The works of the Reverend and learned John Lightfoot D. D., late Master of Katherine Hall in Cambridge such as were, and such as never before were printed : in two volumes : with the authors life and large and useful tables to each volume : also three maps : one of the temple drawn by the author himself, the others of Jervsalem and the Holy Land drawn according to the author's chorography, with a description collected out of his writings.

CHAP. X. Of the various Inhabitants of the Land.

I. It was the Land of the Hebrews, before it was the Canaanites. II. Whence it came to pass that Canaan was only a part of Canaan, Judg. IV. 1. III. Who the Perizzites were. IV. The Kenites. V. Rephaim.

SECT. I. It was the Land of the Hebrews, before it was the Canaanites.

ABRAHAM is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hebrew, then only, when the difference between him, and the Elamites was to be decided by war. And the reason of the sur∣name is to be fetched from the thing it self, which then was transacted.

• I. The hereditary right of the Holy Land, which by Divine disposal was Sems Land, Elem the first born of Sem did deservedly claim; nor was there any of the sons of Sem, upon whom in humane judgment it was more equally and justly devolved. But the Di∣vine Counsil and Judgment had designed it another way; namely, that it should come to the family of Arphaxad, and Heber, of which family Abraham was. Him therefore God strengtheneth against the Army of Elam, and declares him heir by a stupendious victory; which Sem himself likewise does, blessing him, although he had overthrown in battel his sons the Elamites, born of his first born Elam. For that most holy Man, and a very great and noble Prophet withal, acknowledged the Counsel of God, whom he is so far from opposing him for the slaughter of his sons, that on the contrary he blesseth the Conqueror, and yields him the choisest fruits of his Land, Bread and Wine, not only for refreshment to him and his Soldiers, but also perhaps for a sign rather of resigna∣tion, and investing him with the hereditary right of it, whom God by so signal a mark had shewn to be the heir. Upon very good reason therefore Abraham is called Hebrew, to point as it were with the finger, that God would derive the inheritance of that Land from the family of Elam to the family of Heber: from the first born to him that was born after, which was also done afterwards with Ruben and Joseph.
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• II. It neither ought, nor indeed can be passed over without observation, that the Country of Pentepolis, and the Countries adjacent, were subjects and tributaries to Che∣dorlaomer King of Elam. What? Was there any part of the Land of Canaan subject to the King of the Persians, when so many Kings and Countries lay between it and Persia? No idle scruple and difficulty, I assure you, nor, as far as I can see, any otherwise to be resolved, than that Elam the first born of Sem, or Melchisedek, by his birthright was heir of that Land, which his father Sem possessed by divine right and Patent; and the sons of Elam, also held after him, and his grandsons unto Chedorlaomer▪ For when it is said, that those Cities and Countries had served Chedorlaomer twelve years, the times of his reign seem rather to be reckoned, than the years of the reign of the Elamites. Not that those Nations were subject to the Scepter of the Elamites twelve years only, but that that year was only the twelfth of Chedorlaomer. But now God translates the inheri∣tance to the family of Heber, called Hebrew before, but now more particularly, and more honorably, since of all the families of Sem, that was now most eminent. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 He∣ber denotes Hebrews as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Assur denotes Assyrians in those words of Balaam, Numb. XXIV. 24. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 And shall afflict Assur, and shall afflict Heber.

It is a dream of some body among the Rabbins. That * 1.1 when the whole Land was di∣vided among the seventy Nations, at the confusion of Tongues, the Land of Canaan came to none: therefore the Canaanites betook themselves thither; and being found not only empty, but conferred by lot upon none, they usurped it for their own.

But what then shall we say of Melchizedek, whom now all acknowledge for Sem? Which is more probable, that he intruded among the Canaanites, now inhabiting the Land, or that they intruded upon him? Was not that Land hereditary to him and his rather, than usurped by wrong and intrusion? And did not he by the direction of the Spirit of God betake himself thither rather, than either that he wandring about uncer∣tainly lighted upon that Land by chance, or acted by a Spirit of ambition or usurpation violently possessed himself of it? For my part, I scarcely believe, either that the Cana∣anites went thither before the confusion of Tongues, or that Sem at that time was not there: but that he had long and fully inhabited the Land of Canaan (as it was after∣wards called) before the entrance of the Canaanites into it: and that by the privilege of a Divine Grant, which had destin'd him and his posterity hither: and that afterwards the Canaanites crept in here, and were first subjects to the family of Sem, whose first born was Elam; but at length shook off the yoke.

When therefore all those original Nations from the Confusion of Tongues, pertook of their names immediately from the fathers of their stock, as the Assyrians from Assur, the Elamites from Elam, &c. the same we must hold of the Hebrew Nation, namely, that it from that time was called Hebrew from Heber: and that it was called the Land of the Hebrews before it was called the Land of the Canaanites. For I can neither think, that the stock of the Hebrews had no name for almost three hundred years after the Confusion of Tongues, until the passing of Abraham out of Chaldea found a name for it, which some would have: nor methinks is it agreeable, that Abraham was therefore called Hebrew, because travailing out of Chaldea into the Land of Canaan he passed Euphrates; when upon the same reason both Canaan himself, and the Fa∣thers of all the Western Nations almost, should be called Hebrews; for they passed over Euphrates, travailing out of Chaldea. And when the Patriarch Joseph himself is called by his Mistress a Hebrew servant, Gen. XXXIX. 17. and so called by the servants of Pha∣raoh, Chap. XLI. 12. and when he saith of himself, that he was stollen away out of the Land of the Hebrews, Gen. XL. 15. it is scarcely probable, that that whole Land was known to other Countries under that name, only for one family now dwelling there, and that family a stranger, a travailer, and living in danger from the Inhabitants: but rather that it was known by that name from antient ages, even before it was called The Land of the Canaanites. Nor, if we should raise a contest against that opinion, which asserts that the Language of the Canaanites and the Hebrews was one and the same, would that argu∣ment any whit move us, that the Towns and Cities of the Canaanites bore names, which were also Hebrew; for those their Hebrew names they might receive from Sem, Heber, and their children, before they were places of the Canaanites.

Heber lived when the Tongues were confounded, and the Nations scattered; and when none denied, that the sons of Heber were Hebrews (yea, who would deny that that Land was the Land of Heber?) By what reason should not they, and that Nation take their name from him, after the same manner, as other Nations took theirs from their father, at the Confusion of Languages?

SECT. II. Whence Canaan was a part only of Canaan, Judg. IV. 2.

CANAAN with his people wandring from Babylon after the confusion of Lan∣guages, passed over Euphrates through Syria, and travailed towards Palestine, and the way led him straight into the Northern part of it first. And that which the Jews say of Abraham travailing thither, may be said of his person also, in this regard. b 1.2 God said to Abraham, say they, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 To thee, To thee, the words being doubled by reason of a double journy, one from Arain Naharaim, the other from Aram Nachor. While Abraham li∣ved in Aram Naharaim, and Aram Nahor, he saw men eating, drinking, and playing: he said therefore, Let not my portion be in that Land. But after he came 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 To the ladder of the Tyrians, he saw men labouring in digging their grounds, in gathering their Vintage, and in husbandry: and then he said, Let my portion be in this Land.

Note, how Abraham coming into the Land of Canaan, is first brought into the North part of it; for there was Scala Tyriorum, The Ladder of the Tyrians. Canaan in like manner with his sons, travailing from Babylon went the same way, and possesseth first the North parts, both those that were without the Land of Canaan, and those that were parts of the Land of Canaan it self.

First, Let the seats of these his four sons without the Land of Canaan be observed.

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  I. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Arvadi, The Arvadites. Which word in all Versions almost is read as Aradi, The Aradites. And their seats are easily discovered in Arad, and Antarad. Jonathan for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Arvadi the Arvadites, reads 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Lutasites. Which people, in what part of the World were they? When I search in the Aruch what the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Lutas means, he cites these words out of Bereshith Rabba. A certain woman of the family of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Tibe∣rinus was married 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to one Lutas: and when accordingly I search Bereschith Rabbah, I find it there written, She was married 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to a certain robber.

  If it were written in Jonathan 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 instead of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 I should suspect his eye was bent upon Latavin, a place of Phenicia: concerning which mention is made in the No∣titia Imperii; where the Roman Garrisons under the Duke of Phenice are Otthara, Euhara, Saltacha, Latavis, &c.

• II. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Zemari, The Zemarites. In the Targumists both that of Jerusalem, and of Jonathan it is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Chamatsi. So it is in the Arabic, and in the Jerusalem Gemarists c 1.3; and also in Bereshith Rabbah d 1.4; which either supposeth them called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Zemarites, or alludes to the word, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because they wrought in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Zemer, woollen manufacture. But Chamats and Apamia are convertible terms in the Jerusalem Talmudists: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Sea of Apamia, say they, is the Sea of Chamats.e 1.5 But now that Apamia, we shew elsewhere, is the same with Sepham; on the utmost coast of the Land of Israel North, and North East.
• III. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Arki, The Arkites. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 f 1.6 Arki is Arcas of Libanus. Pliny writes thus, g 1.7 Paneas, in which is Cesarea with the Spring before spoken, Abila, Arca, &c. Borchard thus, In terminos (read Inter) Libani & Antilibani offendimus castrum Arachas, &c. On (or rather between) the borders of Libanus and Antilibanus we found the strong hold Arachas, and built by Aracheus the son of Canaan, when the deluge was over.
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  IV. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hamathi, The Hamathites. In the Jerusalem Targum it is Antioch. And Be∣rechith Rabbah not much from that sense, though in very different words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 A Sinite, saith he, and Arethusia: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Chamathi is Epiphania. Thus Pliny, The rest of Syria hath these people, except what shall be said with Euphrates, the Aretheusians, the Bereans, and the Epiphanians.

  You see the Antiochian and Syrophenician Syria possessed by the Canaanites, and yet we are not come as far as the Land of Canaan.

  Let us therefore proceed onwards with Canaan, and the rest of his sons. The borders of the Canaanites, saith the Holy Scripture, were from Sidon to Gerar, even unto Gaza, Gen. X. 19. You will say, they were from Antioch, and utmost Phenicia, and a great part of Syria. True indeed, those Countries, as we have seen, were planted by the sons of Canaan, but the Scripture doth not call them Canaanites, but where their Coasts end towards the South, there the Canaanites begin. The Tract therefore, or Region, first pos∣sest by them, is called by a peculiar name Canaan, as distinct from the rest of the Land of Canaan, Judg. IV. 2. Where Jabin the King of Hazor, is called The King of Canaan, that is, of the Northern coast of the Land of Canaan. And among the seven Nations, devoted by God himself to a curse and cutting off, the Canaanites are always numbred, when all indeed were Canaanites; and that, as it seems, upon a double reason: partly, because that Country was distinctly so called, as another Country, and was of a peculiar differ∣ence from those Countries inhabited by the sons of Canaan, of whom we have spoke:

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  partly because Canaan the Father, probably fixed his seat there himself, and thence both that Country was called Canaan, and the whole Land moreover called The Land of Canaan.

SECT. III. The Perizzites, who?

REckon the sons of Canaan in Gen. X. and where do you find the Perizzites? And yet, a matter to be wondered at, they are always numbered in that black Cata∣logue, of the seven Nations to be cut off.

I know, it is supposed by some, that they are called Perizzites, as much as to say Vil∣lagers, because they dwelt in Villages, and small Towns unfortified: which indeed varies not much from the derivation of the word: But certainly it is needless, when all the Ca∣naanitish families are reckoned up, which possessed the whole Land, to add The Villagers over and above, who were sufficiently included in the aforesaid reckoning.

But that which we know was done by the Israelites, we justly suppose was done by the Canaanites also; namely, that some families of the Canaanite stock, were denomina∣ted not from the very immediate son of Canaan, from whom they derived their original, but from some famous and memorable man of that stock. Nor do we say this upon con∣jecture alone, but by very many examples among the Israelites, and indeed among other Nations, and this in that very Nation, of which we are speaking. In Gen. XXXVI. Zi∣beon was the son of Seir, vers. 20. and the whole Nation and Land was called, The Nati∣on and Land of the sons of Seir. But now that that Seir was of the Canaanite pedegree, appears sufficiently hence, that his son Zibeon was called an Hivite, vers. 2. After the same manner therefore as the Seirites, who were of Canaanite blood, were so named, I make no doubt the Perizzites were named from one Perez, a man of great name in some Ca∣naanite stock.

SECT. IV. The Kenites.

OF the same rank were the Kenites, the Knizzites, Cadmonites: by original indeed Canaanites, but so named from some Cain, and Kenaz, and Cadmon, men of fa∣mous renown in those families. If so be the Cadmonites were not so called from their an∣tiquity, or rather from their habitation Eastward: Which is the derivation of Saracens, from Saracon, the East.

The Masters of the Traditions do not agree among themselves what to resolve concer∣ning these Nations. In the Jerusalem Talmudists you have these passages. h 1.8 Your Fathers possessed seven Nations, but you shall possess the Land of ten Nations. The three last are these, the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Cadmonites, R. Judah saith, These are the Salmeans, the Sa∣beans, and the Nabatheans. R. Simeon saith, Asia, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and Damascus. R. Lazar ben Jacob saith, Asia and Cartagena, and Turky. Rabbi saith, Edom and Moab, and the first fruits of the children of Ammon.

In the Babylonian Talmudists these passages. i 1.9 Samuel saith, All that Land, which God shewed to Moses, is bound to tithes, To exclude what? To exclude the Kenites, the Keniz∣zites, the Cadmonites. A Tradition. R. Meir saith, These are the Naphtuchites, the Arabi∣ans, and the Salmeans, R. Judah saith, Mount Seir, Ammon, and Moab. R. Simeon saith, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Asia and Spain.

l 1.10 These Nations were not delivered to Israel in this age, but they shall be delivered in the days of the Messias.

In m 1.11 the days of the Messias they shall add three other Cities of refuge. But whence? From the Cities of the Kenites, the Kenizzites, and the Cadmonites. Concerning whom God gave a promise to our father Abraham, but they are not as yet subdued.

We may borrow light concerning these Nations from those words of Moses, Gen. X. 18. Afterwards the families of the Canaanites were dispersed. First, They replenished Phenicia, and the Northern Country of the Land of Canaan; by little and little the whole Land of Canaan within Jordan. Then they spread themselves into the Land which afterwards be∣longed to the Edomites, and there they were called Horites from Mount Hor; and the children of Seir, from Seir the father of those families, he himself being a Canaanite. On the East they spread themselves into those Countries, which afterwards belonged to the Moabites, the Ammonites, the Midianites; and they were called Kenites, Kenizzites, Cad∣monites, from one Cain, one Kenaz, and perhaps one Cadmon, the fathers of those families; if so be the Cadmonites were not so called from the aforesaid causes.

The mention of a certain Cain, calls to my mind the Town or City Cain, which you see in the Maps placed not far from Carmel: in that of Doet, adorned (shall I say?) or disfigured with a Dutch picture of one man shooting another, with this inscription, Cain wert geschoten van Lamech. Cain was shot by Lamech, Gen. IV. A famous monument for∣sooth! That place indeed is obscure, Gen. IV. and made more obscure by the various opinions of Interpreters: and you, Doet, have chosen the worst of all. If the words of Lamech may be cleared from the Text (and if you clear it not from the context, whence will you clear it?) they carry this plain and smooth sense with them. He had brought in Bigamy: that also had laid waste the whole World, Gen. VI. For so wretched a wicked∣ness, and which by his example was the destruction of infinite numbers of men, Divine Justice and Vengeance strikes and wounds him with the horror and sting of conscience, so that groaning and howling before his two bigamous wives, Adah and Zillah, he complains, and confesseth that he is a much more bloody murtherer than Cain. For he had only slain Abel, but he an infinite number of young and old by his wicked example.

SECT. V. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Rephaim.

THE Samaritan Interpreter always renders these, Aseans, in Gen. XV. 20. written with Cheth. But in Deut. II. 20. with Aleph. If they were called Aseans, as they were by him, so by all other speaking Syriac and Chaldee; I know not whence the word Asia may more fitly be derived, than from the memory of this Gygantic race living almost in the middle of Asia, and monstrous and astonishing above all other Asiatics. The LXX call them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Titans, 2 Sam. V. 18. 22. The word used by the Samaritan denotes Physi∣cians, and so it is rendred by me in the Polyglot Bible, lately published at London, Deut. II. partly that it might be rendred word for word, but especially, that it might be ob∣served by what sound, and in what kind of pronunciation he read the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Re∣phaim. So the LXX render it, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Physicians, Esa. XXVI. 14. &c.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Shem tobh. in Psal. XLVIII.
• b 1.2

  Beresh. rabb. §. 39.
• c 1.3

  Hieros. Megill. fol. 71. 2.
• d 1.4

  Beresh. rabb. §. 37.
• e 1.5

  Hieros. Che∣tubh, fol. 35. 2.
• f 1.6

  Beresh. Rab. in the place before.
• g 1.7

  Nat. Hist. lib. 5. 19.
• h 1.8

  Hieros. Kid∣dush. fol. 61. 4.
• i 1.9

  Bab. Bathra, fol. 56. 1.
• l 1.10

  Berish. rab. fol. 28. 2.
• m 1.11

  Maimon. in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 cap. 8.