow themselves full liberty. The Participle is indefinite only in person.
The Infinitive in Person and Number. Gerunds and Supines, are indefinite in all three making no expresse mention of time, person or number, though Gerunds do participate with second fu∣tures, and both Gerunds and Supines are sin∣gular. Lastly, either of both admit a signification promiscuously Active or Passive, being resolvible to either voice, but the Supine more commonly to the Active, and Gerunds to the Passive, whence they are derived.
The future of the Indicative is used for a most binding Imperative, as non occides for ne occidito, but specially the Participle of the second future, as, vincendum tibi aut moriendum, for aut omnino vince aut porsus morere, or in Hebraisme moriendo morieris.
Participles of the present, or the Gerunds no∣tifying the efficient cause, are resolved to the In∣dicative with dum cum quia si postquam, as defetiscor ambulans, ambulando, inter ambulandum, or dum am∣bulo, but the Participles of the present or preter∣tense put in the Dative ablativall, called the abso∣lute, are resolved to the Subjunctive, as Imperante Augusto, or cum imperaret, boste superato, or sisuperetur And so are Gerunds notefying a finall cause, con∣ductus ad accusandum, vel ob absolvendum, or ut ac∣cuses aut absolvas. And all Gerunds are familiarly changed to Gerundivalls, differing only each from other, in that Gerunds notifie rather the office then the time, & Gerundivalls notifie the time rather then the office, as, nos Gramaticam docendi, vos illius ediscendae cura tenet.
The Infinitive will be changed to the subjun∣ctive with ut after verbs of command advise in∣treaty or suffrance, profit, &c. as iubeo moneo rogo sino decet licet oportet refert expedit, &c. as volo te abire, or ut abeas: And to the Indicative with quod after verbs of common or particular sense, or of passions arising thence, as, intelligo dubi∣to reor audio video spero metuo gaudeo mereo iuvat dolet arridet allubescit displice••, &c. as constat te va∣lere, or quod vales, which variation is necessary to be known for finding the structure of the Accu∣sative between two verbs, whether it followeth the
Verb Personall or cometh before the Infinitive. Other variations are instanced formerly in the se∣verall Moods.
Tenses directing when things do or suffer are five.
The 1. present notifying the time now with the signes doe or am.
2. The Preterimperfect tence, the time searse past with signes did or was.
3. The Preterperfect tence the time lately past with signes have or have been.
4. The Preterpluperfect tence the time long since past with signes had or had been.
5. The future a time to come with signes shall and will, or shall and will be, or with the signe hereafter, and it is called the promising tense.
What Cases are in Nounes, the same are Ten∣ses in Verbs all descending from the second per∣son singular of the present in the Indicative, as the obliques from the Genitive singular, partly by changing in the Preterperfect tenses, and Su∣pines of some Verbs in the three last Coniugati∣ons, the Characteristicall letter, which is the next before as es and is, and partly by adding to the Characteristicall in other Tenses, as in the ex∣amples following.
The Preterimperfect tense of the Indicative and Subiunctive changeth as es and is, in the three first Coniugations of Verbs in o; & aris eris of Verbs
in or to ••bam ebam arem erem, and abar ebar, arer erer, and is or iris of the fourth Coniugation to iebam iebar, and irem irer, as of amas amabam ama∣bar, amarem amarer, of doces docebam docebar, do∣cerem docerer, of legls legebam l••gebar, legerem lege∣rer, of aud••s audiebam audiebar audirem audirer.
The future of the Indicative changeth as and es to abo and ebo, and aris eris, to abor and ebor, but is of the third to am ar, and of the fourth to iam iar, as of amas amabo amabor, of doces docebo do∣cebor, of l••gis legam legar, of audis audiam audiar. Aed in the Imperative the future changeth as to a, or ato, and aris to are or ator: es to e, or et••, and eris to ere or etor is of the third to e or ito, and eris to ere or itor; and is of the fourth to i or ito, and ir••s to ire or itor, as of amas ama amato, and a∣ma••e amator, of doces doce doceto and docere, doce∣tor, of legislege legito, and legere legitor, of audis audi audito, and audire auditor.
The present of the Subiunctive changeth as of Verbs in o, and aris, of Verbs in or to em and er, as of amas amem amer, es, to eam and ea•• as of doces doceam docear; is of the third to am and ar, as of legis legam legar, but is of the fourth to iam and iar as of audis audiam audiar. And in the Infinitive changeth as to are, and aris to ari, as amare amari, and es to ere and eris to eri, as docere doceri, and is of the third to ere and eris to i as legere legi and is of the fourth to ••re, and iris to iri, as audire audiri. And in the Participle changeth as to ans, es to ens, and is of the third to ens but is of the fourth to iens, as of ama amans, of doces docens, of legis legens, of audis audiens. And from the Participle of the present is formed the Participle of the second fu∣ture by changing s to dus, as of amans amandus, of
docens docendus, of legens legendus, of audiens au∣diendus.
The Preterperfect tense in the Indicative of Verbs in o for the most part changeth as to avi, and that to atum, as of amas amavi amatum, es to ui and that to itum, as of mones monui monitum, is of the fourth to ivi and that to itum, as of audis audivi auditum, but is of the third to i. and that to tum or sum or xum, as of emis emi emptum, of vi∣sis visi visum, of figis fixi fixum.
Where may be noted that the Supine in the first Conjugation doth end only in tum, in the se∣cond and fourth may end in tum or sum, and in the third may end in tum or sum or xum. And from the Supine are formed the Participles of the Pre∣ter tence, and of the first Future, that by chang∣ing m. to s. as from emptum is made emptus, this by changing m to rus, as from emptum empturus. And all Participles may be knowne by their Ter∣minations both in Latine and in English, the pre∣sent in Latine ending alwayes in ans or ens, as amans monens, and in English ending in ing, as loving, warning, the second future in Latine ending alwaies in dus, and englished like the In∣finitive of the Passive voice, amandus like amari to be loved, the preter tense in Latine ending in tus sus or xus, and in English in t. or u. or d. emptus, visus, fixus, bought, seen, fixed; the first fu∣ture in Latine ending in rus, and Englished like the Infinitive of the Active voice, as empturus like emere to buy: furthermore the present is declined like Adjectives of one Termination, and the other three like Adjectives of three divers endings, as amans amantis, but amandus amanda amandum, so amatus and amaturus.
Lastly from the Preterperfect tense of the In∣dicative is formed the Preterpluperfect of the same Mood, and the Preterperfect and Future, of the Subjunctive by changing i to eram erim ero, and the Preterpluperfect of the Subiunctive and Infinitive by adding thereto ssem and sse, as of legi cometh legeram legerim legero and legissem le∣gisse.
Verbs that end in o. have in the Indicative and Subiunctive all five tenses, and verbs in or have in the Indicative the present, the imperfect and the future, but in the Subiunctive the present and imperfect only.
The Imperative of Verbs in o and or hath the future only.
Verbs Active have two Participles, the present and first future, and Passives have the other too, the Preter tense and second future. Deponents, and many Neuters have all foure Participles, but the Pretertense of neither will admit of a Passive signification or construction, which are in both ac∣customed to the second Future, as, stadium equis currendum, haud viris ingrediendum: Par••iciples of the present first future and Preter tense in both voices will retaine the construction usual to other Moods, but the Preter tense of Neuters in o. are ordinarily made Nounes participiall, and of the Neuters passives do keep alwayes the Passive sense and structure, as, Pugnatum est ab Hostibus: Gerunds and Supines have no expresse mention of Tenses, and in other moods the Tenses lacking are supplyed by circumlocution.
Verbs in or by the Participle of the Preter∣tense, with sum or fui, supply the Preter tense; and with eram or fueram, the Preterpluperfect tense; and in the Subiunctive, with sim or fuerim supply the Preter tense, with essem or fuissem, the Preter∣pluperfect with ero and fuero the Future. And in the Infinitive with esse or fuisse supply the Preter∣tense with the Supine, and iri, or second future, and esse supply the Future tense▪
Verbs in o, and Deponents in or, in the Infini∣tive Mood, by the Supine, with ire and first Future with esse, or rather with fore supply the Future, and when the first Future of the Participle is de∣fective, fore will stead the same, as, Quos terres, hos oportet fore ut timeas, for te timiturum. The in∣stances of these former rules will follow in the Examples of the severall Coniugations.
Verbs in o. of the first and fourth Coniugation in the second person singular, and the second and third plurall of the Preter tense, in the Indica∣tive, and in all persons of both numbers in all o∣ther tenses derived thence may be Syncopated, as, amasti amastis amarunt amaram amarim amaro a∣massem amasse, so audisti audistis audierunt audieram, &c. ••nterii, and perii are Syncopated in all persons saving the first plurall and in Imitation thereof, some Verbs of the thir'd Coniugation, as, petii, &c. And other Verbs are Syncopated mostly of i Poets in the second person singular, as extinxti dixti for dixisti. Edim duim ausim axim faxim for ederim dederim auserim egerim fecerim, likewise surpucram for surripueram, submossem for submovis∣sem, produxe for produxisse, divisse for divisisse. And
the future of the Subiunctive is changed with old Authors, amavero to amasso, prohibuero to prohibesso, petivero to petesso, with such like in the three first Coniugations▪ and in the Infinitive for levatu∣rumesse levassere, &c.
Verbs in or whether Passive or Deponent in the Infinitive of the present tense will Paragogically take er thereto, as, monstrarier optat, caepit dilabier orbis.
Participles of the second future in the third and fourth Coniugation admit Antithesis, as faciundus experiundus for faciendus experiendus. Others of the first future are oft irregular, as, sonaturus for soniturus, nasciturus for naturus, pariturus for par∣turus. And others of the preter tense like the Su∣pine are Syncopated, as, pinsitus and pistus, potatus and potus.
The Preterpluperfect tense of the Indicative is used often for the future, as, perieras nisi fugisses, for periturus eras. And the preter tense for the future of the Subiunctive, called with some an exact tense, as, molam si le redemerim for redemero. Lastly the Present and Imperfect tense thereof passe for a future called the simple, nil refert si post cladem sapias or saperes, for sapies.
The Numbers equally belonging to Nounes and Verbs being two, the singular and plurall, are spoken of already as also the three Persons, which being more genuine to Verbs, as Gender to Nouns,
must like the Genders be understood Physically, and strictly where the nature of things afford it, that is when rationall creatures are spoken of, and otherwise may be taken at large Grammatically, being three in both Numbers, whereof before.
In the language taught of God, the third Per∣son being the radicall hath precedence, and the first as doth become Civility, speaking of it selfe, is last in place.
The future used in that tongue for the Impera∣tive beginneth with the first Person, implying that who make Laws, should first take them; but as Jews and Gentiles are used ordinarily in oppo∣sition, so is their forme of speaking, all Nations constantly beginning with the first Person in both Numbers of all Moods and Tenses, leaving the next place flatterers like to the second person spo∣ken to, quite neglecting the third Person spoken of, as abiect.
As Tenses answer unto Cases, so do Con∣iugations of Verbs to Declensions of Nouns, being foure distinct wayes w••ereby a•• regu∣lar Verbs end uniformly in the same Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person.
The Coniugation of every Verb is known by the termination of the second Person singu∣lar in the present tense of the Indicative mood, where all Verbs ending in as, or having a. in aris long, are of the first Coniugacion. And such as end in es, or have e. in eris long, are of the second. And such as end in is short, or have
o. in eris short b•• of the third: And such as end in is long, or have the first i. in iris long be of the fourth.
It may be noted that all Verbs of the second Coniugation do end in eo and eor, but beo calceo enucleo meo laqueo creo screo nauseo bee of the first Coniugation; and eo queo veneo, be of the fourth.
Likewise all Verbs of the fourth Coniugation except those three last mentioned do end in io, which ending few of the first Coniugation have, as faucio repudio hio concilio satio, but many of the third end in cio dio gio pio rio tio, as facio fodio fu∣gio capio pario percutio.
Some Verbs admit of two Coniugations, being either commonly of the first and seldom of the third, as, lavo lavas lavavi lavatum, and lavis lavi lavitum, or by Syncope lautum and by Anti∣thesis lotum, sonosonas and sonis sonui sonitum, so tono tonas and tonis tonui tonitum; Or commonly of the second, seldom of the third, as strideo strides, and strido stridis stridi, fulgeo fulges, and fulgo ful∣gis fulfi, but tergeo terges, and tergo tergis tersi, are both common, ferveo ferves, and fervo fervis fer∣vi, sorbeo sorbes sorbui sorbitum, and sorbo sorbis sorpsi sorptum, tueor tueris tuitus, and tuor tueris tutus, oleo oles olui oletum to grow, and olo olis olui oli∣tum to smell. Or comonly of the second, seldom of the fourth, as, cieo cies cievi citum, and cio cis civi citum, the last being most usuall in composi∣tion, as the first being simple. Or commonly of the third and seldom of the fourth, as, fodio fodis fodi fodere, and fodire fossum, orior oreris, and ori∣ris ortus, and such other.
Many Verbs being the same in Theme do dif∣fer as in signification, so either in Coniugation only, as, aggero appello compello colligo consterno de∣ligo effero fundo mando obsero volo. Or likewise in quantity, as dico lego with their compounds, being all both first and last of the first and third Con∣iugation.
Sum with his Compounds are wholly irregular among Verbs, as, Ego tu sui among the Pronouns. But fui conjugated with sum hath ••ll tenses regu∣lar which are derived thence. And both sum and fui do require in order to be first declined by themselves, as helps expedient to forme in the In∣finitive the future tense of all other Verbs ending both in o. and or. And in the Indicative the preter tense of Verbs only that end in or, and of all other tenses that are derived thence, which be∣ing otherwise Defective are to be supplyed by sum and fui, joyned with the Participles of such Verbs, whereof before.
Sum es fui esse ens futurus to be.
So, Absum abes abfui abesse absens abfuturus.
Sum I am, es thou art, est he is.
Sumus we are, estis ye are, sunt they are▪
Eram I was, eras thou wast, erat he was.
Eramus we were, eratis, yee were, erant they were.
Fui I have been, fuisti thou hast been, fuit he hath been,
Fuimus we have been fuistis yee have been, fu∣erunt vel fuere they have been.
Fueram I had been, fueras thou hadst been, fuerat he had been;
Fueramus we had been, fueratis yee had been, fuerant they had been.
Ero I shall or will be, eris thou shalt or wilt be, erit he shall or will be,
Erimus we shall or will be, eritis yee shall or will be, erunt they shall or will be.
Es, or esto, be thou hereafter, esto be he, or let him be hereafter.
Este, o•• estote, be yee hereafter, sunto be they, or let them be hereafter.
Sim, I may would or should be, sis, thou mayst wouldst or shouldst be sit, he may would or should be,
Simus, we may would or should bee, sitis, yee may would or should be, sint, they may would or should be.
Essem, or forem, I might would or should be, esses, or fores, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst be, esset, or foret, he might would or should be,
Essemus, or foremus, we might would or should be, essetis, or foretis, yee might would or should be, essent, or forent, they might would or should be.
Fuerim, I might would or should have been, fueris, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst have been, fuerit, he might would or should have been.
Fuerimus, we might would or should have been, fueritis, yee might would or should have been, fu∣erint, they might would or should haue been.
Fuissem, I might would or should had been, fuisses, thou mightst wouldst or shouldst had been, fuisset, he might would or should had been,
Fuissemus we might would or should had been, fu∣issetis yee might would or should had been, fuissent they might would or should had been,
Fuero I may would or should be hereafter, fu∣eris thou mayst wouldst or shouldst be hereafter, fuerit he may would or should be hereafter,
Fuerimus we might would or should be hereafter, fuerit••s yee might would or should be hereafter, fuerint they might would or should be hereafter.
The present tense ens being, or essens obsolet, whence doth come essentia, the being.
The Future Tense, futurus about to be.
The present, esse to be.
The preter tense, fuisse to have been.
The future fore, or futurum esse to be here∣after.
As Sum hath been declined, so may be formed Possum, compounded of potis and sum, and poteram, of potis eram, potui of potis fui, potueram of potis fu∣eram, potero of potis ero, possim of potis sim, possem, of potis essem, potuerim of potis fuerim, potuissem of potis fuissem, potuero of potis fuero, posse of potis esse, po∣tuisse of potis fuisse. So Prosum proderam profui pro∣fueram prodero, with the rest compounded thence.
| Am- | o | as | avi. | atum | aturus | ans |
| or | aris | atus | andus | |||
| Mon- | eo | es | ui. | itum | iturus | ens |
| eor | eris | itus | endus | |||
| Leg- | o | is | i | tum | turus | ens |
| or | eris | tus | endus | |||
| Aud- | io | is | ivi | itum | iturus | iens |
| ior | iris | itus | iendus |
| Pugn— | o | as | avi | atum | atutus | ans | andus |
| Rix— | or | aris | atum | atus | aturus | ans | andus |
Examples of Verbs both in o. and or. declined throughout all Moods and Tenses.
| Singulariter. | Pluraliter | |||||
| Laud— | o | as | at | amus | atis | an•• |
| or | aris vel are | atur | amur | amini | antur | |
| Cens- | eo | es | et | emus | etis | ent |
| eor | eris vel ere | etur | emur | emini | entur | |
| Fig- | o | is | it | imus | itis | unt |
| or | eris vel ere | itur | imur | imini | untur | |
| Pol— | io | is | it | imus | itis | iunt |
| ior | iris vel ire | itur | imur | imini | iuntur |
| Laud- | abam | abas | abat |
| abar | abaris vel abare | abatur | |
| Plur. | abamus | abatis | abant |
| abamur | abamini | abantur | |
| Cens— | ebam | ebas | ebat |
| ebar | ebaris vel ebare | ebatur | |
| Plur. | ebamus | ebatis | ebant |
| ebamur | ebamini | ebantur | |
| Fig— | ebam | ebas | ebar |
| ebar | ebaris vel ebare | ebatur | |
| Plur. | ebamus | ebatis | ebant |
| ebamur | ebamini | ebantur | |
| Pol- | iebam | iebas | iebat |
| iebar | iebaris vel iebare | iebatur | |
| Plur- | iebamus | iebatis | iebant. |
| iebamur | iebamini | iebantur. |
| Laud- | avi | avisti | avit |
| atus sum vel fui | atus ea v. fuisti | atus est v. fuit. | |
| Plur- | avimus | avistis | averunt vel avere |
| ati sumus v. fuimus, | ati estis v. fuistis | ati sunt fuerunt vel fuere. | |
| Cens- | ui | uisti | uit |
| us sum v. fui | us es v. fuisti | us est v. fuit. | |
| Plur- | uimus | uistis | uerunt vel uere |
| i. sumus v. fuimus, | i. estis v. fuistis | i. sunt fuerunt vel fuere. | |
| Fi- | xi | xisti | xit |
| xus sum v. fui. | xus es v. fuisti. | xus est v. fuit. | |
| Plur- | ximus | xistis | xerunt vel xere |
| xi sumus vel fuimus. | xi. estis v. fuistis | xi sunt fuerunt vel fuere. | |
| Pol- | ivi | ivisti | ivit |
| itus sum v. fui | itus es v. fuisti | itus est v. fuit. | |
| Plur- | ivimus | ivistis | iverunt vel ivere |
| iti sumus v. fuimus | iti estis v. fuistis | iti sunt fuerunt vel fuere. |
| Laud- | averam | averas | averat |
| atus eram v. fueram, | atus eras v. fueras | atus erat vel fuerat. | |
| Plur- | averamus | averatis | averant |
| ati eramus v. fueramus | ati eratis v. fueratis | ati erant vel fuerant. | |
| Cens- | ueram | ueras | uerat |
| us eram v. fueram | us eras v. fueras | us erat vel fuerat. | |
| Plur- | ueramus | ueratis | uerant |
| i. eramus v. fueramus. | i. eratis v. fueratis | i. erant vel fuerant. | |
| Fi- | xeram | xeras | xerat |
| xus eram v. fueram, | xus eras vel fueras | xus erat vel fuerat. | |
| Plur- | xeramus | xeratis | xerant |
| xi eramus v. fueramus. | xi eratis v. fueratis | xi erant v. fuerant. | |
| Pol- | iveram | iveras | iverat |
| itus eram v. fueram, | itus eras v. fueras, | itus erat vel fuerat. | |
| Plur- | iveramus | iveratis | iverant |
| iti eramus v. fueramus, | iti eratis v. fueratis | iti erant vel fuerant. |
| Laud- | abo | abis | abit |
| abor | aberis vel abere | abitur | |
| Plur. | abimus | abitis | abunt |
| abimur | abimini | abuntur | |
| Cens- | ebo | ebis | ebit |
| ebor | eberis vel ebere | ebitur | |
| Plur. | ebimus | ebitis | ebunt |
| ebimur | ebimini | ebuntur | |
| Fig- | am | es | et |
| ar | eris vel ere | etur | |
| Plur. | emus | etis | ent |
| emur | emini | entur | |
| Pol. | iam | ies | iet |
| iar | ieris vel iere | ietur | |
| Plur- | iemus | ietis | ient |
| iemur | iemini | ientur. |
| Sing: | Plur. | |||
| Laud- | a vel ato | ato | ate vel atote. | anto |
| are v. ator | ator | amini v. aminor, | antor. | |
| Cens- | e vel eto. | eto | ete vel etote. | ento |
| ere v. etor. | etor | emini v. eminor. | entor | |
| Fig- | e vel ito. | ito | ite vel itote. | unto |
| ere v.itor. | itor | imini v. iminor | untor. | |
| Sep- | i. vel ito | ito | ite vel itote | iunto |
| ire vel itor. | itor | imini v. iminor | iuntor |
| Sing. | Plur. | |||||
| Laud- | em | es | et | emus | etis | ent. |
| er | eris v. ere | etor | emur | emini | entur. | |
| Cens- | eam | eas | eat | eamus | eatis | eant |
| ear | earis v. eare | eatur | eamur | eamini | eantur. | |
| Fig- | am | as | at | amus | atis | ant |
| ar | aris v. are | atur | amur | amini | antur. | |
| Pol. | iam | ias | iat | iamus | iatis | iant |
| iar | iaris v. iare | iatur | iamur | iamini | iantur. |
| Sing. | Plur. | |||||
| Laud- | arem | ares | aret | aremus | aretis | arent |
| arer | areris v. arere | aretur | aremur | aremini | arentur. | |
| Cens— | erem | eres | eret | eremus | eretis | erent |
| erer | eretis v. erere | eretur | eremur | eremini | erentur. | |
| Fig- | erem | eres | eret | eremus | eretis | erent |
| erer | eretis v. erere | eretur | eremur | eremini | erentur. | |
| Pol. | irem | ires | iret | iremus | iretis | irent |
| irer | ireris v. irere | iretur | iremur | iremini | irentur. |
| Laud- | averim | averis | averit |
| atus sim v. fuerim | atus sis v. fueris | atus sit v. fuerit. | |
| Plur- | averimus | averitis | averint |
| ati simus v. fuerimus, | ati sitis v. fueritis | ati sint vel fuerint. | |
| Cens- | uerim | ueris | uerit |
| us sim v. fuerim | us sis v. fueris | us sit v. fuerit. | |
| Plur- | uerimus | ueritis | uerint |
| i simus v. fuerimus | i sitis v. fueritis | i sint vel fuerint. | |
| Fig- | xerim | xeris | xerit |
| xus sim v. fuerim | xus sis v. fueris | xus sit v. fuerit | |
| xerimus | xeritis | xerint | |
| xi simus v. fuerimus | xi sitis v. fueritis | xi sint v. fuerint. | |
| Pol. | iverim | iveris | iverit |
| itus sim v. fuerim | itus sis v. fueris | itus sit v. fuerit. | |
| Plur. | iverimus | iveritis | iverint |
| iti simus v. fuerimus | iti siitis v. fueritis | iti sint v. fuerint. |
| Laud- | avissem | avisses | avisset |
| atus essem v. fuissem | atus esses v. fuis | atus esset v. fuisset. | |
| Plur. | avissemus | avissetis | avissent |
| ati essemus v. fuissemus | ati essetis v. fuissetis | ati essent v. fuissent. | |
| Cens- | uissem | uisses | uisset |
| us essem v. fuissem | us esses v. fuisses | us esset vel fuisset. | |
| Plur. | uissemus | uissetis | uissent |
| i essemus v. fuissemus | i essetis v fuissetis | i essent vel fuissent. | |
| Fi- | xissem | xisses | xisset |
| xus essem v. fuissem | xus esses v. fuisses | xus esset v. fuisset. | |
| Plur- | xissemus | xissetis | xissent |
| xi essemus v. fuissemus. | xi essetis v. fuissetis | xi essent v. fuissent. | |
| Pol. | ivissem | ivisses | ivisset |
| itus essem v. fuissem | itus esses v. fuisses | itus esset vel fuisset. | |
| Plur- | ivissemus | ivissetis | ivissent |
| iti essemus v. fuissemus | iti essetis v. fuissetis | iti essent v. fuissent. |
| Laud- | avero | averis | averit |
| atus ero v. fuero | atus eris v. fueris | atus erit vel fuerit. | |
| Plur- | averimus | averitis | averint |
| ati erimus v. fuerimus | ati eritis v. fueritis | ati erunt v. fuerint. | |
| Cens- | uero | ueris | uerit |
| us ero v. fuero | us eris v. fueris | us erit vel fuerit. | |
| Plur- | uerimus | ueritis | uerint |
| i erimus v. fuerimus | i eritis v. fueritis | i erunt v. fuerint | |
| Fig- | xero | xeris | xerit |
| xus ero v. fuero | xus eris v. fueris | xus erit v. fuerit. | |
| Plur- | xerimus | xeritis | xerint |
| xi erimus v. fuerimus | xi eritis v. fueritis | xi erunt v. fuerint. | |
| Pol. | ivero | iveris | iverit |
| itus ero v. fuero | itus eris v. fueris | itus erit v. fuerit | |
| Plur- | iverimus | iveritis | iverint |
| iti erimus v. fuerimus | iti eritis v. fueritis | iti erunt v. fuerint. |
| The Present Tense | Laud-ans, | Cens-ens, | Fig-ens | Pol. iens. |
| The first Future | Laud-aturus, | Cens-urus, | Fi-xurus. | Pol. iturus. |
| The Preter Tense | Laud-atus, | Cens-us, | Fi-xus▪ | Pol. itus. |
| The second Future | Laud-andus, | Cens-endus | Fig-endus, | sep-iendus. |
| The Present Tense | Laud- | are | Cens- | ere | Fig- | ere | Pol. | ire |
| ari | eri | i | iri. | |||||
| The Preter Tense | Laud- | avisse | Cens- | uisse | Fi- | xisse | Pol. | ivisse |
| atum esse vel fuisse. | um esse v. fuisse | xum esse v. fuisse. | itum esse v. fuisse. | |||||
| The Future Tense | Laud- | atum ire v. aturum esse: | Cens- | um ire v. urum esse | Fi- | xum ire v. xurum esse. |
| Pol. | itum ire v. iturum esse |
| atum iri v. andum esse. | um iri v. endum esse | xum iri v. endum esse. |
| itum iri v. iendum esse▪ |
| Laud-andum. | Cens-endum. | Fig-endum. | Pol. iendum. |
| Laud-atam. | Cens-um. | Fi. xum. | Pol. itum |
Students should be made exact in all the proper affections of Verbs, as before hath been required in the like affections of Nounes, for as more variable, so they are more difficult, and call for greater di∣ligence, but Verbs chiefly, which will more exer∣cise Learners to finde out the Theme then Nounes, because the Characteristicall is oftner changed therein; besides that many instances there∣of must have recourse to sundry distinct heads be∣fore they are resolved to their Themes, as for ex∣ample, from Juncturus, cast away the Termination proper to the first future, and instead thereof, put to m, and it will be iunctum, the Supine whence it is formed: Then it may be remembred that ctum in the Supine cometh from xi in the Preter Tense, as iunctum from iunxi, againe xi will come from gis in the present, so iungis maketh iunxi, that iunctum this iuncturus; from hauserimus cut of erimus and put i in place thereof it will be hausi whence it is de∣rived, as this from hauris. In censeremini▪ change the
second Person Plurall to the first singular censerer, this to censeris, and by a graduall regresse it leadeth unto c••••seor, according to the precedent Rules of forming Tenses in the severall Moods. So Legitote cometh from lege, this from legis, audietis cometh from audiam, this from audis, so docendus from do∣cens, this from doces, and so in the rest.
Verbs of the first Coniugation ending in bas, cas, mas, nas, pas tas, change as to ui, das maketh dedi, stas steti, juvas iuvi, And all in the Supine end in tum.
Verbs of the second Coniugation making bes, psi, ges, xi, ies ievi, les levi, ves vi. In the Supine end all in tum. But making des, di, or si, lces▪ and lges, lsi, and rges rsi, nes nsi, res si. And the Depouent teris making ssi in the Supine end all in sum.
Verbs of the third Coniugation making bis, bi bui, or psi, cis ci, cui, or xi scis, vi, or scui: few Verbs making dis, di. Likewise other Verbs making gis, gi, or xi, his, xi, lis lui, mis mui, or psi, nis, ni, vi, or ui, pis, psi, pi, pui, or pivi, quis, qui, or xi. ris, rui, vi and ssi sis, ui, ivi, or ssi, apo∣opated. And some making tis, ti, vis, vi, or xi, ui, xis xui, in the Supine end in tum.
Other both Deponents making beris, psi, and Verbs in o making rcis rsi dis di, or si rgis rsi, llis, llui, li or si, mis, ssi, rris rri, tis ssui, rtis, rsi. in the Supine end in sum.
Other Verbs making gis, his, ctis, or uis, xi, and xis, xi, or xui end in xum.
Verbs of the fourth Coniugation making cis cui, or xi, lis lui, nis ni, pis psi, tis rui or ri: in the Supine end in tum.
Other both Deponents making diri•• di, or Verbs in o making bis, psi, cis, si, ris, si, tis, si end in sum.
Cubas doth make cubui cubitum, but thence come cubatio and cubatorium, all Compounds thence with interposing m. will be of the third Coniugation, as, decumbis decubui decubitum, and accubo, incub••, occubo, recubo, may take m or leave it.
Necas necavi or necui necatum, or nectum, but the last is scarce used, saving in Composition, secas se∣cui sectum, hath secaturus, applicas, explicas, implicas make ui or avi, itum or atum, but plicas maketh only avi & atum, micas micui doth want the Supine, but emicas emicui hath emicaturus, and dimicas hath dimicui, or dimicavi dimicatum, fricas fricui frictum, but defricas defricui, or defricavi defrictum, or de∣fricatum, Das dedi datum, so circundas, pessundas, satisdas, venundas: but all other Compounds thence are of the third Conjugation, as, condo condis con∣didi conditum, and abscondis abscondidi, or abscondi, ab∣sconditum, or absconsum, domas domui domitum, but from edomas cometh edomatio.
Sonas sonui sonitum, whence cometh sonabilis, and sonaturus.
Crepas crepui crepitum, & increpas increpui increpitum,
whence cometh increpatio, discrepas discrepui; and discrepavi discrepitum, and discrepatum.
Vetas vetui vetitum, whence cometh vetaturus, stas steti statum, but astas astiti astitum, and so all Compounds thence, saving that Supinall Deriva∣tives love best the regular way, as, praestaturus prae∣statio praestabilis, Juvas Juvi, whence doth come iu∣vamen; so adiuvas adiuvi adiutum; Liguas, nexas, wih many more want the Preter Tense, and there∣with the Supine derived thence.
Sorbes sorbui sorbitum, and thence sorbitio, but ab∣sorbes absorbui and absorpsi absorptum.
Misces miscui mistum, syncopated▪ and by Anti∣thesis, mixtum, mulces, mulsi mulsum, luces luxi with∣out Supine.
Suades suasi suasum, but sedes sedi sessum, spondes spospondi sponsum, strides stridi without Supine, audes ausi, obsolet ausum, gaudes gavisum, by Epenthe∣sis, whence gavisus sum, The Preterperfect Tense supplyed by circumlocution, and ausus sum, with audeo.
Indulges indulsi indulsum, & indultum, from ob∣solet indulxi, fulges fulsi, turges tursi, both want Supines, terges tersi tersum, mulges mulsi mulctum, from obsolet mulxi, so auges auxi auctum.
Fles stevi fletum, nes nevi netum, cies cievi citum, vies vievi vietum, oles olui olitum, but exoles, and some other make olevi oletum, reris ratum, tueris tui∣tum, soles solitum, from solui, obsolet for which so∣litus sum is in use.
Manes mansi mansium, but emines eminui, and the rest so formed want Supines.
Torques torsi torsum, and tortum from torquitum, obsolet syncopated, from both, torsio and tortilis, Haeres haesi haesum and hesitum, by Epenthesis, torres torrui tostum for torritum, by Syncope and Antithe∣sis, so misereris misertum, Syncopated, and censes censui censum, for censitum, fateris hath fassum, as if it were from fates fassi.
Moves movi motum, but cave•• cavi cautum, and faves favi fautum, by Epenthesis.
Cales, cares, coales, doles, lates, lices, noces, pares, places, taces, vales, with their Compounds change es to ui and that to itum, but all other Neuters make∣ing ui in the Preter Tense want the Supine.
Aves mederis maeres vides nives want the Pre∣ter Tense and Supine, but the Compounds of ni∣ves have nixi and nictum.
Bibis bibi bibitum, lambis lambi wanting a Supine, decumbis decubui decubitum, scribis scripsi scriptum, la∣beris lapsum, as if it were from labis lapsi.
Icis ici ictum, parcis peperci parcitum, and parsi par∣sum, dicis, dixi dictum, from obsolet lacio elicio doth make elicui elicitum, but all other Compounds thence make lexi and lectum, noscis novi notum, but noscitu∣rus and agnovi agnitum, eognovi cognitum, pascis pavi pastum, but compescui compescitum, and dispescis dis∣pescui doth want the Supine, adipisceris adeptum, as if it were from adipis adepi, and that from the obso∣let simple apo, whence cometh aptus, comminisceris
commentum, as if it were from cominis comini, exper∣geris expergitum, and experrectum, as if it were from expergis expergi or experrexi, itasceris iratum, as if it were from iras iravi, nancisceris nactum, as if it were from nancis nanci, oblivisceris oblitus, from oblivis ob∣livi, pacisceris pactum, as if it were from pacis paci, profleisceris profectum, from proficis profeci, defetisceris defessum, as if it were from defeteo defetis defessi, ulcisce∣ris ultum, for ulcitum, as if it were from ulcis ulcivi, claud••s clausi clausum, edis edi esum, but comedis com∣edi comesum, or comestum, graderis gressum, as if it were from gradis gressi, so cedis cessi cessum, findis fidi fissum, cadis cecidi casum, whose Compounds want Supines, occasum and recasum, with incasurus, being excepted, pedis pepedi peditum, tendis tetendi tensum, & tentum tundis tutudi tusum, and tunsi tunsum, pandis pandi passum, for pansum, by Antithesis.
Fugis fugi fugitum, regis rexi rectum, frigis frixi frixum, and frictum, frangis fregi fractum, pungis pu∣pugi and punxi punctum, vehis vexi vectum, but con∣vehis convexi convectum and convexum.
Alis alui altum, for alitum so colis colui cultum, ex∣cellis excellui excelsum, vellis velli and vulsi vul∣sum.
Gemis gemui gemitum, premis pressi pressum, comis compsi comptum, the labiall m affecting the cognate•• (p) for its companion, so emis emi, and of old empsi emptum, sinis sivi hath no Supine, situs is used for positus by Aphaeresis, spernis sprevi spretum, by Meta∣thesis, for spervi spertum, so decernis with such other Compounds, crevi cretum, for cerni, the simple doth want the Preter Tense and Supine likewise, temnis wanteth both, but contemnis contempsi con∣temptum,
gignis genui genitum from obsolet genis, ponis posui positum, canis cecini cantum, but succinis with some others make cinui centum, strepis strepui strepitum, rumpis rupi ruptum, carpis carpsi carptum, sapis sapai or sapivi sapitum, coquis coxi coctum, linquis wanting Preter Tense, and Supine hath Compounds that make liqui lictum, loqueris locutum, sequeris secutum, as if it were from loquis loqui, sequis sequi, Teris trivi tritum, by Metathesis, moreris making mortuus, for moritus, whence is moriturus, likewise oreris ortum, whence is oriturus, quaeris quaesivi quaesitum, quereris questum, Syncopated, seris sevi satum, but conseris con∣sevi consitum, with such other changing in the supine a to i, conseris conserui doth make consertum, the first coming from the Greek Verb speiro, the last from eiro, geris gesse gestum, verris verri versum.
Arcessis arcessivi being of the fourth Conjugation now obsolet, and by Syncope arcessii, by Apocope, arcessi, pinsis pinsui pinsitum pinsum and pistum Synco∣pated, depsis depsui, whence cometh depsititius, and visis visi, without Supine.
Flectis flexi flexum, plectis plexi to punish, plexui, to fold, have plectum, and piexum, pectis pexi and pex∣ui pexum, and pectum, or pectitum, by Epenthe∣sis, metis messui messum, mittis misi missum, vertis ver∣ti versum, stertis stertui Supinelesse, niteris nisum or nixum, uteris usum, pateris passum, from obsolet pa∣tis passi, vivis vixi victum, solvis solvi solutum. Sta∣tuis statui statutum, ruis rui ruitum, but diruis dirui dirutum, with such other, casting away i from the Supine resumed in the first Future, as, diruiturus, frueris whence fruitus, and by Epenthesis fruintus, by Crasis fretus; likewise fructus, as if it were from fruis fruxi, struis struxi structum, fluis fluxi flux∣um;
whence also come, fluctus and fluitus, luis lui, and of old luvi, whence is diluvium, so pluis plui & pluvi whence is pluvia, both wanting Supines, but having Derivatives thence, as, luitu••us.
Texis texui textum, nexis nexui nexum, &c. Cal∣ueris whence is calumnia with cluis, furis, reminisce∣ris, vesceris, vergis, metis, tollis, ambigis, liqueris, with many other want Preter Tense and Supine.
Cambis campsi campsum.
Sancis sanxi sanctum, and san••ivi sancitum, farcis farci fartum, and sarcivi farcitum; and farctum, and fartum Syncopated, raucis rauci rausum, amicis ami∣••u•• and amixi amictum.
c Ordiris orsum, as if it were from ordis ordi and or∣ditum, as from ordis ordivi.
Salis salii and salui saltum, but exilis exilii, or exilui exultum, with such other Compounds change∣ing a of the simple Supine unto u, Venis veni ven∣tum.
Sepis sepsi septum, and sepivi sepitum, whence is se∣pimentum, sepelis sepelivi sepelitum, and sepultum, by Syncope and Antithesis.
Hauris hausi haustum or hausum, whence is hausu∣rus, aperis and operis, make perui and pertum, and all other Compounds peri and pertum, from paris peperi partum, changing a to e, Sentis sensi sen∣sum, metirismensus, but demetiris demensus and de∣metitus.
Feris with some other want Preter Tenses and Supines, Compertum est, the Impersonall Passive
hath only a Preter tense, and such as are deri∣ved thence.
Some Verbs in o, as do, sto, and others of the se∣cond and third Conjugacion will Greek-wise double t••e first Consonant in the Preter tense for the most part with e, and in some Verbs with i, o, and u, as ded••, steti, didici, poposci, cucurri, pupu∣gi, which six commonly have the same syllable doubled in their Compounds, as addidi, constiti, changing e, to i, perdidici, de po posci, praecucurri, re∣pupugi, but all other Compounds from simples doubling the first syllable, reject any such increase, as pendes hath pependi pensum, but dependes dependi depensum; Likewise the former Verbs both simple and compounds cast of the increase in Supines, so cucurri cursum, and praecurri praecucursum.
Diverse Verbs concurre in the same Preter∣tense, and others in the same Supine, as, fulges, and fulcis make fulsi, luces and luges luxi, paves and pascis pavi Likewise manes and mandis make man∣sum, tenes and tendis tentum, vincis and vivis vi∣ctum, verris and vertis versum.
Many Verbs compounded have a Preter tense, or Supine, or derivatives thence, whose simples are therein defective, And contrariwise: as from liquas defective in the Pretertense and Supine come liquamen liquatio liquabilis and deliquatus: So from nuis nuinutum numen being regular, there be compounds defective, as, abnuis, and moreover ir∣regular supines have many derivatives from the regular wanting, as, adiuvamen adiuvaturns, from adiuvi adiutum, whereof more instances are in the severall Coniugations: Some Compounds with
changing the first vowell of their simples differ hence in the Preter tense, and others in the Su∣pine. So emines hath eminui from manes mansi: thus cantum, captum, carptum, factum, fartum, iactum, partum, raptum, sparsum, change a, to e, as concentum deceptum, with many other changes notified in the Conjugations.
There be three sorts of the Verbs irregular, the Heteroclitous the Redundants, and the Defe∣ctives.
Verbs swarving from the regular Coniugations (besides Sum) are these following, volo and his compounds, making vis vult volumus vultis, for volis volit volimus volitis, and noli for nole nolito, velim for volam, vellem for vo∣lerem, vellefer volere, so fers fert fertis, for feris ferit feritis, fer ferto ferte fertote, for fere ferito ferite feritote, ferrem ferre for fererem ferere, from fero; be∣ing both of the third Coniugation. Likewise fierem fieri for firem fire from fio of the fou••th coniugation. Where may be noted that facio being defective in the figure to be made a passive hath the neuter fio, instead thereof, not only in the simple, but also in all compounds which keep facio intire, as, calefa∣cio calefio, but other compounds changing a, to i, will be made passives, as, afficio afficior Likewise the neuter, E••▪ as it hath all three persons will not be made passive, but Compounds thence being Verbs Active will forme a Passive voice, as, adeor, ambior, which last doth forme all tenses regularly, but Eo in the Preter imperfect tense maketh Ibam for iebam, and ibo for iam in the future. And so do
other compounds thence. Likewise iens out of use doth make euntis, so abiens with other com∣pounds thence in use make abeuntis. Queo and nequeo make also quibam and quibo, whence are (though seldome) found queundus quitus and nequi∣tus. Edo hath es est and estis redundant with edis edit and editis, so ede edito edite editote, or es esto este estote, so ederem or essem, edere or esse. Lastly dic duc fer and fac are apocopated with all com∣pounds thence excepting such from facio which change a, to i, as afficio making affice.
Redundant futures being Imperatives or Infini∣tives of Verbs in o, and or, (except fito and scito, with all compounds thence as calefito, rescito, ad∣mitting no redundance) And the second person singular of Verbs in or, redundant in the Indica∣tives present, preterimperfect and future tense, and in the Subjunctives present and preterimper∣fect tense together with Verbs redundant in Con∣jugation are notified in their proper places. O∣ther Verbs redound in forme or sundry senses ac∣cording to their sundry structure, being either A∣ctive or Neuter, as audio vocem, or bene audio fasti∣dio te, or tui, Rus habitat, or secum, offendit gemmam, or caespite, co••unt societatem, or una, glacies aquam durat, or durare nequit, incipit diem, or a die, vos man mus, or vobiscum, huc ruit, or ru••t, aeris acervos, sufficit ira animos, or dies non sufficit, virtus aetatem superat, or ••e dum superat, terram vertimus, or res bene vertit. Nos, quoties variant animi, variabimus artem, me mi∣••e••um occidis. Occidit spes nostra, Rem ad Senatum re∣••ert, or de his rebus refert, sapit culinam, or ad Ge∣nium,
omnino depereat, qui opes deperit. Nugas non mo∣ror sub dio moraturus.
Other Verbs are Active or Neuter and Depo∣nent, as comito and comitor, so comperio, fabri••o, impertio mereo munero populo punio: Likewise assen∣tio, vergo, lachrymo modero vago.
The Verbs called Impersonalls have no Impe∣rative mood, but instead thereof are used to the Subiunctive. And both they and other Verbs spo∣ken of before want Supine, Gerund, and Parti∣ciple Moods; for such of that kinde as they do retaine become Nounes, admitting no cases of their Verbs, as, vis paenitendi for paenitentiae, id nego lici∣turum, for legitimum sore.
In the first Conjugation Verbs Denominatives and diminutives, besides others spok••n of already do want the Pretertense, and Derivatives thence together with all their compounds, as, cortico, cornicor sorbillo pitisso. And d••cortico, &c.
In the second Conjugation most Verbs neuters want the Pretertense, & other Derivatives thence, as aveo, clueo, denseo, flaveo, glabreo, liveo, with o∣thers before mentioned.
In the third Coniugation all Verbs inchoative or augmentative ending in sco, as augesco, with o∣thers before notified want also the Preter tense, and its Derivatives.
In the fourth Conjugation few Verbs do want the Preter tense excepting meditative, whereof two only have it, to wit, parturio parturivi, and esurio esurivi esuritum.
All Verbes in or of any Coniugation, and Verbs neuter passive want the Preter tense, saving in the Participle Mood whence the rest are supplyed by circumlocution as hath been aforesaid.
Verbs in o and or want the Future in the Infini∣tive as it is before instanced, suesco and soleo want all futures, as repugnant to their signification.
Dor and for be never used saving in composition as, addor affor and the first person both singular and plural, is defective in all Verbs of the Impe∣rative. Likewise Verbs called Impersonalls, are never used in the first or second Person of either number or in the third plurall, except onely few Verbs neuter with a Nominative of the thing, as, libet, licet, liquet, decet, pudet, taedet, piget, paenitet mi∣seret oportet, all of the second Coniugation, but in other Coniugations, or in any of the passive voice, such Verbs are never used in the plurall, as benefit, malefit, satisfit statur sedetu••, curritur, itur, and others in the Preter tense only, and Deriva∣tives thence, as, puditum, pigitum, libitum, licitum, pertaesum benefactum est vel fuit.
Other Verbs are most improperly called Imper∣sonalls being found familiarly to be Verbs Perso∣nall, though more frequently used to the third person, as delectat, attinet, accidit, &c. dapibus te delectas, or tu delectaris. And such are Verbs of exempt power, as, fa••ste dies vesperascis murmure saevo verberibusque tonas: which are indeed more commonly read in the third Person singular, the rect being usually understood, as, ••lucescit supply dies fulminat, supply Jupiter, pluit, supply Caelum.
All Verbs are defective being used adverbially, whether as Adverbs of intreating, as▪ te quaeso, or quaesumus, so vos amabo, sodes for si audes, or as Ad∣verbs of exhorting, age agedum, or of shunning, as lites apagite, or of granting, as dextram cedo, for cedito and cette for cedite. Likewise sis sultis, for sivis si vultis, with their compounds, apagesis cap∣sis cavesis, vide sis, or of explaining, ilicet, scilicet, videlicet, for ire, scire, videre, licet.
Other Verbs are also defective in sundry affecti∣ons, whether they be of reioycing, as, ovat ovans o∣vatus, or of greeting: ave aveto avete avetote, a∣vere. Salvebis salve salveto salvete salvetote salvere. valebis vale valeto valete valetote valere, or of af∣firming, aio ais ait aiunt, aiebam aiebas aiebat aieba∣tis aiebant, aias aiat aeiatis aiant aiens, inquam inquis inquit inquitis inquint, inquiebam inquiebas inquiebat inquiebatis inquiebant, inquisti inquistis, inquies inquiet inque inquito, inqutas inquiat inquiatis inquiant inquiens.
These Verbs of the preter tense have the rest derived thence, fui tuli senui odi caepi memini, &c. moreover odi hath osurus, and exosus perosus, Cae∣pio and caepiam are seldome used but caeptum and cepturus, from caepi are very common. Memini hath memento and mementote with the Supine, mentum, whence is mentio: defit for deest hath defiet defiat de∣fieri, Iufit for incipit, is single, going alone, ausim from absolet ausi of andes, duim from dui for dedi, axim and faxim from axi faxi, for egi feci, factus fa∣ciendum from absolet facior, latum latus laturus from ••lao a Greek Verb.
Lastly it should be remembred what was before advertised in the Nounes, that no simples be joy∣ned in Conjugation that are not formed a like in composition, as, Sum may be coniugated with fui forem fore, because absum hath abfui abforem abfore fio hath factus and faciendus, because tepefie hath tepefactus and tepe faciendus, fero hath tuli and la∣tus, because defero hath detuli, and delatus, which formes other Verbs will not imitate.
The Adverbs (being invariable, saving by a different figure) is so called because it refer∣reth to some other word, whether Noune, Verb, or other Adverb for a clearer declaration of their meaning in sundry circumstances, as, Vos au∣tem sociosque omnes Dii quam diutissime conser∣vent incolumes.
There be three kinds of Adverbs.
1. Some absolutely significant of themselves vulgarly called Adverbs
2. Some respectively significant, as uniting words or sentences called Coniunctions.
3. Some meerely subservient to oblique cases of the Substantives, notifying either rest, wherein resideth some Act or passion, or mo∣tion whereto, or whence the same do tend.
1. Adverbs are 1 Some Interrogatives asking a question that concerne either 1. the being, as, Num nunquid an utrum, and the en∣cliticall Ne. or 2. The cause, as quare quaprop∣ter quamobrem, quid ita, quidni, quin for cur non. or 3. The place, quo, quorsum unde utro qua. or 4. The time, quando quandiu quousque quo∣ad (and ubi an Interogative of place and time) or 5. The number quoties: or 6. The quality, as qui quomodo, or 7. The quantity, as quam quantum quantopere. All which except the first desisting to be Interrogatives become Indefi∣nites: and many of them will be Relatives answering to some precedent Adverb, as Tunc sapis quando siles; ubi sunt amici, ibidem opes.
2. Some requiring an attentivenesse, as en ecce, and sometimes heus.
3. Some inviting, or therewith exhorting, as ehodum eia euge agedum.
4. Some affirming, or therewith interpre∣ting, as nae etiam ita quidem certe profecto sane plane maxime quippe nempe nimirum scilicet videlicet.
5. Some used in swearing, as Pol Edepol Ecastor Mehercule Mediusfidius, for me Dios fi∣lius, &c.
6. Some bee of doubting, as forte forsit for∣sitan forsan fortassis fortasse si nisi.
7. Some are for uniting, as pariter simul aeque una.
8. Some for severing either with choise, as potius immo satius magis, or without choise, a∣seorsim
secus aliter singulatim virit••m bifariam vnice duntaxat solum tantum modo solummodo.
9. Some are of wishing, as Utinam si o si.
10. Some of forbidding, as ne neutiquam nequaquam.
11. Some used in denying, haud nihil, or nil for non, nec neque nequidem, or parum minime; or those used in forbidding.
12. Some are of quality, Splendide fortiter falso, raptim incassum frustra perperam, and Greek-wise, lugubre torvum acerba recens.
13. Some of quantity either with remission, sensim belle vix aegre paululum modicum, or with intension, satis valde adeo sane quod, nimis ferme fere pene prope propemodum prorsus omnino pe∣nitus multum magnope••e; and such in Com∣parison may respect either only quantity, as minus minime magis maxime, or quality and quantity together meliuscule doctius doctissi∣me.
14. Some are of likenesse or proportion, qua∣si ••eu sic sicut sicuti tanquam iuxta prope ut uti velut veluti quemadmodum tanquam all relatives and aeque perinde, answered by arque or acsi, so quam to which last ante or prius oft referre, & ei∣ther of both may be Elliptical in some structure, as altero die quam mortuus est febricitavit, for antequam.
15. Some of place, signifying either, 1 In or at a place, hic illic istic ubique vbivis ubi∣cunque alibi uspiam humi domi, &c. whereto may be added according to their severall senses, Juxta prope answering to procul, so infra supra intra extra pone, o: post, and ante, or coram, foris, and intus, or 2. To a place, huc illuc istue, eo
quo aliquo quocunque int to foras peregre, or 3. Cowards a place, quorsum sursum deorsum in∣trorsum retrorsum or 4. From a place, hine illinc inde unde aliunde caelitus funditus radicitus infer∣ne superno desuper cominus eminus, or 5. By a place, as hac illac istac ea qua qualibet quacun∣que recta, where with may be supplyed via.
16. Some of time either finite, nunc tunc tum mox jamjam illico hodie cras heri pridie postridie perendie nudiusterti ••s for nunc est dius tertius, donec quousque quoadusque quoad ejus quandiu quamprimum antequam: or indefinite, iampridem dudum olim quando aliqùando mane sero luci vesperi semper indies iugiter nunquam tandem cito nupor.
17. Some equally belong both to time and place, usque procul post quo hactenus ubi unde.
18. Some betoken time and quantity: sepi∣uscule.
19. Some place and quantity longiuscule.
20. Some are of number either finite, semel bis ter decies centies millies so millies bis or bis et millies, or indefinitely of number and time, toties quoties crebro saepe raro iterum rursus.
21. Some of order with time or place, primo secundo, &c.
22. Some of passion called Interiections, because inserted as thort Parentheses importing commonly by unperfect sentences some suddain motions of the minde tending either to a wonder Infandum immane phy papae hui, or 2. ioy evax io. or 3. Laughter ha ha he. or 4. Scorne hem vah proh; or 5. feare, as atat; or 6. Sor∣row, hei heu eheu hoi ah. or 7. Threat vae malum. or 3. Silence aust.
The imperfect sense accompanying Interje∣ctions may be made up to a perfect sentence in the first sorte of them, by fide maius est. In the second by plaudite, in the third by quis ab∣stineat cachinno. in the fourth by sordet enim, or facessat, in the fifth by caveatur: in the sixth by res est lugubris. In the seaventh, by, imprecor. In the last by obmutescite, where may be noted that some Interiections, as infandum immane, malum, are Substantives, wherewith est should be supplyed hei and vae stand for Substantives Aptore with a Dative Acquisitive, as hei or vae mihi, for meus dolor est. And others leave the sentence annexed to be finished with knowne supplements, as, hem tibi Davum, supply affero; ehodum ad me, supply accedito eheu conditio∣nem magistratus administrandi, supply defleo, proh Deum atque hominum fidem, supply obte∣stor, where Verbs of the same signification are easie to be found.
Adverbs of place, time and quantity being made Nounes Aptote, are construed, the two first with Genitives of their own signification, the last with any that may be their Substan∣tives, being pronominall Adjectives, as nusquam loci, tunc temporis, for nullo loco eo tempore, parum lucri, multnm laboris, for par∣vum lucrum multus labor.
Other Adverbs admit the cases of their Pri∣mitives, as dixit optime omnium, supply nu∣mero, because we say optimus omnium, quo fa∣miliarior eo reliquis fidentius accedit, propius fer∣tur
nunc a terris, nunc ad caelos, castra propius urbem moventur, proxime, or pro ximius Pompei∣um sedebat, Tibi similiter vivit, utisiter nulli, ne∣dum naturae convenienter.
Coniunctive Adverbs are some meer Copu∣latives either 1. Joyning both words and their meaning, as, et que encliticall, quoque ac atque nec neque cum or tum with tum non mo∣do sed eriam. Or 2. coupling words but severing their signification, as ve encliticall, vel aut seu five.
2. Some meere Adversatives, sed at ast au∣tem tamen vero verum atquiquin alioquin caete∣roquin nisi praeterquam.
3. Some Adversatives, but withall conces∣sive, etsi tametsi etiamsi quanquam quanvis licet esto.
4. Some Discretibes, saltem vel ad minus certe ut minimum.
5. Some Causalls, nam namque enim ete∣nim, ut quid quum quoniam quandoquidem ne non inquantum quatenus siquidem.
6. Some conditionalls, si sin modo nisi dum dummodo.
7. Some Illatives, Ergo ideo igitur quare itaque proinde idcirco quapropter quamobrem.
8. Some Comparatives, as all Adverbs of likenesse.
9. Some Electives, immo potius magis non adeo ut, secus or aliter quam non aeque ac, &c.
10. Some Continuatives, praeterea nec non i∣tidem porro caeterum insuper ad haec.
11. Some Ordinative, primo deinde demum denique, &c.
12. Some Completive, nam quidem equi∣dem profecto certe aurem.
The Conjunctive Adverbs have no share in regence of Cases, Moods or Tenses, whose constru∣ction wholly dependeth every where upon some other regents, as in the following instance. No∣ster patriae gue tolius, extraneis tamen haud aeque patronus, Romae ac Venetiis nauci, aut pro nihilo ha∣betur, non secus acsi de fraude vel furti reus esset: where may be noted, that Moods and Tenses must be suitable to the matter spoken of without refe∣rence to such coniunctive cementaries: And subsequent Moods must be regulated by the pre∣cedent in every period, as hath been instanced in the variation of the Subiunctive, Optative, Po∣tentiall, and Infinitive; else they need no gui∣dance.
Prepositionall Adverbs commonly attend a∣circumstance of time or place or persons sette instead of places, or else do accompany Nouns that signifie either a part, or an entire cause, whether of the person or of the thing, or other∣wse a qualification of the thing. And it is proper for the prepositional Cumlike a Copula∣tive
to ioyne causes, but for absque sine praeter, to sever causes. The same Prepositions will differ in signification as the cases differ where∣on they attend. And moreover they will differ in their sense by apposition to, or composition with words of different senses, as in the ex∣amples following.
Virtutis ergo for gratia, Cumarum tenus, for usque ad earum terminos.
It obviam hostium conatibus, for contra conatus, nec ullum est mantellum obviam fucis, for pro fucis, praesto sum tibi, for juxta te sum, propius accedit urbi, for ad urbem.
A ab abs absque sine cum ex e de prae pro coram palam procul.
A Scipione superatus est referring to the agent. A rationibus a studiis, a pugione, a secret••s, supply, praefectus officio: Ab Romuli gente. supply, ortus a Cumanis rediit, for a Cumis, a millibus passuum te prae∣stolatur, for millium iutervallo a verberibus impunitas for quantum ad verbera, a frigore myrtos defende, for contra frigus, Catonis a morte, for post mortem, Abs te stetit Senatus, for pro te, pastor ab Amphriso, for Amphrysius. Absque metu, for hoc amoto, sine Cerere
et Baccho friget Venus, or iis deficientihus, cum fratr•• Quirino Rhemus iura dabant, for Rhemus et frater, Summa cum humanitate nos excepit, for humanissime cum boste pugnatur, for contra hostem, benefaciendo secum c••rtant, for inter se. Ex auro integrum vas, for omnino aureum, usually referring to the matter, ex illo tempore celeberrimus, for post id tempus, vox e caelo, for a cielo audita, ex usu, or commodo, or dig∣nitate nostra, for ad usum, &c. Illud est e republica, for pro Republica, ex Platonis sententia, for se∣eundum cius sententiam. De Senatu audivi, for a Senatu, de moribus oratio, for circa mores, or quae in iis versatur. Prae amore misera, for per amorem, prae ocu∣lis, for ante oculos: Caeleri prae te uno viles, for praeter te unum, or tecum collati, And the case of a Demon∣strative may be Ellipticall, as res omnes relictas habeo prae quod tu velis. Pro amicitia feci, for ami∣citiae causa, pro maenibus stat, for ante maenia, pro concio∣ne venit, for concionaturus, pro viribus egit, for impensis∣sime pro Praetore, for Praetoris vice, pro Turribus ad∣stant, for Turrium tutela, habetur, pro vidua, for tan∣quam vidua, sanequam pro ec ac debui moleste tuli, for non prout debui, pro facultate, for secundum vi∣res.
Coram nobis, for nostri presentia, coram Senatu, for in eo. And Coram differeth from ante, as properly importing nee••nes; whereas ante admitteth dis∣tance. It differeth likewise from palam, that being determined by its case to certaine persons, this be∣ing used indefinitely to any persons; As palam po∣pulo, for quolibet adevrtente.
Procul urbe, for ab urbe.
Apud penes ad adversus ante pone post circum citra, intra, trans, ultra, extra, intra, infra, supra, praeter ob contra, erga, iuxta, pro∣pe secus secundum prater.
Apud forum agitur, for in foro; apud me aliquandiu sore cupio, for solus, apud Mantuam, for prope illam, a∣pud nos frugum copia, for nobiscum, nos penes sunt di∣vitiae, for sub nostro dominio. Thus apuc, and penes differ, the first noting presence, the last posses∣sion.
Ad tribunal se Iudex confert, for intra tribunial li∣tigator se recipit ad tribunal, for usque ad, or ante. Ad balneas moritur, for a pud eas, ad exercitum ma∣net, for in co. Ad haec tempora riv••••surus, for circum haec, tendens ad sydera palmas, for sydera versus, haec nihil ad nostras artes, for prae nostris, or cum nostris comparata, non nisi ad tres annos peragatur, for post tres annos Panditur ad nullas ianua, nigra preces, for ob, or propter nullas. Ad Judicis pedes procidit, for ante pedes. Ad mea mala hoc accessiit, for praeter a∣lia. Ad eius arbitrium, for iuxta suum. Ad speciem magnificus, for secundum spect••m. Ad multam noctem, for sero noctis. Ad Cyathos, supply delegatus, mu∣lieres ad unum perosae, for simul, or una. Comaedi∣a ad verbum translata, for exacte. Ad summam, for deniqne.
Adversum hostes, for contra illos, adversus amicos tendit, for erga ipsos, domum versus, and such like, have aa constantly implyed with them, which some∣times is expressed. Ad Tiberim versus; but in more commonly, versus in utramque partem, quoquo ver∣sus, are both absolute Adverbs, like sursum versus,
save that the first stand for Aptotes.
Ante Comitia vel Senaculum aut Senatores, refer∣ring to time, place, and persons, and with Ad∣verbs of time, it is often Elliptically understood, pridie Calendas, for ante Calendas.
Pone castra, referring only to place, for post ea, se post Cratera tegebat, for pone cratera, post tres annos, for totidem peractis, post Regem secundus, for a Rege, post nummos virtus, for ••un mis virtuti praepositis Circum theatra referring to place only, circi••er me∣ridiem, for propeillum, referring to time, quindeci•• circiter dies, referring to time and number, circa nos aut urbem, aut id tempus, referring to persons, place, and time.
Cis Alpes aut Padum ••itra montes aut flumina, the first being used to proper names, the last to Ap∣pellatives, both answering to their opposits trans and ultra, the three last referring with place to time and agents.
Citra calendas, for ex hac parte calendarum, or ante calendas, ultra calendas, for post eas, or ex altera parte, ••itra ius, for laeso jure, ultra famam, for famam superans, citra vel intra, ultra vel extra modum, for vix or nimis moderate, the fi••st used for remission, the last for intention, extra io um for sine ioco nul∣lus extra te adfuit, for praeter te.
Inter nos lis haec est, for haec nostra lis, inter ludos, for dum ludi celebrantur, fabulantur inter caenandum, for ••nnantes, diligunt alii alios inter se, for invicem, or mu••uo, infra dignitatem, for nulla dignitatis ha∣bita ratione infra sex dies, for ante sex dies, infra te∣ctum, for in aedibus.
Supra morem, aut iustum, for amplius more, supra ca∣••ut nobis imminet periculum, for prope, commonly importing Aearness so differing it from supe••, which
may imply a distance. Propter vos aut vestram amicitiam, for vestri gratia, propter humum volitat, for prope humum, propter scelus vapulat, for sceleris merit••, obstultitiam paenas luit, for propter, ob Romam legiones duxit, for ad Romam, ob oculos versatur, for ante oculos.
Urbs contra Thebas sita, for e Thebarum regione contra praedones expeditio, for adversum eos, pietas erga parentes, for iis ita demerentibus.
Juxta aequor, for prope illud, juxta famulas ope∣ram navat, for una cum usdem, adsum iuxta te, for tibi auxiliaturus, iuxta, for apud Capuam, iuxta Var∣ronem doctissimus, for secundum, or post Ʋarronem.
Prope id opidum, for iuxta illud. Secus aquarum decursus, for prope illos, Secundum naturam, for n••∣turaliter, secundum voluntatem, for iuxta illam, se∣cundum aurem vulneratus, for prope aurem, Me•• secundum patrem haereditas, for post patrem. Praeto•• secundum me decrevit, for pro me, proxime ac se∣cundum Deos homo praestantissimus, for Diis tantummo∣do minor, imago secundum q••ietem mihi obversabatur, fo•• in somno, secundum officia deliberatur, for de officiis or fuper ea.
Per diem operor, for toto die, per Eboracum profi∣cistor, for Urbem transeo, via secta per ambas, for inter ambas, per Deos, for iis testibus et vindi••ibus, pe•• patriam obsecro, for eius gratia, per me certior fies, for mea opera, per aetatem licet, for ••tate non obstante per gratiam bonam abiit, for cum gratia, per me ta∣das, for mea venia per ludicrum, for iocose, quae dam sunt pre se amabilia, for ex sua natura, or pro sua vir∣tute, per speciem, for nequaquam re, per otium feci, for ••tiosus, per ebrietatem lites oriuntur, for ab ebrietate, per id tempus, for circa illud, per fas & fidem deceptus, for violata fide, per te stat ut hae fiant nuptia, for ti••••
potestate: Praeter for ultra haec, vobis alia obijcieban∣tur multa, praeter nostros mores atque leges, for contra, praeter oculos Domini sua dirip••ebantur bona, for ante oculos, praeter, for supra modum, omnes tuti prae∣ter ducem, for nisi dux, or hoc uno excepto.
In vos benevolentia, for erga vos, in rebelles pugna for contra rebelles, appulit in portum, for ad portum, iusticium in duos menses indicitur, for quandiu duo praetereant. In os laudat, for coram, or in conspectu. In vos fiet exemplum, for vestro scelere coercito. In ••ucem bibit, for usque ad diem, vertuntur in cine es, for fiunt cineres in dies crescunt, for usque, or iugite fert pisciculos in caenam, for pro cana, recipitur in fo∣rum, for intra forum vivit in diem, for non amplius die. In tempore venit, for opportunus, mediis in mili∣bus ardet, for inter mille. In numero aut honore ha∣bitus, for honoratus. In manu stat victoria, for ad libitum.
Sub tecta referto sarmenta, for infra tecta. Sub lucem redeunt, for circiter lucem, sub id tempus, for por illud, sub horam pugnoe, for ante horam, sub um∣bram properat, for ad umbram, sub iugum missi, for captivi.
Sub adversa quercu, for pone quercum sub terris posuere domus, for in terris sub montibus Idae, for iuxta montes, sub illo tempore, for eodem, sub corona, for coronati, sub dio, for fine tecto, sub manu, for in promptu, sub die movet, for tarde, sub vinea iacont, for tuto, sub umbra, for simulate.
Subter, for infra praecordia subter, for sub testutline, super Caram utas, for ultra ••llos. Super somnam for Cubili praefectus, nocte super media, for circa mediam, multa super Priamo rogitans, for de Priamo, hunc su∣per ipse sua molitur laude laborem, for pro sua laude, fronde super viridi, for in viridi, clam, or clancu∣lum patrem ea fecit, for patrem ea celavit, clam uxore for hac inscia, Tanaimque tenus descendit ab Euro, for usque ad Tanaim, capulo tenus, for prope capulum pube tenus, for donec ••ubesceret.
••rocul prope clam palam versus and usque, have other Prepositions construed with them before their cases, which are therefore supposed to be understood being not expressed, and they are in that respect accoun••ed absolute Adverbs.
Quaenam praeposition••s quibusque inserviunt casibus.
Propiero•• adversus citra cis circiter extra.
Post apud ante secus iuxta supra versus ad intra.
Erga ••er ul••ra penes contra prope pone secundum.
Infra inter circum praeter trans aduce quarto.
Abs tenus absque palam prae ex de pro cum sine coram
Ablato: des clam super in sub subter utrique.
Quo petit ad, sic usque, procul longe a, prope utramque.
Usque penes versus tenus, aut Pronomine iuncto
Septeno cum, cuique suos praeponito casus.
Obviam habet socium praesto propiusve dativum.
Aurium et adde tenus, patri••m plerunque dualem.
Denique pro causa patri••m vult quemlibet ergo.
The Prepositionall like the Conjunctive Ad∣verbs have nothing of regence, but are only ser∣vile, yet con as such are very usefull, because without coniunctions, no sentences can have ei¦ther
a Consummation in themselves, or a Conti∣nuation from each to other. And Prepositions af∣ford much of compendious and various elegance as by apposition instanced already, so by composi∣tion, as in the following instances.
A ab abs (which with the rest next following, are separable Prepositions) doe in composition sig∣nifie either privation, as amens absimilis abstemius, or separation, avulsus, abactus, abstractus, or in∣tension, abnegatio, absolutio. Where a is used in Latine words only before m. and v. ••ut in exotick words before x and z. Ab is used before any vow∣ell, and before b. d. f. h i. l. v. se;ldome before m and p. alwayes before r. and s. And for Euphoni•• ab is changed into au in auferens and aufugiens.
Abs is used before c. q. t. And both these and all other separable Prepositions have like places in Apposition as they have in Composition Ad com∣pounded doth signifie an increase, accumulatio ap∣proach accessus assimilatio. And it is intire in Composition with any vowel, or with b. d. h. i. m. v. except ahbrevians. But d is cut off thence before words that begin with c. f. g. l. n. p. r. s. t. lea∣ving them doubled in recompense of the losse. These are excepted, adsuturus, adlubescit, agnitus, adsunt. Likewise d. before q. is changed into c. ac••uiesco.
Ante compounded noteth a precedence in time, place, or some other condition, antolucanus, ante∣ambulatio, antefere, and being alwayes intire, it goeth before a. c. e. f. g. l. p. s.
Circum referring only unto place being com∣pounded, is intire before a. e. h. m. o. p. And com∣monly doth change m to n before c. d. f. g. i. l. q. m. s. t. v. But m. is cut of before i. as in Ci••••uitus. Con∣••••
a compounded doth signifie opposition, as, contra∣dico contraliceor, contradico, or over against contra∣positus, contrastans, contraveniens. And it is every where intire, and only before such letters as are in the former instances. De compounded noteth detraction, deoorticor, descent, defluxus, deficience, dedisco locall motion deambulo, or is privative, delumbis, or active with intension deamo, with re∣mission; defervesco or negative, demens dedecus, or Demonstrative delatio. And is found entire be∣fore all the letters wherewith Latine words begin, but seldomest before q. and u. as dequestus de∣ust••s.
••. or ex compounded fignifie privation, elinguis, or intension elusus exoratus. And it is used for ex∣tra, exclusus, moreover E. is used before b. d. g. i. l. m. n. r. v. But Ex before all vowels and c. p. q. t. which before f. casteth away x. recompensed by doubling f. as effraenis. And s. after x. is cut off without recompence, as exanguis, in exspes, it is preserved for a difference from expes.
In compounded signifieth, non, inutilis, intra, in∣gressio, contra insultatio, valde, incanus, supra, imminens, fi••e, iniussu, publice, indictum, local motion, importatio. And it is intire before vowells, and c. d. f g. h. i. n. g. s. t. v. Before b. m. p. the letter n. is changed in∣to m. imberbis immortalis impar. Before l. and r. it is cut off, and the letter following is doubled, as, illaesus, irrisio. Inter compounded signifyeth middle∣nes, interpositio, privation interitus, intension inter∣dictum. And it doth remaine intire in composition before all letters wherewith Latine words begin, except intelligo, and such others changing r. un∣to l.
Intro in composition doth keep constantly to the same sense, and is intire before c. d. e g. i. m r. s. v.
Ob compounded doth stand for parum, as oblon∣gus, for contra as obiectum, for circa, as obsessio, for coram, as obveniens. And it is found before all let∣ters for the most part intire, except in opprobrium, and ocquiniscens, where b. is changed to p. in the first, and c. in the last, and such others: but in o∣missus and opertus it is cast away.
Post compounded referring only to succession of time place or some other circumstance doth remaine intire, going before words that begin with a. e. f. g. h. i. l. m. p q. sc. v.
Per compounded signifieth valde, permodestus, periniquus, or non perfidus, or trans perspicuus, or nimium pertinax. And it doth remaine entire be∣fore any letter, wherewith Latine words begin, saving in pellectus and pellucidus.
Prae in composition doth signifie ante, praefatio, super praefectus, maxime praeclarus praepotens, immatu∣re praecox. In some Compounds it doth not alter the sense of the simple words, as in praecinctus praeut, and it is intire before all letters that begin Latine words.
Praeter compounded is constant to the same sig∣nification, and doth remaine intire before a. d. e. f. g. i. l. m. n. p. q. r. v which only it will precede, and no other; praeterbitans hath b. for Euphony.
Pro in composition is used for ante, providus, or procul, prophanus, prohibitio propuduum, or super, pro∣minens, or ultra, progressus, or palam, promulgo, or val∣de, procurvus, or longe, protentus. And it is alwayes intire, and goeth before all letters except b. e. o. q.
Sub in composition doth signifie parum, subiratus, or infra, subiectus, or repente, subitus, or vicissim suf∣fectus, or clam, surreptus, or super sublimis, or post sub∣sequor. And it goeth before all letters, except q. and is commonly intire: only before c. f. g. m. p. r. the same are doubled in steed of b. cut off, as in succedens suffugium, suggestio, summissus, suppositio, sur∣reptus, but suscipiens, suspirans, sustollens, may be compounded with sus for sursum.
Subter in composition is used for clam, subter∣ducens, for infra subterfluens, subtorlabens, and is never impaired or compounded with any other letters.
Super compounded hath the signification of a••plius, superadditus, of diutius, superstes, of sursum superveniens. And it is never impaired, being compounded with all letters except b. and q.
Supra in composition referreth only to a place, and goeth only before d. p. s. being ever intire. Trans compounded doth likewise refer to place only, and is alwayes entire going before a. c. e. f. g. i. l. m. p. q. t. v. But it casteth away s. before ano∣ther s. as in transumptus. Likewise both s. and n. before d. i. u. as in trado, traijcio, trano.
Prepositions inseparable so called, because they are never used a parte in apposition are six: Am or oftner a•• for amphi, Con, for cum, di for dis, Re for retro, se for seorsim or sine, ve for vi or vae, alwayes & only used to composition, except in few Archa∣ismes, as am terminum, for ad: Am compounded, referreth only to place, or somewhat equivalent thereunto, and goeth before p. as amputans. But an goeth before c. h. f. q. ancisus, anbelo, anfractus, anquiro, and amb•• before a. e. i. u. ambages, ambesus, ambigens, ambustus, or amb•• afore d. as amb i∣dexter ambidentes.
Con compounded doth stand for simul, commensa∣lis, for contra, contendo, for valde, conc••tio concre∣pitus. And it is intire before c. d. f. g. i. n. q. s. t. v. before b. p. and l. m. r. the letter n. is changed, as in these instances, combibo, compareo, colligo, commuto corrigo. And before h. or any vowel, n. is cut off without recompence, Comedo alone hath m. instead of n. for Euphony.
Di or dis compounded stand for non, difficili••, for seorsim, discissus, for contra, dissensio, for valde dis∣pereo, for ordinate, dispositio. Moreover Di is used in composition before words that begin with d. g. l. m. n. r. But dis before b. c. i. p. q. s. t. and before f. the same is doubled in recompense of s. cut-off as in diffid••.
Re in composition is used for retroe recessus, for ••ursum, recognosco, for reciproce, redamo, for adversum reluctor, for valde, redundo, for procul, remotus, for non reclusus. And sometimes it addeth nothing to the signification of the simple, recaleo. And it is put befor b c. d. f. i. l, m. n p. q. s. t. v. but before h. and a. e. i. o. u. it will take d. for Euphony redhibeo redactus, redemptus, rediens, redolens, reduncus, and reunctor, reunio, reedifico with∣out d. In reddo for rem, do, d. is doubled for a re∣compence of m. cut off, so Re is never impaired.
Se compounded doth note a separation, seiun∣ctus privation, securus, socors, deviation seductus. And it cometh in composition before c. d. g. i. l. m. p. v. being alwayes intire.
Ve in composition doth signifie intension, vehe∣mens, diminution vegrandis vecors, privation vesa∣nus, veiovis. And it goeth before c. d. g. h. i. p. s. being every where entire, vetus for vae atas is con∣tracted.
Some Prepositions will not be compounded at all as, absgue adversum apud circiter citra coram erga, intra, iuxta penes, pone, secundum, sine, ultra, being allwayes separable.
Others have Compounds but very few, as, quo∣ci••ca circum circa, cisalpinus, cispadanus, perclam mecum, quibuscum, extraordinarius, extrinsecus, in∣franares propalam, propemodum, propterea, praeter, propter, supradictus, hactenus, quadantenus qu••∣tenus quoquo versum retrorsum, usque, quoque.
Many are found seperable from their cases, be∣coming absolute Adverbs, some commonly, as ante citra circum circiter clam, coram, contra, infra intra, iuxta, palam, pone post procul, prope, secus, subter super supra ultra, some very seldome, as prae propter and tenus thus: (having much affinity with Pronouns) Adverbialls will admit of diverse formes in diverse structures.
Adverbs by the figure are some Primitives being many Monosyllables, as nunc, mox, iam, cras, sed, vel praclam, ad per, &c. And others Derivatives, which may be Pronominall Monosyllables, for they descend from any part of speech, and from Nouns or Pronouns in any case, hic quod recens penitus, facile, potius, plurimum, acerba, horrida, in the Nominative or Accusative, humi, domi, nauci, in the Genitive, tempori, luci, vesperi, in the Ac∣quisitive, hac forte repente subito recta, noctu, hodie, in the Ablativall. All which have the same both ter∣mination and signification with their Primi∣tives.
Others differing in Termination from their Primitives being of the first or of the second De∣clension will end in atim itus iter itim im, or e. as summatim, medullitus, ostiatim, humamtus, huma∣niter, viritim, enixim, caesim, raptim, male. Being of the third, they end in atim enter tim ter no, as generatim, vehementer, partim, segniter, omnino.
Derivatives by comparison follow the rules of other Adjectives, being the same with Adjectives neutrall, as minus, minimum, or Superlatives may endin e. or ••. novissime, postremo, both Comparatives and Superlatives may be derived from Prepo∣sitions prae prius, primo, so extra exterius, extreme, infra, inferius, infime, &c.
Adverbs are compounded some like Pronouns with syllabical additions, as tandem, ubinam, uspi∣am, paulisper, hi••ce, hiccine. Some with precedent Substantives, dextrorsum, pedetentim. Some with subsequent Substantives, tantopore illico perendie, saepenumero.
Some with subsequent Adiectives, denuo praete∣rea. Some with subsequent Verbs, Ʋbivis quoli∣bet. Some with two Verbs, scilicet videlicet, Some with two Adverbs, tantammodo velut protinus dein. Some with three originalls, deinde, aliquan∣tisper, quamobrem, nudiustertius.