Lily, improved, corrected, and explained with the etymological part of the common accidence. By W. T. Master of a boarding-school at Fulham, near London, for above two and twenty years.

Observations for the Government of Words by Signs.

A Sign is a word which of it self-signifieth nothing, but sheweth how another word signifies.

A, An, The, be signs of a Nominative Case which goes before the Verb. These are also the signs of a Noun Substantive, to which you cannot put the word Man or Y••ing, as you can to an Adjective.

The Accusacive hath the same signs, and it follows the Verb.

O is the sign of the Vocative, and it is known by calling or speaking to any body

O, is the sign of a Genitive when a Noun goes be∣fore it.

Except, 1. Of after Adjectives, signifying fulness or emptiness, and before a word signifying the praise or dispraise of a thing, then it is a sign of a Genitive or Ablative.

Except, 2. Of after dignus, indignus, natus, progna∣tus, sutus, cretus, creatus, ortus, editus, and most com∣monly after opus and usus, signifying need, notes an Ablative.

But of after a Verb is made by one of these Preposi∣tions, A, ab, e, ex, except after Verbs of accusing, con∣demning, warning and acquitting, a Genitive or an Ablative, with or without a Preposition. Also of after paenitet, pudet, taedet, piget, miseret, miserescit, and after the Verb Sum, signifying a Property or Duty, notes a Genitive.

Of after Verbs of filling, easing, emptying, depri∣ving, ridding, spoiling, unburthening, notes an Abla∣tive without any Preposition.

Of signifying concerning, is made by De.

Of after Verbals in bilis, Participles of the Preterper∣fect

Tense and Futures in dus, is a sign of a Dative; yet sometimes it is made by a Preposition.

To before a Noun is a sign of the Dative Case: but after aptus, pa••atas, tardur, and after a Substantive not governing a Genitive Case, which signisies the matter of a thing or person, it's made by the Gerund in dum, or Participle in dus, with ad.

But To, after a Substantive or Adjective, governing a Genitive Case, is made by a Gerund in di.

To before a Verb is a sign of an Infinitive Mood; but after attinet, pertinet, spectat, loquor, h••r••o, invito, provoco, addo, voco, and Verbs of motion is made by ad.

To also after Verbs and Participles, signifying moving to a place, is usually made by the first Supine or Gerund in dum with ad, or by the Participle in rus.

About to, to intend, or to purpose, is also made by the Fu••ure in rus.

To be is a sign of the Infinitive Mood Passive; but to be after the Verb sum, or a Substantive, is made by the Participle in dus.

To be after these Adjectives, facilis, difficilis, dignus, indignus, is m••de by the latter Supine.

For is sometimes the sign of a Dative Case; but some∣times it's made by a Preposition: But for the cause is al∣ways the Ablative; and for the price, except after tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, standing without Substantives, then it notes a Genitive.

With, the cause or manner, is a sign of an Ablative.

Except when it signifies Society, it is made by cum.

Except also after Verbs of comparing, being angry with, or at; to meet with, it is a sign of a Dati••e Case.

From is an Ablative, except after Verbs of taking away, then it's a Dative commonly.

By, and then, after an Adjective of the Comparative Degree, be signs of an Ablative Case.

That, when it is joined with man or thing, is made by is, ille, or iste; otherwise (if it cannot be turned into which) it's a Conjunctio•• to be made by qu••d or ut.

How, before an Adjective is to be made by quàm; be∣fore a Verb by qu••medo.

More, most, and very, before an Adjective, are signs of the Comparative and Superlative Degree.

It, or there, before a Verb, are signs of a Verb Imper∣son••l, or of a Nominative Case set after a Verb.

A Par••iciple of the Present Tense having a sign of the Geni••iv•• C••se, is made by a Gerund in di; having the sign of an Ablative, is made by a Gerund in do: but the P••r••iciple in ing, having a or the before it, is a Substantive.

About, concerning, is made by de; afore a Noun of ••ime, or Number, with ad, circi••er, or circa; other∣wise with cir••a, circum.

Afore, or before with a Noun or alone, is made by an••e; af••r•• that, before that, afore, before, with a Verb antequam.

After, with a Noun is post, after that, after, with a Verb postquam; afterwards, postea; with the wo••ds mann••r, or f••shion, ad.

All, viz. whole, is made by totus; otherwise by omnis.

Along, before a Substantive is per; along with, ••nd cum.

At, ut; As, being repeated, or so-as, when a com∣paris••n, is made by tam-quam, tum-tum, cum-tum, ae••ue, perinde••a••, tam-ac, adco ut; as much as, as great as, tan∣tus, quanius; as many as, so many as, tot-quot; as like as, such as, taelis qualis; as far, as to, as concerning, as much as belongs to, quantum ad, quod ad, quo ad.

But, sed; on••••, tantùm; unless, nisi, praeterquam; after cannot, non; after nothing else, quam; after I doubt not, quin.

Over, ab••ve, is made by supra, beyond by ul••ra, through by per or trans.

That, for this; the, is made by ille; for which, by qui.

The, being thus repeated, the more the more; the first is to be made by quo, quanto; the latter by tanto, eo, boe.

Till, aso••e a Verb is made by dum, or don̄••c; afore a Noun, by ad, usque, ad.

Very, afore a Substantive is made by ipse, otherwise by valde.

Ʋnder, above, over, after a Noun of Number are made by minus, plus; otherwise by subter, supta.

Worth, before a Verb is made by valeo, being a Noun by dignitas; but worth the pains, operae pretium; other∣wise it is a sign, &c.

Too he be never so learned or rich, is not to be made by quamvis nunquam sit tam Doctus or Dives, but t••us, Doctissimus vel ditissimus, licet sit, &c.

The signs, on, at, before a Nown of Time, Age; also on after nitor to lean, and vescor to eat, notes an Abla∣tive: Likewise at in such words, at table, at first sight, at first coming. &c. Also at School, at Church, by i••, with an Ablative and not by ad or apud. Of the rest of the Particles, co••sult Walker.

Observe what follows for making elegant Latine.

When this English That, may be formed into this English Which, it is a Relative; otherwise it is a Con∣junction, which is called in Latine quod or ut; and in making Latine it may elegantly be put aw••y, by turn∣ing the Nominative into the Accusative, and the Verb into the Infinitive Mood.

The English must or ought, that seems to be made by oportet or de••eo, may be put in the Gerund in dum, with the Verb est set impersonaily turning the Nominative into the Dative.

The Verb have may be made by est in Latine, if you turn the Nominative into the Dative, and the Accusa∣tive into the Nominative.

A Verb Neuter may be changed into the third Per∣son Passive with an Ablative, and a Preposition ex∣press'd or understood.

If a Verb Active be changed into a Passive you must turn the Nominative into the Dative or Ablative with a Preposition, and the Accusative into the Nominative.

A Substantive with a Participle standing within a Comma by it self, and that is neither the Nominative Case to the Verb, nor governed of any other word, is put in the Ablative Case absolute, which Ablative may be resolved by one of these words, dum, cum, quando, si, quanquam, postquàm.