Mores hominum = The manners of men / described in sixteen satyrs by Juvenal, as he is published in his most authentick copy, lately printed by command of the King of France ; whereunto is added the invention of seventeen designes in picture, with arguments to the satyrs ; as also explanations to the designes in English and Latine ; together with a large comment, clearing the author in every place wherein he seemed obscure, out of the laws and customes of the Romans, and the Latine and Greek histories, by Sir Robert Stapylton, Knight.

The Manners of Men. THE SECOND SATYR OF JUVENAL. (Book 2)

The ARGUMENT.

Men are not what their lookes aver. Vice taints the grave Philosopher; The Judge the Bench'es honor staines: The Mock-Priest holy Rites prophanes: The armed General paints his face; The Nobly-borne foul Acts debase. The Reason Babes that speak may tell▪ For, none but they believe a Hell.

BEyond SARMATIA and the Frozen Sea, I could fly hence; when to teach Manners they Presume, that CURIAN Temperance professe: And live like Bacchanals, in lewd excesse. Line 5

Th' unlearned first, though you CRYSIPPUS seeLine 5 Carv'd in all Studies: for, a great man's he That can buy ARISTOTLE'S Counterfeit, Or PITTACUS'es Statue copy'd get; And bids CLEANTHES, done by' a Master's hand, There, as his grave Library-keeper, stand.Line 10 No trust to faces: for, what streets but fill With reverend vices? thou say'st, we are ill, When thou thy self art known to be so right, So perfect a SOCRATICK Catamite. Indeed, rough hairy limbs, and arms that bearLine 15 Stiffe bristles, promise mindes extreme severe: But, from their smooth posteriors when he files Unnaturall tumors off, the Surgeon smiles. They dote on silence, speech with them is rare, Shorter then eye-browes too they weare their hair.Line 20 More ingenuity PERIBONIUS shows: In such a man whose face and mien disclose His foul deboshery, I hold it fate: Simplicity we should commiserate, Plain madness speaks in his excuse: but themLine 25 As infinitely baser I contemn

That with HERCULEAN language vice assail, And magnifying virtue, wag the tail. Shall I, sayes infamous VARILLUS, feare Thee bouger SEXTUS? make the odds appear?Line 30 The Strait may Cripples, White-men Negro's, jeer. But who'l indure to hear a Mutineer Complain'd of by the GRACCHI? Who'd not cry Till earth confus'd the sea, the sea the skie; If MILO should a Murderer reprove:Line 35 VERRES a Thief, CLODIUS Adult'rous love: CATILINE treason in CETHEGUS blame: SYLLA'S three Scholars 'gainst his Roll declaim? One lately marry'd his own Neece, and then Reviv'd a Law, a bitter Law to Men,Line 40 That might have frighted MARS and VENUS too: Whil'st JULIA with abortives did undoe Her fruitfull womb: lump after lump she teem'd That ev'n the pictures of her Uncle seem'd. Such SCAURAN counterfeits, who would not slightLine 45 Though ne're so bad, and rated turn and bite? Where's now the JULIAN Law a sow'r-Sir cry'd, Sleeps it? LARONIA with a smile reply'd,

Blest times, that make thee Censor, chastly given ROME now'll be, a third CATO'S dropt from Heaven:Line 50 But Sir, your hairy neck's perfum'd, let's know Whence th' Essence comes? blush not, your Drugster show. If you'l needs wake the Statutes, reinforce The Law Scantinian, note men, you doe worse. But your strong Phalanx multitude defendsLine 55 And close-joynd shields: loose livers are fast friends; Our sex hath none of your detested tricks, TEDIA, CLUVIA: FLORA never licks CATULLA: HISPO passive pleasure knows, And pale with doing and with suffering grows.Line 60 Doe we plead? study we your Civil Laws? Shake we your Courts with bawling in a cause? Some few of us fence, diet-bread some use, You spin wooll, and in baskets bear your clews: Thread from the pregnant spindle you can twineLine 65 More nimble then ARACHNE, and more fine Then chast PENELOPE; or she that spins, Shiv'ring 'ith' stocks, a penance for her sins. 'Tis known why HISTER made his Freed-man heir, And living gave his wife so large a share:Line 70

She's rich that in a great man's bed lies third. Secrets bring jewels: marry, not a word. Yet for a Law that's death to us, you move. Censure acquits the Crow, condemns the Dove. Sham'd by LARONIA our soft Stoicks fly;Line 75 For what delivered she, they could deny? But what in others can deform'd appear, When thou, grave Judge, dost mingled sarcenet wear? Nay sit'st in those thin silks, amazing ROME, And dost our PROCULA'S and POLLINEA'S doom?Line 80 FABULLA will the deed you wot of doe: Let her be punish'd for't; CARFINIA too: Against her be, what ere thou wilt, decreed, She will not, though condemn'd, wear such a weed: But JULY'S hot, I sweat: then naked go,Line 85 For madness will not half disgrace thee so. This Robe had our victorious Fathers seen Thee passing Laws in, when their wounds were green; Or had our Mountaineers beheld it, how Would they have hear'd thee when they came from plough?Line 90 Heav'n! that a Judge should put on such a Vest: Wer't handsome if a Witness were so drest?

Stern Legislative CRETAN, thou art now Transparent, this disease was caught; and thou Wilt spread it further: as the scab but gotLine 95 By one sheep, the whole flock will have the rot: Hogs catch the measles; and the grape, that sees A tainted grape, sucks poyson by degrees. This shameless habit will not be thy worst, In time: none ever was stark-naught at first.Line 100 Thou wilt er'e long turn hedge-Priest: joyn with them That Fillets wear, whose necks are all one Gemme; That with great Bolls, and Sows fat Paunches pray To our Good Goddess the contrary way: For, Men perform these Rites, no Female by:Line 105 You prophane Women, get you gone, they cry; None sounds a Call with her lowd Cornet here. At ATHENS such the BAPTISTS Orgies were, When they their private Torches did advance, And tir'd out their COTYTUS in a dance.Line 110 He with an oblique steel his eye-brows dyes, Touch'd with moist soot: & paints his trembling eyes. A glass-Priapus one mans wine must hold, Anothers huge long locks a Cawl of gold; Line 115

Blew shield-work this, or ras'd white satten wears:Line 115 His Man too by his Masters JUNO swears. He holds the Mirrour Pathick OTHO bore (AURUNCANE ACTOR'S spoils) that when he wore His armes he view'd himself in; when he gave The battails signal, and bid the Ensignes wave.Line 120 A gallant subject! for new Annals fit, And should in our-times History be writ. A Looking-glasse did load the Gen'rals Carre, And was the Baggage of a Civil-warre. O 'twas done like a General to killLine 125 Old GALBA; like a ROMAN pleits to fill; To hope spoils from the BEDRIACK field would grace The Capitol; to grease and paint the Face: Which proud SEMIRAMIS, when she put on Her Quiver, would not doe at BABYLON:Line 130 Nor did the pensive CLEOPATRA dip Her Pencil, when aboard her ACTIAN-Ship: Here's lewd discourse; at Table no respect, Foul PHRYGIAN talk, the lisping Dialect Taught by th' old white hair'd Man, the Man of noteLine 135 For his so spacious and authentick Throat,

The Chief-Priest, most fanatickly inspir'd, A Master for the gusto to be hir'd. Why doe not these with PHRYGIAN Razors take That flesh away, of which no use they make?Line 140 A Piper, or a Trumpeter, had four Hundred sestertia: GRACCHUS, for thy Dower Deeds were drawn, joy given, a great Supper made, The Bride was in his Bridegroom's bosom lay'd. Doe we the Censor or the Aruspex needLine 145 You Lords? Doe not these horrid sights exceed All Monsters, though a woman should be Dam Unto a Calf, or a Cow calve a Lamb? The Priest that in Procession sweating heav'd Th' ANCILIAN shields by leathers unperceiv'd,Line 150 Now weares a Bride's gown, petticoat and vail. O God of War! whence did these crimes assail Thy Latian Shepheards? how, Rome's Father, sprung These nettles up, that have thy children stung? Behold, a man great both in wealth and birth,Line 155 Marries a man! yet thou into the earth Run'st not thy spear, nor thy plum'd helmet shak'st, Nor a complaint to JOVE thy Father mak'st.

Goe MARS, and to some other God assigne Those sacred Fields not look'd upon as thine.Line 160 To morrow morning early on my friend I, in the Quirine valley, must attend. Why thither? cannot your own Guesse decide That question? my He-friend's to be a Bride. They bid few now, but notice they will giveLine 165 To all men, and record it if they live. Mean time, the Female's troubled much, she can No issue have, so to oblige the man. The best is, Nature to such mindes denyes Pow'r to change sexes: the wife barren dyes:Line 170 Swoln LYDE'S salve-box helps not: nor to stand Where th' active LUPERCI may clap her hand. More monstrous Fencer-GRACCHUS did appear In's Cassock, arm'd with his three-forked spear: And view'd the Lists round, as he fled the Chase;Line 175 Borne Nobler then the whole Capitoline Race, MARCELLI, CATULI, the FABIAN name, Those who their Pedegree from PAULUS claim, And all that from the scaffolds saw the sport He made: not bating that paid him for't.Line 180

That there be ghosts and regions under ground And th' oare, and black toads in the Stygian Sound; And thousands row'd in one boat; findes not faith With boyes, but such as pay not for their bath. Believe thou. What CAMILLUS, what now knowsLine 185 FABRITIUS, CURIUS, both the SCIPIO'S: The Legion that fell upon the train At CREMERA: the youth at CANNAE slain, Souls of so many battels? ever when Our ghosts descend, the spirits of these menLine 190 Would purifie themselves, if they could get Sulphur and torches, and a lawrel wet. To them poor we must goe: indeed we boast Our conquests, stretch'd beyond the Irish coast And th' ORCADES, which lately we have seiz'd,Line 195 And BRITAIN with no night in sommer pleas'd: But what we doe, that make the world our own, The conquer'd doe not: ZALATES alone, One of th' Armenian Youths, more lewd (they say) Then all ours, to the Tribun's flame gave way.Line 200 See how commerce with ROME breeds our Allyes! He came a Hostage: men we womanize:

For had these boyes staid, all had lovers took, Their Countrey-cloths, whips, bridles, knives forsook; Thus back to their Artaxata they bear The manners, of the loose young Gentry here.

The Comment UPON THE SECOND SATYR.

VErse 1. Beyond Sarmatia, and the Frozen Sea I could fly hence—]Juvenal was so moved at the impudence of pretenders to Philosophy, base Hypocrites, that took upon them to reform the manners of the Romans; That, rather then stay in Rome with such Knaves, he could be con∣tented (if wings were to be got) to fly beyond Sarmatia, that is, to trust himself with the most barbarous Russians, Laplanders, Finlanders, and inhumane Cannibals; and so passing the River Tanais (that divides the two Sarmatia's, parting the European Tartars from the Asiatick) to fly over the Frozen Sea, which was then believed to be innavigable; but the Hollanders have lately sailed so far in the North-east passage, that they have discovered Nova Zembla within the Artick Circle, but twelve degrees from the Pole.

Verse 3. Curian Temperance.] The Curian Family was enobled by the Temperance and Valour of Marcus Curius, that triumphed over the Sa∣bines, Samnites, and Leucanians, and beat King Pyrrhus out of Italy;

but his greatest triumph was over himself and his affections, as appears by his answer to the Samnite Ambassadors, that finding his Table cove∣red by the fire-side, furnished only with earthen dishes, and Curius him∣self roasting of roots for his supper, beseeched him to better his poor con∣dition, by accepting a great sum of money from their hands; to which he answered, that he had rather still eat in earth, and command the Samnites that were served in gold. Being accused for plundering, he produced a wooden vessell, which upon proof appeared to be all he had of the spoil. Liv.

Verse 4. Bacchanals.] The Celebraters of the Bacchanalia or Dionysia, the libidinous Feasts of Bacchus, where virtue was death; for they that refused to sacrifice to Lust, were sacrificed by the fury of the Bacchanals. Of the abominable Ceremonies used at these Feasts, see Liv. & St. Augustine. They were at last as a Seminary of wickedness interdicted by the Senate.

Verse 5. Chrysippus.] The Philosopher Chrysippus, the most ingenious Scholar to Zeno the first Stoick, and to his Successor Cleanthes; from both which Masters he only desired to know Doctrines, and bid them leave the Proofs to him; indeed he was so incomparable a Logician, that it grew to a Proverb, If the Gods would study Logick, they would read Chrysippus. He was Son to Apollonides (by some called Apollonius) of Tarsis, but he was born at Soli a City of Cilicia. Having spent what his father left him in following a Kings Court, he was compelled to study Philosophy, as being capable of no other course that might buoy up his fortunes: but after he was an eminent Philosopher, he never de∣dicated any of his books, as others did theirs, to Kings; and therefore was thought to be a great despiser of Honours, Laertius. But it is more

probable, that he following his studies to inrich himself, would neglect no good Medium to a fortune; and I rather believe, that he having smarted so much by attendance at Court, would never apply himself to Princes any more. He died of a violent laughter, with seeing an Asse eat figs, as some say, but of a Vertigo, according to Hermippus, in the 143 Olympiad, having lived seventy three years.

Verse. 7. Aristotle] Was born at Stagyra, a City of Thrace, seated upon the river Strymon; his Father was Nicomachus the Physician, the Son of Macaon, famed by Homer for his skill in Physick, which it seems came to him extraduce, for Micaon was the Son of Aesculapius. Phaestias, Mother to Aristotle, was descended likewise from Aesculapius, as some affirm; but others say, she was Daughter to one of the Planters sent from Chalcis to Stagyra. He was a slender man, crump-shouldered, and stuttered naturally very much: but, for his incomparable erudition, Philip of Macedon sought to him to be his Son Alexander's Tutor; and Alexander made him his Secretary. He was 18 years old when he came to Athens, and there for 20 years he heard Plato. The City of Stagyra, from its ruines, was for his sake reedified by his Pupill, Alexander the great. When Alexander marched into Asia, Aristotle returned to Athens, and read Philosophy in the Lyceum thirteen years, from whence his Scholars were properly called Peripateticks of the Lyceum, (to distin∣guish them from the Peripateticks of the Academy, the Platonists,) yet afterwards they were known by the name of Peripateticks only, where∣of he himself is deservedly styled the Prince. After all the benefits re∣ceived from him by Athens, the return made, was an impeachment drawn up against him, that he was no true worshiper of the Gods. But this (as you shall presently see) had formerly been the case of Socrates, by the

sad example of whose death, Aristotle learned to decline the envy and fury of that unthankfull City; from whence he went to Chalcis in Eubaea, and there died in the sixtie third year of his age, and the 114 Olympi∣ad, when Philocles was Archon: the very same year Demosthenes also died in Calauria, both being forced to fly their Countries. Aristotle was the first that made a Library, Strabo lib. 3. which together with his School, he left to Theophrastus, that taught the Kings of Aegypt how to order their Library, by disposing of their Books into severall Classes.

Verse 8. Pittacus.] Pittacus, one of the seven Sages of Greece, assisted by the Bretheren of Alcaeus the Poet, slew Melancrus Tyrant of Lesbos, in the chief City whereof, viz. Mytelene, Pittacus was born. A war breaking out between the Athenians and Mytelenians about the Achil∣leian fields, he was chosen General for his Country, and finding his Army too weak to dispute that Title in the field, he challenged Phryno, Generall of the Athenians, to a single combat, and met him like a Fisher-man, his visible armes being a Trident, Dagger, and Shield; but under it was a Net, which, in the Duel, he cast over the head of Phryno, and so conquered him by stratagem that had been Victor by his Giantly strength in the Olympick Games. Strabo. Laert. This Duel Lyps. saith, was the original of those kind of prizes played by the Roman Gladiators, called the Retiarius, and Secutor, or Mirmillo, described in this Satyr, to the shame of so noble a person as one of the Gracchi was, that for a poor salary was hired by the Praetor to venture his life as a Retiarius or Net-bearer, against the Secutor's Fauchi∣on. You may see their figures (as they acted in the Circus) in the Designe before this Satyr. So long as his Country needed him to

manage the warres, so long Pittacus held the Sovereign power as an absolute Prince. But when the warre was ended, he like an ab∣solute Philosopher, put an end to his own authority; and after a vo∣luntary resignation of his power continued for ten years, he lived ten years more a private person, Laert. Val Max. being about fourscore, he dyed in the third year of the 52 Olympiad, Aristo∣menes being Archon.

Verse 9. Cleanthes.] Cleanthes the Stoick was Scholar to Crates, and Successor to Zeno Founder of the Stoicks; his Father was Pha∣nius of Assus; by his first profession he was a VVrastler, but it brought him in no great revenue; for all he had was but four Drachma's when he came to hear Crates: and to get a lively-hood under him and Zeno, he was forced to work by night, to keep himself from hunger and scorn in the day time. The Court of Areopagus ci∣ting him to clear the suspicion of Fellony, and give an account how he lived, he produced a Woman, for whom he ground meal; and a Gardiner that payed him for drawing of water; and shewed Ze∣no's Dictates writ in shells and Oxes shoulder-blades, for want of money to buy Paper. He succeeded Zeno in his Schoole, lived above fourscore years, and died voluntarily; for his Physicians injoyning him to fast two dayes; for the cure of an ulcer under his tongue; when they would have had him eat again, he would not, but took it unkindly that they would offer to bring him back, being two dayes onward on his journey; so continuing his fast for other two dayes, he came to his last home.

Verse. 14. Socratick Catomite.] Socrates was son to the Statuary So∣phroniscus, and the Midwife Phaenareta, and husband first to Myrto the

Daughter of Aristides the Just, afterwards to Zantippe, the arrantest Scold that ever thundered with a tongue. He first reduced Philo∣sophy from naturall to morall (that is) from contemplation to pra∣ctise, it being his constant Maxime, Quae supra nos nihil ad nos, We are not at all concerned in things above us. Anytus the Orator, indeed the leather-Dresser, for that Trade inriched him; though he was asha∣med to own it, and therefore having been upon that score (reproached by Socrates) to satisfie his spleen, he got Melitus the Poet and Lycon his fellow Orator, to joyn in drawing up an Impeachment against Socra∣tes, as no true worshiper of the Gods, and a corrupter of youth, ha∣ving first made him a scorn to the people, by hiring Aristophanes to bring him upon the Stage in a Comedy. From the abuse put up∣on him in this Comedy, others, many ages after, took occasion to abuse Socrates; especially Porphyrius observed by Nicephorus to be more malicious then were his Accusers, Anytus and Melitus. But I doe not believe that my Author intended to cast dirt upon him in this place; where Socratick Catamite cannot be otherwise interpreted, then one of those censorious persons, that would be thought as learned and virtuous as Socrates, when they really were as vitious as men could be, and as un∣learned as the very Statues of the Philosophers, the purchase whereof was all the proof they could make of their learning. Some there are that imitate their folly in our dayes, as appears by the instance Lubine makes in a Scholar, his Contemporary, whom he forbears to name, that gave 3000 drachma's for the earthen-lamp, that Epictetus used, hoping, that if it burned all night by his bed-side, it would infuse into him the wisdome of Epictetus in a dream. If he bought the lamp for this reason (as Lubine con∣ceives he did) then he was guilty of the vanity of Juvenal's Philosophasters

but if he bestowed so much money upon a piece of Antiquity, that might be usefull to the present and succeeding times; in that case I should honour him for his expence, as I doe the memory of Thomas Earl of Arundell and Surrey, (Grandchilde and Heir to the last Duke of Nor∣folke) for the vast summes those Statues cost him, from which Mr. Sel∣den hath pickt out so many learned notions; as you may find in his book entituled Marmora Arundeliana: among which Statues is the inscription that proves Laches to be Archon at the death of Socrates, which is to be made use of in this very place. As for Epictetus his lamp, it might have been of great advantage to Fortunius Licetas, when he writ De Lucernis absconditis. To return to our account of Socrates, He was convicted of impiety and improbity by the false oaths of his Accusers, and the testiness of his Judges, for being asked at the Bar, What in his own judgement he deserved, he answered, To be maintained by you the great Councell or Prytanaeum, at the publique charge; which so enraged the Senate, that the major part, by above 80. voted him to death, and accordingly execution was done, the Officer of death presenting him a draught of Hemlock, which he cheerfully took off; and so Laches, as aforesaid, be∣ing Archon, in the first year of the ninety fift Olympiad, he was poyso∣ned by that ingratefull City of Athens, which as Juvenal sayes Sat 7.

—to Scholars now, Except cold Hemlock, nothing dare allow.

Verse 21. Peribonius.] The Archi-gallus or chief Priest of Cybele, Principall of an Order of Rogues so infamous for drunkennesse and de∣bauchery, that it was not lawfull for a free-born Roman to be one of the number. The original of their institution was this, Cybele the daughter of King Minos, being in her infancy exposed upon the Hill Cybelus in

Phrygia, from which Hill she had her name, and there nourished by the wilde beasts, to whose mercy she was left, was found by a Shepherds wife, bred up as her own Child, and grew to be both a great Beauty, and a Lady of most excellent naturall parts; for the Greeks from her in∣vention had the Taber, Pipe, and Cimballs. She was married to Saturne, and therefore Mother of the Gods, her highest title. She was also called Rhea, from her flowing or aboundant goodnesse: styled likewise Pessi∣nuntia, from Pessinus a Mart-town in Phrygia; and Berecynthia, from Berecynthus a Mountain in the same Countrey, where her Ceremonies were begun; and Atis, a handsome young Phrygian, by her appointed su∣perintendent over them, upon condition that he would promise chastity during life: but not long after he defloured a Nymph: for which offence Cybele took away his understanding; and in one of his mad fits, by his own hand he was gelt, and after that, he attempted to kill himself; but it seems the Compassionate Gods prevented him, and turned the youth in∣to a Pine-tree, Ovid. Met. By his example, the Phrygian Priests ever after gelded themselves with the shell of a fish. Their Vest was particoloured, called Synthesis, or amictus variegatus; they carried the picture of their Goddesse through the streets of Rome in their hands, and striking their breasts, kept tune with their Tabers Pipes, and Cymbals, called Aera Corybantia: as they were named Corybantes, from Corybantus, one of Cybele's first Votaries, they wore Miters fastened under their chins, Sat. 6.

—Cybels Priest, the tall Grave half-man (with no obscene part of all, A Fish-shell long since cut off that) comes in, A Phrygian Miter ty'd beneath his chin.

In this manner dancing about the streets, they begged money of the

people, from whence the Romans termed them Circulatores Cybelei, Cybels Juglers, or Collectors; they were common Bawds, as appears by this place, and Master-Gluttons and Drunkards, as you may see in the follow∣ing part of this Satyr; and where the young Consul Damasippus layes the chief Priest of Cybele dead drunk, Sat. 8.

With Cybels Priest on's back, his bells at rest:

Verse 27. Herculean language.] This referres to Xenophons Dialogue between Hercules Virtue and Vice; where Hercules confutes the monster Vice with arguments, as he had done other monsters with his club.

Ver. 29. Varillus.] A poor Rogue, that will acknowledg no difference or odds in point of goodness between himself & the wicked great man Sextus.

Verse 33. To hear a Mutineer complain'd of by the Gracchi,] Signifies the same with our English Proverb, To hear Vice correct Sin. Caius and Ti∣berius Gracchus (Sons to that excellent patern of modesty, Cornelia Daugh∣ter to Scipio Africanus, that conquered Hannibal) were young men of in∣comparable wit and elocution, but too much addicted to popularity. This made them relinquish the Lords, and court the People, with whom to in∣gratiate themselves, they passed the Lex Agraria, for division of the pub∣lick lands between the Lords and Commons, which Law, though groun∣ded upon a fundamentall Right, was the firebrand to a sedition quenched in the blood of these two Brothers; Tiberius being slain, as he was making a Speech to the people, by the hand of Publius Nassica the Pontifex Ma∣ximus; and Caius, when he had fortified the Capitoline Mount, by the com∣mand of the Consul Opimius. Plutarch in Caio & Tiberio.

Verse 35. Milo.] T. Annius Milo from the Papian Family adopted by T. Annius his maternal Grand-father, slew Clodius Tribune of the Peo∣ple, that had many seditions and dangerous designes against the Republick,

for which reason Cicero intended to make the people favourable to the Murtherer, and spake in his behalf, but not that Oration which is at this day to be seen among his works; and that afterwards coming to the hand of Milo, then banished to Masilia, where he lived in extreme want: Oh, sayes Milo, if Cicero had spoke this, I had not gathered worms in Masilia, Nonn. in Romanorum Historiam.

Verse 36. Verres.] Caius Verres was first Questor to Cneius Carbo, then Legate and Proquestor to Cneius Dolabella, both which he betrayed. When Lucullus and Cotta were Consuls, he was made Praetor Urbanus, or Lord chief Justice of Rome; and after the discharge of that office, Praetor of Sicily, where he exercised his authority with so much lust, ava∣rice and cruelty, that the Sicilians sued him upon the Law De pecuniis repetundis, to make him refund: and in their favour, Cicero managed the accusation against him with so much vigor and art, that when Verres saw how his Patron Hortensius was over matched, he withdrew into volun∣tary exile, where, after he had rested free from any further molestation for twenty six years, he was by the Triumviri proscribed and slain. Plin. lib. 34. The cause of his proscription, was for denying to Mark Antony certain antique pieces of Corynthian plate, which that Triumvir much de∣sired. Seneca saies he died like a stout man; but it seeems he had lived like a thief, one that robbed not one man, not one City, but all Sicily. See Ci∣cero in Verrinis, Asconius Pedianus and Lactautius lib. 2.

Verse 36. Clodius.] Clodius, Cicero's capitall enemy, made himself be adopted by a Plebeian, only that he might be one of the body of the peo∣ple, to vote Cicero out of Rome, Cicero ad Atticum lib. 1. He was an A∣dulterer most impudent and sacrilegious, for he came to the solemnity of the Good Goddess (where it was unlawfull for any man to be present) in

the habit of a singing-Woman, Sat. 6. to meet Julius Caesar's wife, Plu∣tarch. which occasioned the Julian Law, that made adultery death. He married his own Neece, enjoyed three Sisters, and corrupted Metella Daughter to the religious Pontifex Maximus, that lost his eyes with zealous care to preserve the Temple of Pallas when it was on fire, Sat. 3.

Or he that sav'd our Pallas from the flame.

Verse 37. Catiline.] A Roman, for his conspiracy against his Country, made famous by the pen of Cicero. Catiline's fellow Conspirators were Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, Ceparius: you may read their whole Plot at large in Salust; and Cicero's Orat. against Catiline.

Verse 38. Sylla's three Scholars,] Caesar, Anthony, and Lepidus; imita∣ting in the beginning of their Triumvirate, the bloody Roll of their Tu∣tor in the Art of Government, Sylla. See Sylla in the Comment upon the first Satyr.

Verse 39. One lately married his own Neece.] This might be Claudius Caesar, that after he had put to death his Empress Messalina, married Agrip∣pina his own brothers Daughter, Mother to Nero, the Senate dispen∣sing with the incestuous Marriage: and she (lest she might bring a Co∣heir to her Son Nero) took potions, and receipts to make her part with her conceptions: which deformed Embrions or Abortives could not choose but be very like her Uncle their Father; for he was (as the Mother of An∣tonius used to call him) a monster of men, a thing begun by nature but not finished. And after the violation of the Law, in this marriage with his Neece, he revived the Julian Law, which made adultery death; not only a terrible Law to Men, but that would have reached Mars and Venus too, if Vulcans Counsell might have pleaded it. Others, to whose o∣pinion I subscribe, understand this (One) to be Domitian Caesar, that was

like wise very ugly, and married his own Neece Julia, here named, Daughter to the delight of mankinde, his noble Brother Titus: forcing her to take so many drugs to prevent the danger of child-bearing, that by seek∣ing to preserve, he destroyed her.

Verse 45. Scauran Counterfeits.] Aemilius Scaurus born of noble (but poor) parents, raised himself by his elocution to the dignity of Consul: He having once been so poor, that he was forced to trade in Charcoal for a lively-hood. In his Consulship he triumphed for his victory over the Ligurians, and Cantisci: when he was Censor he made the Aemilian Way, and built the Aemilian Bridge: He commanded his Son Scaurus (for giving ground to an enemy) never to come into his sight again; the sense of which ignominy, made so deep an impression in the bashfull youth that he slew himself, Plin. But as the best interpretation (of Scauran Counterfeits) Salust in his Jugurthines gives this character of Aemilius Scaurus. He was a person noble, active, factious and bold, but he had the art of concealing his vices. After the expiration of his Consulship, when he was Consular, and Prince of the Senate: the House sent him Ambassador to King Ju∣gurth to diswade him from assaulting Cirra, and besieging Adherbal.

Verse 48. Laronia.] A wanton, but a witty Lady, that tells the sowre Philosophy-monger, that Cato Major, (Censor by his office) and his Ne∣phew, whose constancy was admired by the Romans (being now in their ashes) it seems a third Cato was come from heaven, meaning this censori∣ous Stoick; but whilest she thus looks upon him as upon a kinde of God, she takes notice that he is in something lesse then a Man; for she findes that he weares a perfume, and desires to know his Drugster, that she might buy at the same Shop: such essences being as proper for her sex, as con∣trary to his severe profession.

Verse. 54. The Law Scantinian.] Caius Scantinius, being accused by Caius Marcellus, for offering to force his Son; a Law passed in Senate, that set a Fine of 10000 H.S. upon the like attempt; and the foul Offen∣der was either to pay the whole summe or his life.

Verse 66. Arachne,] Idmon's Daughter, a Lydian Maid that had the vanity to challenge the Goddess Pallas to weave with her, and being dis∣graced by the Goddess, despaired: and had hanged her self but that Pallas as a monument of her own mercy and the Maids presumption, saved her life and turned her into a Spider, that is still weaving to no purpose. Ovid Met. lib. 6. Pliny sayes Arachne was the Inventress of Lines and Nets▪ and that her Son Closter found out the VVheels and Spindles for wool.

Verse 67. Penelope,] Wife to Vlysses, that in the twenty years absence of her Husband, could never be wrought upon, either by her Parents perswasions or the Courtship of her Suitors, to violate her faith in giving way to a second marriage▪ but when the libidinous pretenders were so pressing that she feared violence, she won them to a grant of so much time, for her to think upon it, as till the work which she had in hand (and was then in the Loom) should be wrought off: and she carried her designe so politickly, that all which they saw her weave in the day time, she un∣wove in the night. Thus she staved off their fury, till her Husband return∣ed, who coming home in a Beggers habit, desired of his wife a nights lodg∣ing, and in that time made an end of all his Rivals. Homer in Odyss.

Verse 80. Procula.] Procula, Pollinea, Carfinia, and Fabulla were fa∣mous Roman Curtesans in Juvenal's time.

Verse 87. Victorious Fathers.] The ancient Romans; whose richest ap∣parell was their wounds, their strongest fortifications the mountains, and their healthfullest exercise, the plough that maintained their Families:

with what indignation would they have looked upon the effeminate im∣pudence of these Sarcenet Judges.

Verse 93. Legislative Cretan.] The silken Judges that would be thought as strict and just as Minos the Cretan Legislator.

Verse 101. Hedge-Priest.] The word is now so proper for a Mock-Priest, that I rather choose it then my Author's expression, Qui longa domi redimicula sumunt, a House-Priest, one of those that weare fillets and jewels about their necks, which he calls House-Priests, to distinguish them from Priests belonging to the Temples, appointed to sacrifice by publick Authority; to which he adds the wearing of fillets and jewels, to distinguish them from men, their effeminacy disowning of their sex. These Separatists he parallels with the Dippers or Baptists of Athens, that worshiped their Goddess Cotytus or Cotittus, with the like abhominable Ceremonies, being diametrically opposite to those used by the Romans at the Feast of the Good Goddess; for there the Vestal Nuns were Super∣intendents. Cic. de Arusp. respons. no man admitted to the Sacrifice, not so much as a male picture, Sat. 6. (though it seems Clodius brought in a masculine substance;) nay, the very Myrtle was excluded, because it was consecrated to Venus: but here they had nothing appertaining to the Good Goddess, but that which made her thought to be Ceres, the paunches of fat Sowes, and bolls or vessels of wine, which they called by the name of Amphora's of hony. Alex. Gen. Dier. lib. 6. c. 8. but they admitted no women, they themselves acting womens parts.

Verse 116. Masters Juno.] It was the Roman mode for the man to pro∣test by his Genius, and the woman by her Juno.

Verse 117. Otho.] Otho Sylvius descended from the Hetrurian or Tus∣can Kings, came to be Emperor by treason, murdering his poor old

Sovereign Galba. Tacitus lib. 1. cap. 7. sayes, that Otho's Souldiers as if they had marched against the Parthians, Vologeses, or Pacho, to unthrone them that had rooted out the Arsacean Line, and not to murder their own Emperor unarmed and aged, scattering the people, trampling upon the Senate, put spurs to their horses and charged into the place of Assembly; neither did the sight of the Capital, nor reverence of the Temples there, nor the memory of past Princes, or fear of those to come terrifie them from committing that inhumane act, which the immediate Successor is obliged to revenge. Galba was slain by Camurius a Souldier of the fifteenth Le∣gion. Tacit. Plut. But Otho that when he was conquered by Vitelius, painted his face before his great Looking-glass like an ordinary woman, (for it seems the two Queens Semiramis and Cleopatra did not so in their last battels) yet in his death, and only in his death, shewed himself a man. Plut. Tacit.

Verse 118. Auruncane Actors spoil.] It relates to Virgils verse lib. 12. Actoris Aurunci spolium, Auruncane Actors spoil; being a massy spear won in fight from that great Souldier by Turnus: not greater for a spear then Otho's Trophy for a Looking-glass.

Verse 127. Bedriack field.] The ground where Otho was defeated by Vitelius, in all other but the Louvre-copy written Bebriack.

Verse 129. Semiramis.] Queen of Assyria, the Widow of King Ninus, that perceiving the Assyrians would not indure to be governed by a VVo∣man, concealed his death, and took upon her self his person, till such time as her Son Ninus should grow up and be able to manage the Affairs of State. She walled the City of Babylon, Sat. 10. Brick-wal'd Babylon. Subduing her neighbour Princes, she very much extended the limits of her Empire, Valer. lib. 9. cap. 3. Once, when she was dressing her self,

newes came that the Babylonians had revolted, and one side of her hair being uncomb'd out, she put on her Quiver, and in that posture led up her Army against the Town, nor would she suffer the other side of her hair to be put in order till the City was rendered. But the end of her life answered not so glorious a beginning; for she fell in love with her Son Ninus, that having no other way to be rid of her nefarious importunity, slew her with his own hand.

Verse 131. Cleopatra,] Queen of Aegypt, Daughter of Ptolomy Auletus, Sister and Wife to Ptolomy the last: She was first Mistress to Julius Cae∣sar, and had by him her Son Caesario: Afterwards Mark Antony lived with her as her Husband, divorcing himself from his own Lady the Si∣ster of Augustus, which he so resented, that he declared a war against An∣tony, and defeated him at sea in the battel of Actium, where he fought and fled in obedience to Cleopatra; at last died upon his own sword, Plut. This example Cleopatra followed, that disdaining to be made a scorn to Rome, and to follow the triumphant Chariot of Augustus, procured a Country fellow to bring her in a basket of figs, a venomous Asp, which she angering, it sucked her arme, and so the poyson struck her to the heart. Plut. in the life of Marc. Antony.

Verse 134. Foul Phrygian talk.] A lacivious Lecture read at meal∣times by the Archigallus, Peribonius, to his Scholars that exactly followed him in Trencher-doctrines, and point of gusto, but could not be brought to imitate him in the use of his Phrygian Razor (viz.) the Fish-shell wherewith he gelt himself.

Verse 142. Gracchus for thy Dower.] This Gracchus a prodigie of that noble house of the Gracchi, that being descended from Gracchus Sempro∣nius the Proconsul of Spain, to whom the Celtiberians rendred them∣selves,

and from Scipio that defeated Hannibal, to the dishonour of his Family and Nation, basely married himself as a Bride to a Trumpeter; out of a meer wanton humor; for he was able to subsist of himself, as ap∣pears by the Dower which he brought to the Trumpeter, being 4000 Se∣stertia, about 3125 l. sterling, the Census Equestris or legal Estate of a Ro∣man Knight: yet was this very Gracchus one of the four and twenty Salian Priests, of which were twelve, being the first number, instituted by Numa Pompilius in the honor of Mars, and were to dance in Procession through the streets of Rome, carrying in their hands the Ancile or brazen Shield that dropt from heaven into King Numa's hand, Plut. in Numa.

Verse 145. Censor.] The Censors were two Officers chosen by the Consuls with consent of Senate, to Register mens names, and to assesse or value their estates: in the second place they were capacitated to reform manners, by inquiring into mens lives and actings: and in this secondary sense, Juvenal asks whether it be not more necessary, that a Censor should set a Fine upon the head of Gracchus, or that an Aruspex should purifie Rome, after the production of such a Monster.

Verse 145. Aruspex,] A Soothsayer, that divined of things to come by inspection of the entrails of sacrificed beasts, part of whose office it was to lustrate or purge the place contaminated with any monstrous birth.

Verse 148. A Cow calve a Lamb.] Be pleased to take notice that calve in this place is the proper action of a Cow in bringing forth a Lamb; and that in the precedent verse Damme is the denomination received by the woman, after she hath teemed a Calfe. This I explane, lest my Rea∣der, referring both the words to one action, I might be thought to trans∣gress against the rules of proportion.

Verse 150. Ancilian Shields.] The Ancile was a brazen Shield round

at both ends, and half-moon'd at the sides, which in King Numa's reign (as I said before) fell down from Heaven at the ceasing of a plague, a voice being heard (out of the cloud from whence it dropt, when Mira∣cles were frequent at Rome) that promised health to the City so long as that Ancile should be kept safe; whereupon Mamurius was commanded by Numa to make eleven more such Shields, which he did, and made them all so like the first, as they were indistinguishable. These twelve Ancilia were delivered into the custody of twelve Priests of Mars, which number was afterwards increased to four and twenty, (one of whose Colledge this Gracchus was, before he married the Trumpeter) called Salian or dancing Priests, because, as you have heard, their cu∣stome was to dance when they carried the Ancilia. This stupendious marriage of a Priest of Mars makes my Author cry out upon the God, that revenged not upon his Priest this prophanation of his Deity; and that being the Father of Romulus, and therefore of the Romans, his God∣headship looked no better to his children, but suffered them to act these abominations even in the Campus Martius, the Fields of Mars, and in the Quirine Valley, which was likewise consecrated to him, that was in his fury called by the Romans Gradivus, but when he was amicable Quirinus, Ovid. 2. Fast.

Verse 171. Swoln Lyde's Salve-box.] A charm against barreness worn by the superstitious Roman women, and sold by those Quack-salving Gossips of Lydia. About the understanding of this word Lyde there have been great controversies among the Criticks: Junius will have Lyde to be the Lydian Maid Arachne, and so to signifie a Spider, which (the Naturalists say) if it be worn about a woman, will make her fruitful. Politianus will have Lyde to signifie one of those Lydian women that went

about Rome to sell receipts to Ladies. Now doe but suppose this Spi∣der of Junius to be put into Politian's Salve-box, and to feed upon the un∣guent that imbalmed the inside thereof (as those Spiders doe which at this day are worn in bags or walnut-shells against a Tertian Ague) and then either interpretation of Lyde may stand good; and so the Spider may be sold for a charm against barrenness by a Lydian woman, that should best know her nature, being her Country-woman: and consequently the two Criticks are reconciled, without the learned scruple, that if Ly∣de had signified a Spider, condita then must have been the nominative case, and so the verse would have wanted his true quantities. And thus much shall suffice for these kinde of Criticismes, being difficiles nugae.

Verse 172. Active Luperci.] The Lupercalia were Feasts and Games solemnized by the Romans in honour of God Pan, whom they called In∣uus or Junus, Pomponius Laetus de Sacerd. cap. de Luper. The time of their celebration was upon the unfortunate dayes of February, a Februando, be∣ing the time of Purification; though the Feast it self was called Lupercale, the Feast of Wolves, in memory of the Wolf that nursed Romulus and Remus: and the Luperci, the Priests that ran the Course, set forth at the foot of Mount Palatine, where the Wolf gave suck to Romulus; likewise a Dog the VVolfs enemy was then sacrificed with two Goats. These were the Ceremonies, Plut. in Romul. after the Sacrifice, two young Lords wait∣ing at the Altar, had their foreheads bloodied with the Popa's knife where∣with he killed the Goats: the blood was presently dried up with wool dipt in milk; and as soon as ever their foreheads were drie, it was their Qu to laugh: then the Goats skins being cut into thongs, the youths took them in their hands, and only girting a napkin about their middles, ran stark naked through the streets, striking all they met with the thongs,

and the wives that never had children, would be sure to stand in their way, because they believed there was a virtue in those touches that hel∣ped conception. The reason why they ran naked, was, because the Shep∣herds God, Pan Licaeus, in whose honour the Arcadians first instituted such Games, was ever painted naked, Fenest. de Sacerd. cap. 1.

Verse 173. Fencer Gracchus] Juvenal seems not to be so much offen∣ded with Gracchus the Salian Priest, as with Gracchus the Gladiator, be∣cause this dishonoured his illustrious Family in the sight of all Rome; fighting upon the Stage as a Retiarius, or Jack-Pudding to the Clown the Myrmillo. The manner of their fight was this; the Retiarius and Myrmillo or Secutor being so armed as you see in the Designe before this Satyr, and the whole City of Rome, as well the Senate as the People look∣ing on; the Retiarius tried all the wayes of his Art, to get the Myrmillo's head into his Cast-net, sometimes seeming not to minde himself, that the Secutor might think he lay open to his Sica or crooked sword, and whilest he cunningly gave him a blow at his leg or thigh, attempting with his Float-net to halter him: but if he missed, he was forced to fly round about the Lists till he could recover, and put himself into a posture of offence: in the mean time he kept off the Sica with his Fuscina or Trident: Some∣times they would come to a Parlee, and the Net-bearer would act the Complementaster, telling the Follower, though he knew his blood was sought by him, and alwayes carried a spunge in his pocket, Plin. lib. 31. to wipe away his fury, yet for his own part he meant no harm to the Follower himself, only he desired to catch his Fish. See Lipsius in Saturnal. & Ju∣venal, Sat. 8. where he describes this Gracchus in the Lists, not compelled by Nero to fight as a Gladiator: but voluntarily, after he had spent his fortunes, selling his honor, life and funerall to the Praetor, being a man of

mean birth, in whose Shew this Lord fought for money, in the presence of the greatest persons of Rome, but none of them, no not the Capitolini Marcelli, &c. so nobly born as himself.

Verse 176. Capitoline Race.] Capitoline was the Cognomen or Sur∣name of the Manlian Family, whose Founder Marcus Manlius, for affecting the Sovereign power, was adjudged to be cast down from the Tarpeian or Capitoline Rock.

Verse 177. Marcellus] was the proper name of the gallant Roman that in a single combat killed the Generall of the Gauls, took Syracusa in Sicily, was five times Consul, and at last, circumvented by Hannibal in an ambush, perished.

Verse 177. Catuli,] The honour of that name Qu. Luctatius Catulus, in the first Punick war, with three hundred saile of Romans, cutting of pro∣visions from six hundred Carthaginian Ships under their Admiral Amil∣car, and defeating their whole Fleet, put an end to the war: yet granted them at their humble suit peace, upon these conditions, That they should leave to the Romans Sicily and Sardinia, with the rest of the Isles between Italy and Africa, and withdraw their forces out of Spain that lies beyond Iberus, Liv.

Verse 177. Fabian name.] The Fabii were those noble and potent Romans that took upon themselves the war against the Vientes, only drawing with them into the field their Clients and Slaves; and having worsted the Enemy in many light skirmishes, at last by a stratagem at the River Cremera they were all slain to a man, Ovid lib. 2. Fast. yet this sad calamity one of the Fabian Family survived, being left at Rome a Child, from whom by a long series of descents came that Fabius Ma∣ximus, created Dictator against Hannibal, whose dilatory prudence

restored Rome to her former greatness, much impaired and almost quite lost by the temerity of other Generals.

Ennius. Vnus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. One man by his demurres preserv'd our State.

Verse 178. Paulus.] Paulus Aemilius the Consul, slain at the battel at Cannae in Apulia.

Verse 180. Not bating him.] The Praetor that hired the Gladiator Gracchus.

Verse 182. Stygian Sound.] The River Styx, over which Charon (with the Oare here mentioned) rowed thousands of souls at a Fare.

Verse 184. Pay not for their bath.] No children at Rome were exemp∣ted from paying the Balneatick, or Bath-farthing, but only such Infants as were carried in their Nurses armes; and it should seem that only such believed their Nurses, that told them of Hell and Hobgoblins.

Verse 185. Camillus] Was called a second Romulus, as a new Founder of Rome after the Gauls were Masters of it: ten years he held the Veians besieged, and then took the Town by a Mine: Soon after he was brought to his Trial by Apuleius Saturninus Tribune of the people, for riding in Triumph with white horses, and for an unequal distribution of the spoil: being condemned he withdrew into Ardea: but when the Gauls had possessed themselves of Rome, and straightly besieged the Capitol, he was in his absence chosen Dictator, and collecting the scattered Romans, surprized the Gauls that only busied their heads about weighing of Roman gold; and so restored his Country to their Liberty. After this, when the people of Rome would needs transplant themselves to Veii, he stayed them with a grave and eloquent Oration, which you may read in Livy, wherein you may see all the perfections and excellencies of the

City of Rome. The third time that he was made Dictator, he preserved the City Satricum, confederate with the people of Rome, from the fury of the Latins. The fourth time that he was chosen Dictator to pacifie a se∣dition of the people, he excused himself for want of health, and deputed another in his place. The fifth time that he was Dictator, the Gauls once again marching towards Rome, and quartering their Army neer the Ri∣ver Aviene, were utterly defeated by him. Lastly, at 80 years of age he died in Rome of the plague.

Verse 186. Fabricius.] The Censor, titled for his strictness Maximus, assisted by his Collegue Q. Aemilius Papus, fined Pub. Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice Consul, and put him out of the Senate, for having in his house a silver vessel of ten pound weight, Agel. lib. 4. Val. Max. See Juvenal. Sat 9 and 11: where he notes the like Censure passed by him upon his Collegue P. Decius▪

Verse 186. Curius.] Of him in the beginning of the Comment upon this Satyr.

Verse 186. Both the Scipio's] Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemilianus, or Africanus minor: the first when he was a boy used at certain hours of the day, to retire himself into a private part of the Temple, and was thought by the people to converse with Jove. At seventeen years of age his Fa∣ther carried him into the field, in the beginning of the second Punick war; and even then he rescued his Father wounded and catched in one of Hannibals traps, Liv. Plut. After he had taken new Carthage in Spain, he passed his Army into Africa, where conquering Hannibal, he made Carthage tributary, Liv. Where he died is uncertain; some say at Rome, and shew a Monument at the Porta Capena with three Statues over it, two of P. and L. Scipio, the third of the Poet Ennius Scipio's friend, Cic.

Others say he died at Linternum, and was there buried by his own ap∣pointment, declining his ingratefull Country, that would have condem∣ned him for moneys received of King Antiochus, and not brought into the publique Treasury. By this Scipio the other Scipio was adopted (for he was the Son of L. Aemilius Paulus) he utterly destroyed Carthage and Numantia, two Cities most inveterate enemies to the State of Rome. At last, living privately at his own house, he was there slain, for which murder the Gracchi were suspected, Liv.

Verse 187. The Legion.] The three hundred and six Fabii before mentioned.

Verse 188. The Youth at Cannae.] The flower of all the Roman Militia, upon whom the Carthaginians at the battel of Cannae did execution so long, till Hannibal himself cryed out Souldiers no more blood.

Verse 191. Purifie themselves.] The Aruspex when he purified a place defiled with Monsters, used a Torch and Sulphur with water, and a Laurell sprinkle, Ovid.

Verse 195. Th' Orcades] Claudius Caesar added the Islands of the Or∣cades to the Roman Empire.

Verse 198. Zalates.] One of the Armenian Children sent Hostage to Rome, and there debauched by the Tribune, who had the custody and breeding of him.

Verse 205. Artaxata,] A City in Armenia, Strab. lih. 11. built up∣on the River Araxes by Hannibal King of Artaxia.