A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS. (Book 4)

THE FOVRTH BOOKE. Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes, and spring of an Egge. (Book 4)

THE FIRST TITLE. Of the skined ones.

CHAPTER I. Of the Frog.

ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs.

THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth li∣ving broods;* 1.1 those that lay egges follow. These are either skined, or shelled: Those that are covered with skin are the Frog, Lizard, Salmander, Chamaeleon, Croco∣dile, &c.

The Frog is either the water, or Land-frog. Called Rana,* 1.2 either from the summer-croaking ra, ra, or the Hebrew 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, to cry out. In Greek Batrachos,* 1.3 from his shrill voyce, and Boox, &c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos; the Io∣nians Bathrakos; the Phocians Brianchone; by those of Pontus Babakos; by the late Greeks Bordakos, and Gurinos, and Brinoi, and Parphu∣sides, from their puffed-cheeks with croaking. It is an Amphilium, living both in water, and on land; afore not fleshy but behind; the hinder∣legs nature hath made thick, and longer the fore-legs. They have five toes long, skined between, to help their swimming. The Shee is biggest;* 1.4 they have no neck, the belly white, the tong, as infants tied afore, but loose by the throat,* 1.5 the milt small, the liver imparted into three laps,* 1.6 whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen, frothy, not very bloudy; the guts knotly, the testicles, and other parts like those of other beasts.

In England are no green ones,* 1.7 but they abound in Germany, Italy, especially in Bono∣nia. They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt, that they would destroy all, if the storks did not devour them. They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus, and Cyrene, perhaps because the water is cold. They are in streams, but delight in puddles where bul∣rushes, reeds, and sea-gras grows. They are ever found in the waters that never freeze, but not in brimstony, or mare-waters, they being too clammy. They eat any creature that swim,* 1.8 are greedy after Bees, & dead Moles. Probably they eat herbs also. The male covers the fe∣male, which layes egges after, and oft black flesh, with fair eyes, and tail, and after they get the Frogs shape, the tail being parted into two hinder-legs. Strange it is that after six months living they are indiscernably resolved into slime, and again reingendred in the spring puddles. But some in warmer waters last all winter, and in spring the old ones swim about. The egges are shed about the banks of pones, and marishes, hanging together as in a string, like black bits of flesh; Chymists call it sper∣mas, or spawn. They hate Storks, Swans, the Buzzard, the Salmander, Putter, Pike, Eel, and fire. Storks devour them. The Swan by eat∣ing them cures himself of a certain malady. They combate oft with Salamandres.* 1.9 It is well known how the Pike, and Eel swallow them. Kindle a fire by night on the banks where they are, they croke not, nor stir, you may easily take them in your hand.* 1.10 Their voyce is brekekex, koax, koax, croaking; Aristotle calls the noyse the hees make in coupling time ololygon,* 1.11 hurt them, they squeak like a mouse. About Cyrene they are mute. (But bring crokers thither they abide so.) In Seriphus also, and a certain lake of Thessaly they croke not;* 1.12 their flesh is loose, whitish, moyst, and subject to rot,* 1.13 so that they that oft eat them grow wan, and feverish: their lips are so close in August, that you can hardly open them; they ly with the

belly above, and the sides under water. If you stop their breath you choak them.* 1.14 They love warmth, and therefore croke in summer, against winter they skulk. Busbequius heard them by Strigonium in December, the waters there being warm, and sulphurous. They are clamorous against rain, either because they feel it colder, or are much taken with sweet water. They can dive long having but small lungs. They are thought to dy in winter, and revive at spring. They lurk also in the ground, and come with their young abroad then. They couple by night, and on land, not for shame but fear. In Egypt, when they see the water-ser∣pent, they carry a piece of reed thwart to pre∣vent being swallowed up.* 1.15 In France they drove away a whole city. To know their sex, prick the back with a needle, from the Hee shall spurt out red blood; out of the Shee yel∣low water. Galen hath omitted their use in food. The common opinion is that they are light of disgestion,* 1.16 yeeld good juice, but cold, and moyst. The Romans never used them, but now from May to October they are eaten roast, or boyled all but the head; the hips are best liked. Mundella counts them most harm∣lesse of cold things, and when they gender not. Others forbid the eating as venemous. See how to dresse them in Ambrosine.* 1.17 In Physick both in whole and parts they help against sundry maladies. They remove the blewnesse after blows.* 1.18 Tied on the jaws they ease tooth-ache, and sod in vineger they fasten loose teeth. The juice removes squincy, and helps the almonds of the ears, and abates swel∣lings. The soft pulpis given against tisick,* 1.19 with Capons-flesh, Pine-apples, and Sugar; Boiled in oyl easens pain in the sinews. Against every poysonous bite it is cried up; the ashes stanch blood, Galeatius of S. Sophia saies it was tied to a Hens-neck,* 1.20 which being after cut off, there gushed no blood out. Some blow it into the nostrils for the Haemorrhagia, and with oil of Lilies kept in an leaden box, for the Interemta, and with conserve of Roses to helpe the wri∣thing of the countenance. Ambrosin shews how to prepare the oyl. It is also cried up against joynt pain from a hote cause. The eyes men hang in fine linnen about the neck of the ill-sighted; the heart bound on the heart allays burning feavers, and hath helped fistulaes; the lungs taken out through the back, wrapped in an cabbage leaf, and burnt in a pot is given in the falling sicknesse, others take the liver. It helped the Elector Palatine. The dust of the liver some take, as a quartan fit comes, lay it afore pis-mires, and that part that they desire is an antidote against all venome;* 1.21 the gall helps the bloody flux, and kills worms in old sores; the fat drop'd into the ears removes pains; the Spawn is good against the Erysipelas and other inflammations, emrods, scab, itch, morfew; the water helps the rednesse of face. A staffe on which a Frog shaken from a serpent hath been eases women in travell.* 1.22 Pliny relates fables about the tongue; as that Democritus saith that if you take the tongue clear out, that it touch not any other part, and throw the Frog into the water, and lay the tongue on the panting of the heart of a sleeping women, she shall in her sleep answer you all you ask.

Some spring from egges, some out of mud,* 1.23 as in Egypt. There are green, and pale, and ash-coloured Frogs. In Stochornium a hill in Bern are two lakes, wherein are Frogs with great heads, and long tails.

ARTICLE II. Of Land-Frogs.

POINT I. Of the Toad.

CAlled Bufo from blowing perhaps;* 1.24 and Rubeta from being among bushes, Phronon, and Phrunen, the poy∣son running to the head, and causing giddinesse, or from the shrub Phruganon. By Lucian, Phusalos from swelling, if but touched. It is thick skined,* 1.25 hardly to be pearced by the sharpest stake, pale, spotted, as if pimpled, the belly swoln and pufd, thick-headed, broad-backed, without hair. One sort lives on land, and in marishy puddles. The phansy shady,* 1.26 rotten holes. There are none in Ireland; bring any thither (they say) they dy, sprinkle but irish dust upon them.

They feed on earthy moysture, herbs, worms,* 1.27 bees. It is said they eat so much earth a day, as they can grasp with the forefoot. They lurk oft under sage; there are sad stories of divers dying with tasting sage leaves,* 1.28 whether they eat it, or no is not known.

They are bred out of egges, and rotten stuff;* 1.29 and out of buried ashes; and in Dariene, from the drops falling from slaves right hands, as they water the floor,* 1.30 and from a duck buried; and from menstrue, we read of womans void∣ing toads.

They hold enmity with salt, for being sprinkled therewith, they pine away to the bones, if we beleeve Albert. Strong sents, as of rew, &c. drives them away, as also of a blooming vine. They fight with Cats, and dy for it; Moles, and they devoure each other. A Spider strikes him dead at a blow.* 1.31 They love Sage, Weezels will slide into their mouths. Plantan is their antidote against Spiders.* 1.32 By day, and in winter they skulk, and ly in the paths by night, and rome about;* 1.33 they hate the Sun-beams. Hevygated they are; sometimes they leap.* 1.34 Strike them, they swell, and spurt poyson out behinde, and then certain stinking drops. They infect Sage, and make it as dead∣ly as wolfbane; they cry, or croak gru, gru. When they crawl about in the evening, it pre∣sages rain.

Their poyson is not much, nor strong;* 1.35 especially of those in colder regions, but in hotter, stronger. The very salt wherein a

toad dies, melted in water, so infects it, that wet a rag, or shirt with it, it brings an incu∣rable scurf. If you would take it off, either prick the skin, or whip it, or prick the outside, and cast it into water. One poysoned swells, looks wan, sighs, is shortbreathed, and taken with seed-flux; sometimes with the bloody∣flux, inflammation of throat, and giddinesse. There was one, who with the cane, that pearched a toad, so venome his hands, that he vomited up the meat he had handled, and never ceast spewing, till hee took his meat from others hands; they who scape death, most commonly shed all their teeth.

For cure,* 1.36 men use River-crabs, stamped and drunk; and toads-ashes, and right Harts-horn, breast-milke, fasting spittle, reed-rootes, the herb poterion, or phrynion, taken in wine, Malta earth, Emerald, triacle, and without oyl of Scorpion. Some cry up the toads-stone; adds Mithridate, and the quintessence of Treacle.

As harmfull as the toad is,* 1.37 and venemous, it helps against venome, and otherwayes use∣full.* 1.38 Some seeth it in a plain pot with Bears-grease for the joynt-gout. Boyled in oyle, men annoint with it, swellings with successe. Cut it up, and clap it to the reins, it provokes urine; which also cures the dropsy. Boyled, and made into a playster, helps the Squincy; the string also whereon it is hanged.

The inner-fat, (and stuffe one Laureola-root, and Hens-dung,* 1.39 salt, and oyl of Dialthaea) dropping from it, when roasted, is good oint∣ment for a fistula; also the powder thereof roasted to a cole. Dried in the shadow, and wrapt in a linnen, and held in the hand, it stanches blood; the ashes prevents the emrods overbleeding.

Nicolaus makes a playster thereof. Others hang it dried about the neck, for an amulate against the pest. Crollius sprinkles the dust of it on all venemous bites. Some against a Cancer, take a thick toad, weigh it, and take Crabs alive of the same weight, and dry them to dust over a soft fire in a plain pot, leaving a litle hole for vent. Helmond was taught by Butler of Yreland, out of a toads-carcasse, and earth, and those small creatures, that he uses to vomit out in three dayes, hanging by the fire into a waxen-platter,* 1.40 makes pellets with the gumme tragacanthus, and that dish, and hangs them at the left pap, to repell contagion, and draw out the venome; the older, and more used, the more powerfull; the toad taken in July, after-noon. He tooke some also at the waining of the Moon in July, whose eyes swarmed with white worms, with black heads; so at least, as if both eyes had been turned in∣to worms; they clinged thick together in either eye, their heads sticking out; and as any en∣deavoured to come forth, the toad with his paw hindered it. Hee vomited flies with shi∣ning wings, handsome, and greenish; and by and by, after died of vomiting. The feet of a living toad, when the Moon is in the last quarter, being cut off cures neck swellings, if they be hanged on of the toad-stone hereafter.

In the new world,* 1.41 in the Isle Peragua a Spanjard for hunger, ate boiled-toads, saith Pet. Martyr in his Decades 3. l. 10. And Le∣rius, that the Brasilians eat them roasted, and never unbowell them; they give a burnt-toad to their Falcons, to prevent the moth-eating of their feathers. There are that shut a toad in an earthen-pot, and hide it amidst their standing corn, to prevent blasting in tempests; to omit the foppery about the right side-bone; they are differenced from place, shape,* 1.42 and bulk. For place, some are found in and about sacred places, and things. In Sneberg, and Mansfield, bring them out, they swell, and dy.

At Tholouse was one with white spots,* 1.43 found in a red sand-stone. A Mason of Ant∣werp found one in marble. Agricola saith, they are in those they make mill-stones, and afore they shape them, they had need looke well, if they lurk not therein. About the shape, and bulke, writers mention many things;* 1.44 as of a bunchbacked toad; see his figure here∣after, &c.

POINT II. Of the green small Frog, and the temporary Frog.

THe green Frog is very small.* 1.45 Some call them calamites, from their being among reeds, and canes; some agredula, or field-frog, some wood-frogs; they de∣lighting much to be there; or as to difference them from the green Frog that men eat. The Greeks call it Kanthis, from croaking against rain; and Druobataes, from their skipping amongst trees; and Diopetaes, as dropping from the sky; and Brexantes, from croking.

It is all green throughout, except the feet. It is usefull against many griefs.* 1.46 Spit into the mouth, it helps a cough: Held in the hand, it allays a burning-feaver. Some Cran-hens with puls of barley-meal, and the flesh hereof boyl∣ed, and give the hen to those in hectique feavers; some cut it in the midst, and apply it to the reins in dropsies, to fetch out the water. The liver tied in a Cranes-skin, makes lusty. The fat is good for tooth-ach. The blood dropped in, where hairs on the cheeks have been plucked out, keeps them from growing againe. Some prick the Frogs with a copper pin, and annoint those places with the blood. The temporary Frog hath the name from its short life.

CHAPTER II. Of Lizards.

ARTICLE I. Of the common Lizard.

CAlled Lacertus,* 1.47 because it hath armes, and hands, that it bends, and turnes like a man. In Greeke Saura, Smulla, &c. Leaving Pliny, who writes of rusty, iron-coloured ones, and Scaligers division into lesser, and greater; wee shall distinguish them in common, green, and brasse-coloured, and Brasil, or Indian ones. The first have five very small toes, with nails in the foote, and hinder-feet; the thumb short, the fore-finger longest, the tongue hairy, and cleft; dry lungs, small and round milt, testicles, cleaving to Spondyls;* 1.48 the secrets of the Shee, like a fowls; and the egs so lying, and fenced. There are store in Italy, great in Capreae;* 1.49 and so common in India, that they creep into the beds there sometimes. Those of Arabia are a cubite long; in Nysa an Indian Hill, foure and twenty foot long, and yellow, or blew. They inhabite commonly graves,* 1.50 dens, thorny places, and ruined heaps. At Genua in the Prince of Doria his Fort, wee saw very many in the open ayr. They eat flesh, herbs, bees, antz; they gender about the end of March; they close as one body like serpents, they lay egs,* 1.51 and hide them in the earth, and the young come abroad; (though they sit not on the eggs) at set times.* 1.52 That they bring forth at the month,* 1.53 and devour their broot all, but the one slug is a fable* 1.54. They hate the stork, that feeds her young with them, and spiders with their webs, intangle young Lizards in holes, and crevises of walls, and strike them dead, also toads, Scorpions, and Serpents, with which they fight; whence called Ophiomechi. They love flesh of shellfish, and dittany,* 1.55 which is their refuge after combating with Serpents; and man they lvoe, and protect him from serpents. They will lick the spittle out of your mouth greedily:* 1.56 In time they loose their fight,* 1.57 and recover it againe, either by course of nature, or by the sun, in whose beams they ly lurking till they be recovered. They lurk the six winter-months under ground, and there lay up store. The female is greatest. They go in couples, and defend each other; and are mad at any that take their fellow. They forget the eggs they lay; cut an egge in two, it is not lost, by reason of the glewy humour; they na∣turally cleave again,* 1.58 as may be seen by the scarre. Their tayle are said to grow again, though oft cut off. It is not true that a dried one turns Viper. At Paris have been seen some as big as a great fish. Some have three tayls, and some two heads. Torn in twain, it cures a Scorpions bite, and eaten it is good against the Salamanders poyson. The oyl of them drowned,* 1.59 and boyled in oyl with Sheep-dung, is a good anointment for swellings of the neck, and face morfew, and pimples. The powder with crematartar, and candy-oyl, helps dim sight; the green are best. The brain helps Syffusions.* 1.60 The head bruised to a poultise, and laid on alone, or with long aristolochia, root of reed, bulb of Narcissus, draws out arrows, and thorns, stick they never so fast. The heart burnt, and mixt with dreges of wine, benums, that you shall not feel the chirurgions probe. The blood keeps rickets from growing, if you annoint infants-thighs carefully therewith; and is good, if they be bursten: the dung is put into the medicine for horses strangury. Kill one in a mans-pisse, it abates your lust.

ARTICLE II. Of the green, and the Brazen-co∣loured Lizard.

THe green Lizard,* 1.61 or Chloorosaura, is called also the Greater; and the Ser∣pent-fighter, (they worstling serpents.) They haunt hote places, as Italy, where coming of many abroad at once pre∣sages a sickly time. In summer they bide in trees, and croak like frogs; and have two tails. The figure below shall save a labour to describe them. It is usefull in Phisick; ty it on thirty dayes for neck-swellings, and then change it. Childrens burstings are cured by a bite, then shoot him through with an arrow,* 1.62 and bloat him. Boyled alive with wine, and given fasting, it helps wheesings, and sod with oyl, face pim∣ples. With tarre, and an old sows grease it takes away tendernesse of Horse-hoofs: It makes the hair black;* 1.63 And it renews hair. See in Ambrosine the ointment for the falling sick∣nesse. The ashes help exulcerated neck-swel∣lings. The bones help them in a swound, after you powder him alive in a stone pot, and the flesh fall off.

There is a Lizard with brasse-coloured streaks down the back, called Ziglis,* 1.64 Samia∣mithon, and Seps, a serpent, because the flesh it bites, rots, and Tarantula, but amisse. It re∣sembles the small Lizard, and is coloured like the serpent Caecilia. It is bred, and lives among the stones in Syria, Lybia, and Cyprus. It beares young, as the viper doth, but carry egs in the belly, as other animals that lay egges. Fabius Columna killed one in a French camp, and cutting it up found fifteen young within her; some hath a thin transparent skin,* 1.65 some none, cut it in two it cures a bite. Galen prae∣scribes it among pickled meats.

ARTICLE III. Of Indian Lizards.

POINT I. Of the Senembi, or Igvana.

THere are many kinds of Indian Li∣zards; the most famous are,* 1.66 the Se∣nembi, or Igvana (the Portugees miscall it Cameliaon, and the Dutch worse, Legvan) long from the mouth to the tail end three foot, eight fingers, compasse ten fingers. The whole skin of a delicate green, with black, and white spots, chequered, like chamelet; it is scaly, the greatest scales are on the back, thighs, and tail, and here all equall. From the neck to the tail end a new of plain ones, like saw-teeth, and green; the head about two fingers long, and scaly; the scales greater then elsewhere; the neck a finger and half long, five thick, their eyes large, clear, and blackish, nostrills wide, the teeth many small, black, short; tongue thick, the head on each side black spotted, a gullet hanging as fish gills, or a crop down to the breast, most part blackish, that he can gather up, and let hang out, when vexed, or frighted. From the mouth to the crop it hath bristles, and on the back, it hath four thighs, and four feet, on each five toes, all scaly, the fore-thighs are shortest, and slen∣derest, four fingers long, and the middle toes shorter then those on the hinder-feet; the nayls black, and crooked, like bird-claws, &c. The hinder-thighs like a mans calf, the foremost not; the dock five fingers thick, and so the tail thinner and thinner, and ending like an aul. One being kill and flead, yet waged after, and the heart taken out leaped; it had in either side above ten egs, some as big as a cherry, some lesse; the fat plainly seen, as a Hens; in the sto∣mack was much fruit, especially sweet Limons, which was the usuall food. They eat also meal and Mandioca-water. They can fast two, or three months together. The flesh is well tasted, boyled, and long fried with butter, it tasts as well as chicken, or cony. It hath heart, lungs, liver, gall-bladder, reins, bladder, genitals, as other beasts; a large liver, a double stomack, one afore, receiving the food, whence a gut as big as the little finger, and about ten fingers long, whereto is knit the other ventricle, that disgests food, hence passe the other to the strait gut. In the fore-stomack of one was found great store of Mandoa meal, and Ango∣las milt raw; the hindermost, the greater, was stuf••d with half disguested meat, whereto cleaved many mites, as in cheese; the last gut held the dung. Being flead, and the taile cut off, it stird yet, five or six strokes on the head could not kill it, till a cut was given in the neck; the tayl-flesh is stringy, and sinewy. Anno 1641. was a stone taken out of a Se∣nembies stomack, as big as a reasonable hen-egge, and so shaped, but not so round, but squatter, without smooth, bright; within made up of coasts, like an onjon, to be pilled off; with∣in it was bright gray, hard as a Bezoar-stone; they fit in trees, and are taken in lines, that the Brasilians know how to fit a club, which the beast spying, wonders at, but stirres not, suf∣fring it self to be ensnared and taken, else he is very swift; the younger are all over green, the elder party-coloured,* 1.67 or ash-hewd. In their heads are sometimes found small stones, that lessen, and void the stones in the reins forthwith, either by the juice drawn out, of a dram weight; or tied to the body. It were good to try, whether those found in the stomack, have that vertue, or no.

POINT II. Of the Tejuguacu, Taraguira, and Americima.

THe Tejuguacu,* 1.68 and Temapara Tupi∣nambis, is a choyse Lyzard, shaped like the Senembi, with this difference, that this is all black, but sprinkled with goodly white spots, and toward the tayl seems to have white prickles. Next the tayl is thicker at the dock. 3. It wants those sharp bristles along the back. 4. The outer∣toe on the hind-feet, stands a little a loof from the rest, and is shorter. 5. It hath a long cloven tongue, red, smooth, which snake like, it can suddenly thrust out a finger long, and withdraw it. It yeelds no voyce, is patient, loves raw-egs, can fast long. The Markgrave kept one in his chamber, tied, and sometime loosed, gave it water out of a glasse; unlesse, when thirsty, it used to sit all day, moping in a corner. It loved to ly on hot ashes. One trod of a piece of the tayl, yet it grew two fingers after: In two month it ate not, and so pined to death; onely it sometimes licked in a litle water; the flesh was eaten.

The Taraguira of Brasil is a Lizard, in, and near their houses, common in their gardens, and everywhere; about a foot long, and some lesse: the body round, all full of three cornered ash-coloured scales: hath no crop under the chin, the back plain; they nod nirably with the head, when they spy any things, and run swiftly, and wagging. They wake a man, if they see any Serpent, or venemous creature, making toward him. As they couple, the Hee bites the Shee gently on the neck, and pulls her to his side.

The Brasil Americima, is a small Lizard, three fingers long, and no thicker any where then a Swans-quill; footed, and ledged as the Senem∣bi; blacke-eyed, almost square-bodied, the back cloathed with ash-coloured scales, the sides with dusky ones: the head, legs, and tayl with blew ones, all bright and smooth, the toes like hogs-bristles. The Portugees say it is

venemous, and longs to suck the blood of women great with child; they report that if it but touch a woman, nay her cloaths, she never after conceives more.

POINT III. Of other Indian Lizards.

THe Carapopeba is with the Brasilians a venomous Lyzard,* 1.69 three, four, five fingers long, shaped, as the other, with five toes on the fore, and four on the hinder-feet. It is all liver-coloured, with white spots, and on the tail white streaks mixt with yellow, eyes glistring, and like glasse. The Ameiva with the Brasilians, and the Tupi∣nambi is everyway like the Taraguira; only this is forked tailed, ending in two strait horns. The Taraguico Aycuraba in Brasil is like the Taraguira, only the scales on the tail are small, and triangular at top, but the tip plaine, with four dusk spots, the back chamleted. The Brasil Tejunhana is as thick as your litle finger; coped-headed, black-eyed, with golden rin∣glets, fourfooted, three fingers long, the tail six fingers and an half long, round, and at the end sharp as a birds; the head scaly, sides, thighs above skined soft as silke, the tail hath foure∣square small scales, the head greater and dus∣kish; the back and sides above shadowed with three streaks, and checkered, below green, above one green streak from the head to the thighs; there is another green streak at the parting of the dusk, and green; between the two streaks is a rank of green pricks in dusk, and under the lower green streak a rew of black spots in green; the thighs above wax-co∣loured with small dusky spots, below white▪ the tail above wax-coloured, and also below, but mixt with white; the head beneath the throat and belly, bright, and blood-spotted; it hath a cloven tongue.

CHAPTER III. Of the Salamander.

IT is uncertain whence it borrows the name,* 1.70 whether as Valincendra, from the ability to withstand fire, or as a sole lover of fire, or as Saulamandran, from quiet lurking, or as Selamandra, as living between the void spaces of sheep-coates, and caves; or (which is but too ridiculous) from Sela Mana Dera, from dimming brightnesse; or from the Arabique Saanbras, or Samabras, which is likely, but not sure. Pliny calls it a starry beast; Aetius a venemous Lizard.* 1.71 There are two sorts, the Land, and the water-Salmander. The Land one resembles the green Lizard, only the head,* 1.72 and belly of this are thicker. It hath a short tail, it is black, spotted with clay-spots, but smooth, and transparant. Gesner found one on the Alps, all duskish, and dark, short-tailed, and striking it, a milky juice flowed out. Some in the Germane forrests have black backs,* 1.73 and red bellies. Some have long, and crooked tails, and claws.* 1.74 Some call it Liporrinon, because it is shining, and glistring, as if greased over. They haunt cold moyst, gloomy places.

In Dutchland are many found,* 1.75 knotted to∣gether. They are oft seen about Trent, and in the Ananiensian vale.* 1.76 Some thinke they breath only at the mouth, and so live, others write that they covet hony-combs,* 1.77 bees, and milk, and annoy hives, and cows.* 1.78 Pliny mistakes in say∣ing they breed not, and have no distinction of sex; for some have seen their brood; they lay egges, wherein the young come to maturity. Whether it live in, or can put out fire, we shall hereafter inquire.* 1.79 They come abroad in rainy weather, and afore storms. It is never seen in winter,* 1.80 or summer; it is slow-gated. In Cumana, they crow. If you cut them in two, the fore∣part goes forward, the hinder moves back∣ward. By nature it hates Frogs, and tortoyses, and fights eagerly with them. It is found ve∣nomous, whole families have been poysoned to death, by drinking the water, wherein one had falne. Nay, the fruit is thought deadly, whereon their spittle is sprinkled. They bite also to death,* 1.81 as many testifie. Gesner was told, that, where the tooth once fastens, and bends, it is mortall to it, but he kept two at home, that were never prone to bite, if not provoked, nor heard hee of any in Germany, bitten by them. But in France the bite is deadly. And the Rhetians have a proverb, that, who so is bitten by them, needs as many Physitians, as the Salamander hath spots. Physitians use the spittle among their psilothra.* 1.82 Kiranides hangs the hart, wrapped in a black skin, on the arme, against a quartan. Not to speake of the fables of girdles, of the skin, to quench fire.

The Water-Salamander, called the water Lizard,* 1.83 and Cordulus, and the water-Scincus, or Crocodile, hath a broad tayl, and is of foure kinds. 1. That with a tayl like a Rhomlus, the tongue short, and broad; the teeth so small, you cannot see them, on the forefeet are foure, on the hinder five toes; the heart is spongy, and lies on the right side: whose left ear-lappet takes up the greatest part of the pericardium: the milt reddish, reins spongy, liver black, it hath egges in the belly big as peas,* 1.84 lying order∣ly, whereout live young breake; the back hath ugly bumps on it, it is ash-colour, or dun. That Gesner dissected, was seven fingers long, black, with white spots on the belly, the rest spotted with black, and rugged. There is another sort with bright half circles on the back, and there is of those, the greater, and the lesser Salamander. The last is that of Matheo∣lus, common among the Utinenses, the head rounder, and shorter. The Land-ones, tayled like the eel, black-backed with murry-spots; they love dark ditches, and fat soils, and ponds with white mud, there they cleave under stones, and seldome swim above. Gesner cast one into a tub of water, and it put forth the mouth. They are slow on ground, and

hold their mouths close shut, you must force them open.* 1.85 Cast them into salt, they wagge the tayl, and dy. Beat them long, they live. The skinne so hard, a sword cannot pierce it. Out of the wounds comes milky matter. Pro∣voke them, they swell, and start upright, and pour out poysonous sweat, and look wistly on the provoker. If a Sow eat one, shee dies.

CHAPTER IV. Of the Stellio.

THis goes for a Lizard, called Stellio from his starry marks;* 1.86 and in Greeke Askalalotaes, or Koolobataes, from the soft, and silent gate, and creeping through walls; and Galeotes, because Weesel∣like, it is ever climbing softly; there are divers kinds of them. That of the Greeks called Colotes, and Ascalabotes, it is full of spots, and hath a harsh voyce, and feeds on every thing. That of Italy, resembling Chamaeleon, living on dew, and Spiders, and is said to be veno∣mous, as the other harmles. Hether referre the little white beasts like small Lizards, of a bright, and brittle-body, about Rome, called Tarantulaes;* 1.87 but the small Lizard is silver-coloured, called Liakoni. In Gazara was seen a black Stellio, as big as a Weesel, great-headed, and big-bellied. We give below a Print of the Mat••••••oli, and Facetan Lizard. There are none in Germany, France, nor England, but in Thrace, Sicily, and Syria, and those more deadly then they of Italy.* 1.88 They keep in chinks of doors, and windows, and chimnyes. That that is foe to the Scorpion, is not in Italy bred. There are venomous ones. In winter they ly hid, and eat not. Like snakes they grow young again,* 1.89 they help the falling-sick∣nesse, they ly in wait for Spiders, and Bees, and hunt them, and Scorpions: they seldome bite, having bent teeth, which they leave in a wound; their bite benums, but seldome kills. The flesh plucks splinters out mans body, it cures its own bite, and putrified in oyl, cures the Scorpions bite.* 1.90 In Quartans, some layd it in a box under the patients head, to prevent the fit.* 1.91 The ashes held in the left hand, provoke, in the right, subdue Iust. The parts make sleepy, and benum; the liver-pounct eases tooth-ach, sprinkled on. The dung takes away warts, the older the better against epi∣lepsy: drowned in wine, the wine drunke, breeds spots, or freckles on the face: the gall dissolved in water, gathers Weesels.

CHAPTER V. Of the Scincus, or Land-Crocodile.

THe Scincus, so called perhaps from Tinsa in the Arabique,* 1.92 is also called the land, or lesser Crocodile, either for being like, or for dreading Saffran. It ••s of the bignes of a green Lizard,* 1.93 or the Sala∣mander, fourefooted, a thumb thick,* 1.94 and not above a quarter long, the tayl round, and scaly; the scales small on the body, many, and clayish coloured; the head long, little thicker then the neck, the belly as it were winged, the tayl round, as of the Lizard, but shorter, and crooked at the end; a streak from head to tayl, Gesner saw one with five toes and nails, a thumb and half broad, two palms long; and another six palms long, at Constantinople. The are bred onely in Arabia about Mecha,* 1.95 and are brought thence to Alexandria, and Venice. They live on sweet flowers, there∣fore no wonder their dung sents so, on dry ground they lay egges,* 1.96 and bury them. The flesh is a great antidote. Rhasis uses to hang the young on those,* 1.97 that are frighted in their sleep. Pulverid, it makes lustfull; the same flesh helps the falling sicknes in India, and makes fat: The heart in black Sheep-wool, of a Lamb first yeaned, being worn,* 1.98 is thought to chase away quartan-agues. The gall with hony, is cried up against bloodshot-eyes: the reins in∣crease seed; the blood with borax, smeard on the face, removes freckles; the fat helps rein∣pain: the ashes of the skin, some sprinkle on parts to be cut off, to make them lesse sen∣sible. Aegineta of the tayl, make his oyntment Entaticon: out of the bowells is a perfume made against stopping of the matrix: the dung is antiepileptick, and clears the eyes, the best is the white, and mouldring, that soon melts in water:* 1.99 whores use it, to keep their faces sleek, and unwrinkled, as you bruise it, it smells like old leven. Of old it was sophisticated with dung of stares, fed with rice. The Indian,* 1.100 and Arabian, are the biggest. In India is bred a beast like it, as great as a Malta Dog, with a rough scaly skin, called by the Indians Pha∣tagen, happily it is the Candiverbera, or smite∣tayl. In Cyprus is a Lizard, everyway re∣sembling the Scincus. In the Lake of Vi∣cenza is a divers sort, a kind of Salamander. The Scincus Rhasis, hath a tayl not round, but flat, or squat about the sides.

CHAPTER VI. Of the Foure-footed Cordylus, and other Lyzards.

IT is like the fish Cordylus, called by some Latermen, the land-Crocodile; and the Can∣diverbera,* 1.101 because it is ever whisking, and clapping with the tayl, which is like a knotted club, and beats all that come near him. Some say, he hath gils; but there hangs one in a publique library,* 1.102 with onely two holes by the corners of the mouth. It is like a Croco∣dile, but lesse, and moves the under-jaw; head∣ed, and mouthed like a Tortoyse, the neck short, and swelling below: each foot hath five toes, the body scaly, skin hard, like a snakes slough, tayl round, with scaly ringlets inex∣pressible; the scales are hard as bones, and fouresquare, hollowed a litle, to make the tayl

round, joyned like tiles, the corners sharp as thorns, they are transparant, and of a pale yel∣low, as horn; the belly struts out more then a Crocodiles; the back broad, and flat. This may proove Aelians Indian Phattages by the de∣scription, whose rough skin they use to cut with.

CHAPTER VII. Of the Chamaeleon.

TE name imports a little Lion; the no∣tation from a Camel,* 1.103 and a Lion is ri∣diculous; of late the wild call it Ga∣maleon, Zamaleon, Hamaleon, and Maleon. It resembles a Lizard, only the thighs stand uprighter, and higher; the sides are joyn∣ed to the belly, as a fish, and the back-bone such snouted like a hog; the tail long, and pointed, with rounds, viperlike, it is crooked clawed, it is rough-bodied as the Crocodile, the eyes hollow, and sunk, great, and coloured as the body; the flesh is but little about the head, jaws and dock, elsewhere, none; it hath blood only in the heart, and about the eyes; the bowells are without spleen. The lungs take up almost the whole body:* 1.104 Thus Arist. and Pliny. Others write, that from the midst of the head back∣ward there sticks out a three cornered part bony, and the rest afore is hollow as a pipe, the brims on both sides sticking out bony and sharp as a saw-teeth: It moves not the ey-balls, it is ever gaping, hath a long tongue, like that of an earth-worm; at the tip is a spungy glewly knot, wherewith it preys. In stead of teeth and gums it hath one continued bone, knaged; the upper-lip is shortest, the throat, and artery like the Lizards; the heart as big as a house-mouses; the liver hath two lappets, the left greatest, the gall-bag as big as a barly corn, cleaving to the left liver-lappet, bowelled as a Lizard;* 1.105 the forefeet very different from the hinder; the forefeet having three toes in∣ward, two outward, the hinder three outward and two inward: It is from the snowt to the dock seven, or eight fingers long, five fingers high; it hath about sixteen ribs bending be∣tween the bottome of the belly, and the ridge of the back, and it is spotted like a Leopard; the teeth stand comlily, he hath but one gut with bendings,* 1.106 the excrement moyst, unlesse near the fundament; the liver parted, & on the bunchy side pouring the blood into the hart that hath ears, and not veins; the lungs being puffed passes into a thin skin reaching round almost through the whole body; there is no rim at the belly bottome, onely a thin skin severing the right from the left parts: He hath no milt, no bladder, no reins to be seene, but small bits of flesh, that, it may be, are genitals; the tongue is near a foot long. They are in Asia, Africk, India, and Madagascar.* 1.107 They sit on the garden hedges at grand Cair by the banks of Nile; as also on bramble-bushes. Of old they were thought to live on air, but they prey on flies, locusts, but they fancy most the worms in meal tubs. They keep above for fear of serpents and vipers. They use their tongue as a trunk, darting it forth with that nimblenesse that you can hardly perceive it, by the means of a small forke bone planted on either side the ends of the jaws, the tongue is hollow, like a gut, which he can infold, and unfold at pleasure; at the end is a slimy bit of flesh to prey withall. Peirescius kept eight of them to observe their breeding,* 1.108 there were in one female within a thin skin above a hundred egges, some as big as an olive kernell, all yolk, no white seen in them, yet re∣sembling milk. They hold enmity with the hauk, which will dy, it is thought, if he but tast a Chamaeleon,* 1.109 and a crew also, unlesse bay-leave fence him. The Elephant is fabled by Solinus to swallow them they being of the co∣lour of the leaves, and they cost him his life, unlesse he help himself by wild olive. Fear of vipers, and serpents makes him live on shrubs, and trees. His spittle let down on a serpents head,* 1.110 like a limed thread, kills him. Wild figs make him wild, who is otherwise harmlesse. He turns his whole dy about, sits high, ever gaping, when dead hee is pale. In winter he hides himself, as Lizards use. By nature he ad∣mirably changes colour but in eyes, and tail, and whole body according to the colour of what lies next, except red, and white; yet Am∣brosine affirms from a Gentlemans testimony that he changes to white. But Peirescius his eight changed not colour. Whether they be green, or ash they put on a black, if you turn them to the sun, or fire. It is strange, that their eyes being combined move not but one look∣ing any way, the other is fixed, or bends the other way, which deflection comes from the four pullies in them, there being no distinction of Iris, but only a ball, wherein the horny part ends, which is glistring, and various, as the rest of the body. Those of Cochin eat them. They bind many together, and sell them, being bought, they are cast into the fire,* 1.111 and roasted. Flea one, the flesh is very clear, which they seeth in a liquour like our butter. Sod away with oyl in a new earthen pot, it drives away an Epilepsy. It makes a rare oyntment for the gout; see the composition in Trallianus. The tongue hanged on helps memory, and women in child-birth: the gall stops fluxes. The hart wrapt in black-wool first shorn helps a quartan ague; to omit fables about raising storms, ma∣king mute, &c.* 1.112 with the heart, tongue, &c. you must know it is Pliny, who, though learned, and usefull, studied too much to delight men.* 1.113 In Egypt they are pale. In Arabia much smaller, and of another colour, as bright, yellowish, and red-spotted. Wee have given here the shapes of the pale, and black Chamae∣leons.

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Crocodile.

HE is a kind of Lizard,* 1.114 so called from dreading the shores. The Aegyptians terme him Chempsa, the Turks thence Kimsak. Kircher, Picharouki. Statius the Pharian wild-beast, others Ten∣chea. In Arsinoë, Suchus, in India, Cayman. It resembles a Lizard, it is of a Saffran colour, but white-bellied,* 1.115 and there soft-skined, else∣where musket proofe. Some have been seen six and twenty cubites long. By Panama there are some of above a hundred foot. The head is broad, the snowt as a swines, the gape reaches to the ears; the eyes sharp, and piercing, and like a hogs;* 1.116 he hath a rew of great, bright strong teeth, like a comb, about sixty in all; more in the upper jaw, and sticking out, seen when the mouth is shut. The tongue cleaves, and is uselesse.* 1.117 The under jaw he stirs not, the testicles cling to the inner-loyns. The back-bone is made up of sixty turning joynts, tied by as many sinews; the claws are very sharp bending somewhat toward the sides; the tail is of the length of the rest of the body, wherein is a finne of seven fingers to the end.* 1.118 M. Scaurus was first who in his Edil-ship shewed five in his plays in an Euripus made for the time. They are found in Africa, Asia, and America;* 1.119 espe∣cially in Nilus, and neighbouring pools; in Niger, in Ganges about Bengala, in the river Bambotus near Atlas, and not far from Chal∣cedon, but small ones, They love warm wa∣ters. In Peru are none till you come to Pacra, then they are frequent. Some live in miry plashes on fish, but are most greedy after mans flesh. They prey also on beasts on land. There was one taken that had swallowed three young ones.* 1.120 About Arsinoë they were held holy, and nourished of old by the Priests with bread, flesh, and wine. Some gave them dainties, rost-meat, and mingled drinks. The Shee lays sixty egges,* 1.121 as big as Goose-egges, and by a kind of divination, where the Nile, when it swells, comes not. Shee lays and hatches sixty in sixty daies.* 1.122 Gyllius hath marked that the young have crept out of the sand, where the egges have been hidden, the egges grow not greater. They hate the Ichneumon for spoyling their egges,* 1.123 and endeavouring to creep into their mouths, while they sleep, and gnaw their bowell; and the wild Ox,* 1.124 that can over-master them. The Tiger, because they teare them, when they take them lying on their backs, and hauks, and therefore the Coptitae, that worship the Cro∣codile, kill up the hauks. They that carry the gall of water-serpent are said to be safe from the Crocodile. They let the Porpisci alone for the prickles on his neck.

Dolphins get into Nilus under their bellies,* 1.125 and tear them up, Babillus, Gouvernour of Egypt, was eye-witnes of it. Scorpions wound the young, as they break out of the egge. They feare a mans voyce, and fly if a man pursue them;* 1.126 the Tentyritae they hate, who dwell on an Isle in the Nile, a people of small stature, but couragious against Crocodiles, that are terrible in pursuit of those that fly them,* 1.127 and fly those that pursued them, but that people alone dare encounter them, and swim, and ride them, and thrust a club in their mouths, and as it were bridle them, and capti∣vate them, and terrifie them with their very voyce, and force them to disgorge bodies, newly devoured, to bury them, so that Croco∣diles shun onely that Island, and fly, if they but smell those men, fly them as Serpents the Psylli. When in Scaurus his time they were brought to Rome, Tentyrites kept, and man∣aged them in shews, in fish-ponds. Among plants they avoid the prickled beane. Diverse use to carry Potamogeton with them as an amulet,* 1.128 or preservative against the Crocodile.

They agree well with the hogs, so that they are saved by the Niles, and with the Trochi∣lus, (called king of birds in Italy,) that, while they ly gaping after eating, picks their teeth, and jaws clean; which the Crocodile likes so well, that they invite the bird, and gape on purpose. With eating of much fish, worms breed in their chaps,* 1.129 which the Trochilus eats out; which having done, the Crocodile would devoure the bird too, but that it hath a sharp prickle on the head, and makes him open his mouth, and so she scapes. By night they keepe in the water, by day on land; the same way they come forth of the water,* 1.130 they returne, keeping a track. Their legs are short, and they cannot easily turne aside, they leave a sweet sent, where they goe; especially the female, so that no Arabian sweets excell it,* 1.131 as the Inha∣bitants by the River Nilus say foure months, some say fourty, some sixty dayes, they hide themselves, and eat not. Artemidore the Grammarian, was so affrighted with the sight of one, that he lost his wits, and learning, and verily beleeved, that the beast had bit off his left legge. When they feed on a mans carcasse, they with their teares, some say, break the brain-pan for the brain. They doe more harme to those that go up the stream, because the fishers catch the fish, they would prey on, and so ravine fiercely on man, and beast; and so after Niles overflow, when it returns within its chanell, for want of fish, in the shallows at the rivers mouth, where they lurk in the slime, watching for what ever comes to drink. They follow boats against streame, when the boat∣men thrust with poles, and with their tayl strike man, and pole overbord. It is a tayl that they hurt no man,* 1.132 while Apis, his birth is solemnized. Achmed Ben-Tolon; finding a leaden one at the foundations of Temples, commanded it to be melted. The Priests guesed, that one of the Ptolomees was near death, when their old, and cheef Crocodile being called, came not, and refused the meat, offered him. Being tamed, they know mans voyce, and will let men handle them, and

rub their teeth with a napkin, and gaped to that end. No wonder then that in the Om∣bitan Marshes, that they are brought up by art, and tamed, and fed with the heads of their sacrifices. In the town Anteum, and old wo∣man was taken in bed with a Crocodile. Many learned say, they live as long as man, some sixty years,* 1.133 some eat them. The Apollono∣politae were bound by their law to eat them, either, because the daughter of King Psamme∣nitus was devoured by one, or out of hate of the tyran Typhon, who was fained to be turn∣ed into a Crocodile.* 1.134 In India they roast them, and in Florida they dry them, and in winter feed on them. The egges also in the new world are eaten, and in Egypt. Sodden, they cure Spider-biting; the dogs-teeth stuffed with Frankincense, asswaged Fevers. The blood clears eye-sight, and helps stung-parts. The fat annointed on, is good against shaking in agues, and old sores, and cancer. The skinne burnt, mixt with dregs of oyl, stupefies à lirib, to be cut off, or feared. In India they cast delinquents, bound to Crocodiles.* 1.135 In Pegu they keep them in their City-ditches, that no man may swim over in the night. The Inha∣bitants, because they worship them, drink the ditch-water; and beleeved that all killed by Crocodiles, fly strait to heaven. Firmus a Tyrant of Egypt, being annointed over with their fat, swam safely among them. Some are greater,* 1.136 some lesser, as Scinci. Some called Tenchea. In Ganges, there are harmles ones, and harmfull, with a horne on the snout. In the Province of Xanagarra, they leave a sent like musk where they goe.

THE SECOND TITLE. Of the Beasts that have Toes that come of an egge, and are shelled.

CHAPTER I. Of the Tortoyse in generall.

HEe is called Testudo, from testa, his shell.* 1.137 In Greeke Chelis, &c. from Cheoo, to be capacious. It is no sightly beast, covered with an ovall shell, like a target, whereunder it hides head, feet, and tayl; the head litle, the tayl as a snakes, the looke rough. Severall writers give the shell severall names, as hided, covering, shell, &c. In Greeke Cheloonion, and Ostrakon:* 1.138 In stead of teeth it hath one continued bone, the lungs are very large,* 1.139 and bloodles: Liver tainted, testicles cleaving to the loyns: milt very litle; they have reins, and bladder, and but one passage for excrement,* 1.140 which is therefore ever wet. It is footed like the Lizard, having five toes and nayls. Cardan saw one with a nayl in the tayl like a cocks-spur; and the tayl of such as of Lizards, cut off, grows again, and harder.* 1.141 They are found on land, in Sea, lakes,* 1.142 or muddy places; they abound in the Red-Sea, and are sold in the Markets. They are in the Isle Dioscoris, now Socotora, and Mauritius, once Cerne: they meet to gender, as others that lay egges: they delight not in coupling: they lay egges like Henne-egges, but lesse, and longer, with shell, white, and yolk: the shell is so hard, that a Cart may drive over it, without bruising it;* 1.143 it never changes it, as other shelly creatures use. In winter-moneths they hide themselves in the earth, and eat not, comming forth, they creep slowly, whether from feeblenesse, or their na∣ture. They are at variance with Partriges and Eagles, that snap them oft up, to crack them on Rocks;* 1.144 as one let one fall of the bald-pate of the tragick Poët Aeschylus, mistaking it for a stone, and killed him;* 1.145 who abhorred to lengthen life, according to Hyppocrates di∣rections. Their voyce is a little louder then a snakes hisse; they fight with Serpents, fence∣ing themselves with origanum,* 1.146 &c. Some par∣boyl them, and then fry them in steaks. Some reckon them among fishes,* 1.147 and allow them on fasting-dayes, others not; they have bones, and breath. Not to speak of their eyes. Some Americans count them dainties:* 1.148 the flesh is usefull against dropsie, and short-breath, or wheesings. Boiled, they remove the loath∣somnes of glutting of hony. The ashes of the shell are used against fistulaes, and shedding of hair;* 1.149 and with oyl, and wine, against sore legs; and in a fume, against Emrods. Burne them, they close chapped-nipples,* 1.150 with the white of an egge; and they help bursten people: the blood of the head cut off, when it lies on the back, and dried in the Sun, quenches S. Antho∣nies fire, and removes warts, and morfew; and is good for a sore-head, and with ants-egges, Hen∣bane, Hyoscyamus, & Hemlock, is made an ex∣cellent oyntment: the shell makes a good pot∣lid that keeps the pot from boyling over: the blood in wine, makes abstemious: the flesh fattens Horses, and Hogs. Vegetius makes an ointment of the live Tortoys, burnt on chips, and raw Allum, and Deers-marrow, and wine, to make cattells hair grow. The shell-shavings drunk in wine, allay lust. Of the great∣er, some have framed tables, vessells, and beds.

Pliny,* 1.151 and Seneca, complain of the luxury in this kind under Nero; and of counterfaiting the colour of the shell, to make coverings for cup-bords. The Amazons made shields of the shells, and cradles for their children.

Pliny divides them into land, and Sea, and Ponds-tortoyses, and such as live in sweet wa∣ter,* 1.152 called Emyclae. In the Isle Zambol, are seene small beasts like them, round-bodied, crosse-streakt; at the end of each streak is an eare, and an eye; they have but one belly, many feet, and can goe every way. The blood is soveraigne to close any wound. Gesner calls it the many-foot∣ed-Tortoys. In the Isle Mauritius, under the line,* 1.153 they are so large, and strong, that they carry men too, and fro; the Portugees speak of fif∣teen such.

CHAPTER II. Of Tortoyses in speciall.

ARTICLE I. Of the Land-Tortoyse.

THe Land-Tortoys is called by some the hill,* 1.154 wood, field, wild-one; in Greek Chersaian, &c. It is as the Salmander markt with yellow, and black spots on the back, shelled like the sea-one. The un∣der-shell of the female is plain, but of the male hollow, and heavier; under the under-shells are two moving muscles afore, on each side one, either seems double,* 1.155 the greater outward, the lesse inward; both rising sideling as out of the arm-pits, springing from a thin skin clinging to the shell, and ending in a sharp tendon; under these long, round muscles six other appeares long that haply bend the arms. Two come to the thighs sprouting from the foresaid mem∣brane, these are lesse then the former, but more fleshy, and are set into the thighs. The back-bone is compact, and fastened strongly to the shell, in the middle of the length. Below the head in the midst a fingers breath from the sides descend two muscles, plucking the head inward, and two other a little below, all long. The liver is parted but alike big on the right, and left side, without bunched, within hollow, on the right side craggy containing in a strange workmanship the nether mouth of the sto∣mack, and a part of the duodenum; the left side holding the greater hollow of the stomack, like a hollow eyebrow. The gall-bag lies deep in the right string of the liver. The stomack nearly resembles a mans, or swines; but after it comes to the bowells it hath three large hol∣lows, wherein are perfected the three dige∣stions. In the two first is a herby substance, the latter better wrought, and from hence cleaves the milt round, and black; in the third a cer∣tain moystish, and very white substance, like a chewed chesnut, but washy. It is thought this serves for a bladder, that, as Hens use, darts out sometimes a white moysture. It is large, and shaped like a chesnut, thin, and of a large con∣veyance. It clings fast to the peritonaeum. The straight gut at the end hath such side passages, as all Cocks have, but parted, and reaching into the sides, even to the reins. Here on each side ly their egges. The mid-rif is interwoaven with great veins. The heart is roundish, and whitish, hollow on one corner, placed just above the liver. The sharp artery (which is worthy mar∣king) a little after the beginning is cloven, and the branches are twisted. The lungs above cling to the back-bone, thin, not fleshy, but ra∣ther skinny, set into the sharp artery, like a blackish net-worke. The disposition of the Hyois-bone, and shield-gristle is remarkable. In the skull of the Sea-tortoyse is a partition. These come about in the deserts of Africa, and in some part of Lybia.* 1.156 Also in the Arcadian woods;* 1.157 they of old made harps of them. They are most in the Isle Dioscoris in the red-sea. Living in the deserts they have been thought to feed on dew.* 1.158 Others say they crop young sprouts of pot-herbs, and Pompions, &c. Worms also they eat, and shell-fish. In house they kept with bran, and meal. To passe by fables, of their being gendred of Geranus a woman turned into a Crane, and Nicodamas. They lay hard shelled, and party-coloured egges, which they hide in the ground, and at times sit on, and the following year they foster them. It is a mistake that they conceive only when the wind blows.* 1.159 It is certainer, that the female being very slow to coupling is of the male quickned by an herb. The Greeks eat them not. Certain Hungarians seeing Clusius tast of one,* 1.160 beleeved he should dy of it. In India they are commonly eaten. In August, and September, when corn is ripe, they are fattest, and most cried up. Some say, from Fe∣bruary to May the Shees are best, being then full of egges, and from June to Autumne, the Hees.* 1.161 Some praise them with garlick sauce. At this day at Bononia they behead the female land-Crocodile, and throw away the blood, and seeth it till the shell fall from the flesh, and wash the inward, and boyl all together with saffran, sweet spices, pines, and raisins in Malm∣sy, and so serve it in.

The flesh makes good perfumes against witchraft,* 1.162 and poyson. In Africa they cut off the head, and feet, and make an antidote of them. In pottage eaten they disperse swel∣lings, and help the falling sicknesse, and spleen; the blood clears the ey-sight, and removes blood-shot, rednesse in the eyes, and helps against all venome of serpents, spiders, toads, the blood wrought with meal into pilles, and take in wine; the gall with Athenian hony is good for the yellow in the eyes, and the stroak of a scorpion; the ashes of the shell kneaded with wine, and oyl, closes chaps, and ulcers. The scales shaven off at top in drinke allay, as the the powder of the shell inflames lust. The urine I thinke is not seen but in dissection, but is thought good against aspick-bites, better, if mixt with hog-lice; the egges hardened make an ointment for swellings, and ulcers comming from cold, or burnes. Some swallow them in stomack-aches.

Among the Bononians there is syroop of Tortoyses for short-breath, and consumptions. Some also made a decoction for rheums, and cough, described by Amatus the Portugees. Wecker compounds an electuary against sharp uds of seed. Galen stampt the liver to drink for the suffocations of the mother.

In India are great ones. They pluck off their shells with spades,* 1.163 they have fat, and sweet flesh. In Brasil is one called Jubeti, by the Portugees Cagado de terra; it hath a black shell with many six cornered marks thereon, snowted as others.* 1.164 The head, and legs dusk, but shadowed, and spotted. The liver hath a more savoury tast, thenof any other beast.

ARTICLE II. Of the VVater-Tortoyse.

POINT I. Of the fresh-water, and Pond-Tortoyse.

PLiny calls it water-mouse,* 1.165 and Emyda. The clay-coloured is called Myda. In Greek Potamia Cheloonia, or river-Tor∣toyses. They live in fresh water, in lakes,* 1.166 and rivers, as near Adelfing in a small lake in the Tigurine territory. And near Con∣stance in a hote that runs long, and wide among the rocks, there are plenty of them; the women of that city call them divells, and ascribe all their sicknesses to them. They wander also in Ganges,* 1.167 and Nile; they breath. In breeding time they dig a hole on dry land, where they lay and hide their egges, and after thirty dayes they uncover them,* 1.168 and bring their brood presently to the water. Of the fat bruized with Aizoon, or the everliving herb, and Lily-seed some annoint those that have quartans all over,* 1.169 but the head, afore the fit; then they wrap them warme, and give them hote water to drinke. They catch it on the fif∣teenth day of the moon, when it is fattest, and annoint the patient the day after. The blood droped in, eases head-akes, and swellings. Some behead them lying on their backs with a bra∣zen knife receiving the blood in a new earthen pot, annointing with the blood cure all kinds of S. Anthonies fires, and running sore heads, and warts. The dung is said to disperse waxen kernels. some beleeve that ships sayl slower, if a Tortoyses right foot be aboard. The In∣dian river-Tortoyse is just as big as a Boat, and holds sixty bushells of pulse. The clay, or Pond-Tortoyse Pelamida, and Amida, is alike broad on back and breast, the shell makes a handsome cup. It abides in muddy places,* 1.170 but at spring seekes running-water. They want bladder, and reines. They are seene about Fer∣raria, and in France, Poland, Hungary. Some think to drive over a shoar of hayl by laying one with the right hand about their garden,* 1.171 or field on the back, so that it may see the cloud big with hayl. Some lay three on a fire of chips, and take the bodies from the shells,* 1.172 and par∣boyl them in a gallon of water, and a litle salt to a third part, and make a drink for palsy, and gout, for those that have feeling. The gall is good for flegm, and corrupt blood. Drunk in cold water, it stays a loosnes.

POINT II. Of the Sea-Tortoyse.

PLiny calls it the Sea-mouse;* 1.173 the Greek Cheludros; the German and Flemish Fishers, the Souldier, because it beares a shield, and helmet; and Barchora, and of old Zytyron, that, or such another with rugged, hard armed-head, and a buckler hanging at the neck. It resembles the Land-Tortoyse; if you* 1.174 except the feet, and bignes. In stead of teeth it hath a bone so hard, it breaks asunder the thickest staffe with one stroke. The snout brims seeme like teeth. The eyes sparkle from farre; the balls being exceeding bright, and glittering. The feet like wings,* 1.175 wherewith they swim as with oars; turn him on his back, and cut him up crosse, taking away the shell, you see a peritonaean membrane covering all the fore-parts from the throat to the secrets,* 1.176 tied to the shell by fleshy strings, especially by the breast. Kall it hath none, nor blind gut, but slender bowells from above downwards, con∣trary to other fourfooted beasts. Nay from the gullet top, which is two thumbs thick, it reaches to the beginning of the straight gut, and lessens all along; it hath also double tuni∣cles, the outer sinewy, the inner fleshy, and this is hairy, and limber, and moyst, like a fat Cows right gut. In the beginning of the Oesophagus are many thwart prickles, bigger then in an Ox-tongue, which is strange, they serve hap∣pily to chew the grosse food they use to gobble in. The neck of the bladder answers the straight gut within, and have both but one out∣let; the milt round as an egge, tied to the up∣per-gut: Reins plain, and long, as if made up of many small ones; heart moyst full of intri∣cate vessels in the entrance; the lappes large, blackish, dangling by a thin skin; lungs large comming down much lower then the heart; the neck bent with many muscles, and two very long plucking the head in to the shell.* 1.177 They live in salt water, and about Moluris, and live on small fish, shell-fish, and being brought a land they eat grasse.

They at breeding-time lay about an hundred egs on land,* 1.178 and hide them in a pit, and by night sit on them; & with their foot make a mark on the covered-place, to find it again. They plain the earth with their breast. In fourty dayes they are hatched.* 1.179 In America are hide oft above three hundred egges in one hole, and are hatched by the Sun, with the dams sitting, so that an army seemes to be poured out at once. They sleep sometimes on land, but can∣not live long there,* 1.180 like Sea-calves; they come by night on land, and feed greedily, and being full, and weary, they float on the water on their backs sleeping, and snorting. If they ly long, dried by the Sun-beams,* 1.181 and cannot get into the sleep, they dy. They thrust forth their heads, to take ayr, like Sea-calves; and are so bold, they dare set on three men at once. Cut off their heads, they dy not presently, but shall bite,* 1.182 if you put your hand to them.

The Armenians, by the Patriark of Alexan∣dria, are forbidden to eat them, on pain of excommunication. Between Spring, and fall, they are good meat. Some make pies of them. In Brasile they catch some that may suffice 80 men. They lard, and roast them, they tast

like veal. Their flesh and Frogs-flesh, help against Salamanders:* 1.183 the blood against shed∣ding of hair, itch, and foreheads; but dried, and washt with breast-milk, men drop it into the ears for paine there. Some eat it with corne-meal, for the falling-sicknes: some mixt the blood with vineger, wine, and barly-meal, and eat a pellet as big as a bean, morning, and evening, and after some dayes, at evening. It is taken in a castor-glister, for the cramp, wash the teeth long with the blood, you shall have no tooth-ake; and in barly-meal soked, and fried, it removes shortnes of breath: the gall makes eyes clear, lessens scars, swellings of the amonds of the ears, squincies, and all sorenes in the mouth: sorenes creeping on by de∣grees, and the burning of the cods. Smeard on the nostrils, it is good for the falling-sicknes; and for mattery-ears, with snakes-sloughs, and vineger: Some adde ox-gall, and juice of tor∣toyse-flesh, long boyld in wine. The gall with hony, is good for the eyes, and for the pin, and web, with the blood of the river-tortoyse, and breast-milk: womens hair is poysond by the gall. Some drink Salamanders, and the sop: the brain with Sa••••••an,* 1.184 and Egyptian-salt, makes a suppository for the stoppings of the mother. The eye-balls worn in gold, are good for d••maes of sight: they give the blood with wild-cymine, for viper-bites. The liver pouder, in breast-milke kneaded with rain-bow oint∣ment, and wine, purges a ch••lde-bed-woman. Some give the egges in an Epilepsie.

Of old,* 1.185 they trimed their posts with the sh••lls. Those of Taprobana Isle, cover their houses with them. The Tortoys-eaters use them for ships, and water-vessells, and tents: they wash new-borne B••bes in them. By Gambra River, they make shields of them: the Turks make Sword handles of the tran∣sparent shells.* 1.186 They are of a different bignes, and shape. In Taprobana one weighed an hundred and three pound. In the Red-Sea are shells as broad as a doore. In India some hold ten bushels. The Sea-tortoyses are longer, the shore, rounder. Among the Trogodites are horned ones, the horns, as on a Harp, broad and loose. that help their swimming: that kind is called Costium, vast, but rarely found. The sharp Rocks of the Chelonophagi fright them away: they frequent the Trogodites, that even worship them. Her-Barbarus bids us to call them Cheleta, or Cavaleers, that use their hornes, as spurs. One sort is covered as with a tanned hide,* 1.187 and is like a Lobster, the head, and feet gone: the back consists of six tablets joyned; and the tayl like that part of the harp, wherein the pegs stick: there a••e two sorts, the Brasilians call one Iuru••ua, with legs like wings; the fore-legs about a foot and half long, the tayl sharp, and conick, eyes great, and black; mouth toothles, and like a birds bill. I have had of them, whose shells were three foot long, and above two broad: the shells set into the ribs, on each side eight, the former shorter; middelmost longer, the hindmost also smaller. They eat the egges as flesh, they lay their eggs on the shore; digging a pit in the sand, and burying them. I have oft trackt them in their walke. Some I have had foure foot long, and three broad, of such a bulk, foure strong men could scarce stirre one. The shells as carved in diverse geometricall figures; some black, and glistring with yellow streaks, goodly to see too: others, otherwise shaped. The other sort the Portugees called Iuruta Cadago d' agoa, it is lesse then other Tortoyses; the shell the upper-shell, is ten fingers long, and broad: the hollownesse considered; the lower shell nine fingers long, foure and an half broad, and flat. The upper hath an crooked longsquare shape. It can hide it self under the shell, and thrust out the head three fingers; the head is three fingers thick, and longish: the nose rising, and pointed, mouth wide, eyes blackish, balls cole-black: on the feet are foure very long black nails: the tayl short, and copped; the skinne rugged, and scaly: the upper-shell dusky, the undermost yellowish: they lay roundish eggs, half as big as Hen-egges, white-shelled, they taste well fried. Marckgrave ate often of them.

AN ADDITION. Of certaine Outlandish Foure-footed Creatures of a doubtfull kind.

CHAPTER I. Of the Tlacaxolotl, the Cabim, and the Sea-secker.

HAving through Gods grace finished the History of the Foure-footed Beasts, as many sorts as are, as yet knowen, I thought good to adde this appendix about forreigne doubtfull Creatures, which I am yet thinking to what head, or kind to referre. As first: The Tlacaxolotl, it is roundish-faced, bigger then a Bull, great-head∣ed, long muzzle, broad eares, cruell teeth; faced almost like a man, whence it hath the name: the neck thick, the nails like the Bulls, but larger: the buttocks great, and broad, tayl thick and long; skin thick, hair yellowish, and brisly. It is seldome found, living among stones, and in desolate places. The Atzaceani, Tepotzonzotla, and Haquelagani, are not far from the Honduras. It feeds on Kacaotli, Quapachtli, and green-Hoali, in the wide fields, and sowen grounds; and where they are not, on leaves and shrubs. The flesh is eateable. It fears not the face of man; Arrows cannot pearce the hide; therefore they catch them in pitfalls, and holes covered with leaves, as the Indians doe Elephants.

The Cabim, or Sionium, or Thabal is bred in Java. It hath one strange vertue, if any carry with them the tip of the mouth thereof, wound him in a thousand places, he shall not bleed one drop.* 1.188 There have been many trialls of it, and it is famous, and well knowen; for

when Naodabeguea Malacensis, an enemy of the Portugees, in a manfull fight against them, was at length overpowered, and wounded in many places, and fell, no blood started out of the widest wounds; after in rifling him, as they plucked from his arme a gold arm-let (strange to say) the blood with his life gushed all out suddenly, as out of a broken vessell, which they being astonished to see, they understood by other captives that in that arm-let was closed a Cabims mouth, that is so potent in stanching of blood.

As for the Maripetum,* 1.189 Aloysius Almeida writes, and others affirme, (both with what truth) that among the Japons in the Gotian kingdome is a wood wherein is bred a beast as big as a dog, short-leged, good to eat, gold-co∣loured, soft-haired. Growing old, it leaves the land, and takes the sea, and by degrees turns fish in a certain space, loosing his beasts shape, and that some have been taken not wholly transformed, the full time being not exspired, one part beast, the other scaled, and fined.

CHAPTER II. Of the Danta, ••and Cappa.

THe Danta,* 1.190 or Capa, or Tapiroussu, or Doueanar, resembles the Mule, ha∣ving such ears, a Calves lips; the up∣per-lips hangs a handfull over the lower, which he lifts up, when angred, in the rest like other beast, but a Calf most; he hath no harme. The hoof helps heart-pain, the skin makes an impenetrable target. It hath two stomacks, one receives the food, the other is found, none knows how, stuft with wood, and twigs. The use of this stomack is not knowen. Nature uses not to make any thing needlesse. The hunter must wound him afore he takes water, for there he bites dogs to death. Men have been taught breathing a vein from him, for he, his blood is rank, and he even swells, lets himself blood on the inside of the thighs with a splinter of a reed, as the Sea-horse doth. He is reddish-haired, and that hanging down, and resembles a Cow in bulk, and shape. But that he is not horned,* 1.191 and hath a short neck, and long daugling ears, by his dry, and slender legs, whole hoof, a man may take him to be of the breed of the Cow, or Asse, yet differs much from both, having a very short tail, (though in America many beasts are bred, without tails) and hath much keener teeth, yet none need feare him, he trusting more in flight, then fight. The wilds shoot them, or catch them in pits, or grins, and have handsome devices to hunt them. They value him highly for his skin, which they cut round, and lay a sunning to make targets as big as a reasonable tun, which they use in warre, as being hardly to be pear∣ced. I brought two of those shiels carefully into France; but returning, the famine was so sore, that all provisions being spent, we must eat apes, and parrets, and we were fain to fry those two targets, and other skins in the ship, to eat. The flesh tasts like beef, especially the feet well boyled.* 1.192 These Dantes are in many parts of the continent. The Cappa is bigger then the Asse,* 1.193 black, shaggy, fierce, fatall to dogs, snapping them, as a Wolf a Lamb. The hoof is whole, like a French shoe, and sharp in the spur-place. He is affrayed of a man.

CHAPTER III. Of the Howler, the Su, and Peva.

THe Howler is cunning,* 1.194 faining an in∣fants cry in the beginning of the night at towns ends, and kills those that in pity run out to help upon hearing the mone. But now the towns-men are well warned, and goe forth armed with fire-brands. It is like a Hare-hound in shape, and bulk.

The Su, i. e. water, because living by rivers most what,* 1.195 is found among the Patagons. Some call it Succarath. It hath a fierce Lions looke, yet is bearded from the eare like a man, short-haired, the belly strutting out, lank flank∣ed, the tail large and long, as a squirrells. The giantlike men there, the climate being not very hote, wear the skins, for which, when hunted they lay their young on their back, and cover them with their tail, and so run away, but are taken, whelps, and all in pits covered with boughs. Being fast in, for rage, or generous∣nesse they kill their whelps, and cry hideously to fright the hunters; they shoot him dead with arrows, and flea him. Some fain that they in fondnesse carry their young to medows, and there they dresse each other with garlands of faire sweet flowers.

The Peva is as big as a small Cat.* 1.196 Spying the Tiger, she traces him, ever barking to warn all creatures of the danger. Hence we see often, that they dy in the fields for hunger.

CHAPTER IV. Of the stinking beast, the Graffa, and Caoch.

AMong the Chiribdes is a lean beast that voids serpents a cubit long.* 1.197 The Dominicans brought up one in their cell, and say that those serpents creep to the next wood, where they live a while. They caused it to be killed, because it stank worse then any carrion cast out on a dung-hill. It resembles a Fox in the muzzle, a Wolf in hair. I wonder not much at this beasts dung, when consider what worms children, and old folks commonly void.

The Graffa is found most on the Isle Zan∣zibar. It is small-headed,* 1.198 and long-necked. The forefeet are greatest. It is party-coloured, white and red, and marked with red-rose spots. It is a gentle beast.

The Caoch is thirty inches long,* 1.199 black-haired, the belly yellow, and shining. By night it fains a humane cry. Like the Sow, it eates unripe mayze.

And so much of the fourfooted Beasts. If any thing shall be farther discovered to me about them, I shall God willing add it.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Ambr. Digit. Ovipar. l. 1. c. 1.
• * 1.2

  Name. Isid.
• * 1.3

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Varin. Described.
• * 1.4

  Arist.
• * 1.5

  Plin.
• * 1.6

  Bellon.
• * 1.7

  Place.
• * 1.8

  Food. Arist. H. A. l. 9. c. 40. Gendring. Arist. Ib. l. 5. c. 3. Plin. l. 9. c. 51. Arist. Ib. l. 7. c. 14. Antipa∣thy.
• * 1.9

  Glyca.
• * 1.10

  Mizald.
• * 1.11

  Cent. 9. Memora••. Voyce.
• * 1.12

  Plin.
• * 1.13

  Arist. H. A. l. 8. c. 28.
• * 1.14

  Aelian. l. 3. c. 37. Nature. Ael. l. 9. 13. Plin.
• * 1.15

  Plin. l. 8. c. 29.
• * 1.16

  Use.
• * 1.17

  Amar. Lusit.
• * 1.18

  Galen. l. 9.
• * 1.19

  Porta.
• * 1.20

  Dioscor. Aetius. l. 13. c. 55. Habdar∣rham de pro∣priet. an. c. 41. Plin. l. 32. c. 10. Villano∣vanus.
• * 1.21

  Plin. l. 32. c. 5.
• * 1.22

  Q••erce∣tan••s.
• * 1.23

  Diffe∣rences. Diod. Sicul.
• * 1.24

  Ambr. l. 1. c. 2. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.25

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Arist. Plin. Described.
• * 1.26

  Place. Plin.
• * 1.27

  Food.
• * 1.28

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.29

  Mizaldus.
• * 1.30

  Pareus l. 20. c. 24. Gene∣ration. Pet. Mart. Port. Nat. Mag. l. 2. Sympa∣thy.
• * 1.31

  Sympa∣thy.
• * 1.32

  Plin.
• * 1.33

  Nature.
• * 1.34

  Agrico.
• * 1.35

  Poyson. Albert.
• * 1.36

  〈…〉〈…〉. 3.
• * 1.37

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.38

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.39

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.40

  Helmon. 〈…〉〈…〉 p. 76.
• * 1.41

  Use in meats.
• * 1.42

  Diffe∣rence.
• * 1.43

  Place.
• * 1.44

  Shape.
• * 1.45

  Ambrosin. Ovied. Ind. p. 608. Gesner. Ambr. l. 1. c. 3. Plin. Isid. Names. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.46

  Described. Ambr. p. 622. Use. Plin. Sylv. Guiner. Timoth. Marcellus.
• * 1.47

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 4. p. 623. Id. Ib. c. 5. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Diffe∣rence. In Arist. H. A. & 204.
• * 1.48

  Plin.
• * 1.49

  Arist.
• * 1.50

  Albert. Place. Lin. chot. Plin.
• * 1.51

  Arist.
• * 1.52

  Food.
• * 1.53

  Gendring.
• * 1.54

  Arist.
• * 1.55

  Sympa∣thy.
• * 1.56

  Scal.
• * 1.57

  Erasm. Dispo∣sition. Aelian. Arist.
• * 1.58

  Plin. Aelian. l. 9. c. 58. Theocr.
• * 1.59

  Schenck Use in Physick. Plin.
• * 1.60

  Diosc. M. M. l. 2. c. 58.
• * 1.61

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ambr. l. 1. c. 6.
• * 1.62

  Plin.
• * 1.63

  ••sran••. Hier••••••.
• * 1.64

  Chalcid. Ambr. l. 1. c. 7.
• * 1.65

  Gal. Med. Simp.
• * 1.66

  Marckg. H. Brasil. ••6. c. 11.
• * 1.67

  Fr. Xime∣nes.
• * 1.68

  Marckg. H. Bras. l. 6. c. 11.
• * 1.69

  Marckg. H. Bras. l. 6. c. 12.
• * 1.70

  Ambrosin. de Digit. ovip. l. 1. c. 5. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.71

  Stellatum.
• * 1.72

  The land∣one de∣scribed.
• * 1.73

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.74

  〈◊〉〈◊〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Nic••••••••••.
• * 1.75

  Place.
• * 1.76

  Food.
• * 1.77

  Gendring.
• * 1.78

  Plin. l. 10. c. 68. Bellon. obs. l. 3.
• * 1.79

  Nature.
• * 1.80

  Cardan. rer. var. l. 7. c. 33.
• * 1.81

  Plin. Aeans. Nican.
• * 1.82

  Use.
• * 1.83

  The wa∣ter-one. Ambr. l. 1. c. ••. Be••••o••.
• * 1.84

  Agric••••••.
• * 1.85

  Agricola.
• * 1.86

  〈…〉〈…〉 29.
• * 1.87

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.88

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.89

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.90

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.91

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.92

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.93

  ••ame.
• * 1.94

  Dioscor. Bellon. Described.
• * 1.95

  Place.
• * 1.96

  Food.
• * 1.97

  Vse.
• * 1.98

  Plin.
• * 1.99

  Plin.
• * 1.100

  Diffe∣rences▪ Plin.
• * 1.101

  Ambrosin. l. 2. c. 12.
• * 1.102

  Bellon.
• * 1.103

  Ambr. l. 1. c. 14. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Ovip. l. 1. Name. Described. Plin. l▪ 8. c. 33.
• * 1.104

  Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 11. Theoph. de mutant. color.
• * 1.105

  Arist. Bellon. Gesner.
• * 1.106

  Gassendus.
• * 1.107

  Place. Bellon. obs. l. 2. c. 34. Food. Plin. l. 8. c. 33.
• * 1.108

  〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 1.109

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.110

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.111

  Use in 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.112

  Plin. l 2▪ c. 8.
• * 1.113

  Diffe∣rence. Bellon.
• * 1.114

  Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Kircher. ••. 172.
• * 1.115

  Described. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.116

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.117

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.118

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.119

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.120

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 2.
• * 1.121

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.122

  ••••ndring. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.123

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.124

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.125

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.126

  Sen. Nat. quaest. l. 4. Phil.
• * 1.127

  Plin. l. 8. c. 25.
• * 1.128

  Crescen∣tiensis. Sympa∣thy. Plin.
• * 1.129

  Leo Af••▪ l. 9.
• * 1.130

  Nature. Mart. Leg. bab. l. 3. Arist.
• * 1.131

  Aelian.
• * 1.132

  Plin. l. 11. c. 4. Scal. Exer. 196. Aelian. l. 8. c. 8. & 9. 3.
• * 1.133

  Gyllius Diod. Bibl. l. 9. c. I. Use.
• * 1.134

  Herodot. Lopez. Leo Afr. c. 9. In Phi∣sick.
• * 1.135

  Baldus Itin. c. 35.
• * 1.136

  Diffe∣rences. Plin. Albert. Aelian.
• * 1.137

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 1. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Isidor. Described. Paucunius.
• * 1.138

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.139

  Plin.
• * 1.140

  Arist. l. 3. c. 8.
• * 1.141

  Place.
• * 1.142

  Arrian. Mar. R••b. Herbe••••. Itin. p. 349. Gendri••g. Arist. Plin. Aelian.
• * 1.143

  Nature, and qu••∣lities.
• * 1.144

  Aeli.
• * 1.145

  Arist. H. A. l▪ 4. c. 6.
• * 1.146

  Plin.
• * 1.147

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.148

  Bru••. c•• l. 22. c▪ ••.
• * 1.149

  Plin.
• * 1.150

  G••l••n. E••p or.
• * 1.151

  Plin. l. 16. c. 43.
• * 1.152

  Diffe∣rence. Plin. Ambr. ex Boh••••. l. 2. c. 1.
• * 1.153

  Herbert. Itin.
• * 1.154

  Ambros. O••ip. D••git. l▪ ••. c. 2. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Described.
• * 1.155

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. Z••ot. Da••ocr.
• * 1.156

  Place.
• * 1.157

  Plin.
• * 1.158

  Pausan. in Arcad. Food. Bruier.
• * 1.159

  Gendring. Athen. Dipros. l. 5. Nicander. Aelian. l. 5. c. 32.
• * 1.160

  Use in Food. Bellon.
• * 1.161

  Ambrosi••.
• * 1.162

  In Phi∣sick. Plin.
• * 1.163

  Diffe∣rences. Aelian.
• * 1.164

  Mar••kg. Brasil.
• * 1.165

  Ambro. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.166

  Place. Gesner. Leo Afr. l. 5.
• * 1.167

  Aeli.
• * 1.168

  Arist.
• * 1.169

  Plin.
• * 1.170

  Plin. l. 32. c. 4.
• * 1.171

  Mizald. Cent. 5.
• * 1.172

  Plin.
• * 1.173

  Ambr, l. c. 4. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.174

  Albert. Described.
• * 1.175

  Aeli.
• * 1.176

  Severin. Zoo••••. Den••••••. Par 4▪ p. 321.
• * 1.177

  Place.
• * 1.178

  Gend•••••• Arist.
• * 1.179

  Plin. Plutr.
• * 1.180

  P. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 6. c. 3.
• * 1.181

  Arist.
• * 1.182

  Oppian. Hali. E••. l. 1. Aeli. l. 4. c. 28. Use in Food. Bell. o••. l. 2. c. 63.
• * 1.183

  S••ppi••s. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 5. c. ••. •• In Phi∣••ck. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 32. c. 4.
• * 1.184

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.185

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.186

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.187

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.188

  Nierem Ex. l. 9. c. 3.
• * 1.189

  Nierem. Hist. Ex. l. 9. c. 49.
• * 1.190

  Nierem. Exot. l. 9. c. 65.
• * 1.191

  Lerius.
• * 1.192

  Franc.
• * 1.193

  He••••an∣dus. Nier. Exot. l. 9. c. 71.
• * 1.194

  Nier. Exot. l. 4. c. 72.
• * 1.195

  Id. l. ••. c. 47.
• * 1.196

  Id. Exo••. l. 9. c. 46.
• * 1.197

  Id. l. 9. c. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Pet. Ma••.
• * 1.198

  Ib. c. 32▪
• * 1.199

  Ib. c. 9••.