Mores hominum = The manners of men / described in sixteen satyrs by Juvenal, as he is published in his most authentick copy, lately printed by command of the King of France ; whereunto is added the invention of seventeen designes in picture, with arguments to the satyrs ; as also explanations to the designes in English and Latine ; together with a large comment, clearing the author in every place wherein he seemed obscure, out of the laws and customes of the Romans, and the Latine and Greek histories, by Sir Robert Stapylton, Knight.

The Comment UPON THE SEVENTH SATYR.

VErse 1. Caesar.] The Emperor Domitian; such a favourer of learned men, that he sent many of the Virtuosi out of this world to perfect their knowledge in the next: and to the rest he gave an opportunity of following their studies in this life, by impri∣soning or banishing of them: Yet some few Poets, and very noble ones, tasted of his bounty, as Martial and Statius; both which he favoured, the first for his own sake, the other upon the score of his Minion the Player Paris, for whom Statius writ the Tragedy of Agave, and was well paid for his wit by Paris, that taught his great Master the art of incou∣raging some Scholars. Therefore Juvenal in this Satyr commends both Domitian and Paris, but you may see it is for fault of a better; the Satyr appears through the Complement.

Verse 4. Gabian Baths.] Gabium was a beggerly Volscian Town (See the Comment upon Sat. 3.) To be Master of a Bath there, was no bet∣ter then a Fire-maker's place in a Bath at Rome.

Verse 6. Aganippe's Vale.] Aganippe's Valley and Spring were in a so∣litary

part of Boeotia, consecrated to the Muses. But instead of withdrawing to such privacie, as the old Poets used, want of Patrons and hunger forces the new ones, as Cryers of goods to be sold, to come upon a Stage built for that purpose, in large Courts where Chapmen might have room to flock about them.

Verse 7. Clio,] One of the Nine Muses; her name signifies Glory: Hesiod. Theog. because glory is the aim of Poets. She was the Inventress of History, transmitting to posterity the actions of gallant men: Virg. de 9. Mus. VVas it not pitty that so noble a Muse for plain hunger should turn Cryer?

Verse 9. Machaera,] A Cryer of Goods set to sale, one that was in Juvenal's time, as well known at Rome, as He is now about London that cryes Stockins for the whole Family.

Verse 13. Halcyone.] Halcyone was Daughter to Neptune and Wife to Ceyx. She sailing to the Oracle was shipwrackt, and being impatient cast her self into the Sea: but the Gods in pitty would not suffer her to be drowned; and therefore turned her into a Kings-fisher: Ovid. lib. 11.

Verse 14. Tereus] King of Thrace, Son to Mars by the Nymph Bi∣stonis. He married Progne, that (finding, by her Sister Philomel's needle∣work, who had cut out her tongue, and why he did it) called a Councell of her Gossips the Maenades, that were met to celebrate the Orgies of Bacchus; where by a general vote it was resolved, that she should treat her Husband, all the dishes at the Table being made out of his young Son Itys, severally cooked; and that, for a second course, one of the Gos∣sips should bring in the head of his Son Itys, and another the ravished Philomela. How all these four Princes were transformed, if you remember not Ovid, you may turn to the end of the Comment upon Sat. 6.

Verse 14. Oedipus,] Son to Laius and Jocasta King and Queen of Thebes. VVhen Jocasta was with childe of him, the King sent to the Oracle to know the fortune of his Ofspring, it was answered, The Queen would be delivered of a Son that should kill his Father. Laius, to pre∣serve himself, when the Child was born, gave him to a Shepherd, charging the man, upon pain of his own life, to destroy the Infant. The Shep∣herd durst not obey the King, for accounting to the Gods; neither durst he disobey him, for fear of his threatnings; therefore he chose a middle way, and thrusting a Sword through the feet of the poor Babe, into the holes he put twigs of VVicker, by which he hung him upon a tree, thinking that want of sustenance would soon make an end of him. The Shepherd at his return to Court shewed the bloody sword to the King, confidently assuring his Majesty that his pleasure was fulfilled. But Phorbas, Shepherd to Polybius King of Corynth, going through the VVood (perhaps to make a visit to his Brother Shepherd) heard the Child, ran in, and took it down. Returning with all speed to Corynth, he presented the Babe, as a great rarity both of Fortune and Nature, to the Queen his Mistress, that was Childless. The Infant so pleased the Queen, that, as if the Gods had sent her a Child from Heaven, she bred him up as her own; and from the tumour of his feet, which his wounds had swelled, she called him Oedipus. VVhen he grew to be a good big Youth, and understood he was not Son to Polybius, he resolved to finde out his own Father. To this end he consulted the Oracle, that bid him goe directly to Phocis, where he should meet his Father: when he came thither, the Phocians were in an Uproar; which Laius coming to sup∣press, in the tumult Oedipus, not knowing him to be his Father, slew him. Then conceiving himself to be deluded by the Oracle, Oedipus, being

out of hope to finde his Father, fell upon a new designe, undertaking the Sphinx, a Monster with a womans face, birds wings, and a dog's body. This Chimaera, from her fortification upon a Mountain in The∣bes, plundered and destroyed that Kingdome: nor would Apollo pro∣mise any end to their miseries, till one came that could resolve the Mon∣ster's riddle. To such a knowing person Creon King of Thebes (that suc∣ceeded his Son in Law Laius) offered in marriage the new Widow, his Daughter Jocasta. Many gallant men had died in the attempt, yet that was no discouragement to Oedipus, when a Kings Daughter was the prize for which his life was to be ventured. To the fatall place came Oedipus, and by the Sphinx was presently asked, What is't, That in the morning is a four-footed creature, two-footed at noon, at night three-footed? he answered, a Man; that in his infancy creeps upon hands and feet; in his full strength goes upright on his leggs; and in his decrepit age borrows one leg of the Carpenter, walking with a staffe. For grief to have her Aenigma thus unriddled, the Sphinx brake her neck; a for∣tune that Oedipus might well envy: for his was far sadder, to be rewarded with the marriage of his own mother Jocasta. But time at last unfolded to Oedipus the Riddle of his own fortunes. And when he knew that he had killed his Father, and married his Mother, in a rage he pluckt out his own eyes: and would have killed himself, but his hand was held by his Daughter Antigone, that led her blinde Father out of Thebes, when he was banished by Creon: Senec. in Oedip. and after Seneca I doubt a Theban Tragedy writ by Faustus would hardly sell, unless a rare Cryer preferred it: See Stat. in Thebaid.

Verse 17 Asian.] Asian Slaves in the first edition: in the second, Ro∣man Knights.

Verse 19. Bithynian.] Bithynia is a Region of the lesser Asia, lying right against Thrace along the Pontick Sea; for which reason Bithynia had once the name of Pontus: Euseb. Afterwards a People of Thrace that were called Thynians, passing over and possessing themselves of Pontus, it took from them the name of Bithynia: Plin. lib. 1. ca. 31. Divers other appellations this Country had, but was famous by no name at all, but this which my Author seems to give it, viz. a Nursery of Knights of the Post: it is only memorable for Hannibal, that was buried at Libyssa.

Verse 20. Gallograecia.] Juvenal calls it new France; the ancient name was Galatia. When the Galls grew to be so populous that France could not contain them, first with sword and fire they over-ran Italy, took Rome, and straightly besieged the Capitol; but Camillus routed them and freed his own Country: See the Comment upon Sat. 2. Then the Galls, that like a Sea-breach had overflowed all Italy, after the storm was over, continued rolling: and loosing on the Roman side, got ground again in Greece and Macedon; from thence, led by their General Le∣onorus the Grecians joyning, they passed into Asia, where, by consent of the King of Bithynia, they planted themselves in a part of his Dominions, which was afterward called Gallograecia.

Verse 27. Thelesine,] A Poet, to whom (as some think) Juvenal writ this Satyr.

Verse 28. Vulcan,] God of fire: See the Comment upon Sat. 1.

Verse 33. Ivy.] Poets were crowned with Bayes, Oak, Parsley and Ivy.

Verse 36. Boyes Peacocks praise.] Children are much taken with the colours and beauty of the Peacock's Plumes, them they commend, but they give him nothing: if they can get a Peacock, they will pull his fea∣thers,

and take from him that which they commended. In point of Vain-glory the Poet much resembles the Peacock, as he is described by Ovid. de Art. lib. 1.

Laudatas ostendit avis Junonia pennas: Si tacitus spectes, illa recondit opes. Praise but the Peacock, and he spreads his Train: Say nothing, and he shuts it up again.

Verse 40. Terpsicore,] One of the Nine Muses, the Inventress of Musick and Dancing. In her the greatest part of man's life rejoyces: Plutarch.

Verse 42. God.] Apollo.

Vers. 46. Maculonus,] One of the Peacock-praisers, that accomo∣dated the reading Poets with his house, and furnished them with voices to cry them up, but bestowed nothing upon them.

Verse 49. Pit.] By the Pit and Scaffolds for the People, and the Or∣chestra for the Nobility, you may cleerly see, that Roman Poets read their Works upon a Stage, as solemnly as our Playes are acted, and their audience was as great. An Instance whereof my Author here gives you in the Poet Statius.

To their dear Thebais the People throng, And to the sound of his inchanting tongue, When Statius with the promise of a day O're-joyes the Town; for in so sweet a way He reads his Poem, that to hear it spoke A lust affects the soul: yet when he broke The Benches with strong lines—

Verse 68. Aonian.] In Aonia (which is the mountanous part of Boe∣otia)

there is a Spring consecrated to the Muses, from which Aonian Fountain they are called Aonides.

Verse 69. Pierian Caves,] At the foot of the Mountain Parnassus were certain Caves full of the Pierian Muses Deity, according to Poe∣ticall tradition.

Verse 70. Thyrsus,] The Spear or Javelin wrapt with Ivy, which e∣very Priestess of Bacchus carried in her hand, when she sacrificed to her God, crying Eu, hoe, as you see in the Comment upon Sat. 6. In imi∣tation of these Javelin-bearers, Horace sacrifices one of his Odes to Bac∣chus, and begins the second Staffe with a cry like to theirs.

Ohe, recenti mens trepidat metu Plenoque Bacchi pectore turbidùm Laetatur; Ohe, parce Liber, Parce, gravi metuende thyrso. Ohe, with fear my mind's possest: Fill'd with the God of Wine, my breast Feels troubled joy; Ohe Iäccus Drop thy fear'd Thyrsus, spare me Bacchus.

Verse 80. Alecto,] That with her Snakes hissed Turnus into distraction: Virg. Aeneid. lib. 7. She is one of the Infernall Spirits that distract the mindes of guilty persons, therefore called Erinnes by the Greeks. The Furies are wicked thoughts, frauds, and hainous crimes of vitious men, which day and night torment their consciences: Cic. in Orat. pro Rosc.

Verse 87. Rubren Lappa,] A poor, but an excellent, Tragick Poet; therefore my Author thinks it just, that he should have as considerable a Pension from the State of Rome, as the Common-wealths of Greece al∣lowed to the Ancients for their Tragedies: Then should not Rubren be

necessitated to pawn his Books and Cloak to Atreus the Broker.

Verse 89. Numitor,] Another Maculonus, such a one as would not stick to call a Poet friend; but yet not part with a penny to keep his friend from sterving, though he could spare money enough to maintain a Wench and a Lion. That Juvenal meant this by some great person is apparent in the very name. For, Numitor was King of Alba, deposed by his younger Brother Amulius, who slew Lausus Son to Numitor, and made his Daughter Rhea Sylvia a Vestall Nun; that under pretence of a sacred Honour he might oblige her to Virginity. But she was got with Child (as the Romans believed) by God Mars; a miracle that was no point of faith at Alba. For Rhea suffered the rigor of the Law, being for breach of her vow buried quick in the bank of Tiber: sentence passing upon her Twins, that they should be drowned in the River; but they were cast a-shore, and found (sucking at the breasts of a VVolfe) by the Shepheard Faustulus. VVhen they came to be men, they slew their Uncle Amulius, restoring the Kingdome to their Father Numitor.

Verse 95. Lucan,] The rich and noble Poet that writ in Heroick verse the Civill VVars between Caesar and Pompey,for which Poem Nero put him to death. He was born at Corduba in Spain, and Nephew to Se∣neca that writ the Tragedies.

Verse 97. Bassus.] Saleius Bassus and Sarranus lived in Domitians time, and were good Poets though poor men.

Verse 101. Statius.] Papinius Statius, a Neopolitan, born of noble Pa∣rents: his Ancestors were Epirots: his Father Papinius for his eru∣dition and integrity was made a Citizen of Naples, where he begot this Poet, that writ the Tragedy of Agave, the Poem called the Woods, began another of Achilles, and hath left us in twelve Books his Thebais

here mentioned by my Author, that calls it the Mistress of the people of Rome: they so courted it when Statius gave notice that he would read.

Verse 111. Paris,] The handsome young Player; you read of him in the Comment upon Sat. 6. in the Designe before it, you see him acting to the Ladies; and one of them, viz. Hippia, leaving him with more re∣gret then all her other relations.

Regardless of her Husband's reputation, The honour of her Sister, House and Nation, She left her crying Babes: what may amaze Thee yet more, she left Paris and the Playes.

He was, when Juvenal writ this Satyr, Favourite to Domitian Caesar: and neither the Camerini nor the Bareae, nor any other Lord in Rome so liberall to the Poets, his old Masters. To Statius he gave money; to o∣thers the Emperor's Commissions to be Praefects, Governours of Pro∣vinces; or to be Tribunes, Colonels of foot. Little thought Juvenal when he said this, that Paris would make him one of the number of his Poet-Colonels: but you may see him in the head of his Regiment, in the Designe before Sat. 16.

Verse 106. Agave.] The Tragedy of Agave, Daughter to Cadmus and Hermione, & Wife to Echion of Thebes, by whom she had Pentheus, that being no lover of wine, and therefore a despiser of the Orgies of Bacchus: when he was King of Thebes was cut in pieces by the Maenades, his own Mother Agave being one of the Bacchanalian Murdresses: Hor. S. l. 1. Sat. 3.

Quid? caput abscissum demens cùm portat Agave, Gnati infoelicis, sibi tum furiosa videtur? What? in her hand when wild Agave had Her Sons head, did she think that she was mad?

Verse 113. Pelopea.] The Tragedy of Pelopea, the incestuous Daugh∣ter to Thyestes. She had by her Father a very lovely Boy. Lest her abomination should come to light, she left him to be devoured by wilde beasts: but a Shepherd prevented her, took home the Infant, and made it the nurse-Child to a Goat, from which his name of Aegisthus was de∣rived: the same Aegisthus, that like the Son of such a Father, lived in A∣dultery with Clytemnestra, and assisted her in the murder of his Cosen, her Husband Agamemnon, as you may see in the Comment upon Sat. 1.

Verse 114. Philomela.] The Tragedy of Philomela and Progne: read the Comment upon Sat. 6.

Verse 116. Proculeius,] A Roman Knight, very bountifull to his friends and neerest kindred: Horace,

Vivet extento Proculeius aevo, Notus in fratres animi paterni. May old Age Proculeius own, That's for his brothers father known.

Verse 116. Maecenas,] The Patron to Virgil and Horace. On the last he bestowed whole Sabine Lordships, and would have given him more, if Horace had asked it: which he records to all posterity in his Ode that begins Inclusam Danaën. The first part of the Ode you have in the Comment upon Sat. 6. almost all the remainder concerns the bounty of Maecenas, therefore I shall here joyn it to the rest.

—concidit auguris Argivi domus, ob lucrum Demersa excidio. Diffidit urbium Portas vir Macedo, & subruit aemulos

Reges muneribus; munera navium Saevos illaqueant duces. Crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam, Majorum{que} fames. Jure perhorrui Latè conspicuum tollere verticem, Maecenas, equitum decus. Quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit, A Diis plura feret. Nil cupientium Nudus castra peto, & transfuga divitum Partes linquere gestio: Contemptae Dominus splendidior rei, Quàm si, quicquid arat non piger Appulus Occultare meis dicerer horreis, Magnas inter opes inops. Purae rivus aquae, sylváque jugerum Paucorum, & segetis certa fides meae: Fulgentem imperio fertilis Africae Fallit sorte beatior. Quanquam nec Calabrae mella ferunt apes, Nec Laestrigonia Bacchus in amphora Languescit mihi, nec pinguia Gallicis Crescunt vellera pascuis: Importuna tamen pauperies abest; Nec si plura velim, tu dare deneges. Contracto meliùs parva cupidine Vectigalia porrigam: Quàm si Mygdoniis regnum Alyattici

Campis continuem. Multa petentibus Desunt multa. Benè est cui deus obtulit Parca, quod satis est, manu. The Argive Augur's house ne're shrunk Till bribes had shook it, then it sunk. King Philip beat down City-gates, And foil'd with gifts his rivall-States. Gifts Pirats tame; yet with our store Our cares increase, and thirst of more. Noblest Maecenas, to appear Too great was justly still my fear. The more we to our selves deny The more the Gods give: naked I With those that nothing covet joyn, A Fugitive from men of coin; Yet greater Lord of what I scorn, Then if my Barnes held all the corn, Reap't by the stiffe Appulian Boor; And I were mid'st those riches poor. My seed's firm faith, a chrystall Flood, A little quantity of Wood, Is happiness He never knows That in rich Tyrian purple goes. Calabrian Honey my poor Bees Yield not, nor Wine on aged Lees In Laestrigonian Casks I keep: No fat French Pasture feeds my Sheep;

And yet I feel no begging Want, Though should I beg, thou more would'st grant. Desire restrain'd, my trouble's less Then if what Midas did possess, And Craesus too were mine: For such As covet much, want ever much. He's blest, to whom the Gods dispense Enough, though but a competence.

The two things which Horace here labours to express, are, his own Mode∣sty and the Bounty of his Patron Maecenas: as for Juvenal you may please to take notice, that although he never uses the name of Maecenas (I mean in a metaphorical sense) but only for a voluptuary; yet when he mentions Maecenas as himself, he ranks him with the noblest Patrons of the Learned.

Verse 117. Fabius, Lentulus, or Cotta.] For the munificence of Fabius Maximus, I shall referre you to Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 3. and to Plinius Secundus de Viris illustr. You see Cotta in the List with gallant Piso and Seneca Sat. 5. The state of Lentulus at the birth of a Son you read in Sat. 6. and in this place his liberality to the Poets.

Verse 140. Lacerta,] The Emperor Domitian's Coachman.

Verse 144. Ajax,] (Viz.) a Lawyer that pleads as fiercely as Ajax in Ovid. lib. 13. Metam.

Verse 152. Monethly.] Every moneth from Aegypt to Rome came Ships that brought good store of Onions, as a Commodity vendible to the Romans, and not to be eaten by the tender consciences of the Aegyp∣tians, that held Onions to be things sacred, Sat. 15.

To strike a Leek or Onion with the edge Of the presumptious teeth, is Sacriledge.

Verse 153. Tyber-Watermen,] That would not fail, when they carried wine sent by a Client, to drink and fill up the bottles with water; so that a poor Lawyer had his fees, viz. his Present of wine qualified with an allay from the River.

Verse 157. Aemylius,] A wealthy Lawyer; but his Statue on horse∣back in Brass (with a Spear in his hand, as if he were charging the ene∣my) was as good a Souldier as he was an Advocate.

Verse 163. Pedo.] Pedo and Tongillus were Advocates, that being poor men, had an ambition to be thought rich, and spent so much, only to make a shew, that it broke them: the last-named being so curious, that he would not be nointed after bathing with oile dropped out of common Distillatories, but from the pretious Horn of the Rhinoceros, a beast that hath a deadly feud with the Elephant: what a great eater he was Martial tells us.

Omnes Tongillum medici jussêre lavari O stulti! febrim creditis esse, gula est. All Doctors bid Tongillus use the Bath: Not th' Ague (fools!) the gluttony he hath.

Now Matho was a Purchasor as Martial also tells us: yet it should seem he was undone by his expences in feeding his fat paunch, and maintaining the Ushers and Train that attended his new Sedan: Sat. 1.

Verse 167. Medians,] Lusty Median Slaves, Chair-bearers to Tongillus.

Verse 170. Myrrhin.] What a high value the Romans put upon Bolls made of Myrrh-tree, you see by the commands which the imperious Wife layes on her Husband, to make a voyage in Winter (when Mer∣chants

durst not venture their Ships) only to furnish her with rarities, Chrystalls, Myrrhin Bolls and Diamonds: Sat. 6.

What neighbours have and she wants, he must buy; In Winter, when a-shore the Merchants lye: When the Icy Tow'r the Pilot's art controlls, Great Chrystalls he brings home, huge Myrrhin bolls; And the rich Diamond.—

Verse 192. Away to France.] The French taught the art of Pleading to our Country-men: Sat. 15.

We see the Greek and Roman Athens spread Ore th' Earth: by th' eloquent French Nation bred, Britains grow Lawyers.—

and well might the best French Orators practice at the Bar, when their Neighbours delighted so much in going to Law one with another, that Juvenal takes it for granted, a Lawyer poor at Rome would soon grow rich in France: no part of the World being more litigious, but only A∣frica, where Beggers would find money to commence a Suit.

Verse 196. Vettus,] Any Rhetorick-Master.

Verse 197. Tyrants.] The whole Context is

—O the Iron breast Of Vettus! that can those hard Theams digest, Which murder Tyrants.—

At first sight, this only seems to relate to common Rhetoricall Theams, wherein young Scholars incourage men to kill Tyrants: but if you look more narrowly into the Author's meaning, you will finde that he intends only to describe the sad condition of a Rhetorick-Master, that must endure to hear, over and over again, such declamations as have

been inflicted for a divine Judgement upon a Tyrant. Witness the Sy∣racusian Tyrant Dionysius, that beaten out of his Kingdome by Dion, taught School at Corinth, which is set forth by Diogenes the Cynick in one of his Epistles thus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, I came from Megara to Corinth, and passing through the Market-place, I light into a Schoole, where the boyes sate and did nothing. I asked them, Who is your Master? they answered, Dionysius the Sicilian Tyrant. I now, thinking they mocked me and spake this in jeast, went on to a Bench, and sate me down in expectation of their Schoole-master: for they said, he was called out in haste to the Market-place. And Dionysius presently returning, I rose up and saluted him, saying, This is not well Dionysius, that you should teach Schoole. He, conceiving that I condoled the loss of his Kingdome and bemoaned his present Misery, made this Answer, I am glad that yet Diogenes pitties me. But I, that had said this is not well, repeated my words again adding, Really this is not well, and it very much afflicts me, not that you have lost your Kingdome and the power of a Tyrant, but that we suffer thee Dionysius to live safe and free in Greece, after so much mischiefe as thou hast done by Sea and Land in Sicily.

Verse 208. Hannibal.] To the young Romans, that were Students in Rhetorick, no Theam so familiar as that of Hannibal: Sat. 10.

Goe climbe the horrid Alpes, vain-glorious fool, To please the boyes, and be their Theam at School.

nor could you much blame the Rhetoricians for revenging themselves upon Hannibal, that had like to have prevented Juvenal in his directi∣ons to the poor Lawyer for a voyage into Africa: it being once a hundred to one that Hannibal might have sent the Roman Rhetoricians (out of

which the Lawyers were made) to people Africa; as you will see in this Breviate of his life. Hannibal, General of the Carthaginian Army, was Son to Amilcar, that carried him, when he was a Child, to the Altar, and there made him swear, that he would as soon as he came to be a man, take up armes against the Romans. He landed with his Fleet in Spain, passing the Pyrenaean Mountains, he beat the French at the River of Rosne: Eutr. lib. 3. He opened a passage into Italy over the Alps: He took the City of Saguntum Liv. lib. 1. Dec. 3. He overthrew the Con∣sul T. Sempronius at Trebia: He defeated the Consul Flaminius, and slew fifteen thousand of his men at the Lake of Thrasimene. His Army was very much consumed by the protracting policy of Fabius Maximus, that would not come to a battel: Liv. lib. 4. Eutr. lib. 3. after this, he recrui∣ted, and fought the Consuls Paulus Aemilius and Terentius Varro at Can∣nae, where the Romans lost fourty thousand foot and two thousand seven hundred horse, in which number were so many men of quality, that Hannibal sent to Carthage three bushels and a half of gold-Rings, worn upon their fingers by noble Romans, to distinguish them from the Common People. All these Rings were revenged by a poor Annulet (worn upon the finger of Hannibal) which, in the Collet, had a private box, a very small one, but yet large enough to hold preventive poyson: Sat. 10.

But the revenge of Cannae, for that spring Of Roman blood, was a poor little Ring.

From Cannae Hannibal marched within three miles of the City: but the weather proved tempestuous, lightning and thundering, as if the Ar∣tillery of Heaven had been planted in defence of Rome. This suspended the resolution of Hannibal. Many great Officers of his Army congra∣tulated

his victory, and wished him for a day or two to rest himself and his forces. Maharbal, General of his horse, gave his vote for a present march to Rome. You will (said he) see the consequence of this bat∣tel five dayes hence, when you feast your victorious Commanders in the Capitol: let the horse follow them: let them behold Hannibal himself before they hear of his comming. No, sayes Hannibal, let the Enemy goe before us: the designe is glorious, but the way more difficult then can be suddenly imagined. He therefore commended the good intentions of Maharbal, but to act what he advised time must be taken. Then said Maharbal, The Gods have not made one man capable of all things; Hannibal, you know how to conquer, but you know not how to use your Conquest: Liv. lib. 22. After his Army had rested in Campania, and feasted at Capua, Marcellus at Nola routed him: Liv. Eutr. 3. Flo. 3. At Cannae he lost the honour which he had formerly won upon the place, where he was overthrown by Sempronius Gracchus. Now Hannibal, in the declination of his fortune, having no better luck at Sea then at Land, was called home again to Carthage, besieged by Scipio Africanus. Scipio hearing that Hannibal was landed, met him at Zama, there fought him; slew twenty thousand Carthaginians, and took very neer as many Prisoners. Hannibal fled, first to King Antiochus, then to Prusias King of Bithynia: But the Romans demanded him of both these Kings, as Author of the breach of peace between Cartharge and Rome: so that Hannibal seeing no hope of safety for himself, put an end to all his own and the Romans fears and jealousies, by taking the poyson which he alwayes carried about him in his Ring.

Verse 217. Hellen's Rape.] Hellen's Rape, Medea's Charms, and the Ingratitude of Jason (that married Creusa, putting away Medea the

preserver of his life,) and his Father Aeson's Cure, these and the like were Cases argued in the Schools by Rhetoricians, to prepare them for Moot-Cases of the Law, and disputes at the Barre.

Verse 230. Theodorus.] Chrysogonus and Pollio were Theodorians, for so they called those Rhetorick-Masters that read to their Pupils the works of Theodorus Gadareus. He was an excellent Orator, born at Gadara a Sy∣rian City not farre from Ascalon; yet he chose to write himself of Rhodes: Strab. Hermagorus, that writ the Art of Rhetorick, was his Scholar, and Tiberius (afterward Caesar) when he retired himself to Rhodes, was one of his studious Auditors.

Verse 235. Numidian.] In Rome the richest pillars were of Numi∣dian Marble: and it seems that some wealthy Voluptuaries had Dining-rooms which turned round upon those Pillars, that they might command the Sun, have as much or as little of his light and heat as they would, or if they pleased none at all.

Verse 241. Poor two.] Two Sestertia came but to five pound at most by Lubins account: but sure the place is false printed; it should be fif∣teen pound at least; which Juvenal thinks to be a mean annuall Stipend for a Rhetorick-Master to receive from his Pupil's Father; but he tells you

Nothing costs Fathers less then Sons.—

A Sentence that holds as true in our times, as it did when my Author was living, or when Crates cryed out of a Window to his fellow Citizens the Thebans, O Country-men, what madness hath possessed you? you have a great care of the goods you will leave to your Children, and no care at all of the Children to whom you will leave those goods.

Verse 242. Quintilian.] See the Comment upon Sat. 6. He is often

named, never without honour, by his Scholar Juvenal: that in this Sa∣tyr prayes

Grant Heav'n, that gentle weightless Earth may lie On our Forefathers bones, and sprout on high In flowr's, which to the aire perfumes may bring, Clothing their Urns in a perpetual Spring; Because a Tutor they did still repute To be the sacred Parents Substitute.

This Prayer was made by Juvenal out of the Principles of his Tutor Quintilian, that writes thus; In the mean time, of one thing I admonish Scho∣lars, That they love their Tutors no less then their Studies, and believe them to be the Parents not of their boates, but of their mindes: lib. de Discip. Officio.

Verse 257. Ventidius.] Ventidius Bassus, Son to an Ascalon Bond-wo∣man. He was taken and led through Rome by Cn. Pompeius Strabo (Father to Pompey the great) when he triumphed for his victory over the Picenians. He was first a Car-man, then a Muliteer: afterwards he was in one year created Praetor and Consul. He was made General against the Parthians, and returned to Rome triumphant. So that he, who at first was Prisoner to a Roman General, and lay in a Dungeon, at last, as General of the Roman forces, filled the Capitol with Parthian spoils. See Val. Max. lib. 6. c. 10. A. Gell. lib. 15. c. 4.

Verse 257. Tully] M. Tullius Cicero was born among the Volscians at Arpinum, now Abruzzo. He was Son to Helvia a poor, but a mar∣velous good, woman. Who his Father was we know not; some think him a parallel to our good-man Plantagenet; for they say he derived himself from Tullius Attius, one of the old Volscian Kings; but others re∣port

him to be a Fuller of Cloth: Plutarch in Cic. It seems Cicero was of very mean Parentage: Sat 8.

— This new man Tully, this poor Arpinate, Late made at Rome a Country-Gentleman.

Nor was he ashamed of the meanness of his birth; for when some friends moved him to change his Plebeian name of Cicero, that smelt of pease: he told them, he would keep it, and make it as noble as the Scauran or Catulan name. Plutarch. And he was as good as his word; for, besides his first place in the Catalogue of all the Roman Orators and Philoso∣phers, he obliged his Country by making many wholsome Lawes, and by abrogating the Lex Agraria, the Law for division of Lands, which had cost so much blood since it was passed by C. and Tib. Gracchus, heads of the Levelling Party: but his highest honour, the title of Pater Patriae, Father of his Country, was given him for delivering Rome from the fire and sword of Catiline and his fellow Conspirators. In his old age he was proscribed and slain by the tyranny of C. Octavius Caesar and Marc. Antony, because he too much favoured a Common-wealth.

Verse 259. Slaves,] Such as Servius Tullius and Ventidius, the Sons of Bond-women, but raised by fortune; the first to wear a Crown: and the other, victorious Laurel.

Verse 263. Thrasimachus,] A Carthaginian, Scholar to Plato and Iso∣crates, publick professor of Rhetorick; but his gettings so inconsiderable; that he left teaching Schoole, and (some say) hanged himself.

Verse 264. Secundus Charinus,] A Rhetorick-Reader in Athens, lear∣ned in Arts not good: Tacit. Constrained by want he came and set up School at Rome, where he made an Oration against Tyrants, for which

he was banished by Caligula; some say that he poysoned him.

Verse 266. Hemlock.] The cruel bounty by ingratefull Athens, be∣stowed upon the great Philosopher Socrates: See the Comment upon the second Satyr.

Verse 273. Centaur.] Chiron the Centaur, Tutor to Aesculapius, Hercu∣les, and Achilles. The Centaurs (as their enemies the Lapiths described them) were only men to the girdle, beneath it horses. In what awe this old Centaur had his young Scholar Achilles, is described by Ovid lib. 1. de Art.

Qui toties socios, toties perterruit hostes: Dicitur annosum pertinuiisse senem. Quas Hector sensurus erat, poscente magistro, Verberibus jussas praebuit ille manus. He that so oft scar'd friends and foes, is said To have been of a poor old man afraid: The hands, which Hector was to feel, he did Hold to be struck, when's angry Master bid.

Verse 275. Mountain.] Pelion, a Mountain in Thessaly (hanging o∣ver the Pelasgick Bay) crowned with Pine-trees, and downward to the foot covered with Oakes. There Pelius lived that was Father to Achilles.

Verse 278. Ruffus,] Satrius Ruffus That looking upon the Rhetorick of Tully with contempt, and as if that great Orator had not writ Latin but French, used to call him Allobrogian, Savoyen or Dauphinois.

Verse 279. Enceladus,] A Grammar-Master: so was Palaemon: Vid. the comment upon Sat. 6.

Verse 296. Tribune,] That upon the humble Petition of a School-ma¦ster would force Parents to pay his Salary for teaching of their Children.

Verse 303. Nurse.] She that nursed Anchises (Father to Aeneas) is named by no Author. The Stepmother to Archemolus was called Cas∣peria: what Country-woman she was no body knows, nor no body cares; but she loved Archemolus so much, that she let him make a Cuc∣kold of her Husband, that had made her Queen of the Marrubians in Italy: Virg. Aeneid. lib. 10. That Acestes the Trojan furnished Aeneas and his Mates with wine we know, for which Virgil calls that King of Sicily the good Acestes: but how many pots of wine were drunk off by his Country-men, I believe would puzzle all the Grammarian Criticks, that take great pains in studies, which are neither pleasing nor profita∣ble: Senec.