The works of the Reverend and learned John Lightfoot D. D., late Master of Katherine Hall in Cambridge such as were, and such as never before were printed : in two volumes : with the authors life and large and useful tables to each volume : also three maps : one of the temple drawn by the author himself, the others of Jervsalem and the Holy Land drawn according to the author's chorography, with a description collected out of his writings.

CHAP. I.

I. Idumea. II. A few things of Pelusium. III. Casiotis 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Cas-Iah. Exod. XVII. 16. IV. Rhinocorura. The Ara∣bic Interpreter noted. V. The Country of the Avites, a part of of new Idumea. VI. The whole Land of Simeon, within Idumea. VII. The whole Southern Country of Iudea, within Idumea. VIII. Concerning healthful Palestine.

SECTION I. Idumea, Mark III. 8.

THERE was a time, when the Land of Israel and Idumea were not only distinct Countries, but separated with an iron Wall, as it were, of Arms and Hosti∣lity: but I know not how, Idumea at last crept into Judea; and scarcely left its name at home, being swallowed up in Arabia.

They were truths which Pliny speaks, in that time when he spake them: a 1.1 Arabia is bounded by Pelusium LXV mile. Then Idumea begins, and Palestine, at the rising up of the Sirbon Lake. But thou art deceived, O Pliny, would the Antienter ages have said; for Idumea is bounded by Pelusium LXV. miles. Then begins Palestine at the rising up of the Sirbon.

We are beholding to Strabo that we know the reason of the transmigration of that people and of the name. For thus he writes; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c. b 1.2 The Idumeans and the Lake (of Sirbon) take up the furthest Western parts of Judea, next to Casius. The Idumeans are Nabateans: but being cast out thence by a sedition, they joyned themselves to the Jews and embraced their Laws.

Every one knows, what the Land of Edom or Idumea, in the Old Testament was: but it is not the same in the New, and if that old Idumea retained its name, (which it scarcely did, but was swallowed up under the name of Arabia) then by way of distincti∣on, it was called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, c 1.3 Great Idumea. Idumea the less or the new, is that which we are seeking and concerning which St. Mark speaks, no small part of Judea, so called either from its nearness to Idumea properly so called, or because of the Idu∣means that travailed thither and possessed it, and that became Proselytes to the Law and manners of the Jews. Such a one was Herod Ascalonita. When therefore it is said by the Evangelist, that a great multitude followed Jesus from Galilee and from Judea, and from Jerusalem and from Idumea, he speaketh either of the Jews inhabiting that part of Judea, which at that time was called Idumea, or at least of the Idumeans who inhabited it, being now translated into the Religion of the Jews. Concerning the Country now contained under that name we shall speak by and by, following first, Pliny's footsteps a little, from the place where he sets out his progress, namely, from Pelusium.

SECT. II. A few things of Pelusium.

IN Ezekiel XXX. 15, 16. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Sin, in the Vulgar Interpreter is Pelusium: which the Latine Interpreter of the Chaldee Paraphrast follows there: nor without good Reason. For 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Sin, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Tin, among the Chaldees is Mud. See the Targum upon Esai. LVII. 21. And Pithom and Raamses, (Exod. I. 11.) in the Targums of Jerusa∣lem and Jonathan, are 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Tanis and Pelusium: thence those two Gates of Nile, the Tanitic and the Pelusiac, in Ptolomy and the Maps. But now, that Country or place which the Syrians and Chaldeans call Sin, that is, Muddy, the Greeks call Pelusium, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Mud. And who sees not that Tanis is derived from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Tin?

And here for the sake of Learners, let me observe that Pelusium is called in the Tal∣mudists 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which who would not presently interpret Cappadocia?

:〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Would not any render the words thus, d 1.4 If a man marries a wife in Cappadocia and divorces her in Cappadocia, let him give her the mony of Cappadocia. But hear Rambam upon the place, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 saith he, is Caphtor, and is called by the Arabians 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Damiata: which all know is the same with Pelusium.

Hence the Targums of Jerusalem and Jonathan and the Syriac interpreter upon Gen. X. 14. for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Caphtorim, read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Cappadokia, but the Arabic reads Damia∣tenos; And the Seventy, upon Deut. II. 23. for, The Caphtorim going out of Caphtor, read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Cappadocians going out of Cappadocia.

The Targum upon Jer. XLVII. 4. for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The remnant of the Country of Caphtor, hath 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of Kapotokia. Where Kimchi saith R. sa••dias inter∣prets Caphtor 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Damiata.

:〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 e 1.5 These words were written upon the gate of Pelusium; Anpak, Anbaz, Antal. Which were the names of some measures that it might be known to all that they were to buy and sell according to that measure.

SECT. III. CASIOTIS.

WE now go on from Pelusium to mount Casiu••: So Pliny; From Pelusium, the trenches of f 1.6 Chabrias. Mount Casius, the Temple of Jupiter Casius. The Tomb of Pompey the Great, &c.

g 1.7 Casius was distant about CCC furlongs from Pelusium (in Antoninus it is XL miles) and the Lake of Sirbon was XXVIII miles from Casius. Thus Plinies LXV miles arise, from Pelusium to the ending of Arabia.

Casius in Ptolomy is written 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Cassion and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Cassiotis, with a double••s, and so also it is in Dion Cassius, who adds this story.

h 1.8 Pompey died at mount Cassius, on that very day whereon formerly he had triumphed over Mithridates and the Pirates. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c. And when from a certain Oracle he had suspition of the Cassian Nation, no Cassian laid wait for him, but he was stain and buried at the Mountain of that name.

Those words of Moses do rack Interpreters, Exod. XVII. 16. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Jad Al Cas-jah. The LXX render it, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The Lord wars with with a secret hand. All other versions almost render it to this sense, The hand upon the Throne of the Lord; So the Samaritan, Syrian, Arabic, Vulgar and the Rabbins, that is, God hath sworn.

What if 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Cas-jah be Casiotis? For that Country was the Country of the Edo∣mites, but especially of the Amalekites, concerning whom Moses treats in that History. We will not too boldly depart from the common consent of all, and we do modestly and humbly propound this conjecture: which if it may take any place, the words may there be rendred, without any scruple or knot, to this sense, The hand of the Lord is against Cassiotis, (the Country of the Amalekites, for) the Lord hath War with Amalek from generation to generation.

SECT. IV. Rhinocorura. The Arabic Interpreter noted.

WE are now come to the River Sichor: called the River of Egypt; not, because it was within the Egyptian territories, but because it was the Jews limits towards Egypt. There heretofore was Rhinocorura. Whence the LXX in Esai. XXVII. 12. render 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Unto the River of Egypt, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Unto the Rhinocoruri. I suppose the Arabic Interpreter imiated them, and writ first 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Corura, but that at last a little poynt crept in into the last letter, and so it was changed from r into n. So that now we read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which is sounded Coronis, in the Latine Interpreter.

SECT. V. The Country of the Avites: a part of the New Idumea.

PAssing the River, we enter into new Idumea, antiently the region of the Avites: in the holy Scripture called Hazerim, Deut. XI. 24. In the Eastern Interpreters, Raphia. In Pliny, Rhinocorura, and Raphia inwards. Sometimes also in the holy Scrip∣ture it is called Shur, and instead of it, in those Interpreters it is called Chagra. Whence is the name of Mount Angaris, concerning which Pliny speaks, Gaza, and inwards Au∣thedon, Mount Angaris. For when the Syrians pronounced Chaggara, the Greeks would sound a double Gamma by n and g, and would say Angara.

Shur also is sometimes rendred by the Eastern Interpreters 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Chaluzzah, as the Jerusalem Targum upon Gen. XVI. 7. and Jonathan upon Exod. XV. 22. The Arabic renders Gerarim, so Gen. XX. 1. And Jonathan Bared, Gen. XVI. 14. Bared indeed which signifies Hail, you call in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: and whither the Targumists use the Greek word, when they render it Chaluzah, let the Reader Judge.

Shur, sometimes in the Syriac Interpreter is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Sud, as Exod. XV. 22. the poynt for difference in the last letter, being placed amiss. In Gen. XVI. 7, 14. Shur, and Bared, are rendred by them Gedar, instead of Gerar, by the same error, Bared in the Arabic, is Jared there, with two poynts placed under the first letter instead of one.

The Country of the Avites, call it by what name you will, ended at Gaza, being stretched out thither in length from the River of Egypt, XLIV miles. But the Idu∣mea, which we seek, ended not there, but extended it self further into Judea, swallow∣ing up, under the name, that whole breadth of the Land, from the Mediterranean Sea, to the Sea of Sodom, according to the length of it.

SECT. VI. The whole portion of Simeon within Idumea.

IT swallowed up first, the whole portion of Simeon, a great part of which was contained within the Country of the Avites, but not a small part also extended it self further into Judea. Mention is made of his fourteen Cities, Josh. XIX. if you tell them one by one; but they are said to be only thirteen, ver. 6. where the LXX make an even number, while they take 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Sharuhen, not for a City, but render it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as if they had read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Their fields. But Sheba seems rather to be one and the same with Beersheba; and so the number is made equal.

SECT. VII. The whole Southern Country of Iudea, within Idumea.

IT swallowed up also the whole Country of South Judea, which was more general∣ly marked out by two names 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The upper and the nether South: a 1.9 more particularly and diffusively, as some of the Jews please, it is divided into se∣ven parts, 1. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 3. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 4. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 5. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 6. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 7. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

So that when the Holy Scripture divides the South of Judea from Idumea, Numb. XXXIV. and Josh. XV. we must know that dividing line now is broken, and all the South of Judea is called Idumea. But here by the way, I cannot but note the Arabic In∣terpreter who renders Edom, in Josh. XV. 2. by 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Rome, by what authority, let himself look to it, so let the Jews do too, who commonly call the Romans, Edomites.

How much this new Idumea shot it self into Judea, is not to be defined; since it ad∣mitted indeed no limits, but where either the Force or Fraud of that Nation could not thrust it self in farther. If you betake your self to Josephus, here and there speaking of that nation, you would think that it extended almost as far as Hebron. Thence perhaps, were those endeavours of some, b 1.10 of freeing the Hill Country of Judea from Tithing. Of which endeavour we can scarce conceive another reason then; that that Country was now too much turned Heathen, and Tithes should not be taken from Hea∣thens. For these Idumeans were but a remove from Heathen. They had passed into the Jewish Rites, but they were neither friends to the Jews, nor to their Religion.

SECT. VIII. Of the Third Palestine, or Palestine called the Healthful.

WHILE I am thinking of this new Idumea, I have a suspicion, whether the Third Palestine, which is also c 1.11 called the Healthful, may not be understood of this very part of Palestine; and while I think upon it, I doubt again of the division of Palestine into two parts, in the Code of Justinlan and Theodosius; and into three parts in the Notitia.

d 1.12 In the Edict of Theodosius and Valentinian are these words, Judaeorum Primates, qui in ••triusque Palestinae Synedriis dominantur, vel in aliis provinciis degunt, periculo suo anni∣versarium Canonem de Synagegis omnibus, Palatinis compellentibus, exigant ad eam for∣mam quam Patriarchae quondam, coronarii auri nomine postulabant, &c. The chief of the Jews, who were over the Sanhedrins in both Palestines, or live in other Provinces, &c.

The mention of both Palestines seems plainly to exclude a threefold division, or, at least, to conclude, that there were no Sanhedrins in the third part. For without all scruple, the Notitia Imperii gives us a Third part, in which are ranked, Under the dis∣position of the worthy man the Earl of the East, these Provinces underwitten:

Palestine.	Palestine the second.
Phenice.	Palestine the Healthful.
Syria.	Phenice of Libanus.
Cyprus.

And e 1.13 Justinian hath these words; When all Palestine formerly was one, it was after∣wards divided into three parts.

The head of the First the same Emperour assigns to be Cesarea, f 1.14 Gulielmus Tyrius to be Jerusalem: and concerning the Second and Third, he and Pancirolus do not agree. For the Metropolis of the Second, according to Tyrius is Cesarea, and Scythopolis of the Third. According to Pancirolus, Samaria is the Metropolis of the Second, and Jerusalem of the Third

On the credit of Justinian, you may with good reason suppose the First to be that whose head is Cesarea: the Second, reason it self will perswade us, to have been that of Jerusalem; and where you will go to seek the Third, I for my part know not, if not in this our Idumea. It is not indeed to be dissembled that in the Notitia imperii, in the Scheme adorned with the pictures of the Roman garrisons, Jordan is painted running between them, five being placed on this side, and eight on that. So that it may seem, that the Country beyond Jordan was the third part. But I shall not dispute here, whi∣ther that be not in part to be disposed under the Governour of Syria or Arabia; but there are some things which seem to favour such an opinion, partly in the Notitia it self, but especially in the Authors alleadged.

If therefore I may be allowed my conjecture, concerning this new Idumea, then some Answer may be given about the sanhedrins of both Palestines, in the mean time not de∣nying the threefold division of it. We must consider indeed that there were Councils or Sanhedrins, in the times of Theodosius and Valentinian, &c. They were, in times past, in that Palestine, whose head was Cesarea, and in that Palestine, whose head was Jerusalem: but not in that Idumea concerning which we speak, whose head, whither ye state it to be Gaza or Askalon, or Elutheropolis, concerning which Jerom so often speaks, and perhaps g 1.15 Bereshith Rabba, we do not define.

Mention indeed occurs in the Talmudists of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Southern Rab∣bins; but not so called, because they dwelt in the furthest Southern parts of Judea, for those of Jafne and Lydda had that name, but because Judea was South of Galilee. For the Rabbins of Tiberias give them that title.

But, whatsoever at last that third Palestine was, no less scruple arises why it was cal∣led Salutaris the healthful. Pancirolus will have it to be from the wholesom waters: and he learned from h 1.16 Sozomen, that they ran from Emmaus into Judea, namely, that fountain where Christ washed his disciples feet: from whence the water, to use his words, facta est diversarum medicamen passionum, became medicinal for divers distempers.

But besides, that that storie favours enough of fable, the word Emmaus, if I may be Judg, deceived its first Author, which indeed, sometimes is written for Ammaus de∣noting hot Bathes, and translates the word Chammath into Greek pronounciation; But He, whosoever was the first Author of it, had scarcely found that Town of Judea cal∣led Emmaus, written by the Jews 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Chammath, but 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ammaus very far from the signification of warm Bathes.

To this add also, that mention is made in the same Notitia of Galatia Salutaris or the Healthful; and there is a distinction between Macedonia, and Macedonia the Healthful; Phrygia Pacatiana, and Phrygia the Healthful; Syria of Euphrates, and Syria the Health∣ful. In all which it will be somewhat hard to find medicinal waters: and the exam∣ples which the Author alledged produceth concerning some of them, are so incredu∣lous, that I would be ashamed to relate them after him.

I should rather think these Countryes so called from the Companies and Wings of the Roman Army, called Salutares: for mention is made in the same Notitia of Ala Salutis, The Wing of Health, or Safety; as Ala secunda Salutis, The second Wing of Safety under the Duke of Phenice, and Cohors prima Salutaria, The first saving Company, under the Duke of Palestine: or perhaps the best appoynted and strongest Garrisons of the Ro∣mans, and such as conduced most to the safety and peace of the whole Country, had their stations there. And in this our Idumea, which we suppose to be the Third Pa∣lestine or Salutaris, were placed, and that out of the greater Muster-roll.

The Dalmatian Horse of Illyria at Berosaba, or in Beersheba.

The Shield-bearing Horse of Illyria at Chermula, or in Carmel, where Nabal dwelt.

The promoted Horse, Inhabitants at Zodecath: which I suspect to be the Cave of Zede∣chia, concerning which the Talmudists speak.

The javelin bearing Horse, Inhabitant at Zoar. But let these things be left in suspence.

And now to return thither, whence this whole dispute was raised, when it is said by St. Mark, That a great multitude followed Jesus from Galilee and Judea, and Jerusalem, and from Idumea, and from beyond Jordan; he retains the known and common division of the land of Israel at that time, although not in the same terms. The division was into 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Judea; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Galilee; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Country beyond Jordan. Galilee and the Country beyond Jordan he expresseth in terms: and for Judea in general, he names the parts of it, Jerusalem and Judea, as distinguished from Idumea, and Idumea as the South part of Judea.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Nat. Hist. lib. 5. cap. 12.
• b 1.2

  Strab. Geog. lib. 16.
• c 1.3

  Jos. de Bell. lib. 4. cap. 30.
• d 1.4

  Chetub. sol. 110. 2. & 12••. 2.
• e 1.5

  Bab. Bathr. 58. 2.
• f 1.6

  Of Chab••ias See D••od. Sic. pag. mihi 347.
• g 1.7

  Strab. ubi ante. Tabbi Asia c. 5.
• h 1.8

  Dion. ••as. lib. 42.
• a 1.9

  Hieros. San∣hedr. fol. 18. 4. Berish. Rabba, § 52.
• b 1.10

  Hieros. De∣mai, fol. 24. 4.
• c 1.11

  In. Notit. Im∣per. Orient.
• d 1.12

  Cod. lib. 1. tit. de Jud. & caelic. §. 17.
• e 1.13

  Novel. 103.
• f 1.14

  De Bell sacr. lib. 13. cap. 2.
• g 1.15

  In Sect. 42.
• h 1.16

  Lib. 5. C. 21.