State-worthies, or, The states-men and favourites of England since the reformation their prudence and policies, successes and miscarriages, advancements and falls, during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles I.

THE STATES-MEN and FAVOURITES OF ENGLAND, IN The Reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Observations on the Life of Sir Nicholas Bacon.

Sir Nicholas Bacon, a man full of wit and wisdom••, was a Gentleman, and a man of Law, and of great knowledge therein, whereby, together with his other parts of Learning and Dexterity, he was prompted to be Keepe•• of the Great Seal; and being kin to the Treasurer Burleigh, was brought by his help into the Queens favour.

This Gentleman understood his Mistress well, and the times better: He could raise Factions to serve the one, and allay them to suit the others. He had the deepest reach into Affairs of any man

that was at the Council-••able: the knottiest Head to peirce into di••ficulties: the most comprehensive Judgement to surround the merit of a Cause: the strongest memory to recollect all circumstances of a Business to one View: the greatest patience to de∣bate and consider; (for it was he that first said, Let us stay a little, and we will have done the sooner:) and the clearest reason to urge any thing that came in his way in Court or Chancery. His favour was eminent with his Mistress, and his Alliance strong with her States-men. No man served his Sove∣raign more faithfully, none secured himself more wisely. Leicester seemed wiser than he was, Bacon was wiser than he seemed to be; Hunsdon neither was nor seemed wise. Much Learning my Lord Ba∣con gained in Bennets Colledge in Cambridge, more Experience in Paris of France: His De••terity and Dispatch advanced him to the Court of Wards, his deep Experience made him Lord Keeper. Al∣liance was the policy of that time. Bacon and Ce∣cil married two Sisters; Walsingham and Mildmay two more: Knowles, Essex and Leicester were link∣ed; the prudent Q••een having all her Favourites Relations and Dependencies in her eye, and dispo∣sing of them according to their several Interests. Great was this States-mans Wit, greater the Fame of it; which as he would say, being nothing, made all things: For Report, though but Fancy, begets Opinion; and Opinion begets Substance. He was the exactest man to draw up a Law in Council, and the most discreet to execute it in Court. When o∣thers urged the repeal of that Act whereby Queen Elizabeth was declared Illegi••imate, he rather sup∣pressed it, chusing the closure of a festered Wound

more prudent than the opening of it; and judging it more wisdome to satisfie the world with the old Law, That the Crown takes away all defects; than to perplex it with new disputes, Whether Queen E∣lizabeth were Legitimate. State-miscarriages are rather to be privately connived at, than publickly redressed; the remedy it may be doing no more ser∣vice than putting the people in minde of the mis∣hap. He neither affected nor attained to Great∣ness: Mediocra firma was his Principle and his Practice. When Queen Elizabeth asked him, Why his House was so little? he answered, Madam, my House is not too little for me, but you have made me too big for my House, Give me, said he, a good E∣state, rather than a great one. He had a very Quaint saying, saith Robert Naunton, and he used it often to very good purpose, That he loved the Jest well, but not the loss of his Friend. He would say, That though unusquis{que} suae fortunae faber, was a true and good Principle; yet the most in number were those that marred themselves: but I will never forgive that man that loseth himself, to be rid of his Iest. The Excellency of his Parts was set off with the Gravity of his Person; and the Queen would say, My Lord Bacon's Soul lodgeth well. His Account of England and all its Affaires, was punctual: his use of learned Artist, was continual: his correspondence with his fellow-Statesmen, exact: his apprehension of our Laws and Government, clear; his model of both, methodical: his faithfulness to the Church, emi∣nent: his industrious invention for the State, inde∣fa••igable. He was, in a word, a Father of his Country, and of Sir Francis Bacon. Sir Nicholas ••acon was the moderate man that was appointed

to preside at the Disput••tion between the Prote∣stant and Popish Doctors in the first of Queen Eli∣zabeth. H•• was that Judicious States-man, to whom was trusted the management of that Parlia∣ment and Convocation: The satisfaction of the Peo∣ple and Kingdome, and those Delatory proceedings with France, Spain and Rome, that were at the bot∣tom of the great work of Reformation, and settle∣ment at that time.

Observations on the Life of William Cecil Lord Burleigh.

WIlliam a Cecil was born with the advan∣tage of being Richard Cecil's Son, (who was of the Robes to King Henry, and a 1.1 Legatee in his Will) and bred with that of be∣ing Commoner of St. Iohns in Cambridge, and Student at the b 1.2 Innes of Court in London; whence he was advanced by his Pregnancy to serve the Duke of Somerset in quality of Master of Requests, as he was afterwards by his Master to attend King Edward the sixth, in the capacity of Secretary of Stat••; where he furnished all Acts and Orders with Reasons of State, as he had them fitted by able Lawyers with Arguments of Law. He loved always, they say, to wrap the Prerogatives in the Laws of the Land. He was constant, but not obstinate in his Advice. c 1.3 As the Planets are whirled about dayly From East to West by the motion of the Pri∣mum Mobile, yet have a contrary motion of their own from West to East, which they slowly, yet surely

move at their leisures: so our States-man, though yielding in some things to Greatness of some Per∣sons in an Age wherein it was present drowning not to swim against the stream; Yet had he his coun∣ter-endeavours against the prevailing strain, and privately advanced his rightful Intentions against othe••s wrongful Ambitions. If dissenting from his Superiours, he did it with all humility and m••∣deration; yet chusing always rather to displease than betray. He was in much favour with King Edward, in some with Queen Mary, in most with Q••een Elizabeth; who though sparing of her ho∣nours, yet heaped on him the trust of Secretary of State, the Profits of the Master of the Wards, the A••vancement of Lord Treasurer, and the degree of Baron of Burleigh: for as he followed the Mar∣quess of Winchester in his Employment, so he did in his Compliance. When he was out of place, he was not out of service in Queen Mary's days; his Abilities being as necessary in those times as his In∣clination; and that Queens Council being as ready to advance him at last, as they were to use him all her Reign.

In Queen Elizabeth's time he setled the Crown by setling Religion; and by an utter separation from Rome, strengthened England. He made equal use of those that were then Protestants by Interest, and they who were so in Conscience: Those that had affections for Church-lands, and those that had affections for the Church. The Pope would by a Bull confirm the sale of Abby-Lands; But who, said Burleigh, can confirm the Popes Bull; The King of Spain secured the Queen in hope of her Bed, the Pope winked at her in hope of her Heart: Burleigh

over-reached the one by a fair complaysance, and the other by insensible alterations.

During the Q••eens ten years calm, Cecil provi∣ded for a tempest; and improved her Shipping and Ammunition to a dreadfulness at Sea, as he did her Army to a great skill and experience by Land. He made Holland our Stage of War, and our School of Discipline; where England gained the security and experience of War without its calamity and deso∣lations; always Offensive, and once onely Defen∣sive.

His Intelligence abroad, was no less than his Prudence at home; and he could write to a friend in Ireland what the King of Spain could do for two years together, and what he could not do. His Advic••s from his Pensioners abroad, were presen∣ted Queen Elizabeth once a fortnight; 1. clearly and plainly; 2. methodically and distinctly; 3. speedily and seasonably; 4. truly and fully. He exchanged his Interest for Walsinghams Intelligence, who commanded what he could do, as he did what the other knew. The Bull clapped at London-house, was first in our S••ates-mans study: where they might learn what they were to do, and Prote∣stants what to expect, many years before any thing was visible.

When Leicester would have no Equal, and ••••ssex no Superiour, then Ceeil as Neuter served himself of them both. He would wrestle with neither of them, yet he would trip them both: they having many rubs in their way, yet never saw who laid them. He never quarrelled with any; neither, saith Cambden, did he ever sue, or was he ever sued. Prud••ns qui Patiens, was his saying, before it was

Sir Edward Cookes Motto: and he had rather tire our Opposition by his moderation, than improve it by his Impatience. Others w••re raised to ba∣lance Factions, he to support the Kingdome: Fickle Favour tossed them, constant Interest secured him. No fewer than the Marquess of Winchester, the D••ke of Norfolk, the Earls of Northumberland, Arundel, Pembroke, Leicester and Westmorland contrived his fall; but reason of State and his Mistress kept up his ••tanding. Sir Nicholas Throgmorton advised them to clap him up, saying, That then men would open their mouths to speak freely against him: but the Queen understanding hereof, and standing, as I may say,d 1.4 (sai••h my Autho••) in the very prison-door, quashed all their Designes, and freed him from the mischief projected against him. Great was the value the Queen set upon him, as her ablest Minister of State: for coming once to visit him be∣ing sick of the Gout at Burleigh-house in the Strand, and being much heightned with her Head-attire then in fashion, the Lords servant who conducted her through the door, said, May your highness be pleased to stoop. The Queen returned, For your Masters sake I will stoop, but not for the King of Spain. She would make him always sit down in her presence: saying, My Lord, we make use of you not for your bad L••ggs, but your good Head.

He was a good friend to the Church as then esta∣blished by Law; advising his son Thomas never to build a great house, or bestow any great charge upon an Inpropriation, as fearing the foundation might fail hereafter: yet conniving at sober Non-conformists, to strengthen the foundation at pre∣sent, he checked the forwardness of private men,

and advanced the honour of the publick Establish∣ment on all hands.

Good my Lord, (saith he in his Letter to Archbishop whitgift, in the behalf of some squeamish Ministers) bear with my scribling; I write with the testimony of a good Conscience: I desire the peace of the Church; I desire concord and unity in the exercise of our Religion: I fear no sen∣sual or wilful Recusant. I would not make Offen∣ders, neither would I protect them. And I pray your Grace bear this, (and perchance a fault) and yet I have sharply admonished them, that if they will be Disturbers in their Churches, they must be corrected: and yet upon your Graces answer to me, Ne sutor ultra Crepidam; neither will I put Falcem in alteri∣us Messem, (Was his Chaplain Traverse his hand in all this?) And then again: If I had known his fault, (saith he of Brown) I might be blamed for writing for him.

Thus he carried matters without passion and prejudice prudently, as became so great a States-man. He was not rigid, yet he was care∣ful: He would help the good-natured, yet punish the stubborn: He would rather be where nothing is lawful, than where all things are so. He would never skrue up the Law to the pitch of cruelty, nor unloose it to the remissness of Libertinism.

He was no less honourable a Patron of the Vni∣versity, than he was a faithful son of the Church: (the Church strengtheneth the State, and the Vni∣versities furnish both:) particularly in the case of Rent-corn, which (saith my Author) first grew in Sir Thomas Smiths head, yet was ripened by Bur∣leighs assistance; whereby, though the Rents of the Colledges stand still, their Revenues in∣crease.

He was not surer of all Church-men and Scho∣lars by his Obligations upon them, than he was of all by his complaisance and pleasantness. None more grave than he in Publick, none more free in private; especially at his Table, where he drew something out of his heaviest guests; having an ad∣mirable Dexterity in reading and observing men, their own occasional openings in common discourse; there being more hold to be taken of a few words casually uttered, than of set solemn Speeches, which rather shew mens Arts than their Natures, as indited rather of their brains than hearts. His power awed many, his conversation obliged more. He had his hour to put on his Gown, and his hour to put it ••ff: When he would say, Lie thou there Lord Treasurer; and bidding Adieu to all State-af∣fairs, he dispo••ed himself to his quiet and rest.

He laid the Designes of War by his own Theory, and his friends Intelligence; yet he advised peace and died before the Qu••stion was determined, whether a War with Spain? Others understood the Nature of War, but he onely the Expediency and Conveniency, If War was necessary, none more forward to promote it, none more careful to main∣tain it•• knowing, that in vain do the brows beat, the eyes sparkle, the tongue threaten, the fist bend, and the arm strike, if the belly be not fed, and the back cloathed: and indeed this was his Master-piece, that the Queen vying Gold and Silver•• with the King of Spain, had Money or Credit when the o∣ther had neither; Her Exch••quer, saith my Au∣thor, though but a Pond in comparison, holding water, when his River fed with a spring from the Indies, was dreined d••y. It was with his advice

that that Queen paid her Obligations in Prefer∣ments, rather than Money; giving away not above two Largesses of that nature in her life. In a word, when others set in a Cloud, he shined clear to his last: He saw Essex dead, Leicester slighted, Mount-joy discountenanced; and what with the Queens constant favour, which lodged where it lighted, and his own temper and moderation, when more vio∣lent men failed, he died as great a Favourite as he lived; leaving his son Thomas so much Estate as advanced him to the Earldome of Exeter; and his son Robert so much state-Discipline as raised him successive to be Secretary of state, Master of the Court of Wards, Lord Treasurer, and Earl of Salisbury.

He was a very exact and a wary Observer of For∣reign Transaction; witness this passage to Sir Henry Norris Embassador in France:

The rare manner of your Entertainment, hath moved the Queens Maje∣sty to muse upon what score it should be, being more than hath been used in like cases to her Embassadors, and such as besides your own report hath been by others lately advertised: And for that in such things Gueses be doubtful, I pray you by your next advertise me what your self do think of it; and in the mean time I know you are not untaught to judge of the difference between fair words and good deeds, as the saying is, Fortuna cum ad bla••ditur Capitum adve∣nit.

His thoughts of a Rebel that submitted, take in these words: Of late Shane Oneal hath made means to the Lord Deputy of Ireland to be received into grace, pretending that he hath meant no manner of unlawful∣ness towards the Queen: by which is gathered that he groweth weary of his lewdness: yet I think he is no

otherwise to be reformed than by sharp prosecution, which is intended to be followed no whit the less for any his fair Writings, as reason is.

Of Intelligence he writes thus: I doubt not but you shall have of his hand no lack of Intelligence, which you must credit as you see cause by proof of the event.

About Embassadors Dispatches he saith, He must write apart to the Secretary in matters containing trouble and business, and to his Soveraign of Ad∣vice.

In a particular Negotiation about Pyrates, he ad∣vised, That the King of France and his Council might perceive that it is well known how the Pyrates are suffered to do what they will, notwithstanding it be contrary to Proclamation. And yet you shall so or∣der the matter, (saith he to a French Ambassadour) as not that you shall find fault with this manner of suf∣fering for that ought properly to be to the Spanish or Portugal Embassador, with whom you may sometime deal, to understand how they do, know what is done, and how they do interpret it.

Touching the King of Scots murther, he would say, There are words spoken which I hold best to sup∣press: Neither would I have you (saith he to his friend) utter any of these things, not doubting but shortly God will cause the truth to be revealed.

Of an underhand Traytor he writes to his friend, I pray write unto me somewhat more particularly for the proof of his trayterous speeches, whereby there might be some ground made how to have him deman∣ded.

Of the demanding of a Town promised in a Treaty: Sir Thomas Smith went to demand Callis,

not that we think the Gove••nour will deliver it, but to avoid all cavillation which they might invent: (for by Law it must be demanded upon the very place; and being not delivered, the sum of 500000 It is for∣feited) Mr•• Winter shall pass secretly with him to take possession thereof, if they deceive our expectati∣on: but not past three of the Council know of Winte••s going.

Concerning the unreasonable words of Princes, he saith, If hereof the Embassador (meaning the French) shall make any sinister report, you may as you see cause well maintain the Queens answer to be very reasonable, as having cause to mislike the man∣ner of writing of the Queen thereon: which never∣the less you may impute to the unadvisedness of the Secretary: for so the Queens Majesty doth impute it.

Of the troubles in Scotland, he observed the French made their present advantage to the da∣mage of England; and you know that Scotla••d is the French King to it, as Ireland is the Spanish.

Of F••rraign News he writes to Sir Henry Norris, That h•• would be glad to have a Note of the Names of the chiefest Nobility of Fr••nce, and with whom they be married: adding thereto any other thing that may belong to the knowledge of their lineage and de∣gree••, as you shall think meet.

He writes, That her Majesty being a Prince her self, is doubtful to give countenance to subjects. I wish (saith he) to have a Kalender of them who are with the Prince, and also to see the Edicts that have lately passed from the King against them, and that in these troublesome times: wherein accidents are so di∣versly reported, your advices were large and repeated,

a••d that we had such Articles as pass on both sides.

Of France he s••i••h, You must think that seeing all the parts of Christendome are intentive to hear of the matters of France, we cannot be careless to whom the same belongeth next of all, whatsoever the end thereof shall be.

Of the Distractions of France, thus to our Em∣bassador in France: If you told the Queen-mother so as of your own head, as a thing you hear spread abroad in the world, I think you m••ght do well, and speak truly: for as for the Popes Ministers, their •• rofession is to prefer the Weal of their own Church before the good state of any Kingdome on earth and whatsoever come of any thing, they look onely to the continuance of their own ambitious Ruling. And as for other Ministers of Princes, or for men of War, it is a truth infallible, The more they do impoverish that Monarchy of France, the better they think their own Estates.

Of a plot discovered, he writes: We can truly hit no man, wherefore it is necessary that you speak again with the Party that gave you this Intelligence; and if the matter be of truth, and not a disguising to some other purpose, he can as we••l obtain you the knowledge of the party in certainty, as thus to give a guise at him: for as he hath his Intelligence of the matter which he uttered to you, so may he attain to a more perfect knowledge.

For the Protestants he saith, I pray you put them in comfort; that if extreamity shall happen, they must not be left: for it is so universal a cause, as none of the Religion can separate themselves one from ano∣ther. We must all pray together, and stand f••st toge∣ther.

Of a Professor he writes, The Queens Majesty will in no wise hear of such matters, which she think∣eth are but changeable, and without fruit; although I hade arnesty moved her Majesty to have adventu∣red some small piece of money upon such a max: ••here¦fore I see no remedy but to pay him as well as may be with good words.

Touching the Plotagain: Methinks that the Par∣ties that tell you such pieces of tales, if the whole were true, might as well tell you the whole, as such obscure parts: which if they do not, you might well alledge them to be but devi••es to breed unquietness and suspition; and as I wrote before unto you, they might be tempted with offer of rewards, that the truth of the matter might be disclosed: and surely me∣thinks still, since the Informers will not be known of the particulars in more certainty, that these things are intended to bring us into their places: but yet no diligence is to be omitted.

Touching the delivery of an Embassie, he writes, And I think if you would in the Translating thereof distribute it into sundry members by way of Articles, you shall the better carry it in your minde; making thereby an account with your self of the better deli∣very thereof. And you shall do well to let some such as favour the intention of the Queens Message, to see the Copy of the Letter; whereby they may percase be∣ing called to give advice to the King, further the cause, to the benefit of them of the Religion, I would be glad to hear a Brief, or as they call it, a List of the Names of the principal persons that havc a charge now in these wars of France on both parts, with the Con∣tents as near as you can of their numbers.

Of the Queen of Scots Affairs, he concludes:

God send her Majesty clear of these Scottish matters, whereinto the entry is easie, but the passage within doubtful; and I fear the end will be monstrous: I am thrown into a maze at this, that I know not how to walk from dangers. Sir Walter Mildmay and I are sent to the Scottish Queen, as by the Queens Ma∣jesties Letters you may see: God be our Guide; for neither of us like the Message.

1. Knowledge is the Treasure of the Mind, Dis∣cretion is the Key: the Practick Part of Wisdom is the best: a native Ingenui••y is beyond the watch∣ings of industrious study.

There are no such Guards of safety as Vertue and Wisdome: Danger cannot make impression on the Vertuous; nor Fortune subvert the Wise: The Wise man cannot fall. Prudence is a safe Conduct through the various Casualties of mortality. He declines in wisdome, that falls in Fortune. Dis∣cretion sways the Stars and Fa••e.

Ad summum sapiens uno minor est Jove, dives; Liber, Honoratus, pulcher, Rex deni{que} regum.

Take all there's but one Jove above him: He Is Rich, Fair, Noble, King of Kings, and free.

The world is a shop of Instruments, whereof the wise man is Master; and a Kingdome but a Frame of Engines, whereunto he is the wheel.

2. Smoothness declineth Envy and Danger, Hu∣mility advanceth to Honour, Moderation preserves in it. Men come down by Domineering. Haste

undo••th that, which a j••st Delay ripeneth. Our Wise man would say, Stay a little and we will have done the sooner, An estate evened with these thoughts, endureth. It's an excellent Motto:

Nolo Minor me timeat, despiciat ve Major.

My Inferiour shall not fear, my Superiour shall not despise me.

3. Humility shuns Honour, and is the way to it•• The purest Gold is most Ductile. It's commonly a good Blade that bends well. The Reed that bends and is whole, is better than the strong Oak that not bending breaks.

4. There is no such prevalent Work-man as Se∣dulity and Diligence: A man would wonder at the mighty things which have been done by degrees, and gentle augmentations. Patience, Diligence and Moderation are the common steps to Excellen∣cy. It's for Omnipotence to do mighty things in a moment; but degreeingly to grow to Greatness, is the course he hath left for man.

Observations on the Life of Walter Devereus Earl of Essex.

WAlter Devereux was by his * 1.5 mothers side born to, and by his Soveraigns fa∣vour possessed of the Earldome of Essex: His spirit was as the time martial and active, equal∣ly impatient of rust in his soul, and in his sword: Forreign Countreys bred then those Souldiers that England employed: The University mad•• a Scho∣lar, the Court a man, and Flanders the Souldi∣er.

His Actions brought him to the presence, and his Presence commended him to the heart of Queen Elizabeth: B••t the shadow doth not more natu∣rally attend the Sun, than Envy doth Favour: Since he must rise, its contrived he should rise so high, that he must fall: Yet he might have lived lon∣ger, it was thought, if his wife had not there more favour than himself; Abraham was afraid of, and Sir Walter was undone by his Sarah's Beauty; This is certain, he was no sooner in his Grave, than the same great man whom he declared his Enemy at his D••ath, was his successor in his marriage-Bed.

Ambitious was he of the Irish service, and sub∣tle were others to fill up his sayls so wide, as to be over-turned; at once diving into, and ruining him by his Humour; Weary was he of the Court, and weary, as he observed, was that of him•• In comes Leicester in this juncture, and advanceth him

to the Soveraign honour of maintain••ng an Army at his own charge, and the Royalty of Claudboy in vl∣ster; the first he knew would (as it fell out) undo him; the other was the Bears skin, when he could catch, kill and ••ley it; and the whole plot was but the supplan••ing of him out of a real Estate in Eng∣land and Wales, to an imaginary one in Ireland O••er he goeth with as splendid a Retinue of kindred, Friends, supernumerarie Voluntiers, as his son to the same service, or his Grandson to one more un∣happy; Sir William Fitz-William's Jealousie heard of his Parade, and his Industry out-reached him so far, that all that preparation amounted to no more honour, than to have been commissioned, after much importunity and attendance, by him; nor to any more advantage than the bare Government of Vlster: Little good did he in Vlster, (now under the discouraging and heartless impressions of dis∣content) less in the South of Ireland, whither he was remanded by the Deputy, whose design was not to set how successfully he would conquer, but how dutifully he would obey; in six months time spend∣ing 4000 l. to ruine himself: B••t alas •• in vain doth he conquer•• who was always forbid to pu••sue and improve his Victory: no sooner did his Fortune favour him in one place, but he was called to his Misfortune in another: for no sooner doth he by experience and acquaintance with the situation of any place, the humour or interest of any People, the weaknesses and strengths of any Enemy, the ad∣vantages or disadvantages of any Undertaking, ••i∣pen circumstances towards success, but he is called off to a new and unacq••a••nted scene of action, where he shall lose his Ar••y, be••o••e he knoweth how to

employ it. His friends at Court grew few and cold, his foes many and active; his affronts continual to disorder him by passion, or sink him in despair.

His Commission was but short before, but is none now; onely three hundred men stick to him: his Money failing, his Noble Followers withdrawing, his Common Souldiers mutiny, and he is recalled. And happy had he been, could he have been quiet: but nothing would compleat some mens Designes, but his Ruine; and nothing could ruine him but Honour, that at once pleased his humour, and wasted his Estate. Earl-Marshal of Ireland he is made, and thither he goeth in great state to die, anno 1576, and the 36 of his Age: a year fatal to that Family, which none of them exceeded but the last, who had been happy if he had died sooner, or lived longer than he did. Although Sir Walter De∣vereux had not that success over others which his Valour deserved, yet he had that conquest of him∣self that Vertue onely gives; shewing himself as good at the Buckler, as at the Sword; at suffering, as well as acting. All his changes from without he bore with, none within; his even and solid minde that fashioned its own fate, enjoying its constant calm amidst all the tempests of malice and ambiti∣on. Those ignoble courses were not greater Argu∣ments of his Enemies narrowness and degeneracy, than his resolved Patience was of his largeness and generousness of spirit; he being as much above those smaller tricks, as they were below his Adver∣saries. We make our selves more Injuries than are offered us; and the apprehension of wrong doth more har•• than the smartest part of the wrong it self. It's the Wise-mans glory, and the States-mans

prudence, to pass by Offences. A Fool struck Cato in the Bath; and when he was sorry for it, Cato had forgot it: for, (saith Seneca) Melius putavit non agnoscere quam ignoscere. Light Injuries are made none by a not-regarding: which with a pursuing Revenge grow both to heighth and burden, and live to mischief us, when they might die to secure us. It's Princely (saith one) to disdain a Wrong, who when Embassadours have offered Undecences, use not to chide, but deny them audience: as if silence were the way Royal to revenge a Wrong. The up∣per Region is most composed; The wisest rage the least, knowing that Observation and Resentment do but pro••oke and encourage that Malice which neglect and silence deads and dissipates. And it was Sir Walter's Fathers Maxime, That Discontent was the greatest weakness of a generous Soul, which is always so intent upon its unhappiness, that it for∣gets its remedies.

This Lord was a great instance of that Maxime, That it's an equal mischief to distrust all: as to be∣lieve all; although of the two, the safest is to di∣strust: for Fear had secured this Noble Person, while Confidence ruined him; it being a Vertue onely when men were innocent, but ever since, the bane of those that own it.

Three things undid this Earl:

• 1. That he could not imagine he was to be rui∣ned by his Advancement.
• 2. That he never mistrusted an Oath.
• 3. That he never considered, that as Princes, so Favourites, have many eyes, and long hands;

He that is so open as to reserve nothing from

friends, is renowned for Charity; but he that is so to lie at the mercy of all, is marked for ruine. No sooner unde••stood my Lord of Leicester Essex his Disposition, but the bitter Fool Pace could tell his Fortune, begging of my Lord at his departure the making of his mourning; and adding, You and I have done for this world.

Walter E••rl of Essex had been happy if he had not lived in my Lord of Leicester's time: his son Robert renowned, had he not been Sir Robert Cecil's Con∣temporary; and his Grandchilde an Heroe, had he not known my Lord Say and Mr. Hampden.

Observations on the Life of Thomas Rat••lif Earl of Sussex.

THomas Ratclif Earl of Sussex, was of a very Noble and Ancient Lineage, honoured through many Descen••s by the Title of Viscounts Fitz-Walters. He was a goodly Gentle∣man, and of a brave noble-Nature, true and con∣stant to his friends and servants, noted for honesty: a very excellent Souldier, being one of the Queens martialists, who did very good service in Ireland at her first accession, til•• she recalled him to the Court, where she made hi•• Lord Chamberlain; and though he was no•• endowed with the cunning∣ness and dexterity as others were, yet upon his Deat••-h••d he gave his f••iends a caveat whom they should beware. His words, (saith Sir Robert Naunton) are these: I am now passing into another World, and must leave you to your Fortunes, and to

the Quee••s Graces: but beware of the Gyp••ie for he will be too hard for you all; you know not the beast so well as I do, His Prowess and integ••ity drew the Soul∣diers after him, Leicester's Cour••ship and Cunning the Courtiers, Cecil's Prudence and service the States-men.

This Thomas Ratclif Lord Fitz-Walter, second Earl of Sussex of that surname, was twice Lord Deputy of Ireland, by his prudence he prevented the breaking out of an actual Rebellion in that Kingdome, and no wonder if in his time it rained not War there, seeing his diligence dispersed the Clouds before they could gather together. Thus he who cures a disease may be skilfullest, but he that prevents it, is the best Physitian.

Being called home by the Queen to be Lord Chamberlain, a constant Court faction was main∣tained between him and Robert Earl of Leicester, these two parties dividing the Court, whilst the Cecilians as Neuters did look upon them; Sussex had a great Estate left by his Ancestors, Leicester as great given, or restored him by the Queen, Sussex was the honester man, and greater Souldier; Lei∣cester the more facete Courtier, and deep Polliti∣cian, not for the general good, but his own parti∣cular profit. Great was the animosity betwix•• them, and what in vain the Queen endeavoured, Dea••h performed, taking this Earl away: and so ••he competition ended. New-hall in Essex was the place (if not of his birth) of his principal ha∣bitation, he lyeth buried in the Church of St. O∣lives Hartstreet London.

The first of Queen Elizabeth found this brave Earl commanding Ireland in peace and plenty,

with three hundred and twenty Horse, and eight hundred and sixty foot, prudently garrison'd, and well payd; a••d the second employed him thi∣ther again, with instructions, that he should be∣ware above all things, lest the Irish being an un∣civil people, and therefore the more superstitious, should by the cunning practices of the French be ex∣cited to Rebellion under the pretext of Religion.

2. That he should fortify Ophale with Castles, and Forts.

3. That he should engage the Souldiers with large possessions.

4. That the Irish Nobility should hold their E∣states in Fee.

5. That he should improve the Queens Reve∣nues moderately, and reduce her exchequer there, to the form of that in England.

At what time Maximilian the Emperour courted Queen Elizabeth whom all English-men wished marryed, all Protestants married to a Protestant, and the Earl of Leicester had designed for himself, there arose a deady feud in the English Court between the Earl of Sussex, that favoured the match upon common principles of government, and the Earl of Leicester who opposed it upon a private design of his own, certainly very great and shameful hopes do they foster, who have already attained things beyond hopes. The open hearted Earl would call his An∣tagonist an upstart that had but two Ancestors, his Father, a Traytor; and his Grand-Father, a Pub∣lican. Thus the Court is divided, the Earls are alwayes attended with their armed guards, untill the Queen who took pleasure in the innocent Emu••a∣tion

of her women, became fea••ful of the dange∣rous contests of her Favourites, and rather skinned over, than healed the rupture.

At the Emperours Court, whither he is sent with the order of St. George, he presseth the marriage closely, as much out of love to his Countrey, as ha∣tred to Leicester; having nothing more ordinary in his discourse than that a Forreign Prince was to be preferred before the noblest English-man for the three grand things, of Honour, Power, and Wealth. But what he promoted publickly, the Lord North, who was joyned with him rather ••as his guardian than his colleague, opposed privately, untill a few fond scruples broke the most solemn negotiations wherein yet this Earl behaved himself with a gal∣lantry that gained him a familiarity from the Em∣perour, a reverence from the Arch-duke, a respect from the people, and his M••stress a kindness in that Court, that stood her in great stead, against the attempts of Spain and Rom••.

From Germany he returned with much Honour to command in the North with more, wher•• he and his old setters at Court discovered the grand plot in the N••rth, as Hunsdon and his old Souldi∣er•• at Berwick defeated it, and both harassed the Scottish borders: all things yielding to those two grand disposers of the World, now predominant in England, Wisdome and Cecil at home, Armes and Hunsdon abroad; and both with Sussex at home, now for his approved wisdome and fidelity made privy Councellour•• and abroad alway Lord General.

Of many I pitch on this one argument of the greatness of his mind, that he scorned to trample

the prostrate, that he had a just passion, but not an unworthy malice for an enemy whom he had a ge∣nerous goodness to pity when unhappy, as well as a brave spirit to contest with when injurious. The lesser fry of adversaries railed against, this great one pleaded fo•• Leicester, when his practices against A••jou's marriage with the Queen confined him to the Castle of Windsor. And his menaces had cast him to the Tower of London, had not my Lord, minding more the common interest than his p••i∣vate resentments, first moderated the Q••eens passion with Reason, and th••n overcame it with this Jest, you must allow Lovers their Iealousie.

H•• succeded his Father in his Fortune, and in his Favour, his P••udence and Resolution promo∣ting him to the Government of Ireland and the North; his good husbandry and skill in Surveying, making him justice in Eyre of all the Pa••ks beyond Trent; and is comely p••esence advancing him Lord Chamberlai••. Queen Elizabeth poyzed her State by Factions a••road, and Parties at home; her chiefest wisd••me lying in her general correspon∣dence and complyance with each Party, as h••r In∣terest lay in their complyance and distance from one another. My Lord of Sus••ex left his mem••∣rial behind him, That for Rising men to stick to a side, is necessary; For Great men to be indif∣ferent, is wise: and this, That he and my Lord of Leicester cleared and purged the Court: their cross Observations refining each person that was admit∣ted to Court; none daring any injustice while Lei∣cester observed him on the one hand, and Sussex punished him on the other. Then no deserving Per∣son could be excluded by the one, that could serve

his Princ••; not any undeserving one admitted, that might disparage him: one Interest being sure to receive the one, as the other was to exclude the other.

Divers persons (saith one) of equal Authority, though both wicked, do in experience produce more Justice than a greater Probity in a single individual hath been heard to pronounce; in a divided Court the Creatures of one Party being the Enemies of a∣nother, no less powerful; and so they both become liable to accusation, or capable of defence: and from the sparkles of this clashing, not onely Persons and Actions, but the Publick Councils came to be refined from the Rusts and Cankers that grow by an Unanimity. Faction can be as little spared in a mo∣narchy, as an Eye or an Ear, as through which the Prince hath a clearer apprehension of his own and others Affairs, than he can have when his followers are all agreed: through the pe••cussion of equal Fa∣ctions, as through that of Flint and Stee••, all things coming to light by Debates, that might either ad∣vance or eclipse a Princes glory.

When my Lord of Sussex could not overbear Leicester with Power, he did it with Policy; and by yielding to him, conquered him: for (as he observed) when ••e and his friends retired, Leice∣ster and his subdivided; and he was checked more by the Ambition he taught his own Followers, than by the competition of his Adversaries.

When Factions are carried too high, and too vio∣lently, it is a signe of weakness in Princes, and much to the prejudice of their Authority and Business: The motions of Factions under Kings,* 1.6 ought to be like the motions (as the Astronome••s speak) of the

Inferiour Orbs, which may have their proper Incli∣nation, but yet are still quietly carried by the higher motion of the Primum Mobile. Queen Elizabeth had an happy time of it, if it were but for this, That her Favourites Divisions were her support: for thereby she attained the knowledge of all things that happened, so as no Suit or D••signe passed the Royal Assent, before she understood as much of Reason as Enemies or Friends could bring for or a∣gainst it.

The Character this third great Lord of his Fami∣ly left behind him, was,

This year died a man of a great spirit and faithfulness to his Country: and therefore none freer than he of his thoughts, none sounder than he in his councels.

Nor did this free∣dome of Communication betray his future Resolu∣tions to the discovery of his Enemies, as they o∣pened his heart to the observation of his Prince: for through a seeming unconstancy, not of words, but of action; not his weakness, but his nimbleness, (the Bird on the wing is safe) he could so often va∣ry, as it was no•• easie to discover where or when he would be buzzing, and give the blow: by which unsteady carriage, He so befooled his Adversarie with their Spies and Pensioners, as they were at a lo••s what to inform their Patrons of, or themselves how to resolve. Fortune and Conduct set up this Favourite, it falling in his Character as at Primero, and othe•• Plays, wherein Fortune is directed and conducted by Art. The best and subtilest Gamester may lose, if it cross him; but if it smiles and fa∣vours, he knoweth best how to manage and govern it.

Five things raised this person to a respect as great

as his fortune; to be as high in the Queens favour, as he was in his Descen••,

• 1. A Civility set off with State.
• 2. A pleasing Modesty of Countenance, and Af••fability of Speech; ennameled with Gravity.
• 3. A Boldness attended with Patience,
• 4. A great Capacity, enlivened with as great Dexterity. And
• 5. An Integrity secured with wariness in the darke, of which quality both in his Expression, and in his Actions he wrapped himself as this sepia to preserve her self undiscovered, doth shed forth a∣bout her a quantity of blushes in his blood to hide her self from the Fisherman.

Observations on the Life of the Lord Willoughby.

THe Lord Willoughby was one of the Queens first Sword-men: he was of the antient extract of the Bart••es, but more ennobled by his Mother, who was Dutchess of Suffolk. He was a great Master of the Art Military, and was sent General into France, and commanded the se∣cond of five Armies that the Queen sent thither in aid of the French. As he was a great Souldier, so was he of a sutable Magnanimity, and could not brook the obsequiousness and assiduity of the Court at that tim••. He had more favour than he court∣ed, and he courted more (rather to comply with the Queens humour, than his own inclination)

than he desired. He would say, and that saying did him no good, (saith Sir Robert Naunton) That he was none of the Reptilia being made Brother to march as a Souldier, than to creep as a Courtier. But Civility must allay Nature in a Courtier, Pru∣dence regulate it in a States-man, and modest sub∣mission check and soften it in a Subject. Its as dan∣gerous to be stubbornly abave the kindness, as it is to be factiously against the power of Princes. Wil∣loughby got nothing, Stanl••y lost all his haughti∣ness; which when it cannot be obliged, is suspected. But his service in France, Holland, and on the Bor∣ders, compounded for his roughness: so that they who could not endure he should be high at Court, were pleased he should be so in the Field. Stiffness which displeased when looked on as Pride at home, took when heard to be Resolution abroad. Each Nature is advanced in its own Element: Leicester among the Ladies, my Lord Willoughby among the Souldiers. It••s a step to Greatness to know our own way to it; to exercise & shew our proper Vertues as he did: ••i•• Mag∣nanimity in these two instances,* 1.7 among many others.

• 1. When one challenged him then sick of the Gout, he said, That though he were lame in his feet and hands, yet he would carry a Rapier in his teeth to fight his Adversary.
• 2. Having taken a Spanish Gennet designed a pre∣sent to that King, and being offered either 1000 l. or 100 l. a year in exchange for it, he nobly answered, If it had been a Commander, he would have freely re∣leased him; but being onely a Horse, he saw no reason he could not keep a good Horse as well as the King of Spain himself. Sir Christopher Hatton was to an ex∣cess a courtier, and my Lord Willoughby so a Souldier.

Queen Elizabeth on the Lord Willoughby,

Good Peregrine.

WE are not a little glad that by your Journey you have received such good fruit of amendment; specially when we consider what great vexations it is to a mind devoted to actions of honor to be restrained by any indisposition of body from following those courses, which to your own reputation and our great satisfaction you have ••ormerly performed. And therefore (as we must now out of our desire of your vvell-doing) chief∣ly enjoyn you to an e••pecial care to encrease and continue your health, vvhich must give life to all your best endeavours; so we must next as seriously recommend to you this con∣sideration. That in these times, when there is such appearance that we shall have the ••ryal of our best noble Subject•••• you f••••m not to affect the satisfaction of your own private contentation beyond the attending of that vvhich Nature and Duty challengeth from all persons of your quality and Profession. For if necessarily (your health of body being recovered) you should Eloign your self by residence there from those Employment•• vvhereof we shall have too good store, you

shall not so much amend the state of your body, as happily you shall call in question the reputation of your mind and judge∣ment, even in the opinion of those that love you, and are best acquainted vvith your Dis∣position and Discretion.

Interpret this our plainness vve pray you to our extraordinary estimation of you; for it is not common vvith us to deal so freely with many: and believe that you shall ever find us both ready and vvilling in all occasions ••o yield you the fruits of that interest, vvhich your Endeavours have purchased for you in our Opinion and Estimation: Not doubting, but when you have vvith moderation made tryal of the success of these your sundry Pe∣regrinations, you vvill find as great comfort to spend your days at home as heretofore you have done: of which we do wish you full measure, howsoever you shall have cause of abode or return. Given under our Signet at our Mannor of Nonsuch, the seventh of October 1594. in the 37 year of our Reign,

Your most loving Soveraign. E, R.

Observations on the Life of Sir Philip Sidney.

HE was son to Sir Henry Sidney Lord Deputy of Ireland, and President of Wales. A Person of great parts, and in no mean grace with the Queen. His Mother was Sister to my Lord of Leicester, from whence we may conjecture, how the Father stood up in the place of Honour and Employment; so that his Descent was apparently Noble on both sides. For his Education, it was such as Travel and the University could afford: for after an incredible proficiency in all the species of Learning, he left the Academical life for that of the Court, whither he came by his Uncles invitation, famed aforehand by a Noble report of his Accom∣plishments; which, together with the state of his Person, framed by a natural propension to Arms, he soon attracted the good opinion of all men; and was so highly prized in the good opinion of the Queen, that she thought the Court deficient with∣out him: and whereas (through the fame of his deserts) he was in the election for the Kingdome of Poland, she refused to further his advancement, not out of Emulation, but out of fear to lose the Jewel of her times. He married the daughter and sole Heir of Sir Francis Walsingham, then Secretary of State; a Lady destinated to the B••d of honour, who (after his deplorable death ••t Zutphen in the Netherlands, where he was Governour of Flushing, at the time of his Uncles being there) was marri••d

to my Lord of Essex, and since his death to my Lord of S••. Albans; all persons of the Sword, and other∣wise of great Honour and Vertue. He had an equal temperament of Mars and Mercury, Valour and Learning, to as high a pitch as Nature and Art could frame, and Fortune improve him: so Dexterous, that he seemed born for every thing he went about. His ••••presentations of Vertue and Vice, were not more lively in his B••oks, than in his Life: his Fan∣cy was not above his Vertue: his Humours, Coun∣sels and Actions, were renowned in the Romancer, Heroi••k in the States-man. His Soul was as large as his Parents, and his Complexion as Noble; an e∣qual Line of both: the modesty of the Mother al∣laying the activity of the Father. A man so sweet∣ly grave, so familiarly staid, so prettily serious he was above his years: Wi••dome gained by travel, Experience raised from Observations, solid and use∣ful Learning drawn from knowing Languet his three years Companion, and cho••c••st Books, accompl••∣shed him for the love of all, and the reverence of most. His Converse was not more close at home, than his Correspondence abroad; equally mixed with Policy, Pleasure, Wisdome and Love: his Worth being penned up, and smothered within the narrowness of his fortune, sallied not out to discon∣tent, bu•• pleasure; sweetning the Affairs of State with the Debonnareness of the Stage; his Romance being but policy played with Machiavil in jest, and State maximes sweetned to a Courtiers palate. He writ men as exactly as he studied them, and dis∣cerned humours in the Court with the same deep in∣sight he described them in his Book. His Infant-di••∣courses teach men, O what had his riper years done.

He put Life into dead Notions of Ancestors, made Philosophy practicable; joyned the A••t as closely in him, as they are in themselves. His Book is below his spirit•• a spi••it to be confined with Kingdomes, rather than St••dies; to do what was to be written, than onely to write what was to be done. All eyes were upon him but his own: at first, in all Affairs he was the last; at last, he was the first: obliging all men that ever he saw, and see∣ing all that were worth obliging: All were pleased with his Arcadia but himself, whose years advan∣ced him so much beyond himself, as his parts did beyond others: He condemned his Arcadia in his more retired judgement to the fire, which wise men think will continue to the last Con••lagration. His private Corr••spondence with William of Nassan about the highest Affairs of Europe, was so exact and prudent that he assured Sir Fulke Grevil he de∣••erved a Kingdome in Forreign Parts, though he had not an Office in England. The Earl of Leicester held his Authority in the Low-Countries by his Councel when alive, and gave it over when he was dead.

Sir Francis Walsingham was so much overshot by him in his own Bow, that those with whom Sir Phi∣lip were acquainted with for his sake, were his friends for Sir Philips. King Iames was honoured when King of Scotland with his friendship, Henry the fourth with his correspondence, Don Iuan highly obliged with his Visits, the King of Spain himself concerned in his death, whom England (he said) lost in a moment, but could not breed in an Age, The Universities were proud of his P••tronage, the Field of his presence: the Studio••s in all Parts commu∣nicated with him; the H••••eful were encouraged

by him; all excellent Persons thronged to him; all serviceable men were entertained by him; and he among them a Prince, whose minde was great, but his spirit greater. He taught England the Ma∣jesty of honest deal••ng, the Interest of being Reli∣gious. He looked deep into men and Councels, and found no Wisdom without Courage, no Courage with∣out Religion and Honesty: with which solid and a∣ctive reaches of his, I am perswaded (saith my Lord Brooks) he would have found or made a way through all the Trave••sers ••ven of the most weak and irregular ••imes. Although a private Gentleman, he was a publick Good; of a large, yet uniform disposition: so good, that the great Monarch might trust; so great, that a little one must fear him: something he did for Fame, most for Conscience: His publick spirit, which might have enjealoused the cautious wisdome of other Princes, promoted the concerns of his own. He was sent to comple∣ment Rodolph, but he dealt really with the Protestant Princes, and raised a Ceremony to a piece of Inte∣rest. He shewed that long-breathed and cautious people, that imminent danger from Romes Supersti∣tion, joyned with Spains Power, their private con∣federacies and practices, their cruelty and designe; which awaked their drowzy wariness into an asso∣ciation for Conscience and Religion more solid, as he demonstrated, than a Combination out of Po∣lic••. He went against the stream and current about the Fr••nch match, which he disswaded from the consequent inconveniences of Engagements and charge to England, and the little advantage from France; backing his Argument with a la••e experi∣ence; and so staying Queen Elizabeths match by

some reflections on Queen Mary's: which was, A five years Designe or Tax, rather than a Marriage: adding withal, That in a forreign match, besides the inequalness and danger of it, (when a strange Prince hath such an influence on our Constitution) the different Religion would make the Queen either quit the reputation of a good Protestant, or the ho∣nour of an obedient Wife.

Te•• ways he laid down a Forreign Prince might enda••ger our Religion by,

• 1. Opposing and weakning the reverend Fathers of our Church.
• 2. By disgracing her most zealous Ministers.
• 3. By Latitude and Connivance.
• 4. ••y a loose and too free a behaviour, steering mens Consciences which way he pleased, and set∣ting u••indifferency.
• 5. ••y decrying Customes and Statutes, and en∣hansin•• Proclamations to the Authority of Laws.
• 6. ••y provoking the English with French Op∣pressios.
• 7. ••y entrenching on the British Liberties with Gallic••••e Prerogatives.
• 8. •••• breaking our League and Correspondence with o••er Protestant States.
• 9. ••ightning our Queen to a Complyance.
• 10. A••d at last attempting the Protestant cause.

He vould say to his Friend the Lord Brooks, That if the Netherlands joyn with France, they are terrible to Spain: if with Spain, they are dreadful to France: if with us, they s••pport the Reformation: if they stand on t••eir own legs, they are too strong to be forced to

Pyracy. He, though a private person, opposed her Majesty Q••een Elizabeth in that Affair, with that sincerity, with tha•• ingenui••y, that freedome, that duty and peaceableness, that angered and p••ea••ed her. His Opinion was not more against hir hu∣mour, than his manage of it was to her mind••: in which Affair, when most were hood-winke•• with ignorance, and many captived with fear, he ••njoy∣ed the freedome of his own thoughts with dayly access to her Majesty, hourly converse wi••h the French, and constant respect from the people. None more dutiful to his Soveraign than Sir Philip, none more resolute against Encroachers upon Gentemen and Freemen, non•• more dear to the whole State: which when he had designed Sir Francis ••rake's second Voyage, and stollen to him at Windso•• com∣manded his stay by an E••rl, and for his ske the whole Fleets, although his stay disturbed, ••nd his death destroyed his most exact Model for t••e Con∣quest of America, the exactest Europe ever••aw: a Conquest not to be enterprized but by Sir Philips reaching spirit, that grasped all circumstanes, and commanded all interests on this side the Li••••.

When his great Soul could not improve ••urope, he considered it; and made that the F••eld o his me∣ditation, that could not be the stage of his ••ctions: England he saw so humoursome and popul••s, that it was to be refined with War, and corru••ed with Peace. Her interest was, he said, to balance ••eighbo••-Princes. France he observed weak and efem••nate, the Empire enslaved and secure, the Hanses to•• big, Rome subtle and undermining, Spain cre••t to the Power and Councils of Europe, the Protetant Princes enjealoused and dist••ustful, Poland div••••ed,

Denmark strong, Sweden invironed or impri••oned, the Muscovite distressed and ignorant, the Switz enemies, yet servants to Monarchs, (a dangerous body for the soul of any aspiring Monarch to infuse designes into) the Princes of Italy awed by their S••periours, ••nd cautious against their equals; Tur∣kie asleep in the Seraglio; but Spain all this while Master of Rome, and the wisest Council or Conclave in the World; Lord of the Mines of America, and the Sword of Europe: Concluding, that while the Spania••d had Peace, Pope Money or Credit, and the World Men, Necessity or Humours, the War could hardly be determined upon this Low-Coun∣try-stage; And that there were but two ways to conquer Spain, the one, That which diverted Han∣nibal: ••nd by setting fire on his own House, made him draw his spirit to comfort his heart: The o∣ther, th••t of Iason, b•• fetching away his Golden Fleece, and not suffering any one quietly to enjoy that whi••h every man so much affected. The assi∣stance of Portugal, the surpriz•• of Cales her key, and Sevil her treasure; the drawing in of other Well-willers; ••he command of the S••a, an exact Intelli∣gence; the Protection of Rochel, Brest, Bourdeaux, or some other distressed Protestant, to balance the over-mytr••d Countries, the Encouragement of re∣ligious or ambitious Roytolets to advance and se∣cure themse••ves, the engaging of the French and Spaniards, a League with Venice and the Maritime States: some temptations to Italy to remove their French and Spanish Garrison••, an opportunity to re∣cover Sicilly, some insinuations to the Pope of the Austrian Greatness, the setting up of the World in an AEquilibrium, the invasion of America, removing

the disfidence, ove••poyzing the Neutrality, and working upon the Complexions of Kings and Kingdomes, was this young, but great mans de∣signe.

An Expedition to the Indies he would perswade with these motives:

• 1. That Honour was cheaper abroad than at home; at Sea, than at Land.
• 2. That the Spanish Conquests like the Jesuites Miracles, made more noise at distance than nearer hand.
• 3. That the Indians would joyn with t••e first Undertaker against their cruel Masters.
• 4. That Spain was too far for supply.
• 5. That the Spaniard was Undisciplined, and trusted more to the Greatness of his Name, than to Order, Policy or Strength.
• 6. That England was po••ulous.
• 7. That it was an action compliant with the present Humour, and not subject to Emula••ions.
• 8. That it would either cut off the Spa••ish trea∣sure, or make it chargeable.
• 9. And at last set up a free Trade by Sea, open a great Door to Valour or Ambition for new Con∣quests, and to Zeal for new Converts.

He said the Inquisition would overth••ow Spain, being a designe upon Humane Nature, and free∣dome; to govern men at the rate of ••easts. His great Abilities recommend him to Leicester's Cabinet, whose Horse he commanded in the Field, whose Council he guided at home. Prudent and valiant he was in contriving and excuting the su••∣prize of Axil: Liberal and Noble to his Sou••diers at Flushing; wary and de••p•• sighted in his Council

about Graveline; wise and stayed in the jealousies be∣tween Leicester and Hollock, His Patience and Reso∣lution before Zutphen, his quiet and composed spirit at Arneim, his Christian and religious comportment in his sickness and death, made his Fame as lasting as his Life was wished. And why died he lamented by the Q••een, mourned for by the Court, bemoan∣ed by Europe, wept over by Religion and Learning, the Protestant Churches, celebrated by Kings,* 1.8 and e••ernized by Fam••? because he was one who••e Parts were improved by early Education, whose Education was raised by Experience, whose Experience was en∣larged by Travel, whose Travel was laid up in Obser∣vations, whose Observations were knit up to a s••∣lid Wisdome, whos•• Wisdome was graced with his P••esence; and the one was as much admired by Kings, as the other was by Q••eens. One whose Learning guided Unive••sities, whose alliance enga∣ged Favourites, whose Presence filled Courts, whose Soul grasped Europe, whose merit could fill a Th••one, whose Spirit was above it. It was he who was deserving and quiet, neglected and patient, great and familiar, ingenious and devout, learned and valiant, sweet and solid, contemplative and a∣ctive. It was he whom Queen Elizabeth called her * 1.9 Philip, the Prince Orange his Master, and whose friendship my Lord Brooke was so proud of, that he would have no other Epitaph on his Grave than this, Here lieth Sir Philip Sidneys Friend. It was he whose last words were, Love my memory, cherish my Friends; their faith to me may assure you they are honest: but above all, govern your will and affections by the Will and Word of your Creator. In me behold the end of this world, and all its vanities.

THey that have known thee well, & search thy parts Through all the chain of Arts: Thy apprehension qui••k as active light, Clear Iudgememt, without Night: Thy fansie free, yet never wild or m••d, with wings to fly but none to g••d: Thy language still enrich, yet comely dress, Not to expose thy minde, but to express. They that have known thee thus, sigh, and confess, They wish they'd nown thee still, or known the less. To these, the wealth and Beauties of thy minde, Be other Vertues joyn'd, Thy modest Soul, strongly confirm'd and hard•• Ne'er beckned from i••s Guard.

Observations on the Life of Sir J••hn Perrot.

SIr Iohn Perrot was a goodly Gen••••eman, and of the Sword: and as he was of a v••ry anci∣ent descent, as an H••ir to many Exst••acts of Gentry, especially from Guy de B••y••n o•• Lawhern; so he was of a vast Estate, and came not to the Court for want. And to these Adjuncts he had the Endowments of Courage, and heighth of Spi∣rit, had it lighted on the allay of temper and discr••∣tion: the defect whereof, with a native freedome and boldness of speech, drew him into a Clouded set∣ting, and laid him open to the spleen and advantage of his Enemies. He was yet a wise man, and a brave Co••rtier, but roug••, and participa••ing more of a∣ctive

than sedentary motions, as being in his Con∣stellation destinated for Arms. He was sent Lord-Deputy into Ireland, where he did the Queen very great and many Se••vices: Being out of envy accu∣sed of High Treason, and against the ••ueens will and consent condemned, he died suddenly in the Tower. He was Englands professed Friend, and Sir Christopher Hattons professed Enemy: He fell be∣cause he would stand alone. In the English Court at that time he that held not by Leicesters and Bur∣leighs favour, must yield to their frowns: What g••ound he gained in Forreign merits, (as the Sea) he lost in Domestick Interests. The most deserving R••cess••s, and serviceable absence from Courts, is incompatible with the way of interest and favour. Hi•• boysterous carriage rather removed than pre∣ferred him to Ireland, where he was to his cost, what he would have been to his advantage; chief in Command, and first in Counci••. His spirit was too great to be ruled, and his Interest too little to sway. He was so like a Son of Henry the a 1.10 eighth, that he would not be Q••ueen Elizabeths su••j••ct: but Hattons sly smoothness undermined his op••n roughness; the one dancing at Court with more success than the other fought in Ireland, He was born to enjoy, rather th••n make a Fortune; and to command, rather then stoop for respect. Boldness indeed is as necessary for a Souldier, as the Action for an Orator; and is a prevailing quality over weak men at all times, and wise men at their weak times: yet it begins well, but continueth not; closing al∣ways with the wiser sorts scorns, and the vulgars ••aughter. Sir Iohn Perrot was better at Counsel than Complement, and better at Execution than

Counsel. None wo••se to command first on his own head, none better to be second, and under the di∣rection of others. He could not advise, because he looked not round on his dangers: he could not execute, because he saw them not. His alliance to his Soveraign commended him at first to her fa∣vour, and gave him up at last to her j••alousie; be∣ing too near to be modest, and too bold to be trust∣ed: and the more service he performed, he was thereby onely the more dangerous, and withal unhappy; his Successes onely puffing up his humor, and his Victories ripening his ambition to those fa∣tal Sallies against the Q••eens honour and Govern∣ment, that had cost him his life, had he not saved it with those very Rants he lost himself by: for when he had out of an innocent confidence of his cause, and a haughty conceit of hi•• Extraction, ex∣asperated his Noble J••ry to his Condemnation, he had no more to say for himself than Gods death will the Queen su••ser her Brother to be offered up as a sa∣crifice to the envy of my frisking Adversaries? On which words the Queen refused to sign the War∣rant for his E••ecution, though pressed to it from Reason and Interest, saying, They were all Knaves that condemned him. It's observed of him, that the Surplusage of his services in Ireland aba••ed the merit of ••hem; and that it was his oversight to have done too much there. His mor••al words were those in the grear Chamber of Dublin, when the Q••een sent him some respectful Letters after her Expostulatory ones, with an intimation of the Spa∣niards Design: Lo, now (saith he) she is ready to piss her self for fear of the Spaniard; I am again one of her white Boys.

A great Birth and a great Minde a••e c••ushed in Commonwealths, and wa••ched in K••ng••omes: They who are to tall too stand, too stub••orn to bow, are but too fit to break. R••ssling Spirits ••aise ••hem∣selves at the settlement of Governm••nts, but fall after i••; being but unruly Wav••s to a st••ady Rock, breaking thems••lves on that solid Constitution they would break. Few aimed at Favourites as Sir Iohn did at the Lord Chanc••llor, but their Arrows fell on their own heads; Soveraignty being alwayes struck through prime Councellours, and Majesty through its chief Ministe••s. Sir Iohn Perrot no sooner cla••hed with Hatton, ••han he lost the Queen•• and ever since he reflected on his Dancing, he lost his own footing, and never stood on his legs.

Observations on the life of Sir Francis Walsingham.

HE was a Gentleman (at first) of a good house•• but of a better Education; and from the University travelled for the rest of his Learning. He was the b••st Linguist of the times, but knew best how to use his own tongue, whereby he came to be employed in the chief••st Affairs of State. He was sent Ambassadour into France, and stayed there a Leiger long, in the heat of the Civil Wars. At his return he was taken Principal Secre∣tary, and was one of the great ••ngin••s of State, and of the times, high in the Queens favour, and a watchful servant over the ••afety of his Mistress. He ••cted the same part in the Courts of France abo••••

that Match, that Gundamor, if I be not mistaken (saith Sir Robert Naunton) did in the Court of Eng∣land about the Spanish. His apprehension wa•• quick, and his Judgement solid: his ••ead was so strong, that he could look into the depth of men and business, and dive into the Whirlpools of State Dexterous he was in finding a secret, close in keeping it: Much he had got by Study, more by Travel•• which enlarged and actuated his thoughts. Ceci•• bred him his Agent, as he bred hundreds. Hi•• Converse was insinuating and rese••ved: He saw e∣very man, and none saw him. His spirit was a•• publick as his parts; and it was his fi••st Maxime Knowledge is never too dear: yet as Debonnair as he was prudent; and as obliging to the so••ter, but pr••••dominant par••s of the wo••l••, as he was serviceable to the mo••e severe: and no less Dexterous to work on humou••s, than to convince Reason. He would say, he must obse••ve the joynts and flexures of Affairs; and so could do more with a Story, than others could with a Harangue. He always sur∣prized business, and preferred motions in the hea•• of other diversions; and if he must debate it, he would hear all; and with the advantage of afore∣going speeches, that either cautioned or confirmed his resolutions, he carried all before him in conclu∣sion beyond reply. He o••t-did the Jesuites in their own bowe, and over-reached them in their own e∣quivocation, and mental reservation•• never setling a Lye, but warily drawing out and discovering truth. As the close Room sucketh in most Air, ••o this wary man got most intelligence, being most of our Papists Confessour before their death, as they had been their Brethrens before their Treason. He

said what another writ, That an habit of secrecy is policy and vertue. To him mens faces spake as much as their tongues, and their countenances were In∣dexes of their hearts. He would so beset men with Questions, and draw them on, and pick it out of them by piece-meals, that they discovered themselves whether they answered or were silent. This Spa∣nish Proverb was familiar with him, Tell a Lye, and find a Truth; and this, Speak no more than you may safely retreat from without danger, or fairly go through with without opposition. Some are good onely at some affairs in their own acquaintance; Wal∣singham was ready every where, and could make a party in Rome as well as England. He waited on mens souls with his eye, discerning their secret hearts through their transparent faces.

He served him••elf of the Factions as his Mistress did, neither advancing the one, nor depressing the other: Familiar with Cecil, allied to Leicester, and an Oracle to Sussex. He could overthrow any matter by undertaking it, and move it so as it must fall. He never broke any business, yet carried ma∣ny: He could discourse any matter wi••h them that most opposed; so that they in opposing it, promoted it. His fetches and compass to his designed speech, were things of great patience and use. Twice did he deceive the French as Agent, once did he settle the Netherlands as Commissioner, and twice did he alter the Government of Scotland as Embassadour. Once did France desire he might be recalled, because he was too hard for the Coun∣sel for the Hugonots; and once did Scotland request his remand, because he would have overturned their Constitution: 53 Agents did he maintain in

Forreign Courts, and 18 Spies:: for two Pistols an Order, he had all the private Papers of Europe: few Letters escaped his hands, whose Contents he could read and not touch the Seal••. Bellarmine read his Lectures at Rome one moneth, and Reynolds had•• them confute that next. So patient was this wise man, Chiselhurst never saw him angry, Cambridge n••ver passionate and the Court never discomposed. Religion was the interest of his Countrey, (in his judgement) and of his Soul; therefore he main∣tained it as sincerely as he lived it: it had his head, his purse, and his heart. He laid the great founda∣••ion of the Protestant Constitution as to its policy•• and the main plot against the Polish as to its ruine. ••e would cherish a plot some years together, ad∣mitting the Conspirators to his own and the Queens ••••e••ence familiarly, but dogging them out watch∣••••••••y: his Spi••s waited on some men every hour, for ••••••ee yea••s; and le••t they could not keep coun∣sel, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dispatched them to forraign parts, taking in new S••••vants•• H••s train••ng Parry of who d••signed 〈…〉〈…〉 of Queen Elizabeth, the admitting of hi•• under the p••etence of discovering a Plot to the Q••eens presence, and then letting him go where he would, onely on the security of a Dark Sentinel set over him, was •• piece of reach and ha••ard beyond common apprehension. But Kingdomes were act∣ed by him, as well as private persons. It is a likely report (saith one) that they father on him at his return ••••om France, when the Queen expressed her 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the ••panish designe on that Kingdome with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••cernment, Madam, (saith he) be content not 〈…〉〈…〉 the Spaniard hath a great appetite, and an 〈…〉〈…〉 digestion: but I have fitted him with a bone

for this twenty years, that your Majesty shall have no cause to doubt him: Pr••vided that if the fire chance to slack which I have kindled, you will be ruled by me, and now and then cast in some English fuel which may revive the flame. H•• ••irst observed the g••eat Bishop of Winchester fit to serve the Church, upon the un∣likely Youths first Sermon at S•••• Alhallows Barking: He brought my Lord Cooke first to the Church upon some private discourse with him at his Table. The Queen of Scots Letters were all carried to him by her own Servant, whom she trusted, and decyphe∣red to him by one Philips, as they were sealed again by one Gregory, so that neither that Queen, or her correspondents ever perceived either the Seal defa∣ced, or the Letters delayed to her dying day. Vi∣deo & Taceo, was his saying, before it was his Mi∣stresses Motto.

H•• could as well ••it King Iames his humour with sayings out of Xenophon, Thucydides, Plutarch, Taci∣tus: as he could King Henry's with Rablais's conceits, and the Hollander with mechanick Discourses. In a word, Sir Francis Walsingham was a studious and temperate man; so publick-spirited, that he spent his Estate to serve the Kingdome; so faithful, that ••e be∣stowed his years on his Queen; so learned, that he provided a Library for Kings Colledge of his own Books; which was the best for Policy, as Cecil's was for History, Arundels for Heraldry, Cottons for An∣tiquity, and Vshers for Divinity: finally, he ••qualled all the Statesmen former ages discourse of, and hard∣ly hath been equalled by any in following Age••.

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Leicester.

THe Lord Leicester was the youngest son then living of Dudley Duke of Northumberland: he was also one of the first to whom Queen Elizabeth gave that honour to be master of the horse. He was a very goodly person, and singular well featured, and all his youth well favoured, and of a sweet aspect, but high foreheaded, which was taken to be of no discommendation: but towards his latter end grew high-coloured and red-faced. The Queen made him Earl of Leicester for the suffe∣rings of his Ancestors sake, both in her Fathers and Sisters Reigns. The Earl of Essex his death in Ire∣land, and the marriage of his Lady yet living, deep∣ly stains his commendation. But in the Observa∣tions of his Letters and Writings, there was not known a Stile or Phrase more religious, and ful∣ler of the streams of Devotion. He was sent Go∣vernour by the Queen to the United States of Hol∣land, where we read not of his wonders; for they say, Mercury, not Mars, in him had the predo∣minancy. To the Policy he had from Northum∣berland his Father, and the Publican Dudley his Grandfather, he added, it is said, Magick and A∣strology; and to his converse with Wise men, his familiarity with Wizards. Indeed he would say, A States-man should be ignorant of nothing, but should have all notices either within his own or his Confidents command.

His Brother Ambrose was the heir to the Estate, and he to the Wisdome of that Family. He was the most reserved man of that Age, that saw all, and was invisible; carrying a depth not to be fa••homed but by the Searcher of Hearts. Many fell in his time, who saw not the hand that pulled them down; and as many died that knew not their own Disease. He trusted not his Familiars above a twelve-month together, but either transported them for Forreign services, or wafted them to ano∣ther world. His Ambition was of a large extent, and his head-piece of a larger. Great was his In∣fluence on England, greater on Scotland, and great∣est of all on Ireland and the Netherlands; where this close Genius acted invisibly, beyond the reach of friends, or the apprehension of enemies. Declining an immediate opposition in Court-factions, the wa∣ry Sir raised always young Favourites to outshine the old ones: so balancing all others that he might be Paramount himself. The modern policy and practices were but shallow to his; who by promo∣ting the Queens match, could hinder it; who could de∣coy Hunsdon to Berwick, Pembroke to Wales, Sid∣ney to Ireland; while what with his great Train, what with his growing Popularity, he was called the Heart of the Court.

To make his Basis equal to his heighth, he enlar∣ged and strengthened his Interest by Alliance with the chief Nobility, to whom he was related. By his Patronage of Learning, over which he was Chancellour•• by kindness to the Clergy, whose head he seemed to be; by his command over all men, whom either his favours had won, or his frowns awed; every body being either within the

Obligation of his Cour••esies, or the reach of his In∣juries. He advised some complyance with Philip of Spain for the match he proposed; while by de∣grees he altered Religion so, as it must be impossi∣ble; designing Queen Elizabeth for his own Bed, while she made his way to the Queen of Scots: whose re••usal of him he made as fatal to her, as his marriage would have been advantageous; (The Queen of England promising to declare her next heir to the Crown of England, in case she failed of Issue, upon that match.) Leicester trepans Norfolk to treat a match with the Scotch Queen; and her to accept it, to both their ruine: both being enga∣g••d in such foolish Enterprizes by their enemies practices, as made Leicester able in the head of a new Association in the Queens defence, to take off Norfolk and his Ladies head. He was always be∣forehand with his Designes, being a declared enemy to After-games.

His Interest was Popery, until my Lord North put him upon Puritanism, but his Religion neither: he promoted the French and Polish match at Court, and disparaged them in the Country. When Car∣dinal Chati••••ian advertized her Majesty how Lei∣cester drave Royal Suiters from her Court, he was sent to another World. He that would not hold by his favour, must fall by his frown; Arch∣bishop Grindal not excepted. His hand bestowed all favours, and his brows all frowns: the whose Court was at his Devotion, and half the Council at his beck. Her Majesty suspected, but durst not remove him. His Intelligence was good in Scot∣land, better in Ireland, best in Spain. The Coun∣try was governed by his Allies, and the Court by

himself. The Tower was in his servants hands, Lon∣don under his Creatures Government, and the Law managed by his Confidents. His treasure was vast, his gains unaccountable, all passages to prefer∣ment being in his hand at home and abroad. He was never reconciled to her Majesty under 5000 l. nor to any Subject under 500 l. and was ever and ••non out with both. All Monopolies are his, who commanded most mens Purses, and all mens Parts. A man was oppressed if he complyed with him, and undone if he opposed him. In a word, his designe was thought a Crown, his Parts too large for a Subject, his Interest too great for a Ser∣vant, his depth not fathomable in those days, and his Policy not reached in these.

Observations on the Life of Christopher Lord Hatton.

SIr Christopher Hatton was a Gentleman who for his activity and Person was taken into the Qu••ens favour. He was first made Vice-Chamberlain, and shortly after advanced to the place of Lord Chancellour•• A Gentleman, that besides the Graces of his Person, and Dancing, had also the Adjectments of a strong and subtile c••pa∣city: one that could soon learn the Discipline and Garb both of Times and Court. The truth is, he had a large proportion of Gifts and Endowments, but too much of the season of Envy. As he came, so he continued in the Court in a mask. An honest man he was, but reserved. Sir Iohn Perr••t talked,

and Sir Christopher Ha••ton thought, His features set off his body, his gate his features, his carriage his gate, his parts his carriage, his prudence his parts, and his close patience his prudence. The Queen loved him well for his activity, better for his parts, best of all for his abilities, which were as much a∣bove his experience, as that was above his learning, and that above his education. The little the wary man did, was so exactly just and discreet; and the little he said, was so prudent and weighty, that he was chosen to keep the Queens Conscience as her Chancellour, and to express her sense as her Spea∣ker: the Courtiers that envied the last capacity, were by his power forced to confess their errours; and the Sergeants that would not plead before him in the first, by his prudence to confess his abilities. The Chancellourship was above his Law, but not his Parts; so pregnant and comprehensive, that he could command other mens knowledge to as good purpose as his own. Such his humility, that he did nothing without two Lawyers: such his ability, that the Queen did nothing without him. Two things he said he w••s jealous of, his Mistresses the Queens Prerogatives, and his Mother the Churches Discipline: the one, that Majesty might be at li∣berty to do as much good; and the other, that Ini∣quity might not be free to as much evil as it plea∣sed. His enemies advanced him, that they might weaken him at Court by his absence, and kill him at home by a sedentariness. This even and clear man observed and improved their practices, closing with Malice it self to his own advancement, and tem∣pering the most perverse enmity to the greatest kindness.

His ••irst Preferment at Court was to be one of the fifty Pensioners; whence his modest sweetness of Manners advanced him to the Privy Chamber: where he had not been long, but his face and tongue (which most eloquent, which most powerful, was in those days a question) made him Captain of the Guard•• his presence and service Vice-Cham∣berlain; and his great improvement under my my Lord Burleigh, placed him in that grave Ass∣embly, (the wisest Convention in Europe at that time) the Privy-Council; where he had not sate long, when his enemies as well as his friends made him Chancellour and Knight of the Garter: the one to raise him, and the other by that rise to ruine him. The Eagle-eyed men of those times carried up on high the Cockleshel they had a mind to crack. A man of a pious Nature, very charitable to the Poor, very tender of dissenting Judgements, (saying, That neither searing nor cutting was to be used in the cause of Religion) very bountiful to Scholars, (who chose him Chancellour at Oxford) very exact in his Place; whence he went off, though not with the applause of a great Lawyer to split Causes, yet with the Conscience and comfort of a just man, to do equity.

Take his Character from his own words, those words that prevailed with the Queen of Scots to appear before the Commissioners at Fotheringaz, when neither Queen Elizabeths Commission, nor the Lord Chancellours Reason, nor the Power of the Kingdome could perswade that good Lady to it. The words are these:

You are accused, but not condemned. You say

you are a Queen; be it so: if you are innocent, you wrong your Reputation in avoiding tryal. You pro∣test your self innocent, the Queen feareth the con∣trary not without grief and shame. To examine your innocence are these honourable, prudent, and upright Commissioners sent: glad will they be with all their hearts if they may return and report you guiltless. Believe me, the Queen her self will be much affected with joy, who affirmed to me at my coming from her, that never any thing befel her more grievous, than that you were charged with such a crime: Wherefore lay aside the bootless pri∣viledge of Royal Dignity, which here can be of no use to you, appear in Iudgement, and shew your Innocence; lest by avoiding tryal, you draw upon your self suspition, and lay upon your Reputation an e∣ternal blot and aspersion.

Four things I observe he did that deserve a Chro∣nicle:

• 1. That he delayed the Signing of Leicesters P••∣t••nt for the Lieut••nantcy of England and Ireland, the Preface to his Kingdome, until that Earl was sick.
• 2. That he reduced the Chancery, and all other Courts, to Rules.
• 3. That he stood by the Church against the ene∣mies of both sides. Archbishop Whitgift when checked by others for his due severity, writes to him thus: I think my self bound to you for your friendly Message as long as I live: It hath not a little com∣forted me, having received unkinde speeches not long since, &c. And therefore (after an ••xpostulation about some States-mens Proceedings against the Law and State of the Realm, and a Declaration of his own

• resolution) saith he, your Honour in of••ering that great courtesie, offered unto me as great a pleasure as I can desire. Her Majesty must be my Refuge, and I beseech you that I may use you as a means, when oc∣casion shall serve; whereof I assure my self, and there∣in rest, John Cant.
• 4. That he promoted the Proclamations for plain Apparel, for Free Trade, for pure Relig••on, and the Laws against the Papists.

None Nobler, none less aspiring: none more bu∣sie, yet none more punctual in his hours and orders. Corpulent he was, but temperate; a Batchelor, (and the onely one of the Queens Favourites) yet chaste: quick were his Dispatches, but weighty, many his Orders, and consistent: numerous were the Addresses to him, and easie the access. Sel∣dome were his Orders reversed in Chancery, and ••eldomer his Advice opposed in Council. So just he was, that his sentence was Law with the Su••j••ct; so wise, that his Opinion was Oracle with his Sove∣raign: so exact was Q••een Elizabeth, that she cal∣led upon him for an old debt, though it broke his heart; so loving, that she carried him a Cordial-broath with her own hand, though it could not r••∣vive him.

Observations on the Life of the Lord Hunsdon.

THe Lord Hunsdon was of the Q••eens near∣est Kindred; and on the decease of Sussex, both he and his Son took the place of Lord Chamberlain. He was a fast man to his Prince, and firm to his friends and servants, downright, honest, and stout-hearted, having the charge of the Queens Person both in the Court, and in the Camp at Til∣bury. The integrity of his temper allayed the great∣ness of his birth; which had rendred him dange∣rous, if the other had not vouched him faithful. He spoke big, but honestly; and was thought rather resolute than ambitious. His words were as his thoughts, and his actions as his words. He had Valour enough to be an eminent Souldier in Ruffling times, and a r••nownedly honest man in Queen Eli∣zabeths Reign. His Latine, saith Sir Robert Naun∣ton, and his dissimulation, were both alike. His cu∣stome of swearing, and obscenity in speaking, made him seem a wo••se Christian than he was, and a bet∣ter Knight of the Carpet than he should be. The Pol••ticians follow••d Cecil, the Courtiers Leicester, and the Souldiers Hunsdon, whose hands were bet∣ter than his head, and his heart than both. He led so brave a Train of young Gallants, as after another threatned a Court, but after him secured it; whose Greatness was not his Mistresses jealou••••e, but her safeguard. One of his blunt Jests went further than others affected Harangues; the one being Na∣ture,

the other forced. His faithfulness made him Governour of Berwick; a place of great ••ervice: and General of the English Army; a place of great Trust. He had something of Leicesters Choler, but none of his Malice. A right Noble Spirit, not so stupid as not to resent, not so unworthy as to re∣tain a sense of Injuries. To have the Courage to observe an Affront, is to be even with an Adversa∣ry: to have the patience to forgive it, is to be a∣bove him. There goeth a story of him, that when his Retinue, which in those times was large, would have drawn on a Gentleman that had returned him a box on the ear, he forbad them in these Souldier-like words: You Rogues, cannot my Neighbour and my self exchange a box on the car, but you must in∣terpose?

He might have been what he would, for relieving Queen Elizabeth in her distress: he would be but what he was: Others Interests were of••ered him to stand upon; he was contented with his own. He suppressed the Court Factions, and the Northern Commotions; the one by his Inter••••t, the other by his Valour: for the one, he had always the Queens heart; for the other, he had once a most G••acious Letter.

His Court-••avour was as lasting as his Integrity. One hath left this remarque concerning him:* 1.11 That he should have been twice Earl of Wiltshire in right of his Mother Bollen. And the Queen, when he was on his Death-Bed, ordered his patent and Robes to his bed-side: where he who could dissem∣ble neither well nor ill, told the Queen, That if he was not worthy of those Honours when living, he was unworthy of them when dying.

In a word, Sir William Cecil was a wise man; Bacon was reaching, ••eicester cunning; Walsingham was a Patriot, and my Lord Hunsdon was honest.

Observations on the Life of Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York, and Lord Chancel∣lour of England.

AT once a most wise and a most learned man, of great Policy, and of as great Integri∣ty; meek and resolute: more devout to follow his own Conscience, than cruel to perse∣cute others. It is enough to intimate his moderate temper, equal, and di••-engaged from violent ex∣treams; that the first of Queen Elizabeth, in the Disputation between the Papists and Protestants, he was chosen by the privy-Council one of the Modera∣tors, when Sir Nicholas Bacon was the other.

The Civility ••e shewed in pros••erity, he found in Adver••ity: for in Queen El••zabeths time he was rather ••ased, than deposed, [like another Ab••athar, sent home by Solomon to his own fields in Ana∣thoth] living cheerfully a•• Co••ham in Surry, where he devoted his Old Age to Religion and Study, be∣ing much comforted with the ••ueens Visits and kindness, and more with his own good conscience; that (as he would often say) he had been so intent upon the service, as never to enjoy the greatness of any place he was advanced to.

Sir Henry Wotton being bound for Rome, asked his Host at Siena, a man well versed in men and bu∣siness, What Rules he would give him for his port••,

Conduct and Carriage? There is one short remem∣brance (said he) will carry you safe through the world; nothing but this, (said he) Gli Pensiere str••t∣ti, & el viso Scio••••o: (i. e.) Your thoughts close•• and your Countenance loose.

The Character of this prelate, a man of a calm and reserved minde, but of a gravely obliging car∣riage: wise and wary; and that a solid wisdome rather than a formal; well seasoned with pra∣ctice, and well broken to Affairs: of a fine Com∣position, between F••ugality and magnificence: A great Cherisher of manual Arts, especially such as tended to splendour or ornament; entertaining the most exquisite Artists with a setled pension. ••∣qually divided he was between the Priest and the States-man; Great with his double power, Ecclesi∣astical and Civil: by Nature more reserved than popular, with Vertues fitter to beget estimation than love. In his Chancellourship he was served with able followers, rather by choice than number, and with more neatness and service than noise. As midland Countries in busie times are most secure, as being farthest, and most participating of the common Interest: so your moderate and middle men in troublesome and perplexed times, are most quiet, as least concerned in the respective Contro∣versies, and most intent upon the common good.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Picker∣ing.

HIs Extraction was not Noble, his estate but mean; yet was his person so comely, his carriage so elegant, his life so gravely re∣served and studious, and his Embassies in France and Germany so well managed, that in King Ed∣wards days he was by the Council pitched upon as the Oracle, whereby our Agents were to be guided abroad•• and in Queen Eli••abeths, designed by com∣mon vote for the Prince by whom we were to be governed at home. He received extraordinary fa∣vours, no doubt, so deserving he was: he was wish∣••d to more, he was so popular: and when his ser∣vice wa•• admitted to her majesties bosome, all fan∣cies but his own placed his person in her Bed. And I find him a prince in this, That retiring from those busie Buslings in the State, wherein he might be matched or out-done, he devoted his large soul to those more sublime and noble researches in his Study, wherein he sate monarch of hearts and let∣ters. Anxious posterity no doubt enquires what great Endowments could raise so private a man to such publick honour and expectation; and it must imagine him one redeemed by the politure of good Education, from his younger vanities and simplici∣ties, his Rustick ignorance, his Clownish con••idence his Bruitish dulness, his Country solitude, his earth∣ly ploddings, his Beggerly indigencies, or covetous necessities; racked and refined from the Lees of

sensual and inordinate lust, from swelling and surly pride, from base and mean designes, from immo∣derate affections, violent passions, unreasonable im∣pulses, and depraved asp••cts; of a strong and hand∣some body, a large and publ••ck soul, of a gentle and patient access, of benign and just re••entments, a grand awful presence. This is he that is born to teach the world, That * 1.12 Vertue and Wariness make•• Kings as well as Gods.

Observations on the Life of Cu••hberth Tonstal, Bishop of Durham.

A Man passing well seen in all kind of polished litera••ure; who having run through many degrees of honour at home, and worthily performed several Embassies abroad, was very hot against the Popes primacy in his young days, very moderate for it in his middle years, and very zea∣lous in his old age: like the waters in Curtius, that are hot at midnight, warm in the morning, and cold at noon. In the Reign of Queen Mary he spake more harshly against the protestants, (calling Bishop Hooper Beast for being married) then he acted, be∣ing politickly presumed to bark the more, that he might bite the less; and observed to threaten much in London, and do little in his own Diocess: for I meet (saith my Author) with a marginal note in Mr. Foxe, which indeed justly deserved even in the fairest letters to be inserted in the body of his Book: Note, that Bishop Tonstal in Queen Mary's days was no great bloody Persecutor: for Mr. Russel a Preacher

was before him, and Dr. Hinmer his Chancellour would have had him examined more particularly: the Bishop staid him, saying, Hitherto we have had a good report among our Ne••ghbours; I pray you bring not this mans blood upon my head.

When the more violent Bishops were confined to close prisons, primo Elizabethae he lived in Free Custody at my Lord of Canterbury's, in sweet Cham∣bers, warm Beds, by warm Fires, with plentiful and wholesome Diet at the Archbishops own Table: differing nothing from his former Grandeur, save that that was at his own charges, and this at ano∣thers; and that he had not his former suit of su∣perfluous Servan••s, that long Train that doth not warm but weary the Wearer thereof. In a word, his custody did not so much sowre his freedome, as his freedome sweetned his custody; where his Soul was most free, using not once those Oracles of Se∣neca, That the good things of Prosperity are to be wished, and the good things of Adversity to be admi∣red. It's true Greatness to have at once the frail••y of a man, and the security of a God. Prosperi••y (saith my Lord Bacon) is the blessing of the Old Testament, and Adversity of the new: the first wants not its fears and distastes, therein therefore our prelate was temperate; nor the second its comforts and hopes, and therein he was resolved: in the one (—virtus vel in hoste) he was not vicious, under the other lie was vertuous.

Observations on the Life of Sir Francis Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury.

NObility without Vertue is a disgrace, Ver∣tue without Nobility low; but Nobility adorned with Vertue, and Vertue embel∣lished by Nobility, raiseth a man high as Nature reacheth: and he in whom these two concur, hath all the glory a man can attain unto, viz. both an Inclination and a Power to do well.

This is the man whose Greatn••ss was but the ser∣vant to his Goodness, and whose honour the In∣strument of his Vertue; who was reverenced like the Heavens he bore, for his B••neficence, as well as for his Glory. He saw four troublesome Reigns, but not troubled himself, as one that was so espou∣sed to the common and grand Concerns of Man∣kinde, as to be unin••e••ested in the particular and petty Designe of any party of it.

He had friends (and none more sure to them, or more devoted to that sacred thing called Friend∣ship) to ease his heart to, to support his judge∣ment by, to reform, or at least observe his defect in, to compose his mind with; but none to countenance in a Faction, or side with in a quarrel: Vsefulness is a Bond that tieth great and good men, and not respects.

How low Learning ran in our Land among our Native Nobility some two hundred years since, in the Reign of King Henry the sixth, too plainly ap∣peareth by the Motto in the Sword of the Martial

Earl of Shrewsbury, (where (saith my Author) at the same time a man may smile at the simplicity, and sigh at the barbarousness thereof) Sum Talboti pro occidere inimicos me••s: the be••t Latine that Lord, and perchance his Chaplain too in that Age could afford. The case was much altered here, where this Lords Grandchild was at once the chiefest * Coun∣cellour, and the most eminent Scholar of his Age. It's a reverend thing to see any ancient piece stan∣ding against time, much more to see an ancient Fa∣mily standing against Fortune. Certainly Prin∣ces that have able men of their Nobility, shall finde ease in employing them, and a better ••lide into their business: For people naturally bend to them, as born in some sort to com∣mand.

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Chall••∣ner.

THis Gentlemans birth in London made him quick, his Education in Cambridge know∣ing, and his travail abroa•• ••expert. In Henry the eighth's time he reserved Charles the fifth in the expedition of Algier: where being ship-wrack∣ed, after he had swum till his strength and arms fa••led ••im, at the length catching hold of a Cable with his teeth, he escaped, not without the loss of some of his teeth. (We are consecrated by dan∣gers to services; and we know not what we can do, until we have seen all we can fear.) In Edward

the sixth's Reign, he behaved himself so manly at Muscleborough, that the Protector honoured him with a Knighthood, and his Lady with a Jewel; the delicate and valiant man at once pleasing Mars and his Venus too. The first week of Queen Elizabeths Reign, he is designed an Embassadour of honour to the Emperour; such his port and carriage! and the second year, her Leiger for business in Spain; such his trust and abilities! The first he performed not with more Gallantry, than he did the second with policy; bearing up King Philips expectation of the match with England for three years effectu∣ally, until he had done the Queens business abroad, and she had done her own at home. In Spain he equally divided his time between the Scholar and the States-man, his recreation and his business; for he refreshed his more careful time with a pure and learned Verse, de rep. Anglorum instauranda, in five Books, whilst as he writes in the preface to that Book, he lived Hieme infurno, aestate in Horreo: i. e. Wintered in a Stove, and Summered in a Barn. He understood the Concerns of this estate well, and those of his own better; it being an usual saying, engraven on all his Plates and Actions,—Frugality is the left hand of Fortune, and Diligence the right. Anthony Brown Viscount Mountacute urged with much Zeal and many Arguments the Danger and Dishonour of revolting off from the Catholick and Mother-Church: Sir Thomas Challener with more Eloquence enlarged on the just Cause for which we deceded from the Errours of Rome the true Au∣thority by which we deceded from the Usurpation of Rome, and the Moderation in what we deceded from the Superstition of Rome.

When the Spanish Embassadour urged that some Catholicks might with the Queens leave remain in S••ain; he answered him in a large Declaration, That though the instance seemed a matter of no great moment, yet seeing the Parties concerned would not receive so much advantage by the licen••e as the Com∣monwealth would damage by the President, it was nei∣ther fit for the King of Spain to urge, or for the Queen of England to grant. He was very impatient of In∣juries, pressing his return home when his Coffers were searched, but admonished by his Mistress, That an Embassadour must take all things in good part that hath not a direct tendency to the Princes disho∣nour, or his Countries danger.* 1.13 His death was as ho∣nourable as his life, Sir William Cecil being chief Mourner at his Funeral, St. Pauls containing his Grave, and he leaving a hopeful * 1.14Son that should bring up future Princes, as he had served the pre∣sent; being as worthy a Tutor to the hopeful Prince Henry, as his Father had been a faithful Servant to the renowned Queen Elizabeth.

Observations on the Life of Sir Edward Water∣house.

SIr Edward Waterhous•• was born at Helmstod∣bury Hartfordshire: of an ancient and wor∣shipful Family, deriving their descent lineally from Sir Gilbert Waterhouse of Kyrton in Low-Lind∣sey in the County o•• Lincol•••• in the time of King Hen∣ry

the third. As for our Sir Edward, his Parents were,

Iohn Waterhouse Esquire, a man of much fidelity and sageness, Au∣ditor many years to King Henry the eighth; of whom he obtained (after a great Entertainment for him in his house) the grant of a weekly Market for the Town of Helmsted.

Margaret Turner of the ancient House of Blunts-Hall in Suffolk, and Cannons in Hertfordshire.

The King at his departure honoured the children of the said Iohn Waterhouse,* 1.15 being brought before him, with his praise and encouragement, gave a Ben∣jamins portion of Dignation to this Edward; fore∣telling by his Royal Augury, that he would be the Crown of them all, and a man of great honour and wisdome, fit for the service of Princes. It pleased God afterwards to second the word of the King, so that the sprouts of his hopeful youth on••ly pointed at the growth and greatness of his honourable Age. For, being but twelve years old, he went to Oxford; where for some years he glistered in the Oratorick and Poetick sphere, until he addicted himself to con∣versation, and observance of State-••ffairs, wherein his great proficiency commended him to the favour of three principal Patrons. One was Walter De∣vereux E••rl of Essex, who made him his bosome-friend; and the said Earl lying on his death-bed took his leave of him with many kisses: Oh my Ned, Oh my Ned, (said he) Farewel: thou art the faithfullest and friendliest Gentleman that ever I k••ow, In testimony of his true affection to the dead

Father in his living Son, this Gentleman is thought to have penned that most judicious and elegant Epi∣stle, (recorded in Holinshed's History, pag. 1266.) and presented it to the young Earl, conjuring him by the Cogent Arguments of Example and Rule to pa∣trizare.

His other Patron was ••ir Henry Sidney, (so of∣ten Lord Deputy of Ireland) whereby he became in∣corporated into the familiarity of his Son Sir Phi∣lip Sidney; between whom and Sir Edward there was so great friendliness, that they were never bet∣ter pleased than when in one anothers companies, or when they corresponded each with other. And we finde after the death of that worthy Knight, that he was a close-concerned Mourner at his Obsequies, as appeareth at large in the printed representation of his funeral Solemnity.

His third Patron was ••••r Iohn Perrot, Deputy ••lso of Ireland; who so valued his council, that in State affairs he would do nothing without him. So great his Employment betwixt State and State, that he crossed the Seas thirty seven times, until deser∣vedly at last he came into a port of honour, wherein he sundry years anchored and found safe Harbour. For he receiving the honour of Knighthood, was sworn of her Majesties Privy-Council for Ireland, and Chancellour of the Exchequer therein. Now his grateful soul coursing about how to answer the Queens favour, laid it self wholly out in her ser∣vice: wherein two of his Actions were most remark∣able. First, he was highly instrumental in model∣ling the Kingdome of Ireland into shires, as now they are; shewing himself so great a lover of the po∣lity under which he was born, that he advanced the

Compliance therewith (as commendable and neces∣sary) in the Dominions annexed thereunto. His second service was, when many in that Kingdome shrowded themselves from the Laws, under the Tar∣get of power, making Force their Tutelary Saint, he set himself vigorously to suppress them. And when many of the Privy-Council, terrified with the greatness of the Earl of Desmond, durst not sub∣scribe the Instrument wherein he was proclaimed Traytor, Sir Edward amongst some others boldly signed the same, (disavowing his, and all Treasons against his Fri••nds and Country) and the Council did the like, commanding the publication thereof. As to his private sphear, God blessed him, being but a third Brother, above his other Brethren. Now, though he had three Wives, the first a Villiers, the se∣cond a Spilman, the third the Widow of Herlakenden of Wood-church in Kent, Esquire; and though he had so strong a brain and body, yet he lived and died childless, intercommoning therein with many Worthies, who are, according to AElius Spartianu••, either improl••fick, or have children in Genitorum Vituperium & famarum Laesuram. God thus de∣nying him the pleasure of posterity, he craved leave of the Queen to retire himself, and fixed the resi∣due of his life at Wood-church in Kent, living there in great Honour and Repute, as one who had no designe to be popular, and not prudent; rich, and not honest; great, and not good. He died in th•• 56 year of his Age, the 13 of October 1591. and is buried at Wood-church under a Table-marble mo∣nument, erected to his memory by his sorrowful Lady surviving him.

Observations on the Life of the Duke of Norfolk••

HIs Predecessors made more noyse it may be, but he had the greater fame: their Great∣ness was feared, his Goodness was loved. He was heir to his Uncles Ingenuity, and his Fathers Valour; and from both derived as well the Laurel as the Coronet.

His God and his Soveraign were not more taken with the ancient simplicity that lodged in his plain breast, than the people were endeared by that no∣ble humility that dwelt in his plainer cloaths and ca••riage. (The most honourable Pe••sonages, like the m••st honourable Coats of Arms, are least gau∣dy.) In the Election of the first Parliament of Que••n Elizabeth, and as a consequent to that in the settlement of the Kingdome, Sir William Cecils Wisdome did much, the Earl of Arundels Industry more, but the D••ke of Norfolks Popularity did m••st. Neve•• Peer more dread, never more dear: as he could engage the people to comply with their Soveraign at home, so he could lead them to serve her abroad. That martial but unfor••unate Gen∣tleman VVilliam Lord Grey, draweth first towards Scotland, (for the first Cloud that would have da••∣k••ned our glorious star, came from the North, VVhence all evil, is equally our Proverb and our ex∣perience) as Warden of the middle and East m••••∣ches: but he is seconded by the Duke, as Lieute∣nan••-General of the North-parts; where his pre∣sence

commands a Treaty, and his Authority a League, Offensive and Defensive, to balance the French Interest, to reduce the North parts of Ire∣land, and keep the peace of both Kingdome••. Now as the watchful Duke discovered by some private Passages and Letters that Scotland was to be invaded by the French: so he writ to his Soveraign, That not∣withstanding the Spanish and French Embassadors Overtures, ••he would proceed resolutely in her pre∣parations for Scotland; as she did under his Conduct, until the young Que••n was glad to submit; and the King of France, by Cecil and Throgmortons means now b••sied at home, to come to terms.

He brought the Kingdome to musters, the Peo∣ple to ply husbandry, the nobility to keep Armo∣ries, and the Justicers to Salaries. The Ensignes of St. Michael were bestowed upon him as the Noblest, and on Leicester as the dearest person at Court: N••w Arundel, who had spent his own Estate in hope of the Queens, under pretence of recovering his health, travelled abroad to mitigate his grief. When the Earls of Pembroke and Leicester were openly for the Queens marriage, for the future security of our present happiness; the Duke, though privately of their minde, yet would discourse.

• 1. That Successors take off the peoples eyes from the present Soveraign.
• 2. That it was the safest way to k••ep all Com∣petitors in suspence.
• 3. That Successors, though not designed, may succeed.
• 4. Whereas when known, they have been u••∣done by the Arts of their Competitors.
• 5. And that most men (whatever the busie Agi∣tators

• of the Succession pretended) have no more feeling in publick matters than concerneth their own p••ivate interest. But he had a p••ivate kind∣ness for ••he Q••een of Scots, which he discovered in all the Treaties wherein she was concerned. 1. In Lov••-Letters to her, notwithstanding that Queen Elizabeth bid him take care what pillow he rested his head on. 2. In his meditations at Court so im∣portune for her, that the Queen would say, The Queen of Scots shall never want an Advocate while Norfolk lives. And, 3. By some private transacti∣on with the Pope and Spaniard: to which Leicesters craft trepanned him against his friend Cecils ad∣vice, which in a dangerous juncture cost him his life. For the people wishing (for the securi••y of the succession in a Protestant and an E••glish hand) that the good Duke were married to the mother, and his onely Daughter to her young Son; subtile Leicester and Throgmorton laid a Train for the plain man by Conf••rences with Murray, Cecil, &c. until a Plot was discovered; and the Duke, notwithstanding Cecils advice to marry a priva••e Lady, retiring to Norfolk to finish the Ma••ch with the Queen, was upon Letters taken with Rosse sur∣prized, and committed to the Tower, he saying, I am betrayed, and undone by mine own, whilst I knew not how to mistrust, which is the strength of wisdom. After a solemn Tryal, he is beheaded for Indiscreti∣ons rather than Treasons, losing his head because he wanted one. Never any fell more beloved, or more pitied: such his singular Courtesie, such his magnificent Bounty, not unbecoming so great a Peer. High was his Nobility, large his Interest, singular∣ly good his Nature, comely his Person, manly his

• Countenance, who (saith Cambden) might have been a great strength and Ornament to his Country, had not the cunning practices of his malicious Ad∣versaries, and slippery hopes, under colour of pub∣lick good, diverted it from his first course of life. His death was a blot to some mens Justice, to all mens Discretion that were concerned in it, as gene∣rally odious, though quietly endured•• which proves (saith one) That the common people are like Rivers, which seldome grow so impetuous as to transcend the bounds of Obedience, but upon the overflowing of a general Oppression.

Observations on the Life of Sir Nicholas Throg∣morton.

SIr Nicholas Throgmorton, fourth son of Sir George Throgmorton of Coughton in Warwick∣shire, was bread beyond the Seas, where he attained to great experience. Under Queen Mary he was in Guild-hall arraigned for Treason, (in co••∣pliance with Wiat) and by his own wary pleading, and the Juries upright Verdict, hardly escaped. Queen Elizabeth employed him her Leiger a long time, first in France, then in Scotland, finding him a most able minister of state: yet got he no great wealth; and no wonder, being ever of the oppo∣site party to Burleigh Lord Treasurer: Chamberlain of the Exchequer, and Chief Butler of England, were his highest Preferments. I say, Chief But∣ler; which Office, like an empty-covered Cup, pretended to some State, but afforded no consi∣derable

profit. He died at supper with eating of sallats: not without suspicion of poyson; the ra∣ther, because it happ••ned in the house of one no mean Ar••ist in that faculty, R Earl of Leicester. His dea••h, as it was sudden, was seasonable for him and his, whose active (others will call it tur••ulent) spi••it had brought him unto such trouble as might have cost h••m, at least, the loss of his personal E∣state. He died in the 57 year of his Age, Febr. 12. 15••0. and lieth buried in the South-side of the Chance•• of St. Martin Cree-church London.

A stons and a wise man, that saw through preten∣ces, and could look beyond dangers. His skill in Herald••y appears in his grim Arguments against the Ki••g of France, in ••ight of his Q••een of Scots U∣surping of the Arms of England; and his exper••∣ence in History, in his p••••emptory D••clarations of th•• Queen of Englands a 1.16 Title in the right of her ••welve Predecessors to t••ose of France. But his policy much mo••e, b•• putting Mo••tmorency, the great Enemy of the Guizes, upon perswading his Master out of the humour of wearing those Arms, with this Argument, That it was below the Arms of F••ance to be quartered with those of England; those being comprehensive of these and all other of his Ma∣jesties Dominions. An Argument more suitable to that P••ince his ambition, than convincing to his R••ason. Wise men speak rather what is most fit, than what is most rational, not what demonstrates, but what perswades his, and takes. But being en∣dang••red in his person, affronted in his Retinue, and served with nothing at his Table but what had the Arms of England quartered with those of France, he dealt underhand wit•• the E••rl of Nor∣thumberland,

to understand the scope the Reformed propounded to themselves, their means to compass what they aimed at, and (if at any time they were assisted) upon what terms a League might be con∣cluded between the two Kingdomes. The Advices collected from all his Observations he sent to the Queen, were these:

• 1. That she should not rest in dull Counsels of what is lawful, but proceed to quick Resolutions of what is safe.
• 2. That to prevent, is the policy of all Nations, and to be powerful, of ours. England is never peaceable but in Ar••••.
• 3. That how close soever they managed their Affairs, it was a Maxime, b 1.17 That France can nei∣ther be poor, nor abstain from War three years toge∣ther.

Francis Earl of Bedford bore the state of the French Embassy, and Sir Nicholas the burden, who gave dayly Directions to Sir Thomas Challone•• in Spain, Sir Henry Killigrew in Germany, and Sir Tho∣mas Randolph and Si•• Peter Mewtas in Scotland: to the two first, to enjealous the Princes of those Countries; and to the last, to unite the Nobility of Scotland; he in the mean time suffering himself to be taken prisoner by the Protestants at the battle of Dreux, that he might with less suspition impart secret Counsels to them, and receive as secret Ad∣vices from them; until discovering their lightness and unconstancy, they secured him as a person too cunning for the whole Faction, and too skilful in raising Hurley-burleys and Commotions. When the young Queen of Scots would needs marry the young Lord Darley, he told her that was long to be

deliberated on which was to be done but once. And when that would not do, he advised, 1. That an Army should appear upon the borders: 2. That the Eccl••siast••cal Laws should be in force against Papists: 3. That Hereford should be secured: and, 4. That the Lord Dudley should be advanced. But the Queen being married to the Lord Darley, an easie and good-natured man, whom Qu••en Eli∣zabeth wished to her bed next Leicester, and affron∣ted by her subjects, Throgmorton disputes the Que••n•• Authority and non-accountableness to any against Buchanans damned c 1.18 Dialogue of the Peo∣ples power over Kings: until ••melling their designe of revolt to the French, and cruelty upon the Queen, he perswaded her to resigne her Govern∣ment, saying, That her Resignation extorted in Pri∣son, which is a just fear, was utterly void. The next news we hear of this busie man, was in his two Ad∣visoes to the Queen of Scots friends: 1. To clap up d 1.19 Cecil, whom they might then (he said) deal with: 2. To proclaim the Q••een of Sexs successi∣on; and in the Train he laid to serve Leicester in the Duke of Norfolks ruine. But he was too fami∣liar with that Politicians privacy, to live long: anno 1570, he died. A man, saith Mr. Cambden, of great experience, passing sharp wit, and singular dili••gence; an over-curious fancy, and a too nimble a∣ctivity: like your too fine Silks or Linen, and more for shew than service; never bl••ssing their Owners but when allayed with something of the heavy and the wary; nor rising, but when stayed.

Observations on the Life of Edward Earl of Derby.

HIs Greatness supported his Goodness, and his Goodness endeared his Greatness; his Heighth being looked upon with a double aspect: 1. By himself, as an advantage of Benefi∣cence: 2. By others, as a ground of R••verence. His great birth put him above private respects, but his great Soul never above publick service. In∣deed he repaired by ways thrifty, yet Noble, what his Ancestors had impaired by neglect. Good Husbandry may as well stand with great Ho∣nour, as Breadth may consist with Heigth. His Travel when young, at once gained experience, and saved expences; and his marriage was as much to his profit as his honour. And now he sheweth him∣self in his full Grandeur, when the intireness of his minde, complyed with the largeness of his soul.

1. In a spreading Charity. Other Lords m••de many poor by Oppression; he and my Lord of Bed∣ford, as Queen Eliabeth would jest, made all the Beggers by his liberality.

2. In a famous Hospitality: wherein, 1. His House was orderly: a Colledge of Discipline, rather than a palace for Entertainment; his Servants be∣ing so many young Gentlemen trained up to govern themselves by observing him; who knew their ma∣ster, and understood themselves. 2. His provisi∣on Native, (all the Necessaries of England are bred in it) rather plentiful than various, solid than dainty••

that cost him less, and contented his guests more. His Table constant and even, where all were wel∣come, and none invited. 3. His Hall was full most commonly, his Gates always; the one with the ho∣nest Gentry and Yeomen, who were his Retainers in love and observance, bringing good stomacks to his Table, and resolved hearts for his service; the holding up of his hand in the Northern business, be∣ing as affectual as the displaying of a Banner: The other with the, 1. Aged, 2. Maimed, 3. Industri∣ous Poor, whose craving was prevented with doles, and expectation with bounty; the first being pro∣vided with meat, the second with money, and the third with employment. In a word, Mr. Cambden observes, That Hospitality lieth buried since 1572, in this Earls Grave: whence may that Divine Power raise it, that shall raise him; but before the last Re∣surr••ction, when there will be plenty to bestow in one part of the world, and no poor to be relieved; poverty in the other, and no bounty to relieve.

Neither was he munificent upon other mens charge: for once a moneth he looked into his In∣come••, and once a weak to his Disbursements, that none should wrong him, or be wronged by him. The Earl of Derby, he would say, shall keep his own House: wherefore it's an Observation of him and the second Duke of Norfolk, That when they were buried, not a Trades-man could demand the pay∣ment of a Groat that they owed him, nor a Neigh∣bour the restitution of a peny they had wronged him. They say, The Grass groweth not where the Grand Seigniors Horse treads; nor doth the Peo∣ple thrive where the Noble-men inhabit•• But here every Tenant was a Gentleman, and every

Gentleman my Lords Companion: such his Civi∣lity cowards the one, and great penny worths to the other. Noblemen in those days esteemed the love of their Neighbours more than their fear, and the service and fealty of their Tenants more than their money. Now the Landlord hath the sweat of the Tenants brow in his Coffers, then he had the best blood in his Veins at his command.

That grand word, On mine Honour, was security enough for a Kingdome, and the onely Asseverati∣on he used. It was his priviledge, that he need not swear for a testimony; and his renown, that he would not for his honour. Great was this Families esteem with the people, and eminent their favour with their Soveraigns; as which ever bestowed it self in obliging their Liege-people, improving their interest, and supporting their Throne: for though they were a long time great Kings of Man and Hearts, yet were they as long faithfull subjects to England.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Fi••z-Williams.

A Childe of Fortune from his Cradle, made u•• of confidence and reputation: never unwarily shewing his Vertue or Worth to the world with any disadvantage.

When Britain had as little sleepiness and sloath as night, when it was all day, and all activity; He, as all young Sparks of that Age, trailed a Pike in the Netherlands, (the Seminary of the English Soldiery,

and the School of Europes Discipline) as a Soul∣dier, and travelled as a Gentleman; until that place graced him civilly with a Command, which he had honoured eminently with his service. His friends checked him for undertaking an Employ∣ment so boysterous; and he replyed upon them, That it was as necessary as it seemed irregular: for if some were not Souldiers, all must be so. He said, He never durst venture on War with men, till he had made his Peace with God: A good Consci∣ence breeds great Resolutions, and the innocent Soul is impregnable: None more fearful of doing evil, none more resolved to suffer: there being no hardship that he would avoid, no undecency that he would allow. Strict he was to his Commission, and yet observant of his advantage: never temp∣ting a danger, never flying it: careful of his first life and himself, but more of his other and his name. When the methods of Obedience advan∣ced him to the honour of commanding, six things he was Chronicled for.

• 1. Never making the Aged, the Young, or the Weak, the Objects of his Rage, which could not be so of his Fear.
• 2. That he never basely killed in cold blood, them that had nobly escaped his Sword in hot.
• 3. That he never led the Souldiers without p••y, or quartered in the Country without money.
• 4. That though he was second to none that act∣ed in War, such his Valour! yet he was the first that spake for Peace, such his sweet Disposition!
• 5. That he would never suffer that a Clergy∣man should be abused, a Church violated, or the Dead be unburied.
• ...

• 6. That he would never force an Enemy to a ne∣cessity: always saying, Let us disarm them of their best Weapons, Despair: nor fight an Enemy before he had skirmished him, nor undertake a designe be∣fore he consulted his God, his Council, his Friends, his Map and his History.

His own Abilities commended, and his alliance with Sir Henry Sidney Lord Deputy, whose Sister he married, promoted him to the government of Ireland. Once did the Queen send him thither for his Brothers sake, four times more for his own sake; a sufficient evidence (saith my Friend) of his Abi∣lity and Integrity, since Princes never trust twice, where they are once deceived in a Minister of State. He kept up his Mistress••s Interest, and she his Au∣thority; enjoying the Earl of Essex, so much above him in honour, to truckle under him in Commissi∣on when Governour of vlster, and he Lord Deputy of Ireland. Defend me, said Luther to the Duke of Saxony, with your Sword, and I will defend you with my Pen. Maintain my Power, saith the Minister of State to his Soveraign, and I will support your Majesty.

Two things he did for the settlement of that Kingdome:

• 1. He raised a Composition in Munster.
• 2. He established the Possessions of the Lords and Tenants in Monahan.

Severe he was always against the Spanish Faction, but very vigilant in—88, when the dispersed Ar∣mado did look, but durst not land in Ireland, ex∣cept driven by Tempest, and then finding the shore worse than the Sea. But Leicester dieth, and he fails; when his Sun was set, it was presently night

with him. Yra la soga con el Calderon; where go∣eth the Bucket, there goeth the Rope; where the Principal miscarrieth, all the Dependants fall with him: as our r••nowned Knight, who died where he was born, (there is a Circulation of all things to their Original) at Milton in Northamptonshire, 1594.

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Pembroke.

AN excellent man, and one that fashioned his own Fortune: His Disposition got fa∣vour, and his Prudence wealth, (the first to grace the second, and the second to support the first) under King Henry the eighth, whose Brother-in-law he was by his wife, and Chamberlain by his place. When others were distracted with Factions in King Edwards Reign, he was intent upon his In∣terest, (leaning (as he said) on both sides the stairs to get up) for his service, being promoted to the master of the Horses place; for his relation to the Queen-mother, to the Order of St. George; and in his own Right, to the Barony of Caerdiffe, and the Earldome of Pembroke.

Under Queen Mary his Popularity was very ser∣viceable when General against Wiat; his Autho∣rity useful, when President of Wales; and his Vi∣gilancy remarkable, when Governour of Calice; And under Q••een Elizabeth, for his Fidelity and ancient Honesty he was made great master of the Houshold. But herein he failed, That being

more intent upon the future state of the Kingdome under the succession, than his own under the pre∣sent Soveraign, he was cajoled by Leicester to pro∣mote the Queen of Scots match with Norfolk so far, (neither with an ill will, (saith the Annalist) nor a bad intent) as to lose his own favour with the Queen of England, who discovered those things after his death that made him weary of his life•• which was an Instance of my Lord Bacons Rule, That ancient Nobility is more innocent, though not so active as the young one; this more vertuous, but not so plain as that; there being rarely any rising but by a commixture of good and evil Arts. He was richer in his Tenants hearts than their Rents: A∣las! what hath not that Nobleman, that hath an uni∣versal love from his Tenants? who were observed to live better with their encouraged industry upon his Copyhold, than others by their secure sloath on their own Free-land. 2. His Chaplains, whose Merits were preferred freely and nobly to his excel∣lent Livings, without any unworthy Gratuities to his Gehazi's or Servants, or any unbecoming Obli∣gations to himself. 3. His Servants, whose youth had its Education in his Family, and Age its main∣tenance upon his Estate, which was favourably Let out to Tenants, and freely Leased to his Servants; of whom he had a Train upon any occasion in his Family, and an Army in his Neighbourhood: an Army, I say, in his Neighbourhood;; not to enjea∣lous his Prince, but to secure him; as in Wiats case, when this King of Hearts would be by no means a Knave of Clubs.

Observations on the Life of Sir Walter Mildmay.

* 1.20WAlter Mildmay, that upright and most advised man, was born at Chelmsford in Essex, where he was a younger-son to Thomas Mildmay, Esquire. He was bred in Christs-Colledge in Cambridge, where he did not (as many young Gentlemen) study onely in Complement, but seriously applyed himself to his Book. Under King Henry the eighth, and King Edward the sixth, he had a gainful Office in the Court of Augmen∣tations: during the Reign of Queen Mary, he pra∣ctised the Politick Precept, Bene vixit, qui bene la∣tuit. No sooner came Queen Elizabeth to the Crown, but he was called to State-employment; and it was not long before he was made Chancellour of the exchequer. It is observed, That the ex∣chequer never fareth ill but under a good Prince; such who out of Conscience will not oppress their People, whilst Tyrants pass not for that they squeeze out of their Subjects. Indeed Queen Elizabeth was very careful not to have her Coffers swelled with the Consumption of her Kingdome, and had conscientious Officers under her; amongst whom, Sir Walter was a principal one. This Knight, sen∣sible of Gods blessing on his estate, and knowing that, Omne beneficium requirit Officium, cast about to make his return to God. He began with his Benefactions to Christs-Colledge in Cambridge, one∣ly to put his hand into practice: then his Bounty em∣braced

the Generous Resolution, (which the pain∣ful piety of St. Paul propounds to himself, viz.) Not to build on another mans foundation, but on his own cost he erected a new Colledge in Cambridge by the name of Immanuel. A right godly Gentle∣man he was; a good man, and a good Citizen; though some of his back friends suggested to the Queen that he was a better Patriot than Subject: and he was over-popular in Parliaments, insomuch that his Life set sub nubecula, under a Cloud of a Royal Displeasure: yet was not the Cloud so great, but that the beams of his Innocence meeting those of the Queens Candour, had easily dispelled it, had he survived longer, as appeared by the great grief of the Queen, professed for the loss of so grave a Councellour, who leaving two Sons and three Daughters, died anno Domini 1589.

This Gentleman being employed by vertue of his place to advance the Queens Treasure, did it indu∣striously, faithfully, and conscionably, without wronging the Subject, being very tender of their P••iviledges; insomuch that he complained in Par∣liament, That many Subsidies were granted, and no Grievances redressed: which words being represen∣ted to his disadvantage to the Queen, made her to disaffect him, setting in a Court-Cloud, but (as he goeth on) in the Sun-shine of his Country, and a clear Conscience, (though a mans Conscience can be said no otherwise clear by his opposition to the Court, than a man is said to have a good heart when it is but a bold one.) But coming to Court after he had founded his Colledge, the Queen told him, Sir Walter, I hear you have erected a Puritan foun∣dation. No, Madam, said he, far be it from me to

countenance any thing contrary to your established Laws: But I have set an A••orn; which when it comes to be an Oak God alone knows what will be the fruit of it.

Observations on the Life of Sir John Fortescue.

AN upright and a knowing man, a great master of Greek and Latine, and Overseer of the Qu: Studies in both the Languages; master of the Ward∣robe, one whom she trusted with the Ornaments of her soul and body: succeeding Sir Walter Mildmay in his prudence and piety, and in his place of Chan∣cellor and Under-treasurer of the exchequer.

Two men Qu: Eliz would say out-did her expe∣ctation; Fortescue for Integrity, and Walsingham for Subtlety, as Cambden writes, and Officious services. His and Rawleigh's failure was their design of Arti∣cling with K. Iames at his first coming, not so much (say some in their behalf) for himself, as for his fol∣lowers, in regard of the known feud between the Nations. However, conditions unworthy of English Subjects to of••er, and below the K. of Great Britain to receive, who is to make no more terms for his Kingdome than for his Birth, The very solemn ask∣ing of the Peoples consent, which the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury in all the corners of the stage at a Co∣ronation makes, importing no more than this; Do you the people of England acknowledge, that this is the Person who is the Heir of the crown? They being absolutely obliged to submit to the Govern∣ment

upon supposition that they absolutely believe that he is the King.

He thought it not convenient to alter frames of Government, in complyance with the humours of people, which are to be managed by Government, not pleased; for he said God changed not the order of the Government of the world to comply with mans defects, when he can by his Almighty power draw good out of their evils, and great Glory to himself out of the fall of others, as in nature he doth not fit the frame of things to the ugly nature of Mon∣sters; but the irregular shape of Monsters to the beauty of things, being of opinion, tha•• we should thank our Governour, (as the AEthiopian flaves do their Emperour when they are slashed; and we should God when we are corrected) for think∣ing of us: and having a care of us universal as that God hath of the world, whom they represent Rulers within their dominions, having much of the Character that God hath in the universe; viz. That he is a Circle whose center is every where, and Circumference no where.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Dru∣ry.

SIr William Drury was born in Suffolk, where his Worshipful Family had long flourished at Haulsted. His name in Saxon soundeth a Pearl, to which he answered in the pretious∣ness of his disposition, clear and heard, inno∣cent and valiant, and therefore valued deser∣vedly by his Queen and Country. His youth was spent in the French Wars, his middle•• Age in Scot∣land, and his old Age in Ireland. He was Knight-Marshal of Barwick, at what time the French had p••ss••ssed themselves of the Castle of Edenburgh, in the minority of King James. Queen Eliza∣be••h employed this Sir William with 1500 men to besiege the Castle; which service he right wor∣thily performed, reducing it within few days to the owner thereof. Anno 1575. he was ap∣pointed Lord President of Munster, whither he went with competent Forces, and executed im∣partial Iustice in despight of the opposers there∣of. For as the Signe of Leo immediately prece∣deth Virgo and Libra in the Zodiack; so I hope not that Innocency will 〈◊〉〈◊〉 protected, or Iustice administred in a barbarous Country, where power and strength do not first secure a passage unto them. But the Earl of Desmond opposed this good President, forbidding him to enter the County of Kerry, as a Palatinate peculiarly ap∣propriated

unto himself. Know by the way, as there were but four Palatinates in England, Che∣ster, Lancaster, Durham and Ely, (whereof the two former many years since were in effect inve∣sted in the Crown) there were no fewer than eight Palatinates in Ireland, poss••ssed by their respe∣ctive Dynasts claiming Regal Rights therein, to the great retarding of the absolute Conquest of that Kingdome. Amongst these, (saith my Author) Kerry became the Sanctuary of Sin, and Refuge of Rebels, as outlawed from any Iurisdiction. Sir William no whit terrified with the Earls threat∣ning, and declaring that no place should be a pri∣viledge to mischief, entred Kerry with a compe∣tent Train, and there dispenced Iustice to all per∣sons, as occasion did require. Thus with seven-score men he safely forced his return through se∣ven hundred of the Earls, who sought to surprize him.

In the last year of his Life he was made Lord Deputy of Ireland; and no doubt had performed much in his place, if not afflicted with constant sick∣ness, the forerunner of his death, at Waterford, 1598.

He was one of that Military Valour which the Lord Verulam wisheth about a Prince in trouble∣some times, that held a good esteem with the Po∣pulacy, and an exact correspondence with the no∣ble; whereby he united himself to each side by endearments, and divided them by distrust; watch∣ing the slow motions of the people, that they should not be excited and spirited by the nobility; and the ambition of the Great Ones, that it should not be befriended with the turbulency, or strengthened

with the assistance of the Commonalty. One great Act well followed did his business with the natives, whom he sometimes indulged, (giving their Discon∣tents liberty to evaporate) and with the strangers, whom he always awed. In those that were com∣mended to his service, he observed two things: 1. That they were not advanced for their depen∣dence, because they promote a Party: which he noted to be the first ground of Recommenda••ion: 2. Nor for their weakness, because they cannot hinder it; which he remarked to be the second.

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Smith.

SIr Thomas Smith was born at * 1.21 Saffro••-Walden in Essex, and b••ed in Queens Colledge in Cambridge; where such his proficiency in Learning, that he was chosen out by Henry the eighth to be sent over, and to be brought up be∣yond the Seas. It was fashionable in that Age that pregnant Students were maintained on the cost of the State, to be Merchants for experience in For∣reign Parts; whence returning home with their gainful Adventurers, they were preferred accor∣ding to the improvement of their time to Offices in their own Country. Well it were if this good old Custome were resumed: for if where God hath given five talents, men would give but pounds, I mean, encourage hopeful Abilities with hopeful maintenance, able persons would never be wanting,

and poor men with great Parts would not be excluded the Line of Prefermen••. This Sir Thomas was first Servant and Favourite to the Duke of Somerset, and afterwards Secretary of State to Q••een Elizabeth, and a grand Benefactor to both Universities.

Anno 1577, when that excellent Act passed•• whereby it was provided, That a third part of the Rent upon Leases made by Colledges, should be reser∣ved in Corn, paying it either in k••nd or in money, after the rate of the best prices in Oxford or Cambridge-markets, the next Market-days before Michaelmas or our Lady-day•• For the passing of this Act, Sir Tho∣mas S••ith ••urprized the House; and whereas many conceived not the difference between the payment of Rents in Corn or money, the knowing Patriot took the advantage of the presen•• cheap year, know∣ing that hereaft••r Grain would grow dearer, Man∣kinde dayly multiplying, and License being lately given for Transportation; so that now when the U∣niversities have least Corn, they have most Bread. What his foresight did now for the Universi••y, his reach did the first year of Q. Eliz. for the King∣dome: for the first sitting of her Councel he advised twelve most important things for the publick safety.

• 1. That the Ports should be shu••.
• 2. That the Tower of London should be secured good hands.
• 3. That the Deputy of Ireland's Commi••••••on should be renewed and enlarged.
• 4. That all Officers should act.
• 5. That no new Office should be bestowed in a moneth.
• 6. Th••t Ministers should meddle with no Con∣troversies.
• ...

• 7. That Embassadors should be sent to Forreign Princes.
• 8. That no Coyn should be transported beyond Sea.
• 9. That no person of quality should travel for six weeks.
• 10. That the Trai••-bands should be mustered.
• 11. That Ireland, the Borders, and the Seas, should be provided for.
• 12. And that the dissenting Nobility and Cler∣gy should be wa••ched and secured. Adding withal a Paper for the Reading of the Epistle, the Gospel, and the Commandments in the English tongue, to encourag•• the Protestants expectation, and allay the Papists fear. In the same Proclamation that he drew up, the Sacrament of the Altar was to be re∣verenc••d, and yet the Communion to be admini∣stred in both kinds, He advised a Disputation with the Papists one day, (knowing that they could not dispute without leave from the Pope, and so would disparage the••r Cause; yet they could not say but they might dispute for the Queen, and so satisfie the People) and is one of the * 1.22 ••ive Councellours to whom the D••signe of the Reformation is open∣ed, and one of the * 1.23 eight to whom the manage∣ment of it was intrusted. There you might see him a Leading man among the States-men, here most eminent among Divines; at once the most knowing and pious man of that Age. As his Indu∣stry was taken up with the establishment of our Af∣fairs at home, so his Watchfulness (upon Sir Edward Carnees deposition of his Embassie) was intent upon the plot of France and Rome abroad: in the first of which places he made a Secretary his own, and in

• the second a Cup-bearer. At the Treaty of Cam∣bray my Lord Howard of Effingham, the Lord Chamberlain, and he, brought the King of Spain to the English side in the business of Calice: 1. That France might be weakened: 2. That his Nether∣lands might be secured: 3. That the Queen his Sweet-heart might be obliged, until he discovered Queen Elizabeths averseness to the marriage: whereupon had it not been for the Viscount Moun∣tacute (who was not so much a Papist as to forget that he was an ••nglish-man) and Sir Thomas, the Spaniard had stoln over Catharine Grey, Queen E∣lizabeths Neece, for a pretence to the Crown, as the French had the Queen of Scots her Cozen. After which, he and Sir William Cecil advised her Maje∣sty to that private Treaty apart, without the Spa∣niard, which was concluded 1559•• as much to the honour of England, now no longer to truckle under Spain, as its interest, no longer in danger from France. Sir Nicholas Throgmorton was the metal in these Treaties, and Sir Thomas Smith the Allay: the ones mildness being to mitigate that animosity which the others harshness had begot; and the o∣thers spirit to recover those advantages which this mans easiness had yielded. Yet he shewed himself as much a man in demanding, as Sir William Chey∣ney in gaining Calice; replying smartly upon Chan∣cellour Hospitals Discourse of ancient Right, the late * 1.24 Treaty; and upon Montmorency's Harangue of Fears, Conscience. Pitying the neglected state of I∣reland, he obtained a Colony to be planted under his base Son in the East-Coast of Vlster, called Ar∣des, at once to civilize and secure that place. So emi∣nent was this Gentleman for his Learning, that he

• was at once Steward of the Stannaries, Dean of Car∣lisle, and Provost of Eaton in King Edward's time, and had a Pens••on (on condition he went not be∣yond Sea, so considerable he was) in Queen Ma∣ry's.

Well he deserved of the Commonwealth of Learn∣ing by his Books; 1. Of the commonwealth of Eng∣land, 2. Of the Orthography of the English Tongue, and o•• the Pronunciation of Greek; and 3. an ex∣act Commentary of matters, saith Mr. Cambden, worthy to be published.

Observations on the Lives of Doctor Dale, the Lord North, Sir Thomas Randolph.

I Put these Gentlemen together in my Observa∣tions, because I finde them so in their Employ∣ments: the one Agent, the other Leiger, and the third extraordinary Embassador in France; the first was to manage our Intelligence in those dark times, the second to urge our Interest in those troublesome days, and the third to represent our Grandeur. No man understood the French corre∣spondence with the Scots better than Sir Thomas Randolph, who spent his active life between those Kingdomes: none knew better our Concerns in France and Spain than Valentine Dale, who had now seen six Treaties; in the first three whereof he had been Secretary, and in the last a Commissio∣ner: None fitter to represent our state than my

Lord North, who had b••en two years in Walsing∣hams house, four in L••••cesters ••e••v••ce; had seen six Courts, twenty Bat••les, nine Treaties, and four so∣lemn Justs; whereof he was no mean part, as a re∣served man, a valiant Souldier, and a Courtly Per∣son. So ••ly wa•• Dale, that he had a servant always attending the Q••een-mother of France, the Queen of Scots, and the King of Navarre: so watch••ul Sir Thomas Randolph, that the same day he sent our A∣gent in Scotland notice of a d••signe to carry over the young King, and depose the Regent, he advised our Queen of a match between the King of Scot's Uncle and the Countess of Shrewsbury's Daughter; and gave the Earl of Huntington, then President of the North, t••ose secret instructions touching that matter, that (as my Lord Burleigh would often ac∣knowledge) secured that Coast. My L. North watch∣ed the successes of France, Dr. Dale their Leagues; and both took care that the P••ince of Orange did not throw himself upon the Protection of France, always a dangerous Neighbour, but with that acces∣sion a dreadful one. Sir Iohn Horsey in Holland pro∣posed much, but did nothing: Sir Thomas Randolph in France performed much, and said nothing: yet both with Dr. Dales assistance made France and Spain the scales in the balance of Europe, and Eng∣land the tongue or holder of the balance, while they held the Spaniard in play in the Netherlands, watch∣ed the French Borders, and kept constant Agents with Orange and Don Iohn. Neither was Sir Tho∣mas ••ess in Scotland than in France, where he betakes himself first to resolution in his Protestation, and then to cunning in his Negotiations encouraging M••rton on the one hand, and amusing Lenox on the other:

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••eeping fair weather with the young King, and yet practising with Marre and Anguse. Nothing plausible indeed, saith Cambden, was he with the wi••e, though youthful King Iames; yet very dexterous in Scotish humours, and very prudent in the northern Affairs; very well seen in those inte∣rests, and as successful in those negotiations; wit∣ness the first and advantageous League 1586. Vi∣deo & rideo, is Gods Motto upon Affronts; Video & Taceo, was Queen Elizabeths; Video nec vident, was Sir Thomas Randolphs. These three men treat∣ed with the Spaniard near Ostend for peace, while the Spaniard prepared himself on our Coast for Wa••. So much did Sir Iames Crofts his affection for peace exceed his judgement of his Instruction, that he would needs steal over to Brussels to make it, with no less commendation for the prudent Arti∣cles he proposed, t••a•• censure for the hazard he incurred in the Proposal. So equal and even did old Dale carry himself, that the Duke of Parma saw in his Answers is the English spirit, and therefore (saith my Author) durst not try that Valour in a nation, which he was so afraid of in a single person; That he had no more to say to the old Gentle∣man, than onel•• thi••, These things are in the hand of the Almighty.

None mo••e inward with other men than Sir Francis Walsingham, none more inward with him than Sir Thomas Randolph: well studied he was in Iustinians Code, better in Machiavels Discour∣ses; both when a ••earned student of Christ-church, and a worthy P••incipal of Broadgates: three there∣fore was he an Embassadour to the Lords of Scotland in a commotion; thrice to Queen Mary in times

of peace; seven times to Iames the sixth of Scot∣land for a good understanding; and thrice to Basi∣lides Emperour of Russia for Trade: Once to Charles the ninth King of France, to discover his designe upon Scotland; and once to Henry the third, to open a Conspiracy of his su••j••cts against him: Great services these, but meanly rewarded; the serviceable, but moderate and modest man, (though he had as many children at home as he had performed Embassies abroad) being contented with the Chamberlainship of the Exch••quer, and the Postermasters place; the first but a name, and the second then but a noise: to which were added some small Farms, wherein he enjoyed the peace and innocence of a quiet and retired Life; a Life, which upon the reflexions of a tender Conscience, he wished a great while, as appears by his Letters to his dear Walsingham, wherein he writes, How worthy, yea, how necessary a thing it was, that they should at length bid Farewel to the snares, he of a S••∣cretary, and himself of an Embassadour; and should both of them set their mindes upon their Heaven∣ly Country; and by Repenting, ask Mercy of GOD.

O••servations on the Life of Sir Amias Poulet.

SIr Ami••s Poulet, born at Hinton St. George in Summerse••shire, Son to Sir Hugh, and Grand∣child to S••r * 1.25 Amias Powlet, was Chancel∣lour of the Garter, Governour of the Isles of Ier∣sey and Gernsey, and Privy-Councellour to Queen Elizabeth. He was so faithful and trusty, that the Queen committed the keeping of Mary Queen of Scots to his custody, which he discharged with great fidelity.

As Caesar would have his Wife, so he his spirit, above the very suspicion of unworthiness; equally consulting his Fame and his Conscience. When he performed his last Embassie, with no less satisfaction to the King of France, than honour to the Queen of England, (at once with a good humour and a great state) he would not accept a Chain (and all Gifts are Chains) from that King by any means, until he was a League from Paris: then he took it, because he would oblige that Prince: and not till then, because he would not be obliged by any but his Soveraign, saying, I will wear no chains but my Mistresses. It is the interest of Princes, that their Servants For∣tune should be above the temptation; it is their happiness, that their Spirits are above the respects of a private concern.

Observations on the Lives of Sir James Crofts•• John Grey of Pyrgo, Sir Henry Gates.

EMblems of honour derived from Ancestors, are but rotten Rags, where ignoble posterity degenerates from their Progenitors: but they are both glorious and precious where the chil∣dren both answer and exceed the Vertues of their extraction; as in these three Gentlemen, whose Ancestors fill both Pages of former Kings Chroni∣cles, as they do the Annals of Queen Elizabeth: Three Gentlemen whom it's pity to part in their Memoires, since they were always together in their Employments. All three were like to die in Q••een Mary's days for the prosession of the Protestan•• Re∣ligion, all three spending their Lives in Queen Eli∣zabeth's for the propagation of it: 1. Sir Henry Gates lying in Rome as a Spy, under the Notion of Cardinal Florido's Secretary, six years; Iohn Grey drawing up the whole Proceedings and Methods of the Reformation for ten years; and Sir Iames Crofts being either the vigilant and active Gover∣nour of Berwick, or the prudent and successful Commissioner in Scotland for seven years. When the French threatned us by the way of Scotland, the Earl of Northumberland was sent Northward for his interest, as Warden of the middle March; Sir Ralph Sadler for his wisdome, as his Assi••tant and Councellour; and Sir Iames Crofts for his Con∣duct,

as both their Guide and Director-general. An estate in the Purse, credits the Court; wisdome in the Head, adorneth it; but both in the Hand, serve it. Nobly did he and Cuthbert Vaughan beat the French that sallied out of Edinburgh into their Trenches, but unhappily stood he an idle Spectator in his quarter the next Scalado, while the E••glish are overthrown, and the Duke writes of his infide∣lity to the Queen, who discharged him from his place, though not from her favour: for in stead of the more troublesome place, the Government of Berwick, she conferred on him that more honou∣rable, the Controllership of h••r Houshold. Great service did his Valour at Hadington in Scotland a∣gainst the French, greater his prudence in Vlster against the Spaniards. Al••hough his merit made his honour due to him, and his Blood becoming: though his Cares, Travels and Dangers de••erved pity; his quiet and meek Nature love: though he rise by wary degrees, and so was unobserved; and stood not insolently when up, and so was not obnoxious: yet ••nvy reflected as hot upon him as the Sun upon the rising ground, which stands firm though it doth not flourish, as this Gentleman's resolved honesty did; overcoming Court-envy with a solid worth; waxing old at once in years and reverence, and dying (as the Chronicle wherein he dieth not but with Time, reports it) in good favour with his Prince, and sound reputation with all men, for three infalli∣ble sources of Honour: 1. That he aimed at Me∣rit more than Fame: 2. That he was not a Follow∣er, but an Example in great Actions: and, 3. That he assisted in the three great concerns of Govern∣ment. 1. in Laws, 2. in Arms, and 3. in Councils.

In AEsop there is a slight Fable of a deep moral: it is this: Two Frogs consulted together in the time of Drowth (when many plashes that they had repaired to were dry) what was to be done; and the one propoun∣ded to go down into a deep well, because it was like the water would not fail there; but the other answered, Yea, but if it do fail, how shall we get up again? Mr. Grey would Nod, and say, Humain affairs are so uncertain, that he seemeth the wisest man, not who hath a spirit to go on, but who hath a wariness to come off: and that seems the best course, that hath most passages out of it. Sir Iames Crofts on the o∣ther hand hated that irresolution that would do no∣thing, because it may be at liberty to do any thing. Indeed saith one, Necessity hath many times an ad∣vantage, because it awaketh the powers of the minde and strengtheneth Endeavour. Sir Iames Crofts was an equal Composition of both; as one that had one fixed eye on his Action, and another indifferent one on his retreat.

Observations on the Life of William Lord Grey of Wilton.

THat great Souldier and good Christian, in whom Religion was not a softness, (as Ma∣chiavil discoursed) but a resolution. Hanni∣bal was sworn an Enemy to Rome at nine years of Age, and my Lord bred one to France at fourteen. Scipio's first service was the rescue of his Father in Italy, and my Lord Grey's was the safety of his Fa∣ther in Germany. He had Fabius his slow way, and

long reach, with Herennius his fine polices, and neat Ambuscadoes; having his two Companions always by him, his Map and his Guide: the first whereof discovered to him his more obvious advantages, and the second his more close dangers. His great Conduct won h••m much esteem with those that heard of him, and his greater presence more with those that ••aw him. O••servable his Civility to Strangers, eminent his Bounty to his Followers; obliging his Carriage in the Countries he marched through, and expe••t his Skill in Wars, whose end he said was Victory, and the end of Victory No∣bleness, made up of pity and munificence. It lost him his estate to redeem himself in France, and his life to bear up hi•• R••putation in Berwick. H••ving lived to all the great purposes of life but Self-inte∣rest: he died 1563, that fatal year; no less to the publick sor••ow of England which he secured, than the common joy of Scotland, which he awed. Then it was said, That the same day died the greatest Scho∣lar, and the greatest Souldier of the Nobility; the right honourable Henry Mannors E••rl of Rutland in his Gown, and the honourable Lord Grey in his Armour; both, as the Q••een said of them, Wor∣thies that had deserved well of the Commonwealth by their Wisdome, Councel, Integrity and Cou∣rage.

Two things my Lord always avoided: the first, To give many Reasons for one thing; the heaping of Arguments arguing a neediness in every of the Arguments by its sel••; as if one did not trust any ••f them, bu•• fled from one to a••o••her, helping him∣self still wi••h the last. The second, To bre••k a n••∣go••iation to too many distinct particul••rs, or to

couch it in too compact generals: by the first whereof we give the parties we d••al with an oppor∣tunity to look down to the bottom of our busi∣ness; and by the second, to look round to the com∣pass of it. Happy are those Souls that command themselves so far, that they are equally free to full and half discoveries of themselves, always ready and pliable to the present occasion. Not much regard∣ed was this gallant spirit when alive, but much m••ssed when dead; we understand what we want, better than what we enjoy; and the beauty of wor∣thy things is not in the face, but the back-side, en∣dearing more by their departure than their address.

Observations on the Life of Edmund Plowden.

EDmund Plowden was born at Plowden in Shrop∣shire; one who ••xcellently dese••ved of our Municipal Law in h••s learned Writings thereon. A plodding and a studious man; and no wonder if knowing and able: Beams in reflexion are hottest, and the Soul becomes wise by looking into its self. But see the man in his Epitaph••

Conditur in hoc Tumulo corpus Edmundi Plow∣den Armigeri. Claris ortus Parentibus, a∣pud Plowden in Comitatu Salop, natus est; à pueritia in literarum Studio liberaliter ••st educatus, in Provectiore vero aetate Legibus, & Iurisprudentiae operam dedit. Senex jam factus, & annum aetatis suae agens 67. Mun∣do

Valedicens, in Christo Iesu Sancte obdor∣mivit, die Sexto Mensis Februar. Anno Do∣mini 1585.

I have the rather inserted this Epitaph inscribed on his Monument on the North-side of the East-end of the Quire of semple-Church in London, because it ••ath ••••cape•• (but by what c••sualty I cannot con∣jecture) Maste•• Stow in his Survey of London. We must adde a few words out of the Character Mr. Cambden gives of him:

Vitae integritate inter homines suae professionis nul∣li secundum. As he was singularly well learned in the Common laws of England, whereof he deserved well by wri••ing; so for integrity of life he was se∣cond to none o•• his profession. And how excellent a m••dley is made, when Honesty and Ability meet in a man of his profession! Nor must we forget how he was T••easurer for the honourable Society of the middle-Temple, Anno 1572, when their magnific••nt Hall was builded; he being a great ad∣vancer thereof. Finding the Coyn embased by Henry the eighth, so many ways prejudicial to this State, as that which first dishonoured us abroad; se∣condly, gave way to the frauds of Coyners at home, who exchanged the best Commodities of the land for base moneys, and exported the current moneys into Forreign parts; and thirdly, enhansed the pri∣zes of all things vendible, to the great loss of all Stipendiaries: He offered, 1•• That no man should melt any Metal, or export it: 2. That the Brass money should be reduced to its just value: 3. That it should be bought for good; by which si∣lent and just methods, that defect of our Govern∣ment

for many years was remedied in few moneths, without any noise, or (what is proper to alterati∣ons of this nature) discontent.

The middle Region of the Air is coolest, as most distant from the direct beams that warm the highest, and the reflexed that heat the lowest: the mean man, that is as much below the favour of the Court, as above the business of the Country, was in our Judges opinion the most happy and compo∣sed man; this being the utmost of a knowing mans wish in England, That he were as much out of the reach of contempt, as to be above a Constable; and as much out of the compass of trouble, as to be below a Justice. A Mean is the ut••ost that can be prescribed either of Vertue or Bliss, as in ou•• Actions, so in our State.

Great was the Capacity, and good the Inclinati∣on of this man•• large the Furniture, and happy the Culture of his Soul; grave his meen, and stately his Behaviour; well-regulated his Affections, and allayed his passions; well-principled his Mind, and well-set his Spirit; sol••d his Observation, working and practical his Judgement: and as that Roman Heroe was more eminent whose image was missing, than all the rest whose Portraictures were set up; so this accomplished Gentleman is more observable because he was not a States-man, than some of those that were so. There is a glory in the obscurity of worthy men, who as that Sun (which they equal as well in common influence as lustre) are most looked on when eclipsed.

Observations on the Life of Sir Roge•• Manwood.

SIr Roger Manwood born at Sandwich in Kent, a••tained to such eminency in the Common Law, that he was prefe••red second Justice of the Common Pleas by Q••een Elizabeth; which place he discha••ged with so much Ability and Inte∣grity, that not long after he was made chief Baron of the Exchequer; which Office he most wisely managed, to his great commendation, full fourteen years, to the ••ay of his death.

Much was he employed in matters of State, and was one of the Commissione••s who sate on the tryal of the Qu••en of Scots. He wrote a Book on the Forest-Laws, which is highly prized by men of his pro••ession. In vaca••ion-time he constantly inhabi∣ted at St. Stephens in Canterbury, and was bounte∣ously liberal to the poor Inhabitants thereof: and so charitable was he, that he erected and endowed a fair Fre••-school at Sandwich, dying in the 35 of Queen Elizabeth, anno Dom. 1593.

Cloaths for necessity, warm Cloaths for health, cleanly for decency, lasting for st••e••gth, was his Maxime and P••actice, who kept a State in decent plainness; insomuch that Que••n Elizabeth called him her Good-man-Judge. In Davison's Case, Mildmay cleared the man of malice, but taxed him with unskilfulness and rashness: Lumley said he was an ingenious and an honest man, but presum∣ptuous. I will ever esteem him an honest and good

man, said Grey. The Archbishop of Canterbury ap∣proved the fact, commended the man, but disal∣lowed of the manner and form of his proceedings. Manwood made a narrative of the Queen of Scots proceedings, confirmed the sentence against her, extolled the Queens clemency, pitied Davison and fined him 10000 l.

A man he was of a pale constitution, but a clear, even, and smooth temper; of a pretty solid consi∣stence, equally sanguine and flegmatique: of a qui∣et soul, and serene affections: of a discreet sweet∣ness, and moderate manners; slow in passion, and quick enough in apprehension; wary in new points, and very fixed and judicious in the old. A plausible, insinuating, and fortunate man; the Idea of a wise man; having) what that elegant Educator wisheth) that great habit which is nothing else but a prompt∣ness and plentifulness in the store-house of the mind, of clear imaginations well-fixed: which was pro∣mised in his erect and forward stature, his large breast, his round and capacious forehead, his curious and ob••erving eye, (the clear and smart argument of his clearer and quicker soul, which owed a liveliness equally far from volatileness and stupidity) his stea∣dy attention and his solid memory, together with what is most considerable, a grand Inclination to i∣mitate and excel. What Plutarch saith of Timoleon with reference to Epaminond, that we may say of th••s gentleman, That his Life and Actions are like Homer's Verses, smooth and flowing, equal and hap∣py: especially in the two grand Embelish••ents of our Nature, Friendship and Charity. 1. Friendship, that sacred thing whereof he was a passionate Lo∣ver, and an exact Observer, promoting it among

all men he conserved with. Surely there is not that Content on Earth like the Union of minds and In∣terests, whereby we enjoy our selves by reflexion in our Friend; it being the most dreadful Solitude and Wildness of Nature, to be friendless. But his Friendship was a contracted beam to that S••n of Charity, that blessed all about him. His Salary was not more fixed than his Charity; He and the poor had one Revenue, one Quarter-day: Instead of hiding his face from the poor, it was his practice to seek for them; laying out by Trustees for Pensio∣ners, either hopeful or indigent, whereof he had a Catalogue that made the b••st Comment upon that Text, The liberal man deviseth liberal things. This is the best Conveyance that ever Lawyer made, To have and to hold to him and his Heirs for ever.

Observations on the Life of Sir Christopher Wray.

SIr Christopher Wray was born in the spacious Parish of Bedal, the main motive which made his Daughter Francis, Countess of Warwick, scatter her Benefactions the thicker in that place. He was bred in the study of our Municipal Law; and such his proficiency therein, that in the six∣teenth of Queen Elizabeth, in Michaelmas. Term•• he was made Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench. He was not like that Iudge, who feared neither God nor man, but onely one Widow, (left her importunity should weary him;) but heartily feared God in his religious Conversation. Each man he respected

with his due distance off of the B••nch, and no man on it to byass his Judgement. He was pro tempore, Lord Privv Seal, and sat Chief in the Court when Secretary Davison was sentenced in the Star-Cham∣ber. Sir Christopher collecting the censures of all the Commissioners, concurred to Fine him: but with this comfortable conclusion, That, as it was in the Queens Power to have him punished so•• Her High∣ness might be prevailed with for mitigating or r••∣mitting of the Fine: and this our J••dge may be pre∣sumed no ill Instrument in the procuring there∣of.

He bountifully reflected on Magdalen-Colledg•• in Cambridge; which I••fant-foundation had other∣wise been starved at Nurse for want of maintenance. We know who saith, The righteous man leaveth an inheritance to his childrens children, and the well-thriving of his third Generation may be an evi∣dence of his well-gotten Goods. This worthy Judge died May the eighth, in the thirty fourth of Q••een Elizabeth. When Judge Mounson and Mr. Dalton urged in Stubs his Case, (that Writ a∣gainst Queen Elizabeth's marriage with the D••ke of Anjon) That the Act of Philip and Mary against the Authors and sowers of seditious Writings was mistimed, and that it died with Q••een Mary; my Lord Chief Justice Wray, upon whom the Queen relied in that case, shewed there was no mistaking in the noting of the time; and proved by the words of th•• Act, that the Act was made against those which should violate the King by seditious writing•• and that the King of England never dieth: yea, that that Act was renewed anno primo Eliz. during the life of her and the heirs of her body.

Five Particulars I have heard old men say he was choice in: 1. His Friend, which was always wise and equal; 2. His Wife; 3. His Book; 4. His Se∣cret; 5. His Expression and Garb. By four things he would say an Estate was kept: 1. By understan∣ding it: 2. By spending not until it comes; 3. By keeping old servants; 4. By a Quarterly Audit. The properties of Infancy, is Innocence; o•• Child∣hood, Reverence; of Manhood, Maturity; and of Old Age, Wisdome: Wisdome! that in this grave person acted all its brave parts; i. e. was mindful of what is p••st, observant of things pr••sent, and provident for things to come. No better in∣stance whereof need be alledged than his pathetick Discour••es in the behalf of those two great Stays of this Kingdome, Husbandry and Merchandize: for he had a clear discerning Judgement, and that not onely in points o•• Law, which yet his Arguments and Decisions in that profession manifest without dispute; but in matters of Policy and Government, wherein his Guess was usually as near Prophecy as any mans: as also in the little mysteries of private manage, by which upon occasion he hath unravel∣••ed the studied cheats and intrigues of the Closet∣men: to which when you adde his happy faculty of communicating himself, by a free and graceful e∣locution, to charm and command his Audience, as∣sisted by the attractive dignity of his presence, you will not admire that he managed his Justiceship with so much satisfaction to the Court, and that he left it with so much applause from the Country: for these two Peculiarities he had. That none was more tender to the Poor, or more civil in p••ivate; and ye•• none more stern to the Rich, I mean Justices of

Peace, Officers, &c. or more s••vere in publick. He desighted indeed to be loved; not reverenced: yet knew he very well how to assert the Dignity of his place and function from the Approaches of Con∣tempt.

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Worcester.

THe Lord of Worcester, (as no mean Favou∣rite) was of the ancient and noble blood of the Beauforts, and of the Queens Grandfa∣thers line by the Mother; which she could never forget, especially where there was a concurrency of old Blood with Fidelity, a mixture which ever sorted with the Queens Nature. He was first made Master of the horse, and then admitted of her Council of State. In his Youth (part whereof he spent before he came to reside at Court) he was a very fine Gentleman, and the best Horse-man and Tilter of the Times, which were then the manlike and noble recreations of the Court: and when years had abated these exercises of honour, he grew then to be a faithful and profound Coun∣sellour. He was the last Liver of all the Servants of her favour, and had the honour to see his re∣nowned Mistress, and all of them laid in the places of their rest; and for himself, after a life of a very noble and remarkable reputation, he died in a peace∣able Old Age, full of Riches and Honour. His Fathers temperance reached to 97•• ye••r•• of Age, be∣cause he never eat but one Meal a day; and his spa∣ringness

attained to 84, because he never eat but of one dish. He came to the Queens favour, because as her Father so she loved a man; he kept in, because as her Father too so she loved an able man. His man∣like Recreations commended him to the Ladies, his prudent Atchievements to the Lords. He was made master of the horse because active, and pri∣vy Councellour because wise: His mistress excu∣sed his Faith, which was popis••; but honoured his Faithfulness, which was Roman; it being her usual speech, that my Lord of Worcester had reconciled what she thought inconsistent, a stiff Papist to a good subject. His Religion was not pompous, but solid•• not the shew of his life, but the comfort of his soul. A great master he was of others affections, and grea∣ter of his own passions: many things displeased, no∣thing angered my Lord of Worcester, whose ma∣xime was, That he would not be disordered within himself, onely because things were out of order with∣out him: He had this maxime whence he had his Nature, from his prudent Father Sir Charles So∣merset, the first Earl of Worcester of that name, whose temper was so pliable, and nature so peaceable, that being a••ked (as it is usually reported of him) How he passed so troublesome a Reign as King Henry's, so uncertain as King Edward's, so fierce as Queen Mary's, and so unexpected as Queen Elizabeth's, with so quiet, so fixed, so smooth, so resolved and ready a mind and frame? answered, It was because he understood the Interest of the Kingdome, while others observed its Humours. His first publick ser∣vice was to represent the Grandeur of his mistress at this Christening of the Daulphine of France, and his last the like at the marr••age of the King of

Scots, whom he honoured with the Garter from his Mistress, and advised to beware of Papists from the Council.

The frame of this noble mans body, (as it is de∣lineated by Sir W. P.) seems suited to the noble use it was designed for, The entertaining of a mos•• pure and active soul; but eq••ally to the advantage of strength and comeliness, befriended with all proportionate Dimensions, and a most grave, yet obliging Carriage. There was a clear sprightful∣ness in his Complexion, but a s••d reservedness in his nature; both making up that blessed compo∣si••ion of a wise and winning man, of as great hardship of body, as nobleness of spirit. Of a quick sight, and an accurate Ear; a steady observation, and ready expression: with the Torrent whereof he at once pleased King Iames, and amazed King Henry, being the most natural Orator in the world. Among all which Endowments, I had almost forgot his me∣mory, that was very faithful to him in things and business, though not punctilio's and formalities: Great parts he had, the range and compass whereof filled the whole circle of generous Learning in that person, as it hath done in the following Heroes of that Family to this day.

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Killigrew.

TRavellours report, That the place wherein the body of Absalom was buried is still extant at Ierusalem, and that it is a solemn custome of Pilgrims passing by it to cast a stone on the place: but a well-disposed man can hardly go by the me∣mory of this worthy person without doing grateful homage thereunto, in bestowing upon him one or two of our Observations. It's a question sometimes whether Diamond gives more lustre to the Ring it's set in, or the Ring to the Diamond: This Gen∣tleman received honour from his Family, and gave renown to it. Writing is the character of the speech, as that is of the mind. From Tully (whose Orati∣ons he could repeat to his dying day) he gained an even and apt stile, flowing at one and the self-same heighth. Tully's Offices, a Book which Boys read, and men understand, was so esteemed of my Lord Burleigh, that to his dying day he always carried it about him, either in his bosome or his pocket, as a compleat peice that, like Aristotle's Rhetorick, would make both a Scholar and an Honest man. Ci∣cero's magnificent Orations against Anthony, Catiline and Verres; Caesar's great Commentaries that he wrote with the same spirit that he fought; flowing Livy; grave, judicious and stately Tacitus; el∣quent, but faithful Curtius; brief and rich Salust, prudent and brave Xenophon, whose person was Themistocles his Companion, as his Book was Scipio

Affricanus his Pattern in all his Wars; ancient and sweet Herodotus; sententious and observing Thuci∣dides; various and useful Polybius; Siculus, Hali∣carn••sseus, Trogus, Orosius, Iustine, made up our young mans Retinue in all his Travels, where (as Diodorus the Sicilian writes) he sate on the stage of Humane Life, observing the great circumstances of places, persons, times, manners, occasions, &c. and was made wise by their example who have trod the path of errour and danger before him. To which he added that grave, weighty, and sweet Plutarch, whose Books (said Gaza) would furnish the world, were all others lost. Neither was he amazed in the Labyrinth of History, but guided by the Clue of Cosmography, hanging his Study with Maps, and his mind with exact Notices of each place. He made in one View a Judgement of the Situation, Int••∣rest, and Commodities (for want whereof many States-men and Souldiers have * 1.26 failed) of Nati∣ons: but to understand the nature of places, is but a poor knowledge, unless we know how to improve them by Art; therefore under the Figures of Tri∣angles, Squares, Circles and Magnitudes: with their terms and bounds, he could contrive most tools and instruments, most Engines, and judge of For∣tifications, Architecture, Ships, Wind and Water-works, and whatever might make this lower frame of things useful and serviceable to mankinde: which severer Studies he relieved with noble and free Po∣etry-aid, once the pleasure and advancement of the Soul, made by those higher motions of the minde more active and more la••ge. To which I adde her Sister musick, wherewith he revived his tired spi∣rits, lengthened (as he said) his sickly days, opened

his oppressed breast, eased his melancholy though••: graced his happy pronunciation, ordered and refined his irregular and gross inclination, fixed and quick∣ned his floating and dead notions; and by a se∣cret, sweet and heavenly Vertue, raised his spirit, as he confessed, sometime to a little less than Ange∣lical Exaltation. Curious he was to please his ear, and as exact to please his eye; there being no Sta∣tues, Inscriptions or Coyns that the Vert••osi of Italy could shew, the Antiquaries of France could boast off, or the great Hoarder of Rarities the great Duke of Tuscany, (whose antick Coyns are worth 100000 l.) could pretend to, that he had not the view of. No man could draw any place or work better, none fancy and paint a Portraicture more lively; being a Durer for proportion, a Goltzius for a bold touch, variety of posture, a curious and true shadow, an Angelo for his happy fancy, and an Holben for Oyl works.

Neither was it a bare Ornament of Discourse, or naked Diversion of leisure time; but a most weigh∣ty piece of knowledge that he could blazon most noble and ancient Coats, and thereby discern the re∣lation, interest, and correspondence of great Fami∣lies, and thereby the meaning and bottom of all transactions, and the most successful way of dealing with any one Family. His Exercises were such as his Employments were like to be, gentle and man∣like, whereof the two most eminent were Riding and Shooting, that at once wholesomely stirred, and nobly knitted and strengthened his body. Two Eyes he sai•• he travelled with; the one of wariness upon himself, the other of observation upon others. This compleat Gentleman was Guardian to the young Brandon in his younger years•• Agent for Sir

Iohn Mason in King Edward the sixth's time, and the first Embassador for the State in Queen Eliza∣beths time. My Lord Cobham is to amuse the Spa∣niard, my Lord Effingham to undermine the French, and Sir Henry Killigrew is privately sent to engage ••he German Princes against Austria in point of Inte∣rest, and for her Majesty in point of Religion: he had a humour that bewitched the Elector of Bava∣ria, a Carriage that awed him of Mentz, a Re∣putation that obliged them of Colen and Hydel∣bergh, and that reach and fluency in Discourse that won them all. He assisted the Lords Hunsdon and Ho∣ward at the Treaty with France in London, and my Lord of Essex in the War for France in Britain. Neither was he less observable for his own Conduct than for that of others, whose severe thoughts, words and carriage so awed his inferiour faculties, as to restrain him through all the heats of youth, made more than usually importunate by the full vigour of a high and sanguine Constitution; inso∣much that they say he looked upon all the approa∣ches to that sin, then so familiar to his calling as a Souldier, his quality as a Gentleman, and his Sta∣tion as a Courtier, not onely with an utter disal∣lowance in his judgement, but with a natural ab∣horrency and antipathy in his very lower inclinati∣ons. To which happiness it conduced not a little, that though he had a good, yet he had a restrained appetite (a Knife upon his Throat as well as upon his Trencher) that indulged it self neither fre∣quent nor delicate entertainment; its meals, though but once a day, being its pressures; and its fast, its only sensualitie••: to which temperance in diet, adde but that in sleep, together with his disposal of him∣self

throughout his life to industry and diligence•• you will say he was a spotless man, whose life taught us this Lesson, (which if observed, would accomplish mankinde; and which King Charles the fi••st would inculcate to noble Travellers, and Dr. Hammond to all men) To be furnished always with something to do: A Lesson they proposed as the best expedi∣ent for Innocence and pleasure; the foresaid blessed man assuring his happy hea••ers, That no burthen is more heavy, or temptation more dangerous, than to have time lie on ones hand: the idle man being not onely (as he worded it) the Devils shop, but his king∣dome too, a model of, and an appendage unto Hell, a place given up to torment and to mischief.

Observations on the Life of Arthur Gray Baron of Wilton.

ARthur Gray Baron of Wilton is justly r••cko∣ned amongst the Natives of Buckingham∣shire, whos•• Father had his habitation (not at Wilton a decayed Castle in Hertfordshire, whence he took his Title, but) at Waddon, a fair house of his Family not far from Buckingham.

He succeeded to a small estate, much diminished on this sad occasion. His Father William Lord Gray being taken Prisoner in France, after long in∣effectual solliciting to be (because captivated in the publick service) redeemed on the publick charge, at last was forced to ransome himself with the sale of the best part of his Patrimony. Our Arthur endeavoured to advance his estate by his Valour,

being entred into Feats of War under his marti∣al Father at the siege of Leith 1560, where he was shot in the shoulder, which inspirited him with a constant antipathy against the Scots. He was afterwards sent over Lord Deputy into Ireland, an∣no 1580; where before he had received the Sword, or any emblems of command, ut acrioribus initiis terrorem incuteret, to fright his foes with fierce be∣ginnings, he unfortunately fought the Rebels at Grandilough, to the great loss of English Blood. This made many commend his Courage above his Conduct, till he recovered his credit, and finally suppressed the Rebellion of Desmond. Returning into England, the Q••een chiefly relied on his coun∣sel for ordering our Land-forces against the Spani∣ards in 88, and fortifying places of advantage. The mention of that year (critical in Churc••-differen∣ces about discipline at hom••, as well as with for∣reign force abroad) mindeth me that this Lord was but a back-friend to Bishops; and in all divisions of Votes in Pa••liament or Council-table, sided with the Anti-prelatical party. When S••creta••y Davi∣son, that State-pageant, (raised up on purpose to be put down) was censured in the Star-chamber a∣bout the business of the Queen of Scots, this Lord Gray onely defended him, as doing nothing there∣in but what became an able and honest Minister of State. An Ear-witness saith, Haec fusè oratorie & animose Greium disserentem audivimus. So that besides bluntness, (the common and becoming Elo∣quence of Souldiers) he had a real Rhetorick, and could very emphatically express himself. Indeed this Warlike Lord would not wear two heads under one Helmet, and may be said always to have born

his Beaver open, not dissembling in the least de∣gree, but owning his own Judgement at all times what he was. He deceased anno Domini 1593.

Three things he was observed eminent for: 1. D••∣spatch; San Ioseph having not been a week in Ire∣land, before he had environed him by Sea and Land. 2. For his resolution, that he would not parley with him till he was brought to his mercy, hanging out a white flag with Misericordia, Misericordia. 3. For his prudence: 1. T••at he saved the Com∣manders, to oblige the Spaniard: 2. That he plun∣dered the Country, to enrich his Souldiers: 3. That he decimated the Souldiery, to terrifie Inva∣ders; and hanged all the Irish, to amaze the Tray∣tors.

Henry Fitz-ala•• Earl of Arundel when Ste∣ward at King Edward's Coronation, or Consta∣ble at Queen Mary's, was the first that rid in a Coach in England; my Lord Gray was the first that brought a Coach hither: one of a working Brain, and a great Mechanist himself, and no less a Patron to the Ingenious that were so. That there was an emulation between him and Sussex, was no wonder; but that the instance wherein he thought to disgrace him, should be his severity to the English Traytor, and the Forreign Invadors, would seem strange to any but those that con••ider, 1. That Princes of late would seem as they look on the end, and not the means; so they hug a cru∣elty, and frown on the Instrument of it; who while he honestly sacrificeth some irr••gular parti∣culars to the interest of Soveraignty, may be made himself a sacrifice to the passion of populacy. And, •••• which is the case here, that a••piring Princes may

employ severer Natures, but setled ones use the more moderate. Love keeps up the Empire which Power hath set up.

Observations on the Life of Thomas Lord Burge.

THomas Lord Burge or Borough was born in his Fathers noble house at Gainsborough in the County of Lincoln. He was sent Em∣bassadour into Scotland in 1593, to excuse Bothwel his lurking in England, to advise the speedy sup∣pression of the Spanish Faction, to advance the Pr••∣testants in that Kingdome for their Kings defence, and to instruct that King about his Council; which was done accordingly.

He was made Lord-Deputy of Ireland anno 1597, in the room of Sir William Russel. Mr Cambden saith thus of him:

Vir acer & animi plenus, sed nullis ferè Castrorum rudimentis.

As soon as the Truce with Tyrone was expired, he st••aightly be••ieged the Fort of Black-water, (the onely receptacle of the Rebels in those parts, be∣sides their Woods and Bogs.) Having taken this Fort by force, presently followed a bloody Battle, wherein the English lost many wo••thy men. He was struck with untimely death before he had continued a whole year in his place; it being wittily observed

of the short Lives of many worthy men,* 1.27 Fatuos •• morte defendit ipsa ins••lsitas, si cui plu•• caeteris ali∣quantulum salis insit (quod miremini) statim putres∣cit. Things rare destroy themselves; t••ose two things being incompa••ible in our nature, Perfection and Lasli••••ness.

His Educa••ion was not to any particular Professi∣on, yet his parts able to manage all. A large soul and a great spirit apart from all advantages, can do won∣ders. His Master-piece was Embassi, where his brave Estate set him above respect•• and compliance, and his comely person above contempt. His Geo∣graphy and history led to the Interest of other princes, and his Experience to that of his own. His skill in most Languages helped him to under∣stand others; and his resolu••ion to use onely his own, to be reserved himself. In two things he was very scrupulous: 1. In his Commission, 2. In his servants, whom he always (he said) found ho∣nest enough, but seldome quick and reserved. And in two things very careful: viz. 1. The time and humour of his Addresses; 2. The Inte∣rest, Inclinations and Dependencies of Favourites. A grave and steady man, observing every thing, but affected with nothing; keeping as great distance be∣tween his looks and his heart, as between his words and his thoughts. Very exact for his priviledges, very cold and indifferent in his motions, which were always guided by the emergencies in that Country, and by his intelligence from home. Good he was in pursuing his limited instruction, excellent where he was free; and his business was not his obedience onely, but his discretion too: that never failed but in his last enterprize, which he undertook without

any apparent advantage, and attempted without in∣telligence: An Enterprize well worthy his invinci∣ble Courage, but not his accustomed prudence; which should never expose the person of a General to the danger of a common Souldier.

Observations on the Life of William Lord Pawlet.

WIlliam Pawlet (where-ever born) had his la••gest estate and highest Honour (Baron of Basing, and Marquess of Win∣ch••ster) in Hantshire•• He was descended from a younger house of the Pawlets in Hinton St. George in Somersetshire, as by the Crescent in his Arms is acknowledged. * 1.28 One telleth us, That he being a younger Brother, and having wasted all that was left him, came to court on trust; where, upon the stock of his Wit, he trafficked so wisely, and prospe∣red so well, that he got, spent, and left, more than any subject since the Conquest. Indeed he lived at the time of the dissolution of Abbeys, which was the Harvest of Estates; and it argued idlene••s if any Courtier had his Barns empty. He was servant to King Henry the seventh; and for thirty years toge∣ther Treasu••er to King Henry the eight••. Edward the sixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth: the latter in some sort owed their Crowns to his Coun∣sel, his policy being the principal Defeater of D••ke Dudley's Designe to dis-inherit them. I behold this Lord Pawlet like to aged Adoram, so often men∣tioned in Scriptures, being over the Tribute in the days of King a 1.29 David, all the Reign of King b 1.30 So∣lomon,

until the first c 1.31 year of Rehoboam. And though our Lord Pawlet enjoyed his place not so many years, yet did he serve more Soveraigns, in more mutable times, being (as he said of himself) No Oak, but an Osier. Herein the parallel holds not: the hoary hairs of Adoram were sent to the Grave by a violent d 1.32 death, slain by the people in a Tumult; this Lord had the rare happiness of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, setting in his full splendour, having lived 97 years, and seen 103 out of his body. He died anno Domini 1572. Thus far Mr. Fuller.

This Gentleman had two Rules as useful for mankind, as they seem opposite to one ano∣ther.

• 1. That in our Considerations and Debates, we should not dwell in deceitful. Generals, but look in∣to clear Particulars.
• 2. That in our Resolutions and Conclusions, we should not rest on various Particulars, but rise to uniform Generals.

A Man he was that reverenced himself; that could be vertuous when alone, and good when one∣ly his own Theatre, his own applause, though ex∣cellent, before the world; his vertue improving by fame and glory, as an heat which is doubled by re∣••lexion.

Observations on the Life of Sir James Dier.

JAmes Dier Knight, younger Son to Richard Dier Esquire, was born at Round-hill in So∣mersetshire, as may appear to any by the Heralds Visitation thereof. He was bred in the study of our Municipal Law, and wa•• made Lord Chief Iustice of the Common Pleas, primo Eliz. continuing therein twenty four years. When Thomas Duke of Norfolk was, anno 1572, arraigned for Treason, this Iudge was present thereat, on the same to••en, that when the Duke desired Council to be assigned him, pleading that it was granted to Humphrey Stafford in the Reign of King Henry the seventh, our Iudge returned unto him, That Stafford had it allowed him only as to point of Law, then in dispute, viz. Whether he was legally taken out of the Sanctuary? but as for matter of Fact, neither he, nor any ever had or could have Councel allowed him.

But let his own wo••ks praise him in the Gates•• (known for the place of publick Iustice amongst the Iews) let his learned Writings, called, The Commentaries or Reports, evidence his Abilities in his Profession. He died in 2••. Eliz. (thoug•• married) without any issue; and there is a House of a Baronet of his Name (descended from an elder Son of Richard, Father to our Iudge) at great Stoughton in Huntingtonshire, well impro∣ved I believe with the addition of the Judges E∣••t••te••

There is a Manuscript of this worthy Judge•• wherein are six and forty Rules for the pre••ervati∣on of the Commonwealth, as worthy our Observa∣tion as they were his Collection.

• 1. That the true Religion be established.
• 2. To keep the parts of the Commonwealth equal.
• 3. That the middle sort of people exceed both the extreams.
• 4. That the Nobility be called to serve, or at least to appear at the Court by themselves, or by the hopes of their Families their Children.
• 5. That the Court pay well.
• 6. That Trade be free; and Manufactures, with all other Ingenuities, encouraged.
• 7. That there be no co-equal Powers, nor any other vsurpations against the Foundation.
• 8. That their be notice taken of wise and well-af∣fected Persons to employ them.
• 9. That Corruption be restrained.
• 10. That the Prince shew himself absolute in his Authority first, and then indulgent in his Nature.
• 11. That the first ferment of sedition, w••nt, &c. be considered.
• 12. That Preferments be bestowed on merit, and not faction.
• 13. That troublesome persons be employed abroad••
• 14. That Emulations be over r••led.
• 15. That the ancient and most easie way of Contri∣butions when necessary, be followed.
• 16. That the Youth be discipled.
• 17. That Discourses and Writings of Government, and its mysteries, be restrained.
• 18. That the Active and busie be taken to Employ∣ment.
• ...

• 19. That the King shew himself often in Majesty, tempered with familiarity, easie access, tenderness, &c.
• 20. That the Prince perform some expected act••∣ons at Court himself.
• 21. That no one man be grat••fied with the grie∣vance of many.
• 22. That Acts of Grace pass in the chief Magi∣••trates Name, and Act•• of Severity in the Ministers.
• 23. That the Prince borrow when he hath no need.
• 24. That he be so well furnished with Warlike Provisions, Citadels, Ships, as to be renowned for it.
• 25. That the Neighbour-States be balanced.
• 26. That the Prince maintain very knowing A∣gents, Spies and Intelligencers.
• 27. That none be suffered to raise a Quarrel be∣tween the Prerogative and the Law.
• 28. That the People be awaked by Musters.
• 29. That in c••ses of Fa••tion, Colonies and Plan∣tations be found out to receive ill humours.
• 30. That the Seas, the Sea-coast, and Borders be secured.
• 31. That the Prince be either resident himself, or by a good natured and popular Favourite.
• 32. To act things by degrees, and check all the hasty, importunate, rash and turbulent, though well-affected.
• 33. That the Inhabitants have honour promiscuous∣ly, but that Power be kept in the Well-affected's hands.
• 34. That there be as far as can be plain dealing, and the people never think they are deceived.
• 35. That there be a strict eye kept upon Learning, Arms, and Mechanical Arts.
• 36. That there be frequent Wars.
• ...

• 37. To observe the Divisions among Favourites. though not to encourage them.
• 38. That an account be given of the Publick Ex∣pences.
• 39. That Inventions be encouraged.
• 40. That the Country be kept in its due dependanc•• on the Crown against the times of War, Elections, &c. and to that purpose that the Courtiers keep good hou∣ses, &c.
• 41. That no disobliging person be trusted.
• 42. That Executions be few, suddain and se∣vere.
• 43. To improve the benefit of a Kingdomes Situa∣tion.
• 44. That the L••berties and Priviledges of the sub∣ject b•• so clearly stated, that there may be no pr••ten∣ces for worse purposes.
• 45. That the Coyn be neither transported nor ••m∣based.
• 46. That luxury be suppr••ssed.

Maximes these! that spake our Judge so conver∣sant with Books and men, that that may be applyed to him, which is attributed to as great a Divine as he was a Lawyer, viz. That he never talked with him∣self.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Pelham.

SIr William Pelham was a Native of Sussex, whose ancient and wealthy Family hath long flourished in Laughton therein. His Pru∣dence in Peace, and Valour in War, caused Queen Elizabeth to employ him in Ireland, where he was by the privy-Council appointed Lord Chief Ju∣stice to govern that Land in the interim betwixt the death of Sir William Drury, and the coming in of Arthur Gray, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Say not that he did but stop a gap for a twelve-month at the most, seeing it was such a gap, Destru∣ction had entered in thereat, to the final ruine of that Kingdome, had not his providence prevented it. For in this juncture of time, Desmond began his Rebellion 1579, inviting Sir William to side with him; who wisely gave him the hearing, with a smile in to the Bargain. And although our Knight for want of Force could not cure the wounds, yet he may be said to have washed and kept it clean, re∣••igning it in a recovering condition to the Lord Gray, who succeeded him. Afterwards he was sent over into the Low-Countries 1586, being Com∣mander of the English Horse therein. It is said of him, ••rabautiam persultabat, He leapt through Bra∣bant; importing celerity and success, yea, as much Conquest as so suddain an expedition was capable of.

He had a strong memory whereof he built his experience, and a large experience whereon he grounded his actions: There was no Town, Fort,

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Passage, Hill or Dale, either in Ireland or Holland, but he retained by tha•• strong faculty, that was much his Nature, more his Art; which observed private∣ly, what it saw publickly; recollected and fixed in the night, when he observed by day; trusting his head with solids, but not burthening it with im∣pertinencies. Company is one of the greatest plea∣su••es of Mankinde, and the great delight of this man, (it's unnatu••al to be solitary; the world is linked together by love, and men by friendship) who observed three things in his converse, that it should be, 1. even, 2. choice, and 3. useful; all his friends being either valiant, ingenious, or wise: that is, either Souldiers, Scholars, or States-men. Four things he was very intent upon during his Go∣vernment in Ireland: 1. The Priests, the Pulpits, and the Press: 2. The Nobility: 3. The Ports: 4. The Forreigners. Which he pursued with that Activity, the Earl of Ormond assisting him, that an∣no 1580, that Kingdome was delivered to my Lord Gray after his one years Government, in a better condition than it had been for threescore years before; the Populacy being encouraged, the No∣bility trusted, F••••ds laid down, Revenue setled, the Sea-towns secured, the S••ul••iery disciplined, and the Magizines furnished. Whence he returned to overlook others, setling England against the Spa∣niards, as he had done Ireland; himself being an active Commi••••oner in England in 88, and an emi∣nent Agent in Scotland in 89.

Observations on the Life of Sir William Waad.

A Scholar himself, and a Patron to such that were so; being never well but when em∣ploying the Industrious, pensioning the Hopeful, and preferring the Deserving. To his Directions we owe Riders Dictionary, to his Encou∣ragement Hooker's Policy, to his Charge Gruter's Inscriptions. As none more knowing, so none more civil. No man more grave in his Life and Manners, no man more pleasant in his Carriage and Complexion; yet no man more resolved in his Bu∣siness: for being sent by Queen Elizabeth to Phi∣lip King of Spain, he would not be turned over to the Spanish Privy-Council, (whose greatest Gran∣dees are Dwarfs in honour to his Mistress) but would either have audience of the King himself, or return without it; though none knew better how and when to make his close and underhand Addresses to such potent Favourites as strike the stroke in the State; it often happening in a Commonwealth, (saith my Author) that the Masters Mate steers the Ship better than the Master himself. A man of a constant toyl and industry, busie and quick, equal∣ly an enemy to the idle and slow undertakings, judg∣ing it a great weakness to stand staring in the face of business, in that time which might serve to do it. In his own practice he never considered longer than till he could discern whether the thing proposed was fit or not; when that was seen, he immediately set to work: when he had finished one business, he

could not endure to have his thoughts lie fallow, but was presently consulting what next to under∣take.

Two things this Gentleman professed kept him up to that eminence; 1. Fame, that great inci••e∣ment to Excellency. 2. A Friend, whom he had not onely to observe those grossnesses which Ene∣mies might take notice of, but to discover his pru∣dential failings, indecencies, and even suspitious and barely doubtful passages. Friendship (saith my Lord Bacon) easeth the heart, and cleareth the understand∣ing, making clear day in both; partly by giving the purest councel apart from our interest and prepossessi∣ons, and partly by allowing opportunity to discourse; and by that discourse to clear the mind, to recollect the thoughts, to see how they look in words; whereby men attain that highest wisdome, which Dionysius the A∣reopagite saith, is the Daughter of Reflexion.

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Sidney.

SIr Henry Sidney, eminent for his son Sir Phi∣lip, and famous for his own Actions, was born well, and bred better: His Learning was equal to his Carriage, his Carriage to his Good Nature, his Good Nature to his Prudence, his Pru∣dence to his Resolution. A little he learned at School, more at the University, most at Court. His Reading was assiduous, his Converse exact, his

O••servations close: His Reason was strong, and his Discourse flowing. Much he owed to his Studi∣ousness at home, more to his Experience abroad, where Travel enlarged and consolidated his Soul. His own Worth fitted him for Advancement, and his Alliance to my Lord of Leicester raised him to it. Merit must capacitate a man for Interest, and Inte∣rest must set up merit. His person and his Ance∣stry invested him Knight of the Garter, his Mo∣deration and Wisdome President of Wales. His Re∣solution and Model of Government made him Lord Deputy of Ireland; a people whom he first studied, and then ruled; being first master of their humour, and then of their Government. Four things he said would reduce that Country: A Navy well fur∣nished, to cut off their correspondence with Spain; An Army well paid, to keep up Garrisons; Laws well executed, to alter their Constitutions and Te∣nures; A Ministry well setled, to civilize and instruct them; and an unwearied Industry to go through all.

Nine things he did there to eternize his Memo∣ry.

• 1. Connaught He divided to six Shires.
• 2. Captainships, something answering to Knight∣hood here, He abolished.
• 3. A Surrendry of all Irish Holdings He contri∣ved, and the Irish Estates He setled on English T••∣nures and Services.
• 4. That the ablest five of each Sept should under∣take for all their Relations He ordered.
• 5. One Free-School at least in every Diocess He maintained.
• 6. Two Presidents Courts in Munster and Con∣naught He erected.
• ...

• 7. Their Customes He reduced to the Civility, and their Exchequer to the Exactness of England.
• 8. Their Purveyance He turned to Compositi∣on.
• 9. Their Statutes He printed, and a constant correspondence He kept; especially with the Eng∣lish Embassadour in Spain, and King Iames in Scot∣land.

Fitz••Williams was mild, Essex heady, Perrot stout; but this Lieutenant or Deputy was a stayed and resolved man, that Royally heard ill, and did well; that bore up against the clamours of the peo∣ple with the peace of his conscience. His Interest he had devoted to his Soveraign•• and his Estate to the publick; saying as Cato, That he had the least share of himself.* 1.33 From the Irish he took nothing but a Liberty to undo themselves; from Court he desired nothing but service; from Wales he had nothing but a Good Name. I••'s observed of him, that He had open Vertues for Honour, and private ones for Success, which he said was the daughter of reservedness: there being not (saith my Lord V••∣rulam) two more fortunate properties, than to have a little of the fool, and not too much of the honest man. The Crown was obliged by his services, the No∣bility engaged to him by Alliances, the People enamoured with his Integrity, and himself satisfied with a good Conscience. Much good counsel he gave at Court, more at home in Shropshire, where his Dexterity in composing the private Quarrels of the Country, was as eminent as his Prudence in setling the Affairs of Ireland. He had that Majesty in his Countenance that he awed, and Affability in his Speech that he obliged the Country. His Coun∣sel

would be smart and solid, his Reproof grave and affectionate, his Jests quick and taking; doing more with a quick Droll towards the peace of the Country, than others did with longer Harangues. Secretary Bourns Son kept a Gentlemans Wife in Shropshire; when he was weary of her, he caused her Husband to be dealt with to take her home, and offered him 500 l. for reparation. The Gentle∣man went to Sir Henry Sidney to take his advice; telling him, That his Wife promised now a new life, and to say the truth five hundred pounds would be ve∣ry seasonable at that time. By my troth (said Sir Hen∣ry) take her home, and the Money; then whereas o∣ther Cuckolds wear their Horns plain, you may wear yours gilt. His great word after a difference end∣ed, was, Is not this easier than going to London or Ludlow? When a man fretted against himself or other, My Friend, he would say, take it from me, a weakman complains of others, an unfortunate man of himself, but a wise man neither of others nor of himself. It was his Motto, I'll never threaten. To threaten an Enemy, is to instruct him; a Superi∣our, is to endanger my person; an Inferiour, is to disparage my conduct. Old servants were the Ornament and stay of his Family, for whom he re∣served a Copyhold when aged, a service when hopeful, an Education when pregnant. Twice was he sent underhand to France, and once to Scotland, to feel the pulse of the one; and to embroyl the other. It's for setled Kingdomes and for Wealthy men to play above-board, while the young State as the young Fortune should be least in sight.

He and Sir Thomas Randolph amuse the Queen of Scots with the hope of the Crown of England, and

the King of France by a League with his protestant subjects; to whose a••sistance Sir Adrian Poynings arrives as Field-marshal, and the Earl of Warwick as General.

Sir Nicholas Arnold had disposed Ireland to a settlement, when Justicer; and Sir Henry Sidney for∣merly Justicer and Treasurer, was now to compleat it as D••puty, being assisted in Munster by Sir War∣ham St. Leiger, and elsewhere by the brave Earl of Ormond, having procured his Antagonist the Earl of Desmond to be called to England in order of a peace and tranquility. Great was his Authority over, far greater his love to, and esteem of the Soldi∣ers, with whom he did wonders against Shane Oneals Front, while Randolph charged his Rear until the wild Rebels submits, and is executed. When he re∣signed his Authority and Honour to Sir William Drury, he took his farewel of Ireland in these words, VVhen Israel departed out of Egypt, and the house of Jacob from a barbarous people. A singular man he was, (saith the Historian) and one of the most com∣mendable Deputies of Ireland, to whose Wisdome and Fortitude that Kingdome cannot but acknow∣ledge much, though it is as impatient of Deputies as Sicily was of old of Procurators.

Observations on the Life of Sir John Puckering.

HE was born at Flamboroughead in Yorkshire, second Son to a Gentleman that left him an Estate neither plenteous nor penurious, his breeding was more beneficial to him than his porti∣on, gaining thereby such skill in the common Law, that he became the Queens Sergeant, speaker in the house of Commons, and at last Lord Chancel∣lour of England. How he stood in his Iudgement in the point of Church-discipline, plainly appeareth by his following speech, delivered in the house of Lords 1588.

You are especially commanded by her Majesty to take heed, that no Ear be given, nor time affor∣ded to the wearisome sollicitations of those that com∣monly be called Puritans, where with all the late Parliaments have been exceedingly importuned, which ••ort of men, whilst that (in the giddiness of their Spirits) they labour and strive to advance a new eldership, they do nothing else but disturb the good repose of the Church and Commonwealth, which is as well grounded for the body of Religion it self, and as well guided for the discipline, as any Realm that confesseth the truth. And the same thing is already made good to the world by many of the Writings of godly and learned men, neither answered nor answerable by any of these new fan∣gled Refiners. And, as the present case standeth, it may be doubted, whether they, or the Iesuits, do offer more danger, or be more speedily to be repressed.

For, albeit the Iesuites do empoyson the hearts of Her Majesties Subjects, under a pretext of Consci∣ence to withdraw them from their Obedience due to Her Majesty yet do they the same, but closely, and in privy-corners: But these men do both teach and publish in their printed Books, and teach in all their Conventicles, sundry Opinions, not onely dangerous to a Well-setled Estate, and the Policy of the Realm, by putting a Pi••e between the Clergy and the Layty; but also much derogatory to her sacred Majesty and her Crown, as well by the diminution of her an∣cient and lawful Revenues, and by denying Her Highness Prerogative and Supremacy, as by offering peril to her Majesties safety in her own Kingdome. In all which things, (however in other Points they pretend to be at war with the Popish Iesuites) yet by this separation of themselves from the unity of their fellow subjects, and by abasing the Sacred Au∣thority and Majesty of their Prince, they do both joyn and concur with the Iesuites in opening the Door, and preparing the way to the Spanish Invasi∣on that i•• threatned against the Realm.

And thus having according to the weakness of my best understanding delivered Her Majesties Roy∣al pleasure and wise direction, I rest there, with humble Suit of her Majesties most gracious Pardon in supplying of my defects, and recommend you to the Author of all good councel.

He died anno Domini 1596, charactered by Mr. Cambden, Vir Integer. Hi•• Estate is since descend∣ed, (according to the solemn settlement thereof) the Male Issue failing, on Sir Henry Newton; who,

according to the Condition hath assumed the sur∣name of Puckering.

Sir Thomas Egerton urged against the Earl of A∣rundel methodically what he had done before, in, and since the Spanish Invasion: Sir Iohn Puckering pres∣sed things closely, both from Letters and Corre∣spondence with Allen and Parsons, that few men had seen; and from the saying of my Lord himself, (which fewer had observed) who when Valongers Cause about a Libel was handled in the Star-cham∣ber, had said openly, He that is throughly Popish, the same man cannot but be a Traytor. A man this was of himself of good repute for his own Carriage, but unhappy for that of his servants; who for dis∣posing of his Livings corruptly, left themselves an ••ill name in the Church, and him but a dubious one in the State. David is not the onely person whom the iniquity of his heels, that is, of his followers, layeth hold on.

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Bromley.

SIr Thomas Bromley was born at Bromley in Shropshire, of a right ancient Family. He was bred in the Inner Temple, and made, be∣fore he was forty years of age, General sollicitor to Queen Elizabeth; and afterwards, before he was fifty, succeeded Sir Nicholas Bacon in the Dig∣nity of Lord Chancellour: yet Bacon was not missed while Bromley succeded him; and that loss which

otherwise could not have been repaired, now could not be perceived; Which Office he wisely and learn∣edly executed with much discretion, possessing it nine years, and died anno 1587, not being sixty years old.

My Lord Hunsdon first employed this Gentl••∣man, and my Lord Burleigh took first notice of him. He had a deep head to dive to the bottome of the abstruse Cases of those times, and a happy mean to manage them, with no less security to the Estate, than satisfaction to the people. A man very indu∣strious in his place, and very observant of the Court: happy in his potent friends, happy in his able followers; men of great faithfulness towards him, and of great integrity and respectfulness to∣wards any that made Addresses to him. He never decided the ••quity of any Case before he had dis∣coursed with the Judge that heard it, of the Law of it. He never disposed of a Living without the Bishop of the Diocess his consent where it lay•• nor ever engaged he in any State-business without dir••∣ction from my Lord Burleigh, the Earl of Leice∣ster, my Lord Delaware. Sir Ralph Sadler was to observe the policy, Dr. Wilson the Civil law, and Sir Thomas Bromley the English law, in the Q••een of Scots answer to Queen Elizabeths last expostu∣lation. The Spanish Souldier never takes wages a∣g••inst his King, and Sir Thomas Bromley never took fe••s against the Crown. He would have the cause opened clearly by his Client in the Chamber, be∣fo••e ever he would declare it at the Bar: He lost money for not admitting all causes promiscuously at first, but he gained it at last; when never f••iling in any cause, saith my Author, for five

years: during which space, what he wanted in the retayl of advantage, he made up in the gross of esteem; being by that time the onely person that the people would employ, and one of the three the Court would favour; being excellent (because industrious) in a leading and an untrodden cafe. Physitians, they say, are best like Beer when stale, and Lawyers like Bread when young: This person was eminent in all the periods of his Age; each whereof he filled with its just and becoming accom∣plishment. In that Lord of N••rthumberland's case that pistolled himself, none more subtle to argue his guilt; in the Queen of Scots, none more strict to keep to the law; for when the Q••een of Scots would explain something in the Queens commissi∣on, he answered, We are subjects, and not come hi∣ther to explain the Queens words, but to perform them. None more discreet and grave, prefacing that great business with these words•• The high and mighty Queen our Soveraign, that she might not be wanting to her God, her self, her people, or your honour, sent us hither, not so much to try, as to clear you; not so much to urge her Accusations, as to hear your Defence. And none more stedfast to his Soveraign: for when that un∣fortunate Lady protested her unaccountableness to the English laws, he replyed, This protestation is vain: for whosoever, of what place soever, offendeth a∣gainst the Laws of England in England, was subject to the same Laws, and might be examined and try∣ed. The sentence against her he declared had three things in it: 1. Justice, 2. Security, 3. N••cessity: but ad∣ded presently, And that wisely too it should no ways prejudice King James his Title or Honour.

Observations on the Life of Sir. Richard Bingham.

SIr Richard Bingham, born in Binghams••Mel∣colm in Dorsetshire, of a very ancient Family, in his youth travelled most parts of the world: he was at the Siege of St. Quintin in France; the sacking of Leith in Scotland; served in Ca••dia under the Venetians against the Turk; then return∣ed into the Netherlands, being strong and fortunate in all his undertakings. After all this, he went in∣to Ireland, and was there President of Co••naught, and conque••ed the great and dangerous Rebel O¦Rork.

A Gentleman this, rather skilful in many myste∣ries than thriving in any: of a fancy too high and wild, too defulto••y and over-voluble: yet Imagi∣nation hath often produced Realities, and phancy done the work of Judgement; as in this Gentle∣man, whose daringness went for conduct, whose spirit passed for resolution, whose activity had the honour of skill, and whose success the glory of pru∣dence. It's a wonder of parts that Caesar could write, read, dictate, and discourse at the same time; it's a miracle of fancy that this man should com∣mand a Regiment in the Netherlands, preside in a province of Ireland, manage a Trade in Russia, car∣ry on a plantation in America, and husband a man∣nor in England. But as the King of Spain is painted with a handful of sand running out between his fin∣gers, in reference to his many, but unprofitable Do∣minions; so might this grand Projector be described,

who attempted so many things, that he did nothing. Yet one thing his Quick-silver soul was good for, and that is Stratagems: Now you should have him surprize a Town by Butter-women, another time by Workmen; anon he would face the enemy, and draw them with success upon a train of Gunpow∣der he would lay for them, and Iron Pricksteds he would sow for them: He would steal their hands and seales, buy the very keys of their closets; and so amuse them with letters, and distract them with Jealousies, while in the mean time the vigilant man alarmed them every hour of the day, and each watch of the night; so that he tamed those wild I∣rish as we do some wild beasts, by watching.

Observations on the Life of Roger Ashcam.

FRom his cradle a Royal servant, and to his grave a favourite: a good man, (saith Cambden) and if his ambition had been but as great as the occasion was fair, a great one too. Born he was honestly in Yorkshire, and bred hand∣somely at Cambridge; and both born and bred for that age which was to refine Greek and Latin to a politeness, and raise them to an Eloquence. He was the University-Orator at Cambridge, and at Court; there using his eloquence, here his interest against that sacriledge, that having Dined on the church, as he writ, came to Sup on the Universities. Thence he was rather removed than advanced, more suita∣bly

to his me••it than his expectation, to be Queen Elizabeths Schoolmaster for the Latin tongue in her Sisters time, and her Secretary for the same in her own.

What he got by his ingenuity, he lost by his ga∣ming, viz. at Dice and Cock-fighting, dying rich onely in those two books, his estate and monument, whereof the one is intituled T••xophilus, and the o∣ther Scholarcha. He and his dear Smith were the happiest men in the nation; their large and inge∣nious souls clasping together in an entire friendship, made up of kindness and integrity, apart from the little fears, the jealousies, the suspitions that vex mankinde. What learned letters! what loving expostulations! what discreet intimations! what faithful advertisements! what indifferent com∣munity! what common cares and pities! how they loved! how they child! and how they loved again! how plain! how malleable! how sweet! What little observations upon one anothers inad∣vertencies, neglects or miscarriages! how they im∣proved their Mollia tempora to the great end of friendship, information and advice! How secretly they vented their thoughts into each others breasts, and there looked upon them by reflexion, and the advantage of a second consideration! And it's a happiness to have another self to shew our selves to before we appear to the world, that all men wish, and the good men onely enjoy. An honest man this, that abhorred all artifice and cunning, and ha∣ted all concealments and pretensions, which he had sagicity enough to discover and look through, but a spirit too generous to practise it; none being more able for, yet none more averse to that ci••cu••∣locution

and contrivance wherewith some men shadow their m••in drift and purpose. Speech was made to open man to man, and not to hide him; to promote Commerce, and not betray it.

HOw happy is he born and taught That serveth not anothers will, Whose Armour is his honest thought, And simple truth his utmost skill?

Whose passions not his Masters are, Whose soul is still prepar'd for death; Vntide unto the world by care Of Publick fame, or private breath.

Who envies none that chance doth raise. Nor vice hath ever understood; How deepest wounds are given by praise, Nor Rules of State, but Rules of Good.

Who hath his life from rumours freed, Whose conscience is his strong retreat•• Whose state can neither flatterers feed, Nor r••ine make Oppressors great.

Who God doth late and early pray, More of his grace, than gifts to lend; And entertains the harmles day With a religious book or friend.

This man is freed from servile bands Of hope to rise, or fear to fall: Lord of himself, though not of lands; And having nothing, yet hath all.

Observations on the Life of Sir John Packington.

SIr Iohn Packington was a person of no mean Family, and of form and feature no way despiseable: for he was a brave Gentleman, and a very fine courtier; and for the time which he stayed there, was very high in the Queens grace: but he came in, and went out, and through disassiduity lost the advantage of her favour; and death drawing a vail over him, utterly deprived him of recovery. Had he broughtless to the Court than he did, he might have carried away more than he brought: for he had a time for it, but he was an ill husband of opportunity. His handsome features took the most, and his neat parts the wisest at Court. He could smile Ladies to his service, and argue States-men to his designe with equal ease. His rea∣son was powerful, his beauty more. Never was a brave soul more bravely seated: Nature bestowed great parts on him, education polished him to an admirable frame of prudence and vertue. Queen Eli••abeth called him Her T••mperance, and Leicester His Modesty. It is a question to this day, whe∣ther his resolution took the Souldiers, his pru∣dence the Politicians, his complyance the Favou∣rites, his complaisance the Courtiers, his piety the Clergy, his integrity and condescention the Peo∣ple, or his knowledge the learned, most? This new Court-star was a nine-days wonder, engaging all eyes until it set satisfied with its own glory. He

came to Court, he said, as S••lomon did, to see its va∣nity; and retired as he did, to repent it. It was he who said first what Bishop Sanderson urged after∣wards, That a sound Faith was the best Divinity, a good Conscience the best Law, and Temperance the best Physick. Sir Iohn Packington in Queen Eli∣zabeths time was vertuous and modest, and Sir Iohn Packington in King Charles his time loyal and vali∣ant; the one did well, the other suffered so: Green∣ham was his Favourite, Hammon his; the one had a competant estate, and was contented; the other hath a large one, and is noble: this suppresseth Factions in the kingdome, the other composed them in the Court, and was called by Courtiers Moderation. Westmerland tempted his fidelity, and Norfolk his stedfastness: but he died in his bed an honest and an happy man, w••ile one of them goes off tainted on the S••rffold, and the other dies a beg∣g••r in Flanders.

Observations on the Lives of the Norrises and Knowles.

MY Lord Norris had by his Lady an ample Issue, which the Queen highly respected: for he had six sons, all martial brave men; of haughty courage, and of great experience in the conduct of military affairs, Greater was not the Faction between Leicester and Sussex at court, than that between the Knowles and the Norrises in the Country: both Families of Oxfordshire; the one

resolute at Greys, the other valiant at Rycote: the former got great estates at home, the latter attain∣ed to great honour abroad. The Knowles were beloved by the Queen for their own sakes, the Nor∣rises for theirs and her own sake, the Knowles were of the same blood with her Majesty, the Norrises spent theirs for her.

1. My Lord Norris died at Court an honest man.

2. Sir Francis at Bulloign a good Souldier.

3. Sir William at Berwick a brave Governour.

4. Sir Thomas at Munster a wise President.

5. Sir Maximilian at Bre∣taign an expert Engineer.

6. Maximilian at Groen a re∣nowned Heroe.

7. Sir Iohn was a most ac∣complished General, no less emi∣nent for his safe retreats, than for his resolute onsets. France hath recorded this testimony of him, That he brought on his men so warily, as one that could bring them off: and England this, That he brought them off so reso∣lutely, as one that durst bring them on. His fortune often overthrew his enemy, and his wisdome oftner saved his friends: His conduct was famous, and

his Discipline exact: His Actions are Presidents, and his Orders Laws of War to this day. He was bred under Castilion, and out-did him. Ireland was always possessed, but never conquered till Norris came, who could lie on the coldest earth, swim the deepest Rivers, force the straightest Passes, find out the most secret corners, and tread the softest Bog; who could endure any thing but an affront, and a Su∣periour: the first whereof, upon a repulse at Court, sad∣dened his heart; as the se∣cond, upon another De∣puties being sent over him, broke it. Unsuccessful he was with Don Antonio in Spain, because he under∣stood not the Country. In the Low-Countries he gai∣ned experience first, and then victory: in Ireland he had Connaught for his Grave, Mount-Norris his Monument, and the Letter of Queen Elizabeth to his Mother his Epitap••.

As the first e∣minent Norris suffered for Anne Bullen, the Qu. Mother: so the first eminent Knowles suffered with Protestan∣tism her Religi∣on. Norris could not rise though he deserved his honour, because of Leicester that favoured his Bro∣ther, Knowles and Essex that envy∣ed him; neither could Knowles advance because of Sussex that feared and Cecil that suspected him. The Knowles were deserving, but modest; fa∣voured,

but humble; powerful, but quiet; ra∣ther firm at Court, than high; allied to the Queen, and faithful to the Crown. Queen E∣lizabeth advanced Sir Francis to the Vicecham∣berlainship, treasurership of the houshold, Captain∣ship of the Guard, and the order of the Garter, because she said, He was an honest man; and King Iames, and King Charles raised his Son Sir William to the Earl∣dome of Bambury, be∣cause he was a servicea∣ble man. Honestly faith∣ful was that family to their Mistress that was, and providently so were they to their Master that should be. Handsome men they were when at∣tending at Court, and valiant when called to the Camp.

Norrises.

• 1. The Norrises are employed in Embassies of War, wherein they were active.
• 2. My Lord Norris his resolution was very becoming in the de∣mand of Calice.
• 3. The Irish Con∣spirator Thoumond o∣pened a Plot against the Government in I∣reland to the Agent Norris.

Knowles.

• 1. The Knowles are a∣broad in religious Negotia∣tions, for which they had been Confessors, Sir Fran∣cis in France, and Sir Henry in Germany.
• 2. Francis Knowles his meekness was suitable to his perswasions for Religion:
• 3. And the Scots Schis∣matick Humes discovered a designe against the Church in England to the Embassa∣dour Knowles.

In 88,

My Lord Hunsdon guarded the Queens person with 34000 foot, and 2000 horse; the Earl of Lei∣cester commanded the Midland Army of 22000 foot, and 1000 horse: Sir Roger Williams and Sir Richard Bingham were in the head of 20000 in the Thames mouth, and Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Knowles with other Assistants sate in the Council of War to overlook all. Sir Iohn advised three things: 1. The Guarding of the Havens, 2. The Training of the Militia, and the preparing of them to be at an hours warning upon a signal given, which was then the firing of a Beacon. 3. That if the enemy did land, the Country should be laid waste before

him, the Train-bands alarming him day and night: Sir Francis added, 1, What shires and what num∣bers should assist each Coast, how the men should be armed, how commanded, and in what order they should fight. 2. That the Papists should not be massacred, as some would have it, but secured. 3. That the Deputy of Ireland should be instructed. 4. That the King of Scots should be engaged. 5. That Agents should be sent to the Netherlands and to France. And, 6. That the Queen should en∣courage the people with her own presence. Sir Iohn Norris died when he saw beyond others ex∣pectation and his own merit, the Lord Burge made Lord-Deputy, and himself but President of Munster; his great minde sinking under one af∣front from his Soveraign, which had born up a∣gainst all the assaults of her enemies; leaving this honour behinde him, That he laid the best grounds of military practice in England•• But who can stand before Envy?

A further Character of Sir Iohn Norris from Queen Elizabeths Letter to his Mother.

My own Crow.

HArm not your self for bootless help, but shew a good example to comfort your dolorous yoak-fellow. Although we have deferred long to represent to ••ou our grieved thoughts, because we liked full ill to yeild you the first reflexion of mis-fortune, whom we have always rather sought to cherish and comfort; yet knowing now, that Necessity must bring it to your ear, and Nature consequently must move both grief and passion in your heart; VVe resolved no longer to smot••er, neither our care for your sorrow, or the sympathy of our grief for your loss. VVherein if it be true, That Society in sorrow works dimi∣nution, VVe do assure you by this true Messenger of our minde, that Nature can have stirred no more dolorous affection in you as a Mother for a dear Son, than Gratefulness and memory of his Service past hath wrought in us his Soveraign ap∣prehension of our miss for so worthy a Servant. But now that Natures common work is done, and he that was born to die hath paid his Tribute, let that Christian discretion stay the flux of your

immoderate grieving, which hath instructed you both for example and knowledge, that nothing in this kinde hath happened but by Gods divine pro∣vidence. And let these Lines from your loving gracious Soveraign serve to assure you, that there shall ever appear the lively Character of our Estimation of him that was, in our graci∣ous care of you and yours that are left, in valu∣ing rightly all their faithful and honest Endea∣vours. More at this time we will not write of this unpleasant subject, but have dispatched this Gentleman to visit both your Lord and you, and to condole with you in the true sense of your love; and to pray that the world may see what time cureth in a ••eak minde, that Discretion and Moderation helpeth in you in this accident, where there is so just cause to demonstrate true Patience and Moderation.

Your Gracious and Loving Soveraign, E. R.

Observations on the Life of Secretary Davison.

THat Meteor of the Court! raised onely in an an excess of heat and vapours, to fall in a clearer day: for having good parts to act, an easie nature to comply, and a good disposition to be imposed on, he was raised to play others parts rather then his own, in those intricate and dark times, when fools were put to execute what wise men advised; and the world saw but the plain side of the great watch of State, within which all the springs were inclosed and hid.

That he was but of a private capacity, and so safe∣ly to be raised, as one that would neither outshine nor outdare his Patron, (Machiavil hath a Rule, (Disc. l. 3. c. 2.) That it is a very great part of wisdome sometimes to seem a fool, and so lie out of the reach of Observation and Iealousie) appears from his Negotiations, that were either payment of money in the Netherlands, a Merchants business; or taking security of the Merchants in France, a Scriveners part; or pacifying the tumult in Hol∣land, the t••sk of a Bu••gomaster. Beale the Clerk of the Council and he were joyned in Commission, always to deal with the Scots; the one the austerest, and the other the sweetest man living. When the first frighted those rude people with expostulations, the second got into them with insinuations. A hard and a soft, a Hammer and a Cushion, breaks a Flint Fear and Love rule the world. His Grand Case,

as that great Historian layeth it, is briefly this; Ma∣ny Protestants thought themselves in danger while the Queen of Scots was alive; many Papists thought themselves undone while she was imprisoned: these last press her to some dangerous undertakings; of the first, some were for securing, others for transpor∣ting, and a third party for poysoning her: to which purpose many Overtures were made, though yet none durst undertake it that had either estate or ho∣nour to lose; being so wise as not to understand what was meant by the strange Letters that were sent, else they might have faln into this Gentlemans fortune; who unadvisedly venturing between the honour and safety of his Soveraign, was ground to nothing betwixt the fear of one party, and the shame of the other.

But this mild, but stout because honest man•• was not so weak in the perpetration of this fault, as he was wise in his Apology for it, saying, He would not confess a guilt, and betray his integrity; nor yet stand upon a Justification, and forget his Duty. He would neither contest with his Soveraign, nor disparage himself; but clear himself as an honest man, and submit as a thankful servant, and a good subject.

DAzled thus with heighth of place, Whilst our hopes our wits beguile, No man marks the narrow space 'Twixt a prison and a smile.

Then, since Fortunes favours fade, You, that in her arms do ••leep,

Learn to swim, and not to wade; For, the hearts of Kings are deep.

But, if Greatness be so blind As to trust in Towers of Air, Let it be with Goodness lin'd, That at least the fall be fair.

Then though darkned, you shall say, When friends fail, and Princes frown, Vertue is the roughest way, But proves at night a Bed of Down.

Observations on the Lives of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Jeffrey Fenton.

SHarp and lively-spirited men, skilful in War, and prudent in Peace: of a restless and a publick Spirit, well skilled in the Trade of England, better in the Wealth of Ameri∣ca; in the North-part whereof, which we call New-found Land, whither they had sayled a little be∣fore with five Ships, having sold their Patrimony in hope to plant a Colony there, they undid themselves: for after they had by the voice of a common Cryer proclaimed that Country to belong to the English Jurisdiction, and had assigned Land to each of their Company, they were distressed by Shipwracks, and want of necessary provision, and constrained to give over their Enterprize; learning too late, and

teaching others, That it is matter of greater difficul∣ty to tr••nsport Colonies into far Countries upon pri∣vate mens wealth, than they and others in a cred••∣lous and sanguine fit imagine: and this, Quod si•• ••ss••velis, nihilque malis.

Observations on the Life of Do••••or Walter Haddon.

WAlter Haddon was born of a Knightly Family in Buckinghamshire, bred at Eaton, afterwards Fellow in Kings Colledge in Cambridge, where he proceeded Do∣ctor of Law, and was the Kings Professor in that Faculty, chosen Vice-Chancellour of the University 1550. soon after he was made President of Mag∣••alen••Colledge in Oxford, which place he waved in the reign of Q••een Mary, and sheltered himself in obscurity. Queen Elizabeth made him one of the Masters of her Requests, and employed ••••m in se∣veral Embassies beyond the Seas. Her Majesty be∣ing demanded whether she preferred him or Bucha∣nan for learning, wittily and warily returned,

Buchanum omnibus antep••no, Haddonum nemi∣ni postpono.

S. Memoriae.

Gualtero Haddono Equestri loco nato juris Consulte•• Oratori, Poetae celeberrimo, Graece Latin••{que} Eloquen∣•••••• su•• temporis facilè principi sapientia & sanctitate

vitae, in i•• erecto ut Reginae Elizabethae à supplicum libellis Magister esset, destinaretur{que} majoribus, nisi facto immaturius cessisset: Interim in omni gradu viro longe Eminentissimo, Conjugi sui optimo mere∣tissimo{que} Anna Suttona, uxor ejus secunda slens m••∣rens desiderii sui signum posuit. Obiit anno Salut. hum. 1572. AEtatis 56.

This his fair Monument is extant in the Wall, at the upper end of the Chancel of Christ-Church in London, where so many ancient Inscriptions have been barbarously defaced. He and Dr. Wotton set∣led Trade between us and the Netherlands, and re∣moved the mart to Embden: and both were famous for their reservedness in the case of succession, which they kept locked in their own breasts; so always re∣solved to do, (notwithstanding Leicesters Sollicita∣tions of them to a Declaration for the Queen of Scots now his mistress, and hereafter in the Queen of Englands designe to be his Wife) unless (as they alledged) their Mistress commanded their Opinion; who certainly never heard any more unwillingly than the controversie about the Title of succession: and both as famous for their disswasion against the making of the Netherlands a Free-state; urging that of Machiavel, That people accustomed to live under a Prince, if by any accident they become free, are like beasts let loose; and have much ado to maintain either their G••vernment or their Liberty.

Observations on the Life of Sir Wi••liam Russel.

HIs very Name brought Tyrone upon his knees to him, and Iniskillyn to a surrendry. He was for detaining Tyrone, notwithstanding his letters of Protection: the Council was for dis∣missing him, either out of favour to him, or out of their reverence to their former promise; as much to the danger of Ireland, as the displeasure of the Queen. Pretending an Hunting-match, he had al∣most taken Feagh Mac Hugh, or shut him up; and under the disguize of a progress, he shut up all the Passages and Avenues of Tyrone. Agiges the Cre∣tan King would say, That he that would govern ma∣ny, must fight with many: Our Deputy found that great honour had its great difficulties; yet was he so constant and resolute, that with Marcellus he would say, That as there are many things a good Go∣vernour ought not to attempt; so ought he not to desist, or give over an Enterprize once begun and taken in hand. Therefore his Character is One daring in his person, close to his purpose, firm to his depen∣dencies, of a deep and large soul; who looked upon the chargeable War in Ireland as an equal remedy against a worse in England, to the letting of blood in one part, against the effusion of it in another•• and advised the bestowing of Church-lands among the Nobility of both Perswasions in Ireland as in England, who would then hold their Religion with their Land, in Capi••e, and stick to the Queen

as the great support of both, against all pretenders, whom then most would v••gorously oppose, and all would fairly leave.

Observations on the Life of Sir Thomas Roper.

SIr Thomas Roper, servant to Queen Eliza∣beth, was born in Friday-street in London; whose Grandfather was a younger son of the house of Heanour in Derbyshire. He going over into the Low Countries, became Page to Sir John ••orrice, and was Captain of a Foot-company at six∣teen years of Age. What afterwards his Mar∣tial Performances were, will appear by the fol∣lowing lines transcribed out of the Originall of his Patent.

Whereas Thomas Roper Knight, one of our Pri∣vy-Councellours of the Kingdome of Ireland, long since hath been known unto us famous, with the splendour of his warlike Vertue; as who by the ma∣ny Atchievements valiantly performed by him in the late War of this Kingdome, hath gained the eminent Repute both of a stout Souldier, and a discreet Com∣mander; whose Valour chiefly appeared in his Re∣treat near le Boyle in our Province of Connaught, where with very few horse he undauntedly charged great troops of the horse of the Enemy, who in a h••∣••tile manner forraged ••he very bowels of the King∣dome; and by his wisdome made such a singular retreat, that he not onely saved himself and his men,

but also delivered the whole Army from great dan∣ger, and slew very many of his Enemies. Who also when our Province of Vlster was all on fire with war, being one out of many, was for the tryed Resolution of his mind, chosen by the Right honourable the Earl of Essex, then General of the Army, to undertake a Duel with Makal, and declined not to expose himself to the appointed Duel. And also when the aforesaid Thomas Roper in the late war in the Kingdome of France at Brest, by exposing himself to the greatest perils, and shedding of his own blood, demonstrated his Courage to be unconquerable. Who also in the Voyage to Portugal, behaved himself valiantly and honourably: as also at Bergen in the Netherlands, when it was besieged by the Spaniards, approved himself a young man of invincible Valour in the defence thereof. Who also in the day wherein Kinsale was assaulted, was placed in the first Rank, nearest of all unto the Town; and with no less Suc∣cess than Valour, to the great safety of the whole Army, beat back, and put to flight the Spaniards, who in the same day made several Sallies out of the Town.

Know therefore, that we, in intuition of the Pre∣mises, have appointed the aforesaid Thomas Rope•• Knight, &c.

Then followeth his patent, wherein King Charles the first, in the third of his Reign, created him Baron of Bauntree, and Viscount Baltinglass in Ire∣land.

He was a principal means to break the hearts of the Irish Rebels: for wh••re••s for••erly the E••glish were loa••ed with their own Cloaths, s••

that their ••••ipping into Bogs did make them, and the clopping of their breeches did keep them priso∣ners therein; he first, being then a Commander, put himself into Irish Trouzes, and was imitated first by all his Officers, then Souldiers; so that thus habited, they made the more effectual exe∣cution on their enemies. He died at Ropers Rest, anno Dom. 164. and was buried with Anne his Wife (Daughter to Sir Henry Harrington) in St. Johns Church in Dublin.

Observations on the Life of Sir Henry Umpton.

SIr Henry Umpton was born at Wadley in Barkshire He was son to Sir Edward Ump∣ton, by Anne (the Relict of John Dudley Earl of Warwick, and) the eldest Daughter of Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset. He was em∣ployed by Queen Elizabeth Embassador into France; where he so behaved himself right stoutly in her behalf, as may appear by this particular, In the moneth of March, anno 1592, being sensible of some injury offered by the Duke of Guise to the Queen of England, he sent him this ensuing Chal∣lenge.

For as much as lately in the Lodging of my Lo••d Du Mayne, and in publick elsewhere, impudently, indiscreetly, and over-boldly you spoke badly of my Soveraign, whose sacred person here in this Country I represent: To maintain both by word and weapon

her honour, (which never was called in question a∣mong people of honestly and vertue) I say, you have wickedly lyed in speaking so basely of my Soveraign; and you shall do nothing else but lye, whensoever you shall dare to tax her honour: Moreover then her sacred person (being one of the most compleet and vertuous Princess that lives in this world) ought not to be evil spoken of the tongue of such a per••idious Traytor to her law and Country as you are. And hereupon I do defie you, and challenge your person to mine, with such manner of Arms as you shall like or chuse, be it either on horse-back or on foot. Nor would I have you to think any inequality of person between us, I being issued of as great a Race and No∣ble house (every way) as your self. So a••signing me an indifferent place, I will there maintain my words, and the lye which I gave you, and which you should not endure if you have any courage at all in you. If you consent not to meet me hereupon, I will hold you, and cause you to be generally held one of the arrantest Cowards, and most slanderous Slave that lives in all France. I expect your answer.

I find not what Answer was returned. This Sir Henry dying in the French Kings Camp before Lofear, had his Corpse brought over to London, and carried in a Coach to Wadley, thence to Fa∣rington, where he was buried in the Church on Tuesday the eighth of July 1596. He had allowed him a Barons Hearse, because he died Ambassa∣dour Leiger.

Observations on the Life of the Earl of Essex.

IT is observed, that the Earl of Essex had his In••roduction to favour by the Lord of Leice∣ster, who had married his Mother; a tye of Affinity. This young Lord was a most goodly per∣son, in whom was a kind of Urbanity, or innate Cou••tesie, which both won the Queen, and too much took upon the people, to gaze upon the new-adopted son of her favour. He was noted even of those that truly loved and honoured him, for too bold an Ingrosser both of Fame and Favour. Having upon occasion left the Court for a while, he gave a fair opportunity for his foes to undermine him; so that he lived a mixture between Prosperi∣ty and Adversity; once very great in her favour, which was afterwards lost, for want of consideration and cunningness. He was raised by Leicester to poize Rawley, as Rawley was by Sussex to check Lei∣cester. Indeed pity first opened the door to him for his Fathers sake that died in Ireland, Alliance led him in for his Father-in-laws sake a 4.1 that reign∣ed at Court. His own Royal blood welcomed him for his Mother Knowles, that was kin to her Maje∣sty; his good parts, his tall and comely personage, his sweet disposition, and incomparable nature; his noble Ancestors, his fair, though impaired for∣tune, brought him first to favour, and then to dal∣liance.

He was a Maste••-piece of Court and Camp; his

Beauty ennamelling his Valour, and his Valour be∣ing a foile to his Beauty; both drawing those no∣ble respects of love and honour; both awing, both endearing. It was his Nobleness that ••e distrusted none, it was his Weakness that he trusted all; where∣by he suffered more from those that should hav•• been his friends, than from them who were his ene∣mies. Good Man! his ruine was, that he measu∣red other breasts by his own; and that he thought mankinde was as innocent as his own person. His merit gained applause, and his Parasites swelled it to Popularity; and the last enjealousied that ma∣jesty which the first had obliged. His youthful and rash Sallies abroad, gave too much opportunity to his enemies whispers, and too visible occasions for her Majesties suspicion, that he was either weak, and so not to be favoured•• or dangerous, and so to be suppressed. Absence makes Princes forget those they love, and mistrust those they fear. Exact Cor∣respondence is the sinew of private and of publick friendship. So great a master he thought himself of his Soveraigns affection, that he must needs be master of himself, and steal to France without leave, where, said the Queen, he might have been knock∣ed on the head as Sidney was. His Journey to France was not more rash, than his Voyage to Cales was renowned; yet the one gave the Envious arguments of his disobedience, and the other of his Disloyalty; his enemies suggesting, that in the first he contem∣ned his mistress, and that in the second he had a designe upon her.

His Action at Cales was applauded; but his Tri∣ump••s were too solemn, his Panegyric••s too high, his Train t••o Princ••ly, his H••n••u••s a••d Knigh••∣hoods

too cheap, his Popularity too much affected, and his ear more open to•• hear what he had done•• t••an what he was. If his Manhood had been as slow as his b 4.2 Youth, he had been moderate: if his Life had answered his c 4.3 education, he had been patient: if his Eye had been as open upon his enemies, as his Ear to his f••iends, he had been cautious; if he had been as happy in his constant converse, as he w••s obliging in his first address, he had been a Prince: if he had had either less Fortune, or a greater Soul; eith••r l••ss of the Dove, or more of the Serpent, he had bid fair for a Crown; or at least had saved his Head. The people wished him well, but they are unconstan••; the Queen loved him, but she is jea∣lous: his followers are numerous, but giddy; af∣fectionate, but ill advice: his enemies are few, but w••tchful on all occasions: for is he pleased? they swell it to pride and vain imaginations: is he cros∣sed? they improve it to discontent and sedition. An Army must be sent against Tyrone; he is not willing that any other should lead it, and unwilling to lead it himself; yet over he goeth fatally: for the ser∣vice was knotty, and his disposition smooth; his power was large, but that with as large a minde in∣tangled him: his Army was great, but that meet∣ing with a great designe, precipitated him: his Ti∣tle to the Crown was defended, but that lost him his head. He had exact advices from friends, es∣pecially f••om Sir Francis Bacon; and great directi∣ons from his Prince, but he followed his own: when he should have fought the main body of his enemy, he skirmisheth their Forlorns; when he should have returned with a noble Conquest, he stole home af∣t••r a suspitious Trea••y: the Royal Checks that

••hould have instructed, incenseth him; and what was designed a chastisement, he turns to a ruine Beloved he is of the people, but that aggravateth•• his rashness; flattered by Courtiers, but that swel∣leth his humour: followed he is by the discontented of Church and State, but that increaseth the jealou∣sie: ill advised he is by heady Cuffe and Meyriche, and that hasteneth his fall: humbled he is by the advancement of his Rivals, and that enrageth hi••: easie and open was his Nature; close, ••ctive, and vigilant his Enemies.

Valiant he was, but therefore feared; Noble and obliging to all hop••ful men, and therefore watched. A great Party he had, but they had no Head: A Minion he was at once to Prince and Peo∣ple, but he had no Balance. A man of great pe••∣formances, but no designe: One that had too much Religion and Fidelity to be a Traytor, too good a Nature to be safe, too much presumption on affections when absent to be steady. He presumed too much on his own stren••••h, or his friends wi••∣dome, whe he came out of Ireland; he was too much wrought upon by his enemies when he came to London, which had too much to lose to ha∣zard a Rebellion; and went not to Wales, where his fathers and his own goodness had engaged 1000 Lives and Fortunes. In a word, Leicester's reser∣vedness, Bacon's stayedness, Sir Robert Cecil's hu∣mility, Sir F••lke Grevil's mod••sty, added to his parts and presence, his valour and liberality, his good nature and large heart: his favour with his Prince, and popularity with the su••jects, had raised him to a capacity with the great Earl of Warwick, to set the English Crown on what head he pleased;

although it was the universal opinion, he had no other ambition than to set it on King Iames his head, which it belonged to, with his own hands: his designe was well principled, but not well moulded; he had many hands, but no able heads: his corre••pondence was universal, but not firm and exact•• his Na••ure was active, but impatient; his ••nterest was popular, not throughly understood; he neither comprehending the Inclina••ions of the Kingdome in gross in Parliament, nor in the retayl in its particular divisions. The Catholicks might h••ve been his, but he was too good-natured to cajole them: the State was well inclined, but effe∣minate after so long prosperity. Hope of pardon sent him to his grave with more silence than was expected from him, and the peoples regret; and with more sorrow than became a Q••een or her Kingdomes safety. His party was too needy, and their coun∣sels too violen••. Ambition and good Nature are incompatible: Others counsels are never so faithful as our own. When we hear others advice, let our reason j••dge of it: when great, be wary; when successful, reserved; when rising, stayed; especi∣ally in that Age when men were poysoned with Oyl, and undone with Honey: when active, modest; when checked, yeilding; when dandled, distrust••ul; when flattered, fea••ful; when great, not absolute, (••s my Lord would have been in point of favour against my Lord Mountjoy, and valour against my L••rd Norris.) Serve not your Followers, but employ them: Let others service administer to your designe, not your power to theirs: Let great Acti∣ons encourage greater; and let honour be your merit, and not your expectation. Some have been

busie in the enquiry of what reason the Virgin-Queen had for her kindness to Leicester and this man, (if there be a reason in any, much less in Roy∣al love, save the affection its self that bears it) true, he had Vertue and suffering enough at his first arri∣val to engage the kindness and the pity of a worse Princess: yet some then discoursed of a Conjuncti∣on of their Stars that made way for that of their minds. Certainly (saith Cambden) the inclination of Princes to some persons, and their disfavour to∣wards others, may seem fatal, and guided by high∣er Powers.

A Parallel between the Earl of Essex and the Duke of Buckingham, by H. W.

THe beginning of the Earl of Essex I must attri∣bute wholly, or in great part to my Lord of Leicester; but yet as an Introducer or supporter, not as a Teacher: for as I go along, it will easily appear, that he neither lived nor died by his Di••∣cipline. Always certain it is, that he drew him first into the fatal Circle from a kinde of resolved pri∣vateness at his house at Lampsie, in South-wales; where, after the Academical life, he had taken such a taste of the Rural, (as I have heard him say) and not upon any flashes or fumes of Melancholy, or traverses of discontent, but in a serene and quiet mood, that he could well have bent his mind to a retired course. About which time, the said Earl

of Leicester bewrayed a meaning to plant him in the Queens favour: which was diversly interpreted by such as thought that great Artizan of Court to do nothing by chance, nor much by affection. Some therefore were of opinion, that feeling more and more in himself the weight of time, and being al∣most tired (if there be a sa••iety in power) with that assiduous attendance, and intensive circumspe∣ction which a long-indulgent fortune did require, he was grown not unwilling, for his own ease, to bestow handsomely upon another some part of the pains, and perhaps of the envy.

Others conceived rather, that having before for the same ends brought in, or let in Sir Walter Raw∣leigh, and having found him such an Apprentice as knew well enough how to set up for himself, he now meant to allie him with this young Earl, who had yet taken no strong impressions. For though the said Sir Walter Rawleigh was a little before this, whereof I now speak by occasion, much fallen f••om his former splendour in Court: yet he still conti∣nued in some lustre of a favoured man, like billows that sink by degrees, even when the wind is down that first stirred them.

Thus runs the discourse of that time at pleasure; yet I am not ignorant that there was some good while a very stiff aversation in my Lord of Essex from applying himself to the Earl of Leicester, for what secret conceit I know not; but howsoever, that humour was mollified by time, and by his mo∣ther; and to the Court he came under his Lord.

The Duke of Buckingham had another kinde of Germination; and surely had he been a plant, he would have been rec••oned amongst the Sponte Na∣scentes:

for he sprung without any help by a kind of congenial composure (••s we m••y term it) to the likeness of o••r late Soveraign and master of ever blessed memory: who taking him into his regard, taught him more and more to please himself, and moulded him (as it were) Platonically to his own Idea; delighting first in the choice of the Materi∣als, because he found him susceptible of good form; and afterward by degrees, as great Architects use to do, in the workmanship of his Regal hand: nor staying here, after he had hardned and polished him about ten years in the School of observance, (for so a Court is) and in the furnace of tryal about himself, (for he was a King could peruse men as well as Books) he made him the associate of his Heir apparent, together with the new Lord Cottingto•• (as an adjunct of singular experience and trust) in forraign travels, and in a business of love, and of no equal hazard (if the tendern••ss of our zeal did not then deceive us) enough (the world must con∣fess) to kindle affection even betwixt the distantest conditions; so as by the various and inward con∣versation abroad, (besides that before and after at ••ome) with the most constant and best-natured Prince, Bona si sua norint, as ever England enjoyed, ••his Duke becomes now secondly seized of favour, as it were by descent, (though t••e condition of that estate be no more than a Tenancy at Will, or at most ••or the life of the first Lord) and rarely transmit∣••ed: which I have briefly set down, without looking ••eyond the vail of the Temple, I mean into the se∣cret of high inclinations; since even Satyrical Poets, ••who are otherwise of so licentious fancy) are in this ••oint modest enough to confess their ignorance.

Nescio quid certe est quod me tibi temperet A∣strum.

And these were both their Springings and Impri∣mings, as I may call them.

In the profluence or proceedings of their for∣tunes, I observe likewise not onely much difference between them, but in the Ea••l not a little from him∣self. First, all his hopes of advancement had like to be st••angl••d almost in the very Cradle, by throw∣ing himself into the Portugal Voyage without the Queens consent, or so much as her knowledge; whereby he l••ft his Friends and Dependents near six months in desperate suspense what would be∣come of him. And to speak truth, not without good reason: For first, they might well consi••er, That he was himself not well plumed in favour for such a ••light: besides, that now he wanted a Lord of Leicester at home (for he was dead the year be∣fore) to smooth his absence, and to quench the practices at Court. But above all, it lay open to every mans discourse, that though the bare offence to his Soveraign and Mistress was too great an ad∣venture, yet much more when she might (as in this case) have fairly discharged her displeasure upon her Laws. Notwithstanding, a noble report co∣ming home before him, at his return all was clear, and this excursion was esteemed but a Sally of youth. Nay, he grew every day more and more in her gracious conceit: whether such intermissions as these do sometimes foment affection; or that having committed a fault, he became the more obse∣quious and plyant to redeem it; or that she had not

received into her Royal Breast any shadows of his popularity.

The••e was another time long after, when Sir Fulke Grevil, (late Lord Brooke) a man in appea∣rance intrinsecal with him, or at the least admitted to his Melancholy hours, either belike espying-some weariness in the Queen; or perhaps, with little change of the word, though more in the danger-some marks towards him, and working upon the present matter, (as she was dexterous and close) had almost super-induced into favour the Earl of Southampton; which yet being timely discovered, my Lord of Essex chose to evaporate his thoughts in a Sonnet (being his common way) to be sung before the Queen, (as it was) by one Hales, in whose voyce she took some pleasure; whereof the complot me thinks had as much of the Hermit as of the Poet:

And if thou should'st by Her be now forsaken, She made thy Heart too strong for to be shaken.

As if he had been casting one eye back at the least to his former retiredness. But all this likewise quickly vanished, and there was a good while afer fair weather over-head. Yet still, I know not how, like a gathering of Clouds, till towards his latter time, when his humours grew tart, as being now in the Lees of favour, it brake forth into cer∣tain suddain recesses; sometimes from the Court to Wansteed, otherwhiles unto Greenwich, often to his own Chamber, Doors shut, Visits forbidden; and which was worse, divers contestations (between) with the Q••een her self, (all preambles of ruine)

wherewith though now and then he did wring out of her Majesty some petty contentments, (as a man would press sowre Grapes) yet in the mean time was forgotten the counsel of a wise, and then a Pro∣phetical Friend, who told him, that such courses as those were like hot Waters, which help at a pang, but if they be too often used, will spoil the sto∣mack.

On the Dukes part, we have no such abrupt strains and precipees as these, but a fair, fluent and uniform course under both Kings: And surely, as there was in his natural Constitution a marvellous equality, whereof I shall speak more afterwards; so there was an image of it in his Fortune, r••nning (if I may borrow an ancient comparison) as smoothly as a numerous Verse, till it meet with certain Rubs in Parliament, whereof I am induced by the very sub∣ject which I han••le, to say somewhat, so far as shal concern the difference between their times.

WHen my Lord of Essex stood in favour, the Parliaments were calm: nay, I find it a true observation, that there was no impeachment of any Nobleman by the Commons from the Reign of King Henry the sixth, until the eighteenth of King Iames, nor any intervenient preced••nt of that na∣ture; not that something or other could be wanting to be said, while men are men: For not to go high∣er, we are taught easily so much by the very Ballads and Libels of Leicestrian time.

But above the aforesaid year, many young ones being chosen into the House of Commons more than had been usual in great Councils, (who though of the weakest wings, are the highest Flyers) there

arose a certain unfortunate and unfruitful Spirit in some places; not sowing, but picking at every stone in the field, rather than tending to the gene••al har∣vest. And thus far the consideration of the Nature of the Time hath transported me, and the occasion of the subject.

Now on the other side, I must with the like li∣berty observe two weighty and watchful Sollici∣tudes, (as I may call them) which kept the Earl in ex∣tream and continual Cau••ion, like a bow still bent, whereof the Dukes thoughts were absolutely free.

First, he was to wrestle with a Queens declining, or rather with her very setting Age, (as we may term it) which, b••sides other respects, is common∣ly even of it self the more umbratious and appre∣hensive, as for the most part all Horizons are char∣ged with certain vapours towards their evening.

The other was a matter of more Circumstance, standing thus, viz.

All Princes, especially those whom God hath not blessed with natural issue, are (by wisdome of State) somewhat shie of their Successors; and to speak with due Reverence, there may be reasonably sup∣posed in Queens Regnant, a little proportion of tenderness that way, more than in Kings. Now there were in Cou••t two names of Power, and almost of Affection, the Essexian and the Cecilian, with their adherents, both well enough enjoying the present, and yet both looking to the future; and therefore both holding correspondency with some of the principals in S••otland, and had r••c••ived ad∣vertisements and instructions, either from them, or immediately from the King as induciat Heir of thi•• I••perial Crown.

But lest they migh•• detect one another, this was mysteriously carried by several instruments and con∣ducts, and on the Essexian side, in truth, with infi∣nite hazard: For Sir Robert Cecil who (as Secretary of State) did dispose the publick Addresses, had prompter and safer conveyance; whereupon I can∣not but relate a memorable passage on either part, as the st••ry following shall declare.

The E••rl of Essex had accommodated Master An∣thony Bacon in par••ition of his house, and had assign∣ed him a noble entertainment. This was a Gentle∣man of impot••nt feet, but a nimble head; and through his hand run all the intelligences with Scot∣land: who being of a provident nature, (contrary to his brother the Lord Viscount Saint Albans) and well knowing the advantage of a dangerous secret, would many times cunningly let fall some words, as if he could amend his Fortunes under the Cecili∣ans, (to whom he was near of alliance, and in blood also) and who had made (as he was not un∣willing should be believed) some great proffers to win him away: which once or twice he pressed so far, and with such tokens and signes of apparent dis∣content to my Lord Henry Howard, afterwards Earl of Northampton, (who was of the party, and stood himself in much Umbrage with the Queen) that he flees presently to my Lord of Essex, (with whom he was commonly primae admissionis) by his bed-side in the morning, and tells him, that unless that Gentleman were presently satisfied with some round sum, all would be vented.

This took the Earl at that ••ime ill provided, (as indeed oftentimes his Coffers were low) whereup∣on he was fain suddenly to give him Essex-house;

which the good old Lady Walsingham did after∣wards dis-engage out of her own sto••e with 2500 pound; and before, he ha•• distilled 1500 pound at another time by the s••me skill. So as we rate this one secr••t, as it was finely car••ied, at 4000 pounds in present money, besides at the least 1000 pound of annual p••nsion to a private and bed-rid Gentleman: What would he have gotten if he could have gone about his own business?

There was another accident of the same nature on the Cecilian side, much more pleasant, but less chargeable, for it cost nothing but wit. The Queen having for a good while not heard any thing from Scotland, and being thi••sty of news, it fell out that her Majesty going to take the air towards the heath, (••he Cou••t being then at Greenwich) and Master Secretary Cecil then attending her, a Post came crossing by, and blew his Horn: The Queen out of curiosity asked him from whence the Dispatch came; and being answered, from Scotland; she stops her Coach, and calleth for the Packet. The Secretary, though he knew there were some Letters in it from his Correspondents, which to discover, were as so many Serpents; yet made more shew of diligence than of doubt to obey; and asks some that stood by (forsooth in great haste) for a Knife to cut up the Packet, (for otherwise he might perhaps awa∣k••d a little apprehension) but in the mean time ap∣proaching with the Packet in his hand, at a pretty distance from the Queen, he telleth her it look••d and smelt ill-favouredly coming out of a fil••••y Budget, and that it should be fit first to open and air it, because he knew she was averse from ill Scents.

And so being dismissed home, he got leisure by thi•• seasonable shift, to sever what he would not have seen.

These two accidents precisely true, and known to few, I have reported as not altogether extravagant from my purpose, to shew how the Earl stood in certain perplexities, wherewith the Dukes days were not distracted. And this hath been the Histo∣rical part (as it were) touching the difference be∣tween th••m in the rising and flowing of their for∣tunes.

I will now consider their several Endowments both of Person and Mind, and then a little of their Actions and Ends.

The Earl was a pretty deal the taller, and much the stronger, and of the abler body: but the Duke had the neater limbs, and free delivery: he was also the uprighter, and of the more comely moti∣ons: for the E••rl did bend a little in the neck••, though rather forwards than downwards: and he was so far from being a good Dancer, that he was no graceful Goer. If we touch particulars, the Duke exceeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot, and the Earl in the incomparable fairness and fine shape of his hands; which (though it be but femi∣nine praise) he took from his Father: for the gene∣ral Air, the Earl had the closer and more reserved Countenance, being by nature somewhat more co∣gitative, and (which was strange) never more than at meals, when others are least: Insomuch, as he was wont to make his observation of hims••lf, that to solve any knotty ••usiness which cumbred his

mind, his ablest hours were when he had checked his first appetite with two or three morsels, after which he sate usually for a good while silent: yet he would play well and willingly at some games of greatest a••tention•• which shewed, that when he listed he could license his thoughts.

The Duke on the other side, even in the midst of so many diversions, had continually a very pleasant and vacant face, (as I may well call it) proceeding no doubt from a singular assurance in his temper. And yet I must here given him a rarer Elogie, which the malignest eye cannot deny him, That certainly never man in his place and power, did entertain greatness more familiarly, nor whose looks were less tainted with his felicity; wherein I insist the rather, because this in my judgement was one of his greatest Vertues and Victories of himself.

But to proceed: in the attiring and ornament of their bodies, the Duke had a fine and unaffected politeness, and upon occasion costly, as in his Lega∣tions.

The Earl as he grew more and more attentive to business and matter, so less and less curious of cloa∣thing: insomuch, as I do remember, those about him had a conceit, that possibly sometimes when he went up to the Queen, he might scant know what he had on: for this was his manner: His Chamber being commonly stived with Friends or Sui••ers of one kinde or other; when he gave his legs, arms, and breast to his ordinary servants to button and dress him with little heed, his head and face to his Barbour, his eyes to his letters, an•• ears to Petiti∣oners, and many times all at once, then the Gentle∣man of his Robes thro••ing a cloak over his shoul∣ders,

he would make a step into his Closet, and af∣ter a short prayer, he was gone: only in his Baths, he was somewhat delicate. For point of diet and lux∣ury, they were both inordinate in their appetites, especially the Earl, who was by nature of so diffe∣rent a taste, that I must tell a rare thing of him (though it be but a homely note) that he would stop in the midst of any physical Potion, and after he had licked his lips, he would drink off the rest; but I am weary of such slight Animad versions.

To come therefore to the inward furniture of their minds, I will thus much declare.

The Earl was of good Erudition, having been placed at study in Cambridge very young by the Lord Burleigh his Guardian, with affectionate and deliberate care, under the oversight of Doctor Whitgift, then master of Trinity Colledge, and after Archbishop of Canterbury; A man (by the way) surely of a most reverend and sacred memory, and (as I may well say) even of the Primitive temper, when the Church in lowliness of temper did flou∣rish in high examples, which I have inserted as a due recordation of his vertues, having been much obli∣ged to him for many favours in my younger time.

About sixteen years of his age (for thither he came at twelve) he took the formality of master of Arts, and kept his publick Acts. And here I must not smother what I have received by constant In∣formation, that his own Father dyed with a very cold conceit of him, some say through the affection to his second son Walter Devereux, who was indeed a diamond of the time, and both of an hardy and delicate temper and mixture: But it seemes, this Earl, like certain vegetables, did ••••d and open slow∣ly;

Nature sometimes delighting to play an after∣game as well as Fortune, which had both their turnes and tides in course.

The Duke was Illiterate, yet had learned at Court, first to ••i••t and question well, and to supply his own defects by the drawing or flowing unto him of the best Instruments of experience and know∣ledge, from whom he had a sweet and attractive manner, to suck what might be for the publick or his own proper use; so as the less he was favoured by the Muses, he was the more by the Graces.

To consider them in their pure Naturals, I con∣ceive the Earls Intellectuall faculties to have been his stronger part, and in the Duke his Practical.

Yet all know, that he likewise at the first was much under the expectation of his after•• proof; such a sudden influence therein had the Soveraign aspect. For their Abilities of discourse or pen, the Earl was a very acute and sound speaker when he would intend it; and for his Writings, they are beyond example, especially in his familiar Letters and things of delight at Court, when he would ad∣mit his serious habits, as may be yet seen in his Im∣presses and inventions of entertainment; and above all, in his darling piece of love, and self-love; his Stile was an elegant perspicuity, rich of phrase, but seldome any bold Metaphors, and so far from Tu∣mor, that it rather wanted a little Elevation.

The Dukes delivery of his mind I conceive not to be so sharpe as solid and grave, not so solid and deep as pertinent, and apposite to the times and oc∣casions.

The Earl I account the more liberal, and the Duke the more magnificent; for I do not remem∣ber

that my Lord of Essex in all his life-time did build or ado••ne any house, the Queen perchance spending his time, and himself his meanes, or other∣wise inclining to popular ways; for we know the peo∣ple are apter to applaud hous-keepers, than hous-rai∣sers. They were both great cherishers of Scholars and Divines; but it seems, the Earl had obtained of himself one singular point, that he could depart his affection between two extreams: for though he bare always a kind of filial reverence towards Dr. Whit gift, both before and after he was Archbishop; yet on the other side, he did not a little love and tender Master Cartwright, though I think truly, with la••ge distinction between the persons and the Causes, howsoever he was taxed with other ends in respecting that party.

They were both fair-spoken Gentlemen, not prone and eager to detract openly from any man; in this the Earl hath been most falsly blemished in our vulgar Story: only against one man he had for∣sworn all patience, namely Henry Lord Cobham, and would call him (per Excellentiam) the Syco∣phant (as if it had been an emblem of his name) even to the Queen herself, though of no small insi∣nuation with her; and one Lady likewise (that I may civilly spare to nominate, for her sex sake) whom he used to terme the Spyder of the Court: yet ge∣nerally in the sensitive part of their Natures the Earl was the worse Philosopher, being a great Re∣senter and a weak Dissembler of the least disgrace: And herein likewise, as in the rest, no Good Pupill to my Lord of Leicester, who was wont to put all his passions in his pocket.

In the growth of their Fo••tunes, the Duke was a

little the swifter, and much the greater; for from a younger brothers mean estate, he rose to the high∣est degree whereof a Subject was capable either in Title or Trust. Therein I must confess much more consortable to Charles Brandon under Henry the Eight, who was equal to him in both.

For matter of Donative and addition of sub∣stance, I do not believe that the Duke did much ex∣ceed him, all considered, under both Kings.

For that which the Earl of Essex had received from her Majesty, besides the Fees of his Offices and the disposition of great Summes of money in her Armies, was (about the time of his Arraignment, when faults use to be aggravated with precedent be∣nefits) valued at three hundred thousand pounds sterling in pure gift for his onely use, to the Earl of Dorset then Lord Treasurer; who was a wise man, and a strict Computist, and not ill affected towards him. And yet it is worthy of note in the Margent of both Times, that the one was prosecuted with silence, and the other with murmur; so undoing a measure is popular judgement.

I cannot her omit between them a great diffe∣rence in establishing of both their Fortunes and Fames.

For the first, the Duke had a care to introduce into neer place at the Court divers of his confident Servants, and into high places very sound and grave Personages. Whereas, except a Pensioner or two, we can scant name any one man advanced of the E••rls breeding, but Sir Thomas Smith, having been his Secretary, who yet came never further (though married into a noble house) than to the

Clerk of the Councell, and Register of the Parlia∣ment: not that the E••rl meant to stand alone like a Substantive (for he was not so ill a Grammarian in Court;) but the Truth is, in this point the Cecili∣ans kept him back, as very well knowing, that upon every little absence or disassiduity, he should be sub∣ject to take cold at his back.

For the Other, in managing of their Fames, I no••e between them a direct contrary wisdome; For the Earl proceeded by way of Apology, which he wrote and dispersed with his own hands at large, though till his going to Ireland they were but airy objections. But of the Duke this I know, that one hav••ng offered for his ease to do him that kinde of Service; He refused it with a pretty kinde of thankful scorn, saying, that he would trust his own good intentions which God knew, and leave to him the pardoning of his Errours; and that he saw no fruit of Apologies, but the multiplying of dis∣course: wh••ch surely was a wel-setled Maxime. And for my own particular (though I am not ob∣noxious to his memory) in the expression of Taci∣tus, Neque injuria, neque beneficia, sa••ing that he shewed me an ordinary good Countenance: And if I were, yet I would distinguish between Grati∣tude and Truth. I must bear him this Testimony, that in a Commission laid upon me by Soveraign Command to examine a Lady about a certain fil∣thy accusation grounded upon nothing but a few-single names taken up by a Footman in a kennel, and straight baptized, A list of such as the Duke had ap∣pointed to be poysoned at home, himself being then in Spain; I found it to be the most malicious and frantick surmise, and the most contrary to his na∣ture

that I think had ever been brewed from the beginning of the World, howsoever countenanced by a Libellous Pamphlet of a fugitive Physician e∣ven in Print; and yet of this would not the Duke fuffer any answer to be made on his behalf, so con∣stant he was to his own principles.

In their Military services the Characters of the Earls imployments were these, viz.

His forwardest was that of Portugal, before men∣tioned.

The saddest, that of Roan, where he lost his brave Brother.

His fortunatest peice I esteem the taking of Ca∣diz Malez, and no less modest; for there he wrote with his own hands a censure of his Omissions.

His jealousest imployment was to the relief of Calais besieged by the Cardinal Arch-duke: about which, there passed then between the Queen and t••e French King much A••t.

His Voiage to the Azores was the best, for the discovery of the Spanish weakness, and otherwise almost a saving Voiage.

His blackest was that to Ireland, ordained to be the Sepulchre of his Father, and the Gulph of his own Fortunes.

But the first in 88, at Tilbury-camp, was in my judgement the very poyson of all that followed; for there whilest the Queen stood in some doubt of a Spanish Invasion (though it proved but a Mor∣rice-dance upon our Waves) she made him in Field Commander of the Cavalry (as he was before in Court) and much graced him openly in view of the Souldiers and people, even above my Lord of Lei∣cester:

the truth is, from thenceforth he fed too fast.

The Dukes employment abroad in this nature, was onely in the Action of the Isle of Reez, of which I must note somewhat for the honour of our Country, and of his Majesties times, and of them that perished and survived, and to redeem it gene∣rally from mis-understanding. Therefore after en∣quiry amongst the wisest and most indifferent men; of that Action, I dare pronounce, that all Circum∣stances pondered, A tumultuary banding on our part, with one thousand in the whole on theirs rea∣dy to receive us with two hundred horse, with neer two thousand foot, and watching their best time of advantage, none of their foot discovered by us be∣fore, nor so much as suspected, and onely some of their Horse descried stragling, but not in any bulk or body: their Cavalry not a Troop of Eascoignors mounted in haste, but the Greater part Gentlemen of Family, and of pickt Resolution, and such as charged home both in Front and on both Flanks in∣to the very Sea; about sixscore of their two hundred horse strewed upon the Sand, and none of them but one killed with a great shot; and after this their foot likewise coming on to charge, till not liking the business they fell to flinging of stones, and so walked away:

I say, these things considered and laid together, we have great reason to repute it a great impression upon an unknown place, and a noble argument that upon occasion we have not lost our ancient vi∣gour. Only I could wish that the Duke who then in the animating of the souldiers shewed them very eminent assurance of his valour, had afterwards

remembred that rule of Apelles, Manum de Ta∣bula. But he was greedy of honour, and hot upon the publique ends, and too c••nfident in the prospe∣rity of beginnings, as somewhere Polybius, hat great Critique of war, observeth of young Leaders whom fortune hath not before deceived. In this their mi∣litary care and dispensation of reward and punish∣ment, there was very few remarkeable occasions un∣der the Duke, saving his continuall vigilancie and voluntary hazard of his person, and kindnesses to the Souldiers, both from his own Table and purse; for there could be few disorders within an Island where the troops had no scope to disband, and the Inferi∣or Commanders were still in ••ight.

In the Earl we have two examples of his severity•• the one in the Island Voyage, where he threw a Souldier with his own hands, out of a Ship; the o∣ther in Ireland, where he decimated certain troops that ran away, renewing a peice of the Roman Discipline.

On the other side, we have many of his Lenitie, and one of his Facility, when he did connive at the bold trespass of Sir Walter Raleigh, who before his arrivall at Fyall, had banded there against his precise Commandment; at which time he let fall a Noble word, being pressed by one, (whose name I need not remember) that at the least he would put him upon a Martial Court: That I would do (said he) if he were not my friend.

And now I am drawing towards the last Act, which was written in the Book of necessity.

At the Earls end I was abroad, but when I came

home (though little was left for Writers to glean•• after Judges) yet, I spent some curiosity to search what it might be that could precipitate him into such a prodigious Catastrophe; and I must, according to my professed freedome, deliver a circumstance or two of some weight in the truth of that story, which was neither discovered at his arraignment, nor after in any of his private Confessions.

There was amongst his nearest attendants one Henry Cuffe, a man of secret ambitious ends of his own, and of proportionate Councels smothered un∣der the habit of a Scholar, and slubbered over with a certain rude and clownish fashion, that had the semblance of integrity.

This person not above five or six weeks before my Lords fatall irruption in the City, was by the Earls special Command suddainly discharged from all further attendance, or access unto him, out of an inward displeasure then taken against his sharp and importune infusions, and out of a glimme••ing oversight, that he would prove the very instrument of his Ruine.

I must adde hereunto, that about the same time my Lord had received from the Countess of war∣wick (a Lady powerful in the Court, and indeed a vertuous user of her power) the best advice that I think was ever given from either sex; That when he was free from restraint, he should closely take any out-lodging at Greenwic••, and sometimes when the Queen went abroad in a good humour, (whereof she would give him notice) he should come forth, and humble himself before her in the field.

This Counsel sunk much into him, and for some

days he resolved it: but in the mean time, through the intercession of the Earl of Southampton, whom Cuffe had gained, he was restored to my Lords ear, and so working advantage upon his disgraces, and upon the vain foundation of Vulgar breath, which hurts many good men, spun out the final distructi∣on of his master and himself, and almost of his re∣storer, if his pardon had not been won by inches.

True it is, that the Earl in Westminster-hall did in generall disclose the evill perswasions of this man; but the particulars which I have related by this dis∣mission and restitution, he buried in his own breast for some reasons apparent enough; Indeed (as I conjecture) not to ••xasperate the Case of my Lord of Southampton, though he might therewith a little peradventure have mollified his own. The whole and true Report I had by infallible meanes from the person himself that both brought the advice from the aforesaid excellent Lady, and carried the discharge to Cuffe, who in a private Chamber was strucken, therewith into a Sound almost dead to the Earth, as if he had fallen from some high steeple; such Tur∣rets of hope he had built in his own fancy.

Touching the Dukes suddain period, how others have represented it unto their Fancies, I cannot de∣termine: for my part, I must confess from my soul that I never recall it to minde without a deep and double astonishment of my discourse and reason.

First, of the very horrour and atrocity of the Fact in a Christian Court, under so moderate a Go∣vernment; but much more at the impudencie of the pretence, whereby a desperate discontented Assassinate would after the perp••tration have ho∣nested

a meere private revenge (as by precedent Circumstances is evident enough) with I know not what publick respects, and would fain have given it a Parliamentary cover howsoever. Thus these two great Peers were dis-roabed of their Glory, the one by judgement, the other by violence, which was the small distinct on.

Now after this short contemplation of their di∣versities, (for much more might have been spoken, but that I was fitter for Rhapsody than commen∣tary) I am lastly desirous to take a Summary view of their Conformities, which I verily believe will be found as many, though perchance heeded by few, as are extant in any of the ancient Parallel.

They both slept long in the arms of Fortune: They were both of ancient blood, and of Forraign extraction: They were both of strai•• and goodly sta∣ture, and of able and active bodies: They we••e both industrious and assiduous, and attentive to their ends: They were both early Privie-Counsellours, and em∣ployed at home in the secretest and weightiest affairs in Court and State: They were both likewise Com∣manders abroad in Chief, as well by sea as by land, both Masters of the ••orse at home, both chosen Chancellours of the same University, namely, Cam∣bridge: They were both indubitable strong and high-minded men; yet of sweet and accostable nature, almost equally delighting in the press and a••fluence of Dependance and Suiters, which are always the Burres, and sometimes the B••ie••s of Favourites. They were both married to very vertuous Ladies, and sole Heirs, and left issue of either Sex; and both their Wives converted to contrary Religions. They were both in themselves rare and excellent

examples of Temperance and Sobriety, but neither of them of Con••inency.

Lastly, after they had been bo••h subject (as well Greatness and Splendor is) to certain o••••••quise of their actions: They both concluded their earthly felicity in unnaturall ends, and wi••h n•• great di∣stance of time in the space either of Life or Fa∣vour.

Observations on the Life of Sir J••ffery Fenton.

SIr Ieffery Fenton, born in Nottinghamshire, was for twenty ••even years Privy-Counsellour in Ireland to Queen Elizabeth and King Iames•• He translated the History of Francis Gu••••••iardine out of Italian in••o English, and dedicated it to Queen Elizabeth. He deceased at Dubli••, October 19. 1608, and lyeth b••ried in St. Patrick•• Church, under the same Tomb with his Father-in-Law D••∣ctor Robert Weston, sometimes Chancellour of Ire∣land. It is an happy age when great m••n do what wise men may write; an happier, when wise men write what great have done; the happiest of all, when the same men act and w••ite, being Histories, and composing them too. For these men having a neerer•• and more thorow-insight to the great subjects of Annals than men of more distant capa∣cities and fortunes, are the only persons that have given the world the right no••ion of Transactions, when men of lower and more pedan••ique spirits trouble it only with more H••avy Romances. Give

me the actions of a Prince transcribed by those Hi∣storians who could be instruments, The best Hi∣story in the world is Caesar's Commentaries, writ∣ten by him, and translated by Edmonds, with the same spirit that they were acted. Xenophon and Thucydides, whose pens copied their Narratives from their Swords. Tacitus, Malv••zzi, Machia∣vel, Comines, Moor, Bacon, Herbert and a 4.4 Bur∣leigh (who writ the affairs of former Ages with the same judgement that they managed those of their own.) In a word, an History written by such a Courtier as Guicciardine, and translated by such a Counsellour as Fento••. Diamond onely can cut Diamond, the great onely express the great: a person that hath a sight of the Intelligence, Ne∣gotiations, Conferences, and inward transactions of States, i•••• one from whom I expect a more exact Chronicl•••• ••f this age than yet this Nation hath been happy in.

Observations on the Life of Doctor Fletcher.

GIles Fletcher (brother to Richard Fletcher Bishop of London) was born in Kent, as I am credibly a 4.5 infor••ed. He was bred first in Eaton, then in Kings Colledge in Cambridge, where he became Doctor of Law. A most excel∣lent Po••t (a quality hereditary to his two sons, Giles and Phineas) was sent Commissioner into Scotland, Germany, and the Low-Countries, for Queen Eliz••beth, and her Embassador into Russia,

Secretary to the City of London, and Master of the Court of Requests, His Russian Embassie to settle the English Merchandise was his Master-piece, to Theodor, Juanowich, Duke of Muscovia. He came thither in a dangerous juncture of time, viz. in the end of the year 1588.

First, some Forreiners (I will not say they were the Hollanders) envying the free Trade of the English, had done them bad offices.

Secondly, a false report was generally belie∣ved that the Spanish Armado had worsted the English Fleet, and the Duke of Muscov••, who mea∣••ured his favour unto the English, by the possi∣sbility he apprehended of their returning it) grew very sparing of his smiles, not to say free of his frowns on our Merchants residing there. How∣ever, our Doctor demeaned himself in his Em∣bassie with such cautiousness, that he not onely escaped the Dukes fury, but also procured ma∣ny priviledges for our English Merchants, ex∣emplified in * 4.6 Mr. Hacklui••. Returnng home and being safely arrived at London, he sent for •• his intimate friend Mr. Wayland, Prebendary of St. Pauls, and Senior fellow of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge (Tutor to my Father, from whose mouth I received this report) with whom he heartily express'd his thankfulness to God for his safe return from so great a danger; for the Poets cannot fancy Ulysses more glad to be come out of ••he Den Polyphemus, than he was to be rid out of the power of such a barbarous Prince, who counting himself by a proud and voluntary mistake Emperour of all Nations, cared not for the Law of all Nations, and who was so habited i••

blood, that had he cut ••ff this Embassador's head, he and his friends might have sought their own amends; but the question is, where he would have found it? He afterwards set forth a book cal∣led The Russian Common-wealth, expressing the Government, or Tyranny rather thereof; where∣in (saith my † 4.7 Author) are many things most observable: but Queen Elizabeth indulging the reputation of the Duke of Muscovy as a confederate Prince, permitted not the publick printing of that; which such who have private Copies, know to set the valuation thereon.

Observations on the Life of the Lord Mounjoy.

THe Lord Mountjoy was of the ancient No∣bi••ity; as he came from Oxford, he took the Inner Temple in his way to Court, whither no sooner come, but (without asking) had a pretty strange kinde of admission. He was then much about twenty years of age, of a brown hair, a sweet face, a most neat composure, and tall in his person; so that he coming to see the fa∣shion of the Court, was spied out by the Queen, and out of the affection she bare to the very sight of his face, received him into favour: upon the first observation whereof, she professed that she knew there was in him some noble blood. He was one that wanted not wit and courage, for he had very fine attractions; and being a good Scholar, yet were they accompanied with the re••ractives of

bashfulness, and a natural modesty. There was in him an inclination to Arms, with an humour of Travelling: and as he was grown by reading (whereunto he was much addicted) to the Theory of a Souldier, so was he strongly invited by his Geni∣us to the Acquaintance of the Practick of the War, which were the causes of his excursions; for he had a Company in the Low-Countrys, from whence he came over with a noble acceptance of the Queen, but somewhat restless: in honourable thoughts he exposed himself again and again, and would press the Queen with the pretences of visit∣ing his Company so often, that at length he had a flat denyal, and yet he stole over with Sir Iohn Norris, into the action of Britain; but at last the Queen began to take his Decessions for contempts, and confined his residence to the Court, and her own presence. She was so confident in her own Princely judgement and opinion that she had con∣ceived of his worth and conduct, that she would have this noble Gentleman, and none other, to finish, and bring the Irish War to a propitious end; which (not deceiving her good conceit of him) he no∣bly atchieved, though with much paines and care∣fulness.

Among the greatest things laid to Queen Eli∣zabeth her charge (saith the Censurer) as cast behinde the door of neglect, was the conduct of the Affairs of Ireland; a place lying all her Halcy∣on days under so great a contempt, that wise Walsingham thought it no Treason to wish it bu∣••ied in the Sea, considering the charge it brought: yet she kept the Pale in good order, not suffer∣ing the Spanish party to grow more potent in the

North, than was convenient to consume his forces, and divert him from nearer and more dangerous attempts. It being impossible for her without being grievous to her people (a Rock she chiefly studied to avoid) at one time to maintain so dreadful a Navy at Sea, and foment the Du••ch and French, to whose assistance she was called by a louder necessity, than to render a Nation quite desolate: none being willing during her life to exchange the present government of a na∣tural Princess, for the less happy tyranny of a Vice-Roy; of which the most did study more their respective Grandeur by extending the War, than the ease of the Inhabitants, and lessening the Queens expence, till the noble Lord Mount-joy, was employed, who had no other design than the conclusion of the Work; which he had not yet brought about, but that the Spaniards found themselves betrayed through the covetousness and cowardize of the Natives, that for small sums would sell not onely such Forreigners as ••ame to help them, but their nearest Relations. Nor was it possible to reduce them to civility, but by curing the Bogs and Fastnesses, and buil∣ding castles and Garrisons, which he did; nor easie to subdue them without that severity to the Priests, which he used; whom he found exerci∣sing such an implicite power over the Peoples con∣sciences•• that they could not resolve themselves of their Soveraigns right or Religion.— This for his Irish government: touching his Domestick relaetion; When Queen Eliza∣beths favour to Essex (like a bone by breaches made more firm) swelled him to such a degree

of confidence as frowned on them as enemies that acknowledged not his friendship, or depended not on his favour, to balance him and my Lord Ce∣cil, this gallant Gentleman, and of honourable extraction, was placed in her eye; many hoping by his application to draw from her heart the affection they thought mortal to them and their de∣sign, the whole result concluding in a Duel that raised both in their Mistriss affections, as Cham∣pions for her beauty now, and like to be so for her Government.

There are some Letters of this noble persons to be seen, I am told, of a plain and equal style be∣coming a States-man and business; not seldome yet admitting of several constructions, if of any interpretation at all, where the business related to a thing whose consequence could not easily be seen into.

Observations on the Life of Edward Earl of Rutland.

A Noble-man, eminent for those several En∣dowments which single, do exact an entire man. For a person of his quality to be an ac∣curate Critick in, he learned Tongues, and then as a Rhetorician to make all their Graces serve his Elo∣quence; to have traversed Ancient, and yet be no Stranger in Modern Writers: to be well versed in the more crabbed Philosophy, and accurate in Politer classick Authors•• to be learned in History and Po∣licy, and Master in the Law of the Land, and of Na∣tions.

For such a man to have devoured so much and yet digested it, is a rarity in nature, and in dili∣gence, which hath but few examples: yet his specu∣lative knowledge that gave light to the most dark and difficult proposals, became eclipsed by the more dazling lustre of his more practick and ex∣perimental prudence; which together with his al∣liance to my Lord Burleigh, had voted him to Bromley's place, but that they both sickned in one day, and died in one week; he leaving these four Advisoes behind him, 1. Be always employed. 2. Look to the Issue. 3. Be furnished with a Friend. And 4. Reflect upon thy self—Vita est in se Re∣flexio.

Observations on the Life of Sir John Smith.

HIS Relation to Edward the sixth his Cou∣sin German, was enough to countenance his parts, and his parts ripe and large enough to advance his person.— His gravity could be no where better employed than in Spain, nor his reservedness any where more su••table than in Italy. In Spain his carriage had a great impression upon the King, and his spirit upon the whole Court. For Gasper Quiroga Arch-Bishop of Toledo, in∣veighing bitterly against the Queen's person, and more against her Title (Defender of the Faith) was answered by him with that Wisdom and Prudence, that his Majesty of Spain checked the Arch-Bishop as an Impertinado, as he called

him, and hugged Sir Iohn Smith, as a man who had made himself dread••ul, and his Mistriss there∣fore much more to that Court— (They who least consider hazard in the doing of their duty, fare best still.) The surest way to safety, is to have one interest espoused so firmly, as never to be changed. Nor did he this out of a vainer bottome than an observation he made of his Mistrisses resolution, already in despair of procuring good from any milder endeavours than those of power: A signal testimony of the commanding worth this Gentleman had, which ex∣torted a reverence to his person in that very place where his business contracted an Odium. An excel∣lent person he was, in whom honesty of manners stri∣ved with Nobi••ity of Birth, and merit with honour; of a composed and stayed temper, that would say under all temptations to disquiet, Either the thing before us is in our power, or it is not: If it be, why do we not manage it to our content? If not, why are we discontented, especially since every thing hath two bandles? If the one prove hot, and not to be touched, we may take the other that is more temperate. Upon which consideration, all pri∣vate concernments he passed over with a perfect indifference: the world and its Appendages hang∣ing so loose about him, that he never took no∣tice when any part dropt off, or sate uneasily.

Observations on the Life of Sir Walter Rawleigh.

SIr Walter Rawleigh was well descended, and of good Alliance, but poor in his beginning. He was one so tosted by fortune to and fro, that he was sometimes high, sometimes low, some∣times in a middle condition. He was brought up in the University and Innes of Cour••, but he stayed not long in a place: and being the youngest Bro∣ther, and the House diminished in Patrimony, he foresaw his own destiny, that he was first to ••oul (through want and disability) before he could come to a repose. He first exposed himself to the Land-service of Ireland (a Militia) which then did not yield him food and raiment; nor had he pati∣ence to stay there, (though shortly after he came thither again) under the command of the Lord Grey. As for his Native parts, and those of his own acquiring, he had in the outward man a good pre∣sence, in a handsome and well-compacted person, a strong natural wit, and a better judgement, with a bold and plausible tongue, whereby he could set out his parts to the best advantage; and to these he had the adjuncts of some general learning, which by diligence he enforced to a great Augmentation•• and Perfection; for he was an indefatigable Rea∣der, whether by Sea or Land, and none of the least observers both of Men and the Times. Falling from that sudden grace, which he by his parts had

gained of the Queen, he went aside for a while, but at his return he came in with the greater strength, and so continued to her last, great in her favour, and Captain of the Guard. His prudence under∣stood his capacity, and his industry served it; raising his fortune as high as his parts, and his parts as high as his mind. His Motto was, Either dye no∣bly, or live honorably. Never man prospered, but the resolute, and he that hath awaked an easie, soft, sleepy, or indifferent temper, to the noble adventure of being Caesar, or being none: a disposition meet∣ing a large and capacious soul in this Gentleman, taught him the exact discipline of War in Ireland and the Low-Countries, the great skill of a Sea-man between Europe and America, and a patience as severe in enduring hardship, as his necessity in requiring it. Five hours he slep••, four he read, two he discoursed; allowing the rest to his business and his necessities: no Souldier fared or lay harder, none ventured further: what is not extraordinary (he would say) is nothing: It being the end of all Arts and Sciencies to direct men by certain rules unto the most compendious way in their knowledge and practice: those things of which in our selves we have onely some imperfect confused notions, being herein fully and clearly represented to our view from the discoveries that other men have made, after much study and long experience; and there is nothing of greater consequence for the advancement of Learning, than to finde out those particular advantages which there are for the shortest way of knowing and teaching things in every profession. There was not an expert Soul∣dier or Sea-man, but he consulted; not a printed

or manuscript, discourse of Navigation or War but he perused; nor were there exacter rules or prin∣ciples for both services, than he drew: so contem∣plative he was; that you would think he was not active; so active, that you would say he was not prudent— A great Souldier, and yet an excellent Courtier: an accomplished Gallant, and yet a book∣ish man; a man that seemed born for any thing he undertook: his wit brought him to Court, and kept him there; for there happening a d••fference between him and my Lord Grey, under whom he served in Ireland, which was heard before the Council-Table, Rawleigh stated his case with that clearness, urged his arguments with that ••vidence and reason, offered his Apologies with those perti∣nent and taking allegations, and his Replies with that smartness; expressed himself with that flueney and eloquence, and managed his carriage and c••unte∣nance with that discretion, that he was first the States-mens observation, next her Majesties Fa∣vourite, and at last her Oracle; as who was equal∣ly happy in his comprehensive discourses to her of her private interest in every part of her govern∣ment, and in his effectuall Speeches ••o her Subjects in Parliament touching theirs in every part of their duty.

Two things he observed in his Mistriss;

• 1. That she was penurious in her largesses.
• 2. That she was choice in her Favourites.

Whence he concluded, that there was no good to be done unless he got an estate first, and then a reputation.

To the first, we owe his Sea-voyages, when his whole fortune was often put up in one ship••

And to the last, his Land-services, when all his expectation depended on one action. Two Ri∣vals he observed, Essex for action, Cecil for counsel: The one he went under abroad, to outvy him; the other he complyed with at home, to un∣dermine him: but wanting strength, though not parts to be both their Corrivals, he perished, because not thought to own humility enough to be their servants. Cecill indeed was his friend, because Essex was his enemy: but he taught him, That it was more safe at Court to have many enemies of equall power, than one false and ambitious friend, that hath at∣tained to the absoluteness of command: But this he was often heard to say, he did not apprehend, before his Genius had dictated it to him, as he came in a Boat from the execution of the Earl of Essex, which was done at the Tower.—Yet two wayes I finde him getting up: 1. By uncouth projects in Parlia∣ment beyond expectation; which (though they might oblige his Mistriss) together with an opinion of his irreligion, lost him with the People. 2. By extraordinary undertakings in Warre beyond his Commission; which (though performed to out∣do his Generals) had forfeited his head to their se∣verity and justice, had not his wit complyed with their easiness and goodness. It's a question a∣mong the Curiosoes, whether his often absence from Court was his prudence, or his weakness, it being a quodlibet, whether that distance was a greater al∣lay to his enemies malice, or his Sovereigns love; while his forreign actions were not so close at her ear to his advantage, as his Adversaries applicati∣ons to his disparagemtnt.

Two things I must needs say are wonderful in him. 1. The dispatch and industry of the former

part of his life. 2. The weakness of the latter.

Touching the first, he that shall consider his la∣borious way of study, immers'd in almost infinite reading and observation, to which the running o∣ver of innumerable books, and a vast multitude of men was necessary: His Obligations to read not onely common Authors, but all Records, Schemes, and Paper that he could come by: His correspon∣dence with F••iends and Strangers; his review of his own Papers (which he sate close to by Sea and Land) that never passed him without three transcriptions; his reception of visits, whether of civility, or busi∣ness, or discourse, which were numerous, and great devourers of his time; his agency for all sort•• of person•• (his interest with his thrifty Mistriss be∣ing most part of his pension) in which capacity he set up a kinde of Office of Address—his Letters, which cost him one day in the week: The time lost upon his misfortunes, which made it necessary for him often to break his great series and method of undertaking. He, I say, that shall compute, and sum up this, the particulars whereof are nakedly told without any straining of the truth, or flourish of expression, must be much to seek how a man of so many actions should write any thing, and one of so many writings should do any thing; and more, how one of so many fatall diversions could keep up a steady minde for those great, but exact argumen••s that it hath left in the world; especially when there was one very difficult particular in all his comp••∣sures, viz. that none of his Discourses with which his H••story or other Books are embellished, passed hi•• ••xact hand before the most knowing and most learned men in that faculty to which those dis∣cou••••••s belonged, had debated them before him••

who after their departure s••mmed up all into those excellent pieces now abroad under his name, which I blame not King Iames for envying, being the nearest his own: though I think not that learned Prince of so low a spirit, as out of an impertinent emulation to affect Sir Walter Rawleigh the less, for the great repute that followed him because of his pen; which being more dangerous than his Sword, I wonder that wise Prince indul∣ged him, especially since that Master H••mpden a little before the Wars was at the charge of trans∣cribing 3452 sheets of his Manuscripts, as the Amanuensis himself told me, who had his cl••se chamber, his fire and candle, with an Attendant to deliver him the Originals, and take his Copies as fast as he could w••ite them.

2. To the second, viz. the weakness of the last part of his life: 1. T••ere was no•• a greater reach in that advice of his to the Queen (when some were for attacq••ing Spain one way, and some another) to cut off its commerce with the Indies, than there was sho••tness of spirit in tru••••ing the most hopeful part of that expedition to Sir I••hn Bur∣roughs, when he su••k und••r the m••st disastrous himself. Yet 2. That he, when Cap••••in of the Guard, Warden of the Cinq••e-ports, Gov••rnour of Virginia (a place of his own discovery) prefe••∣ments enough to satisfie a regular spirit, should stand on term••s with King Iames against the Law of the Land, the Genius of the Nation, the resolu∣tion of the Nobility, and Reason i•• ••elf (that knoweth there is no cautions that hold Princes, but their interest and nature) was a greater infirmity But 3. That he upon the Kings frown for his fo••∣mer indiscretion upon him, and Cobham, should

engage upon so shallow a Treason (so improbable to hurt others, or benefit themselves, that if ever folly was capable of the title, or pity due to in∣nocence, theirs might claim so large a share as not possible to be too severely condemned, or flightly enough punished) and that with such week and inconsiderable men, as were rather against the go∣vernment, than for one another (Grey being a Puritan, and Cobham a Protestant) were the g••eatest: but there is one particular more behind; That he could employ his restraint so well, should ••ye under the justice as well as jealousie of K. James: And knowing that Princes must not pardon any able man that either they have wronged, or that hath wronged them, be so intent upon a foolish liber••y, wherein he lost himself and his in that un∣happy voyage of Guiana; a voyage, that consider∣ing King Iames his inclination to the M••tch, his own obnoxiousness to tha•• King abroad, and Cecil here for o••structing the Peace with Spain, and Gondamor's vigilance, must needs be as unsuccessful, as it was disgu••••••ul.

Methinks he that was of so incomparable a dex••eri••y in his judgement, as the Treasurer grew jealous of his excellent parts, lest he should supplant him; of so quick and ready apprehension and conduct, that he puzzled the Iudges at Win∣cheste••: of so good a Head-piece, that it was wish∣ed then on the Secretary of State's shoulders: of so considerable an interest, that notwithstan∣••ng his fourteen years impr••sonme••t, Princes in∣terceded ••or him, the whole Na••ion pitied him, and King Iames would not execute him without an Apology. And to say no more, of so much magnanimity, that he managed his death with

so high and so religious a resolution, as if a Christian had acted a Roman, or rather a Roman a Christian; might have gone off the world at a higher rate, but that there is an higher power governs wisdome, as invisibly, yet as really as wisdome doth the world; which when I look back upon my Lord of Essex, I call fate; but when from him I look forward to Sir ••alter Rawleigh, I believe a providence.

He had a good presence in a handsome and well-compacted person, a strong natural wit, a better judgement, with a bold and pla••sible tongue, which set off his parts to the best advantage: to these he had the adjuncts of a general Learning; which by diligence and experience (those two great Tutors) was augmented to a great perfection•• being an indefatigable Reader, and having a ve∣ry retentive memory: before his Iudges at Win∣chester humble, but not prostrate; dutiful, yet not deject: to the Iury aff••ble, but not fawning; hoping, but not trusting in them, carefully per∣swading them with reason, not distemperat••ly im∣portuning them with conjurations; rather shew∣ing love of life, t••••n fear of de••th: patient, but not careless; civil, but not stupid.

Observations on the Life of Thomas Sackvil, Lord Buckhurst.

HE was bred in the Vniversity of Oxford; where he became an excellent Poet, lea∣ving both Latine and English Poems of his to posterity. Then studied he Law in the Tem∣ple, and took the degree of Barrister; afterwards he travelled into Forreign parts, was detained for a time a Prisoner in Rome, which he revenged afterwards in the Liberty of his speech at the Pow∣der-Trayto••s Tryal. When his liberty was pro∣cured

for his return into England, he possessed the vast inheritance left him by his Father, where∣of in short time by his magnificent prodigality he spent the greatest part, till he seasonably began to spare, growing neer to the bottome of his Estate.

The story goes, that this young Gentleman coming to an Alderman of London, who had g••in∣ed great penny worths by his former Purchases of him, was made (being now in the wane of his we••l••h) to wait the coming down of the Alder∣man so long, that his generous humour being sensible of the incivility of such Attendance, re∣solved to be no more beholding to VVealthy Pride; and presently turned a thrifty improver of the remainder of his Estate. But others make him, as abovesaid, the Convert of Queen Eliza∣beth, (his Co••sin••German once removed) who by her frequent Admonitions, diverted the tor∣••ent of his profusion. Indeed she would not know him, till he began to know himself, and then hea∣ped places of H••nour and Trust upon him, creating him

• 1•• B••ron of B••ck••urst in Suss••x, Anno Dom. 1566.
• 2. Sending him Amabssador into France, Anno 1571. Into the Law-Countries, Anno Dom. 1576.
• 3. Making him Knight of the Order of the Garter, Anno 1589.
• 4. Appointing him Treasurer of England, 1599.

He was Chancellour of the University of Oxford, where he entertained Queen Elizabeth with a most sumptuous Feast. He was called the Star-Cham∣ber-••••ll, so very flowing his invention; and there∣fore no wonder if his Secretaries could not please him, being a person of so quick dispa••ch, (facul∣ties which yet run in the blood.) He took •• Roll of the names of all Sutors, with the Date

of their first Addresses, and these in order had their hearing, so that a Fresh-man could not leap over the head of his Senior, except in urgent Affairs of State. Thus having made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••nds to his house for his mispent time, both in i••••••ease of Estate and Honour, being created Earl of Dorset by King James, he died on the 19th of April, 1608.

The Lord Buckhurst was of the noble house of the Sackvils, and of the Queens consanguinity; his Father was that provident and wise man Sir Ri∣chard Sackvil, or as the people then called him, Fill∣sack, by reason of his great wealth, and the vas•• Patrimony which he left to this his son, whereof he spent in his youth the best part, untill the Queen by her frequent admonitions diverted the torrent of his profusion; he was a very fine Gentleman of per∣son and endowments both of Art and Nature. His elocution is much commended, but the excellen∣cy of his Pen more; for he was a Scholar, and a person of quick faculties, very facete and choice in his phrase and style. He was wise and stout, nor was he any ways insnared in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 factions of the Court, which were all his time very strong. He stood still in grace, and was wholly intentive to the Queens service; and such were his abilities, that she received assiduous proofs of his s••fficiency. As

• 1. In his Embassie to F••ance, whereas the Queen-Mother complemented him, he behaved himself very worthy of his Mistresses Majesty, and his own Peerage: there he had an experienced Tus∣can, Calacan••i by ••••me, to deal wi••h that Flo∣rentine Queen •• Montmorancy's brother to under∣mins the Guises; and his own great parts, to grap∣ple with old Hospital: He began that subtile piece the French Match, under pretence whereof we ••alanced,

• and understood Europe••; nd Walsingham finished it.
• 2. In his Negotiations in the Low-Countries, where he watched Leicester and the Commanders; he obs••••••••d the States, and their changeable and va∣rious Interests, accommodating the present emergen∣cies, and suiting their occasions.

They that censure this Nobleman's death, consi∣der not besides the black worm and the white (day and night, as the Ridddle is) that are gnawing con∣stantly at the root of the Tree of Life, There a••e many infensible diseases, as Apoplexies, whose va∣pors suddainly extinguish the animal spirits; and A∣posthumes both in the upper and middle Region of man, that often drown and suffocate both the animal and vital, who are like embodied Twins, the one cannot subsist without the other: If the animal wits fail, the vital cannot subsist: if the vitals perish, the animals give over their operation: and he that judgeth ill of such an act of Providence, may have the same hand at the same time writing within the Palace-walls of his own body, the same period to his lives Earthly ••••pire, His posterity refused an Apology offered in his behalf, upon this ground, that the things objected to him, were of the num∣ber of those little Cavils, which come with that rule not holding in great accusations.

Spreta exolescunt, s•• irascare, agnita videntur.

The End of the Observations upon the Lives of the Statesmen and Favou∣rites of England, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Descend∣ed of the Roman Ce∣cilii, say some.
• b 1.2

  Gray•• Inne.
• c 1.3

  Fulle•• Holy State ex Arist•• l. 2. de Coelo, c. 4, &••.••
• d 1.4

  Camb. Eliz. anno. 1579. 80.
• * 1.5

  Cicely, Daughter of Thomas Bourchi•••• late Earl of Essex.
• * 1.6

  Verulam's Essays
• * 1.7

  Camden.
• * 1.8

  K. H. ••. K. James••
• * 1.9

  In Opposi∣tion to him of Spain.
• a 1.10

  They say his father married a Familiar of King Hen∣ry's.
• * 1.11

  see Fuller in his Wor∣thies.
• * 1.12

  Causa Virtus •• Deo, vel ipse De∣us.
• * 1.13

  Oct. 1 65.
• * 1.14

  Sir. Tho.
• * 1.15

  ••ythe learned, industrious and ingeni∣ous Edward Waterhouse Esquire, of Sion-Col∣ledge.
• a 1.16

  Which he made out from Dr. Wottons Discourse on that sub∣ject at Cambray.
• b 1.17

  To which Queen Eli∣zabeth ad∣deth a say∣ing of Va∣lentinians. Have the French for thy Friend, not for thy Neighbor.
• c 1.18

  De jure Reg. apud Scotos.
• d 1.19

  About moneys transported beyond Sea.
• * 1.20

  Cambden Eliz. 1566
• * 1.21

  Cambd. Eliz. anno 1577.
• * 1.22

  The Mar∣quess of Northam∣pton, the Earl of Bedford, John Grey of Pyrgo, Sir Willi∣am Cecil, Tho. Smith
• * 1.23

  The Doctors ••arker, Bill, May, Cox, Grindal, Whi••e-head, Pil∣lington, and Sir Tho. Smith.
• * 1.24

  A•• Cambray.
• * 1.25

  Who put Cardinal Wolsey, then but a Schoolma∣ster in the Stocks.
• * 1.26

  As Cy∣rus a•• Thermo∣pylae, Crastus in Parihia: therefore Alexander had exact Maps al∣ways aboue him to ob∣serve Passages, Streights, Rocks, Plains, Ri∣vers, &c.
• * 1.27

  Nethersol. F••n. Orat. Prince Hen. p 15, 16, 17.
• * 1.28

  Sir Rob. Naunton in his Frag∣menta Re∣galia.
• a 1.29

  2 Sam. 2•• 24.
• b 1.30

  1 King 4. 6.
• c 1.31

  King. 12
• d 1.32

  Ibidem.
• * 1.33

  See Daves of Ireland, and Wa••e and Powel of Wales.
• a 4.1

  Leicester See Sir H. Wottons Observati∣••ns.
• b 4.2

  He was one of them whose Na∣tures dis∣close b••t slowly.
• c 4.3

  Vnder Dr. Whit∣gift.
• a 4.4

  His Eliz. ••o which Cambden gave but the lan∣guage and ••he tran∣script.
• a 4.5

  From the mouth of Mr. Ramsey Minister of Rough∣am in Nor∣folk, who married the widow of Mr. Giles Fletcher son to this Doctor.
• * 4.6

  In his vo∣lume of En∣glish Navi∣gation••, p. 374.
• † 4.7

  Camb. in his Eliz. Anno 158••. when he was Agent in Muscov, as after∣ward Am∣bassador••