An historical relation of the island Ceylon, in the East-Indies together, with an account of the detaining in captivity the author and divers other Englishmen now living there, and of the authors miraculous escape : illustrated with figures, and a map of the island / by Robert Knox.

PART II.

CHAP. I. Of the present King of Cande.

HItherto I have treated of the Countrey,* 1.1 with the Provisions and Wealth of it: Our next Discourses shall be of the Po∣litical Government there exercised. And here Order will lead us to speak first of the King and Matters relating to him.

Antiently this Countrey consisted of Nine Kingdoms, all which had their several Kings; but now by the vicissitude of Times and Things, they are all reduced under one King, who is an absolute Tyrant, and Rules the most arbitrarily of any King in the World. We will first speak of him as to his Personal Capacity, and next as to his Poli∣tical.

In his Personal Capacity, are to be considered his Birth and Parentage, his Person, his Relations, his State, his Manners, his Pleasures and Re∣creations, his Religion.

Radga-Singa is his Name, which signifies a Lyon-King.* 1.2 He is not of the right Descent of the Royal-Blood. For the former King deceased leaving his Queen a Widow, and two young Princes, which he had issue by her. She was a Christian, having been baptized by the Portu∣guez, and named Dona Catharina. She afterwards married to the Chief Priest, whom in their Language they call Tirinanxy. And by him had this Son, the present King. The Tirinanx his Father reigned and ruled the Land during the minority of the young Princes: but being aged, he divided the Countrey between the three Princes by Lot, intending Conde Vda, which is the best part of the Land, for his own Son, Radga-Singa. Which was obtained by this device. The names of the three Kingdoms being written on three Papers, were put into a Pot, and one was appointed, who knew the matter to take them out, and deliver them one to each, beginning with the Eldest, craftily de∣livering that which had Conde Vda written in it unto Radga-Singa; and so it came to pass according to the old Kings determination. All these three in the beginning of their Reigns joyned together against the Portuguez, but soon after fell out among themselves, and this King in the end prevailed, and got all the Countrey. Danna Polla Rodgerah the youngest, King of Mautoly, being overthrown, fled down to the Portuguez to Columba, who sent him to Goa, where he dyed. The other named Comaure-Si••ga, King of Owvah, dyed in Cande.

As to the Person of the present King.* 1.3 He is not tall, but very well set, nor of the clearest colour of their complexion, but somewhat of the blackest; great rowling Eyes, turning them and looking every way, alwayes moving them: a brisk bold look, a great swelling Bel∣ly, and very lively in his actions and behaviour, somewhat bald, not having much hair upon his head, and that gray, a large comely Beard, with great Whiskers; in conclusion, a very comely man. He bears

his years well, being between Seventy and Eighty years of age; and tho an Old man, yet appears not to be like one, neither in countenance nor action. His Apparel is very strange and wonderful, not a••ter his own Countrey-fashion, or any other, being made after his own inven••tion. On his head he wears a Cap with four corners like a Iesuits three teer high, and a Feather standing upright before, like that in the head of a fore-horse in a Team, a long band hanging down his back after the Portuguez ••ashion, his Doublet a••ter so strange a shape, that I cannot well describe it, the body of one, and the sleeves o•• another colour; He wears long Breeches to his Anckles, Shoes and Stockings. He doth not always keep to one fashion, but changes as his ••ancy leads him: but always when he comes abroad, his Sword hangs by his side in a belt over his shoulder: which no Chingulays dare wear, only white men may: a Gold Hilt, and Scabberd most o•• beaten Gold. Com∣monly he holdeth in his hand a small Ca••e, painted of divers colours, and towards the lower end set round about with such stones, as he hath, and pleaseth, with a head of Gold.

* 1.4His right and lawful Queen, who was a Malabar, brought ••rom the Coast, is still living, but hath not been with him, as is known, this Twenty years, remaining in the City of Cande, where he le••t her; She wants indeed neither maintenance nor attendance, but never comes out of the Palace. Several Noble mens Daughters hold Land for this Service, viz. to come to her Court in their turns to wait upon her Majesty. She bare him a Prince, but what became of him, shall here∣a••ter be shewn. He had also a Daughter by Her, she came also in her Youth to a piteous and un••ortunate death, as I shall relate in its place.

* 1.5He keeps his Court at Digligy••neur, whither he ••led in a Rebellion against him. His Palace stands adjoyning to a great Hill, which was before mentioned; near unto that part of the Hill next abutting upon his Court none dares presume to set his ••oot: that being ••or his safe∣guard to fly unto in time of need. The Palace is walled about with a Clay Wall, and Thatched, to prevent the Claye's being melted by the Rains, which are great and violent: Within this Wall it is all ••ull of houses; most of which are low and thatched; but some are two Stories high, and tyled very handsomely, with open Galleries ••or Air, rayled about with turned Banisters, one Ebony, and one painted, but not much Prospect, standing between two Hills. And indeed the King lives there not so much for pleasure as security. The Palace it self hath many large and s••a••ely Gates two leaved; these Gates, with their Posts, excellently carved; the Iron work thereunto belonging, as Bolts and Locks, all rarely engraven. The Windows inlayd with Silver Plates and Ebony. On the top of the houses of his Palace and Treasury, stand Earthen Pots at each corner; which are ••or ornament; or which is a newer fashion, something made of Earth resembling Flowers and Bran∣ches. And no Houses besides, except Temples, may, have these placed upon them. The contrivance of his Palace is, as I may say, like Wood∣stock Bower, with many turnings and windings, and doors, he himsel•• having ordered and contrived all these Buildings, and the manner o•• them. At all the Doors and Passages stand Watches: and they who thus give attendance are not to pass without special Order from one place to another, but are to remain in that place or at that Ga••e, where

the King hath appointed them. By means of these contrivances it is not easie to know in what part or place his Person is, neither doth he care they should.

He has strong Watches night and day about his Court.* 1.6 And they are his Grandees, who themselves in person watch in certain places, where the King himsel•• appoints them: and they dare not be absent from thence, without it be to go to eat, or upon such like occasions. At Night they all have their ••et places within the Court, where they cannot one come to the speech of the other, neither dare they that are near together, or in sight one of the other, so much as come and sit together and talk•• to pass away the Nights. All these great men have Souldiers under them, and they are also to come by turns to watch a the Court. But at Night as their Masters and Commanders watch within the Walls, so they must watch without, in outward Courts and Guards; neither dare any of them be seen within with their Com∣manders. At the end o•• every Watch there are a multitude of Trum∣pets and Drums to make a noise; which is to keep his People waking, and for the honour of his Majesty. There are also Elephants, which are appointed all night to stand and watch, lest there should be any Tumult; which if there should, could presently trample down a mul∣titude.

He hath also a Guard o•• Cofferies or Negro's,* 1.7 in whom he imposeth more con••idence, then in his own People. These are to watch at his Chamber door, and next his Person.

At uncertain times he will send out a Spy by Night,* 1.8 to see what Watch is kept. Who once finding one of the Great Men asleep, took his Cap, his Sword and other Arms, and brought them to the King; who afterwards restored them to the Owner again, reproving him, and bidding him take more heed ••or the future. These Spyes also are to hear and see what passes: neither is there any thing said or done but he has notice o•• it. Formerly he used in the Nights to disguise himself and walk abroad in the Streets to see all passages, but now he will not adventure so to do.

Most of his Attendants are Boyes, and Young Men,* 1.9 that are well fa∣voured, and o•• good Parentage. For the supplying himself with these, he gives order to his Dissava's or Governors of the Countreys to pick and choose out Boyes, that are comely and o•• good Descent, and send them to the Court. These Boyes go bare-headed with long hair hanging down their backs. Not that he is guilty of Sodomy, nor did I ever hear the Sin so much as mentioned among them.

He hath many Women belonging to his Kitchin,* 1.10 choosing to have his Meat dressed by them. Several times he hath sent into the Coun∣treys a Command to gather handsome young Women of the Chingulayes to recruit his Kitchin, with no exceptions whether married or unmar∣ried•• and those that are chosen ••or that Service never return back again. Once since my being on the Land, all the Portuguez Women that were young and white were sent ••or to the Court, no matter whether Maids or Wives; where some remained until now, and some that were not amiable in his ••ight were sent home; and some having purchased his displeasure were cast into a River, which is his manner of executing Women. And some sent Prisoners in the Countrey, being none admit∣ted to speech or sight o•• them.

Concubines he keepeth not many. Some are within his Palace. And those whose Office is about his Kitchin are reported to be so;* 1.11 which is not improbable, seeing he admits none but them that are young and very handsom to the imployment. Other of his women dwell in Towns near to the City. Into which no Stranger is permitted to go, nay it is dangerous to approach near. These Towns have this Priviledg, that if any Slave ••lee from his Master and come hither, he is safe and free from his Masters service, but still remains a Slave there to them.

* 1.12Sometimes he walketh about his Palace, where there are cer∣tain Pedestalls of Stone whitened with Lime and laid in Oyl, so that they look purely white, made and set up in divers places, here he stands when he comes forth, that he might be above the rest of the People, and see about him. But when he is minded to go abroad, though it be never so little a way, and he seldom or never goes far, Order is given some time before, for all Soldiers of hi•• Guards which are a great many, it may be Thousands, together with a Dutch and Portugal Captain with their Flags and Soldiers, Drummers, Trumpeters, Pipers, Singers, and all belonging, as Elephants, Horses, Falkeners with their Faulkons, and many others, to stand at the Gate in a readiness to attend his pleasure. And tho he means not to come forth, yet they must wait in this manner, until he give order, that they may depart to their houses. Commonly all this assembly are gathered together at the Palace three or four times before he comes out once. And oftentimes he comes out when none there are aware of it, with only those that attend on his per∣son within his Palace. And then when it is heard, that his Ma∣jesty is come forth, they all run ready to break their necks, and place themselves at a distance to Guard his Person and wait his pleasure. Sometimes, but very seldom, He comes forth riding upon an Horse or Elephant. But usually he is brought out in a Pall••nkine; which is nothing so well made as in other parts of India. The ends of the Bambou it is carried by, are largely tipped with Silver, and curiously wrought and engraven: for he hath very good workmen of that profession.

The place where he goeth when he comes thus abroad, is to a Bankqueting-house built by a Pond side, which he has made. It is not above a Musquet shot from his Palace. Where he goeth for his diversion. Which I shall by and by more particularly relate.

Another instance of his State and Grandure will appear in his reception of Ambassadors.* 1.13 Who are received with great ho∣nour and Show. First he sends several of his great men to meet them with great Trains of Soldiers, the ways all ••ut broad, and the grass pared away for many miles: Drums and Trumpets, and Pipes, and Flags going before them, Victuals and all sorts of varieties are daily brought to them, and continue to be so all the time they are in the Land, and all at free-cost. For the Custom here is, Embassadors, stay they never so long, are maintain∣ed at the Kings Cost and Charges. And being in the City, have their Victuals brought them out from the Kings Palace, ready

dressed. Presents, Goods or whatsoever they please to bring with them, the King prepareth men to carry. And when they are come to the House that is prepared for them, which is hung top and sides with white Callico, they are kept under a Guard, and great Commanders with Soldiers appointed to watch at their Gates, which is accounted for a great honour. But these Guards dare not permit any to come to the Speech of them, for the King careth not that any should talk with Ambassadors, but him∣self, with whom he taketh great delight to have conference,* 1.14 and to see them brought before him in sine Apparrel, their Swords by their sides with great State and Honour, and that the Ambassa∣dors may see and take notice of the greatness o•• his Majesty. And after they have been there some times, he gives them both Men and handsom young Maids for their Servants, to attend and also to accompany them: often causing them to be brought into his presence to see his Sports and Pastimes, and not caring to send them away; but in a very familiar manner entertaining discourse with them.

CHAP. II. Concerning the King's Manners, Vices, Recreation, Religion.

UNder the Consideration of his Manners, will fall his Tem∣perance, his Ambition and Pride, his Policy and Dissi∣mulation, his cruel and bloody Disposition.

He is temperate both in his Diet and his Lust.* 1.15 Of the ••or∣mer, I am in••ormed by those that have attended on his Person in his Palace, that though he hath all sorts of Varieties the Land affords brought to his Table, yet his chief fare is Herbs, and ripe pleasant Fruits: and this but once a day. Whatsoever is brought for him to eat or drink is covered with a white cloath, and whoever brings it, hath a Muster tyed about his mouth, lest he should breath upon the Kings Food. The Kings manner of eating is thus.* 1.16 He sits upon a Stool before a small Table covered with a white cloath, all alone. He eats on a green Plantane-Leaf laid in a Gold Bason. There are twenty or thirty Dishes prepared for him, which are brought into his Dining-Room. And which of these Dishes the King pleases to call for, a Nobleman appointed for that service, takes a Portion of and reaches in a Ladle to the Kings Bason. This person also waits with a mus••er about his mouth.

And as he is abstemious in his eating,* 1.17 so in the use of women. If he useth them 'tis unknown and with great secrecy. He hath not had the Company o•• his Queen this twenty years, to wit, since he went ••rom Candy, where he left her. He allowes not in his Court Whoredom or Adultery; and many times when he hears of the misdemeanors of some o•• his Nobles in regard of women, He not only Executes them, but severely punisheth the

women, i•• known: and he hath so many Sp••e••, that there is but little done, which he knows not o••. And o••ten he gives Com∣mand to expel all the women ou•• o•• the City, not on•• to remain. But by little and little when they think his wrath is appens'd, they do creep in again. But no women of any Quality dare presume, and if they would, they cannot, the Watches having charge given them not to let them pass. Some have been ta∣ken concealed under mans Apparel, and what became of them all may judg, ••or they never went home again. Rebellion does not more displease this King•• then ••or his Nobles to have to do with women. Therefore when any are admitted to his Court to w••it upon him, they are not permitted to enjoy the Company of their Wives, no more then any other women. Neither hath he su••••ered any for near this twenty years to have their Wives in the City, except Slaves or inferior servants.

* 1.18Indeed he was once guilty of an A••l, that seemed to argu•• him a man of most unbridled ••••st. For he had a Daughte•• that was with Child by himsel•• but in ••hildbed ••oth d••ed. But this manner of Iu••••st is allowable in Kings•• i•• it be only to beget a right Royal Is••ue, which can only be gotten that way•• But in all othe•• '••••s held abom••inable, and severely punished. And here they have a common and usual Pr••uerb, Ne••e can reproach the ••••us nor the Begga••. The one being so high, that none ••a••e; the other so low•• that nothing can ••hame or reproach them.

* 1.19His Pride and asse••lation of honour is unmeasu••able. Which ap∣pears in his Peoples manner of Address to him,* 1.20 which he ei∣ther Commands or allows of. When they come before him they fall flat down on their Faces to the Ground at three s••veral ••imes•• and then they sit with their legs under them upon their Knees all the time they are in his presence: And when he ••ids them to absent, they go backwards, untill they are out of hi•• sight•• o•• a great distance from him. But of Christian People indeed he re∣quires no more then to kneel with their ••a•••• o•••• before him.

* 1.21Nay, He takes on him all the Cer••monies and Solemnitie•• of Honour, which they shew unto their Gods, making his a••••ount that as he is now their King, so her••a••ter he shall be one o•• th••ir Gods. And the People did call him God. Formerly since my ••••••∣ing on that land, he used not to come ou•• o•• his Palace into the sight of the People but very seldom ou•• o•• State and ••augh••••n••••••s o•• Spirit: but now of later times he comes ••orth daily. And altho he be near fourscore years of age, yet his greatest delight is in Ho¦nour and Majesty,* 1.22 being most pleased with high and windy ••••le•• given him. Such as Mau••••w••ul, a Phrase ••npo••ting G••eatne••s, but not expressible in our Language. ••ondi••wn•• Bondenind 〈◊〉〈◊〉 y••u•• Majesty be a God. When the King speaks to them, they answer him at every period, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, many Lives•• Baula Gant, the ••im•• of a Dog•• spe••king to the King of themselves: yet now o•• late tun••s sin••e here happened a Rebellion against him, he ••••ars to assum•• to him∣self the Title of God; having visibly seen and almost 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that the••e is a greater power th••n Hi•• ruling on Earth, which ••et the hea••ts of the People against Him: and so hath given command to pro∣phane that great Name no more, by ascribing it to him.

In Anno 1075. one o•• the Kings greatest and most Valiant Gene¦rals, and that had been notably succe••••ful against the Dutch, had done many pieces o•• good service ••or the King,* 1.23 expelled the Hollan∣de••s out o•• seve••al Fort••, taking and killing many o•• them, this man the King was jealous o••, and did resolve to take away his Head a•• •• toward o•• his Valour; which he had some private Intelligence o••, and ••o Fled, being the•• in Camp against the Dutch,* 1.24 and got to ••••lum••••a with h•••• wi•••• and goods. By which the King had an inva∣luable Loss. Yet the King out o•• the height of his Stomach, seemed not in the least to be v••xed the••••at, neither did he regard i••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 i•• it were beneath the quality of such a Monarch to be moved with such a Tri••le. But sen•• down another General in his place; And as ••or the house and es••ate of him that Fled, and whatsoever he le••t be∣hind him, he let it lye and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s••orning to esteem or regard it.

To give you an Instance or two more o•• this Princes Spirit At th•• t••••e of New ••ea•• all his Subjects, high and low,* 1.25 do bring him c••rtain Presents, or rather Tax••s, ••ach one a c••••••ain rate; which ••ormer∣ly he used constantly to take, but of late years. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so abounds with all things, continually putting into his Treasury, and but seldom taking out, and that but li••••le, that he think•• scorn to re∣ceive these his due revenues, least his people should think it were out o•• necessity and want. Nevertheless the Great Men still at the New year, b••ing their Presents day a••ter day before the King at his coming ••orth, hoping i•• will please him to accept them, but now o•• many years he receives them not. His mind is so haughty, that he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••o ••eem to value any thing in the world. When tyding•• are som••time•• b••ought him, that the Dut••h have made an Inva∣sion into hi•• Co••ntr••y, although he be well able to expel them, he will not so much •••• ••••ga••d 〈◊〉〈◊〉.

The Dutch knowing his Proud Spirit make their advantage of it,* 1.26 by Fla••••••••ing him with their Ambassado••s, telling him that they ar•• his Majestie•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Subj••••••s and Servants; and that it is out of their ••oyalty to him, that they build 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and keep Wa••••he•• round about hi•• ••oun••••ey, to prev••nt ••o••••aign Nations and Enemies from coming. And that a•• they a••e thu•• imployed in hi•• Majesties service, so it is ••or sustenan••e, wh••••h th••y want, that o••••asioned their coming up into his Majest••••s Count••ey ••nd thu•• by Fla••••ering him, and ascribing to him High and Honour•••••••• ••ule••, which are thing•• he greatly delight•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉, sometimes they p••••vail to have the Count••ey (they have in∣••aded,) and he •••• hav•• the Honour. Yet a•• other times, upon bette•• Consideration, h•• will not be Flattered, but ••alls upon them at unawar••es, and does them great damage.

Such a Ven••••••••••n do•••• he expe•••• from the People,* 1.27 ••hat whatsoever thing•• a•••• car••ying to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which are known by the white Cloath they are wrapt up in, all persons mee••ing them turn out o•• the way: not ex••epting the Kings soul Cloaths ••or when they are ••••••••••d to wall••••g (which is daily) all even the greatest ri••e up, as they come by, which is known by being carried on an hand h••••v••d upwa••••••, ••••ve••ed with a Pain••••d cloth.* 1.28

He 〈…〉〈…〉, a great dissembler, no•• doth he want wisdom. He •••• no•• passiona•••• in hi•• anger. For with whomsoever he be angry, h•• will not sh••w 〈◊〉〈◊〉 n••••••h•••• •••• he ••••••h or ove•• ••••••ly in any matter••,

but doth all things with deliberation, tho but with a little advise: asking Counsel of no body but himself. He accounts it Wit and Po∣licy to lie and dissemble, that his intents and purposes may the bet∣ter be concealed; but he abhorreth and punisheth those that lie to him.

* 1.29Dutch Runnawayes, whereof there are several come to him, he saith are Rogues that either have robbed or killed, or else would never run away from their own Nation. And tho he receiveth them, yet esteemeth them not.

* 1.30He seems to be naturally disposed to Cruelty: For he sheds a great deal of blood, and gives no reason for it. His Cruelty appears both in the Tortures and Painful deaths he inflicts, and in the extent of his punishments, viz. upon whole Families for the miscarriage of one in them. For when the King is displeased with any, he does not alwayes command to kill them outright, but first to torment them, which is done by cutting and pulling away their flesh by Pincers, burning them with hot Irons clapped to them to make them confess of their Confede∣rates; and this they do, to rid themselves of their Torments, confessing far more than ever they saw or knew. After their Confession, sometimes he commands to hang their two Hands about their Necks, and to make them eat their own flesh, and their own Mothers to eat of their own Children; and so to lead them thro the City in public view to terrifie all, unto the place of Execution, the Dogs following to eat them.* 1.31 For they are so accustomed to it, that they seeing a Prisoner led away, follow after. At the place of Execution, there are alwayes some stick∣ing upon Poles, others hanging up in quarters upon Trees; besides, what lyes killed by Elephants on the ground, or by other ways. This place is alwayes in the greatest High-way, that all may see and stand in awe. For which end this is his constant practice.

Moreover, he hath a great many Prisoners, whom he keepeth in Chains,* 1.32 some in the common Gaol, some committed to the custody of Great Men; and for what or for how long time none dare enquire. Commonly they ly thus two, four or six years; and some have Vi∣ctuals given them, and some not having it, must ask leave to go out and beg with a Keeper. It is according as the King appoints, when they are committed. Or some of them being driven to want do get food by work, such as, sewing, making Caps, Doublets, Purses. This coming once to the Kings Ears, he said, I put them there to torment and punish them, not to work and be well maintained; and so commanded to take away their Sizzars and Needles ••rom them. Yet this lasted not long, for afterwards they fell to their work again. Those that have been long there are permitted to build little Shops on the Street side against the Prison, and to come out in the day time, and sell their work as they make it; but in the Night time are shut up again.

When the Streets are to be swept about the Palace, they make the Prisoners come out in their Chains, and do it.

And after all their Imprisonment, without any examination, they are carried forth and executed: and these not only the common sort, but even the greatest and most nobly descended in the Land: For with whom he is displeased, he maketh no difference.

* 1.33Nor is his wrath appeased by the Execution of the Malefactor, but oftentimes he punisheth all his Generation; it may be kills them allto∣gether, or gives them all away for Slaves.

[illustration]

One Impaled on a Stake.

Thus he often deals with those, whose Children are his Attendants. I mentioned before, that young Men of the best Families in the Land, are sought out to wait upon the King in his Court.* 1.34 These after they have served here some small time, and have as it were but seen the Court, and known his Customs and Manners, he requiteth them by cutting off their Heads, and putting them into their Bellies: other faults none do know. Heretofore, as it is reported, he was not so Cruel, but now none escapes, that serves in his Palace. Then he recruits his Slain out of the Countries, by giving Orders to his Dissa∣va's or Governors to send him others to Court. Whither they go like an Ox to the Slaughter, but with far more heavy hearts. For both they and their Parents full well know what end the King's honorable Service will bring them to. Howbeit there is no remedy. Being thus by Order sent unto the Court, their own Parents must provide for and maintain them, until the King is pleased to call them to his Use, which it may be will not be in some years. Sometimes it hap∣pens, that the Boys thus brought, before the King makes use of them about his Person, are grown too big, and so escape. But those that are employed in the Palace, enjoy this favour, That all such Taxes, Customs, or other Duties belonging to the King, which their Fathers were wont to pay, are released, until such time as they are discharged from the King's Employment; which is always either by Execution, or by being given to somebody for perpetual Bondmen. During the time of the King's favour, he is never admitted to go home to Visit his Parents and Friends. The Malekind may come to see him, but no Women are admitted, be it his Mother that bare him. And after he is killed, tho' for what no man knows, he is accounted a Rebel and Traitor against the King: and then his Father's House, Land and Estate is seized on for the King. Which after some time by giving of Fees and Gi••ts to the great ones, they do redeem again: And some∣times the whole Family and Generation perish, as I said before. So that after a Lad is taken into the King's Palace, his Kindred are afraid to acknowledge Alliance to him. But these matters may more pro∣perly be related, when we come to speak of his Tyranny.

Sometimes for his Pleasure,* 1.35 he will ride or be carried to his Ban∣quetting-House, which is about a Musquet-shot from his Palace. It stands on a little Hill; where with abundance of pains and many Months labour, they have made a little Plain, in length not much a••ove an Arrows ••light, in breadth less. Where at the head of a small Valley, he hath made a Bank cross to stop the Water running down. It is now become a fine Pond, and exceeding full of Fish. At this Place the King hath several Houses built according to his own appoint∣ment very handsom, born up with carved Pillars and Painted, and round about Rails and Banisters turned, one Painted and one Ebony, like Balconie. Some standing high upon a Wall, being for him to sit in, and see Sport with his Elephants, and other Beasts, as also for a Prospect abroad. Others standing over this Pond, where he himself sits and feedeth his Fish with boiled Rice, Fruits and Sweet-meats. They are so tame that they will come and eat in his hand; but never doth he suffer any to be catch'd. This Pond is useful for his Elephants to wash in. The Plain was made for his Horses to run upon. For often∣times he commands his Grooms to get up and ride in his Presence; and

sometimes for that good Service, gives the Rider five or ten Shillings, and it may be a piece of Cloath. Always when he comes forth, his Horses are brought out ready saddled before him; but he himself mounts them very seldom. All of which he had from the Dutch, some sent to him for Presents, and some he hath taken in War. He hath in all some twelve or fourteen: some of which are Persian Horses.

* 1.36Other Pastimes and Recreations he hath (for this is all he minds or regards.) As to make them bring wild Elephants out of the Woods, and catch them in his Presence. The manner how they get them un∣to the City, I have mentioned already. Also when he comes out of his Court, he Delights to look upon his Hawks, altho' he never use them for his Game; sometimes on his Dogs, and tame Deer, and Ty∣gers, and strange kind of Birds and Beasts; of both which he hath a great many. Also he will try his Guns, and shoot at Marks, which are excellently true, and rarely inlay'd with Silver, Gold, and Ivory. For the Smiths that make them dare not present them to his hand, not having sufficiently proved them. He hath Eight or Nine small Iron Cannon, lately taken from the Dutch, which he hath mounted in Field-Carriages, all rarely carved, and inlay'd with Silver and Brass, and coloured Stones, set in convenient places, and painted with Images and Flowers. But the Guns disgrace the Carriages. He keeps them in an House on the Plain. Upon some Festival times he useth them. I think, they are set there chiefly for a Memorial of his late Victories: For he hath many, and far better Guns of Brass that are not so re∣garded.

* 1.37In his Palace he passeth his time with looking upon certain Toyes and Fancies that he hath, and upon his Arms and Guns, calling in some or other of his great Men to see the same, asking them if they have a Gun will shoot further than that: and how much Steel such a Knife, as he will shew them, needs to have in it. He takes great delight in Swimming, in which he is very expert. And the Custom is, when he goes into the Water, that all his Attendance that can Swim must go in likewise.

* 1.38And now lastly for his Religion, you cannot expect much from him. Of the Religion of his Countrey he makes but a small Profes∣sion; as perceiving that there is a greater God, than those that they thro long custom, have and do Worship. And therefore when an Impostor, a Bastard Moor by Nation born in that Land; came and publickly set up a new nameless God, as he styled him; and that he was sent to destroy the Temples of their Gods, the King opposed it not for a good while, as waiting to see which of these Gods would pre∣vail, until he saw that he aimed to make himself King, then he allowed of him no longer: as I shall shew more at large hereafter: when I come to speak of the Religion of the Countrey.

* 1.39The Christian Religion, he doth not in the least persecute, or dislike, but rather as it seems to me, esteems and honours it. As a sign of which take this passage. When his Sister died, for whom he had a ve∣ry dear Affection, there was a very grievous Mourning and Lamen∣tation made for her throughout the whole Nation: all Mirth and Feasting laid aside, and all possible signs of sorrow exprest: and in all probability, it was as much as their lives were worth, who should at

this time do any thing, that might look like joy. This was about Christmas. The Dutch did notwithstanding adventure to keep their Christmas by Feasting. The News of this was brought to the King. And every body reckoned it would go hard with the Dutch for doing this. But because it was done at a Festival of their Religion, the King past it by, and took no notice of it. The Value also that he has for the Christian Religion, will appear from the respect he gives the Pro∣fessors of it; as will be seen afterwards.

CHAP. III. Of the King's Tyrannical Reign.

WEE have all this while considered this King, with respect unto his Person, Temper, and Inclinations, now we will speak of him with more immediate respect unto his Office, and Government, as he is a King. And here we will discourse of the manner of his Govern∣ment, of his Treasure and Revenues, of his Great Officers, and lastly, of his Strength and Wars.

As to the manner of his Government,* 1.40 it is Tyrannical and Arbitrary in the highest d••gree: For he ruleth Absolute, and after his own Will and Pleasure: his own Head being his only Counsellor. The Land all at his Disposal, and all the People from the highest to the lowest Slaves, or very l••k•• Slaves: both in Body and Goods wholly at his Command. Neither wants He those three Virtues of a Tyrant, Iealousie, Dissimu∣lation, and Cruelty.

But because Policy is a necessary endowment of a Prince,* 1.41 I will first shew in an instance or two, that he is not devoid of it.

The Countrey being wholly His, the King Farms out his Land, not for Money, but Service.* 1.42 And the People enjoy Portions of Land from the King, and instead of Rent, they have their several appoint∣ments•• some are to serve the King in his Wars, some in their Trades, som•• ••erve him for Labourers, and others are as Farmers to furnish his House with the Fruits of the Ground; and so all things are done with∣out Cost and every man paid for his pains: that is, they have Lands for it; yet all have not watered Land enough for their needs, that is, such Land as good Rice requires to grow in; so that such are fain to sow on dry Land, and Till other mens Fields for a subsistence. These Persons are free ••rom payment of Taxes; only sometimes upon extraordinary oc∣casions, they must give an Hen or Mat or such like, to the King's use: for as much as they u••e the Wood and Water that is in his Countrey. But if any find the Duty to be heavy, or too much for them, they may leaving their House and Land, be free from the King's Service, as there is a Multitude do. And in my judgment they live far more at ease, after they have relinquished the King's Land, than when they had it.

Many Towns are in the King's hand, the Inhabitants whereof are to Till and Manure a quantity of the Land according to their Ability, and lay up the Corn for the King's use. These Towns the King often bestows upon some of his Nobles for their Encouragement and Main∣tenance, with all the fruits and benefits that before came to the King

from them. In each of these Towns there is a Smith to make and mend the Tools of them to whom the King hath granted them, and a Pot∣ter to fit them with Earthen Ware, and a Washer to wash their Cloaths, and other men to supply what there is need of. And each one of these ha••h a piece of Land for this their Service, whether it be to the King or the Lord; but what they do for the other People they are paid for. Thus all that have any Place or Employment under the King, are paid without any Charge to the King.

* 1.43His great Endeavour is to Secure himself from Plots and Conspira∣cies of his People, who are sorely weary of his tyrannical Government over them, and do o••ten Plot to make away with him; but by his subtilty and good fortune together, he prevents them. And for this purpose he is very Vigilant in the Night: the noise of Trumpets and Drums, which he appoints at every Watch, hinders both himself and all others from sleeping. In the Night also he commonly does most of his Business, calling Embassadors before him, and reading the Let∣ters; also displacing some of his Courtiers, and promoting others, and giving Sentence to execute those whom he would have to live no longer; and many times Commands to lay hold on and carry away great and Noble men, who until that instant knew not that they were out of his favour.

* 1.44His Policy is to make his Countrey as intricate and difficult to Travel as may be, and therefore forbids the Woods to be felled, espe∣cially those that divide Province from Province, and permits no Bridges to be made over his Rivers: nor the Paths to be made wider.

* 1.45He often employs his People in vast works, and that will require years to finish, that he may inure them to Slavery, and prevent them from Plotting against him, as haply they might do if they were at better leisure. Therefore he approves not that his People should be idle; but always finds one thing or other to be done, tho the work be to little or no purpose. According to the quantity of the work, so he will appoint the People of one County or of two to come in: and the Governor of the said County or Counties to be Overseer of the Work. At such times the Soldiers must lay by their Swords, and work among the People. These works are either digging down Hills, and carry∣ing the Earth to fill up Valleys; thus to enlarge his Court, which standeth between two Hills, (a more uneven and unhandsom spot of ground, he could not well have found in all his Kingdom); or else making ways for the Water to run into the Pond, and elsewhere for his use in his Palace. Where he hath it running thro in many places unto little Ponds made with Lime and Stone, and full of Fish.

* 1.46To bring this Water to his Palace, was no small deal of labour. For not having a more convenient way, they were forced to split a great Mountain in twain to bring the Water thro, and after that to make a Bank cross a Valley far above a Cables length, and in height above four Fathom, with thickness proportionable to main∣tain it, for the Water to run over the top. Which at first being only Earth, the Water would often break down; but now both bottom and sides are paved and wrought up with Stone. After all this, yet it was at least four or five Miles to bring this Water in a Ditch; and the ground all Hills and Valleys, so that they were forced to turn and

wind, as the Water would run. Also when they met with Rocks which they could not move, as this Ground is full of them, they made great Fires with Wood upon it, until it was soundly hot; and hereby it became so soft, that they could easily break it with Mawls.

This Water was that which nourished that Countrey,* 1.47 from whence it was taken. The People of which ever since have scarce been able to Till their Land. Which extremity did compel the People of those Parts to use a means to acquaint the King how the Countrey was de∣stroyed thereby, and disabled from per••orming those Duties and Ser∣vices, which they owed unto the King; and that there was Water sufficient both ••or His Majestie's Service, and also to relieve their Ne∣cessities. Which the King took very ill ••rom them, as if they would seem to grudge him a little Water. And sure I am, woe be to him, t••••t should mention that matter again.

So far is he from regarding the good of his Countrey,* 1.48 that he ra∣ther endeavours the D••struction thereof. For issue he hath none alive, and e're long, being of a great Age Nature tells him, he must leave it. Howbeit no love lo•••• between the King and his People. Yet he daily contriveth and buildeth in his Palace like Nebuchad••ezzar, wet and dry, day and night, not showing the least sign of Favour to his Peo∣ple. Who oftentimes by such needle••s Imployments, are Letted from the seasonable times of Ploughing and Harvest, to their great prejudice, and sometimes utter undoing.

After the Rebellion, when the People that lived at a further distance,* 1.49 saw that the King intended to settle himself near the Mountain to which he fled, Viz. Digligy, and not to come into the old City again, it be¦ing very troublesom and tedious to bring their Rents and Taxes thi∣ther, they all jointly met together, being a great number, and sent an Address to intimate their Desires to him; which was with great Submission, That His Majesty would not leave them destitute of his Pre∣sence, which was to them as the Sun, that he would not absent himself from them to dwell in a Mountain in a desolate Countrey; but seeing there was no further danger, and all the Rebels destroyed, that he would return to his old Palace again, vowing all Fidelity to him. The King did not like this Message, and was somewhat afraid there being such a tumul∣tuous Company met together, and so thought not fit to drive them away, or publickly to declare his displeasure at them; but went to work like a Polititian. Which was to tell them that he thanked them for their love and affection towards him; and that he was desirous to dwell among them in such a part of their Countrey as he named: and so bad them all go to work to build him a Palace there. The People departed with some Satis••action, and fell to work might and main: and conti∣nued at it for near two years together, selling Timber, and fetching it out of the Woods, laying Foundations, hewing Stone, till they were almost killed with labour. And being wrought quite tyred, they be∣gan to accuse and grumble at one another for having been the occasion of all this toil. After they had laboured thus a long while, and were all discouraged, and the People quiet, the King sent word to them to leave off. And now it lies unfinished, all the Timber brought in, rots upon the place, and the building runs to ruin.

And this is the manner how he employs his People;* 1.50 pulling down and building up again, equalling unequal grounds, making sinks un∣der

ground for the passage of water thro' his Palace, dragging of great Trees out of the Wood to make Pounds to catch Elephants in his Pres••nce; altho' they could catch them with far less labour, and making houses to keep them in•• alter they are taken.

* 1.51He stands not upon any 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to establish himself, or s••••••ke terror into his People. This made him 〈◊〉〈◊〉 o•••• his only Son, a young man of about ••ifteen years. After the Rebellion the Kingdom being setled in the King's hands again, and knowing that the hearts of the People disa••••ecting him•• stood strongly bent towards the Prince, and fearing his own safely as the Prince grew to ••per years, to prevent all, he poisoned him. For about a year after the Rebellion, his Son was Sick, the King takes this Opportunity to dispatch him by pretending to send Phy••i•• to him to ••••••e him. The People hea••ing of the Death of the Prince, according to the Custom of the ••and when any of the Royal Blood is deceased, came all in general towards the City where he was, with black or else very dirty Cloaths, which is their Mourning, the Men all ••a••e headed, the Women with their hair loose and hanging about their Shoulders, to mourn and lament for the Death of their ••oung Prince. Which the King hearing of, sent this word unto them. That since it was not his fortune to live, to sit on his Throne a••ter him and Reign over the Land, it would be but in vain to mourn•• and a great trouble and let•• unto the Countrey: and their voluntary good will was taken in as good part as the mourning it self, and so dismi•••• the Assembly; and burned the Princes dead Body without Ceremonies or Solemnities.

* 1.52Yet the Death of an old Sister which he had, caused no small ••a∣mentation. It was she that carried the Prince away in the Rebellion. Which I shall relate by and by. Countrey alter Countrey came up to mourn, giving all signs of extraordinary sadness, both in Habit and Countenance; the King himself was s••••n to weep bitterly. The White men also came, which the King took well•• Insomuch that the H••llanders supposing the King himself to be dead, came up to take Possession of the Countrey; but hearing the contrary and under∣standing their mistake returned back again. The King and all his Countrey for more than a years time went in mourning. And her Body was burnt with all the Honour and State that could be. Yet notwithstanding all the love and respect he bare unto he••, he did not once Visit her in all the time of her Sickness. And it i•• now for certain reported that there is not one of his Genera∣tion left.

* 1.53Once to try the hearts of his Attendant••, and to see what they would do•• being in the Water a swimming, he seigned himself to be in extremity, and near Drowning, and cryed out for help•• upon which two young Men more venturous and forward than the rest, immediately made way and came to his help•• who taking hold of his Body brought him ••a••e to ••and. At which he seemed to be very glad. Putting on his Cloaths he went to his Palace then he demanded to know who and which they were that had holpen him out of the Water. They, supposing by his Speech it was to give them a reward for the good Service they had so lately done him, answered. We were they. Whereupon he Commands to call such a great Man. (For it is they whom he appoints always to see Execution done by their Sol∣diers)

To whom•• h•• gave Command, saying, ••ake both these, and lead them to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and ••ut off their Heads, who dared to presume to lay their hands on my Person, and did not pre••••a••••e themselves rather that I might lay my hand on them for my ••••li•••• and ••a••e••y. And accordingly they were Executed.

CHAP. IV. Of 〈…〉〈…〉 and ••reasure.

Three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the year they usually carry their Rent•• unto the King.* 1.54 The one is at the New-year called O••rida ••••tamaul. The other is for the 〈…〉〈…〉. And the last is at a certain Sacrifice in the Month o•• No••ember to their God, called ••••oy ••••tamaul But ••••sides th••se, whatsoever is wanting in the King's House at any other time, and they have it, they must upon the King's Order bring it. These Rents are but little Money, but chiefly Corn, Rice, or what grow•• out of the Ground.

To speak a little of the first time,* 1.55 Viz. at the beginning of the New year, when the King'•• Duties are brought him. Their New year is always either the ••^th, or the 18^th, or the 19^th of March. At this time upon a spec••al and good day (for which the Astrologers are con¦sulted) the King washes his head, which is a very great Solemnity among them. The Palace ••••all adorned with 〈◊〉〈◊〉, a sort of 〈…〉〈…〉, that make a very 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sh••w. They are high Poles stand∣ing in tow•• before all the Gates of the Palace, either nine or seven in a ••ow, the middlemost being the highest, and so they fall lower and lower on each side. Thro the middle of them there is an arched pas∣sage which ••e••ves for a Door. On the top of the Poles are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 slying, and all about 〈◊〉〈◊〉 full of painted Cloth with Images, and Figures of Men, and Beasts, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Flowers•• Fruits also hanged up in great order and 〈◊〉〈◊〉. On each side of the entrance of the Arch stand Plant•••••• Trees, with bunches of Plantane•••• on them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they were growing.

There are also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some places, single Poles of an exceeding height standing by, with long Honour of divers colours ••lying, and a Bell at the end of each, as in the Figure ••••. And now they say, The Palace •• adorned beyond Heaven.

All the Army is summoned in to stand and wait at the Palace, for the greater State. In the mean time he goes to lie. Washing houses, house•• built on purpose for him to wash in, called Outpung••, here are Bathe, and Streams and Conveyances of Water, and many Servants, whole Office it is to wait upon the business of these houses. Here he washe•• his head. Which when he has done, he comes forth into Pub¦li•• view, where all h•••• M••••••a stand in then A••••••. Then the great Guns are fir••d. Now all the great Men, the Nobles,* 1.56 and the Gover••nor•• of the Countrey make their appearance before him with their Pa••k••u••, then New years Gifts, which are due and accustomed Pre¦sents, for Perform•• in their Places and Offices to give. There is a certain Rate for it. Their manner of bringing these G•••••••••• ••••ther Duties in

thus, Their Servants bring them wrapt up in white Cloth to the Court, and then they take them at their hands, put them upon their heads, and so come in humble manner, and lay them at the King's feet. These Presents are Gold, Iewels, Plate, Arms, Knives, Cloth, each one by a rate according to the Place he is in, and the Countrey he hath under him: And most o•• them are to present a Sum of Mo∣ney besides. And if they can procure any precious Stone, or Rarity, or any other thing, which they think the King will accept, that also they bring, and glad they are to be honoured with the savour of his acceptance. These New years Gifts for these many years he thinks scorn to receive, and bids them carry them away again till another time. Thus they come with them time after time presenting them, which he as often refusing; at last they bring them no more.

* 1.57All sorts of Tradesmen also, and such as by their Skill can any ways get Money, at the New year are to pay into the Treasury each one a certain rate. Which now adayes he accepts not, though formerly he always did.

* 1.58At this and the other times the things which the People carry as their Rents and Taxes, are Wine, Oyl, Corn, Honey, Wax, Cloth, Iron, Elephants Teeth, Tobacco, Money. They bring them them∣selves, and wait at Court with them commonly divers Months, before they be received. The great Officers tell the King, the People have brought their Rents. The King saith, 'Tis well. But if he give no order withal to receive the things brought (as he seldom does) there is no remedy, but there they must wait with them. And this he doth out of State. The Rents and Duties brought at the two other times are after the same manner; the great Men do only bring theirs once at the New year.

* 1.59There are other Revenues the King hath, which are accidental; but bring in great wealth; That whensoever any man dies, that hath a stock of Cattel, immediately out thence must be paid a Bull and a Cow with a Calt, and a Male and Female Buffalo, which tax they call Mar∣ral. And there are Officers appointed, whose place it is, to come and carry them away. Also at Harvest yearly there is a certain rate of Corn to be paid by every man according to the Land they hold and enjoy. Heretofore the King granted, that upon Payment of a Sum of Money, they should be clear from this yearly Tax of Corn so long, till the present Possessor died, and the Land descended to his Son or some body else. And then the Estate became liable again to the ••oremen∣tioned Duties. But now of late there is no mention of any discharge by Money.* 1.60 So that in time all Houses and Families in the Kingdom will be liable to the Payment of this Tax of Corn; which will bring in no small quantity of Provision to the King. Only Soldiers that are slain in the Wars, their Lands are free from the Payment of this Tax; but if they die naturally they are not. The Farmers all in general, besides their measures of Corn, pay a certain Duty in Money, with their Rents.

If they Sell or Alienate their Inheritances, the Kings accustomed Duties must not be diminished, whosoever buyeth or enjoyeth them. Neither is here any Land which doth not either pay, or do some Duty to the King. Only one case expected, and that is, if they give or de∣dicate Land to a Priest, as an Alms or Deed of Charity in God's Name.

On that there is never any more Tax or Duty to be imposed, as being sacrileg••••ns to take ought from one that belongs to the Temple. For∣merly the King had the Benefit of the trade of two Ports Cotiar and Por∣talone, unto each of which used to come yearly some twenty or thirty Sail of small Vessel, which brought considerable Customs in.* 1.61 But now the Hollander has deprived him of both, suffering no Vessels to come.

The King hath several Treasure houses, and in several places, in Cities and Towns, where always are Guards of Soldiers to watch them both day and night.* 1.62 I cannot certainly declare all that is contained in them. There are Precious Stones such as his Land affords, mony, but not very much, Cloth, and what he hath got by Shipwrack, Presents, that have been sent him from other Nations, Elephants-teeth, Wax, good store of Arms, as Guns, Bowes and Arrows, Pikes, Halberds, Swords, Ammunition, store of Knives, Iron, Tallipat-Leaves, where∣of one will cover a large Tent, Bedsteads, Tables, Boxes, Mats of all sorts. I will not adventure to declare further the Contents of his Treasuries, les•• I may be guilty of a mistake. But sure I am he hath plenty of all such things, as his Land affords. For he is very Provi∣dent, and Careful to be well furnished with all things. And what he does abound with, he had rather it should lye and rot, then be imbe∣zelled and wasted, that is, distributed among his Servants, or Slaves; of which he hath great store.

He hath some hundreds o•• Elephants,* 1.63 which he keepeth tame, and could have as many more as he pleaseth; but altho not catched, yet they are all his, and at his Command when he pleaseth.

It is frequently reported and I suppose is true,* 1.64 that both he and his Predecessors, by the distress they have been driven to by the Por∣tuguezes, have cast some store of Riches into the great River, Ma••vela∣gonga, running by the City, in deep holes among Rocks, which is irrecoverable, and into a made Pond by the Palace in the City of Can∣de, or Hingodegul••neur. Wherein are kept to this day two Alliga∣tors, so that none dare go into the water for fear of being devoured by them. And often times they do destroy Cows, that go to drink there. But this Pond by cutting the Bank might easily be drain∣ed.

To conclude, the Land that is under his jurisdiction, is all his,* 1.65 with the People, their Estates, and whatsoever if affords, or is there∣in. But that which he doth chiefly value and esteem, are Toys and Novelties, as Hawks, Horses, Dogs, strange Birds, and Beasts, and particularly a spotted Elephant, and good Arms, of which he hath no want.

CHAP. V. Of the Kings great Officers, and the Governours of the Provinces••

THere are two, who are the greatest and highest Officers in the Land.* 1.66 They are called Adigars, I may term them Chief Iudg∣es; under whom is the Government o•• the Cities, and the Countries

also in the Vacancy of other Governors. All People have liberty in default of Iustice to appeal to these Adiga••s•• or if their causes and diffe••rences be not decided by their Governours according to their minds.

To these there are many Officers and Sergeants belonging. All which, to be known, carry slaves in their hands like to Band••e••, the crooked end uppermost, which none but they dare carry. The sight of which slaves, upon what message soever they be sent, signifies as much as the Adigars Hand and Seal. If the Adigar be ignorant in what belong•• to his place and office, these men do instruct him what and how to do The like is in all other places which the King bestows: if they know not what belongs to their places, there are Inferiour Officers under them, that do teach and direct them how to Act.

* 1.67Next under the Adigars, are the Dissauva's, who are Governours over Provinces and Counties of the Land. Each Province and Coun∣ty has its Governour: but all Governours are not Dissauva's, nor other great Officers known by other names of Titles, as R••teraut•• and ••••••anies•• But all these Generals or Chief Commanders, who have a certain number of Soldiers under them. These great men are to provide, that good orders be kept in the Countries over which they are placed, and that the Kings accustomed dutie be brought in due season to the Count. They have Power also to decide controversies between the People of their Iurisdiction, and to punish contentions and disorderly persons•• which they do chiefly by amercing a Fine from them, which is for their Pro••fit, for it is there own: and also by committing them Prison. Into which when they are once fallen, no means without mony can get them out again.* 1.68 But be the ••ac•• never so hainous (Murther it ••ell) they can put none to death. The sentence of death being pronoun¦ced only by the King. They also are sent upon expeditions in War with their Soldiers, and give Attendance, and watch at Court in their appointed Stations.

These Dissauva's are also to see that the Soldiers in their Coun∣tries do come in due season and order for that purpose.

* 1.69They are appointed by the King himself, not for life, but during his good pleasure. And when they are dead or removed, oftentimes their places lay void, somtimes for months, somtimes pe••haps for years•• during which time the Adigar rules and governs those Coun∣tries: and for his labour receiveth all such Incoms and Profits as are ac∣customed and of right do belong to the Governour.

* 1.70The King when he advances any to be Dissauva's, or to any other great Office regards not their ability or sufficiency to perform the same, only they must be persons of good rank, and gentile extrac••ion: and they are all naturally discreet and very solid, and so the si••ter for the Kings employment. When he firs•• promotes them, he shews them great testimonies of his Love and ••avour, (especially to those that are Christians, in whose service he imposeth greater confidence than in his own people, concluding, that they will make more con••••••ence of their ways, and be more ••aithful in their Office) and give•• them a Sword, the hil•• all carved and inlaid with Silver and Brass very handsomly, the Scabberd also covered with Silver, a Knife and H••lbe••d: and lastly, a Town or Towns for their maintenance. The benefit of which i••, that all the Profit•• which before the King received from those Towns•• now accrues un••o the Kings Officer. These Towns are composed of all

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And in the discharge of this his Office, he may call in the assistance of any man.

* 1.71The next Officer under the Governor is the Liannah. The Writer. Who reads Letters brought, and takes accounts of all Business, and of what is sent away to the Court: He is also to keep Registers, and to write Letters, and to take notice of things happening.

* 1.72Next to him is the Vndia. A word that signi••ieth a lump. He is a Person that gathers the King's Money: and is so fly led because he ga∣thereth the King's Monies together into a lump.

* 1.73After him is the Monnannah. The Measurer. His Place is to go and measure the Corn that grows upon the King's Land. Or what other Corn belongeth to him.

The Power of these Officers extends not all a whole Coun••ty or Province over, but to a convenient part of division of i••. To w••••, so much as they may well manage themselves. And there are several ••ets of the like Officers appointed over other Portions of the Coun••••••••. As with us there are divers Hundreds or Division•• in a County. To each of which are distinct O••••icers belonging.

* 1.74These Officers can exercise their Authority, throughout the whole Division over which they are constituted, excepting some certain Towns, that are of exempt jurisdiction. And they are of two sort•• First, such Towns as belong to the Idol-Temples, and the Priests, hav¦ing been given and bestowed on them long ago by former Kings. And secondly, The Towns, which the King allots to his Noblemen and Servants. Over these Towns thus given away, neither the ••ore••mentioned Officers, nor the chie•• Magistrate himself hath any Power. But those to whom they are given and do belong to, do put in their own Officers, who serve to the same purposes as the abovesaid do

* 1.75But these are not all the Officers: there are others, who••e place it is, upon the Death of any Head of a Family to ••etch away the King's Marrals, Harriots as I may call them; Viz. a Bull and a C••w, a Male and Female Buffalo, out of his Stock. Which is accustomably due to the King, as I have mentioned before. And others, who in Harvest time carry away certain measures of Co••n out of every Man's Crop according to the rate of their Land.

* 1.76These Inferior Officers commonly get their Places by Bribery; Their Children do pretend a right to them after their Father's Death, and will be preferred before others, greazing the Magistrate.

* 1.77None of these have their Places for life; and no longer than the Governor pleaseth. And he pretty often removes them or threatens to do so upon pretence of some neglects, to get Money from them. And the People have this privilege, that upon Complaint made o•• any of these Officers, and request that they may be changed and others made. They must be displaced, and others put in; but not at their Choice, but at the Choice of the Chief Magis••rate, or Owner of the Town.

* 1.78For the hearing Complaints and doing Iustice among Neigh∣bours, here are Countrey-Courts o•• Iudicature, consisting of these Officers, together with the Head-Men of the Places and Towns, where the Courts are kept:* 1.79 and these are called Gom sabbi, as much as to say•• Town-Consultations. But if any do not like, and is loath to stand by what they have determined, and think themselves wronged, they

may appeal to their Head Governor, that dwells at Court; but it is cha••geable, for he must have a ••eg. They may appeal also from him to the Adigars, or the ••hi•••• Iu••••••••s of the Kingdom. But whoso gives the greatest Bribe•• he shall overcome. For it is a common say••ing in this Land. That he that has M••ney to see the Iudge, needs not fear nor ••are, whether his cause ••e right or not. The greatest Punishment that these Iudges can in••l•••••• upon the greatest Malefactors, is but Im¦prisonment. From which Money will release them.

S••me have adventured to Appeal to the King sometimes;* 1.80 ••alling down on the ground before him at his coming ••orth, which is the manner of their obe••sance to him, to complain o•• Injustice. Some∣times he will give order to the great ones to do them r••ght, and some••times ••id them wa••••, until he is pl••ased ••o hear the Cause, whi••h is not suddenly: for he is very slow in all his Business: neither dare they then depart from the Court, having, been hidden to stay. Where they stay till they are weary, being at Expence, so that the Rem••dy is worse than the Disease. And sometimes again when they thus ••all before him, he commands to ••e••t them and put them in Chains for troubling of him; and perhaps in that Condition they may lay for some years.

The King's great Officers when th••y go abroad into the Countri••••, about the King's Business,* 1.81 they go attended with a number of Sol∣diers, armed both before and behind them; their Sword if not by their side, a Boy carrieth after them, neither do they carry their Swords for their safety or security. For in travelling here is little or no dan∣g••r at all. But it is out of State, and to shew their greatness. The Custom is that all their journey Victuals ••e prepared for them ready dressed; and if their Business requires hast•• then it is brought on a Pole on a Man's shoulder, the Pots that hold it hanging on each end, so that nothing can be spilt out into the road; and this is got ready against the great Man's coming. So that they are at no charge for Diet: It is brought in at the charge of the Countrey. But however this is not ••or all his Soldiers that attend him (they must bring their own Provisions with them) but only for himself, and some of his Captains.

The greatest Title that is allowed in the City to be given to the greatest Man is Oussary,* 1.82 which signifieth Worshipful. But when they are abroad from the King, men call them S••hattu and Dis••ond••ew, ••m¦plying, Honour and Ex••ellency. These Grande••s whensoever they walk abroad, their manner is in State to lean upon the arm of some Man or Boy. And the Adigar besides this piece of State, wheresoever he goes, th••re is one with a great Whip like a Coach-whip goes before him slashing it, that all People may have notice that the Adigar is coming.

But there is something comes after,* 1.83 that makes all the Honour and Wealth of these great Courtiers not at all desirable: and that is•• that they are so abnoxious to the King's displeasure. Which is a thing so customary, that it is no disgrace for a Nobleman to have been in Chains•• nay and in the Common Goal too. And the great Men are as ready when the King Commands, to lay hold on one another, as he to command them: and glad to have the Honour to be the King's Executioners, hoping to have the Place and Office of the Executed.

When any of these are thus dispatched, commonly he cuts off or im∣pri••oneth all the Male kind, that are near of ••in, a•• Sons or Brothers. ••••aring they should plot revenge, and seizes on all the Estate. And as ••or the Family, after Examination with Punishment to make them con••ess where the Estate lyes, they have Monthly Allowance out o•• the ••ame. But the Wise or Women-Kindred are now nothing at all in es••eem ••or Honorable Ladies as they were before. Yet sometimes he will send for the Sons or Brothers o•• these whom he hath cut of•• ••or T••aitors, and remand them out o•• the Prisons where he had committed them, and prefer them in honorable Employment.

* 1.84It is generally reported, and I have seen it so, that those whom he prefers unto the greatest and weightiest Imployments are those whom he intends soon to cut of••, and contrariwise those whom he doth a••••ect, and intends to have longer Service o••, shall not be so laden with Places and Honours. Howbeit altho they know and see this before their eyes daily, yet their hearts are so haughty and ambitious, that their desires and endeavours are to ascend unto the highest degrees o•• honour: tho that be but one remove from Death and utter Destru∣ction. And the Women's ambition is so great also, that they will put their Husbands on to seek for Preferment, urging how dishonorable it is ••or them to sit at home like Women, that so they may have re∣spect, and be reputed for great Ladies.

CHAP. VI. Of the King's Strength and Wars.

* 1.85IT remains now that I speak a little o•• the King's Military Affairs. His Power consists, in the natural Strength o•• his Countrey, in his Watches, and in the Craft, more than the Courage, o•• his Soldiers.

* 1.86He hath no Artificial Forts or Castles, but Nature hath supplied the want o•• them. For his whole Countrey o•• Cande Vda, standing upon such high Hills, and those so difficult to pass, is all an Impregnable Fort: and so is more especially Digligy neur his present Palace. These Places have been already described at large; and therefore I omit speak∣ing any ••urther of them here.

* 1.87There are cons••ant Watches set in convenient places in all parts of the Countrey, and Thorn-gates: but in time of danger, besides the ordi∣nary Watches, in all Towns, and in all places and in every cross Road, exceeding thick, that 'tis not possible for any to pass unobserved. Th••se Thorn-gates which I here mention and have done be••ore, are made of a sort of Thorn bush or Thorn-tree; each stick or branch where∣of thrusts out on all sides round about, sharp prickles, like Iron Nails, of three or four inches long: one of these very Thorns I have lately seen in the Repository at Gresham College: These sticks or branches be∣ing as big as a good Cane, are platted one very close to another, and so being ••astned and tyed to three or four upright spars, are made in the ••ashion of a Door. This is hung upon a Door case some ten or twelve foot high, (so that they may, and do ride thro upon Elephants)

made of three pieces of Timber like a Gallows, after this manner •• the Thorn door hanging upon the transverse piece like a Shop win∣dow; and so they lift it up, or clap it down, as there is occasion: and tye it with a Rope to a cross Bar.

But especially in all Roads and Passages from the City where the King now Inhabits,* 1.88 are very strict Watches set: which will suffer none to pass not having a Passport; which is the print of a Seal in clay: It is given at the Court to them that have Licence to go thrô the Wat∣ches. The Seals are di••••erent, according to the Profession of the Party: as to a Soldier the print o•• a man with a Pike on his Shoulder: to a Labourer, a Man with two Bags hanging on each end of a Pole upon his Shoulder, which is the manner they commonly carry their Loads. And to a white man, the Passport is the print of a Man with a Sword by his side, and a Hat on his head. And so many Men as there are in the Company, so many prints there must be in the Clay. There is not half the examination for those that come into the City, as for those that go out, whom they usually search to see what they carry with them.

To speak now of their Soldiery,* 1.89 their Expeditions and manner of Fight. Besides the Dissauvas, spoken of before, who are great Gene∣rals, there are other great Captains. As those they call Mote-Ralls; as much as to say, Scribes. Because they keep the Rolls or Registers of certain Companies of Soldiers, each containing 970 Men, who are under their Command. Of these Mote-Ralls, there are four principal. But besides these, there are smaller Commanders over Soldiers; who have their Places from the King, and are not under the Command of the former great ones.

All these both Commanders and common Soldiers must wait at the Court.* 1.90 But with this difference. The great Men must do it con∣tinually: each one having his particular Watch appointed by the King. But the private Soldiers take their turns of Watching. And when they go, they do carry all their Provisions for the time of their stay with them upon their Backs. These Soldiers are not listed, (listing Sol∣diers being only upon extraordinary occasions) but are by Succession the Son after the Father. For which Service they injoy certain Lands and Inheritances, which is instead of Wages or Pay.* 1.91 This duty if they omit or neglect, they loose or forfeit their Inheritance. Or if they please to be released or discharged, they may, parting with their Land. And then their Commander placeth another in their room; but so long as the Land lies void, he converts the Profits to his own proper use. And he that after takes it, gives a Bribe to the Comman∣der, who yet notwithstanding will not permit him to hold it above two or three years, unless he renew his Bribes.

The Soldiers of the High-Lands called Cande Vda,* 1.92 are dispersed all over the Land; so that one scarcely knows the other, the King not suffering many Neighbours and Townsmen to be in one Company: which hath always heretofore been so ordered for fear of Con∣spiracies.

When the King sends any of these Commanders with their Armies abroad to War or otherwise,* 1.93 sometimes they see not his face, but he sends out their Orders to them by a Messenger; sometimes admits them into his Presence, and gives them their Orders with his own

mouth, but nothing in Writing. And when several of them are sent together upon any Design, there is not any one appointed to be Chief Commander or General over the whole Army; but each one as being Chief over his own Men, disposeth and ordereth them according to his pleasure; the others do the like. Which sometimes begets disagree∣ment among themselves, and by that means their Designs are frustra∣ted. Neither doth he like or approve, that the great Commanders of his Soldiers should be very intimate or good Friends, lest they should conspire against him, nor will he allow them to disagree in such a de∣gree that it be publickly known and observed.

* 1.94And when there is any tidings to send the King, they do not send in general together by consent, but each one sends particularly by him∣self. And their common custom and practice is to inform what they can one against another, thinking thereby to obtain the most favour and good will from the King. By this means there can nothing be done or said, but he hath notice thereof.

* 1.95Being in this manner sent forth, they dare not return, altho they have per••ormed and finished the Business they were sent upon, until he send a special Order and Command to recall them.

When the Armies are sent abroad, as he doth send them very often against the Dutch, it goeth very hard with the Soldiers;* 1.96 who must carry their Victuals and Pots to dress it in upon their Backs, besides their Arms, which are Swords, Pikes, Bows and Arrows, and good Guns. As for Tents, for their Armies alwayes ly in the Fields, they carry Tallipat leaves, which are very light and convenient, along with them. With these they make their Tents: Fixing sticks into the ground, and laying other pieces of Wood overthwart, after the man∣ner of the roof of an House, and so lay their leaves over all, to shoot the Rains off. Making these Tents stronger or slighter, according to the time of their tarriance. And having spent what Provisions they carried out with them, they go home to fetch more. So that after a Month or two a great part of the Army is always absent.

* 1.97VVhensoever the King sends his Armies abroad upon any Expedition, the Watches beyond them are all secured immediately, to prevent any from passing to carry Intelligence to the Enemy. The Soldiers them∣selves do not know the Design they are sent upon, until they come there. None can know his intentions or meaning by his actions. For sometimes he sends Commanders with their Soldiers to ly in certain places in the Woods until farther order, or until he send Am∣munition to them. And perhaps when they have laid there long enough, he sends for them back again. And after this manner often∣times he catches the Hollanders before they be aware, to their great prejudice and dammage. He cares not that his great Men should be free-spirited or Valiant; if there be any better than the rest, them to be sure suddenly he cuts off, lest they might do him any mischief.

* 1.98In their War there is but little valour used, altho they do accom∣plish many notable Exploits. For all they do is by crafty Stratagems. They will never meet their Enemies in the Field, to give them a repulse by Battel,* 1.99 and force of Arms: neither is the Enemy like to meet with any opposition at their first goings out to invade the King's Coasts, the King's Soldiers knowing the adverse Forces are at first wary and vigilant, as also well provided with all Necessaries. But

their usual practice is to way lay them, and stop up the wayes before them: there being convenient places in all the Roads, which they have contrived for such purposes. And at these places the Woods are not suffered to be felled, but kept to shelter them from the sight of their enemies. Here they lye lurking, and plant their Guns between the Rocks and Trees, with which they do great damage to their Enemies before they are aware. Nor can they then suddenly rush in upon them, being so well guarded with Bushes and Rocks before them, thro which ••efore their Enemies can get, they flee carrying their great Guns upon their Shoulders and are gone into the Woods•• where it is impossible to find them, until they come them selves to meet them after the former manner.

Likewise they prepare against the enemies coming great bushy Trees, having them ready cut hanging only by withs which grow in the Wood; these as they march along they let fall among them with many shot and Arrows.

Being sent upon any design they are very circumspect to keep it hidden from the Enemies knowledg; by suffering only those to pass, who may make for their Benefit and advantage; their great endeavour being to take their Enemies unprovided and at unawares.

By the long wars first between them and the Portugueze,* 1.100 and since with the Hollander, they have had such ample experience, as hath much improved them in the art of War above what they were formerly. And many of the chief Commanders and Leaders of their Armies are men which formerly served the Portugueze against them. By which they come to know the disposition and discipline of Christian Armies. Insomuch as they have given the Dutch several overthrows, and taken Forts from them, which they had up in the Countrey.

Heretofore for bringing the head of an Enemy, the King used to to gratify them with some reward,* 1.101 but now the fashion is almost out of use. The ordering of their battel is with great security, there be∣ing very few lost in Fight. For if they be not almost sure to win the battel, they had rather not fight, than run any hazzard of loosing it.

If his men do not successfully accomplish the design he sends them upon,* 1.102 to be sure they shall have a lusty piece of work given them, to take revenge on them; for not using their weapons well he will exer∣cise them with other tools houghs and pickaxes, about his Palace. And during the time they stay to work, they must bring their Victuals with them not having monies there to buy: They cannot carry for above one month, and when their Provisions are all spent, if they will have any more, they must go home and fetch them. But that is not permitted them without giving a Fee to the Governour or his Overseer. Neither can they go without his leave, for besides the punish∣ment, the Watches which are in every Road from the Kings City will stop and seize them.

CHAP. VII. A Relation of the Rebellion made against the King.

* 1.103FOr the Conclusion of this Part, it will not be improper to relate here a dangerous rising of the People against the King. It happened in the year 1664. About which time appeared a fearful Blazing-Star. Iust at the Instant of the Rebellion, the Star was right over our heads. And one thing I very much wondred, at, which was that whereas before this Rebellion, the Tail stood away toward the Westward from which side the Rebellion sprung, the very night after (for I very well observed it) the Tail was turned and stood away to∣ward the Eastward. And by degrees it diminished quite away.

* 1.104At this time, I say, the people of this land, having been long and sore oppressed by this Kings unreasonable and cruel Government, had contrived a Plot against him. Which was to assault the Kings Court in the night, and to slay him, and to make the Prince his Son, King. He being then some twelve or fifteen years of age, who was then with his Mother the Queen in the City o•• Cande. At this time the King held his Court in a City called Nillemby. The Situation of which is far inferior to that of Cande, and as far beyond that of Digligy where he now is. Nillemby lyeth some fourteen miles southward of the City of Cande. In the place where this City stands it is reported by Tradition an Hare gave chase after a Dog, upon which it was con∣cluded that place was fortunate, and so indeed it proved to the King. It is invironed with Hills and Woods.

The time appointed to put their design in action was the one and twentieth of December 1664. about Twelve in the night.* 1.105 And having gotten a select company of men, how many well I know not, but as is supposed, not above two hundred, neither needed they many here, having so many Confederates in the Court; in the dead of the night they came marching into the City. The Watch was thought to be of their confedracy: but if he were not, it was not in his power to resist them. Howbeit afterwards, whether he were not, he was execu∣ed for it. The said men, being thus in the City, hastened and came down to the Court; and ••ell upon the great men, which then ••aid without the Palace upon Watch: since which by the Kings order they lye allways within the Palace. For they were well informed before who were for them and who not. Many who before were not intrusted to know of their design, were killed and wounded; and those that could, seeing the slaughter of others, got in unto the King.* 1.106 Who was walled about with a Clay-wall, thatched: that was all his strength. Yet these people feared to assault him, laying still until the morning. At which time the King made way to flee, fearing to stay in his Palace, endeavouring to get unto the mountains, and had not with him above fifty persons. There were horses went with him, but the wayes were so bad, that he could not ride. They were fain to drive an Elephant before him, to break the way through the Woods, that the King with his followers might pass.

As he fled they pursued him, but at a great distance, fearing to approach within shot of him. For he wanted not for excellent good Fowling pieces, which are made there.* 1.107 So he got safe upon a Moun∣tain, called Gauluda, some fifteen miles distant, where many of the In∣habitants, that were near, resorted to him. Howbeit had the people of the Rebel-party been resolute, who were the major part (almost all the Land;) this Hill could not have secured him, but they might have driven him from thence; there being many ways by which they might have ascended. There is not far from thence a high and peak∣ed hill called Mondamounour, where there is but one way to get up, and that very steep, at the top are great stones hanging in chains to let fall when need requireth. Had he fled hither, there had been no way to come at him. But he never will adventure to go, where he may be stopped in.

The People having thus driven away the old King,* 1.108 marched away to the City of Cande, and proclaimed the Prince, King: giving out to us English who were there, that what they had done they had not done rashly, but upon good Consideration, and with good advice; the King by his evil Government having occasioned it, who went a∣bout to destroy both them and their Countrey: As in keeping Am∣bassadours, disanulling of Trade, detaining of all people that come upon his Land, and killing of his Subjects and their Children, and not suffering them to enjoy nor to see their Wives. And all this was con∣trary to reason, and as, they were informed, to the Government of o∣ther Countries.

The Prince being young and tender,* 1.109 and having never been out of the Palace, nor ever seen any but those that attended on his person, as it seemed afterwards, was scared to see so many coming and bowing down to him, and telling him that he was King, and his Father was fled into the mountains. Neither did he say or act any thing, as not owning the business, or else not knowing what to say or do. This much discouraged the Rebells, to see they had no more thanks for their pains. And so all things stood until the five and twentieth of December, at which time they intended to march and fall upon the old King.

But in the Interim, the Kings Sister Flyes away with the Prince from the Court into the Countrey near unto the King;* 1.110 which so amazed the Rebells, that the mony and cloth and plunder which they had ta∣ken, and were going to distribute to the Strangers to gain their good will and assistance, they scattered about and fled. Others of their Company seeing the Business was overthrown, to make amends for their former fact, turned and fell upon their Consorts, killing and taking Prisoners all they could. The people were now all up in arms one against another, killing whom they pleas'd, only saying they were Rebells and taking their goods.

By this time a great man had drawn out his men, and stood in the Field, and there turned and publickly declared for the old King:* 1.111 and so went to catch the Rebells that were scattered abroad. Who when he understood that they were all fled, and no whole party or body left to resist him, marched into the City killing all that he could catch.

And so all revolted, and came back to the King again: whilst he only lay still upon his mountain.* 1.112 The King needed not to take care to catch or execute the Rebells, for they themselves out of their zeal

to him, and to make amends for what was past, imprisoned and kil∣led all they met; the Plunder being their own. This continued for some eight or ten days. Which the King hearing of, commanded to kill no more, but that whom they took they should imprison, until examination passed; which was not so much to save innocent persons from violence, as that he might have the Rebells to torment them, and make them confess of their Confederates. For he spared none that seemed guilty: some to this day lye chained in Prison, being ••eque∣stred of all their Estates, and beg for their living. One of the most no∣ted Rebells, called Ambom Wellaraul, he sent to Columba to the Dutch to execute, supposing they would invent new Tortures for him, be∣yond what he knew of. But they instead of executing him, cut off his chains, and kindly entertained him, and there he still is in the City of Columba, reserving him for some designs they may hereafter have a∣gainst the Countrey.

The King could but not be sensible, that it was his rigorous govern∣ment that had occasioned this Rebellion,* 1.113 yet amended it not in the least; but on the contrary like to Rehoboam, added yet more to the Peoples yoak. And being thus safely re-instated in his Kingdom again, and observing that the life of his Son gave encouragement to the Rebelli∣on, resolved to prevent it for the future by taking him away. Which upon the next opportunity he did by Poysoning him, which I have related before.

But one thing there is, that argues him guilty of imprudence and horrible ingratitude,* 1.114 that most of those that went along with him when he fled, of whose Loyalty he had such ample experience, he hath since cut off; and that with extreme cruelty too.

In the year 1666 in the month of February, there appeared in this Countrey another Comet or stream in the West,* 1.115 the head end under the Horizon, much resembling that which was seen in England in the year 1680 in December. The sight of this did much daunt both King and People, having but a year or two before felt the sad event of a Blazing-Star in this Rebellion which I have now related. The King sent men upon the highest mountains in the Land to look if they could perceive the head of it, which they could not, being still under the Horizon. This continued visible about the space of one month, and by that time it was so diminished, that it could not be seen. But there were no remarkable passages that ensued upon it.

[illustration]

A Vadda or Wild Man.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Govern∣ment of this Island.
• * 1.2

  The King's Lincage.
• * 1.3

  His Person, Meen, and Habit.
• * 1.4

  His Queen•• and Children.
• * 1.5

  His Palace, Situation and Description of it.
• * 1.6

  Strong Guards about his Court.
• * 1.7

  Next his own Person Negro's watch.
• * 1.8

  Spies sent out a Nights.
• * 1.9

  His atten∣dants.
• * 1.10

  Handsom wo∣men belong to his Kitchin••
• * 1.11

  His Women, and the Privi∣ledg of the Towns where they live.
• * 1.12

  His State when he walks in his Palace; or goes abroad.
• * 1.13

  His reception of ••••bassa∣dors.
• * 1.14

  His delight 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them.
• * 1.15

  Sparing i•• his Dyet.
• * 1.16

  After what manner he Eats.
• * 1.17

  Chast himself, and requires his Atten∣dants uo b•• so.
• * 1.18

  He ••ommi••••ed Iu••••st, but such a•• wa•• allow∣able.
• * 1.19

  His Pride.
• * 1.20

  How the peo∣ple Address to the King.
• * 1.21

  They give him divine worship.
• * 1.22

  Pleased with high ••ule••.
• * 1.23

  An ins••an•••• o•• ••wo o•• ••he King'•• haugh••y 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.24

  He sligh•••• the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of one of hi•• ••e•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.25

  He 〈…〉〈…〉 hi•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.26

  ••he Dut••h se••ve ••he•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 upon hi•• P••••de by ••la•• ••••••ing him.
• * 1.27

  The people giv•• way ••o the King's ••••••l ••loths.
• * 1.28

  Hi•• natural 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and dece••••••ul 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.29

  His wise say∣ing concern∣ing Runna∣wayes.
• * 1.30

  Naturally cruel.
• * 1.31

  The Dogs fol∣low Prisoners to execution.
• * 1.32

  The Kings Prisoners, their Misery.
• * 1.33

  He punishes whole gene∣rations for the•• sake of one.
• * 1.34

  The sad condi∣tion of young Gentlemen that wait on his Person.
• * 1.35

  His Pleasure Houses.
• * 1.36

  His Pastimes abroad.
• * 1.37

  His Diversion at h••m••.
• * 1.38

  H••s Religion.
• * 1.39

  How he stands affected to the Christian Re∣ligion.
• * 1.40

  His Govern∣ment Tyran∣nical.
• * 1.41

  His Policy.
• * 1.42

  He Farms out his Countrey for Service.
• * 1.43

  His Policy to secure himself from Assassina∣tion or Rebel∣lion.
• * 1.44

  Another point of ••i•• Policy.
• * 1.45

  Another, which is to find his Peo∣ple work to do.
• * 1.46

  A vast work undertaken and finished by the King.
• * 1.47

  The turning this water did great injury to the People.
• * 1.48

  But he little regards his Peoples good.
• * 1.49

  The King by craft at once both pleased and punish••d his People.
• * 1.50

  In what la∣bours he em∣ploys his Peo∣ple.
• * 1.51

  He ••oy••on•• his only Son.
• * 1.52

  The extraor∣dinary lamen∣tation at the death of his Sister.
• * 1.53

  His c••af•• and cru••lty sh••wn at once.
• * 1.54

  The King's 〈◊〉〈◊〉 brought three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the year.
• * 1.55

  The first 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••omp••••nded with a great Festival.
• * 1.56

  How the No∣bles being their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, of D••••••••s.
• * 1.57

  Inferior Per∣sons present their New-year Gifts.
• * 1.58

  What Taxes and Rents the People pay.
• * 1.59

  The acciden∣tal Incomes of the Crown.
• * 1.60

  The Profits that accrue to the King from Corn-Lands.
• * 1.61

  Custom of goods import∣ed formerly pa••d.
• * 1.62

  His Treasuries••
• * 1.63

  He has many Elephants.
• * 1.64

  Great Treasure thrown into the River for∣merly.
• * 1.65

  The Treasure he most valu∣eth.
• * 1.66

  Two greatest Officers in the Land.
• * 1.67

  The next great Officers.
• * 1.68

  None can put to death but the King.
• * 1.69

  These Dissauva's are du∣••ants bene ph••∣••••••••.
• * 1.70

  Whom the King makes Dissauva's. And their Pro∣•••••••• and Ho∣nours.
• * 1.71

  ••he Liannah.
• * 1.72

  The Undia.
• * 1.73

  The Monnan∣nah.
• * 1.74

  Some Towns ••xempt from the Pi••••uva's. Officers.
• * 1.75

  Other Officers 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.76

  These places obtained by B••••••es.
• * 1.77

  But remain only during pleasure.
• * 1.78

  Coun••rey-Courts.
• * 1.79

  They may ap∣peal.
• * 1.80

  Appeals to the King.
• * 1.81

  How th••s•• great Offi••ers ••rave upon publick Bu∣siness.
• * 1.82

  Their Titles and Signs of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.83

  The misery that succeeds their Honour.
• * 1.84

  The foolish ambition of the Men and Women of this Countrey.
• * 1.85

  The King's Military A••∣fairs.
• * 1.86

  The natural strength of his Countrey.
• * 1.87

  Watches and Thorn-gates.
• * 1.88

  None to pass from the Kings City without Pasports.
• * 1.89

  Their Soldie∣ry.
• * 1.90

  All Men of Arms wait at Court.
• * 1.91

  The Soldiers have Lands al∣lotted them in∣stead of Pay.
• * 1.92

  To prevent the Soldiers from Plotring••
• * 1.93

  The manner of sending them out o•• Expedition••.
• * 1.94

  The King re∣quire•• all the Captains sin∣gly to send him intelli∣gence of their Affairs.
• * 1.95

  When the War is finished they may not re∣turn without order.
• * 1.96

  The Condition of the com∣mon Soldiers.
• * 1.97

  He conceals his purpose, when he sends out his Army.
• * 1.98

  Great exploits done, and but little Courage.
• * 1.99

  They work chiefly by Stratagems.
• * 1.100

  They under∣stand the man∣ner of Chri∣stian Armies.
• * 1.101

  They seldom hazzard a battel.
• * 1.102

  If they prove unsuccessful, how he puni∣shes them.
• * 1.103

  A Comet ush∣ered in the Rebellion.
• * 1.104

  The intent of the Conspi∣rators.
• * 1.105

  How the Re∣bellion began.
• * 1.106

  The King Flyes.
• * 1.107

  They pursue him faintly.
• * 1.108

  They go to the Prince and Proclaim him King.
• * 1.109

  The carriage of the Prince.
• * 1.110

  Upon the Princes Flight, the Rebells scatter and run.
• * 1.111

  A great man declares for the King.
• * 1.112

  For eight or ten days no∣thing but kil∣ling one ano∣ther to ap∣prove them∣selves good Subjects.
• * 1.113

  The King poy∣sons his Son to prevent a Rebellion hereafter.
• * 1.114

  His ingrati∣tude.
• * 1.115

  Another Co∣met, but with∣out any bad effects follow∣ing it.