Lily, improved, corrected, and explained with the etymological part of the common accidence. By W. T. Master of a boarding-school at Fulham, near London, for above two and twenty years.

THE Eight Parts of Speech Examin'd out of the Common Accidence BY Questions and Answers.

Q. WHAT is the Accidence, and why is it so called?

A. It is a Book that teacheth the first Grounds of the Latin Tongue, so called because it chiefly teaches the Accidents (i. e.) the things belonging to the Eight Parts of Speech.

Q. Into how many Parts is the Accidence divided?

A. Into two; first, an Introduction of the Eight Parts of the Latin Tongue or Speech; secondly, the Co••struction or joyning together of the Right Parts of Speech.

Q. What do you mean by Construction?

A. A framing or setting together of the Eight Parts of Speech to make a Discourse, the examination of which part we omit in the common Accidence, because it is exa∣min'd fully in the Latin Syntaxis.

Q. How many Parts, or how many sorts of Words are there in the Latin Tongue or Speech?

A. Eight, and no more or less, viz. a Noun, a Pro∣noun, a Verb, a Participle, an Adverb, Conjunction,

Preposition, Interjection; for, every word whereof Speech is made is one of these Eight Parts, tho' there be many thousand words, yet each of them is one of these.

Q. What things belong to all the Eight Parts of Speech?

A. Species and Figura, (i. e.) Form and Figure. For any of the Parts of Speech may be first Primitive or Derivative; secondly, Simple or Compound.

Q. How are these Eight Parts of Speech divided?

A. They are divided into Declined and Unde∣clined.

Q. How many are declined?

A. The four first, viz. a Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Par∣ticiple.

Q. How many are undeclined?

A. The four last, viz. an Adverb, Conjunction, Pre∣position, and Interjection.

Q. Why are the four first declined, and the four last undeclined?

A. Because the first four may change their ending or termination into divers other endings; as, ma∣gister, magstri; ego, mei; amo, amas; amatus, ama∣ta, amatum. The four last never change their ending; as, Cras, at que, ad, heus.

Q. How many of the Parts of Speech are declined with case, and how many without case?

A. Three with case, Noun, Pronoun, Participle, and one without case, viz. a Verb.

Q. Are there not many Nouns and Verbs undecli∣ned?

A. There are, but it is in regard of Use that they are not declined, not in regard of the Nature of Words.

Q. What is Speech, of which you tell me there are eight parts?

A. Speech is properly the uttering or declaring of our Minds by Words.

Q. Which and what is the first part of Speech?

A. It is a Noun, which signifies the name of any thing that may be seen, f••l••, heard, or understood, as the name of my Hand in Latin is manus, &c.

Q. Is a Hand a Noun?

A. A Hand itself is not a Noun, but the word signify∣ing a Hand is a Noun.

Q. How comes nihil to be a Noun when it signifies nothing?

A. Tho' nihil signifies nothing, yet it is a Noun, be∣cause it is not meant properly nothing, but a thing of no value, having the name of hilum, the black in the top of a Bean; as, nihil or nihi••um, not so much as the black in a Bean. In Grammar therefore we are to consider Words, not Things.

Q. How many sorts of Nouns are there?

A. Two, a Noun Substantive and a Noun Adje∣ctive.

Q. What is a Noun Substantive?

A. It is a Noun that standeth by it self, and requi∣reth not another word to be joined with it to shew its signification; and it may have the Signs A or The before it, and cannot have the word Man, or Thing, af∣ter it, as an Adjective hath.

Q. With how many Articles is a Noun Substantive declin'd?

A. With one Article; as, hic magister a Master; or with two at the most, as, hic & haec Parens a Father or Mother.

Q. How many fold is a Noun Substantive, according to its signification?

A. It is two-fold, either Proper, which is the pro∣per name of a thing, as, Edvardus; or Common, which is common to all of the same kind, as homo is a common Name to all Men.

Q. What is a Noun Adjective?

A. A Noun Adjective is that cannot stand by it self in Reason or Signification, but requires to be join'd with another word, as Man or Thing; as, bonus good, felix happy.

Q. How many fold is a Noun Adjective from its man∣ner of signifying?

A. It is two-fold, Proper, signifying an Affection peculiar to one, as Gradivus to Mars, Quirinus to Romulus; and Common, which signifies an Affection common to many, as bonus, malus, solers, satur.

Q. How many-fold is an Adjective, according to its declining?

A. It is two-fold, for it is declined either with three terminations, like bonus, or with three Articles, like felix and tristis.

Q. How many things belong to a Noun?

A. Seven in all, Number, Case, Gender, Declen∣sion, Comparison, Form, and Figure; but Compari∣son properly belongs to a Noun Adjective, and Form and Figure to all the Parts of Speech.

Q. Why doth not Comparison belong to a Noun Sub∣stantive?

A. Because the signification of it cannot be encreased or diminished.

Q. What is Number, being the first Accident belong∣ing to a Noun?

A. Number is a separation or distinction of One from Many.

Q. How many Numbers are there?

A. Two; the Singular, that speaks but of one, as lapis a Stone; and the Plural, that speaks of more than one, as lapides Stones.

Q. Do all Nouns of the Singular Number speak but of One?

A. All Nouns speak but of One in the Singular Num∣ber, except the Nouns Collectives, such as populus, grex, turba, &c. which signifie many, or a multitude in the sin∣gular Number; as, on the contrary, there are Nouns of the Plural Number that signifie but one thing, as Nuptiae, Gabii, Thebae, Athenae, &c.

Q. Doth Number only belong to a Noun?

A. No, but it belongs to all the declined Parts of Speech.

Q. What is Case, the next Accident of a Noun?

A. It is the diverse ending of a Noun, Pronoun, or Par∣ticiple, in the declining of them.

Q. How many Cases are there?

A. Six; the Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Accusative, the Vocative, and the Ablative.

Q. How may the Cases be known one from the other?

A. Thus; the Nominative and Accusative by their Places, the other by their Signs.

Q. Which is the place of the Nominative?

A. Thus; the Nominative is placed before the Verb in due order of Speech, and Answers to the Que∣stion Who or What; as, magister docet, the Master teacheth; and it is known by the Signs A or The.

Q. Why is it call'd the Nominative?

A. Because we give Names to all things in this Case from nomino.

Q. How know you the Genitive Case?

A. The Genitive is known by these Signs, Off or 'S, answering to the Question Whose or Whereof; as, Do∣ctrina magistri, the Learning of the Master; and it is a Case governed.

Q. Why is it called the Genitive Case?

A. From gigno, because it begets or produces all the following Cases; for when I know the Genitive Case of any word, I may easily know all the following Cases of that Declension.

Q. How know you the Dative Case?

A. By the Sign To, and sometimes by the Sign For, and it answers to the Question To whom, or To what; as, Do librum magistro, I give a Book to the Master; and it is likewise a Case govern'd.

Q. Why is it called the Dative Case?

A. From Do, to give; for if I speak, Deliver or Give to one any thing, I use this Case.

Q. How know you the Accusative Case?

A. The Accusative followeth the Verb, and answereth to the Question Whom or What; as, amo

magistrum, I love the Master; and it hath the same Signs as the Nominative, viz. A or The, which are common Signs to all the Cases, but more proper to the Nominative and Accusative.

Q. Why is it called the Accusative Case?

A. From the Verb or Law-term Accuso, for this is the Case by which Judges do use to pronounce their Sen∣tence.

Q. How know you the Vocative Case? and, why is it called so?

A. The Vocative Case is known by calling or speak∣ing to; as, O magister, O Master, and it is so called from the Verb Voco, to call or speak to any body.

Q. How know you the Ablative Case? and, why is it called so?

A. The Ablative Case is known either by Preposi∣tions serving to it, or else by these Signs, In, with, through, for, from, by, and then, after the comparative degree. And it is called the Ablative Case from au∣fero to take away.

Q. How are the Signs of the Cases delivered in short?

A. Thus; A, The, Of or 'S; To, and sometimes For; A, The, O: From, &c.

Q. What Case is that which is called Octavus Casus?

A. It is the Dative put instead of an Accusative with a Preposition; as, it ••lamor coelo for ad coelum.

Q. What Case, or where then is the Seventh Case?

A. The Seventh is the Ablative, uttered or used with∣out a Preposition, as some will have it: tho' indeed there are but six Cases, according to the Declension to which every word belongs: so that the Septimus and Octavus Casus are Cases by Licentiâ Poeticâ.

Q. What Case is that which is called the Rectus Casus?

A. It is the Nominative and Vocative that's like to it, the other Cases being called oblique Cases.

Q. Why is the Ablative called Latinus Casus?

A. Because it is pr••per to the Latines, for the Greeks have no Ablative.

Q. What follows next after the Cases in the Acci∣dence?

A. Articles, which are marks to know the Genders by in declining.

Q. How many Articles are there, and whence are they borrowed?

A. There are three, viz. Hic, haec, h••c; and they are borrowed of the Pronouns.

Q. What do hic, haec, hoc signifie?

A. When hic, haec, hoc is a Pronoun it signifies this; but when it is d••clined with a Noun it signifies nothing, only it points out the Gender.

Q. How do you decline Articles together and seve∣rally with a Noun?

A. Thus:

	Singul.	Plur.
	M. F. N.	M. F. N.
Nom.	Hic, haec, hoc.	Hi, hae, haec.
Gen.	Hujus, hujus, hujus.	H••rum, harum, horum.
Dat.	Huic, huic, huic.	His, his, his.
Acc.	Hunc, hanc, hoc.	H••s, has, hae••.
Voc.	O, O, O.	O, O, O.
Abl.	Hoc, hac, h••c.	His, his, his.

Q. Why are they set before the Genders and Declen∣sions?

A. Because they serv•• to note out the Genders, and al∣so decline Nouns in every Gender.

Q. What is a Gender?

A. It is the difference of Sex by Nature, as they are Male and Female; but by Institution and Art Words may be of the Male and Female Gender, and yet have no rela∣tion to Sex; as Musa, or Lapis, &c.

Q. How many Genders are there?

A. We reckon Seven, tho' there are properly but Three, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter; the other four, viz. the Common of two, the Common of three▪ the Doubtful, and the Epicene, are compounded of all or some of those three.

Q. Which is the Article of the M. G. and what doth it belong to?

A. It is hic, and it belongs to Males or Hees, and such words as are used under the Names of Hees, ei∣ther by Art or Institution.

Q. What is the Article of the F. G. and what doth it belong to?

A. It is haec, and it belongs to Females or Shees, or things going under the name of Shees.

Q. Which is the Article of the N. G. and what doth it belong to?

A. It is hoc, and it belongs to words which signi∣fie aeither He or She.

Q. What Articles hath the Common of two, and what belongs it to?

A. It hath hic and haec, and it belongs properly to words signifying both Male and Female, that is, both He and She.

Q. What Articles hath the Common of three, and what doth it belong to?

A. It hath hic, haec, and hoc, and it belongs only to Nouns Adjectives.

Q. What Article hath the Doubtful Gender, and what belongs it to?

A. It hath hic or haec, which of them you please, and it belongs to Creatures in which the kind is unknown, whether they be he or she; as, a Snail, a Snake, also to lifeless things; as, a Day, a Channel, &c.

Q. What Article hath the Epicene Gender?

A. It hath only one Article, but under that Arti∣cle both kinds, that is, both He and She are signified; as hic Passer, the Cock or Hen Sparrow; haec Aquila, the He or She Eagle.

Q. How may the Genders of Nouns be known?

A. Either by their signification, termination, or more especially by the Rules to know the Genders of Nouns in Propria quae maribus.

Q. Which is the fourth Accident belonging to a Noun?

A. It is Declension, which is the varying of the first ending of a word into diverse other endings called Cases.

Q. How many Declensions of Nouns are there?

A. There are five Declensions of Nouns.

Q. What Terminations hath the first Declension, what's the Example, and whence proceeds it?

A. The first hath but one Latin Termination in A, the Example is Musa; but it hath three Greek Ter∣minations in As, Es, and E; as, Thomas, Anchises, Phaebe, and it proceeds from the first Declension of the Greeks.

Q. What Terminations hath the second Declensi∣on, what are the Examples, and whence proceeds it?

A. It hath five proper to the Latines, Er, ir, ur, us, um; as, Aper, vir, satur, Dominus, Templum; and three of the Greeks in os, on, eus; as, Delos, Ilim, Orpheus: the Examples of it are Magister and Regman, and it comes from the third Declension of the Greeks.

Q. What Terminations hath the third Declension, what are the Examples, and whence comes it••?

A. It hath all Terminations besides Ʋm and Ʋ; the Examples are lapis and parens, and it comes from the fifth of the Greeks.

Q. What Terminations hath the fourth Declensi∣on, which are the Examples of it, and whence pro∣ceeds it?

A. It hath two, Ʋs and Ʋ, and the Examples are Manus and Genu; but those that end in U are' 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or invariable in the Singular Number, and in the Plural they are commonly declined after the third Declension, to which third Declension may be reduc'd the fourth and fifth.

Q. What is the Example, and how many Termina∣tions hath the fifth Declension?

A. It hath only one Termination in es; the Exam∣ple is meridies.

Q. What Exceptions are there belonging to the first Declension?

A. Filia and Nata, which make the Dative and Ablative Cases plural in is or in abus, and anima, Dea, Mula, Equa, Famula, Liberta, which make the Dative and Ablative Cises plural in abus only.

Q. What Exceptions are there under the second Declension?

A. The first is of Nouns that end in Ʋs, which make the Vocative in E; as, Nominativo hic Dominus, Vecativo O Domine: 2. Proper Names of Men that end in ius, make their Vocative to end in i; as, Nom. Hic Ge••gius, Voc. O Georgi: 3. These Common Names, viz. Agnus, Lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, sluvius, which make their Vocative in E or in Ʋs.

Q. What say you of Nouns of the Neuter Gender of the second declension?

A. They have three Cases alike, viz. the Nomina∣tive, Accusa••ive, and Vocative, which three Cases do end in the plural Number, always in (a), except Am∣b•• and Duo, that make the Neuter Gender in (o).

Q. How is Duo declin'd?

A. Like Ambo, thus: Plu. Duo, duae, duo, &c.

Q. But how are the Declensions distinguish'd, and how may it be known of what Declension a Noun is of, besides by these Termi••ati••ns of the Declensions? for hardly any of these Terminations are peculiar to any Declension; for ma∣ny words that end in A, As, Es, E, are of the third, as well as of the first Declension; and so words that end in Us may be of the second, third, or fourth Declension, &c?

A. The Declensions are distinguish'd by the termination and ending of the Genitive Case singular of each Declen∣sion, which Genitive Case shews what Declension every Noun is of.

Q. How then doth the Genitive Case of each De∣clension end, and how do all the rest of the Cases end that proceed from those Genitives?

A. They end thus, according to the following Ta∣ble.

	Singular.					Plural.
		Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Vocat.	Ab	N	Gen.	Dat.	Ac	Abl
Declensions	1	ae	ae	am	Like the Nominative every where, except in the 2d Declension.	a	ae	arum	is	as	is
2	i	o	um	o	i	orum	is	os	is
			em	e		um
3	is	i	&		es		ibus	es	ibus
			im	i		ium
4	us	ui	um	u	us	uum	ibus	us	ibus
5	ei	ei	em	e	es	erum	ebus	es	ebus

Q. Of what Gender are all Nouns of the fifth De∣clension?

A. They are of the Feminine, except meridies, of the M. G. and Dies, of the D. G. in the singular, and of the M. G. only in the plural.

Q. How many Declensions may Adjectives be said to have?

A. Three.

Q. Which is the first?

A. The first is of Adjectives in us, er, ur, with three terminations or endings; the first ending or termina∣tion being of the M. G. as, Bonus, pulcher, satur; the second being of the F. G. as, Bona, pulchra, satura; the third ending being of the N. G. as, Bonum, pul∣chrum, saturum.

Q. Which is the second Declension of Adjectives?

A. The second is of Adjectives ending in X or ns, and all others having one ending in the Nom. Case, which are of all the three Genders; as, hic, haec, & hoc audax, -acis: hic, haec, & hoc vetus, eris, &c.

Q Which is the third Declension of Adjectives?

A. It is of Adjectives that end in is, or the positive, and of those that end in or, of the comparative de∣gree with two endings, the first ending being of the M. and F. G. the second ending being of the N. G.

as, hic & haec Tristis & hoc Triste; hic & haec durior & hoc durius, &c.

Q. How is a Noun Adjective of three terminations declined?

A. After the first and second declension of Sub∣stantives; as, Bonas after Dominus, Bona after Musa, Bonum after Regnum

Q. What Adjectives are there besides of three ter∣minations that are otherwise declin'd?

A. These, with their Compounds, unus, totus, solus, ullus, alius, alter, uter, newer, which make the Genitive Case in ius, and the Dative in i.

Q. Can unus, signifying but one, have the Plural Number?

A. Ʋnus never hath the Plural Number, but when it is joined with a word that lacketh the Singular Number; as, unae, literae, una maenia, where literae sig∣nisying an Epistle or Letter, cannot be of the Singular Number, nor Maenia.

Q. What Case do ullus, alius, alter, uter, and neuter lack or want; and how are they declined?

A. They want the Vocative, and are declined in all other cases like unus.

Q. How are Adjectives of one ending, and Partici∣ples of the Present tense declined?

A. They are declined after the third Declension of Substantives, like felix.

Q. How are Adjectives of two endings declined?

A. They are likewise declined after the third de∣clension of Substantives, like tristls.

Q. What is the next Accident of a Noun after Declen∣sion?

A. It is Comparison.

Q. What is Comparison?

A. It is the altering the signification of a word into more or less by degrees.

Q. D••es Comparison belong to all Nouns?

A. No, it belongs properly to Adjectives, tho' Substan∣tives are compared 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, only by abuse, not pro∣perly;

a•• also some Pronouns: but Adverbs coming of Adjectives, may be compared, and Participles, when they are changed into Nouns Adjectives, and some Prepositions when changed into Adverbs.

Q. May all Adverbs be compared?

A. No, none but whose Signification may be increased or diminished.

Q. What is it to have the Signification increased or di∣minished?

A. It is to be made more or less; a••, hard, harder, hardest: and so back again; as, hardest, harder, hard.

Q. What mean you by a Degree of Comparison?

A. I mean, that every word that alters its signification by more or less, is a Degree.

Q. How many Degrees of Comparison are there?

A. Three, the Positive, Comparative, and Superla∣tive.

Q. What is the Positive Degree?

A. It is a Degree that signifies a thing absolutely without Excess (that is, without more or less, or with∣out having respect to any other word); as, Durus hard, without being compared.

Q. What is the Comparative Degree?

A. It is a Degree which somewhat exceeds his Po∣sitive in Signification, (i. e.) when the signification of the Positive is somewhat encreased or made more.

Q. What is the Sign of the Comparative Degree?

A. The Syllable (more) being set before, or the Sylla∣ble (er) being added to it; as, more bard, or harder.

Q. Of what is the Comparative Degree formed?

A. Of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I, by putting to it (or) for the M. and F. G. and (us) for the N. G.

Q. What is the Superlative Degree?

A. It is a Degree that exceeds i••s Positive in the highest, in signifying, so that one thing being compa∣red with many, is said to be most of all this thing or that thing.

Q. Whence is it formed, and what is the Sign thereof?

A. It is formed of the first Case of its Positive that endeth in I, by putting to it the Letter S, and Simus; as, Duri Durissimus, the Sign of it is (most) put before its English; as, most hard: or (est) added to its English; as, hardest.

Q. How do you compare the said three Degrees of Com∣parison?

A. By declining altogether in ea••h Cafe and Gender; as, Nom. Durius, durior, durissimus; dura, durior, du∣rissima; durum, durius, durissimum: Gen. Duri, du∣rioris, durissimi: Dat. Duro, duriori, durissimo, &c.

Q. How many Exceptions are there from these re∣gular and general Rules of Comparison?

A. There are four, which make an irregular Com∣parison.

Q. Which is the first irregular Comparison or Ex∣ception?

A. It is of these five Nouns, Bonus, melior, optimus; Majus, pejor, pessimus; Magnus, major, maximus; ••arvus, minor, minimus; Multus plurimus, multa plurima, mul∣tum plus plurimum; with many more in the Latin Grammar.

Q. Which is the second irregular Comparison or Exception?

A. It is of Positives that end in (r) which form their Superlatives of the Nominative Case, by putting to it rimus; as, Pulcher, pulcherrimus; Niger, nigerri∣mu••, &c. except Dexter, dexterrimus; maturus, maturi∣mus, or maturissimus.

Q. Which is the third irregular Comparison or Exception?

A. It is of these six Nouns ending in lis, which make the Superlative by changing lis into limus; as, Humilis, humillimus; Similis, simillimus; Facilis, fa∣c••llimus; Gracilis, gracillimus; Docilis, docillimus; agi∣lis, agillimus.

Q. How do all other Nouns in (〈◊〉〈◊〉) form their Su∣perlative Degree?

A. They follow the general and regular Rule of Comparison.

Q. Which is the fourth irregular Comparison or Exception?

A. It is of Adjectives having a Vowel before Ʋs, which then are compared by the two Adve••bs, magis before the Comparative, and maximè before the Su∣perlative; as, Pius, magis pius, maximè pius; assiduus, magis assiduus, maximè assiduus.

Q. Why are not Adjectives compared when a Vowel comes before Us?

A. Because the C••mparative ought to exceed the Posi∣tive by a Syllable; as, doctus, doctior; which cannot be in those Adjectives that have a Vowel before Us; f••r I, between two Vowels becomes a Consonant: Or if it re∣main a Vowel, whereby it may exceed the Positive, from that co••course of Vowels would arise a Cacophaton or un∣pleasant sound.

Q. What is the second Part of Speech, viz. a Pro∣noun?

A. It is a Part of Speech much like to a Noun, or put instead of a Noun; and therefore called a Pro∣noun; but not having the Sign A or The before it.

Q. How many manner of ways is a Pronoun us'd?

A. Two manner of ways, in shewing or rehear∣sing.

Q. How doth it d••ffer from a Noun?

A. Thus: a Pronoun first hath reference to a Noun, and after that signifies the thing; but a Noun signifies the thing immediately.

Q. Why was a Pronoun invented?

A. That it might be join'd to the first and second Person of a Verb, which a Noun wants.

Q. How many Pronouns are there?

A. There are fisteen, Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras.

Q. What Case do Pronouns want?

A. They all want the Vocative Case, except tu, meus, noster, and nostras, and sui wants the Nom. and Vocative.

Q. What Pronouns may be added to the fifteen?

A. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, tute, idem, and also qui, quae, quod.

Q. How many fold is a Pronoun?

A. Two-fold, either Substantive or Adjective.

Q. How many Pronoun Substantives are there?

A. Three, Ego, tu, sui, with their Compounds.

Q. How many Pronoun Adjectives?

A. Twelve; Ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, and qui, that's added to them.

Q. How are Pronouns divided according to their Species?

A. They are divided into Primitives and Derivatives.

Q. How many Pronoun-Primitives are there?

A. Eight; Eg••, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic and is.

Q. Why are they called Primitives, and what are they called besides?

A. They are called Primitives from Prima first and chiefest, and therefore they cannot be derived of others; they are called also Demonstratives, because they commonly shew a thing not spoken of before.

Q. How many of th••se Primitives may also be called Relatives?

A. Four, Hic, ille, iste, and is.

Q. How many Pronoun Relatives are there?

A. Six, Hic, iile, iste, is, idem, and qui, which is the most special Relative.

Q. But how can hic, ille, iste, and is be Demonstratives and Relatives too?

A. Because they serve both to shew and rehearse.

Q. How many Pronoun Derivatives are there, and why are they so called?

A. There are Seven; meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, n••stras, vestras; so called, because they are derived of mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri, being the Genitive Cases singular or plural of ego, ••u, sui; for of mei and nostri, the genitive, singular and plural of ego, comes meus, noster, and nostras; of tui and vest••i the gen. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. and plur. of tu, comes tuus, vester, and ve∣stras, and of sui comes suus.

Q. How many sorts of Derivatives are there?

A. Two, Possessives; as, meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester, and Gentiles, as, nostras, vestras.

Q. But what say you of the number of Pronouns, viz. Fifteen, for there are Eight Primitives, Six Relatives, and Seven Derivatives, which make them to be Twenty One, and withal quis, uter, qualis, and many others are accounted Pronouns by good Gramma••ians, for they may signifie instead of a Noun?

A. As for the number Twenty One. I have shewed al∣ready that some of the Pronouns were both Primitives and Relatives: as for other words that are reck••n'd Pronouns by some Grammarians, they signifie no certain or determi∣nate thing, as the fifteen Pronouns do, and therefore they are not Pronouns, but Nouns Adjectives.

Q. How many things belong to a Pronoun?

A. Five, according to the Accidence, Number, Case, and Gender, (which belong also to a Noun) Declen∣sion and Person, which it hath of its own; it hath also the Accidents common to all the Parts of Speech, z••z. Form and Figure.

Q. How may one know the Gend••r in Pronoun Substan∣tives?

A. Thus: Pronoun Substantives are of the same Gender with the thing whereof they are properly spoken. The Gen∣der of Pronouns-Adjectives is known like as in Nouns-Ad∣jectives.

Q. How many Declensions of Pronouns are there?

A. There are four declensions of Pronouns.

Q. How may one know of what declension a Pro∣noun is?

A. By the ending of the Genitive Case singular, like as in Nouns.

Q. How doth the Genitive Case singular of each of the declensions end?

A. They end thus:

The	First	Second	Third	Fourth
	i	i••s	i ae i	atis
	jus

Q. What Pronouns be of the first Declension?

A. These three, ego, tu, sui, declined as in the Book, &c.

Q. What Pronouns be of the second Declension?

A. These six, ille, ipse, iste, which three make the Genitive Case in ius, like unus; and hic, is, and qui, which make the Genitive in jus.

Q. How is iste declined?

A. Thus▪ Sing. Iste, ista, istud; as in the Book, &c.

Q. How are ille and ipse declined?

A. Like iste, saving that ipse maketh ipsum in the N. G. of the Nom. and Acc. Case singular, and not ipsud.

Q. How is hic declined?

A. Thus: Sing. Nom. Hic, haec h••c, Gen. Hujus, Dat. H••••c, &c.

Q. How are is and qui declined?

A. Thus, as in the Book:

Sing Nom.	Is, ea, id, &c.
Qui, quae, quod, &c.

Q. Why do they say Quî in the Ablative Case?

A. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Qui in the Ablative Case is of all Genders, and may be put for Quo, quà, or quo.

Q. How are quis and quid declined?

A. Like qui.

Q. How is Quisquis declined?

A. Thus:

Sing. Nom.	Quisquis	Acc.	Quicquid	Abl.	Quoqu••,
	Quaqu••,
Qui••qui••	Qu••quo.

Q. What is the difference between Quid and Quod?

A. Quid is always a Substantive of the N. G. Qu••d requireth for the most part a Substantive or an Ante∣cedent.

Q. Which Pronouns are of the third Declension?

A. These five Possessives; me••s, tu••s, su••s, n••ster, and vester.

Q. How are they declined?

A. Like Nouns Adjectives of three terminations, except that meus makes mi in the M. G. of the Vocat. Case singular.

Q. How is meus then declined?

A. Thus; meus, mea, m••••n, &c.

Q. How are noster, and tuus, suus, vester decli∣ned?

A. Like meus, saving that tuus, suus, vester want the Voc. Case.

Q. What Pronouns are of the fourth Declension?

A. Nostros, vestras, and this Noun cujas.

Q. How are they declined?

A. They, and many more such, as Londinos, Arpiu••••, Ravennas, Pelia••, are declined thus, and not as the Book directs: Sing. Nom. Hic, haec & h•••• nost••as. Gen. Hujus nostratis. Dat. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nostrati. Acc. Hunc & hanc nostratem, & hoc nostras, &c.

Q. What are these of the fourth Declension called, and why so called?

A. They are called Gentiles, because they properly betoken pertaining to Countries or Nations, to Sects, Sides, or Factions.

Q. What Auth••rity have you contrary to the B••ok, that these Adjectives Gentiles in (As) should be of all the three Genders, and n••t have the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Gender in (Ate)?

A. I have the greatest Authors; as, In quo ••lexus est ad iter Arpinas: Cicero. Capenas bellum liv. l. 5. & l. 8. Bellum Privernas initum est. Th••se Adjectives first of all had their N••minative in (atis), and were decli∣ned like Tristis; but since the Termination Atis hath been

contracted in As, they are of all the three Genders, and they may all of them be declined as Felix.

Q. What is the fifth thing belonging to a Pro∣noun?

A. It is Person, or any thing which speaketh of it self, or is spoken to, or spoken of.

Q. How many Persons hath a Pronoun?

A. It hath Three.

Q. What is the first Person?

A. The first Person speaketh of himself alone; as, Ego, I; or with others, as, Nos, We: and these two are properly all the words of this first Person.

Q. What is the second Person?

A. It is the Person or Thing spoken to, either alone or with others; as, Tu, Thou; Vos, Ye: and these two are properly also all the words of this second Person.

Q. What Case is of the second Person?

A. Every Vocative Case.

Q. What is the third Person?

A. It is the Person or Thing that is spoken of; as, Ille, He; Illi, They: and of this Person are all Nouns, Pronouns and Participles, except the four words of the first and second Person, viz. Ego, Nos, Tu, and Vos.

Q. Which are the more worthy Persons?

A. The first is more worthy than the second, and the second more worthy than the third.

Q. Which is the Third Part of Speech?

A. It is a Verb.

Q. What is a Verb?

A. It is a Part of Speech declined with Mood and Tense, and betokens or signifies doing; as, Amo, I love: or suffering; as, Amor, I am loved: or being; as, Sum, I am.

Q. What is the difference between a Noun and a Verb?

A. A Noun signifies the Name of a Thing; a Verb sig∣nifies the manner of doing, suffering, or being of that Thing.

Q. How many-fold is a Verb?

A. It is two-fold, Personal and Impersonal.

Q. What is a Verb Personal?

A. A Verb Personal is that which is declined with three Persons in both Numbers, and such as hath a Nom. Case.

Q. What is a Verb Impersonal?

A. A Verb Impersonal, according to the Book, is that which hath no Persons, or rather it is a Verb which is declined in the third Person singular only, and hath no Nom. Case.

Q. How many kinds of Verbs Personals are there?

A. Five, according to the Book, Active, Passive, Neuter, Deponent, and Common, which is now grown out of use.

Q. How do these five sorts of Verbs differ one from another?

A. They differ three ways; 1. In Termination, for some end in O, as, Actives and Neuters; some in Or, as Passives, Deponents, and Commons, and a few Neuters ending in M▪ as sum, forem, inquam, possum. 2. They differ in signification. 3. In declining or forming.

Q. How is a Verb Active known?

A. By its ending in O, and betokening or signifying to do; as, Amo, I love.

Q. What may a Verb Active be made?

A. It may be made a Verb Passive, by putting to it r; as, Amo, Amor.

Q. How is a Verb Passive known?

A. A Verb Passive endeth in (or) and betokeneth or signifieth to suffer; as Amor, I am loved.

Q. What may a Verb Passive be made?

A. It may be made an Active, by putting away r; a••, Amor, Amo.

Q. How doth a Verb Neuter end?

A. In O or M; as, Curro, I run; Sum, I am.

Q. Cannot a Verb Neuter, seeing it ends in (O) as well as a Verb Active, take (R) to make it a Passive?

A. No; for tho' I say, Curro, I run, yet I cannot say, Curror, I am run.

Q. How doth a Verb Neuter signifie?

A. It signifies sometimes actively; that is, like a Verb Active; as, Curro, I run, and sometimes pas∣sively, or like a Verb Passive; as, Aegroto, I am sick; and sometimes it signifies being, as, Sum, I am.

Q. How doth a Verb Deponent end?

A. It ends in (R) like a Passive.

Q. How doth it signifie?

A. It signifies either like a Verb Active, as, Loquor Verbum, I speak a word; or like a Verb Neuter, sig∣nifying actively; as, Glorior, I boast.

Q. How is a Verb Deponent declined?

A. Like a Verb Passive, but with Gerunds and Su∣pines, especially the first Supine, and with Active Participles.

Q. How doth a Verb Common end, which you say is out of use?

A. It ends in (R) like a Verb Passive.

Q. How doth it signifie?

A. It signifies both as a Verb Active, and as a Verb Passive, and therefore it is called a Verb Common; as Osculor, I kiss or am kissed.

Q. May I take away (R) from a Verb Deponent or Common, whereby they may be made Actives, for they both end like a Verb Passive, and the one of them (viz.) a Verb Common, signifies also like a Verb Passive?

A. No, you cannot take away (R), for Loquor cannot be made Loquo, nor Osculor Osculo.

Q. Some Verbs are said to be Transitive, others Intran∣sitive, how may I know which is which?

A. Thus: those are Transitive whose Action or Doing passeth into another thing, and have not a perfect sence in themselves; as, when I say, Amo, I love, I must say I love something; as, Amo Magistrum, I love the Master.

Q. How may I know which are Intransitive Verbs?

A. Intransitives are those which have an absolute and perfect sence in their own Signification, without asking

the Question whom or what; (which may be asked in Transitives) as, Curro, I run; agroto, I am sick; af∣ter which I need not add or put any thing.

Q. How many things belong to a Verb?

A. There belong to it properly these f••ur, viz. Kind, Mood, Time, and Conjugation, with ••••rm, Figure, Num∣ber, and Person, which are Accidents c••mm••n to the other declined parts of Speech as well as to a Verb.

Q. What is Mood, for we ••ave sp••ke already of the kinds of Verbs?

A. Mood is an Accident that add••th to the signification of a Verb the manner of signifying.

Q. How many Moods are there?

A. Four properly, and indeed; tho' the Book saith six.

Q. What is the Indicative Mood?

A. It is a Mood that shews a Reason true or false; as Ego amo, I love; or else asks a Question and doubt∣eth, as, Amas tu, Dost thou love?

Q. What is the Imperative Mood?

A. It is a Mood that biddeth or commandeth, ex∣horteth or intreateth, and it hath often before it (ex∣cept in the second Person sing, and pl.) this sign Let; as, Amato, Let him love.

Q. Why doth the Imperative Mood want the first Person singular?

A. Because the first Person, being the Person that speak∣eth, cannot be said to comm••nd himself.

Q. But how can it be, that Passives have an Imperative Mood, seeing that a Passion cannot be commanded?

A. Because a disposition to do, bel••••gs to the Doer or Agent, and therefore he is justly commanded; as, Ama∣tor ab hero, (i. e.) So order or behave your self that you may be beloved of your Master: So Docetor, Be thou taught, (i. e.) Reject not your Teacher, but mark well what he saith.

Q. How know you the Subjunctive Mood?

A. The Subjunctive Mood dependeth on another Verb in the same Sentence, and hath evermore some

Conjunction (or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction) joyned with it; as, Ede ut vias: Cum¦a••tarem: or else it hath some Indefinite coming be∣tween; as, Qui, quid, qualis, quo, &c. as, vide quid agas.

Q. Why do you leave out the Optative and Potential Mood?

A. Because they d••ffer not from the Subjunctive, except in the manner of signifying; so that the same Mood implying wishing, is called the Optative; signifying a power, duty or desire the Potential; with a Conjunction, or an Adverb having the nature of a Conjunction, it is called the Sub∣junctive.

Q. But why do you chuse to call this Mood the Subjun∣ctive, rather than either the Optative or Potential?

A. Because the Subjunctive is far more used; and it is usual for things to have their denomination from the chief and principal.

Q. Is not the Subjunctive used sometimes instead of the Imp••••ative?

A. It is s••; as, Tuâ quod nihil resert percontari desinas, for desine, Ter. Nihil incommodo valetudi∣nis tuae f••••••ris, for fac, Cicero. So in these Expressions, Ut vidiam, Let me see; Cures, Have a care; Fiat, Let it b••d••ne; and in our Obligations, Noverint universi, f••r noscant.

Q. How are the third Persons of the Imperative Mood Active and ••assive, ending in to, and tor, called by Gram∣marians?

A. They are called Modus Legitimus, The Lawyers Mood, according to Vossius; because it is used by Lawyers most commonly▪

Q. How know you the Infinitive Mood?

A. The Infinitive Mood signifies, to do, to suffer, or to be, and it hath neither Number, nor Person, to limit its signification, and therefore it is called In∣finitive, and it hath ••o Nom. Case before him; being no real Mood of it self, but as it may be resolved by Qu••d or ut, an, quin or ne non, &c.

Q. What are peculiarly belonging to the Infinitive Mood?

A. Three Gerunds and two Supines.

Q. Why do the Gerunds and Supines belong to the Infi∣nitive Mood?

A. Because their signification (like that of the Infini∣tive Mood) is infinite, not making difference of Number or Person.

Q. How do the three Gerunds end?

A. In di, do and dum.

Q. What significations have Gerunds?

A. They have both the Active and Passive significa∣tion; as, amandi, of loving or of being loved; aman∣do, in loving or in being loved; amandum, to love or to be loved.

Q. How do you decline Gerunds, and what are they, are they Verbs or Participles?

A. They are declined in the Verb, yet they are not Verbs, because they want Tenses, which a Verb must have; nor are they Participles, (tho' they are like those in dus) for they denote no time, as a Participle doth, and withal, they have an Active and Passive signification, which a Participle hath not; therefore, with Vossius and others, I leave th••m to be Nouns Verbal Substantives Pentaptots of the second Declension.

Q. Why may they not be Verbs, seeing they retain their Construction?

A. That matters not, for that is common to Nouns; as, Quod si est obtemperatio legibus scriptis, Cicero. So Plautus, Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem.

Q. How do the two Supines end?

A. The first ends in um, and the latter in u.

Q. Why is that which ends in um, called the first Supine?

A. Because it hath the signification of the Verb Active; as, Eo ama••um, I go to love.

Q. Why is that which ends in u, called the latter Supine?

A. Because it hath for the most part the significa∣tion Passive; as, Difficilis amatu, Hard to be loved.

Q. What are Supines?

A. They are Nouns Verbal Substantives (as the Ge∣runds are) Dipto••s of the fourth Decl••nsion.

Q. Do they change their Gender?

A. No, for if they did, they could not be said to be Sub∣stamives; for we say, Vitam ire perditum, not perdi∣tam.

Q. What is the third Accident of a Verb, viz. Tense?

A. It is the difference of a Verb, according to the times past, present or to come.

Q. How many Tenses or Times are there?

A. Five; the Present Tense, the Preterimperfect Tense, the Preterperfect Tense, the Preterpluperfect Tense, and the Future Tense.

Q. What Time doth the Present Tense speak of?

A. It speaks of the Time that is now present, known by the Signs, Do or Am; as, Amo, I do love; Am••t, I am loved.

Q. What Time doth the Preterimperfect Tense speak of?

A. It speaks of the Time not perfectly past, but as it were still present, known by the Signs, Did or Was; as, Amabam, I loved or did love; Amabar, I was lo∣ved.

Q. What Time doth the Preterperfect Tense speak of?

A. It speaks of the Time perfectly past, tho' late∣ly; with this Sign, Have or have been; as, Amavi, I have loved; Amatus sum vel fui, I have been loved.

Q. What Time doth the Preterpluperfect Tense speak of?

A. It speaks of the Time more than perfectly past, or past a long while since, with this Sign, Had or had been; as, Amaveram, I had loved; Amatus eram vel fueram, I h••d been loved.

Q. What Time doth the Future Tense speak of?

A. Of the Time to come, with this Sign, Shall or will, or shall or will be; as, Amabo, I shall or will love; A∣mabor, I shall or will be loved.

Q. Which are the Root or Principal Tenses in Conjuga∣ting of a Verb Active or Neuter?

A. They are the Present Tense and Preterperfect Tense, from which all the other Tenses, called Cognat•• Tempora, allied Tenses, are formed.

Q. How may one come to know every kind of Verb, and what Tense it is of?

A. B•• their Signs; for every Verb that signifies Active∣ly, is either a Verb Active or Neuter, signifying Actively, or else it is a Verb D••ponent: and every Verb, tha•• signi∣fies Passively, is either a Verb Passive or a Verb Neuter, signifying Passivel••: The Signs of which Verbs and their Tenses, this Table will make plain.

The Signs of the Verbs and thei•• Tenses are of the		Actives Neuters, signif••ing A∣ctively and De∣p••nents.	Passives and N••uters, sig∣nifying Pas∣sively.
Present Tense.	Do, dost, doth.	Am, is, are, art, and sometimes be was, were, wert.
Preterimp.	Did, didst.
Preterpe••f.	Have, hast, hath.	Have been.
Preterplup.	Had, hadst.	Had been.
Future Tense,	Shall or will and hereafter.	Shall or will be.

Q. What is Person in a Verb?

A. Every several word, in every 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Tense, ex∣cept the Infinitive, which hath no Person.

Q. Why are these called Persons in a Verb?

A. Because one of the three Pe••sons of the Pr••n••un is understood in every one of them; as, Amo, I l••ve, is as mu••h as Ego amo, I love; Amas, thou lovest, is as much as Tu amas, thou lovest.

Q. How many Persons are there in Verbs?

A. In Verbs Personals th••re are three Persons in both Numbers, like as in the Pronouns; as, Sing. Ego 〈◊〉〈◊〉, I love, tu amas, thou lovest, i••e amat, he lo∣veth,

Pl. Nos amamus, we love, v••s amatis, ye love, illi amant, they love.

Q. Hatb every Mood and Tense three Persons in both Numbers?

A. Ye•• in perfect Verbs, except that the Imperative Mood wants the first Person Singular, and the Infinitive hath no Persons at all.

Q. How differ your Persons in Verbs from Persons in Nouns and P••••nouns?

A. The Persons in Nouns and Pr••nouns, signifie who or what Person it is that doth or suffereth any thing. The Persons in Verbs, signifie what it is that such a Person doth or suffereth; as, Magister docet, the Master teacheth; Magister is the Person of the Noun doing something, Do∣cet the Person of the Verb signif••ing what he doth.

Q. What is the next Accident of a Verb, viz. Conjuga∣tion?

A. It is the varying of a Verb by its final Terminations in both Numbers in every Person in each Mood and Tense.

Q. How many Conjugations have Verbs?

A. They have four Conjugations.

Q. How may the four Conjugations be known asun∣der?

A. By their several Vowels, which are the Marks or Characteristicks to know them by.

Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the first Conjugation?

A. It is (a) long before, re, and, ris; as, Amāre, amaris.

Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the se∣cond Conjugation?

A. It is (c) long before, re, and, ris; as, Docēre, decē••is.

Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the third Conjugation?

A. It is (e) short before, re, and, ris; as, Legĕre, legĕris.

Q. What Vowel is that by which we know the fourth Conjugation?

A. It is (i) long before, re, and, ris; as, Audīre, au∣dīris.

Q. Where shall one find this (re) and (ris) to know the Conjugation by?

A. You will find (re) in the Infinitive Active, and (ris) in the second Person Sing. Passive.

Q. What is the Forming or Conjugating of a Verb?

A. It is the breaking or varying the first 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the Verb into sundry other words coming of it by Persons, Tenses and Moods.

Q. In declining and conjugating of Verbs, what am I chiefly to mind?

A. You are to mind in every Voice the first and second Person of the Present Tense, and the first Person of the Pre∣terperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood, the Presen•• Tense of the Infinitive Mood; the Gerunds, Supines and Parti∣ciples, if the Verb be Active, Neuter or Deponent; if Pas∣sive, you must omit the Gerunds and Supines, which Pas∣sives have not.

Q. How many Examples have you to decline and conjugate all perfect Verbs by?

A. I have four, according to the number of the Con∣jugations.

Q. What are the four Examples of the four Con∣jugations?

A. They are, Amo, D••cco, Lego, and Audio.

Q. How do you decline them?

A. Thus; as in the Book, Amo, as, vi, re, &c. Do∣c••o, es, ui, c••re, &c. Lego, is, gi, ĕre, &c. Audio, is, ivi, i••e, &c.

Q. Into how many Voices are these Examples formed?

A. Into ••wo, Active and Passive: for all regular Verbs in (o) are formed or declined like Amo, Docco, Lego, and Audio: And all regular Verbs in (or) like Amor, Doceor, Legor, and Audior.

Q. What Method ought a Tyr••••in••an to observe for the perfect understanding and learning of Verbs, for I find that therein, and in the declining of Nouns, consists the chiefest

business of a Master, and the greatest task of a young Stho∣lar?

A. For the Verbs, I would have him always use this Method: First to learn them perfectly, as in the Book, with the Latin before the English; after that with the English before the Latin, naming each Person Singular and Plural, that he may know which is the first, second or third: after this, let him say them backward with the Latin first before the English, and then the English before the Latin. This being done, he may joyn both the Active and Passive Voice together, and put first the Latine before the English, and then the English before the Latin. And lastly, Let him say both Voices backward, with the La∣tin before the English, and the English before the Latin, observing the Signs of the Verbs and Tenses in each Voice, according to the foregoing Table. I would have him also learn to form and run over the first Person Singular throughout each Mood and Tense, and to get perfectly the Terminations of the Tenses in every Person in each Voice, first in the Active, after that in the Passive; last of all, let him get the Terminations Active and Passive both to∣gether.

Q. Which are the Terminations Active and Pas∣sive in each Conjugation, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

A. The Active and Passive are as followeth.

Indicative Mood Active and Passive.

Present Tense.

Conjugations.

Pers. Sing.

Persons Plural.

Persons Singular.

Persons Plural.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

o,

as,

at,

amus,

atis,

ant.

or,

aris vel are,

atur,

amur,

amini,

antur.

2.

eo,

es,

et,

emus,

etis,

ent.

eor,

eris vel ere,

etur,

emur,

emini,

entur.

3.

o,

is,

it,

imus,

itis,

unt.

or,

eris vel ere,

itur,

imur,

imini,

untur.

4.

io,

is,

it,

imus,

itis,

iunt.

ior,

iris vel ire,

itur,

imur,

imini,

iuntur.

Preter∣imper∣fect Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

abam,

2.

ebam,

bas,

bat,

bamus,

batis,

bant,

bar,

baris vel bare,

batur,

bamur,

bamini,

bantur.

3.

ebam,

4.

iebam,

Preter∣perfect Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

2.

i,

isti,

it,

imus,

istis,

erunt vel ere.

us sum,

us es,

us est,

ti sumus,

ti estis,

ti sunt.

3.

4.

Preter∣pluper∣fect Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

eram,

ra••,

r••t,

••amus,

ratis,

rant.

us eram,

us era••,

us erat,

ti eramus,

ti e••atis,

ti erant.

2.

3.

4.

Future Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

abo,

bis,

bit,

bimus,

bitis,

bunt.

bor,

beris vel bere,

bitur,

bimur,

bimini,

bun••ur.

2

••bo,

3.

am,

es,

et,

emus,

etis,

ent.

a••,

eris vel ere,

etur,

emur,

emini,

entur.

4.

iam,

iar,

ieris vel iere,

ietur,

iemur,

iemini,

ientur.

Imperative Mood Active and Passive.

Present Tense.	1.	a,	et,	emus,	ate,	ent.	are,	etur,	emur,	amini,	e••tur.
ato,	ato,	atote,	anto.	ator,	ator,	amin••r,	antur.
2.	e,	eat,	eamus,	ete,	eant.	ere,	eator,	eamur,	emini,	eantur.
eto,	eto,	etote,	ento.	etor,	etor,	eminor,	entur.
3.	e,	at,	amus,	ite,	anto.	ere,	atur,	amur,	imini,	antur.
ito,	ito,	itote,	unto.	itor,	itor,	iminor,	untor.
4.	i,	iat,	iamus,	ite,	iant.	ire,	iatur,	iamur,	imini,	iantur.
ito,	ito,	itote,	iunto.	itor,	itor,	iminor,	iuntor.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

em,

es,

et,

emus,

etis,

ent.

er,

eris vel ere,

etur,

emur,

emini,

entur.

2.

eam,

as,

at,

amus,

atis,

ant.

ar,

aris vel are,

atur,

amur,

amini,

antur.

3.

am,

4.

iam,

Preter∣imper∣fect Tense.

Conjugations

1.

arem,

res,

ret,

remus,

retis,

rent.

arer,

reris vel rere,

retur,

remur,

remini,

rentur.

2.

erem,

erer,

3.

erem,

erer,

4.

ierem,

ierer,

Preter∣perfect Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

erim,

ris,

rit,

rimus,

ritis,

rint.

us sim,

us sis,

us sit,

ti simus,

ti sitis,

ti sint.

2.

3.

4.

Preter∣pluper∣fect Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

issem,

isses,

isset,

issemus,

issetis,

issent.

us essem,

us esses,

us esset,

ti ess••mus,

ti essetis.

2.

ti essent.

3.

4.

Future Tense.

Conjugat.

1.

ero,

ris,

rit,

rimus,

ritis,

rint.

us ero,

us eris,

us erit,

ti erimus,

ti eritis,

ti erint.

2.

3.

4.

Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterimperfect Tense.
Conjugations		Active.	Conjugations		Passive.
1.	are.	1.	ari.
2.	ere.	2.	eri.
3.	ere.	3.	i.
4.	ire.	4.	iri.
Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect Tense.
Conjugations		Active.	Conjugations		Passive.
1.	isse.	1.	um esse vel fu••sse.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.

Future Tenses.

Conjugat.	1.	Active.	Conjugat.	1.	Passive.
2.	urum esse.	2.	um iri vel ndum esse.
3.	3.
4.	4.

Gerunds.

Conjugat.	1.	andi,	ando,	andum.
2.	endi,	endo,	endum.
3.	endi,	endo,	endum.
4.	iendi,	iendo,	iendum.

Supines.

Conjugat.	1.	um,	u.
2.
3.
4.

Participles of the Present Tense.

Conjugat.	1.	ans.
2.	ens.
3.	ens.
••.	iens.

Participle of the Preter Tense.

Conjugat.	1.	us.
2.
3.
4.

Participle of the Future in rus.

Conjugat.	1.	urus.
2.
3.
4.

Participle in dus.

Conjugat.	1.	and••s.
2.	endus.
3.	endus.
4.	iundus.

Q. Do the two Future Tenses of the Infinitive Mood Active and Passive vary and change their Gender and Number according to the Substantives they are joyned to?

A. The Future Passive is not changed either in Gender or Number; ••s, Repudiatum iri legem intelligebat, Ci∣cero. And, Rumor venit non datum iri uxorem fi∣lio, Ter. The Infinitive Active was not varied amongst the Ancients; as, Per omnes Deos & Deas dejeravit occisurum eum hàc nocte quicum c••baret, for occisu∣ram; for he means the Maid Cosnina, Pl. Quo te occi∣surum minatur, speaking of a Woman. But this is an Archaismus and grown obsolete; as, Cicero, lib. 2. De Divin. An credis hanc anum tam deliram futuram esse?

Q. What must we do in th••se Verbs that want the Fu∣ture in rus?

A. We must use in its stead fore or futurum; as, Spe∣ro fore ut contingatid nobis.

Q. Do the Periphrastical Tenses of the Passive Voice vary their Gender according to their N••minative and Substan∣tive?

A. They do; as, Cicero, Pub. Clodium meo consilio interfectum esse dixisti.

Q. How are Verbs Deponents declined?

A. Like Passives, but with Gerunds and Supines, (espe∣cially the first Supine, because they want Actives) and with Active Participles as we••l as Passive.

Q. What signification have their Participles?

A. Their Participles of the Present Te••se, and Future in rus, sig••ifie and g••vern the same Cases as their Verbs; their Participles of the Pret. Tense have both Active and Passive Signification, because their Verbs were formerly common: Their Participles in dus signifie always pass••vel.

Q. How and from whence do we form their Preterperfect Tense?

A. To form their Preterperfect Tense, we must fancy or feign a regular Active.

Q. What kind of Verbs are sum, possum, volo, nolo, malo, edo, fio, fero, feror, for they are not declined as Regular Verbs?

A. They are Verbs Irregular, or Verbs g••ing out of Rule, which are declined and formed by themselves.

Q. What say you of E•• and Que••, what do they make in the Preterimper••ect Tense, and Future of the Indicative Mood, and how do they make their Ge∣runds?

A. They make Ibam and Quibam in the Preterim∣perfect Tense, and Ib•• and Quibo in the Future Tense, and eundi, eundo, eundum, in their Gerunds.

Q. What Tenses are formed of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood?

A. The Preterpluperfect of the same Mood, and the three last Tenses of the Subjunctive, and the Pre∣terperfect and Preterpluperfect of the Infinitive Mood.

Q. How are these formed of the Preterperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood?

A. Those which end in ram, rim, ro, are formed of it, by changing I into E short. Those which end 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sem or se, are formed of it, by putting to s, with sem or se.

Q. What is a Verb Impersonal: and how known in English?

A. It is a Verb deficient in Person, for it is declined only in the third Person Singular, in all Moods and Tenses, and it is known by the Sign, It, before its English, and sometimes by the Sign, There; but V••s∣sius saith, that a Verb Imper••onal wants the Impera∣tive Mood, for which is used the Present Tense of the Subjunctive.

Q. Why is it called I••p••••sonal, is it because it wants the Persons?

A. Not so, but because i•• wants the first and second Person, as being the m••••t wor••hy, f••r the third Person be∣ing Indefinite cannot be called a Person.

Q. What is a Participle?

A. It is part of Speech derived of a Verb having Declension, Case, and Gender, like a Noun, and Ten∣ses like a Verb, and Number and Figure like both.

Q. Why is it called a Participle?

A. It is so called from taking part of a Noun and part of a Verb.

Q. How many kind of Participles are there?

A. Four; two Active and two Passive; of which, two may signifie the time present, and two the time future, for the Preter Tense Passive may be also pre∣sent.

Q. How do you know the kinds of Participles?

A. Partly by their ending, partly by their signification.

Q. How know you a Participle of the Present Tense?

A. By its Latin in Ans or Ens, and its English in Ing.

Q. Is every w••rd ending in Ing, a Participle of the Present Tense?

A. N••, unless the Latin end in Ans or Ens, and have ••••e other properties of a Participle; for a word ending in Ing, having A or The before it, is a Noun Substantive.

Q. Whence is a Participle of the Present Tense formed?

A. From the Preterimperfect Tense of the Indica∣tive Mood, by changing the last syllable into us.

Q. How know you a Participle of the Future in Rus, and whence is it formed?

A. I know it by its Latin ending in Rus, and by its signifying, to do, like the Infinitive Mood Active, and it is formed from the latter Supine, by putting to it rus.

Q. How know you a Participle of the Present or Preter Tense Passive, and whence is it formed?

A. I know it by its English ending in d, t, or n, and its Latin in tus, sus, xus, and it is formed from the lat∣ter Supine, by putting to s, except Mortuns; this kind of Participle is englished sometimes by the Sign ha∣ving; as, l••cutus, having spoken.

Q. How know you a Participle of the Future in dus, and whence is it formed?

A. This Participle signifies, to ••••, like the Infini∣tive Mood Passive, and it is formed of the Genitive Case of the Participle of the Present Tense, by chan∣ging tis into dus; as, Amantis, Amandus.

Q. What if Actives want the Supines?

A. Then the Fu••ure in rus is wanting, and the Parti∣ciple of the Preter Passive, for both are formed from the latter Supine Active; so if the Preterperfect Tense Active b•• wanting, the Supines, the Future in rus, and Preterper∣fect Tense Passive must be wanting.

Q. What, or how many Participles can a Verb De∣ponent have?

A. Three at the least, the Present Tense, the Fu∣ture in rus, and Preter Tense, and if it govern an Ac∣cusative Case, it forms also a Participle in dus.

Q. How are these four kinds of Participles dec••i∣ned?

A. Those of the Present like Adjectives of three Articles, the rest like Adjectives of three endings.

Q. Why was a Participle invented?

A. That is might supply what w••s wanting to a Verb, (to wit) Case and Gend••r. So that a Participle is no∣thing else but a Casual Verb.

Q. What is an Adverb?

A. It is a Part of Speech underlined, joyned to a Verb, Noun, or Participle, to express and signifie some circumstance or quali••y thereof.

Q. How many 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Adverbs are th••re?

A. There a••e several 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Adverbs, but all of them may be reduced to those of Quality or Quan••ity.

Q. Which are the first 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the A••••idence?

A. They a•••• Adverbs of 〈◊〉〈◊〉; as, hodie, to day; cras, to morrow; heri, ••esterday; perinde, the next day after to morrow; olim, in time past, or in time to come, or once; aliquand••, sometimes; nup••r, lately, or of late; cum quando, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; nun••, jam, now; tunc, tum, then; quoad, us{que}, dum, don••••, until; quamdi••, as long as.

Q. What are the next sort of Adverbs?

A. They are Ad••erbs of place; ubi, where; ibi, istie, illie, there; hi••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; intus, within; foras, without, or abr••ad; fo••is, from abr••ad; unde, from whence; pro∣cu••, a far ••ff; ubicunque, ubi ubi, where soever; ubi vis, quovis, whe••e you will; quoquo versum, which way so∣ever; ••squ••m, any where; nusquam, no where; undique, utroque, utro••ique, on both sides; ultro citroque, to and ag••in; quà, which way; quo, whither, to what place, &c.

Q. What Adverbs 〈◊〉〈◊〉 there of Number?

A. T••es••: s••mel, once; 〈◊〉〈◊〉, twice; ter, thrice; qua∣ter, four times; vi••ies, twenty times; iterum, again.

Q. What are the Adverbs of Order?

A. They are, inde, thence; deinde, afterwards; de∣nique, lastly, to e••••clude; postremo, last of all.

Q. What are the Adverbs of Asking and Doubting?

A. They are, cur, quare, quamobrem, wherefore; unde, from whence; quo••sum, to what end; num, nun∣quid, whether, &c.

Q. What are those of Calling?

A. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are, ••eus, h••, O 〈◊〉〈◊〉; ehodum, come hith••r a lit••le; ho, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, &c.

Q. What are th••se of Affirming?

A. They are, c••rt••, certainly; nae, profectò, truly; sauè, ye•• ind••••d; scilicet, yes forso••r••; licèt, esto, let it b•• s••.

Q. What are the Adverbs of D••nying?

A. They are, non, minimè, no; neutiquam, at no hand, in no wise; nequaquam, in no wise.

Q. What are the Adverbs of Exhorting?

A. E••a, go to, well; age, go to; agite, go ye to; age∣dum; go to a little.

Q. What are th••se of Flatte••ing?

A. They are, sod••s, if thou durst, in good fellowship, I pray the••; amabo, of all love.

Q. What is the forbidding Adverb?

A. N••, n••, not.

Q. What are the Adverbs of W••shing?

A. They are, utinam, I wish, oh that, or I would to God; si, if it might; ofi, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that.

Q. What are the Adverbs of gathering together?

A. They are, simul, together; unà, in me t••gether; pariter, together, likewise; non modo, non sol••m, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 only.

Q. What are those of Pa••ting?

A. They are, scorsim, asunder; sigilla••im, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; vicatim, street by street, ••r village by village; v••••tim, man by man.

Q. What are the Adverbs of Chusi••g?

A. They are, potiùs, rather; in••ò, yea rather.

Q. What are th••se 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a thing not fin••shed?

A. They are, penè, ferè, modo non, almost; propè, nigh, near, or almost, vix. scarecly.

Q. What are those of Sh••wing?

A. They are, en and ecce, lo, b••••old.

Q. What are the Adverbs of 〈◊〉〈◊〉?

A. They are, forsan, for••••tan, ••••radventur••; forta••∣sis, it may be; forta••••e, it may fall out.

Q. What are th••se of Chance?

A. They are, fortè, as hap was, by chance; ••••rtuit••, by chance, or at adventure.

Q. What are those of Likeness?

A. They are, sic, s••; s••u, sicut, v••lut, quem ••••mo∣dum, ut, tanquam, as; quasi, ac••i, as if; qu••m quom∣modo, how.

Q. What are the Adverbs of Qu••lity?

A. They are, benè, well; malè, id; doct••, l••ar••ed∣ly; fortiter, valiantly.

Q. What are th••se of Quanti••y?

A. They are, mult••m, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; parùm, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; mini∣mùm, the least of ad; paululùm, 〈…〉〈…〉 s••me∣what; plurimùm, the mo••t ••f a••, 〈…〉〈…〉.

Q. What are the Adverbs of C••mparis••n?

A. They are, tam, s••; quam, as; mag••s, m••re; mi∣nus, l••••s; maximè, m••st of all; tum tum, cum tum, as well as.

Q. Are n••t some Adverbs compared?

A. Yes; as, doctè, learnedly; doctiùs, more learned∣l••; doctissimè, m••st learnedly, fr••m doctus. Fortitèr, valiantly; fortiùs, more valiantly; fortissimè, most va∣liantly, from fortis. Propè, near; propriùs, nearer; proximè, the nearest of all, from prope. But Adverbs borrow these Degrees of Nouns Adjectives of the Compara∣tive and Superlative Degree, for they have none of their own, neither do they f••rm any Comparison.

Q. What are Prepositions when they are set alone, with∣out any Case serving to them?

A. They are turned into Adverbs; as, Qui antè non cavet post dolebit, He that doth not beware aforehand, shall be sorry afterward. Coram laudare & clam vitu∣perare inhonestum est, In presence to commend, &c.

Q. How may 〈◊〉〈◊〉 know Adverbs?

A. Our English Adverbs commonly end in ly; the La∣tin eres in ••, ter, o, um, im; as, certè, libentèr, crebrò, tantùm, viritim, statim, &c.

Q. What is a Conjunction?

A. It is an undeclined part of Speech, that joyn∣eth Words and Sentences together.

Q. How many sorts of Conjunctions are there?

A. There are twelve sorts of Conjunctions, Copu∣latives, Disjunctives, (to which all the rest may be re∣duced) Discretives, Causals, Conditionals, Exceptives, Interrogatives, Illatives, Adversatives, Redditives, E∣lectives, Diminitives.

Q. Which are the Copulatives, (viz.) those that couple both Sence and Words?

A. They are, Et, que, ••c, atque, and; qu••que, also; nee, neque, neither.

Q. Which are the Disjunctives, (viz.) those which part the Sence and not the Words?

A. They are, au••, ••e, s••u, ••el, either; sive, whe∣ther.

Q. Which are the Discretives, (viz.) those that imply a Difference?

A. They are, sed, aut••m, vero, at, ast, but; quidem, truly.

Q. Which are the Causals, (viz.) those which imply a Reason?

A. They are, nam, namque, enim, etenim, for; quia, qu••d, quoniam and quando set for quoniam, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; ut, that; quum, seeing that.

Q. Which are the Conditionals, (viz.) those that imply a Condition?

A. They are, si, if; sin, but if; modo, dum, dum∣mode, so that.

Q. Which are the Exceptives, (viz.) those that imply an Exception?

A. They are, ni, unless; nisi, ex••ept; quin, but; alio∣quin, otherwise; pr••••erquam, save that.

Q. Which are the Interrogatives, (viz.) those which ask a Question?

A. They are, an, ne, utrum, whether; ne••ne, anne, whether or no; nonne▪ is it not so?

Q. Which are the Illati••••s, (viz.) such as make Infe∣renees?

A. They are, ergo, ideo, igitur, itaque, proin, there∣fore; quare, wherefore.

Q. Which are Adversatives, (viz.) such as grant some∣what to be said against?

A. They are, etsi, quamquam, quamvis, altho; licet, altho, albeit; esto, suppose 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be so.

Q. Which are Redditives, (viz.) such as give an an∣swer to the Adversatives?

A. They are, tamen, yet; attamen, yet, notwithstand∣ing.

Q. Which are Electives, (viz) such as imply a choice?

A. They are, quam, a•• atque, as.

Q. Which are Diminit••ves, (viz.) such as lessen the meaning?

A. They are, saltem, at the least; vel, even.

Q. What of the foregoing Pa••ticles use to begin, and what use to follow?

A. Those that use to begin are, Et, vel, nam, sed; th••se that fo••low a••e, que, ve, enim, autem, vero, qui∣dem.

Q. What is a Preposition?

A. It is an undeclined part of Speech most com∣monly set before other parts, either in Apposition, that is, when it is set before another word, and is no part of it, as, ad Patre••; or else in Composition, that is, when it is made a part of the word which it is set before, as, Indectus.

Q. Why say you most commonly?

A. because some Prepositions are set after their Case; as, Versus, p••n••s, tenus, cum and usp••e; others may be set also after their casual words by the Figure Anastrap••e; as, 〈…〉〈…〉.

Q. What use do Prepositions chiefly serve to?

A. They serve to govern Cases or to make Com∣pound Word••.

Q. What Cases do Prepositions serve to?

A. Some serve to an Accusative and some to an Abl••tive, some both to an Accusative and Ablative.

Q. How many serve to an Accusative?

A. Thirty two, viz. Ad, to; apxd, at; aute, be∣fore, &c.

Q. How many serve to an Ablative?

A. Fifteen, viz. A, ab, abs, &c.

Q. Do none of the Prepositions serve to a Geni∣tive?

A. Yes, Tenus doth, when the casual word joyned with it is the Plural Number, for then the casual word is put in the Genitive Case and set before Tenus.

Q. What Prepositions serve to an Accusative and Ablative?

A. In, super, sub, subter, and clam, as some will have it.

Q. When doth in govern an Accusative Case?

A. When it hath the Sign in••••, or when it is put for erga, co••t••a, ad••, otherwise it serves to an Abla∣tive.

Q. When doth sub govern an Accusative?

A. When it is put for per, ad, or ante; that is, when it signifies, unto, by, about or before, otherwise an Abla∣tive.

Q. When doth super govern an Accusative Case?

A. When it is put for ultra, beyond, else an Abla∣tive; subter we use as we please with either Case.

Q. Have you no more Prepositions but those that serve to the aforesaid Cases?

A. Yes, these six, am, di, dis, re, se, con, which serve to no Case, for they are only found in Composition.

Q. What is an Interjection?

A. It is an undeclined part of Speech which sig∣nifies some sudden Affection or Passion of the Mind in an imperfect Voice.

Q. Are all Interjections imperfect V••ices?

A. All which are pr••perly Interjections, but masùm, with a mischief; infandum, a thing not to be spoken of •• amabo, of all fell••wship! perii, alas! with several other perfect words of any part of Speech are not properly In∣terjections, tho' they may be so used to express a sudden Passion.

Q. Which are the Interjections of Mirth?

A. They are, Evax, be brave; vah, hey day.

Q. Which are those of Sorrow?

A. They are, Heu, alas; hei, alas, well-a-day.

Q. Which are those of dread?

A. Atat, o••, out, alas, aha.

Q. Which are the rest of th••m?

A. Some are of Marvelling; as, Papae, O marvelous, O strange!

Some of Di••daining; as, Hem, ob what; vah, ab, a∣way!

Some of Shunning; as, Apage, get thee gone, Avant!

Some of Pra••sing; as, Euge, well done!

Some of Sc••••ning; as, hui, whoo!

Some of Exclamation; as, Proh Deum at{que} hominum fidem, O the Faith of Gods and Men! O strange!

Some of Cursing; as, Vae, 〈◊〉〈◊〉; malùm, with a mischief.

Some of Laughing; as, Ha, ha, he; ha, ha.

Some of Calling; as, Eho, oh; ••o, ho Sirrah, avoy.

Some of Silence; as, Au, whist.