A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS. (Book 3)

THE THIRD BOOKE. Of the Clovenfooted, Fourfooted Beasts. (Book 3)

THE FIRST TITLE. Of the wild Beasts with paws that bring their young alive into the VVorld.

CHAPTER I. Of the Lyon.

THus far of the hoofed Beasts,* 1.1 the four-footed follow that have paws, and toes:* 1.2 These are ei∣ther such as bear a living∣brood, or such as lay egges. The former are either wild, and never wholly tameable; or those that may be tamed, at least in some mea∣sure. Among the former are reckoned the Lyon, the Leopard, the Ounce, the Tiger, the Bear, and the Wolfe.

We begin with the Lyon,* 1.3 whose name in Latine is Leo, in Gr. Leoon seems to be deri∣ved from Laoo, to see by reason of the rigour of his sight. The young are called Whelps.

Of the Numidian Bear,* 1.4 or Lyon, see Pliny and Lipsius. His head is of a middle size, his forehead square, lofty of brow, and toward the nose like a cloud;* 1.5 the eyes not hollow, nor goggle; his nose not great, his gape, as a sheeps, wide; lips thin; his upper, and lower jaw alike, stif and great necked, and reasonable thick, strong of breast; the part of the back against the heart broad, slender flankled, thighs stout, and sinewy; the hair yellow, not much curling. The forefeet are parted by five toes, the hinder by four. The Lyonesse is differenced from the Lyon, by the smoothnesse of her neck and shoulders, the male having there a thick hair, mane, as also by two teats in the midst of their belly, whence we are not to argue the number of Whelps. She hath little milk, so that the Whelp must have other food, but little serves the turn. As for the inward parts, the Lyon hath exceeding strong temple-muscles,* 1.6 that en∣able him to bite so hard; his tongue is sharp, and rough; his bowels are like a dogs; his milt is black;* 1.7 his neck consists of one bone, but made up of many turning joynts; his bones have little, or no marrow in them, which even melts away. The inward passages are so nar∣row, that one would think there were none.

Lyons grow up in Europe between the Ri∣vers Achelous and Nessus,* 1.8 but seldome breed in Europe, but in Mooreland, Parthia, Massy∣lia, India, Marmarica, Caspia, Lybia, Getulia, Syria, (where are black ones, if we credit Pliny) and in Tartaria, saith Paul Venetus. In Caragol the Countrey-men for fear of them are fain to arm themselves, when they till their land. In the Wildernesse of Angad by Telessin, they prey on herds of cattell,* 1.9 and on men. And by Feez, many that make Char-cole in the Woods, are devoured by them. They are in the King∣dome of Senega, on a high mountain near Aden; and in the Holy Land, and elsewhere. Martyr saith, that in Coba they are harmelesse; Aelian saith that Agla, and the adjacent parts, breed Lyons so timerous, that they are grown into a Proverb.

They are of a most hot and dry complection* 1.10 that proceeds from the extreme heat of the heart. Hotter in the foreparts then the hinder.* 1.11 Nor are all alike fierce, as the mountain Lion is not so fierce as others.* 1.12 They feed on beef most, but hunger makes them prey on Camels, mans and birds flesh. Therefore many in Africa were seen by Polybius & Aemilian to be cruci∣fied,* 1.13 that the rest might by that sight be fright∣ed from killing of men; many things they de∣voure whole without tearing, which within two, or three dayes they perfectly disgest.

It is not certain that they will feed on carcasses.* 1.14 It is thought that they refrain either because of the stinke, or in pride. Some say, that having eaten their fill, they hide the reli∣ques, and breath thereon, that other wild

lighting thereon may not eat them. They venter on young Elephants, but if the Dam come, they fly. A whelp will forsake the teat, and prey on weaker cattell, and feed also on palms. He is sparing in drinking; he can refrain three dayes,* 1.15 especially in summer; in winter he drinks more. They couple averse, as all other beasts that pisse backward,* 1.16 and commonly in spring-time, when they fight cruelly, eight, or twelve following one Lionesse. The first of the year being past,* 1.17 in hot weather, the males for∣bearing, the Lionesses couple with Pards, whence come Leopards; and with Panthers, whence comes a brood without mane,* 1.18 & with Hyaenaes, whence the Crocuta, and sometime with the dog. They alone among all four∣footed crooked clawed beasts bring forth their yong seing,* 1.19 whence called Sun-beasts. They whelp within six months an imperfect brood; not that the yong tear their passage, but for want of nourishment,* 1.20 some say they are whelped no bigger then a weesell; seldome above one at once,* 1.21 sometimes six. There have been eight found in a Lionesse taken and kil∣led.

At Florence an old one beyond all expecta∣tion whelped six. In Syria the Lionesses bear five times, first five, then four, then three, then two, then one. He loves a Dolphin, both of them,* 1.22 when old, and diseased devoure an Ape to help them. He hates a womans secrets, on the sight whereof he runs away. He cannot abide a bristled Sow, nor a Wolfe, nor a wild Asse,* 1.23 nor a Bull, nor an Ape. If he but tast of the herb Leontophonus, he dies, so strong it is. Some count it a beast.* 1.24 The Greeks of old were so confident that the Lion feared the crowing of a Cock, that they thought verily, that by sacrificing Cocks, they called Cecrop's soule forth, which they beleeved was transmigrated into a Lion. Some conceive that the red, gli∣string sparkling Cocks-comb frights him. Ca∣merarius knew the contrary, who relates that in the Duke of Bavariaes Court a Lion by strange leaps got into a neighbours yard, and devoured both Cocks, and Hens. In Africa the Gnats drive them away. He will not touch a man rubd over with garlick; or is taken with a heavinesse if he unawares tread on the leans of Scilla,* 1.25 or Seaonion, or of the Ilex. The creaking of wheels frights him. A bright table-cloath drives him away. He abhors fire, and dares not come neare it. They are thought to be long∣lived.* 1.26 Some have been taken without teeth, and some with perished knags. The Lionesse big with young will fight with the males that would couple with her: they are said to look downwards, that the hunting spears may not amate them.* 1.27 They sleep in the open aire, and with the eyes open, because their eyes are so great that the lids kan hardly cover them; and while they sleep they wag their tayl, that they may seeme awake. Their voyce is roaring; the Latines expresse it by divers words.* 1.28 As for their nature, one African Lionesse set on two hundred Horsemen, having received her deaths wound, and would not leave her whelps. They cannot endure to be scorned;* 1.29 the wan∣tonnesse of the Apes playing vexes them. He goes alone to hunt his prey. He looks you in the face,* 1.30 and fears not. His generousnesse ap∣pears in danger, when he despises weapons; slights dogs and hunters makes a stand in the open field, when pursued; if he enter a thicket, he rusheth through with a disdaign that he should take covert. He pursues his prey leaping,* 1.31 but walks away when hunted. He observes who wounds him, & singles him out in a troop, and sets on him; He will make him sure, who aims at him, and misses; as one did to a yong man in Iubaes army. One hurt with an arrow by a passerby, revenged it a year after,* 1.32 tearing the same man, lighting on him againe amidst a troop of men.

Another endeavoured to pearce a Lion with a lance,* 1.33 and missing the Lion, griped with his paw his helmet, which saved his head; while they walk they withdraw their claws, that they may not be blunted. They go not strait on, but sideling, shifting their steps to amuse the chasers. No doubt but they may be tamed. Onomarchus, King of Catana had them for his familiars. One used to sit like a dogge by the side of John II. of Portugall. In Adonis Temple in Elimeae, they fawned on all that entred. Berenice her Lion licked her face. One converts with a Ram,* 1.34 as if they had forgot their natures. Marcus Anthony at Rome coupled them to draw a chariot, hee was the first that did so, and it seemed ominous, that in civill warre, when the Phatsalicks field was fought, that generous spirits should be subdued to the yoake; and it was a monstrous show above those monstrous calamities, that hee should then ride so in state with his Mimed Citheris. Hanuo that famous Carthaginian, was the first who durst familiarly handle a Lion, which rendered him more suspected both of craft, and cruelty. There are examples also extant of their gentlenesse exprest to di∣verse, who have met them by chance. Mentor of Syracuse, lighting on one in Syria, was asto∣nished, and would have fled, but the Lion met him at every turne, fawned on him, and licked his footsteps; at length hee spied a swelling, and wound, and a thorn, whereof hee eased him. Which is kept in memory in a picture at Syracuse. Also Elpis a Samian arriving in Africa by the shore-side, a Lion came with open mouth, hee clomb a tree, calls on father Bacchus, having no hope but in prayer; the Lion left him not, but seemed to crave his pitty and ayd, having a bone sticking in his teeth, that put him him to excessive pain, and drew lamentable cries from him; the man tooke heart, come downe, pluckt the bone out, and they said, that in gratitude the Lion hunted, and brought prey to that man, so long as the ship rode there. The story of Androdus also is well knowen, the Roman slave, and the Lion.* 1.35 Seneca also was eye-witnesse of a Lion, that in the Amphitheater owned a man,

destined to dy there,* 1.36 and protected him from the assault of other wilde beasts. The Lion alone among all savage beasts, is gentle to suppliants; sparing those that ly prostrate at his mercy. Hee will assault men first, and spare women; and unlesse hee be very hungry, hee will not meddle with infants. In Lybia they beleeve, that they understand requests. A Ge∣tulian captivessed is said to have escaped the fury of many Lions, by pleading thus for her self; alack, I am a silly woman, banished, weak, and a petitioner to the noblest, and most gene∣rous of beasts, that rulest the rest; thou canst have no honour in such a worthles prey. It used to be an hard task to take Lions; the common way was in pits. A Getulian shepheard mastered a Lion, by casting his coat on his head; which was also shewen in a Theatre, where a Lion being so muffled, was ridicu∣lously and incredibly bound, without making any resistance. It seemes all lies in the eye. There have been of old Cannibals, that would eat Lions-flesh, all but the milt.* 1.37 In Physick they are of admirable use.* 1.38 The Dogge-tooth helps children in breeding their second teeth without pain, being tied about the neck. The heart bruised to powder, is good against the falling-sicknesse, and quartain fevers. The fat washt, put into the ears, cures their maladies, and smeared on parts frozen, happily helps them; they use the same for hard swellings in the skin, and kibes. It is said that those that are nointed over therewith, may walke safely among other wilde beasts; and (if you will be∣leeve it) come in favour with Princes.* 1.39 The flesh is commended by Sextus, for driving away feare, and phantasies. The blood helps the cancer.* 1.40 The pouder of the bones with Agrimony-water, helps a fever. Sitting in the skin, eases the Emrods. Shoes thereof, ease the Gout. The dung with oyl of roses, is good face-phisick. Wee need not to say much of their use in recreations, plays, triumphs, and punishments. Heliogabalus delighted in them, when they disarmed of their claws, and taught them to sit at table. Augustus made them so tame, that they harmlesly played with hares. Bellonius writes that hee hath been an eye∣witnesse thereof.* 1.41 At Constantinople, when Q. Scaevola was Aedile, hee in his shews pre∣sented diverse Lion-fights. L. Scylla, who was afterwards Dictator, in his Praetorship made a shew of an hundred male Lions. After him Pompey in the Circk shewed DC, where∣of 315 had thick manes. Caesar the Dictator, 400.* 1.42 There are many differences about them among writers. The Lions chiefe honour is in his hairy shoulders, and neck, which right bred Lions in time grow too, but mungrells want. And the manes also differ, some are longer, and more curled then others. Some are much fiercer then others. In Africa, and among the Abyssines there are yellow as gold, white, and black ones. In Lybia party-coloured ones, with red mouths, and black and blew spots like flowers. In West-Indies they in∣cline to ash-colour. Those of America are not so vigorous. In Puma in Peru are none so great as those in Africk; they are more time∣rous, and harmlesse, if you let them alone, de∣generate, dusky rather then yellow. The In∣dians meet by troups, and hunt them, and kill them with stones and clubs. The Barbarians climb trees, and thence gall them with their spears, and arrows, they make merry with the flesh, and feast on it; reserving the fat for medi∣cines, and with the bones they sport, and daunced. A Spanjard having taken a tree, kept of an huge lionesse, having pearced her through with foure arrows, in her belly were found two Tiger mungrell-whelps, as appear∣ed by the spots. Hollanders have eaten of Sea-lions.

There are other wild beasts that come some∣what near a Lion,* 1.43 as the Mitili, not hairy as our Lion, but a kin to him, whelped duskish, after grows yellow, sometimes red, and whitish, bigger then the common Lion, (which may be from the nature of the region) and not so fierce. There is the Quamitzli, hee is tamer, and nimbler then the lion; Some Spanjards tooke him for the Panther. Then the Maca∣mitzli, taking name from the Hart, and Lion; and the Cuitlamitzi, so called from the lion and wolf, thicker, but gentler, and lesse then the lion; Hee lives by Hunting-deere, and crotales; and when full, hee yet kills any harmfull creature; when he hath filled his belly, hee sleeps two, or three dayes, till he is hungry again. Then the Tlalmitzli, lesse then a cat, but faced like a lion, his looke and fiercenesse seeme strange in so small a body. There is the Cacamitzli, like the lion and cat, living among the bulrushes, hee is but foure spans long, small, yellow-haired, but long, small-eared, headed like a Swan, long and rough-tayled; so fierce, that hee sometimes dare set on a Stag. In Mexico, Mixtli, signifies both cat, and lion, whence that beast hath his name. He lives also among the Pannicenses. Some of these kinds it may be are reducible to the Baboons, or Bavians.

CHAPTER II. Of the Libard, or Leopard.

CAlled Pardus from Ardoo, to be sprinkle; or Arbaloe, to defile. Leopard, Pordalis,* 1.44 the male; the shee, Pardalis, some say,* 1.45 Panther; (yet to be distinguisht from that beast that resembles a spotted wolf) called Panther, from his being endued with all kinds of savagenes, never to be tamed; or, because hee seems to be adorned with the colours of all kinds of wilde beasts, called Thronon, from his spottednes; small-faced he is, wide mouthed, his eyes litle whitish, and wandring; forehead long, ears round, neck long, and slender, his breast hath small ribs,* 1.46 long-back'd, buttocks, and thighs fleshy, belly-squat, colour divers, his whole body unproportionable. Having foure

paps in the midst of the belly,* 1.47 five toes on the fore, and foure on the hinder-feet. His eyes glister more in the darke then any beasts; but dull in the Sun. His skin is enameld with black in white, and gold in darke colour. In Hirca∣nia are many painted with small round yellow, blew, white spots like eyes, and some like in∣creasing moones. As for the inward parts, hee hath a tongue like a gutter-tile, exceeding sharp teeth, and claws, an heart great in com∣parison,* 1.48 with beasts of his bulk, litle fat, it being spent by his excessive heat, his bones are some∣what thick. There are none of them in Europe; in Africk many; there being but few waters, many wilde beasts meet at the same watring-places to drinke,* 1.49 where they couple pro∣miscuously; whence the proverb, that Africa sends dayly novelties into the world. They live also in Asia,* 1.50 Pamphylia, aboundes with them, and the Province of Comerus, and the Kingdome of Bengala, and Mount Caucasus, the sent of whose odoriferous herbs invites them thither. Salomons song intimates that there are many in Mount Hermon,* 1.51 which the Amorrhaeans call Sanir. Their food is most dogs-flesh, and lambs, and Apes, whom they take by faining themselves dead; then the Apes drawen by the sent,* 1.52 come of themselves, and are surprised.* 1.53 They assault men also. They couple oft with the lion, sometimes with the dog, and with the wolf; they whelp more then one at a birth,* 1.54 as appears by their many paps. Isidore fables (Orig. l. 12. c. 2.) that the whelps prevent the season,* 1.55 and through im∣patience tare their passage out of the dames belly. They hate mankinde so deadly, that it is said, they will teare the very picture of a man.* 1.56 Some say, the sight of a mans skull makes them runne away. Some conceive that it is the face that hee most abhorreth; for the King of France his beast-keeper, being sent to hunt them, could take none without turning his backe towards them.* 1.57 The like enmity he holds with the cock, and serpents, so that hee will not touch one that is anointed with cock∣broth. Nor will serpents hurt one in a leopards skin. Some say, hee will not come near a wall, rub'd over with garlick. There is such an enmity between him, and the Hyaena, that, if their two skins hang together,* 1.58 the Leopards hair falls off. Those in the hilly-part of Ar∣menia, are much taken with the tears of Storax, destilling from the tree,* 1.59 the sent whereof the wind brings them. His voyce is roaring. He walkes as the lion, withdrawing his claws, and runs aside to amuse hunters;* 1.60 onely for prey hee stretches out his claws. In sent hee excells all beasts, but the civet, and mush-cat. He hath wiles, when hee waxes old, to inveagle beasts to come to him, and then preys upon them. By his sent hee invites them;* 1.61 and no wonder, for wee see dogs diverted from their chase by sents. As for their nature, if they aile any thing (as they are sometimes distempered, and mad,* 1.62 or have eaten the herb Pardalianche) they betake themselves to wilde Goats-blood, or many ordured; they ever lead their whelps, and defend them to the death. They after whelping keep their Den,* 1.63 and the male provides food. They seldome are wholly tamed. After the death of a King of France (Francis) the Kings Leopards got loose,* 1.64 a male, and female, and tare very many about Orleans; and there were womens carcasses found, whose breasts only they had devoured. But it is memorable that is reported,* 1.65 of a Leo∣pard lying by the way, and seeing the father of one Philinus a Philosopher, came to him; he affrighted steped back; shee fawned on him, seeming to make great moane, shee pulled him gently by his coat, inviting him to follow her,* 1.66 he did so; shee led him to a pit, into which her whelps were fallen, he helped them out; shee jocund attends him with her whelps, till he came to the borders of the wildernese; and after her fashion exprest her gratitude to∣wards him; which in man is rarely found. Read also in Aelian of the kid that a Leopard would not touch dead,* 1.67 because alive it had been his play-fellow. Savages use to feed on them, as they between Caucasus,* 1.68 and the river Cophena. In India also, where they seeth them twice, the better to disgest them.* 1.69 They are also of use in Physick, as the brain with the juice of rocket. The right testicle helps womens terms, saith Cardan. The blood helps swoln veins; the fat sleeks the skin. The Moors use the skin for cloathing; the Ethiops for armour.* 1.70 They were of old presented in the Cirk at Rome. Scaurus shewed fifty of them. After, Pompey shewed four hundred and ten; Augustus four hundred and twenty. Some make three kinds of them, the Panther, the Pard, and the Leopard; some four, Panthers Pard,* 1.71 the Leopard without mane, sprung from a Pard, and a lionesse; and the spotted one, the issue of a Pantheresse, and a lion. Some call the males Variae, and Pards, as those in Africk and Syria. Some difference them only by colour, and brightnesse. There was an order of Senate, that transporting them out of Africk into Italy;* 1.72 but Cneius Auffidius the Tribune for all that allowed it to gratifie the people in the Cirk-shews. Perhaps we may aptly refer hether the beast,* 1.73 that the Spaniards call Dazypodes; and the Indians Theotochtli; he is about the bignesse of a Tumbler, round, low, thick, small-eared, Lion, or Cat faced, with lively eyes, and red circles, thick thighed, crooked claws, duskish hair about the neck, white about the belly, the rest of the body ash-coloured, everywhere black spotted, the muzzle, and tayl short, the tongue rough, rather grumbling then roaring, and of incredible swiftnesse. He lives on the Tetrocamian hills; hunts Deere, and other beasts of that bulke, and sometimes men. The tongue is so veno∣mous, that a lick on the ey of his prey, blinds, and kills it. He covers the carcasses of the slain with herbs, hay, and greensward; then climbs the next trees and houles; when the beast with∣in hearing, by instinct of nature, come at the call, hastning as to a feast, and fill themselves

together with the provided prey: Then the Tocotochtli comes down for his share, and not afore knowing that should he eat first, all the guest beasts should be poysoned. So civill, cha∣ritable, and providently kind is he to the rest. None, but can profit others, if he will. We stand not so much in need of power, and riches, as of a good heart to do good. Most rich are unprofitable it were well, if they were not mischievous; but all that are benevolent can in some degree be beneficient. Love is ever liberall.

CHAPTER III. Of the Lynx, or Lyzard.

THis wild Beast hath his name Lynx, from Lykes, light; he being the most quick-sighted of all creatures;* 1.74 Called also a Deer-wolfe, not from his shape, but his greedinesse, and preying on deere. It is not the Thois, as we shall see hereafter. I que∣stion whether it be the Chaus or no, that the French call the Raphius.* 1.75 Pompey shewed one in his plays, faced like a Wolfe, and spotted like the Pard. He is smallheaded, his eyes glister, his face cheerfull,* 1.76 hath teats on the breast. The spots are more distinct, and round on the Hee. The skin from the nose-tip to the tayl is three foot, four inches long; the tayl seven inches long; the neck-skin, half a foot, the back-skin fifteen inches about, the thighs afore four∣teen, and the hinder twelve inches. The Hair soft, and downy, the back hair tips bright, the belly middle white, but varied with black spots, most, near the belly on the sides; the ears little, and triangular, and round black and shaggy, a few white hairs intermixt; the beard like the Cats, with white bristles, the feet very shaggy; the forefeet having five, the hinder four toes; the tayl blackish at the end, of the same thick∣nesse everywhere; the temples hath weak muscles;* 1.77 the skull three futures, or seams, arm∣ed with twenty teeth, whereof twelve are fore∣teeth, but the first, and sixt both of the upper, and lower jaw, are lesser then the middlemost, as we observe in Weazles, four dog-teeth longer then the rest, ten grinders, four in the upper-jaw on each side; the first next the dog-teeth of a trigon figure, the last parted and broad,; six in the under-jaw, the second shap∣ed like a lily; the third broader and greater, cloven in the midst, sharp-pointed. The lower jaw is little, because hanging,* 1.78 and not so em∣ployed in chewing. The foot armed with sharp, clear claws covered with a thin skin, like those of the Eagle, and Vulter; the under part hard-skinned.

They are found in the Eastern parts, thence brought into Europa;* 1.79 Also in the mountains of America. Those in Lithuania are black, and marked on the back with handsome spots. They are also in Poland, Muscovy, Swethland by Helsing; they call them Rattluchs. Also in Wittemberg, where one set on a countrey∣man, who knocked him down with his bill.* 1.80 They feed on flesh, especially of wild Cats, whose flesh is sweeter. They love also beasts brains, and lurk on trees, and catch at beasts as they passe by, fastning their clawes on their necks, and hold them till they tear them, and eat their brains. Some say they wound not, but only suck the blood out. In Scandinia are few beasts that they prey not on.* 1.81 They en∣gender as dogs and bitches, and as Hares ad∣mit of superfaotation.* 1.82 They bring at birth two, three or four.* 1.83 No beast is so sharp-sight∣ed; whence it is fabled that they can see through a solid body.* 1.84 They are so swift of foot, they run headlong. Pliny saith their pisse congeals into gems like carbuncles, sparkling like fire, called Lyncurium, like a kind of amber. They themselves know it, and as out of envy, bury their urine, which hardens it the sooner. Some say it,* 1.85 and some deny it: Some grant it to be an Amber, and that it will draw and take up fethers; but count the other relations frivo∣lous. They are so forgetfull,* 1.86 that if they spy another prey, they forget what is afore them; but that is rather their overgreedines. In sum∣mer they cast their hair, but are shaggy in win∣ter;* 1.87 which Odonus affirmes of all shaggy beasts. Lucan saith that their bowells are as ve∣nemous as the fome of a mad Dog.* 1.88 They are of some reasonable use in Physick. Evony∣mus mingles Saxifradge with the blood against the stone. Wekerus makes an oyntment of the fat for the same grief. Crollius makes salt of the stone, and crabs eyes. The claw of the greater toe of the right foot, shut in silver, and worn, helps convulsions.* 1.89 In the Isle Carpathus, the claws, and hide, and drinke the ashes against running of the reins; and sprinkle them on the body to cure itch; and their pisse is good against Bear-pissing, and sore throats. A skin was sold at Bononia for 120. pound, some are greater,* 1.90 and some lesser. In Italy they shew two kinds of skins; a larger, and in∣clining to white, thought to belong to the Deer-Wolfe; and a lesser, yellowish, which some think to be the Cat-pards.

CHAPTER IV. Of the Tyger.

THe name of this beast is imposed by the Medes from his swiftnesse,* 1.91 they calling an Arrow Tigris.* 1.92 Some say he is of the bignesse of a Dog; Near∣chus, of a Horse. There hath been a skin seen five foot long. He hath fiery glistering eyes, a short neck, as other beasts that feed not on grasse; his clawes crooked, teeth keen, feet cloven. There is great store of them in the East,* 1.93 and South, in India within Ganges, and Hyphasis; on mount Caucasus, by the Be∣si••gi near the Peninulei; in Java, where the fear of them makes lesse Gum Benjuin; also in Bengala, and the hill of Peru, and ever in Ta∣probana. They prey on,* 1.94 and devour all kind

of living creatures; they are oft too hard for Elephants; they draw Mules away by the legs, as also Sheep, Oxen, Dogs, &c. which they tare; not sparing men, but they love kids-flesh best. So greedy they are, that if they see but blood,* 1.95 they devour the whole body. Because no males are ever taken, some fancy they are all female, and engender by the wind, because of their fleetnesse. They couple averse, and whelp many at a birth. They lust also after Bitches, which men ty in woods which they haunt; these they either tare, or couple with.

The first and second brood from this com∣mixture, the Indians think too fierce;* 1.96 the third they bring up. Linschot relates, that in West-Indies they do the Spaniards no hurt, but infest the Natives;* 1.97 that in Bamba they will not touch white men, but assault the blacks; yea, if they find a black and white man sleep together,* 1.98 they spare the one, and fasten on the other. They are enraged at the sight of an Elephant;* 1.99 the sent of Ox-dung drives them away; the noyse of a Drum mads them, so that they wound themselves. Their voyce is called rancatus, a kind of roaring; they change it, and guash the teeth when enraged. They are of an ad∣mirable fleetnesse; the young ones are taken, and fresh Horses are layd to carry them away, because the Dam finding her Den empty, her Welps gone, hastens headlong by the sent af∣ter them, (for the Hee regards not the brood.) He that seazed the young upon the approach of the Dam, casts away one of them, (for they bring many at one whelping) that she snatches up in her mouth, and hids back with it to her Den; then hastens in chase after the rest, and they being shiped, she raves, and complains on the shore. This is the opinion of the Ancients, but the Modern report the contrary; that the Tiger is heavy-paced, that a man (much more other wild) can out-runne them;* 1.100 that the Boor, wild Bull, Deer, senting them, run away, and escape their clutches; wherefore the Tigers lurk in sedgy places, among reeds, and with a side-leap surprise beasts, as a Cat Mice and Dor-mice: So also they seaze on men; and if with over-greedy hast they misse their prey, and leap wrong, they retire softly, roaring; and finding them∣selves detected, they go away. This I have out of Bontius, who being dead, it is sad to think how many exotick rarities about Plants, and Beasts died with him. The Tigresse is very fond of her Whelps; wherefore upon sight of a man, she forthwith removes them; and if they be taken away,* 1.101 she cruelly rages at whatever comes in her way, and dies mad. Now, though they are for the most part un∣tameable, yet they have been tamed, and obey∣ed a whip,* 1.102 & their keepers have dared to kisse them. Augustus, Q. Tubero, and Fabius Maxi∣mus being Consuls, first shewed a tame Ti∣ger in a Cage at Rome at the Dedication of Marcellus his Theater. Claudius also shewed four: Under Gordian ten were seen at Rome: At Aurelians triumph four. Heliogabalus yoakd them together in a Chariot. Yet they never lay their fiercenesse so aside, but that they start out, and shew their savagenesse, when we least think of it. When they have been led to be seen, men have surrounded them with bells,* 1.103 to warn the beholders from being sur∣prized by them. Sometimes chains cannot hold them. Men must stupify them with juice of Mandragora, and Opium to prevent doing harm, when led along the streets. The Indians ate their hind-parts, and consecrated their fore-parts to Phoebus, holding them up toward the rising-Sun, but ate them not.* 1.104 The Con∣gitani ate all, but the parts under the arm-pits, or mustachio, because whosoever did eat them ran mad; wherefore it was ordered by Edict that none should be allowed to sell the skins without those parts.* 1.105 Ledesina the Spaniard thinks the flesh so good as Beef; the Cerebra∣rians wear the teeth into Garlands, and think the wearing makes them couragious.

Some count the Manticora a Tiger, that hath three rowes of teeth, and hairs in his tail as sharp as darts. Among the Prasy are said to be Tigers twice as big as Lyons;* 1.106 they differ in fiercenesse, and shape, and bulk. The lesser sort the Indians call Tilaco-ocelotl, or little Tigers, marked with black, and dusky spots, and not pale, and bright as others commonly are.* 1.107 The Perunians call them Ururuncu, as Bears Aboronocus: they are fiercer then Lyons, and are greedy after Indians,* 1.108 seeking them in their houses, and cottages; and if they keep not their doors shut, then slink in, and snatch an Indian away in their mouth, as a Cat would a Mouse. Nor can men take sanctuary in trees, for they climb them, and fetch men down, and rend them to pieces. In the expe∣dition of Fedreman, a Tiger assaulted a troop of Souldiers, and in the midst of them tare a Spaniard, and three Indians, and escaped away unhurt: Yet swadle them about the reins with a stick, you cool their courage, and master them; there is no other way. The Indians dread no beast more, and even worship it.

The Devil very oft confers with them in the shape of a Tiger: their claws are thought ve∣nemous, and the wound they make incurable. The Barbarians reverence, nay dread this beast lesse, since the Gospel came amongst them. They are taken in nets, and in some places in traps. In Bengala are the fiercest found, and implacably revengeful. One hath followed along the shore-side thirty mile a Ship, wherein any have been embarqued who wronged her. Cruel to all they meet, man or beast: Nature yeilds some prevention to this mischief. A little beast ever accompanies the Tiger, and by con∣stant barking discovers where he is; and both men and beasts take the warning, and hide themselves, or run away. They are most greedy after mans-flesh, especially the black-Moors, and know their ships, chasing them twenty leagues together, watching if any come ashore, to devour him. By night they leap into ships, and surprize, and destroy the Mariners. To

give a memorable example of what hapened to one of our men, while we were trading in Bengala. A certain Moor, a servant dreamed that a Tiger snatched him away; the night af∣ter he hid himself in the prow of the ship; being asked the cause, he told his dream, which the some night was verified; for all being asleep, a Tiger leaps aboard, touches not any else, though thirty lay asleep in the ship, but seazes the wretched Moor.

The lot of another was Luckier, as divine providence ordered it; hee being ashore, not far from the ship, a Tiger assaults him behinde, and a Crocodile out of a river afore; the Ti∣ger, to prevent his foe, and bear away his prey, for overhast, runs quite beyond the man, and running against the ships-side, falls into the Crocodiles jaws, and so the man escaped. It cannot be said how those of Bengala, dread the Tigers rage; whence they call him by sundry names, fearing, that, if they should call him by his owne name, they might be torne in pieces. In Brasil there are multitudes of them, and those hungry, ravenous, dreadfull, and swift, and very strong. But once full fed, they are said to be so sluggish, that common curres can drive them away. Gluttony de∣stroy not mankind alone. In new Spain they lurke in trees by rivers-sides, watching the Crocodiles, and leap down, and surprize, and kill them.* 1.109 Time was, when Darien was as much pestered by Tigers, as Nemaea with Lions, and Calidonia with wilde Boares. In six month there passed not one night free; wherein a heyfer, horse, dog, or hog, was not devoured in the town-wayes; their herds, and flocks were wasted, not a man could with safety step forth a doores; especially when the Tigresses had whelps, when hunger forced them to sease man, and beast. At length ne∣cessity put the natives on this invention, to revenge, and save the blood of them, and theirs; they observed strictly the Tigers track from their dens, and digged a ditch, cast up light earth, covered it with hurdles, fastened sharp stakes at the bottome; there came a hee-Tiger, hee fell in, stuck fast on the stakes; the Indians threw down great stones on him, and dispatched him in the pit, they cast many darts at him, which with his right paw hee shattered into a thousand pieces, and chips. If when half dead, and bloodlesse, hee bred such a terrour in the beholders, how dreadfull, think wee, was hee when loose? One John Le∣desina, a Spanjard, who was present at the busines, reports, that hee ate his share of that Tiger, and that it tasted as well as beef. Ask them, who never saw a Tiger, how they know one, they tell you, by the spots, fiercenesse, nimblenesse. When many have seen Leopards, Panthers, Ounces so marked also; the male-Tiger dead, they traced his footsteps to his den, where female also dwelt; shee absent, they tooke away two sucking whelps; changing their mind, and that they might send them to Spain, when bigger, they fitted iron∣chains carefully to their necks, and left them there to the dames nursery. A few dayes after returning to the den, they found them not, supposing that the dame in a rage had torne them in pieces, and taken them away, that no man might have them; for they affirme, that they could not possibly be tame, alive out of the chains. The skin of the male was stuffed with dry herbs, and sent to Admirantus, and the Governers of Hispaniola. See more of this subject in Nieremberg, and Marckg. H. B. l. 6. c. 10.

CHAP. V. Of the Beare.

THe Latines call this beast Ursus,* 1.110 from urgeo, to force, or dirve, or urge, as they doe their prey, till it fall afore them; or from Orsus, because they lick their cubs into shape, &c. The Greeks Ark••os,* 1.111 from Arkoo, to drive, or Arkeomai, because hee passest the winter without eating. His body is grosse, and unwieldy, and (some say) ever waxing; some have been found five cubits long,* 1.112 and as broad, beyond any ox-hide; and such a one was presented to Maximilian the Emperour, at the Baths of Baden. The skin is thick, and shaggy, the teeth hidden: the mouth long, eyes quick, the feet like hands, his chief strength lies in his arms, and loyns; some∣times they stand on their hindfeet,* 1.113 their tayl is short, having foure paps, a large stomack, and gut; when taken in their dens in winter, sleep∣ing, and being unbowdled,* 1.114 their stomack is empty,* 1.115 and clinged together. Galen observes sinews in them, so turning, as in any other beasts are hardly seen. Their heads seemes weake, especially afore, (which in a Lion is strongest) therefore falling down in any preci∣pice, they tumble down with their arms, cover∣ing their head.* 1.116 While they keep in their coverts, small drops of blood are onely about their heart, the rest of their body is bloodles. Grease, and fat they have, but no marrow, saith Pliny.* 1.117 They are found almost all the world over; most are in Poland, Germany,* 1.118 Lithuania, Norwey, and other Northern parts,* 1.119 especially in Nova-Zembla. In England are now none; nor in Candy.

It is a mistake that there are none in Africa, for the Moores weare the skins.* 1.120 They delight more in hilly then plain land; whence it is that the Alpes so swarm with them, and those stout ones. In the mountains of Peru are many black ones; and Pernes an Attick hill is famous for Bear-hunting.* 1.121 The Beare eats all kind of things; among plants, they fancy a red, and sweet berry growing on a bramble;* 1.122 and the herb Cuculus, a kind of Trifoyl, and a root that provokes sleep.* 1.123 A Cow-herd on the Helvetian Alps having spied afar of a Bear eating that root, after the Beare was gone tasting it, was so sleepy thereupon, that he drop'd down where he stood. When they come out of their holes

they feed first on the herb Arum. About Trent grows a thorny shrub with a white flower, and red berries, called Bears-bread. They climb trees,* 1.124 and eat the fruit, and pulse, and hony, crabs, ants, and flesh fresh, or rotten, especially hony-combs. Jovius tells a merry story of a Boore in Muscovy who slipping into a hollow tree up to the neck in hony, and living there two dayes with no other sustenance, a Bear came gently down into the same tree to eat hony, on whose rugged hide the poor man catching hold was drawn out. In Island, and the frozen seas they live on fish. They drink wa∣ter,* 1.125 but neither sipping, as the sharp-toothed, nor gulping in, as the beasts, that have a con∣tinued rew of teeth, but champing it. They are very venerous, since, because wild beasts, (excepting the Lizard and Hare) when big use not to couple, these are thought to hasten to bring forth their cubs the sooner by some force on themselves,* 1.126 that they may engender a new.* 1.127 It is reported that the males lust after young virgins,* 1.128 and that one tooke a mayd away of the Allobroge, and lay with her, and fed her with wild apples, which Philip Cosserus, Bishop of Constance, related to Gesner. Saxo tells that a race of Danish Kings is derived from a Bear;* 1.129 and some say the same of Gothish Kings. They couple in February, or in the be∣ginning of winter,* 1.130 not as other fourfooted beasts, but as mankind. Being with young, they hide themselves, and the males seemed to hold them in great regard. They goe 30 dayes, and bring one, two, sometimes five cubs together: They breed and bring forth in hast, which makes their cubs so ugly, and mis-shapen; litle lumps of white flesh, without eyes, or hair, only clawed after a fashion, which they are said to lick into shape, and to lay to their breasts to cherish with their warmth, to bring life, and breath into them.* 1.131 But of late experience shews the contrary; and that is but a fancy, that Ursus comes from Orsus, begun, or unfinished. Above Trent one was taken in a vally, and ripped up, and all her cubs were found full shaped within her. In a library of the Senate∣house in Bononia a young cub cut out of the Dams belly,* 1.132 exact at all parts, is kept in a glas∣case. Camerarius his guesse is not unlikely, that the bed wherein the cub is wrapped is so thick, that the dame is many daies licking it off, which occasioned the vulgar errour. They hate mor∣tally the Sea-ox,* 1.133 Horse, Boor, the Dead, and a Table-cloath. They abhor the Sea-calfe most of all. The Horse can smell them, that never saw a Bear, and fortwith prepares to combate, and kicks him on the head with his hinder feet, mastring him more by sleight then strength. They are thought to hate the dead,* 1.134 because they will not touch a man layed at length with his face downward. Seneca saith, a Table-cloath incenseth them. Hemlock kills them, and the Bear called Marcillium, or Consiligo,* 1.135 There is also a black fish in Armenia, the meal whereof sprinckled on figs if they eat, it is their bane. Experience shews that they delight in musick. Their voyce is roaring or rather grum∣bling.* 1.136 Having tasted Mandragora apples, they lick ants. When they are qualmish, they go to Myrmesia,* 1.137 or Myre-hools, and sitting they loll out the tongue dropping with that sweet juice, lightly holding it so long, till they set it swarme with Pis-mires. Being wounded, they heal themselves with dry herbs. The Shee-bears after their helping in to whelp, comming into the light, are so dazeled,* 1.138 that you would thinke they were stark blind. Because they are often hevy sighted, they hunt so after hony, and that having stung their mouth with bees, they may be rid of that blood that oppresseth them.* 1.139 They tumble into their dens, that their foot∣steps may not be tracked, where they ly quiet, and at ease fourty dayes, and for fourteen dayes stir not, sustaining themselves only by licking their right foot, so that through fasting, their guts are klinged together and even shri∣veled up. The males ly hid fourty dayes, the females four months.* 1.140 They furnish their dens with heaps of bows, and shrubs, or soft leaves, making them weather proof, and then lay themselves along, and sleep the first seven dayes so soundly, that wounds cannot wake them, which strangely fattens them, after they live by sucking their forefeet; strange to say. Theophrastus thinks, that for that time Bears flesh boyled and kept might increase, there is no shew in them that they have eaten, but onely a little moysture found in the paunch, and a few drops of blood about the heart, and none in the rest of the body. In the Spring they come forward, and the males grows so fat, that they hardly stirre; the Shee-beare is leaner, because they breed.* 1.141 They hold their lodgings in their dens seve∣rally, divided by trenches. Comming abroad, they eat greedily the herb Arum, to loosen their guts, that are so shriveled up; and when they breed teeth, they champ on slips thereof. If they assault Bulls, they make at the horns to tire them out, and at the mustle, because they know it to be tender. Their very breath is so contagious, that no wilde beast will touch what they have blowen on. In Mysia, they say, are a kind of white bears, that being hunt∣ed, send forth such a breath, that the steame that rots the flesh of the doggs. Although their flesh be cold,* 1.142 rank, hard of disgestion, and ill for the spleen, and liver; yet those about the Alps,* 1.143 and the Helvetians count it a delicate. And Bruerius saith, that hee at supper at of it,* 1.144 well seasoned, at Symphorianus Campejus his table; but it was of a young one, killed in witner, which indeed they use to eat.* 1.145 For though they are fatter in July, yet for their rammish sent, they are banisht the table usually; onely the forefeet are held the best food, and affected by some great men.* 1.146 Some say, that salted, and hung in the chimny to be smoaked, they are a delicate,* 1.147 and that they wonder not, that in winter they suck their owne feet. Sa∣vanorola saith, the brain is poyson. Divers parts of the Beare, are of great use in Phisick.

The eye dried, and hung about childrens neck, is said to free them from feare in the night, and bound on the left shoulder, allays a quartan ague. The blood dissolves waxen kernells, and impostumes, and helps against hairs bred in the eyes, and kills fleas. The fat takes out spots, and with Lilly-roots, is good against a burne; some sudar it on against S. Anthonies fire; mixt with red oker, it heals ulcers on the skins, and thighs; with Allom, it closes chaps in the feet, it helps against baldnes; they use it also in the weapon-salve. Men spread the skin under those that are bitten by a mad dog. The powder of the lungs, keeps feet, pinched by shoes from inflammation. The gall helps against the aches in the joynts, and is com∣mended against the falling-sicknes;* 1.148 and with hony is good for a cough, but is wrongly used to helpe conception. The hairs with Venus∣hair, and roots of reeds burned, make hair come.

To omit Pliny his fable about the easening of child-bearing, by laying the stone whereon a Bear is killed, in the chamber. The Samodi∣des, and Laplanders, wear Bears-skins; some use them for coverleds; of old they covered their bucklers with them, to appeare more dreadfull. Some daubed the fat on their iron∣worke of plows,* 1.149 and harrows, to fence them from hail, and frost. Some smear it on their Vine-barkes, to defend them against vermine, worms, and frost. Some shewed them in their sights, and used them in their punishments, Domitius Aenobarbus October 14. The Pi∣sods, and M. Messala, being Counsulls, pre∣sented in the Cirke an hundred Numidian Bears, and as many Ethiopian hunts-men. There are some greater, some smaller, black, and white ones.* 1.150 They troubled the Hollanders in their passage, through the frozen Sea to Ca∣tay. Some are of a stupendious bignes;* 1.151 skins have been seen thirteen foot long. On a pro∣montory, in the utmost confines of Arabia, are Bears gold-yellow;* 1.152 Some are dusky-coloured. The Helvetians call the small Rock-bears, the great Capitals. In the new world are some slugs, that live on ants, dogs can master them, and a staf drive them away, having no tayls, called Myrmeciphagi.

The greatest are found in the Province of Vera-Pax, or True-peace, having of black hair, or wooll upon them; their tayls a palm long, flat-nosed they are like the blacks, their muzzles round, hairlesse, and wrinkled.* 1.153 In Virginia they eat them. They are there timerous, avoid men take trees, and are with darts driven thence. The Province Beach, is said to have harmelesse Bears. Suidrigellius Prince of Lituania, had a Beare, which com∣ming a mornings out of the wood, neare the Court, would with his forefeet paw on the doores; and having meat given him, returned to the wood. Among the Turks, a sect of Hermites, used to lead a Hart, or a Beare with a bell about the neck, through the cities and villages.

CHAPTER VI. Of the VVolf.

ARTICLE I. Of the VVolf in generall.

THe Wolf the Latines call Lupus,* 1.154 or Leopus, or Lion-footed. The Greeks Lukos, from his ravenousnesse, or Apo Tees Lukees, from the morning, either from his colour, or because at day-break he comes forth to his prey. Or because their eyes are bright in the dark: they are like Ma∣stives, and of divers colours.

Their eyes glister,* 1.155 and dart forth beams, and russet: their teeth like an sow, sharp, and un∣even, and round: He hath a wide gape; His neck so strait, that he cannot turn it about, but must turn his whole body to look behind him, as if he had no joynts; though Philes, and other Anatomists say he hath turning-joynts. In his temples he hath great sinewy-muscles;* 1.156 His brain are said to wax and wain with the Moon; his heart dried, hath a good sent, his liver is like a Horse-hoof;* 1.157 his genital bony; his fore∣feet have five toes, his hinder four; his bones thick. In his reins, when old, breed worms, or serpents,* 1.158 which Clamorgon saith he hath ob∣served in three or four carcasses. In his bladder is a stone called Syrites. In Sardinia, Creet,* 1.159 and Olympus in Macedon are said to be none. England now breeds none, under Edgar they were wholly rooted our, both in Wales and elsewhere. They abound in the North-coun∣treys, especially in Muscovy,* 1.160 where how they ly in wait for cattel, and men. Olcarius in his Eastern Itinerary,* 1.161 p. 119. declares. Cadamustus, c. 29. tells, how they swarm in the Kingdome of Senega:* 1.162 In Augusia a Provence of Scot∣land, and in the vally of Glamore they are, and live by preying on wild beasts. They devour flesh; but love mutton best, and takes them out of the folds; they ly in wait also for Horses, Oxen, Geese. Having once tasted a Mans∣carcasse; Mans flesh savours best with them. If they smell Women with child,* 1.163 they watch for them; Nor spare they their own kinde, if they be hungry. They go out by troops, and if any one of them chance to faint and fall, the rest tare him. They feed their sucklings with flesh they have newly swallowed, vomiting it up again; but growen up, they feed them with Lambs and Geese. They desire also the Scythian herb Bosametz. In Congo they swal∣low Palmoyl.* 1.164 They eat also potters-earth. Whence it may be the stone, is the stone called Lithargilus, full of turnings and folds, weigh∣ing eleven ounces, found in the stomack, spoken of by Schenkius.* 1.165 Albertus thinks he doth it not for hunger, but by naturall instinct, to make himself heavier, the better to oppresse his prey. Being full he can fast long, then is

his belly widened, and his tongue swells, his mouth is stopped, and he becomes tame; when his tongue is lessened, he turns Wolf again. Whether they bury, and dig up their food, and equally divide it, and by houling call others to the orts, as Albertus relates, I leave to hunts-men to determine.

They couple as Dogs doe,* 1.166 and quarrelling, twelve dayes in a year; beginning, as some reckon from Christmasse; and at that time are fiercer against others, though not among themselves.* 1.167 They carry their burdens two months, and bring as many as dogges puppy, and those blind; the Helvetians speak of nine whelpes at once; and one of the Rhaetian Alps in May found seven or nine in a covert that came of on litter, and the same man re∣ported, that it is commonly said that at first draught they bring but one Whelp, and that blind; at the second, two, and so onward, eve∣ry time more, till they come to ten, and then bear no more.* 1.168 That in twelve dayes they lit∣ter after gendring, as Latona under that shape in Delos, is a fable. Antipater affirmes, that they cast their belly when the Acorn-bearing-trees cast their flowers, which they tasting, their womb opens; when there are none, their whelps dy within them, and they cannot bring forth; and that Wolves do no harme where is not plenty of Acorns. They drink very little. [Poët Pliny,* 1.169 and others report many things more strange then true, more fitted for a Poëm, then a History.] As that he is first struk mute, whom the Wolfe sees first, &c. That the Wolves eye plucked out, affrights four-footed tame beasts; that she that haps to water on Wolves warm pisse, shall not conceive with child. That the tail hanged by a manger, keeps beasts from eating; Of the charming of Horses that treads in a Wolfes foot-steps.* 1.170 That mut∣ton that he hath feed on tastes sweet, but the wool breeds lice, and itch. A skin put on a Wolfes skin, sheds the hair. The dung hid in stalls, holds cattel in quiet. All harmony is mar∣red, if you mingle in musick strings of Sheeps and of Wolves guts: Fopperies! If he touch Sea-onion, he is straight shrivelled together. He fears stones, because worms breed in that part that is struck with a stone. Sparks struck out of a flint frights him so, that he dare not ap∣proach,* 1.171 be he never so hungry. A Drum made of his hide, drives other beasts away. A Pipe,* 1.172 or any musick, or a Drum frights them away, when flinging of stones cannot. They are said to love Parrats; they run mad some∣times;* 1.173 they get the Gout, and are troubled with the Squincy; Wolf-bane, or Lycoctonum kills them. When wounded, they stench the blood by wallowing in the myre. They live long; and when old, they are troubled with the tooth-ach, and cast all their teeth.

Having weake-inwards they eat herbs,* 1.174 espe∣cially Dracontium to sharpen their teeth. The lowest are thought bouldest. Falne into a pit, and seeing themselves inclosed,* 1.175 they are stu∣pied, and harmelesse. They observe who strikes them, and watch to be revenged.* 1.176 They love their young, the females stay by them, and the males cater for them. Flying they take their young with them. They are soonest taken in cloudy weather, then they hide themselves most. Walking among leaves they lick their feet, that they may not be heard. Being to passe a river, that the stream carry them not away, they hold one the other by the tayl with their teeth;* 1.177 and so hanging on another; they will drag an Ox out of a marsh. While they eat they are angry with lookers on, meeting with a man, and a beast together, they ever spare the man, saith Albertus: One related to Gesner, that he saw a Wolfe in a wood bite off a piece of wood of thirty, or fourty pound weight, and practised to go to and fro upon it, as it lay, and then hide it, when he was perfect; and a wilde Sow comming thether with her Hogs of severall ages, because oats were sowed there, he brake in, and tooke a Hog away about the weight of that block, and leaping took the wood back, and devoured the Hog. Some∣times they grow familiar with dogs, and so enter the folds without resistance, and worry all the sheep to death, afore they fall to eat any one.* 1.178 They dare not make at the face of a Bull, because they feare his hornes, but they first seeme to threaten him afore, and then suddenly take advantage of him behind. Like Horses, and Dogs, they wax gray through age. When hungry, they can sent their prey by night half a mile against the wind:* 1.179 One will houle, and call many more, and set together on a troop of Horses, which happens oft in Bononia. At mid∣night they will go by troupes to a village, and stay at the entrance; one shall enter, and awake the dogs, and so entice them forth, and de∣voure them.* 1.180 They will hold willow boughs forth to goats to enveagle them within their reach.

Their voyce is houling.* 1.181 Fashionable people admit not the flesh to their table, it being a dry, grosse, rank food; yet in Savoy some eat it. They are very usefull in Physick. Boyled alive with oyl, and wax, it is commended against the gout. The Hide binds,* 1.182 and helps the colick. The flesh eases child-bearing eaten by the teeming woman, or any that are by. The fat is mixt with salves against the gout; the blood with oyl of nuts helpes the deafish; the Head layed un∣der your pillow provokes sleep; the right Ey salted, and tied on, helps agues; the tooth takes away the swelling of the gums, making way for the teeth to come with ease; he who drinks through a Wolfs throat, escapes the danger of a Squinsy. Agricola confesses he learnt that ex∣periment of Adolphus Occo.* 1.183 The heart, a dram of it mixt with an ounce of the gum of an oke, and another of that of the Pear-tree, and two drams of Harts-horne helps the fal∣ling sicknesse.* 1.184 The Liver is good against a furred mouth; the same in warm wine helps the cough, and Tisick; the gall bound with Elaterium on the navell makes laxative. The dung gathered up among shrubs and briars,

hath helped the colick, drunk, or hanged on; nay the bones found in the excrements, if they have not touched the ground, tied to the arme. The bones dried to powder remove the pain between the ribs; the head hanged up in a Dove-coot drives away weesels, and cats. I omit the use, or abuse rather about venery, and witchcraft, and the heathens sacrifices with them,* 1.185 when they invoked Divells. The newly married among the Romans smeared their posts with Wolfs-fat; the tayl hanged over mangers, keeps away the Wolf. The Diffe∣rences follow.

ARTICLE II. Of the wolf in speciall, and of the Gulo.

AMong Wolves,* 1.186 some are wild, as on the Doff••inian mountains, that part Norwey from Sweden, & in Sardinia. They are more shaggy then others, yellow, and their tayl standing up. In Media they used them in their sports, armed men fighting with them. Some are called from their elegant colour, Golden-ones, lesse then ordinary Wolves, but as greedy. They go in troops, hurting neither men, nor herds. They seeme to barke like dogs. They are seen in Turky and Cilicia.* 1.187 They visite the Turks cottages by night, and eat what is eatable, that comes in their way; if they meet with nothing else, they carry away caps, cloathes, shooes, and what ever is of leather. Men make garments of their skins. There are also Scythian wolves in the utmost borders of Scandinavia,* 1.188 behind Norwey, and Gothland. It is a beast as big as a wolf, and very angry; the Germans call them Grimmeklaw, because the edges of the nayl make them teachy. There is also the Sea-wolfe, a mungrell, as big as a Bear, so hardskind, as a sword can scarce pearce it.* 1.189 He hath a won∣drous great head; his eyes are shadowed with very many hairs, nosed, and toothed like a dog, sharp-shagged on his skin;* 1.190 black-spotted, his tayl long, thick, and shaggy. Small stones are found in his stomack, very fat he is, found on the British coasts.* 1.191 In the Isle of Angra a thousand of them have been seen in a troop. They are also seen in an Isle behind the Port of S. Crux, and in the Sea-tract of Peru. The Birds called Buitri kill them sometimes; they have wings fifteen foot broad. If they spy a wolfe, one takes him by the legs, another with the beake blinds him. The old ones roar like Lions, the young have a kids voyce; the liver is eatable. Those of Angra eating their flesh fresh, and salted, live long. The skins are worn.

The Gulo, or Gorbelly hath the name from greedinesse.* 1.192 Scaliger calls him a fourfooted vultur;* 1.193 Crollius an Ox-eater; the Germans Vielfrase. Found they are in Lituania, Mosco∣vy, and other Northern Regions. They feed on carcasses, and so cram themselves, that they strut like a drum. They squeeze out their ex∣crements between two trees by force, and then returne to their carcasse, and cram themselves again. Akin to this is the wilde beast, that the Arabs call Dabuh,* 1.194 the Africans Sesef, shaped like a wolf, and as big, he digs up carcases also; Gesner takes him for that ancients, called Hyaena; his blood hunts-men use for drinke. Seasoned with the finest hony they drinke it at wedding-feasts. They annoint ulcers with the fat. They make strings of the guts. The hoofs newly pluckt off from it, while living, shewed to dogs, and cats, drive them away; and hanged on remove the tinckling of the eares. The skins make handsome cloaths, and the most honour∣ed guests are entertained with such carpets. Therefore they suffer them not to be tran∣sported to other lands. It is said, that they that sleep under coverlids made of the Guloes skin dream of gourmandizing.

TITLE II. Of the half wilde Toed-beasts.

CHAPTER I. Of the Fox.

ARTICLE I. Of the Fox in generall.

WEe call the Semiferae,* 1.195 or half wilde, those beasts that though wilde, yet being of small bulk, are easily mastered, and tamed by man.* 1.196 I begin with the Fox, called in Latine Vulpes, or volpes, either from volupes, because he is so full of doubles in his goings; or from volipes, he being so swift of foot, or from v••∣lipes, because he is strong-footed. The Greeks give him many names, as Aloopeez, from Aloo, and Oph, deluding the eyes, and sundry others taken from its craft, and tayl. He is so well knowne, that I need not stand long on descri∣bing him.* 1.197 The genital is bony as the Wolves, and Wezels. The tayl bushy, ears short, he loves to eat Hens, Geese, and other foule, and hayrs, wild Mice, Cats, litle Dogs, that he can gripe,* 1.198 and locusts. At Marsellis a Fox hunt∣ing in a fisher-boat for Buopes, among great Lobsters, was taken in a Lobsters claw; they refrain not ripe grapes, nor pears, saith the proverb.* 1.199 Solinus saith, there are none in Creet, or Candy. But in Russia, and the Helvetian Alps they abound. Whence Merchants buy the skins, and sell them in all parts. They couple in divers postures.* 1.200 They mix with other crea∣tures, as with dogs, whence come the Alope∣cides, or dog-foxes; they bear blinde whelps, foure at most at once, and then retire, so that few are taken great with young. They lick, and carefully foster their brood.* 1.201 They love serpents, and live in the same cave with them. They hate rue, which if you bind under Hens∣wings,

the Fox will not touch them. They hate the kite and eagle, because sometimes they snatch up their young, and Hauks, because they pluck of their hair. Avicen saw a fight in a cage, between crows, and a Fox, he wound∣ed their heads; but they bound up his lips, so that he could not queach. They have many combates with badgers, and with the sent of their dung, drive them away. Hares haunt those Isles most, where are fewest Foxes. They barke like dogs,* 1.202 when vexed, or in pain, when they desire any thing f••ame, they use a fawn∣ing murmur. They are very crafty. In Thrace, being to passe over frozen rivers, or lakes, by laying their eare to the ice,* 1.203 they guesse whether it be thick enough to beare, or no. In his hole he makes many outlets to scape traps, and gins. Because the Wolf by the touch of the Scillais vexed,* 1.204 they lay it in their holes; when troubled with fleas, they take a lock of hay, or hair in their mouth, and dip it in the water, and drown them. When Hedge-hogs roul themselves up, they pisse in their mouths, and choke them. He will play with a Hare,* 1.205 and then snap him. He will roule himself in red clay, to seeme bloudy, and then ly down, and stretch himself out, as if he were dead, and loll out his toung, and so he catches birds. So in Pontus, they delude Buzzards, lying with the face another way, and sprauling, with the tayl stretch forth, as a birds neck. Taken in a snare, to get loose, he will bite off his leg, or fain himself dead, holding in his breath. He worries Hens at roost so with his tayl, that he casts them down, and eats them; and hath tricks to catch fish, and wasps with his tayl. On a tall tree he will shew himself sportive, and stand on his guard as in a castle; he fears not fire, unlesse very neare him; he will rather be thrust through, then come down to become a pray to the dog, and if he must come,* 1.206 hee falls like lightning on the best nosed dogs, and dies not unre∣venged. Neate tables admit not Fox-flesh, yet the Sarmatians, Vandalls, and Rustique,* 1.207 French, eat it boyled, or roasted, as the Booetians of old. Those Islanders of S. Crux eat of it, raw, or a litle hardned in the smoake. Some decry it for a savage food; but Galen saith, it is like Hares-flesh. The brains given to children, preserve them from the falling-sicknes. The Tongue-worm in an bracelet, is good against thick sightednesse, and dried, and hung about the neck, against white in the eyes; the Lungs is commended against Ptisick, wheesings,* 1.208 short-breath, and liver-grown: the gall with hony, helps dim-cloudy-sight; and some put it in suppositories, to have male-children; the reins with fat, helpe knee-gout; and some rub the throat with them, to take down the swelling of the jaws. The genital, testicles, and the other secrets, some use to help conception, and months, and head-ach; the blood help the stone, the fat melted, and dropped into the eares, removes old griefs thence, and helps the sinews, and the stone, and is good against shedding of hair, and the frost in hands, and feet, if you annoint them afore they be swoln: the dung with mustard, cures fore-heads; the skin is good for the hair, and shoos made thereof, eases the Gout, and Scia∣tica. The tayl also hath its medicinall use: Fox-oyl is very effectuall for all diseases in the joints.* 1.209 Fox-skins make costly furres, especially if black. Foxes are of diverse colours, sizes, and natures.* 1.210 They are lesse in Egypt then in Greece. In Peru very litle, and of a noysome sent, and the stink of the pisse is not to be washed out. In the Northerne-woods are black, white,* 1.211 glistering Foxes, and some with crosses; and those called Isatides, and some black, with some white hair sticking in order: Of reddish, are two kinds, one with black, and white throats, as if besprinkled with ashes. The other white-throated, which is rarer. There is plenty of white ones in Swethland, and Norwey, especially about Nova-Zembla, seen most, when the Sun dis-appears. Hol∣landers say, they taste like rabbets. Some are crossed from the mouth by the head, back and tayl with a straight black streake, and another thwart by the shoulder to the forefeet; which two streaks make the crosse.* 1.212 By the Caspian-Sea they are as familiar as little dogs, and as harmles.

ARTICLE II. Of the Indian Foxes.

THese are of sundry kinds, distinguish∣ed by name. The Coiotl hath a wolfs∣head, great,* 1.213 pale, but lively eyes, short, sharp-ears, black, long, thick-muzl'd; sinewy, hoocked-thighs, thick-claws, bushy-tail, dusky, long, and bright-hair, and bites shrewdly. For bulk, between a wolf and a Fox; frequent in new Spain, in places lesse cold; He lives by preying on weaker beasts, and on Sugar-canes, and Mazium. He some∣times sets on Deer, and Men; He is cunning in avoiding hunts-men; of the wolfs nature, revengefull, and mindfull of the losse of his prey, long after hunts him that took it; and with others falls on him, kills him, watches his house, kills all the tame cattel about it. But is so grateful to his benefactors, that he leaves part of his prey to them. His pizzle rubbed on the teeth, is said to give present ease to the touth-ach. The Cuit-lax-caiotl, is of the like nature and shape, but of another hair; thick, and shag-necked; the hair so long on the breast and face, that it is hideous to behold. The Azcacoiotle sits on Ants holes, and by night houles in several voices. The Ilpemaxtla is of a hair white, black, and gold-yellow, small-headed, and joynted, slender-bodied, and short, but long-muzzled, and thin; He is found eve∣rywhere mostwhat in hot places. The Oztoa is a kind of shape and bulk like a Fox, about thirty inches long, white and black-haired, and a little yellow, haunting ditches, and feeding

in fenny-places; They nurse up their young in hidden holes, and bite shrewdly, and fain them∣selves dead, if they have no other way to avoid the hunter; He breaks most stinking wind, yet they eat him. The Izquiepatl is coloured like tosted Maiz, he is eighteen inches long, low, small-muzzled, small-eared, hairy, and black-bodied, especially near the tail, short-thighed, black and crooked-claw; he lives in rocky∣dens, and there their young are nursed up. They feed on Horse-flies, and worms, and they kill fatted-fowles, and eat their heads only; Re∣duced to extream hazard, he darts his pisse and dung eight paces off, and spoyles the cloathes of the hunts-men with indelible spots, and a stink never to be gotten out. They that have the Spanish-scab, find good by eating the flesh, and dung. There are two other small Foxes, the Izquiepatl, and the Conepatl, one with two bright gards, the other with one drawn along the tail. The Brachirae are like Foxes, but rounder, and of sweeter flesh; The Annae are somewhat lesse then our Cats, and of a pe∣stilent smell, haunting towns by night; their sent betrayes them an hundred paces of, nor doors or windows can keep them out.

ARTICLE III. Of the Beasts akin to Foxes.

POINT I. Of the Cary-gueja, and Tajibi.

IN Brasil are five sorts of Beasts akin to Foxes;* 1.214 the Cary-gueja first, or the Jupatu∣ma, or Sarigoy, or Tlaquatzin, about the bignesse of a Cat, having a Foxes head, a pointed mouth, shorter below then above, a long tongue, that he withdrawes threatning to bite; teeth as a Cat, or a Fox, small ones afore, then four long Dog-teeth, then six other, and then the grinders, which are sixteen, twelve middle-teeth, four Dog-teeth, and lesser, eight in the lower, ten in the upper-jaw, and two greater middle ones, like the Hare. He is wide-nostrild; hath fair, round, black-eyes; wide, long, Fox-ears, starting up, proportion∣able to his bulke; thin-skinned, smooth, trans∣parent, a little dusky; bearded like a Cat; the hairs longer above, some on the eyes and cheeks; the head a little more then three fin∣gers long; each ear two fingers long, and a finger and half broad; the neck but a fingers length; the rest of the body seven fingers to the dock; the tail crooked, a foot long, whereby he hangs on trees like an Ape; broad-breasted; the two fore-thighs shorter then the hinder; the fore-feet five toed, as a hand, nailes white, as a birds claws with tufts; the hinder-legges longest, as a Baboons; the hair in some parts longer, in some shorter, those of the head, and part of the neck, and tail yellow; along the head runs a large black-streak; the back, sides and tail most what black, but other coloured hairs mixt; the tail part hairy, part skinny, half black, half white, some hair dusky. Round bo∣died, insensibly slenderer in some parts. Male and Female alike; under the belly is a double skin, cloven like a purse, big enough to hold an Orange, hairy within, where are eight nipples, the purse closed, scarce discernable; herein are the welps conceived; six at a time are brought alive forth, and perfectly shaped, but hairlesse, there they move too and fro, each two fingers long, and stay there till they can feed themselves, and sometimes go forth, and come in again. The testicles ly under the dock; It is easie to be flead, as the Cony, or Hare, if you begin at the belly. It stinks as a Fox, or Martin. He bites hard. Feeds gladly on Hens; climbs trees to goe a birding, Mark grave fed on in his chamber a month with Sugar-canes; at last he tangled himself in his string, and died.

He is found in Dariene in Brasil, and in Flo∣rida, and new Spain. The Brasilians call him Cerigona; His tail is Medicinable steep in water, and take a dram of it, cleanses the Ure∣teres, helps the Stone, and Colick, breeds milk, easens Child-bearing. Champed in the mouth, and laid on, it drawes out a thorn. The Tajibi,* 1.215 in Portugees, Rachorro do Mato, is round and long; white glistering-haired, the tips black; headed like a Fox, sharp-mouthed, Cat-beard∣ed; the eyes clear, black, bolting out, goggle; the ears round, soft, thin, white, tender as soft paper; the tail five fingers long, hair white, tiped with black; the end of the tail is a thin hide, bright, scaly, like a Snakes slough. The flesh is stinking, yet eaten. The hair sticks in a thin skin, and may be plucked out without de∣facing the hide.

POINT II. Of the Tamandua-guacu, the Tamanduai, and the Coati.

THe former is as big as a Butchers Dog,* 1.216 (Abbe••illanus saith, as a Horse,) round headed, long snouted, sharp mouth'd, toothlesse, round tonged, seven and twenty fingers long, two feet, and half of it like an Owl, lying double in the mouth; eyes little and black; ears roundish; the tail like a fly-flap of Horse-bristles, almost a foot broad, where∣with he can cover himself all over; the thighs round; on the fore-feet four crooked-claws, the two greatest in the midst, two foot and a half long; the hollow of the foot round; the hair of the head and neck short, and dry, turn∣ing forward; he is white afore; he is slow of foot, and eats Pismires.

The Tamanduai is of the bignesse of an Ame∣rican little Fox, round, copped-headed, bow∣ing somewhat downward; the mouth black, very narrow, toothlesse; eyes small, and black; ears pricking up, about two fingers long; the hair hard, bright-yellow; the tongue long,

round; like an awl, lying as a pipe between the cheeks; on the forefeet are four turning claws; fierce he is, but cannot bite; touch him with a staff, and he stands as a Bear on his hind∣legs; he sleeps all day, hiding his head with his neck and forefeet; romes about by night. Drinking, part gushes out of his nostrils; Mark∣grave saith, that after he had killed and flead one, a great part stirred after, though he had been kept fasting 8 dayes afore. In the left rein, (saith he) I found above a three corner'd pas∣sage, fastened to the side by a double thin skin; in the bowels, many long round wormes; the lappings that folded in the hair, fair ones; the gall-bag great; the hide thick; the flesh smells like a Fox; none eat it.

The Coati is a Brasile-Fox,* 1.217 as big as a Cat, with short thighs, and hands like a Baboon; coped-headed, Fox-eared; the mouth shorter below then above; long and sharp muzzled; nostrils wide, and cloven; eyes black; the tail longer then the body, which he sets up, and crooked; with ringlets on it, raried with shadow and oker. Eating, he holds his meat in his forefeet. He can climb the tops of trees. The Laet saith, he kept one tame, that would take meat out of his mouth; but when he be∣gan once to gnaw his tail, he could not be kept from it, till he had eaten it all up, and so died.

CHAP. II. Of the Ape.

THe Ape,* 1.218 in Latine Simiae, or Simius, from the flat nose, or from imitating, or his resembling of us. Festus calls them Clunas:* 1.219 The Greeks Pithekos, from being easily perswaded to imitate man; Emimoo,* 1.220 from the gestures, Arimos, in the old tongue of the Hetruscis, Bates, from climing-trees, Kalliar, by the Laconians. Hairy it is above, and below, back and belly;* 1.221 the hair is thick; nosed, eared, toothed like a man, two paps on the breast, armes like a man but hairy, which he can use, and turne as wee, fingered, toed, nayl like man, but those ruder, he steps like us, but treads more backward, arms short, and thighs answerable, he hath something hard like a navell, slenderer in the lower parts, they want a tayl, as being two legged creatures, the heart is Pyramide-wise,* 1.222 some found with two tops, veins, arteries like ours, the vein that goes into the right-lappet of the heart, and then into the right breast, is in them above the heart; those that are joyned to the reins, are widest, and passe to the stones: the substance of the eare is unmoveable. In many parts he is like a man, and in many unlike, as in the breast,* 1.223 and arme-muscles, and those that move the elbow, and thigh, those within the hands, and feet, in the mid-rif, lungs, as also in the bones; for in the loins are six turning-joynts, the shoulder-joynt is far from the breast, the thighs tend not streight toward the back-bone, thence it is, that going on the hind-feet, hee waggles, his feet are hollow, the toes much cloven.* 1.224 Bred they are in the eastern, and other warm parts, as in Lybia, Mauritania, in that part of Mount Caucasus, that looks toward the Red-Sea, in the Kingdome of Basman, in the tract between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Lybia. In the Indian-hills were so many, that they scared Alexanders army often. In Basman they kill them, pluck off the hair, all but from the chin, dry them, and embalm them, and sell them to merchants for mermen. They like hilly better then low-land; therefore they frequent the hils of Enisa.* 1.225 They love herbs, and barley, they go by troops to the ripe eares. They eat lice also,* 1.226 from men, and worms, and spiders, apples, nuts; but if the paring, or shell be bitter, they cast all away; they love flesh also, after eating, whereof they shed their hair. They drink wine too. They gender in Spring, when day and night is of a length, and beare a coupled about the summers solstice.* 1.227 The hee is reported to huge one for love, and to leave another with the shee, and never to looke after it. Being led through towns, they run a mad∣ding after women. They hold friendship with daws, and conies; but dis-agree with cocks, tortoyses, snails, &c. A noble man in England kept one, that keeps his Rabbits from Weesels. When a Parricide was sewd in a sack,* 1.228 they used to put in with him a Cock, an Ape, and Viper, that the Ape might fall on the Cock, and the Viper avoiding the Cock, might seaze the man. At Rome one of them, spying an Ape on a boys head, was so scared, that he pist, and shit.* 1.229 He dares not touch a Snayl. They are troubled with the hernia, or bursting, having a heavy kall, and with the falling-sicknesse, and inflammation of the liver, spleen, bladder, &c. Ill disgestion, &c. Galen anatomised a leane one, and found in the skin about the heart a praeternaturall swelling with moysture in it, such as Hydatides writs, did use to send forth. I say nothing of their biting, it is said to be venemous. Avicen, to prevent rancling, prescribes a playster of ashes with hony, and bitter almonds. They hide their meat in their cheeks, whence by degrees they fetch it to chew.* 1.230 They are extreame lustfull, and will gender with Lions. They remember a wrong long;* 1.231 some say they soon forget, when tamed they shew their young to every one. They severally affected at diverse seasons of the yeare, jolly, and gamesome at new Moon, very lumpish and dogged afore. So soon as they find approaching death, or any infections diseased,* 1.232 you may heare from them an unusuall snuffling in the noce. Whence Crollius thinks Physitians learn the pulses of arteries;* 1.233 they go awray, or sideling. Some can guide a cart, and play at chesse. One seeing a nurse wash, and winded a child, when shee was absent, undrest it, washt it in scalding water, and killed it.

They are taken by imitating what they see hunters do.* 1.234 They never are so tame, but that they quickly go wild again. They love to play with children, and dogs, but, if you look not to

them, they shall choak them, or breake their necks. They will make themselves drunk. The Zabeces,* 1.235 and Zygantes of Africa eat them. Rhasis judgeth it but cold, and harsh flesh. The heart roasted, and boyled with hony-comb is said to sharpen memory. They differ in shape, colour, neck, hair, and bulk. Some have tayls, some none, some are gray-headed. Some among the Orsei in India are white: Polus saith, some go upright. To these may be re∣fered the Orang-outang brought out of An∣gola, presented to Frederick Henry,* 1.236 Prince of Orange.* 1.237 Tulp calls it a Wild-man, long as a child of three years old, thick as one of six, square bodied, nor fat, nor slender, but very active and nimble; having such well trust limbs, and great muscles, that he durst attempt any thing, and do what not all smooth afore, and shaggy black behind, faced as a man, flat, and crooked-nosed, eared like a man, two fair swel∣ling paps were on the breast, like a womans, (for it was a female) the navell deep, and lim∣med so like a man, that an egge is scarsely liker an egge, resembling man in elbows, fingers, thumbs, thighs, calves, heels. Shee walked oft upright, and with ease could hoyst up, and beare a burden. Being to drinke, shee with one hand took the can by the eare, and put the other under; and wiped her lips handsomly after. Going to ly down, she would lay her head or∣derly on the pillow, and cover herself close with the coverlids. The Sambacensian King report∣ed, that they are so valiant, that they adventure on armed men. So given to women, that they oft ravish them. In Guinee some of them will bray any thing in a morter,* 1.238 and carry pitchers of water on their heads, and empty them at their doors, to prevent spilling. These are cal∣led Baris. Strong they are, and brawny thick set. In India there is also cried up to the skies; Zeilan keeps his reliques, namely a tooth, which Constantine the Portugal Viceroy took amongst the prey from a Barbarian Prince; so honoured and adored was that Ape by the cheefe Kings there, that yearly Embassadors were sent loaden with rich presents, only to be permitted to take his print in piece of clay perfumed, and inclosed in gold, to solace them∣selves, forsooth, with his shadow only. After the King of Pegu being conscious to himself of an oath he had passed to the Portugees, sent Embassadors to the Viceroy with ships loaden with wares, and 300000 pieces ef gold to re∣deeme the tooth. Many Portugals were of opi∣nion to send it, but to demand a greater summe, even a million, but the Viceroy (though he knew the King would have given it, and him∣self wanting mony, yet) prefered piety to gain, and that it might appeare to all, he caused the tooth to be brought amidst an assembly openly, and to be taken out of the rich case, beset with jewels, and gold, and with his own hand cast it into a brazen morter, and com∣manded it to be pounced to pouder, which was cast into a fire, and so vanished into smoake.

CHAPTER III. Of the Baboon, or Bavian.

HE takes the name of Cercopithecus from his tayl,* 1.239 for Kerkos signifies tayl, and Pithekos Monky, or Ape. The Greeks call him also Kepos, which some fetch from Kebos,* 1.240 Nimble. Albert calls him Mamonet; the Italians Spinga; the Celtae Abranas.* 1.241 We shall describe him anone under the kindes of Aurelius delineates his Genitalls. They are found in Aethiopia with black heads,* 1.242 and Asses hair, and in the woods of Iava, and the kingdome of Congo; and in India on the Emoden hills, and on that lofty mountain near Aden a city of Arabia, and all about the Indian Continent. In Malabar they are very cheape, because they hurt the Indians Nut, that is the gain of the natures. They eat any thing, and gnaw their own tayl when they are lustfull. They abhor Crocodiles so, that they are almost strooke dead with the sight. In East-Indies, under the Portugals, they eat them, and use them in Physick. What sport they make is well knowen. Their bones brayed, and drunk by provoking sweat, ease the French pox. They dote on their young,* 1.243 and hugge them hard; they feed on fruit, and birds egs. Many of them eats and drink their own excrements. Sometimes, if they see a man alone, they come down, and play with him. They are full of crafty tricks. It is strange to see how they cast stumps of trees at passengers; they passe rivers holding by each others tayls, and get over by bows, and a chain by wondrous arts. Above all, if one of them be wounded by an arrow, or dart, no men can help one another better then they, knowing how to stanch the blood with leaves, and mosse, and save, if possible, the life. They bring but one at a birth, and embrace their young, and carry them to the craggy tops of hills, where the huntsmen raise a heape, and compasse it with maiz, and lay there the stone Cacakoatl, the nature whereof is, when heated through with fire to crack, and fly asunder, the Baboone run to it, and to eat of that stone, but terrified with the crack, forget their young, and run away, leaving them a prey to hunters. They carry also their young on their back, till they can safely dispose of them. The young hang with the hands about the dames neck, and with the legs cling about her back. Some are nimble as a bird in climbling trees, and scip∣ping from tree to tree. One hath been seen to leap a river. The captains of them perceiving a troup of men passe by, (for men dare not passe by them alone, nor a few) they call their fellows of divers shapes together, out-face the men, and with hideous moyse skip from tree to tree, and follow the men, mocking them with a thousand Apes tricks, moppings, mow∣ings, waggings of the tayl, and make as if they would assault them; but coming down, and see the arrows, and guns, (which they have had

occasion afore to be acquainted with,) aimed at them, they fly swifter then the wind to the tree-tops, where they complain, chatter, and threaten. It is said, they are so dexterous, that they can decline, and avoid arrows-shot, and catch them flying, as if they were reached to them; but the bullets put the younger be∣side their skill. When they see any of their fellows fall, and taken up by the shooters, they thunder above, filling the skies with hideous noyses; as if you heard the roarings, and yel∣lings of a thousand Lions, and Tigers. But one thing is worth hearing; each Ape, when they take a tree, carry up stones in one hand, and some in their mouths, and pelt the pas∣sengers, when they have done shooting. One levelling at a great, long-tayld Monkey with a gun, hee made as if hee would stand it; but when the man winking with one eye, was taking aime, he threw a stone in his face, and brake it, and dashed out some of his teeth. But since he perished by a new stratagen, and was shot, just as the stone fell, and was eaten for a dainty with mirth. Some would have eaten then toads, or worse, so hungry they were. Such tricks perswaded the old world, that these were a humane race, which occa∣sioned in fables, mention of the Baboons birth-day. I thought once that they were happily a kind of Pigmees. It is strange how they can handle merchandise. They play with the savages for mony,* 1.244 and winning, invite to the Tavern, and pay the shot. Among the souldiers of Havana, a Baboon marked that one won apace, and sate close to him, to have his share, according to the manners; if he de∣nied, he would fight for it; if he received it, hee ran strait to the Taverne, and tooke a pot,* 1.245 holding it to the vinter, to poure wine; the pot being brimfull, he drank it up, payed his winnings; if it came to more, he expected more wine to the value, which he did twice, or thrice.

Another being sent to the Taverne, and not using to pay till hee had his bottle full, would gather stones to defend it against the boyes; and though he loved wine well, he carried it safe and entire to his Master. He could not abide painted women,* 1.246 but tore their hair and cloathes. One great Baboon, with an extreme long tail hanging by it, on an Oke, turning and swing himself three or four times, caught hold, skipped from bough to bough, and from tree to tree, as if he had flowen. An Archer shot one, who being wounded, in a fury set on him who hurt him; he drawing his sword, cut off the Baboons arme, and took him, but strong∣ly resisting; but being brought to the Navy, he grew tamer, being chained: and the hunts∣men bringing a Boar home, he and the Ba∣boon were ever fighting; this with his tail tangled the Boar, flew at his throat, and throat∣led him. Another seeing some hunt after him to shoot him, got into a window, snatched up an Infant,* 1.247 ran to the house top, and held the child for a buckler between him and the Arch∣er, to make him hold from shooting. Baboons differ in bignesse, colour, tail, and otherwise, some in Prassiana an Indian Region, are as big as the greatest Dogs, having tails five cubits long.* 1.248 Some are black, some ash-coloured, some gray, some party-coloured, some spot∣ted, some yellowish, some dusky, &c. Some longer tailed then others. Some bearded; some go upright; some Lyon-like; some mostac∣cioed; some of a mixt kind. The bearded, the Brasilians call them Guariba,* 1.249 are manifold, having a round goats-beard, they are as big as our Foxes, high-browed, with black sparkling-eyes, ears short and roundish; tail long, bare at the end, which they are ever swinging about; the hair black, long, sleek, and shining. There are swarms of them in the Woods there, and make a hideous noyse. They meet daily again, and again afore and after mid-day.* 1.250 One of the lesser sits higher then the rest in the midst, and begins a singing note, giving a signe with the hand openly, the rest follow his note, holding on till the first makes a signe, then the rest are husht in a twinkling, and the first concludes aloud. They carry their young on their back, frisking from bough to bough. It is a biting and untamed beast. Some of them are great, and black, having a long, black, shaggy beard. If they find a Moor woman alone, they force her. Clusius describes a kind, long tayled, with a tuft at the end, like a Lion. The Guinee Exquina in Congo hath dark hair, as it were burnt, sprinkled with white tops. The beard very white, the hair two fingers long, as it were kemed. Anger him, he gapes wide and chat∣ters. Another sort is as great, or each cheek stone of hair white, and yellow, bearded like a Goat, reaching to either eare; black leged: Toyish, and clamorous as the other. Ambro∣sine represents three prints of them; one he conceives to be the Callitriche (or fair-haired) living only in Aethiopia. A second a kin to that. The third faced like an old man (a Marmoset) with a long black tayl.* 1.251 He walks upright, very nearly resembling a man. He loves boys, and women everywhere, and if he get loose, endea∣vors to ly with them. Industrious they are, and wittier then some men. Of the Lion-kind are first the Cagui, as the Brasilians, or the Pongi, as the Congians call him; one is greater, like the Baboon,* 1.252 called Cay, round, and Lion-faced, black and bald-eared, Lion-mouthed, black-eyed, the tayl a foot, and four fingers long, and reddish. There is a lesser, a like faced, but with a lesse head, like a small apple, a little nose, sharp teeth, roundish eares, the tayl ten fingers long, with white, and dusdish ringlets, fed with bread, and mandos meat. The whole body six figners long. Another sort is called the Sagovin;* 1.253 Lion-like afore, but so tender, that he brooks not the tossing of a ship at sea, and so proud withall, that never so little troubled, he in ••ullennesse starves himself. That that Rod. Lincius brought over was lesse then a squirell,* 1.254 and so dainty that it must be kept in furre. The snout, and fore part of the head was Lion-like,

dark-coloured, mixt with red; the ears shaggy, and bright, and reddish; the throat, and breast shaggy, dush, and white; the other hair of the body black, and white, and sparkling, and party-coloured from back to belly; the tayl long, and so coloured; the belly black-haired, the thighs white, and red; on each foot five toes, not very long; the nayls white, scarce a handsomer to be seen. The Moschatus the Brasilians call Caitaja, long-haired, white, and yellow;* 1.255 roundish headed, low fore-headed, nose little and flat; tayl-bending, shrill voyced, and pettish. I saw one at Generall Warden-burgs at Amsterdam. There is another of the kind darker-haired, like the Zobellines. Of a doubtfull kind are the Macaquo in Congo; of a wolfs colour; the nose high and parted, the head like a bears, buttocks bald, the tayl bow∣ed; a foot and somewhat more long from head to tayl; a foot and nine fingers thick. Hee cries Hah, hah: the Brasil Cay in Toupinambuti is common, little and black,* 1.256 living most in the woods, and sitting on certain trees, where on a thick mast grows, like our greatest beans, whereon they feed. There is also another Gui∣nee Baboon, grisly, dusk-shadowed with yel∣low, almost like a hares back, small-headed, and long-tailed.

CHAPTER IV. Of the Cynocephalus, (or Dogs-head) the Papio, and the wild Vpalim.

THe first hath the name from a Dogs-head. It is called also the Tartarian;* 1.257 because it comes thence. Also Kuno∣pros••pon, or Dogs-face: And Cho••ropi∣thekos, or Hog-ape. Almost of the shape of a long tayled Monkey, but thicker set, stronger, fiercer, and faced like a dog, or a Satyre, as Strabo makes him. Open arsed he is. Found in Aethiopia, and in Arabia from Dira to the Southern corner; and especially in the utmost promontory; also above Dachinabades, and in the South of Lybia. He feeds as other Apes, eating stone-fruit, he cast away the shells, and parings. They eat also flesh boyled, and roast∣ed, especially the delicatest. They can drink wine also.* 1.258 They have many voyces, and those rude; sometimes shreeking, then houling. Orus saith they barke;* 1.259 they are soon moved to fury, effeminate, lustfull, petulant, fiercer then Apes. By naturall instinct,* 1.260 when dayes and nights are of a length, on set hours, night and day, they pisse, and make a noyse. The Hee in times twixt moon and moon, not eats, nor looks any way,* 1.261 but moping looks downward. They are said to congratulate the moon rising, wherefore the Egyptians in their religious rites made much of them, to learn from them the heaven∣ly conjunctions. Of a singular wit they are, comming nearest man,* 1.262 except the Elephant. In Egypt they write letters, and receive mony of the spectators for their masters. Akin to these is that Alvarez in his Ethiopian journy writes of, and another in Clusius. That's as big as a Bel-wether, and shaggy as a Lion, going by herds near Calote. This shaged, and ash-co∣loured, not so long tailed as a Baboon, long snowted and blunt at the end, bal'd buttocked, blood-coloured, as if flead. The Papio (in Dutch Paphon) is great rugged,* 1.263 ugly headed, short thighed, almost Fox-tailed, but short, and commonly lifted up, footed like a man, no way answering his height,* 1.264 doting on women. He feeds on apples, pears, and other fruit. The Shee brings two at a birth, a male, and a female. The wild Upalim is as big as an Ethiopian Ba∣boon, the skin red as scarlet,* 1.265 spotted in some places, the head round as a ball, the feet round, and broad, the claws harmlesse. The Moors beat the flesh with planks to make it tender, and eat it. What it feeds on is unknown.

CHAPTER V. Of the Ignavus, or Slug.

THey are of two kinds; one the Portu∣gees call Perillo Ligero,* 1.266 the little swift dog by contraries; and Friguiza. Of the bignes of one of our midling Foxes, short-necked, two fingers long at most, small, and somwhat round-headed; narrow mouthed, toothed as a Lamb, blunt, smooth, high, black-nosed. The eyes small, black, drowsy, having no eares; the tayl blunt, like a sugar-loof, on each foot are three nayls, white and yellow, crooked, bending, and hollowed. The hair about two fingers long, ash-coloured, badger-like, but softer, and whiter. The most sluggish, and slow-paced of beasts. He creeps up trees, and eats leaves, never drinks. Seldome send forth any voyce; holds fast what he catchest, fears the smallest rain. The heart taken out of the female, stirs half an houre after. The paunch red-streaked like beans, into which the navel∣vessells in many sprigs are fastened. They bear young-haired,* 1.267 toothed and clawed. The heart of the shee hath two plain ears, hollow. In the stomack the upper-mouth is two fingers crosse from the gullet, and where the opening uses to be, is a gut a span long, but hath no passage. In the stomack is plainly seen green matter of leaves. Two paps are on the breast. Tough of hide. So lively, that, if all the guts be taken out, it stirs, and draws the feet together. De Laet, who saith, hee saw one alive, saith, the neck is longer, as we have made it. He clings so fast, that he looses hold, and life together. Hermaneus saith,* 1.268 he in a whole day cannot move fifty paces forward. By night he is heard, and the latter syllables still lower then the former. He stays sometimes in a tree twenty dayes without food, and is thick-sighted. Another of the kind,* 1.269 called Hag, hath an Apes face, a rough-shaged skin, hairy-thighs, claws, on each foot three, and those sharp, and long, is easily tamed, when taken.

CHAPTER VI. Of the Badger.

THe Greeks have no proper name for it;* 1.270 the Latines call it Taxus, perhaps from Dasus, hairy, and shaggy; and Meles, or Melis, Melo, and Melotus; from the roundnes of the members. It is greater then a cat, or fox, whose nature it comes nearest, the skin being rough-hairy; it hath more white, then black hairs, the head black in the midst, white on the sides, brood∣backed, sharp-toothed, it is a mistake, that the left legs are shorter. They are found over all the hills of Italy,* 1.271 and Helvetia, and elswhere. They live on hornets, and worms, apples, and grapes,* 1.272 being fattest in Autumne. They love Rabbits-flesh, and Geese, chickens, and other foules.* 1.273 They breed their young as foxes, and bring forth in three months, sometime two, sometime three in autumne. They hate foxes, for these watch when they are gone abroad, and so bedung their holes, that they must seeke another for the stinke. They are so thick∣skind, that you can scarce hurt them, but their nose is so tender, then there you may kill them. Their skin is so pufd, that dogs cannot fasten on it.* 1.274 He turnes on his back, and with teeth, and feet, resists the beasts that vex him. Know∣ing himself to be short-legged,* 1.275 he goes not far from his hole. When cold weather presses him, he skulks, and fattens by-sleep. Bring him in winter by the fire, he casts himself among the coals. The Moone waxing, he fattens, in the wain he grows leaner; men say, but it is uncertain.* 1.276 His bite is mortall, because hee feeds on hornets, and venomous things. Olaus shews their ingenuity in digging,* 1.277 and voyding their house of the earth, and strewing them∣selves a bed therein with chaff, and leaves, bringing so much on their heads, and with their feet at once, as a man can carry under his arme. They ever have two doores to their house. When the South-wind blows, they open the North-doore; and when the North-winde, the South-doore. They lay up winters-provisions; and the male keep the female from eating too much, least they should want afore Spring. When they grow blind for age, they keep house, feeding one another at home. When they are spied, and hunted on hills, they lay their forelegs over their head, and ly round like a globe, and as Bears tumbled down. In Italy, Germany, and elsewhere, their flesh is counted a dainty,* 1.278 if taken in Autumne. They seeth it with pears in Switzerland. Savanarola likens it to wilde porke; Platina to Porcupines-flesh. In Phisick, they put the fat into glifters to helpe back-each; it helps chapped nipples, and gouts, and shrunk-members. The blood dried,* 1.279 heals leprosie. It is given with salt, and beasts-horn against the plague. Lonicerus deftills it onely in the dog-dayes, and pre∣scribes two drams.

Ges••er saith, that the same blood in a composi∣tion with Armeniack-earth, Saffran, and Tor∣mentil, is a receit in the most raging Pest.* 1.280 The ashes stench blood. To say nothing of the brain, tooth, or left foot, which tied under the arme, is said to help memory. Of old they wore Bad∣gers skins. Dog-collars are made thereof.

Some are tame,* 1.281 you may play with them; some are wild, and rough-bristled; some are Dog, and some Hog, Badgers or Grays, both taken in the Matisconensian Territory. The Dog-Badgers have a Dogs grin, and dig their holes in gravelly places; they have not many borroughs; feeding on carcases, and Dogs-meat. They are whitish, and biger then Dogs; with their snout they dig a small hole near their house door, where they hide their dung. They eat roots, and fruits, and what swine love to feed on.* 1.282 The Heygrat, (or hony-devourer) in America, of a Chesnut-colour, as big as a Cat, is a kind of Badger. They ever hunt after Bee∣hives, or the trees where wild hony is,* 1.283 of the like kind is the Quanpecotli about eighteen inches long, long snouted, slender, writheld upwards, long tailed, and haired, shining about the belly; the rest dusk, or black, and gliste∣ring; the back blackest; black-footed, and crooked-nailed; easily tamed; ravenous; spares nothing eatable; gamesome a thousand wayes; harmful to strangers; found in New-Spain among the hills, where he delights to be. Akin to this is the Tacuintecuani, or Cynoda∣ticus in bulk, snout, qualities, and feet. It is white, but hath large black spots; having the name from biting. Lives not far from the South-sea: Like to these is the Tlalcoyotl, hairy, two spans long, Badger-clawed, short-legged, and black, short-tailed; having a small head, a slender, and very long snout, teeth sticking out; his body of a yellowish white, but on the back, and upper-parts of the neck black, and bright streaked, and feeds as the Quanpecotli.

CHAPTER VII. Of the Castor, or Bever.

CAlled by the Greeks Kastoor, from Ca∣steros, the belly,* 1.284 because he is almost belly; not from castrating himself, when pursued for his stones, as some ridiculously derive it, for they are so small, and cleave so close to the ridge of his back, that he cannot come at them, nor while he lives, can they be plucked from him. He is called Fiber, not from frequenting the brinks of Rivers, that of old were called Fibri, but from Fibros, soft, because his hair is so.* 1.285 Some have mistaken him for the Otter. Nor is it the Latax in Arist. nor shall I decide it, whether it is the Orchia, or no: Some have counted him an Amphi∣bium, or half a fish, because he lives both on land, and in the water. He is of a bright ash-colour, but blackish-backed;* 1.286 finer haired then the Badger, & the blacker the skin, the coftlier.

His teeth are very sharp, wherewith he can cut wood; the foreteeth are red: The forefeet like Dogs-feet; the hinder skinned like Goos∣feet, each five-toed. Tailed like a fish. In the greater,* 1.287 a foot and half broad, and six fingers, two thick; sometimes weighing four pound; thin at the edges, a thin skin, and smooth, and pale, streaked with admirable artifice. In the pri∣vy parts he hath two swellings as big as a Goose mouth, on each side one; these are lappets co∣vered with a thin skin, in the midst a passage, whence sweats out a fat, clammy-moysture, wherewith, after wiping his mouth, he annoints all the parts he can come by; as some Birds that have in the same place a small bag with a moysture in it, fetch it thence with their bill, and annoint their feathers, to keep them moyst, while they remain in the open aire. In tongue, heart, stomack, guts, and liver divided into five laps, or strings, he resembles a Hog most. His gall lurks under the lesser laps of the liver. His spleen is but small for a beast of his bignesse. His reins as great as a yearling-calves, and fat. The bladder like a Sowes. The testicles small, and cleaving to his back-bone. The femal hath but one passage for all natural uses;* 1.288 the necks of the womb, and bladder meeting there. Gesner in dissecting a Bever, found in a bag a yellow matter, solid, waxy, sharp, not earthy, of a pound weight; and the genital to consist of one bone, and in each knob another small bag with a honied-kind of substance in it, smel∣ling like mouldy rotten cheese. The like is in the femals, but weighing hardly an ounce. Wherein Bellonius found stones as big as an egge, but without doubt it was counterfait. Bevers are found in Burgundy, about the River Matrona;* 1.289 and by the Sein in Cabillon, and in Lorain. Austria, about the Danow, where they are called Biferi; in Helvetia, about Aru∣la, Rusa, and the River Lomagus; in Poland also, Russia, Prussia, and Italia; especially where the Po disburthens himself into the Sea; Finally, the best are about the Rivers of Pon∣tus, and in Spain. They haunt rather the Northern-waters,* 1.290 then the Rhine, or Danube, or other Rivers troubled with Navigation. But where ever he lives, he lives partly in the water, and partly on the land. Therefore they make their holes by River-sides.

They feed on tree-leaves,* 1.291 as the Poplar, &c. but they covet most the broad-leaved Willows, because bitter. Not on fish, as Albert mistakes; for Pelicerius, Bishop of Montpellier, laid often afore them fish alive, and dead, but they would not so much as smell to them.

In the beginning of Summer,* 1.292 under the constellation of the Dolphin with Sagittarius declining, they couple. They bring forth at the fall of the leaf. The voice of the Beaver is like the crying of a child. They never leave their hold in biting, till they hear the bones crack; when you keep them tame,* 1.293 they are so modest, that they never foul the house with their or∣dure, and they cry, and whine, if they cannot get abroad. They love their young so, that they will break through doors, and grates, and cast themselves down headlong for their sakes, as the forenamed Bishop relates. They feed themselves with their forefeet, as with hands. They wet their hinder-parts often, because the barks of trees bind their bodies, or for that but little gaul flows to their guttes. That opi∣nion of his biting off his testicles,* 1.294 when hunted, is false, rising from his craft in hiding them. He is observed to be very cunning. As appears by the wise building, and preparing of their house, in carrying of the materialls on the old ones lying on their backs, and packing the wood handsomely between their thighs, and dragging them by the tail to the appointed place, which makes the old ones backs so sleek. Those that the Scythians call Drudges, gather apples, cut barke, others lay them on the backs of two yoaked, having framed a hurdle of sticks to that end. The same by the black ones, which are called Masters, direct by their gate, and posture the rest; being to cut wood, they ever hold the same track from the river to the tree; never leaving a tree, till they have gnaw∣ed it almost asunder; and when it is near falling, they take care that it may not fall on that side where they stand. In a word, they build their houses higher, or lower, as the river runs, and shift lodging the day afore it overflows.

The flesh is not unsavoury, if in dressing the venome be removed.* 1.295 The foreparts are hot, the hinder so cold, that, like Tortoyses, they eat them onely on fasting-dayes.* 1.296 The Loranois count the tayl a delicate, it co••••ming near the tast of a Lamprey. Some sprinkle it with Ginger, and roast it. Gesner saith it tasts like eel. In Phis••ck the Bevers-gall, pisse, tayl and skin is usefull. Bever compast with many naturall skins, with a waxy moysture within it, of a tart tast, and a strong sent,* 1.297 is said to be the choysest; which is to be plucked from the beast in his ripe vigorous age, and to be dried with the Hony liquor in it; it will hold the vertue seven years, it helps the falling∣sicknes, and lethargie, if boyled with rue in keen vineger, and the swimming in the head, if the crown be annointed with it, and vine∣seed, and oyl of roses; and it helps losse of me∣mory after chronicall tedious diseases, and against short-breath with Ammoniack, and honied vineger; also against hickok after much eating. Easens collick, in juice of vine, and boyled in vineger, applied as a cataplasme on the breast, and secrets, is good against running of the reins. A perfume of it, furthers con∣ception. Eases womens griefs, rising from cold causes. Purges a woman in child-bed. Opium corrects it best.* 1.298 Finally it is an ingre∣dient into many medicines, as waters, extracts, oyls, ointments, waxes. The curd helps the falling-sicknesse. The pisse poyson; the tayl wounds in the guts. The ashes of the skin burnt with soft pitch, and leek juice stanches blood. It is a good wearing for the palsied. The teeth are worn for Amulets. The fat is a good bait to catch fish. The softest hair makes

hats, and breeches. The Geloni make of the skins furred coats. We finde no differences of the kinds; onely the Scythians distinguish them into black, and reddish, or yellowish, and party-coloured, calling those masters, these servants.

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Otter.

CAlled Lutra from Luein,* 1.299 either loos∣ning-trees at the roots, standing by the river-sides; or from often washing it self. In Greeke Enudris, from living in the water. Suidas mistakes the Ictis for it. Sylvaticus miscalls it Hydria. Gaza calls it Ly∣tria:* 1.300 Aetius, a river-dog. He is slenderer, and longer then the Bever; toothed, and headed like a waterspaniell; square-mouthed, eared like the Beaver; the tayl long, round, and point∣ed at the end; the legs like a foxes, but some∣what thicker, the hinder-feet flat, and skinny, he is not so thick-skin'd as a Castor, hair thick, and short, almost chest-nut colour. They are found everywhere in Europe. They swarme in America,* 1.301 especially in Canada, most about streams, and lakes, reckoned among those that live both in water, and on land. They abound in the Napleshy territories.* 1.302 They feed on fish, whereof they carry so much into their holes, that they infect the air. They eat also the soft tops of herbs,* 1.303 and fruits, and bark of trees. In winter he forrages for his provision. In diving they draw air by degrees into their nostrills, to prevent drowning. In their hole they frame a table-worke of bows, and rods to hold them dry,* 1.304 as they ly. They can out of a river smell a fish-pond some miles off. They draw breath easiest with the stream.* 1.305 When hungry, they swim against, when full, with streame. Entring a fish-pond, they sease the best fish with a strange ni••ublenes, and fright them all. They are easily tamed, and are taught by signes to dive,* 1.306 and catch fish. In Swethland, at a Cooks-beck they fetch fish out of the pond into the Kitchen. In Germany, and France, Pesants eat the flesh, but it is grosse, and flegmatique, Carthusians are allowed to eat it.* 1.307 In Phisick the fat helps the joints. The blood mixt with water and vineger, takes down the swelling of the nerves. The testicles are approved against the falling∣sicknes, but fall short of the Bevers. The liver baked, is good against the Dysentery; a cushion of the skin, easeth the Emrods; the skins help the palsie, giddinesse, and head-each. Shoes thereof ease the pain in the feet. We in cold climates make gloves, and halfe sleeves of the whole skinne, tayl, and all. The American beasts,* 1.308 the Saricoujeme, and the Carygueibeju, seeme to be a kin to them. The former is as big as a cat, soft-haired, whitish, skinne-footed. In Amphilbia they are.* 1.309 The latter, called also the Jiya, is as big as a reasonable dog, roundish∣head as a cats, but more coped; eares round, and standing lower; footed like the Baboone, each hath five toes, the inner most shorter then the rest, soft-haired, not long; black all over, except the head, which is dusky. Hee hath a yellow spot on the throat. He lives on lobsters, fish, and mandow meal, moystened in water. Of the S•• elswhere.

CHAPTER IX. Of the Ichneumon.

HE hath his name from Ichneuein, from searching;* 1.310 he being able to distinguish between foyson and poyson. Called also a swine, from his hair being so like. Miscalled Ibis; and Anschycamus. Called also Thyamon, and Alcasis. In Greek Ullos, little hog, because with his snowt he is ever rooting. At this day stiled the Mouse of Pha∣roh, or Otter of Egypt. Of the bignesse of a Cat, but longer, hair hard, as a Wolfs, bright, and yellowish by spaces, and russet; black∣snowted, and like a hog; short, and round-eared, legs black; on the hinder-feet five toes, the last inner one very short, the tail long, and thick; the teeth, tongue, testicles, like a Cats; having, beside the passage of the excrement another wide one without, which in hote weather he uses to open; whence writers have thought them all double sexed.* 1.311 Some thinke that Egypt only produces them; but they are found on the other side of Atlas, near the heads of the Nile. It is an Amphibium. They feed on Mice, Snakes, Snails, Lizards, the Chamaeleon, Frogs, and the like:* 1.312 They love fowles, especially hens, and the Crocodiles liver; and therefore, as it is thought, they creepe into their bellies,* 1.313 while they sleep, whence there is great enmity betwixt the two creatures; so that if one finds the others egges, he breaks them, which is well for the Egyptians, since it prevents the increase of the Crocodiles.* 1.314 He is also at enmity with the Asp, and all kinds of serpents. He hates the wind most, so that it begins to rise, hee hastens to his hole. They are tamed easily in Egypt; they destroy rats, like cats, or weesells; they love to be plaid with; they shun cold, hide their heads between their legs, rouling themselves up like a Hedge-hog in a ball round; set up their bristles when they spy any beast; dare encounter one great dog, and choke a cat at three bites; venter on horses and camells, and any sort of beasts. They whelp as many at a time as bitches doe. The relations about their changing of sex are fabulous. Their wit is seene herein, that they stand on their hind-legs to prey,* 1.315 and creep slily till it be within reach, and then furiously fasten. Hee never venters on his foe, till hee call his fellows. Being to fight with the Asp, hee wallows in mire, and then drives it on in the sun, till it serve him for an armour of proofe. If there be no mud near, he wets him∣self, and roules, and tumbles in the dust; know∣ing his nostrills tender, in fight hee saves them with his tayl. In Physick his pisse some drinke

with a black cows milk against the collick.* 1.316 The ashes of the skin burnt in vineger, cures a sting of a Serpent, smeared on. A fume of the hair is good against wormes.* 1.317

CHAPTER X. Of VVeesels.

ARTICLE I. Of the common VVeese••, or Ferret.

ALmost all Dictionary-writers fetch the name Mustela,* 1.318 (Weesel) from Mus, and Telum, a Mouse, and a Wea∣pon, because of his length: some from Teele,* 1.319 longe; at length, or from far; or from Mus, and Stelloo, mouse-stealing, because they draw them out of their holes. Of old Galeoe, from the milky whitenes.* 1.320 Some Kedroo, from his fox-craft. Of late Numphitza. It is reddish on the sides, and back;* 1.321 sometimes yellowish, ever white about the thraot: Slender-bodied, short-tayled.* 1.322 The teeth lesse then the mouses; the heart small, yet in comparison with that of other beasts,* 1.323 great enough. They are found everywhere; but the white most in Northern Regions. The great ones are in Mauritania, the greatest, in the Tartesian territory without Hercules his pillars, by Cales. In Java woods they are. In the Isle Pordeselene they passe not their bounds.* 1.324 Bring them into Baeotia, they dy, or fly. They dwell in holes, clefts of rocks, haymows, and stables. He eats all things; mostwhat mice,* 1.325 and moles; he abstain not from serpents: he lies in wait for bats; he sucks Pigeon-egges, and the blood of birds killed, picks out dead mens, eyes, catches hares; he hath been seen with one in his mouth. That they bring forth at the mouth, is a tale forged out of the fained turning Galanthis Alkmenas* 1.326 Mayd, by Iuno into a Weesel. That they have a womb, is certain. The Raven, and crow hate them for sucking their egs: their voyce frights hens;* 1.327 they fight with Cats. They fight with serpents, armed only with a sprig of run, or with so wthistles; if they want these, they are worsted. Their dung, if they live in fields, and woods, smells like musk. With their age they change colour.* 1.328 They recover their whelps sight with an herb; are easily tamed, if you rub their teeth with garlick. They dare set on greater beasts. They build their holes with two doors, one North, the other South. They transport their young thence for a dayes space. Their bite is mortall, and makes mad; if it but touch a Cows udder, it is inflamed. Oyl where∣in the Weesel hath rotted is a remedy, or rub∣bing the place with the skin dry. Aristides of Locris died of the bite of a Weesel.* 1.329 The Mexicans eat them. Galen saith that corn∣ed with salt, and dried the flesh tasts like Hare. The brain dried helps not a little against swounding fits.* 1.330 The stomack stuf'd with Co∣riander-seed cures serpent bites. The lungs are good for the lungs. The liver helps giddinesse,* 1.331 and swounding, because it increases, and de∣creases with the moon. Pliny commends the gall against all venome, Matthiolus used it with Fennell-water against dimnesse of sight, and skin spots. The yard dried is soverain against the strangury. The stones, and womb, like the Eagle-stone, prevents a womans miscarrying. Lonicerus cries up the blood with juice of Plantan against the gout, Galen, against catarhs. Mathiolus magnifies the dung taken in hony, with pulse-meal, and feny-greek against swel∣lings, and wens. The Weesel whole is of use. Dioscorides commends it unbowelled, and long pickled against sting.* 1.332 Galen used the dust dried against the falling-sicknesse. Matthiolus the ashes of it burnt made with water into a dow, against head-ache, dimnesse of sight, and blood-shot, smeared on. Marcellus burned it to ashes in an old pot, and mixt them with hony on a thirsday, in the wane of the moon against swellings of the jaws. See Ambrosine about the divers uses of it.* 1.333 A Weesels foot hung with rose, and mustard-feed on the bran∣ches of a barren tree make it beare. Farriers with a piece of the skin have cured Horses of the parlous disease, called Tach. Some sprinkle seeds with the ashes on their ground to drive away field-mice; others seeth them in much water to that purpose. Some make the Weesel, and Ictis herein to differ,* 1.334 that the one is kept tame, the other goes wild. Others call the white one Hermellani; that that is white only on the breast Visela. The Rosola, or Guisela, his dung smells sweet. One is called a Salamander,* 1.335 for his many colours. The Austrian Girella, is of the bignesse of a Weezel. The Italian Curriers shew a skinne black, and glistring brought out of the cold Coasts, called the Ro∣soleus, or Romulus. Some count the Chiurca a Ferret. The Vormela mentioned by Agri∣cola, is another; and Cardan adds the Lardi∣roni, and the Genet••a.

Scaliger writes that the Chiurca hath a ferrets face, and bulk, a foxes head, lives under ground, is very fruitfull, bringing at a birth twelve at once. The tayl small, and almost bald; It self is black-haired, carrying her young under her belly in a bag. The African Ferret is as big as a great Mouse, resembling a Ferret,* 1.336 and a Squirrell, lifting up the tayl, but not over the head as the Squirrell; but high, and spread∣ing it abroad, and sitting eating on the breech, holding his food with the fore-feet squirrell-like, and tossing it. In either jaw were two longer fore-teeth, the ears roundish, the haire party-coloured from head to tayl, sandy, dusk, and white with streaks. The tayl very hand∣some, he could display it like a Pea-cock; five toes on each foot; foure forwards, the middle∣most longest; the fifth like a spur behinde. He refused no food, but liked bread best; he was tame, and went loose. On shipboard they come into the marriners laps, and stockins, so tame they are. Nieremberg calls it a Lybia Weezel.

ARTICLE II. Of the wilde Ferret, or Fitcher.

SOme call it Putorius; some Furo,* 1.337 either from his theeving by night, or his darke colour, from his digging, and myning in burrows; some Viverra or Ferret from verrunco, ferriting, and driving beasts out of burrows.* 1.338 Also Iktis, from a bird of that colour; and Pholita, or Pholenta, Coloured betweene white, and box,* 1.339 white-bellied, reddish-eyed; greater then a tame Weesel. Aristotle makes it of the bulk of a Malta-whelp;* 1.340 but in hair, shape, colour (white below) very unlike the common-Ferret. In Italy, France, and Ger∣many,* 1.341 they are not, but onely in Africa, and in England. He lives on hony, fish, pigeons, and Conies, which he likes best of all. The females dy with heat, if they couple not, when lust is on them. They mix as cats, and bring seven or eight in a lutter, they carry them fourty dayes;* 1.342 the young after for thirty dayes are blinde; and the fourtieth day after sight comes, they go a hunting. Provoke them, and their dung sents well; when time in boxes, they sleep away most of their time. In Nar∣bon, France, they hunt Rabbets with them; and elswhere they fetch with them dirds out the high nests, that men cannot come by. There is a peculiar kind in Zeilan,* 1.343 foe to the crowned Serpent, he bites on the roote of snake-wood, when he goes to combate with him. The Hamester is of this kinde, bigger then a tame Forret;* 1.344 the back is Hare-coloured, the belly black, the sides shining, feet short. He is a great gatherer of grain into his bur∣row. Thuringia is full of them, called Pu∣torius from his stinking breath; and Icktis, because he loves fish.* 1.345 Scaliger calls him a stinking cat. Bodied like a Mattern, but bigger; narrower necked, broader bellied, blacker on the tayl and thighs; the sides yel∣lower. It hath a double ranke of hair, some shorter, and yellow; other longer, and black, the left legs are not shorter, as some think. They inhabite garners, stables, woods, and bank-sides. They feed on Mice, Hens, and other fowles (whose heads they strait pull off) fish, frogs. In Spring their skin smell strongly, in Winter not. There also the Noërza, as big as a Pole-cat, of an Otters-colour, is a stinking beast, lurking in wood-corners.

CHAPTER XI. Of the Mattern, or Pole-Cat; and of the Zibelline-Ferret, or Musk-Cat.

THe Martes,* 1.346 or Mattern, hath the name from his fiercenes; called also Martia, Marta, Marrus, and Foina, Gainus, Scismus. His teeth pure white, even set, and keen. The dog-teeth in either jaw hang out, six smaller of diverse length are be∣tween, in stead of cutters, and are very small in the lower jaw. The grinders are eight, and like saws, some single. The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much. Under the skin are sinewy small veins,* 1.347 stretch∣ed out, answering all the ribs in number, and order; the ribs are fourteen. No membrane fleshly. The muscles of the paunch are be∣tween the two tunicles of the rim, which makes it seeme thicker, and grosser, as the horny-film of an Ox-ey; fleshy in length by that line, that answers the navell, but not abroad, and onely below. The kell fastened to the stomack, en∣tralls, and milt; the milt very small, hanging on the left side of the stomack, and a part of the kell fastened to it. The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body, consisting of a doubled coat, the outmost whiter, the inmost smoother, both thin. The guts fastened be∣hind to the back-bone by a thin skin. No blind gut, all uniforme. The bladder very long, thin, but inclining more to the stomack. The liver of seven films, the weakest three-parted, like a chicken-foot, the middle three-cornerd, annexed to the hollow vein, a litle way by a thin skin. The right Rein is higher. The left Emulgens longer then the right; both sprouting from the great artery, not from the hollow-vein. Yet I doubt of it. By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish, and yellow kernells; the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins. The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone; and the great artery lies under the hollow. The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins, but are parted in two on either side below, one branch joyned to the stone, reaching without the paunch. The yard arising from strings of os sacrum, is gri••tly, and hard as a bone, writhed at top like an wimble-skind, close, sharp as a needle. The right uritory sit higher into the bladder, then the left; a fine sinew comes strait down, tied to the right side, sit into the beginning of the hollow vein. Also a small sinew on the left-side, descends to the stomacks-mouth. The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart, neare the right lappet, which is black, and full of blood, and greater then the left; this is white, and bloodles, hollow, spreading on the right side into the lungs. The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle, bending downward. The hollow vain on the right, pas∣sing a little above the lungs-branches it self, in∣to six springs, rising to the lower jaw. On the right side the lungs, consist of foure lesser veins, on the left of two greater. They are most in the North, and in the German-Alps, Southward, and toward Italy. They inhabite the roofs of greater houses, and beech, and firre-woods. A Boor told Gesner, that in a very high firre-tree, he tooke a Mattern, and foure welps. France hath no such. Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour.

Beside other Weezels-food, they are said to eat shrubs,* 1.348 their dung smels like Musk; they are easily tamed. Gesner had one that loved his dog, that went about with him; let loose, shee would come to the chaine again, and play with him like a cat, lying on the back. But there is no trusting them; therefore some ad∣vise, to take out their dog-teeth. The skin is of use; that under the throat, makes caps good and wholsome for the head.* 1.349 In Canada the women shew their babes in them. There are two kinds; one tamer of a dark yellow, except a white part of the throat, which curriers and skinners call Faina. Bodies like a cat, a litle longer, and shorter legged. It rooms about the country, kills Hens, and sucks their egs. The other is wilde, of a brighter, and softer hair, and a clay-coloured throat. Some in∣habite Beech,* 1.350 and Oake, and Holm-woods, some pitch, and firre-woods. About the Bre∣gantine Lake, they shine by night.

The Zibelline Weezel, or Satherius, or Seba∣lus, or the Sarmatick, and Scythian-Mouse, is somewhat lesse then the Mattern, of a dark yellow all over, except the throat, which is ash-coloured. Found in the North, in the ut∣most woods of Moscovia, in Lithuania, white-Russia, and neare the Cronion-Sea, and in Laucerusa, a wood of Scandinavia. The Tartars, and Laplanders send the best skins. The Guinee story tells of store, in a Province of Congo; they lurke in shady Forrests, and catch birds. They are very nimble, and rest∣les. It is said, that, if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome, in three dayes it shall be found uppermost; Handle them, yet they remain even. The long-haired, and inclining to black, are the best skins. You spoyl them, if you lay them in the Sun. To keep them from the moth, shake them oft, and lay them up wrapped in wormwood; they are very costly. Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns. Ambrosine, a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith, worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money. They of Obdoria, offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol, called Zlata Baba.* 1.351 The great Cham of Tartary, his Tents are said to be lined with them.

CHAPTER XII. Of the Genetta, and the Zibethus, or Civet-Cat.

SOme conceive that Genetta, being a Spanish name,* 1.352 borrows the name from some place there. Others call it a Spa∣nish, or Genet-Cat. Some a lesser Panther. The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf. The whole body is handsomely, marked with black spots.

The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair, and downy, breathing forth a not unacceptable sent. It is found in Spain in waterish places, where it seeks the food. A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25, nay 30 pound Bononian mony.* 1.353 The Zibet, unknown per∣haps to the ancients, is by the Greeks called Zapetion; by others a Zibet-Cat; or a Civet-cat, a kind of Panther, which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast; this is thought the same with the Hyena of old. It is armed with sharp teeth and hair. An arme long from head to dock; the legs to the feet, a third part of an armes length. Hee is about the bignes of a fox, coloured like a wolf, but black-spotted. Hee carries a bag about his privities, wherein lies the Civet, that is so fragrant.* 1.354 Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger, the tongue not quite so rough as a cats. They are found in Pegu,* 1.355 Con∣go, China, Cambaja, and in the Ethiopian woods. Brought also out of Egypt, where they breed plentifully, and out of Spain into Italy. Hee loves raw flesh, and field-mice. Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh. In China hee eats sweet-meats, and rice, and egs, and the sweet wood called Camaron; if that be the beast Pigafetta, mentions in his journall. Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua, that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders. A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle,* 1.356 that hee played with men, taking them by the nose, ear, lips, teeth, and did them no harm. Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk. The sweet excrement lurking as afore,* 1.357 is first white, after of a clayish colour, at length waxes black. It smells strong at first to wonder men; being layd in the open ayr, and hardened, it obtains that most gratefull fragrancy. Some will have it to be his seed. It is gathered in a silver spoon, or one of brasse, or horn, every day a dram. If you vex him with a small rod, hee yeelds more at a time. Some are said to pisse civet at a set time of the year. Civet is best kept in horn. There are some nobles of Ulyssipone that gaine thence yearly fifteen hundred pounds. It is of use in Phisick, and otherwise. A grain put on hot bread, applied to the navell eases the collique.* 1.358 It is one good ingredient against giddinesse, and apoplexy, smeared on the nostrills, temples, and crown of the head. It opens the mother. Some adulterate it with ox-gall, storax, and hony. It is used in preparing Cypres-pouder, sope-balls,* 1.359 strong∣waters, oyls, spirits, and perfumes.

CHAPTER XIII. Of the Hare.

HE is called Lepus, and Levipes,* 1.360 light∣foot from his fleetnesse, or his soft going by reason of his shaggy feet. Derived from the old Aeolick Lepori; or from his uncertain footing Leioos, that it is hard to trace him. In Greeke Liporis, Lagoos; by the Athenians, by the Ionians Lagos. And Dasypous, from his shaged feet; and from his swiftnesse doubtlesse, Dromalos, Ptox, Tachines. In Candy Kekenas; by Aristotle Trochos. His

head is short,* 1.361 and round; neck narrow, round, soft, long, prick-eared, legs strait & light, breast not fleshy, back-bone round, breast sinking; thighs light; those afore near one another, behind stradling; the whole body pliable; heart very great. About Briletum, Therne, the Cher∣sonesus, the Propontis they seeme double livered.* 1.362 The gristle under the fore corner of the ey is broad; there lies somewhat near the brain like a worme; the body round like a vault,* 1.363 not found in other beasts. The ear-tip thin, and transparant as a cats. Among the toothed, and single-bellied beasts this alone hath cur'd. They are everywhere, both in hote, and colder climates. White ones are brought out of Africa. In the Indian Isle Mazzua they abound so, the natives everywhere kill them.* 1.364 Their plenty on mount Athos is grown to a proverb. They frequent uninhabited places most, where huntsmen least trouble them. In Ithaca are none, nor live they, if brought thether. Of their food Bargeus hath composed nine queint Verses. The summe is: They nibble on rank grasse, and corn-stalks, and strings of herbs in the earth, and soft barks of trees, and moyst books, apples, acorns, fit∣ches, milt,* 1.365 elms-leaves; especially wild mint, water-cresses, and betony, and pennyroyall. They gender averse, as all other beasts that pisse backward.* 1.366 They couple all the year, espe∣cially in spring. They admit of superfaetation. Aelian speaks of pregnant leverets found in a Hare cut up. In the time of Antiochus Go∣nata two Hares in Astypalaea in a short time bred above six thousand. And all Geron an Isle of the Scarian sea was within a while pe∣stered from one Hare big with young. They breed in forrests in the most solitary places, two, three, sometimes four at once; you may know the female by the long head,* 1.367 thick body, longer ears, and grisly hair inclining to black on the back, and by her many doubles when hunted. The male hath red shoulders, and long hairs in the midst, the head shorter, and blunter; the beard, and brow hairs longer, the ears shorter, and broader. Afore the hounds he will run strait on ten miles together. They hate Eagles, crows, Weesels, Foxes, and Dogs. They live seven years.* 1.368 Their age may be gues'd by the clefts of their dung by the mouth of their forme. Their voyce is squeaking or mourning.* 1.369 They are well-sighted, and sleep with their eyes open, and are quick of hearing. The noyse of shaken leaves makes them run,* 1.370 and use their ears to guide them in their course, when they go to sleep, that their forme may not be found, they run too and fro with doubles, and then take a leap into their hole, where they lies with their forelegs together, and their ears layd squat on their shoulders. They love to sit abroad in the Sun in fair wea∣ther. They love the place best where they were bred. Are easily tamed; but dy, if too fat, yet, on the least scope given, they run away to their old liberty, and fall to their first wildnesse. They seldome grow fat in the woods, because perhaps they live in fear. Against winter they provide their house in Sunny places,* 1.371 in summer Northward. They run far for food, on purpose to keep themselves long winded by dayly breathing, and to use their feet. To amuse the hunters they run through windy wayes, shun∣ning shrubs, least their hair should stick there∣on, and so yeeld sent to the dogs. They know how to proportion their course, as the dogs are slower, or fleeter, and they lurk, when hunted, among clods, because they are of their colour. Jews may not eat them; but among the Gentiles, after Attalicus the Cydonian had made Hare a dish at his feasts, it became a dain∣ty ever after, and was thought to make the face fair. For certain Alexander Severus ate it dayly;* 1.372 and Martiall writes something, that sounds that way. As for the temper of Hares flesh, those of two, or three months old, leve∣rets, of six at most are most juicy, and of easiest digestion; if older, as above a year old, it breeds grosse blood, yet there are jolly huntsmen that eat it every day.

But that Cato Censorinus prescribes it, and pot-herbs to the sick, it must be meant of young Leverets. But those that live on hills, or heaths, feeding on Pennyroyall, &c. are much better then those that frequent waterish places. They taste best as cold weather comes in. See Am∣brosin about the dressing of them.* 1.373 In Phisick no part almost of the Hare that is not usefull, even the very excrements. The Head burnt with Bears-grease, or vineger, helps shedding the hair; the Brain helps children in breeding teeth, if oft rubbed on the gum; drunk in wine, it helps those that cannot hold their water; the Heart is tied on those that are troubled with Quartains; the powder of it dried with a third part of Manna, Frankincense in white wine, men drink seven dayes against the Falling-sick∣nesse;* 1.374 the Lungs helps sore eyes; the Liver with sowr wine, the Collick; the Gall in sugar, pearls, and dimnesse of the eyes; the curd of one that hath eaten nothing but milk, dried in the Sun, or smoke, is sovereign against bloody∣fluxes; It draws out a thorn,* 1.375 mixt with flower of Frankincense, and Oke-gum. Some use it against the sting of Serpents; and to help con∣ception: But it is said to kill what is conceived, if drunk in; the Reins boyled,* 1.376 are ministred for the Stone; stale, and tied to the feet,* 1.377 eases the Gout; From the Mother, some make me∣dicines for the griefs of the bladder;* 1.378 the Flesh fried in oyl, is ministred glister-wise against Dy∣senteries, and Ulcers in the bowels, to the same purpose is the blood roasted good; some mingle it with Barly-meal; The Milk makes women fruitful; the Fat with Bean-flower, helps to draw out stings; the Tooth hang'd on, eases tooth-ach; the Ancle-bone tied on with a string of Hares hair,* 1.379 mitigates the Collick; and distilled with Pennyroyal, and drunk, it al∣layes sharp child-bearing-labour, and is pre∣scribed with Oke-lime, Pearl, Coral, and Paeo∣ny-seed against the Falling-sicknesse, and pro∣vokes Urine; the Skin in sere-cloth, is good

against burstings; the Feet cut off while he lives, easens the Gout; the Pisse with Spiknard is a wholsome drink against Dropsie;* 1.380 the dung born by a woman, hinders conception, but put under, helps the months, and dries, burn the whole Hare, the ashes taken in warm wine, helps the Stone; whereof also is compounded an electuary,* 1.381 whereto Jews-stone, and spunges found among small stones are added.

Hares differ in colour,* 1.382 bignesse, fatnesse. Some are blew, others in a black-soyls, duskish, others on red-soyls, glistering. In America are found some with the black Hare coloured, the sides white and black, the rest white. There are white ones on the Alps,* 1.383 and on the hill tops by the vally of Anania▪ Gesner saw one milk-white, with black hair on the ear-tips, and found the flesh tenderer in taste then other; the Elymaean are as big a Fox. In Macedon, and Transalpin-Gual are great ones; in Italy, and Spain, lesse. In lower Hungary they are observed to be fatter then in Italy. One kind is said to sent so of Musk,* 1.384 that they make the hounds mad that hunt them.* 1.385 Some are cal∣led mountain, some field, some marish, some Italian, French, Spanish, Indian Hares. The Italian are low-footed afore, black-backed, and white-bellied. The Mountaneers differ from others in their black-hew,* 1.386 bulk, wildnesse, and thick hair; the French are most what bright. The Spanish comprehend Rabbits, there is one in New-Spain called by the Natives Citli, shaped as ours, and feeds so,* 1.387 but with ears very long, and broad for such a body: The Indians weave the hair into clothes and sheets, which they wear for cloaks. The Brasilians have their Cotias of the bignesse, shape, and taste of the Hare; yellowish, little eared, and almost no tail. There is a greater kind called Pacae, round mouthed, Cat-faced, dusk, with white spots; tender of flesh, and skin also, therefore fought after as a dainty. There is also a kind that the Indians cudgell to death; then flea it,* 1.388 and work the blew-beaten-flesh into a Paste, which they wrap in the skin, and call Musk.

CHAPTER XIV. Of the Cony.

HAth the name from myning,* 1.389 and bur∣rowing under ground, and dwelling there; called by Aelian a little Hare, or Leveret; by the Greeks Sunax,* 1.390 Dasupous; which yet Pliny seems to distinguish from both Cony, and Hare. Strabo calls them digging Hares, and Leberidas,* 1.391 perhaps from the Serpents-slough; whence a young one newly kindled,* 1.392 and hairlesse, is termed liberis, laberis, and laurix, or glib. Also Adapis, per∣haps from Adapanos,* 1.393 that cannot be spent; so fruitfull,* 1.394 and numerous they are. By Erotianus, Limopoios,* 1.395 dearth-bringer. All the Belly-muscles cleave fast between the two skins of the Perito∣naeum. The strait gut small; the heart little, the liver great, and the reins,* 1.396 the milt long like a Swallows, or Cocks; the Parepar, or Byli∣ver, shaped like a shoe-makers broad handled knif, lying in the midst between the broad liver strings; the stomack not unlike a Hogs, very like a Mouses, or Dormouses; the Cystis small fastened to the liver; the blind-gut more then a palm great, celled, and hath an appendix of three fingers; the turning-joynts of the loyns long, between which ly fair muscles. Pliny denies there are any bred in the Isle Ebusus;* 1.397 but they swarm in France, Italy, Mauritania, Muscovy, Poland, England, &c. About Mo∣saiscus, a Muscovy-town, they are numberlesse;* 1.398 but they abound most in Spain. In the Baleares, Majorca, and Minorca, they devour their har∣vest. In Zeland by the Sea-side there are many, enough to furnish all Brabant in Winter.

They feed on grasse, three-leaved grasse, cabbage, lettuce, cicory, turneps, and apple-parings, and especially bay-berries.* 1.399 Mans-blood fattens them apace; they cannot away with moysture; they couple every six,* 1.400 or rather twelf moneths, and kindle monethly in hot-countries. One that kept Conies, relates that some have brought three young at once; and after a fortnight as many more. But in Ger∣many, and Italy, they seldome breed in winter,* 1.401 they bring five or nine at most; that of their double-sex is a fiction; they suck oneantwenty dayes; if any handle them, the dames are angry, and either forsake, or hurt, or kill their yong: And the males doe the same, if the fe∣males are busie about their young, and neglect them. By leaping Rabbits,* 1.402 scape taking; they forsake places, where they are in danger; and one going, all the rest follow. It is known that they chew the cud; through envy they will bite one anothers ears, and legs off, yet are easily tamed. Cardan knew one of it self follow the dogs; they dig them burrows with many outlets. In Spain they in sandy soyl undermined, and subeverted a fair town,* 1.403 so that the natives must seeke other dwellings; they come not abroad, but mornings, or evenings; and go not far from burrows, and stop up the entrance, to prevent discovery by the pas∣sengers; their flesh, especially of the young ones, is tenderer then Hare.* 1.404 A Spanjard was the first who made it a dish on his table; they care not in Spain for tame Conies, they tast too much of their food, but wild are a dainty. They parboyl them, and stuf them with sweet herbs; and lard them with pork. In Phisick, the fat refreshes the sinews, and helps water∣ing: Burned,* 1.405 it cures the inward ague; they differ in colour, bignesse, inwards, and places: there are white, black, yellow, ash-coloured, pied, bright, stated with black, and glittering spots.* 1.406 Valerian saw at Verona with a Jugler one fouretimes as bigge as ours, and strangly fat. Pliny thinks that the Betick-Conies have double inwards. Some called Vtiae in India, are no bigger then Rats. I leave to the reader to judge, whether they are Conies that Scaliger describes, of Hare-colour, short-eares, thick-body,

and well set, long-tails like the Squirrels. Some call them Pharohs-Mice, some Indian-Hares; there those they call Indian-Pigs, of the bignes of our Conies, but shorter-legged, on the fore six toes, on the hinder-feet five; they have Mice-teeth, no tayl, a sharp Muzzle; Ears little, and round, rather bristled then hairy; they gruntle like Pigs, they eat all herbs, fruit, bread, oats, living many month without water. One male is enough for seven, or nine females; ad∣mitting of superfetation like Conies. In winter they kindle, in 60 dayes all seeing. The males fight afore the female. We have added the picture of another Indian-Cony. Some make nine sorts of Indian-Conies.* 1.407 1. The Pacfli, as dainty as those in Spain, if it live where good grasse grows. 2. The Eliztactotli, or white-breast. 3. The Cuitlatepotli, or short tayl. 4. The Tocant••ctli of Peru, shaped like the Mexican Mole, called Tuca. 5. The Quau••toctli. 6. Metochtli. 7. Cacotochtli. 8. Another Cuitlatepotli. All differing in shape, and name, not so savoury, and delicate of tast as ours. All this I had out of D. Franc. Hornandus his manuscripts. Out of another, that there are some somewhat lesse then the Castellani tayl like a fish, well-tasted; living on hills, and grassie places, and not in burrows. There are foure sorts of them.* 1.408 1. Quemi, greater, and harder. 2. Utiae. 3. Mohlas. 4. Cuties, litle, daintier, and wholesomer. There are Viscachae, long-tailed like Cats. They love snow, and batten on it. The Hair of old hath been valued, and of use.

CHAPTER XV. Of the Squirrell.

THe first who called this small beast Sciurus was Oppianus,* 1.409 who lived in the time of Antonine C. so called from the shadow of his tail;* 1.410 and Kampsiouros, from Kamptein, because hee bends, and turnes up his tail ever on his back; and Eleion, a Dor-mouse; and Nitela, from climing; and Pirolus; and Spiriolus; and Scurulus from running. A kind of Mouse he is. His lower-teeth are longest;* 1.411 and the blinde-gut, answering the stomack. They are found almost everywhere; especially Northward, where their colour is fairest. They feed on apples, chesse-nuts,* 1.412 and other nuts, beech, and pine∣apples, and acorns; and in Summer they hoard up against Winter. In Spring they gender, and build nests of sticks, and leaves, on the highest boughs of trees. They bring three, or foure young at once; that are said to leave their nest after they are three or foure dayes old. They can use their fore-feet like hands, are easily tamed,* 1.413 and chatter: going, they drag their tail after; sitting they turn it upon their back, in leaping it is in stead of wings; in schorching weather it yeelds them shadow, passing waters it serves for a sail, they make a bark of a tree their ship; in their holes they have many outlets, which they stop, or open as the wind stands, or foreseeing a storme.

Some dresse them to eat, the Velleians hold them for a delicate. The fat mollifies.* 1.414 Galen commends it highly against ear-ache.* 1.415 Iuglers abuse the teeth to fortune telling; they differ in colour, and according to their place.* 1.416 In Germa∣ny they are in the first year black,* 1.417 when big∣ger, red.* 1.418 In Poland gray, and flame-coloured. In Russia all ash-coloured.* 1.419 In Podolia spotted.* 1.420 Some are called Pontick mice; the Getulian, and Indian are pied. The Pontick lives about Pontus, and used there for weare, called also the Laffican-mouse, and the Venetian, and by the Pole, Popieliza. He is ash-coloured in bright, the tail not so bushy as others, but na∣tured as the common squirrell. He is buried all winter in a deep sleep, some on the back are more ash, some more fier red. The Getulian is party-coloured red, and black, streaked handsome with white, and dusk from the shoulders to the tail through back, and sides, lesse then the common one, with hanging ears, almost as big as his head, round, fetched through the surface of the skin, long headed like a frog. Of the Indian are five, or six kinds.

1. The Quauhtechallotl, the Tliltik, or Tli∣locotequillin, so called from the black colour,* 1.421 and the pine-tree, where he dwells. He eats the pine-apples, in the hollow there he layes up his winters provision, there they keep their brood, and gnaw all round. They are subtile, chirp like sparrows, the tail is woolly, and can cover the whole body. They are easily tamed, and brought to eat any thing. Eating, he stands on his hind-feet, and holds his meat with the fore∣feet, lifting up his tail, but running he stretches it out at length. Anger him he raises his hair. They make winter-furres of the skins, which are warme, and handsome.

2. The Quauhtechallotl, Quapachtli, or Corticolotequilin, so called from the clay-co∣lour of the belly, twice as big as others; and except the belly is white, black, and dusk; the tail long and bushy, that can cover him all over. They live with their young in burrows, eat Indian wheat, which they take out of the fields, and lay up for winter, they are subtile, and never tamed.

3. The Tlechallotl, with a tail half bald, and shorter, not about nine inches, is never tamed, bites cruelly, gnaw all things, is bright, and dusk, eats as squirrells, and most maiz, hath great eyes, digs himself a burrow, strews it with wool, cotten, or any soft thing, lives there, and chirps like a sparrow.

4. The Thalmototli, of a span long, great-headed, and eyed for such a small body; the tail long, bushy, with white, dark, and black streaks, and can cover himself therewith, the body is pied, sometimes inclining to yellow.

5. The Quiniichpatlan, or flying mouse, black, shaped like a small bird, long near the arms, and thighs; he goes from tree to tree, as if he flew; lesse he is then the rest mouse-head∣ed, great eared, feed as the other. The ashes

of the tail burnt, are said to easen child∣bearing.

6. The Yztactechalotl, like the rest, only the head, neck, and buttocks at top, yellow, and the tail hath blew spaces, and whitish, and yel∣low streaks; the rest of the body is whitish, whence it hath the name.

CHAPTER XVI. Of the Dormouse.

CAlled Glis from gliscere to wax, or grow fat,* 1.422 resting, and batning all winter in its hole. In Greek Eleios, of old Gelaios,* 1.423 (whence happily Glis,) so called from living abroad,* 1.424 in woods, or in winter in hollow trees sleeping;* 1.425 some call him Lagoneiron,* 1.426 the sleepy Hare. Some Muozon, from the sharp Muzzle, for such it is, and long; the Ears very sharp, the tayl not so bushy;* 1.427 the belly strutting out more then the Squirrells; sides and back ash-coloured, some yellowish on the belly are taken. They are not onely in woods, but also about country-houses. It is a mistake, that there are none in Yreland, nor where Yrish wood is;* 1.428 I know the contrary. They swarm neare Goricia, and in the Alps of Carniola, Styria, and Carinthia. They eat beech, acorns, nuts, apples, &c. Some say, they open apples,* 1.429 onely for the kernels. In Winter they ly snorting, and fattening in hollow-trees, in so deep a sleep,* 1.430 that fire can scarce wake them, nor cutting;* 1.431 till you cast them into scald∣ing water, they stir not. In summer they couple, and bring forth at fall of the leafe. They are prously tender of their old fires, and dames. Like Mice, they quit a ruinous house, three months afore it fall by a prophetique in∣stinct; that winters-fatning by rest, lasts not above six years. All that inhabite one wood, meet sometime, and maintain a flight against those of another hill, or river. All authours hold that there is poyson in them about their tail, and that their pisse sprinkled on any part, makes it incurably, putrifie to the bone. Some write,* 1.432 that the Viper blinds, and fosters up their young, and thence the venome comes. Q. Scaurus was the first who set their flesh afore his guests,* 1.433 at his sumptious Feasts: the Romans held them for delicates, whence their Gliraria, or Dormouse pens. They are thought best, and fattest from October to January; and the younger the better meat. In Phisick they have also place. Eating the flesh frees from dog-hunger; the fat provokes sleep, if you annoint the soles of the feet therewith: the dung drunke, breaks the stone; the same with vineger, and rosemary, cures shedding the hair;* 1.434 the ashes cleare the eye-sight. There are severall kinds of them.* 1.435 There is among the Allobroges, the Savoyards, and the Tarante∣sians such a beast,* 1.436 that sleeps a great part of the year,* 1.437 and is of a delicate taste. In East-India are some as big as Pigs, that overturne houses, and digge through walls. There are some red∣dish-haired, senting like Musk. In Chiapa is a litle beast, the bignes of a Cony, shaped like a Dor-mouse; that, when she seeks her food, carries her young on her back.

CHAP. XVII. Of Mice.

ARTICLE I. Of House-Mice.

MIce we divide into House,* 1.438 Field, Nut, Spider, Alpine, and Water-mice. The first called in Latine Catus,* 1.439 and So∣rex and Mus,* 1.440 from the Greek, Mus; Ratus is the name of the greater, so called from ravening;* 1.441 now of late called Riskos in Greek. Sorex is from the noise in nibbling, like sawing, or from the rotten matter, that breeds them: in the Aeolick Vrax,* 1.442 from the muzzle like the Swines-snout; by the Thra∣cians Arklos;* 1.443 by some Sminthos, and Lamas. No need of describing the outward parts; as for the inner, the heart is very great; it is said to have no gall.* 1.444 Onely in horned-beasts,* 1.445 ha∣ving teeth on one side; and in Hares,* 1.446 Bats, and Mice,* 1.447 that have teeth on either side; is there a womb,* 1.448 having a hollow,* 1.449 whereon the embrio hangs in the midst. The lappet of their heart is far greater on the right then the left side, and that black, as gore blood. At the sto∣macks-mouth above is a certain round pas∣sage, turning back into it selfe, having the shape of a Bird turning, and hiding the neck and head in the breast. The hollow vein, rising from the liver, wide in the beginning, then slenderer, but even all along. The blind-gut is like a Swines-stomack, though lesse. The stones as big as a Chickens, and the skins hang lower as the testicles; and the right is fuller of veins then the left. The right rein is nearer to the hollow vein then the left. The privy part is gristly, with a threefold parting, and sharp at end, the rest consists of two sinews. The bladder-neck hath fair kennels afore: the mid-rif is transparant in the middle, long, and round. In a dissected Mouse, in the right horn of the womb were found foure young, in the left, two; each had it's cake of flesh round, disposed afore the navell, and covered. Some write,* 1.450 there are no Mice in the Isle Pa∣rus; that about the Castle Slane in Scotland,* 1.451 if you bring a great Mouse, he dies.* 1.452 That there are none in Peru, but those that were brought out of Spain with the Merchants-Wares; they eat corne,* 1.453 bread, flesh, and pulse, oft onjons, and garlick; they nibble on many cheeses, they sup wine, and lick oyl. If hunger-starved, they fall on each other. The females can fill them∣selves with licking of salt; which made Pliny think that by licking they gendred:* 1.454 But it is certain, that they couple, and bring many at

once,* 1.455 hundred-and-twenty at a time. And some in Persia have been found with young in the dames belly. They breed also out of filth in houses,* 1.456 and ships.

As in India, Worms a finger thick, breed of a rotten stuf in reed,* 1.457 which after turn into Butter-flies, and Mice. In Jonia, through the overflowing of Maeander, Mice multiply so, that men are fain to shift their dwellings. Those that breed of filth, gender not; or if they doe, their young doe not.* 1.458 Their noise is squeak∣ing. They hold antipathy with elaterium, Sea-Onion, coloquintida,* 1.459 the Weesel, Hauke, Cats, &c. but sympathy with sweet majoram, to the root whereof they betake themselves, when they ail any thing; and they agree with Swine; for offer a mous-liver in a fig to a Sow, she shall follow you without grunting; as Pierius Valerian at Padua hath experimented. They are quick of hearing,* 1.460 and hate light by night, because it dazles them. In goldsmiths shops they eat file∣ings of mettles, and doubtles disgest them. In the Isle Gyarus,* 1.461 they drove out the inhabitants, and nibled on iron, and steel, in the iron-mongers shops. Golden metalls, their bellies can cut through. Their pisse sprinkled there∣on, eats through. If they slip to the water, they hold by each others tayls, so that if one scape all scape.* 1.462 Albert saw in the low-countries a Mouse, hold the candle to his master at his nod, and bidding. They differ in bignes, colour, hair smell, and place. In Arabia are Mice much greater then Rats.* 1.463 Vi∣triacus speaks of some in the East, as big as Foxes.* 1.464 Americus found exceeding great ones in a certain Island, most are of the colour of the Asse, some black, some dusk, some ash. Gesner saw one very white in Germany, taken in April, with reddish bolt-goggle-eyes, and a beard rough, and full of rough hairs. Scaliger saw another very bright, with flaming eyes. Albert writes of white, and very lustfull; and white stones found in their excrements. Some are softer haired then others,* 1.465 and some as brist∣led, and sharp as Hedge-hogs in the region of Cyrene; and a kind of Mice are called Echines. Hedge-hogs. The dung of some is sweet. In Italy is a kinde called Moschardine,* 1.466 from their sent.* 1.467 Bellonius saw one that lived on Ho∣scyam-seed onely,* 1.468 white-bellied, ash-coloured, backed, long-bodied, and tayled, and sword-mouthed, called Skalopes,* 1.469 by the Scholiast on Aristophanes.* 1.470 In Cappadocia is a kind called Muexis.

ARTICLE II. Of water-Mice, and other wilde Mice.

VVIlde Mice live abroad,* 1.471 called Nitedulae,* 1.472 they with their feet dig themselves holes. The field-Mice are called Arourai••us,* 1.473 the wood-Mice Agrious.* 1.474 They abound no where so as in Egypt. Neare Thebes, after the over∣flow of Nilus, in warm weather,* 1.475 they come numberles out of the clefts of the ground.* 1.476 Between Gazara, and Belba they swarm so, that,* 1.477 were they not devoured by the Pere∣nopters (Birds) they would eat up all kinds of seeds; they devoure Hops, Parsnips, and the roots of all sorts of Pulse;* 1.478 they affect Arti∣chokes most. In the year 1271. they destroyed all kind of Grain, so that a great dearth ensued. In the North they lurk under the snow, and feed on worms.* 1.479 They are in some places bred after sudden rains, and floods.* 1.480 The forepart of a Mouse hath the full shape, the hinder not. Sometimes they propagate of seed.* 1.481 It hath happened, that, when the movers have intend∣ed to reape a field next day, the Mice have in one day prevented them, and devoured all in one night, at Calenum we have seene it done, saith Niphus. In Cantabria, men are hired to hunt them. The Aeolians, and Trajans were so vexed with them, that they sacrificed them to Smynthian Apollo. They entrap them, and knock them on the head with a Spade; when they are hurt, they betake them to succoury, that is their nature. Not to speak now of the Rats,* 1.482 with tails tufted at the end, and have a peculiar cry; nor of the leem that falls from the clouds in hasty rain,* 1.483 and lives till it taste new grasse; nor of the Napel-Mouse.

There is the Filbert mouse, of which kind there is a greater,* 1.484 and a lesser. Gesner kept a great one some dayes alive,* 1.485 it was like a Rat and Mouse-coloured on the back, the sides yellow, and especially the head, the ears great, and smooth, the belly white, feet reddish, the tail hairy, eyes broad, black, goggle, the beard white, and black, smelling like the house-mouse. The lesse is reddish, some, but few, have a sweet sent,* 1.486 called by the Italians Muschardi∣nes, by some Lucioli from their bright glistring eyes; it is very like a Spider-mouse. He nestles among the bows of the Filbert-tree, or the Flax, and also under ground, and eats Nuts. Some of them sleep from harvest to spring,* 1.487 some say without waking; but those that have kept them say they wake sometimes. There also a Spider-mouse that is so nimble and light, it can walke on thred, and not bent it, or on a sword edge,* 1.488 without taking harme. Others say it is venomous,* 1.489 and hath the name from a fish, called Aranaeus, or a Spider, it is much lesse then a Weesel, inclining to ash-colour, teeth small,* 1.490 the tail short, and slender, the muzzle long and sharp.* 1.491 The eyes so small for such a body,* 1.492 that Pliny thought it pureblind, and others call it the blind mouse.* 1.493 It is dusk, and yellow, the belly white, Swine-snowted, thick of hair,* 1.494 the tail twice as little, as of other mice. In either jaw are two foreteeth sticking o••t. Be∣tween the cheek teeth is no hollow place,* 1.495 but they are all as one bone; in one part are three knags so small, that you cannot see them. there are four other cheek teeth unequall, and kna∣ged, in all twenty teeth. They are not beyond the Appenine hill,* 1.496 but everywhere in Italy,* 1.497 especially about Trent, also in Germany. They

winter in stables, in summer they haunt gar∣dens, and Cow-dunghills, feeding on roots, especiall eatable thistles, to the Husbandmans great damage, also on carrion. Those by Trent are not venomous.* 1.498 They hate the track of wheels.* 1.499 Their squeake is shriller then of other mice, but by reason of its dimme sight, it is sluggish. Their bite is venemous, for a Cat will catch, but not eat them. Their bite is worse that are great with young to any other creature that is so. The Alpine Mouse lives in the Alps, is called also Marmota, and beare mouse, it being shaped like both.* 1.500 Albert refers the Empetra to these, a beast now unknown headed like a Hare, as big as a Cony, the ears so small, scarce seen above the hair, like a badger long, and party-coloured haired, short-tayled, sharp nayled, and dig deep. In winter it grows monstrous fat.* 1.501 The foreteeth like the Hares,* 1.502 and if cut off, will grow again in one night.* 1.503 Their stones ly high. The blind gut is large,* 1.504 like a stomack, rough within and net∣like, there in a large womb. The liver hath seven lappets distinct, the greatest towards the left side. The gall-bag is the fold to the duo∣denum, the spleen long like a large Swallows. The water-vessels, or Uriteres not comming strait down from the reines, but cleaving to the back, and small. Most of them about Trent, and in the snowy cold parts of Germany. They feed on fruit, especially milke, that they suck as pigs, therefore haunt they sheep-coats. Being tamed they eat pulse, bread, fish, &c. About Christmasse dig, you find them asleep in the ground, nothing wakes them, but the heat of the sun, or fire. A little thing frights them, vex them, they squeak like a pipe, or against change of weather. They stink so, that in summer they are not to be endured; nor want they wit. Toward winter they convey hay, and chaff into their holes. They lay one flat, and load him with hay, and drag him by the tale into their hole, which hath two en∣trances; through the one they all passe too, and fro, out of the other they carry their dung. When winter begins they stop up the doore, and in the depth of winter they stop up the other so fast, that a spade cannot pearce it. About the end of September they meet seven, or more in one hole, commonly the number is odd, and there on straw they ly snorting till spring. One still stands centinell, while the rest go abroad; if he spy any thing, he squeaks aloud, and warns the rest, whereupon they all come running, and he enters last. In fair wea∣ther they play together, and murmur, and bark like little dogs.* 1.505 When tame they will looke your head, like an Ape. About approach of winter they come, and eat with those who live on the Alps. They rost and boyl them in black pottage, and sprinkle them with salt, and hang them in the smoake, and give them to women in child-bed. The fat softens shriveled sinews, and smeared on the navell provokes sleep. The stomack eases the collick.

Aristotle in his book of wonders, mentions the water-Mouse. He hath three passages, one for his filth,* 1.506 one for his water, one for bear∣ing young.* 1.507 Near the bignes of the Mole, of a dusk-colour, all but the belly, which is bright ash-colour;* 1.508 it is thick, and soft-haired, the head small for such a body;* 1.509 the upper-part of the musle hangs over; in each jaw two teeth, in the lower, lesser, and blunt. Their eyes are hardly seene; the sides of the mouth are of a long ash-coloured shagge; the tayl thin of hair, and a bony sinew in the midst; the hinder-legs are longest, and flat, and skind as a Ducks. They are common in Strymon, and Nile; they go abroad in faire nights. There are of them in smaller rivers, and in Lusae an Arcadian-Spring. They feed on water-plants, fruit, and fish. The Magi that followed Zoroastres,* 1.510 thought these Mice divells,* 1.511 or Tortoyses. In some parts of France they eate them.* 1.512 There is also the Coyopillis,* 1.513 it uses the tayl for hands; the young,* 1.514 when frighted, embraces the dame. It resembles the Tlacuatzis in tayl,* 1.515 eares, and mussles. The tayl is thicker, and stronger then the Mouses, the belly palish white, the ears so thin, you may see through them; the feet and thighs white. They are found in the Te∣poplan-hills. The Crocodile also uses the tail as hands, therewith catching beasts, and men as a prey.

CHAPTER XVIII. Of the Mole.

THe name Talpa,* 1.516 the Latines have put on it, either from Thaptoo, to digge, or Tophlos, blind; or Thalpae, nourishing it self under ground;* 1.517 or from the Chaldee Talaf,* 1.518 to cleave the earth. The Greeks call it Spalax, from Span, scraping. Some Siphncus, from hollowing the earth; and Blacta. It is not unlike a Mouse; the body broad, and flat, feet like a Bears; short-thighed, toad-headed;* 1.519 having on the forefeet five toes, on the hinder foure, the fifth crooks so inward, it is hardly seene. The palme of the forefeet is flat like a hand, the neck very short, or almost none, hair short and thick, and glistring black; the teeth, as the Dogges, and Wesels, are all on the sides, none afore, and sticking up; the lungs, tied with many severall strings to the heart; the fore-thighs consist of two bones, set into the shoulder-bone, whence he is stronger to digge: his hinder-thighs have a bone, that a litle below the knee-parts in two: All the bowells are as in other beasts; Onely 1. they have no colon,* 1.520 no blind-gut. 2. The stones hid,* 1.521 on the bladder-side,* 1.522 and black. 3. The reins joyned to the next hollow vein. 4. The gall great for such a body with faire Choli∣dochs. 5. The porter of the stomack, is as tied by a thwart line. 6. The water-con∣veying-vessells, propt with uriteres. 7. The Larinx, as in a Land tortoyse, for it is a mute beast. 8. The hammer, and anvill within the inner-eare are strangely small; the bone in the

midst like a pumice-stone full of pores. 9. Three passages are in the nether jaw. 10. The eyes stand in the right place all black,* 1.523 covered with a skin, small as a fleawort-seed; I could perceive no optick sinews, nor know I whether they can see, or no, not onely, be∣cause their eyes have a film over them, but they want many things, conducing to sight. They seeme rather natures sportive essays, to shew what shee can doe, then eyes. In a Mole found 1617, were observed a fleshy filme, strangely set into the skinne; the brain great, distinct, and faire; the ears lying inward, hide the bones extreame small, the bowels small as strings. In Thessaly they with heaving, have overturned a whole Town.* 1.524 In Lebaica are none;* 1.525 if you bring any thither, they heave not, perhaps because it is a hard soile. They feed most on worms, and therefore haunt dunghills; and worms failing, they eat earth. They have been seen also to make at roots of hearbs,* 1.526 and fruits, and toads. They are commonly bred in ground, rotted by rain, long lying. Albert saith, they cannot live an houre above ground, but he is mistaken. They have but dim sight, but are very quick of hearing. They are of use in Phisick; a Tooth pluckt out of a live one,* 1.527 is thought to ease the tooth-ach. Pills of them with hony, wear away swellings. The head cut, and stamped with earth of his heaving, made up into balls, and kept in a tinne box, is given against all neck-griefs, the blood brings hair, and helps felons: the fat keeps hair from growing, as also batfat.* 1.528 The ashes cures fistulaes. Some lay a Moles-heart,* 1.529 and Saladine, under a sick mans pillow, to know if hee shall dy, or no, conceiving that he shall recover, if he sing, or cry out; if he weep, he shall not last long.

The water wherein a Mole hath been, and left hair,* 1.530 restores hair. Of the skins are caps made.

CHAPTER XIX. Of the Land-Hedg-hog, or Vrchin.

CAlled Echinus, because we cannot hold him for his prickles.* 1.531 In Greek Akan∣thochoiros, a prickled-hog.* 1.532 Lycophron calls him Naplium from his surpassing cunning. Some Herinaceus, and not impro∣perly from his roughnesse, or cleaving. It is as big as a rabbit,* 1.533 full of prickles, except the mouth, and feet below, where grows a thin down.* 1.534 It is observed in him, that the muscles are knit together over all his body.* 1.535 The bowells all of a thicknesse,* 1.536 and very long, like the Mouses.* 1.537 The dung, and testicles all of a bignesse, the rise of the yard long, the seed like yellow snivell; the liver sevenpointed. In the yard are whitish bits of flesh, craggy like a rock, and resembling somewhat the lung∣strings. The testicles ly hid, and are fastned to the loyns. The bones are some round, some flat, some sharp, some blunt. They are found everywhere, except in Candy.* 1.538 Aristotle writes that they can last a year without food. They live most on apples,* 1.539 and grapes, which they shake off, and stick on their prickles, and carry to their hole. They have been also observed to drinke milke,* 1.540 and wine in houses; they hold enmity with the Beare, Wolfe, Fox, the viper, and the herb water-grasse. When he hears the barking of dogs, or smells the approach of wild beasts, or hunters, he forthwith rouls him∣self up like a ball, and lies, as if he were starke dead. He shifts his layer, as the North, and South wind change, and from wall to wall, if you keep him in house, accordingly as the wind sits. When you take him he pisses,* 1.541 and that wet slackens, and opens his prickles. They meet, and ingender, as mankind doth. Some eat them, but they breed the strangury, unlesse they be carefully dressed,* 1.542 that is killed at one blow, as some are of opinion, and washed in whole vessells of urine. In August they are fattest, when they get plenty of food. Some spice, and bake them in crust. Gesner warmed them in vineger,* 1.543 and wine, and larded them, and stuck them with cloves, and rosted them. They are very usefull in Phisick, the liver helps the reins, the gall dries up warts, the spleen rosted, and pulverized is good for the spleen; the flesh prevents miscarrying, and if killed at a blow, the strangullion, if you hang it about you conveniently; dried it helps rumples in the skin. The Polonians use the fat to that end, it is also good for the stone; the blood is not unusefull for the stone, the reins, and the scor∣ching of the urine; the ashes with Bears-grease sleeks the hair; many use the same with oyly fat to prevent miscarrying; it is used also in the pain of the reins, and against the water be∣tween the skin; the dung newly voided with the herb Sandarucha, vineger, and tarre hinders shedding of hair: with the hide and prickles men used of old to fetch spots out of cloaths. They are distinguished into the swine,* 1.544 and the dog urchine from their shape. A vile stinke vapours from them. In Brasil is such a beast resembling the hedge-hog with very long bristles, pale haired, black at the tops,* 1.545 and very sharp, and prickly. Nature hath layed up a wonder in them, one prickle pluckt from them alive, but layed on anything, especially flesh, pearcheth it, and in one night it hath been known to pearce through a very thick hide, as if hands hath pricked it in.

CHAPTER XX. Of the Porcupine.

SOme reckon this among the Hedge∣hogs,* 1.546 as Pliny,* 1.547 &c. The Greeks call it Ystrix, from Ys, and Thrix no doubt; some think it to be the African mouse in Plautus. Isidore writes it without an aspira∣tion, and derives it from the noise he makes,* 1.548 and rustling in shaking his bristles. Claudian describes him to be long snowted, like a Hog,

his bristles like horns stif, his eyes fiery red; under his rough back are seen the prints of a small whelp. But Agricola makes him to be Hare-mouthed, with four teeth, two above, two beneath, eared like a man, footed afore like a Badger, behind like a Beare; his bristles, or prickles on his back, and sides partly white, partly black, sometimes two palmes long, which he can make to start up as a Pea-cock his traine. They are common in Ethiopia, and are in all Africa, and India to be found; in Ita∣ly, and France now,* 1.549 and then, but seldome, also in Galicia,* 1.550 as the pilgrims of Compostella testify, who weare their prickly quills in their caps. They lurke in groves among the bushes. They live on apples,* 1.551 turneps, peares, parsnips and crumbled bread,* 1.552 they drinke water, but if mixt with wine,* 1.553 most greedily. They can dart their quills at their enemy, and aime them like arrows; whence, it may be, the Archers art came. By night, they feed most, in winter they lurk in their holes. They carry their young as many dayes as the Beare.

Gluttony hath not spared it neither, some have eaten it,* 1.554 and they cry it up for a dainty, you may see how to dresse it in Ambrosine out of Scapius. In Phisick it seemes to conduce to the same maladies as the Hedge-hog doth. Pliny made tooth-picks of the prickles to fasten the teeth. And women use them for bodkins to part their hair. There is small diffe∣rence between them.* 1.555 Some distinguish them into sea, and land Porcupines; but too confi∣dently, no good Authour mentions the sea one. Such a kind of beast Cardan saw at Papia fif∣teen hundred and fifty, as big as a Fox, mouth∣ed like a Hare; the teeth sticking like the squir∣rells, the eyes black, and serpent-like; the hair like a Goats beard, hanging in the neck, the forefeet like the Badgers, the hinder like the Bears, eared like a man, beset with almost an hundred pricklequils, some crooked at top, else fast, but rustling as he went, Goos-tailed, the feathers spiny, the voyce grumbling like a dogs, he hated all dogs, probably it was some mungrill sprung from the Porcupine, and some other beast.

CHAPTER XXI. Of the Tatus, or the Brasil Hedge-hog.

THere is a kind of an armed beast, cal∣led a Tate;* 1.556 by the Spaniards Arma∣dillo; by the Portugese Sneubertado;* 1.557 by the Italians Barbato; by the Brasi∣lians Tatau, by some Tatusia, and Tatus; in new Spain Chirquincus, and Cassamin else∣where, by other Indians Ajatochtli,* 1.558 or a Gourd∣cony, for he as they lives in burrows.* 1.559 He can dig in one night fifty paces; if he be not tied, no place can hold him, he mines through all in houses, and towns, and gets away. There are sundry kinds of these armed beasts, but the Ajatochtlus seemes to me the strangest, rarely written, or found. He is armed with hard plates, as I my self have seene; As big as a Malta dog, the feet small as a swines, the snout long, and slender. He is all over armed as with male, or armour like a Cavalier, plated, the plates joyn∣ed close, distinct, which he can move, and every way fence himself with. His belly is bright, and soft-shined as ours, having here, and there long slender hairs. He hunts after Ants, lies on his back, with his tail on his mouth, so that the pis-mires comming on fall strait as a prey into his power,* 1.560 which he eats. It is said also that he fills with his own water the hollow on his belly between the plates,* 1.561 and so the ants, the moy∣sture lying in their way, come directly into his mouth: when he flies, in all hast he claps his head, and tail on his belly, and fences himself with his shell, rolling up himself round. If he be chased hard, he flies at the hunters breast, and oft strikes almost the breath out of his body. He haunts marishes. Feeds on worms, fish, berries, and apples. The flesh is very fat, and sweet, but flegmatick, and breeds crudities. The ancients used the tail to fence those they called their Zebratanae, which were of fre∣quent use among them. Their shall is many wayes usefull both in warre, and peace. They say that a dram of the pouder thereof taken in, helps to sweat out the French pox. He is found in hot boggy places.

There are among the Lucatanenses two sorts of them; some are as harmlesse, and ac∣ceptable nourishment, others unwholesome, and poysonous, provoking to vomite, and fill∣ing the belly so with wind, that they bring swounding fits, and at length kill. The Anti∣dote is oyl of olives, unlesse the venome have too farre prevailed, then there is no remedy. If happily any recover, their hair falls off, the colour fades, and they pine away by degrees. Those that beare eight shells or plates, are harmlesse; those with six venomous. The harmles also want a hip-bone, and have red spots about the belly: this beast is beloved of the Vipers, that have a voyce, that they can live together in the same hole, and never injure each other.

The former kinde is armed round to admi∣ration, other gates then those in Spain,* 1.562 or else∣where in Europa.* 1.563 He is fourefooted, covered all over,* 1.564 tail and all with a hide like the slough of a Serpent, called the American-Crocodile, betwixt white, and ash-colour, but inclining more to white, like a Barbed war-horse, as big as an ordinary Dog, harmles, burrowing him∣self in the earth, like the Conies; they are taken in nets, and with Cros-bows, killed commonly in seed-time, when the stubble is burnt, or the ground tilled, or husbanded, to bring grasse. Consalvus writes, that he had often eat of them; and that it is better tasted then kid, and found wholesome. He thinks that men might hence learne to Arme-horses, completely capable. Others are otherwise opinioned about them. Some say, he was never seen to

eat, but lives ever under, and on earth.* 1.565 Others say, some few have been brought into France, and been seen to eat seeds, and fruits. I refute neither; they may speake of diverse kindes. Platean, and Clusius acknowleged three sorts of them. One short-tayled, one foot, and foure inches long, and fourteen inches about; cover∣ed with a dusky hard crust, so grown happily by age, and oft handling, after a manner checquered; from the neck to the midst roundish, the shells party-coloured, the middle of the body set with three rows of diverse coloures, fouresquare plates; the hinder-parts as the first; the head so plated to the nose; the eares wide, and pointed; the tayl short, not greater then a mans two fingers ends, round, and armed; the belly soft, and shaggy, as the picture presented it; as also the hinder-part of the thighs, and the throat, and nostrills; three toes on the hinder-feet, and spur'd, two on the forefeet, and a spur; the yard long, and stretch∣ed out. His chief strength lies in the tail-bone, a pill whereof made of the dust, as bigge as a birds-head, and put into the eare, asswages eare-paine, and takes away tingling, and thick∣nes of hearing, as it is said; but it is knowen to give certain ease. I adde the craft of the Chir∣quinchus, they that have seene it and report, that when it raines, he lies on his back, gathers water on his soft belly, that lies between the plates, and remaines so, while the shewre lasts, though it rain the whole day, till some Deere thirsty, comes unawares to drink, then he closes his plates, and snaps the Deers slips, and nose; and let not go the hold, till he stifle him. And, as the Hedge-hogge also, he craftily rouls up himself round, like a ball, and nothing but fire can loosen him. The Indians abuse the shells to their witchcrafts, especially to discover, and punish theeves; first touching the ground therewith, that the suspected person had toucht, or any thing else; they fill his mouth with the drinke Chicha: then beat they drums; the shells the while skip, and daunce. Hereby is the theeves face marked with a whelk, that runs along his cheeks through either jaw; if the charm hold.

ARTICLE III. Of tame foure-footed Beasts.

CHAPTER I. Of the Dog.

SO much for the half wilde Beasts;* 1.566 the tame follow,* 1.567 namely the Dog, and the Cat. Varro fetches the Dogs name Ca∣nis, from Canorus,* 1.568 shrils in his barke. The Greekes of old called him Kuoon, from Kuoo doubtles,* 1.569 to love, or lust. Of late Ekilos, from his masterfulnes,* 1.570 Ulaktoor, from barking, and Akanthis, from fawning with his tayl; not to insist on the description of so knowen a beast. In dissection it is noted,* 1.571 that the belly within forked the neck in shortnes,* 1.572 and narrownes, answering the middle-finger,* 1.573 the corners are an handbreath,* 1.574 a palme long, of like thicknes, not wreathed like a Swines;* 1.575 the forkends reach to the reins, tied by veins, that come as far as the womb, the testicles resting thereon by a thin skin. At the first opening of the neck, the body shews it self in bulk, shape, and colour, like a Snails-head thrust forth out of the shell; you cannot thrust a bodkin in, till you cut it up a litle. Dissect a bitch, you find the puppies wrapt up in three beds called chorion, allantoi∣des, and amnion; the former can scarce be part∣ed, they are so thin. In the right corner ly usually five whelps, in the left foure; each hath its bed, the chorion in the midst, girdles ly thwart two fingers broad, streaked with black from the end, and red in the middle; each as blood-spotted. The kell like a bag, covering the upper-guts; the top sprouting out of the stomack-bottome, compassing the whole; the hinder-part is set into the Spleen, and the sweetbreads; which latter shew themselves pre∣sently at the rise of the duodenum, being fastned thereto, and to the porturine, which sends a trebble-branch to the neighbouring-parts, Meseraick, Spleen-guts, the Paunch-branch runs beyond part of the stomack; the Spleen-branch runs up strait to the mouth of the stomack. The Spleen is tied to the mid-rif by a film two fingers broad, and to the stomack by the kall; the Spleen is like a foot with a wide shoo on. Colon-gut it hath none; the blind-gut receives the end of the strait one, which un∣folded is as long as your middle-finger. At the end of the streight-gut within, is one faire lappet, and another lesse in the beginning of the blind-gut. The streight-gut is much rumpled. There is a fold of arteries from the aorta wound, to the hollow of the liver, ap∣proaching the pancreas; pluck one, you draw the other, and the upper-bowells. Above the upper-mouth of the stomack are two kernels, both Spungy-moist, the right harder, and greater then the left. Dogs-blood is black, as burnt. At the tip of the Tongue, is set in a round muscle, descending in a middle-line. The right lappet of the heart, is twice as big as the left. On the parts of the pan, that the temple-muscles cover, appears no thin skin, to enwrap them, besides what is proper to the muscles; but on the other parts of the brain-pan there is. At the tongue-root is a small kernell on either side, drawne out sideling. The ringlets of the sharp artery lie thwart, but not awry as in the Swine. The brain is greater then a Swines. Turn the brain up, and cer∣tain mamillary-passages shew themselves, and the beginning of the back-bone, if you cut deep, there you shall spy two small passages, one comming from the paps in a strait line, reaching to the end of the inner-brain; the other a litle on this side, lying upward thwart of that. On the fore-feet are five toes, on the hinder foure. The Bitches-belly hath

two rows of paps on either side. Albert saith, that the nostrils of a Dog of a good breed, are at the ends, round, firme, and blunt. The temple muscles, are noted to be very strong, as in the Wolf,* 1.576 and the Lion, which inables his jaws to break bones. There were no Dogs in Brasil, till Vilagagnon's voyage. If any come by hap into the Arabian Island Sigaron, they wander,* 1.577 and die. They eat any thing, even fish, and carrion. Onely they refrain dogs-flesh, and what is thunder-strooke.* 1.578 They eat grasse also, and it is their Physick. From Ash-apples they abstain, because the turning-joints of their hips are thereby pained. Drinking wine, or strong water, makes them run wild, till the vapour be spent. They are ever given to gendring,* 1.579 seldomest in Autumne. They hold on so till twelf years old; sometimes give over at nine. If they begin at foure, the breed is better; if at a year old, not. They are foure∣teen dayes hote; and the Bitch six months after puppying,* 1.580 go to Dog again. They couple also promiscuously with other beasts; as with Wolves by Cyrene, whence spring, Crocutae, with Lions, whence Leontomiges come; with Beavers whence Castorides; with Foxes, whence Fox-dogs. They carry their puppies sixty dayes, some three-and-sixty. They bring a litter of twelf, sometimes sixteen. A Hare-hound in Bononia, puppied seventeen at once. Albertus saw Mastives, that brought in the first litter nineteen, at another eighteen, at a third thirteen.* 1.581 Those that women dandle, puppy one at once. First they breed males, next females; then males again, if they couple in due time. The first resembles the sire; the rest are, as it happens. They are all puppied-blind, and the more they suck, the longer they re∣main so, yet none longer then one-and-twenty dayes; nor do any see till seven dayes old some say, if but one be puppied, at nine dayes old he sees; if two, the tenth day, and so on, but it is not certain. They have milke commonly five dayes ere they litter, some sooner. Their milke is thicker then other beasts, except the Sows, and Hares. They seldome live above fourteene yeares, some have lasted two-and-twenty. The Dogs of Laconia ten,* 1.582 the bitches twelf, other kinds fifteen. The whelps have white teeth, and a shrill bark; the elder, their teeth blunter saffran-coloured, the bark great∣er. Which voyce we call barking,* 1.583 in Latine latrare, and banbare. In Greeke Whelps, are said,* 1.584 Banzein, older Ylaktein, to yelpe, &c. when they drink they lap; when they quarrell, or fawne, they grumble. We say, a salt-bitch hot,* 1.585 go to dog, in hunting they open, (Proku∣nein) provoked, they snarl, (Ararizein.) They dread the Hyaena so, that the very shadow strikes them dumb. In Nilus they give but a lap, and away, for feare of the Crocodile. A Wolf they hate.* 1.586 Porta saith, a Wolfs-skinne hanged on one, bitten with a mad dogge, re∣moves fear of water. They dread the Buzzard for her slow, and low flying. Blondus his dog would not come neare Hens-flesh. Some re∣fuse the bones of wilde-fowles. Of old they would not enter Hercules his temple, either by reason of his club; or they sented some∣thing buried under the threshold that they ha∣ted. Some complain lamentably if you strike a Harp; some houl, if they hear a Trumpet. The report of a Gun, makes them run. Well they agree with mankind, wee shall see anone. They are soon vexed, and will fight long about a bone. They are watchfull house-keepers; they are soon waked.* 1.587 They drive them in Sparta from their temples, for their lust after women. They are skilfull in senting, and by smelling behind, distinguish of the disposition of bodies. They are ever hunting with their nose near the ground, and so soon infected. Quick of hearing they are. At foure moneths old they shed teeth, and hayr. If crop-sick, they devour grasse. They soon cast puppy, if the dog be killed, they coupled with. They are very cunning,* 1.588 and have a good memory, and are very teacheable. That in Plutarch cast so many stones into the oyl-cruyze, till the oyl swelled high enough, that he could lick it. They forget not a way once gone. Man onely exceeds them in remembring. One in Venice knew his master after three years. Ulisses his dog after twenty years absence. On Vespa∣sians Theater was shewn a dog, that was taught all kinds of daunces, and fained himself sick, and dead; suffered himself to be draged about by the tayl, then started up as out of a deepe sleep. Francis Marquesse of Mantua, becomming dumb in a sicknesse, taught a Dog by signes, to call any courtier to him. Another in the presence of Justinian the Emperor, and the people having rings from the spectators, which his master jumbled together, returned each his own ring. Being asked which of the company was poore, or rich, a whore, or a widow, he shewed each, taking their cloaths in his mouth. They are very faithfull to their masters.* 1.589 We have heard of one that fought with theeves for his master, and would not leave his dead body, but drive birds, and beasts of prey from the carcasse. Of another in Epire, that discovered one that killed his master, and never left rending and barking, till he confest the deed. Two hundred dogs rescued the Garamant King from banishment, withstand∣ing all resistance. Those of Colophon, and the Castabale••••es, made use of squadrons of Dogs in warre; they set them in the front; neither would they give ground; they were the most faithfull forces they had, and asked no pay. When the Cimbrians were slain, their Dogs defended their houses, lying on Carts.

Jason the Lycian his dog would not eat when his master was slain, but starved himself to death. Another called Hircanus, leaped into King Lysimachus his funerall flame, the like is said of King Hierons dog. Pyrrhus King Gelons dog also is famous,* 1.590 and that of Nico∣medes the Bithinian King, his Queen Con∣singa being torn wantonizing with her hus∣band. With you a dog defended Volcatius a

Gentleman, a Civilian, from a rouge who assai∣led him returning out of the suburbs home∣ward. And Caelius also a Senator of Placentia, who was sickly, and opprest with armed men, nor was he slain, till his dog was first killed. But above all that surpasses any instance in our age, that the Roman Chronicle testifies, that when Appius Jenius, and Publius Silius were consuls, T. Sabinus, who was condemned for Nero Germanicus sons sake, to be cast down the Gemonies, had a dog that hould piteously for his master there, many Romans standing about, and being offered meat, he put it to his dead Lords mouth, and the carcasse being cast into Tiber, the dog swam to it, and endevoured to keep it from sinking, all the people ran to beholds the dum beasts faithfulnesse. Another discovered and killed the murderer of his master. That of Corsica, that would not suffer the nearest friends to take away his masters body frozen to death, till they killed him. I mention not yet those that would be burnt, or buried with their masters, as that of Polus the Tragedian, that of Pyrrhus, and Theodorus his dog.* 1.591 Eupolis the Poëts dog would never eat after his masters death, nor Jasons the Ly∣cian. Darius the last Persian Monarch had no companion at his death but his dog. Xantippus his dog swam after him, and was drowned. Few, or civilized people will eat dogs flesh, unlesse need compell them.* 1.592 Yet those of Se∣nega eat them, and those of Guinee. Some nations gueld and eat them.* 1.593 But in medicine they are of speciall use. The brain-pan pouder takes down the swelling of the cods; a play∣ster of the brain sets bones; the greatest tooth if you scarifie the jaw-bone, eases tooth-ache; some hang a black dogs longest tooth on those that have a quartan ague; the dogtooth of a mad dog hung in raw leather allays frenzy; the congeal stuffe dissolved in wine eases collick, & in vineger is taken in against dropsy; Sextus layes it on their belly, and by vomit draws out the hydroptique humour; the liver of a mad-dog roasted is souverain against madnesse; the gall with hony cures inward ulcers. Marcellus applies the milt when fresh to the spleen; the blood helps parts hurt by a mad dog, the fat eases the gout; a Puppies fat removes skars, and face freckles;* 1.594 the milke is good for sore eyes, and to rub infants gums with all; and drunk, brings away a dead child. The pisse fetches off hair, and warts, and mixt with salpeter cleanses leprosy. The pouder of their dung is excel∣lent against squincies, ey-sentery, and old sores, if the dog be kept up, and fed three dayes with bones. Marcellus prepares it dried in the Sun and sifted, with red wax, by bits, and a little oyl for the sciatica. Pliny thinks, that the bones found in their dung tied on helps the Siriasis in children. The skin helps rheums, if drawn on the fingers, and thongs of it tied thrice about the neck helps the squincy. The hair laid on the bite of a mad dog draws out the venome, and stanches blood.* 1.595 Some cure a quartane, or remove it by making a cake of meal kneaded with the water the sick person makes in one fit, at once, and giving it to a hungry dog. See the rest in Gesner. Some take two puppies newly puppied,* 1.596 and four pound of oyl of violets, and a pound of earthwormes prepared, and make an ointment for wounds made by gunshot. Andrew Furnerius cries up the destilled water out of whelps to prevent growing of hair. Dogs differ in many respects. Horned ones are said to be found in the Hellespont.* 1.597 In Hispa∣niola are some that bark not. In Guinee some strive to bark, and cannot. Some (in regard of their qualities) are Wind-hounds, some cour∣sers, running-dogs, some tumblers, some house, some gate-dogs, some hunting, some setting dogs, some blood-hounds, some shoks. If we regard place, there English, Scotch, Epire, Cyrenaick, Arcadian, Indian, &c. dogs. We shall in order treat of the severall sorts, and first of mad dogs, which become such by eating rot∣ten, and worm-eaten meats, and flesh, chiefly in the dog-daies.* 1.598 Then they hate to eat, and drink dread water, rome up and down, bark hoarsly, fome extremely at mouth, and ears, look fear∣cely, their tail hangs down, they bite men with∣out barking.* 1.599 Many used manifold remedies, as white hellebore with barly boyled to make them spew;* 1.600 Hen-dung mixt with their meat, blooding them after the third day in the swel∣ling veins on the thighs, casting them in a pond where many hors-leeches are to suck their bad blood away, annointing them over with oyl of poplar, washing them in a decoction of fumi∣tory, sorell,* 1.601 and Elicampane root. To prevent it some prescribe giving them while puppies breast-milk of one hath lien in of a son; some cut off whelps tails, when fourty dayes old. Some pinch it off with their fingers the utmost joynt of the tail.* 1.602 There are Malta dogs, bred in that Isle over against Pachynus a promonto∣ry of Sicily; some of them short, some long haired, with shagnecks. Blondus prayses the black, and white ones, now the red, and white are cried up. As big as a wild weasle. They keep and feed them in baskets to keep them little. They are dainty of food. If they whelp more then once, they dy on a sudden. That they may be whelped shaggy, they strew the place where they ly with woolly fleeches, that the bitches may have them ever in ey. At Lions in France they are sould for ten pieces. In Bononia for four hundred pound. They are womens delights.

Hunting-dogs,* 1.603 or Hounds are almost every∣where. Those are best that are bred in Hir∣cania, between a Bitch, and a Tiger, and those of Epire, and the region of the Molossi, and Chaonia. The Persian are stoutest, and fleet∣est; The biggest are in Thebeth.* 1.604 Those in the Province Gingue, are so bold, they dare ven∣ture to fasten on a Lion. The writers of Hus∣bandry, shew how to breed such. Alphonso King of Naples prized them, and the great Cham of Tartary keeps five thousand of them. They are diversly distinguished. In relation to the sundry wild that they hunt, or chase; there are

Hare-hounds, and little Badger-dogs; some good at a fowl, that hunt them softly into the nets; there are Water-spaniells; others are to bait great beasts, (as Bull and Bear-dogs.) In respect to places, there are those called Arca∣dian, Ausonian, Carian, Thracian, Iberian, Hun∣garian, Argive, Lacedemonian, Tegeatians, Sauro∣matan, Candian, Celtan, Magnetian, Amorgan, Hounds. If you regard their colours, there are ash-coloured, hony-colour'd, yellow, white, black. The white are somewhat afraid of the water, and will not willingly take water. Those with black spots are thick, and tender-footed. The ash-coloured, or russet, are strong set, and bold, but slow-footed. The black are stout, but not so fleet as the white, being lowthighed. Men choose a Hound by his eager looke, great head, hanging upper-lip, red-eyes, wide nostrills, sharp teeth, thick neck, broad breast, lion liked.

That is the best Hare-hound,* 1.605 that is long, and plain-headed, sharp-eared, behind strait, and little; the upper-lips not hanging over the lower, long and thick necked, copped breast, strait guts, high, and lean thighs, tayl not thick, nor too long, not alwayes yelping. Some of them go out a hunting of themselves, and bring Hares home; they call them Tumblers. There are as many sorts of wind, or sented, as of hounds. In Scotland are three kinds; some bold, and very fleet. Some will catch fish. Some red, and black-spotted, or black, and red-spotted, are lime-hounds, that will hunt out theeves and stolen goods, and take rivers to chase them. The English, and Scotch, usually breed such blood-hounds up, and count him a theef, who is sky of letting them, have accesse where ever they would hunt, though into their bed-chamber. Such a lime-hound must be low,* 1.606 flat-nosed, neat-mouthed, the hind-thighs of one length, not big-bellied, plain-backed to the tayl, dangling eares, quick eyes. The Brittish, Spanish, Gnosian, and Tescan excell. There is the Village, and Shepheards Dog. The white Dog is approoved, being better distin∣guished from the Wolf. Among the Turks no one master owns them, nor come they into house;* 1.607 they lay in yards on mats. Of old the Romans kept five hundred of them, to keep their stables. We read little about the Warre-dogs, and the useles Curres. England breeds some that theeves, murderers, and traitors breed up for their cursed purpose, and some that thirst after royall blood this very yeare. Such the Spanjards in battell against the In∣dians, which they feed with mans flesh, to train them to hunt men. Vazquez Nunnez used them in stead of hangmen. The Indian Dogs in America,* 1.608 are a new breed, yet almost like ours in nature, qualities & shape. The Xeloitze∣vintly is great, most what above three cubits, without hair, sleek-skinned, with yellow, and blew spots. Another sort they call from the country Itzcevinteporzotli, michva canem; like those of Malta, white, black, and yellow, a litle misshapen, yet sportive, pleasing, fawning, with an ugly bunch, sticking out from the head and shoulders, having almost no neck. A third kind is the Tetichi, not unlike ours, but with a surly looke. The Indians eat him, as the Thracians of old.* 1.609 Diocles the Physitian, of the Asclepiad Schole, prescribed Puppies-flesh to some Patients. But the Cozumellol are a dainty with the Indians, they fatten them as the Spanjards Conies, and geld them, to fatten the sooner: and keepe many bitches to breed, as shepheards with us, for want of children they foster these, and are found of them. The Alco is a little Dog, they are much taken with, they pinch them∣selves to feed them; travell with them on their shoulders, or in their lap; never are without them. They have also dogs like Foxes, that never barke; bred in the Isle Co∣zumella. If you strike them,* 1.610 they will not complain, nor cry. These are called in Hispa∣niola, Calamitan frogs, spawned like Vermine by nature; no need of an after••birth dogs thin skin, nor Hares-dung, nor hair. Pliny super∣stitiously seekes after them, to strike dogs-dumb. In Hispaniola are little dogs, that grumble onely, a••d bark not, they taste well. In Quivira, they lay packs on their greatest Dogs.

CHAPTER II. Of the Cat.

THe Cats Latine name is Felis,* 1.611 comes from Phaelos,* 1.612 cozener-deceitfull im∣postor; or Ailis, flatterer; in the Aeo∣lick dialect, Phailis, called catus, Cat from cautus, wary. In Greeke Ailouros, from flattering with the tayl. A knowen beast found almost everywhere. At first probably wilde. The greatest,* 1.613 all say, are bred in Iberia, among the Tartessians; they feed on flesh, fish, Mice,* 1.614 birds, snakes, and kill toads. In Cyprus they hunt Vipers, and Chameleons. They ly in wait also for leverts, and spare not their owne kind. In Bononia they are known to play with kitlings,* 1.615 and then rend, and eat them. They live six years, sometimes ten; the gelded longer.

In Europa they go a caterwalling most what in January,* 1.616 and February.* 1.617 In India all the year long. The females in gendring ever wawl, whether for pain, or that the Hee scratches them. He stands, she lies. The shees are most lustfull. They kitten after two months or six and fifty dayes. The march breed is pre∣fered; those in August not, for the fleas. They kitten five, or six at once. The Shee is fondest of the kitlins; the Hee oft kills them to make the Shee covet others, and affect him. They hate mice,* 1.618 toads,* 1.619 serpents, Fox-geese, eagles, rew, their own gall, sweet smells, and wet. With rew you may drive them from your Dove-cotes, sents of ointments sometimes make them run mad. Duck them a while, and you drown them. On the contrary, they willing rub them∣selves with setwol, and delight in mint. The

Shee casts her kitlins,* 1.620 if her male mate be kil∣led. We meet with singular passages about their qualities. Cats eyes wax, and wain with the moon; nay the sun, and stars, breed changes in in their ey-balles.* 1.621 In the morning they are stretched out, at noon are they round, at sun∣set, duller. Cardan imputes it to want of muscles, that they cannot govern their eyes as they list. They glister by night. Carry them in a bag far from home, they come back again. They stay in the old house, though you re∣move. They love to be stroaked; subtile they are:* 1.622 How slily they steal upon birds. How softly they tread, and catch mice; how they watch them. They bury their own dung, knowing that the sent discovers them, some, especially in Spain, Holland, Brabant, eat them, as tasting like Hare. Their breath is pestilent, and breeds consumptions,* 1.623 and no mervail, for the brains are ranke poyson, and made an Ura∣tislavian Girl mad, as Weinrichius (I thinke) relates.* 1.624 In Phisick they have place. The ashes of the head burnt in a pot, and blown into the eyes, clears them; the flesh sucks weapons out of the body,* 1.625 and eases emrods,* 1.626 and back-ache; the liver burnt to powder easens the stone, the gall fetches away a dead child, the fat is smear∣ed on gouty parts; the pisse stiled helps the thick of hearing, the dregs of the paunch with rosin, and oyl of roses in a suppository, stops wo∣mans flux of blood. Some mince the flesh, and stuf a fat Goose with it, and salt, and rost it by a soft fire,* 1.627 and distill it, and annoint gouty joints with successe. The fat keeps iron from rusting, nothing better.

There are tame,* 1.628 and wild, and outlandish cats. Among the tame, the Spanish are gree∣diest, nimblest, and have softest skins. Among the exotiques, or outlandish the Syrian are cheefe, and divers, round mouthed, strong big-breasted, large footed, and content with a little meat. The wild are bigger then the tame, their hair thicker, and longer, dark-coloured, the tail thicker. They feed on birds, and other living things.* 1.629 Perfume of rew drives them from trees. In Malabar they live on trees, nothing so fleet as they. They are best at leaping, and even fly without wings. They stretch forth a thin skin from afore to behind, when they would fly, and then draw it together, and hover in the air; when they rest, they draw it up to their belly. There is also a kind of cat in India, black-haired, here, and there bright hairs, the muzzle long,* 1.630 ears small, thighs short, the tail streakt, and striped with black and white. The powder helps feavers. Then there are monstrous cats, one sort hath misshapen, another six feet. In Singui is a beast like a Cat,* 1.631 haired like a Deer, with many toes, two teeth in either chap, of the greatnesse of two fingers, having a fleshy bladder near the navell, full of blood, senting like musk. We have put the print of it down, like a Cat, very coped-headed.

In dissecting a Cat are found these obser∣vables.* 1.632 The milt resembles the lower part of an oare. The neck of the gall-bag hath very swoln veins;* 1.633 at the bottome come down streight veins running outward, two sinews are on the sides of the sharp artery, on either side one, descending to the upper-mouth of the stomack, sending also branches to the said sides of the sharp artery. The said sinews are knit by one common nerve descending awry; then are set into the left side of the sto∣mack, tied by many strings, where the sharp artery first parts appeare great kernels, and some small ones white, red, ash-coloured, mixed. In the sharp artery are half circles, parted as in man, but behind wrapped in a double coat; the one outward, and fleshy, the other inner, and sinewy sprouting from the circle-brims. In the heart are lappets-party-coloured, the right more spotted with black, and white, then the left; besides the right is thicker, and rounder, the left slenderer, and longer, like the dogs, both hollow, and stringy. In the right creek of the heart is fold, like net-worke, longer, and plainer to be seen then that in the dog; but not with such laps. The great artery is almost in the midst of the heart, inclining to the left side. The inner-coat of the stomack is rough all along, like the plaits in an oxes paunch, turning up into a round. Those tunicles are very fast, tied to the upper orifice of the stomack; the pleats ly crosse. The Liver is coloured like that of the dog-fish. In the eare-bone a shell, a maze, a little window, a ring, a round muscle, three small bones, and a stirrop, but not bored through. In the brain are three creeks,* 1.634 two round with net-folds. In the eye the uvea or thin skin, cleaves not afore to the cornea, or horne-tunicles, whence the lesse dilatation to this greater kinde; in that part is the uvea, coloured like a pale leaf. The optick nerve is almost in the midst, inclining downward, the outter thick skin somewhat covering the eye, as in the Cock. In the Hee∣cat we observe, that there is something pecu∣liar about the spermatique vessels, testicles, &c. A white streake, the third part of a finger broad, descending by the right side of the paunche, lies under the muscles of the Perito∣naeum; the membrane is very thin; the Perito∣naeum under the ensie forme, or sword, is fat. The Kall is very fast, tied to one right liver∣string, and to the spleen, and stomack, and the gut duodenum, like a purse, or bag. The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum, and below to the streight gut. The stones are covered with foure skins; the outmost called scrotum; the next dartos, the third, erythroides, or the red; the fourth is the inmost. There is some∣what also considerable in the vessells prepa∣ring, and conveying the seed, &c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat, or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck: also the milk-veins, tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins, both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut, but the left is higher then the right, and all most twice as long. The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string; it hath veines, and sharp kernels.

Wee saw the mid-rif, and meseraicks, and sweet∣breads, being a kernelly substance. Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long; the other guts are uniform, but winding, and brittle. The reins large, bigger then a great nut, where∣in are a few creeks, through which the pisse is strained. We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick, and Spleen-branch; hereout sprouts the coeliacus; a branch compassing the sto∣mack, and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite. We saw the vein ascendent, pearcing the mid-rif, and reaching the heart, and set into the right side thereof. Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart, and turning back∣again, and descending by the backbone on the right side, which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them. The liver is distinguished by six strings, out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth; the bottome shews like a bolt-eye. The gall-bag hath two branches, the one passes from the liver to the duodenum, carrying the dregs away. The other running back to the bladder, to be kept there. In the duodenum, foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi, is found a worme, little, but of the bignes of the ureteries: from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine, descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm; and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery, conveying feel∣ing to the diaphragm. We saw the turnagain∣si news, which propagated from the sixth con∣jugation of sinews, are set in at the head of the sharp artery; the one on the left turning upward about the great artery; the other about the branches of the arterie, tending toward the throte; the heart with a double lappet on the right, and left side, the right is greatest, and blackish; the left of the colour of the heart. The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits, and a left one whether the vein∣blood is conveyed, and it hath foure large vessells; the first is the hollow ascending vein, which is set into the left eare; the third, the arteriall vein, containing blood, having a double coat, whence it hath the name; this is set into the lungs, to nourish them. The fourth is a vein-artery, set into the left ven∣tricle of the heart, to convey to the brain blood, prepared there, to beget animal spirits. In the right venticle are lappets, or partitions, which keep in the blood, and so in the left. The lungs have six fins. Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx, or the head of the sharp artery, which being inflamed, breed a squincy. There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue. Wee marked the passage, leading to the bladder. The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins; the inner-eare is rarely fashioned, whereof they have such use to listen, and looked, and prey by night. Herein we marked the communion between the great artery, and the great vein, where the first parting is into the bowels.

I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone, for with the own membranes, it being covered at the end, that which answer the hard menynx, the inner sends forth nerves from it self, but since there are companies of them, like strings, we note that they having passed a little way, meet as in one knot, as we in top of grain. And, since those severall strings are covered with the same skins, if you strain one, you spoyl the other, till they come to the knot. In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob, like a tree-knot, the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose, and full of pits with drops of blood. My fellow dissecters doubted whe∣ther it was the breach of a bone in anatomi∣zing, or some error in the first shaping, and su∣perfluous stuffe. In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone, that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose: Bruize but that bone, or peirce it, you find two long pits, passing sidelings above un∣der the skull, and below blind ones with parti∣tions. These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling, where the breath is, as also in the ear, which is but of late discovered. That which strengthens my opinion is, that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man; dogs excelling in sent. This is not found in a Monky, perhaps because he needs not ex∣cell in that sense.

Notes

• * 1.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.3

  Name.〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.4

  Descript.
• * 1.5

  Aristot. H. A. l. 6. c. 31.
• * 1.6

  Galen. part. l. 9. cap. 19.
• * 1.7

  Aristot. A. l. 5. c. 80.
• * 1.8

  Scali. Aeli. l. 2. cap. 12. Fallopius. Michael. Ephesius.
• * 1.9

  Place. Aristot. H. A. l. 8. c. 2••. Leo Af.
• * 1.10

  Temper.
• * 1.11

  Gesnei.
• * 1.12

  Food.
• * 1.13

  Aelian. H. A. l. 2. c. 1•• Aristor.
• * 1.14

  Aelian. l. •• c. 3. Strabo. Ge. l. 1••.
• * 1.15

  Drinke.
• * 1.16

  Arist. Aeli.
• * 1.17

  Gendring.
• * 1.18

  Ael. l. 2. c. 2. Plin.
• * 1.19

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.20

  Ael. 2. 2.
• * 1.21

  Arist. Wocton. Ph••••ost.
• * 1.22

  Arist.
• * 1.23

  AE••.
• * 1.24

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.25

  AE. H. A. ••. 1. c. 36.
• * 1.26

  Life.
• * 1.27

  S••ceped.
• * 1.28

  Voyce.
• * 1.29

  Nature.
• * 1.30

  Leo Afr. l. 9.
• * 1.31

  Aeli. H. A. l. 2. c. 17.
• * 1.32

  Aelian.
• * 1.33

  Albertus.
• * 1.34

  Mart. Epig. l. 9. c. 73. Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 16.
• * 1.35

  Gel. noct. Attic. l. 5.
• * 1.36

  Plin. l. 8. c. 16.
• * 1.37

  Vse.
• * 1.38

  Solinus Polyh. Br••••erin. de recib. l. 12. c. 17. Porta Phitog. l. 3. c. 41.
• * 1.39

  Plin.
• * 1.40

  D••oscor.
• * 1.41

  Observ. l. 1. c. uit. Plin.
• * 1.42

  Diffe∣rences. Plin. l. 8. c. 16.
• * 1.43

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 24.
• * 1.44

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.45

  Name.
• * 1.46

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.47

  Worton.
• * 1.48

  Gyllius. Oppi. n. Soli••. Plin.
• * 1.49

  Place.
• * 1.50

  Arist.
• * 1.51

  Lopes.
• * 1.52

  Philost.
• * 1.53

  Feed.
• * 1.54

  L•••• Af.
• * 1.55

  Aelian.
• * 1.56

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.57

  Ge••ner. Plin.
• * 1.58

  Nature.
• * 1.59

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Apo••l.
• * 1.60

  Voyce. Wo••ton. ••. 5. c. 82.
• * 1.61

  Plin.
• * 1.62

  Manners.
• * 1.63

  Arist.
• * 1.64

  Gesner.
• * 1.65

  Plin.
• * 1.66

  Demetr. Physic.
• * 1.67

  Aelian. H. A. l. 2. c. 24.
• * 1.68

  Use. Plin.
• * 1.69

  Philost.
• * 1.70

  Galen.
• * 1.71

  Porta. Phytog. Alex. ab Alex. l. 5. genial.
• * 1.72

  Plin.
• * 1.73

  Hierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 1.
• * 1.74

  Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Scaliger.
• * 1.75

  Plin.
• * 1.76

  Descript. Scaliger. Gesner.
• * 1.77

  Ambro. in Digit. l. 3. cap. 3.
• * 1.78

  Galen.
• * 1.79

  Place. Ovid.
• * 1.80

  Gesner. H. Quad. Olaus M. Food.
• * 1.81

  Gesner. Engend∣ring.
• * 1.82

  Scal.
• * 1.83

  Arist.
• * 1.84

  Isid. Orig. Plin. Odonus. Sight.
• * 1.85

  Aelian. Isidor. Dio••co••.
• * 1.86

  Brasavo∣lus. Manners.
• * 1.87

  Lucan. l. 6.
• * 1.88

  Use.
• * 1.89

  Pliny.
• * 1.90

  Differen∣ces. Oppian.
• * 1.91

  Name.
• * 1.92

  Descri••••.
• * 1.93

  Place.
• * 1.94

  Food.
• * 1.95

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.96

  Gendrin••. Ae••••an.
• * 1.97

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.98

  〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 1.99

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.100

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.101

  Manners.
• * 1.102

  Ovid. Seneca. Plin. Ius. Capit.
• * 1.103

  Abdias Babilo. l. 6. Hist.
• * 1.104

  Petr. Victor. Var. Lec. 4. c. 3.
• * 1.105

  Vse. Philos. Apol. l. 2. Pet. Mart.
• * 1.106

  Linscho••, Kinds. Pausan.
• * 1.107

  Strabo. Geogr. l. 15.
• * 1.108

  Nierem. Hist. l. 9. c. 15.
• * 1.109

  Pet. Mart.
• * 1.110

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.111

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.112

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.113

  Solin. Polyb.
• * 1.114

  Arist. H. A. l. 8. c. 1••.
• * 1.115

  Scaag. l. 8. c. 21. P••in. ••. ••. l. 8. c. 36.
• * 1.116

  Theo••••∣de 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.117

  Place.
• * 1.118

  Plin. 8. cap. 58.
• * 1.119

  Herod. Solin. c. 29.
• * 1.120

  Strabo. Geog. l. ult.
• * 1.121

  Pausan.
• * 1.122

  Feed.
• * 1.123

  Albert. Gesner. Arist. H. A. l. 8. c. 1••.
• * 1.124

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 l. 10. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 73. Ar••st. ••. A. l. 8. c. 5.
• * 1.125

  Martyr. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 36. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.126

  A••••st.
• * 1.127

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.128

  Oppi••n.
• * 1.129

  Saxo. Gr••m. H. Dan. 〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.130

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.131

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. c. ••9.
• * 1.132

  ••••bro. 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.133

  Antipathy. Oppian.
• * 1.134

  Ae••ian.
• * 1.135

  Gesner.
• * 1.136

  Voyce Nature.
• * 1.137

  Solin. c. 39. Psutar.
• * 1.138

  Pli••.
• * 1.139

  Aelian.
• * 1.140

  Pli••.
• * 1.141

  Solin.
• * 1.142

  Vse.
• * 1.143

  Galen. in aliment. l. 3. c. 2.
• * 1.144

  Br••••er. de cibi••. l. 13. c. 41.
• * 1.145

  Barthol.
• * 1.146

  Aeli.
• * 1.147

  Mich. Herus. Gesner.
• * 1.148

  Arnol. Villano.
• * 1.149

  Palladius.
• * 1.150

  Plin.
• * 1.151

  Diffe∣renc••s.
• * 1.152

  Purchas. Nav••g. T. 3. l. 4. c. 5. Strabo. Geogr. l. 16. Maiol. Col. 7.
• * 1.153

  Nieremb. H. E. l. 9. c. 28. Paul. Ven.
• * 1.154

  Aldrov. l. 1. c. 6. Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.155

  Descrip∣tion. Aelian.
• * 1.156

  Clamor.
• * 1.157

  Galen.
• * 1.158

  Plin.
• * 1.159

  Albertus. Gal. de usu par.
• * 1.160

  Plin.
• * 1.161

  Place.
• * 1.162

  Boethi••••. Feed.
• * 1.163

  Olaus de gen••.
• * 1.164

  Porta Physiog.
• * 1.165

  Linsch. Navig. Schenk. Hist. Monst.
• * 1.166

  Gendring. Arist.
• * 1.167

  Gesner.
• * 1.168

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.169

  Antipathy. So••n. Polyb. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 2••. c. 14.
• * 1.170

  Aelian. l. 1. cap. 6.
• * 1.171

  Opian.
• * 1.172

  Gesner.
• * 1.173

  Diseases.
• * 1.174

  Nature.
• * 1.175

  Gesner. Q. p. 721.
• * 1.176

  Plin. l. 8. c. 22.
• * 1.177

  Suidas. Aelian. H. A. l. 8. c. 14. Gesner. p. 723.
• * 1.178

  Aelian. l. 5. c. 19.
• * 1.179

  Ambro. de Digit. l. 1. c. 47.
• * 1.180

  Albert. de Animal. l. 2.
• * 1.181

  Voyce. Use.
• * 1.182

  Rhasis.
• * 1.183

  Gesner.
• * 1.184

  Galen. Marcellus.
• * 1.185

  Plutar.
• * 1.186

  Ambros. H. Digest. l. 1. c. 7. Olaus de gent.
• * 1.187

  Bellon.
• * 1.188

  Ambros.
• * 1.189

  Bellon.
• * 1.190

  Lop. Hist.
• * 1.191

  Bitterus.
• * 1.192

  Glutton.
• * 1.193

  Boopha∣gon. Miech. in desc. Sarmat.
• * 1.194

  Leo Af. l. 9. Olaus 13. c. 6.
• * 1.195

  Ambros.
• * 1.196

  Name. Isidor.
• * 1.197

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.198

  Feed.
• * 1.199

  Place.
• * 1.200

  Gend••ing. Pliny. Arist.
• * 1.201

  Sympa∣thy, and Antipathy.
• * 1.202

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.203

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.204

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.205

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.206

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.207

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.208

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.209

  Galen.
• * 1.210

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.211

  Scalig. exer. 217.
• * 1.212

  Aelian l. 7. c. 3••.
• * 1.213

  Nierem∣berg. H. Exotic. l. 9. c. 10.
• * 1.214

  Marckg. H. Brasil. l. 6. c. 2.
• * 1.215

  Marckg.
• * 1.216

  De I•••• Ind. O•• p. 151 〈◊〉〈◊〉 618.
• * 1.217

  Marckg. H. l. 6. c. 6.
• * 1.218

  Name. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 propr.
• * 1.219

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.220

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.221

  D••cript. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 H. A. •• c. 8.
• * 1.222

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hip. & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 l. 16. ••6.
• * 1.223

  ••es••l. de ••••bri.
• * 1.224

  Aquapen. l. 2. c. 8.
• * 1.225

  Leo Af. l. 3.
• * 1.226

  Feed.
• * 1.227

  Natal. Comes. Aelian.
• * 1.228

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 5. Porta Physilog. l. 7. c. 8.
• * 1.229

  Galen. l. 5. c. 2.
• * 1.230

  Their nature.
• * 1.231

  Albert.
• * 1.232

  Aelian H. A. l. 7. c. 27.
• * 1.233

  Plin. l. 8. c. 34.
• * 1.234

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.235

  Use. Herodot. Porta Phys. l. 1. c. 17. Arist.
• * 1.236

  Plin.
• * 1.237

  Tulp. obser. l. 3. c. 56.
• * 1.238

  P••arricus. Nierem. H. E.
• * 1.239

  Names 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.240

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.241

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.242

  Ambro••••. lib. 2. c. 6. Place. Strabo. Geog. Plin.
• * 1.243

  Nature. Nierem. H. I. l. 9. c. 44.
• * 1.244

  Ioh. Ard. no••s.
• * 1.245

  Ios. A••osta.
• * 1.246

  P. Mar∣tyr.
• * 1.247

  Aelian. l. 7. c. 20.
• * 1.248

  Scaliger.
• * 1.249

  Marck∣grave. H. N. Brasil. l. 6. c. 5.
• * 1.250

  Marck∣grav.
• * 1.251

  Gesner.
• * 1.252

  Marckg.
• * 1.253

  Nierem.
• * 1.254

  Nierem∣berg.
• * 1.255

  Marckg. H. Bras. p. 227.
• * 1.256

  Lerius. H. Ame∣ric. c. 10.
• * 1.257

  Name. Gesner. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Append. Quadru. Aelian. Arist. Descrip∣tion. Place. Solinus. Strabo. Herod. Aelian. Feed.
• * 1.258

  Voyce.
• * 1.259

  Aelian. l. 6. c. 43.
• * 1.260

  Nature.
• * 1.261

  Plin.
• * 1.262

  Strabo. Geog. l. 15. Bellon. obser. l. 2. c. 52.
• * 1.263

  Ambr. H. Digit.
• * 1.264

  Gesn••r.
• * 1.265

  Ambrosin. l. 9. c. 9.
• * 1.266

  Marckg. H. Brasil. p. 2••1. Clusius.
• * 1.267

  Marc••••.
• * 1.268

  Hier. l. 9. c. 15.
• * 1.269

  Lerius.
• * 1.270

  Ambros. H. D. l. 2. c. 11. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Albert. Descript. Isidor. Barthol.
• * 1.271

  Place.
• * 1.272

  Feed.
• * 1.273

  Breeding.
• * 1.274

  Nature.
• * 1.275

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 28.
• * 1.276

  Carol. S••ephan.
• * 1.277

  Olaus M. l. 18. c. 18.
• * 1.278

  Use. Bruyer. l. 13. c. 3.
• * 1.279

  Weeker. antid. Spec. 2.
• * 1.280

  Albert.
• * 1.281

  Diffe∣rences. Ola••s. Bruierin.
• * 1.282

  Gesner.
• * 1.283

  Nierem. l. 9. c. 43.
• * 1.284

  Name. Ambros. l. 2. c. 13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.285

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Salmasius in Solin.
• * 1.286

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.287

  Plin. l. 8. c. 30. Bellon. H. Aqua.
• * 1.288

  Matthio∣••••••.
• * 1.289

  Place. Scal. ex. 215. Bruyer. Rei. Ci∣bariae l. 18. c. 4.
• * 1.290

  Olaus M.
• * 1.291

  Food.
• * 1.292

  Engen∣dring.
• * 1.293

  Iul. Pompon. Nature.
• * 1.294

  Aelian. l. 13. c. 4••.
• * 1.295

  Use.
• * 1.296

  Matthiol.
• * 1.297

  Diosco••.
• * 1.298

  Ronde∣letius.
• * 1.299

  Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Ambrosin. Hist. Dig••. l. 12. c. 13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.300

  S••idas l. 37. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Descript.
• * 1.301

  P••••ce.
• * 1.302

  Brasa••.
• * 1.303

  Food. Bellon. Aq••at. l. 2.
• * 1.304

  Nature.
• * 1.305

  Scal. Exer. 215.
• * 1.306

  Use.
• * 1.307

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. de ••b. l. 13. c. 31. Gesner. Holler. Aelian.
• * 1.308

  Ambrosin. l. 2. c. 13.
• * 1.309

  Marckg. Brasil. l. 6. c. 9.
• * 1.310

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ambros••••. Dig. l. 2. c. 14. Name. Albert. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Manar∣dus. Bellon. obser. l. 22. c. 22. Descript.
• * 1.311

  Place. Arist. H.
• * 1.312

  Vitruv. Food.
• * 1.313

  Oppian. Cyneget. l. 3.
• * 1.314

  Oppian. Cyn. l. 3. Antipa∣thy. Aelian. l. 9. c. 1. Nature, and man∣ners.
• * 1.315

  Arist. H. H. l. 6. c. 35. & 9. 6.
• * 1.316

  Use.
• * 1.317

  Aegineta. l. 4. c. 58.
• * 1.318

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 15. Name.
• * 1.319

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.320

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.321

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.322

  Albert.
• * 1.323

  Place.
• * 1.324

  Suidas.
• * 1.325

  Food. Plin. H. N. l. 29. c. 4. Aelian.
• * 1.326

  Gendring.
• * 1.327

  Antipa∣thy. Arist. H.
• * 1.328

  Nature.
• * 1.329

  Use.
• * 1.330

  Galen. de Ther. c. 9.
• * 1.331

  Dioscor. M. M. l. 2. c. 24. Glycas l. 1.
• * 1.332

  Gal. l. 3. c. 2.
• * 1.333

  Por••••. Phy••oga. l. 6. c. 4. Galen.
• * 1.334

  Diffe∣rences. Plin. Galen.
• * 1.335

  Figuli. dial. de. Mustela.
• * 1.336

  Hier. H. E. l. ••. c. 32. Clusius.
• * 1.337

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 16. Name.
• * 1.338

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.339

  Grapald.
• * 1.340

  Descript.
• * 1.341

  Place. Gesner. S••rabo. Food.
• * 1.342

  Gendring.
• * 1.343

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.344

  Agrico. de ani. s••bter.
• * 1.345

  Ambr. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 17.
• * 1.346

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 18.
• * 1.347

  Zootom. Democr. p. 317.
• * 1.348

  Renod. l. 3. Pharma∣cop.
• * 1.349

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.350

  Ambrosin. H. Dig. l. 2. c. 19. Arist. Niphus. Alciate. Agricola.
• * 1.351

  M. Paul. Venet.
• * 1.352

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 12. c. 21.
• * 1.353

  lb. c. 22. Scalig. Ex. 211. Ludov. Rom. Gyllius. Bellonius.
• * 1.354

  Rondel••. Pharmac. l. 3. c. 16.
• * 1.355

  Leo Af. Cardan.
• * 1.356

  Bellon. Obser. l. 2. c. 20.
• * 1.357

  Fallopius.
• * 1.358

  Maiol. Coll. 7.
• * 1.359

  Ambro••••
• * 1.360

  Isidor. Origin. l. 12. Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.361

  Varro de I. D. l. 3. c. 12. Scalig. Albert.
• * 1.362

  Zootom. Democ. ••••9.
• * 1.363

  Arist. l. 3. •• 9.
• * 1.364

  Place. Paerzan. Lapez. Ovid. art. am. l. 2. Arist.
• * 1.365

  Food.
• * 1.366

  Gendring. Xeno∣phon. Po••lux. Athenaeus l. 9.
• * 1.367

  Sex.
• * 1.368

  Archel. Albert.
• * 1.369

  Philomel. autor.
• * 1.370

  Nature.
• * 1.371

  Wit.
• * 1.372

  Lamprid. Mar. Epig. 30. Brui. l. 13.
• * 1.373

  Galen. l. 11. de Simpl. med. facul.
• * 1.374

  Sextus.
• * 1.375

  Dioscor.
• * 1.376

  Idem.
• * 1.377

  Matthiol.
• * 1.378

  Olam. Querce∣tan. Albert. Diosc.
• * 1.379

  Marcellus. Tragus.
• * 1.380

  Matthio∣l••s.
• * 1.381

  Montag. l. 2.
• * 1.382

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.383

  Plin. l. 18. c. 55.
• * 1.384

  Manard.
• * 1.385

  Ambrosin. de Digit. l. 2. c. 23.
• * 1.386

  Varro.
• * 1.387

  Nieremb. H. exot. l. 9. c. 8.
• * 1.388

  Amat. Lusitan.
• * 1.389

  Name.
• * 1.390

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.391

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.392

  Strabo. Geogra. l. 3.
• * 1.393

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.394

  Hemol. in Dioscor.
• * 1.395

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.396

  Zoor••m. Democ. p. 327.
• * 1.397

  Place.
• * 1.398

  Scaliger.
• * 1.399

  Food.
• * 1.400

  Gendring.
• * 1.401

  Niphus.
• * 1.402

  Nature, and Wat.
• * 1.403

  M. Varro.
• * 1.404

  Use.
• * 1.405

  Marcel. Ambrosin. Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.406

  Nieremb. H. E. l. 9. c. 8.
• * 1.407

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 7.
• * 1.408

  ld. lb. c. 9.
• * 1.409

  Ambrosin. Dig. Name.
• * 1.410

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.411

  Belluacen. Descript.
• * 1.412

  Place. Food. Gendring.
• * 1.413

  Nature. Wit.
• * 1.414

  Use.
• * 1.415

  Bruyer. l. 13. de recib. c. 29.
• * 1.416

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.417

  Cromerus.
• * 1.418

  Arist.
• * 1.419

  Pliny.
• * 1.420

  Amb.
• * 1.421

  Hier. H. E. l. 9. c. 34.
• * 1.422

  Amb. Dig. Vi. l. 2. c. 29.
• * 1.423

  Name.
• * 1.424

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.425

  Isidor.
• * 1.426

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.427

  Described.
• * 1.428

  Place.
• * 1.429

  Food.
• * 1.430

  Nature.
• * 1.431

  Wit. Arist.
• * 1.432

  Epiphan.
• * 1.433

  Use.
• * 1.434

  Plin.
• * 1.435

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.436

  Bruyer.
• * 1.437

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 75.
• * 1.438

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 32.
• * 1.439

  Name.
• * 1.440

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.441

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.442

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.443

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.444

  Varin.
• * 1.445

  Described.
• * 1.446

  Arist.
• * 1.447

  Plin.
• * 1.448

  Sever.
• * 1.449

  Zoo••om. p. 323.
• * 1.450

  Place.
• * 1.451

  Hect.
• * 1.452

  Boer.
• * 1.453

  Food.
• * 1.454

  Gendring.
• * 1.455

  Plin. l. 10. c. 65.
• * 1.456

  Anist. H. A. l. 8. c. 37.
• * 1.457

  Pausanias.
• * 1.458

  Cardan.
• * 1.459

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.460

  Nature.
• * 1.461

  Plin. l. 8. c. 57.
• * 1.462

  Amoldus.
• * 1.463

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.464

  Anist.
• * 1.465

  Ae••ian.
• * 1.466

  Plin.
• * 1.467

  Heriod.
• * 1.468

  Ruell. H. P••ant. ••. 4.
• * 1.469

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.470

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.471

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.472

  Digit.
• * 1.473

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.474

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.475

  Name.
• * 1.476

  Aelian. l. 6. c. 21.
• * 1.477

  Place.
• * 1.478

  Food.
• * 1.479

  Cardan. de rer.
• * 1.480

  Variet.
• * 1.481

  Arist.
• * 1.482

  Kinds.
• * 1.483

  Olaus.
• * 1.484

  Ambr.
• * 1.485

  Dig. l. 2. c. 32.
• * 1.486

  Albert.
• * 1.487

  Avicen.
• * 1.488

  Sipontine.
• * 1.489

  Gesner.
• * 1.490

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.491

  Aetius.
• * 1.492

  Albert.
• * 1.493

  Maethio∣lus.
• * 1.494

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.495

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.496

  Plin.
• * 1.497

  Matthiol.
• * 1.498

  Matthiol.
• * 1.499

  Barbarus.
• * 1.500

  Ambro. dig. vi. l. 2. c. 34.
• * 1.501

  Aurel.
• * 1.502

  Sever.
• * 1.503

  Zootom.
• * 1.504

  Democ. p. 325.
• * 1.505

  Stump∣fius.
• * 1.506

  Ambr. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 c. 35.
• * 1.507

  B••llon. aquat. l. 1.
• * 1.508

  Cl••sius in Auct.
• * 1.509

  Exot.
• * 1.510

  Holler.
• * 1.511

  Arist.
• * 1.512

  P••utar.
• * 1.513

  Sympo▪ 4. q. ult.
• * 1.514

  Nier••m.
• * 1.515

  Exo. l. 9. c. 3.
• * 1.516

  Ambros•••• de digit. vivip. l. 2. c. 36.
• * 1.517

  Name.
• * 1.518

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Describ••
• * 1.519

  Scal.
• * 1.520

  Severin.
• * 1.521

  Zoot.
• * 1.522

  Democ. p. 317.
• * 1.523

  Pliny.
• * 1.524

  Place.
• * 1.525

  Plin. l. 8. c. 2••.
• * 1.526

  Food.
• * 1.527

  Use.
• * 1.528

  M••rinel.
• * 1.529

  Mizald••s.
• * 1.530

  Ag••icola.
• * 1.531

  Ambrosin. l. ••. c. 37.
• * 1.532

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.533

  Plin.
• * 1.534

  Described.
• * 1.535

  Severin.
• * 1.536

  Democ.
• * 1.537

  Zoot. p. 319.
• * 1.538

  Plin. l. 9. c. 12.
• * 1.539

  Food.
• * 1.540

  Aelian. l. 16. c. 69.
• * 1.541

  Arist. H. A. l. 9. c. 6.
• * 1.542

  Use.
• * 1.543

  Durantes.
• * 1.544

  Kinds.
• * 1.545

  Majolus.
• * 1.546

  Ambr.
• * 1.547

  Digit. l. 2. c. 38. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.548

  Described.
• * 1.549

  Place.
• * 1.550

  Solinus.
• * 1.551

  Food.
• * 1.552

  Agric. ••de an••. subter.
• * 1.553

  Nature.
• * 1.554

  Use.
• * 1.555

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.556

  Nierem.
• * 1.557

  Hist. exot. l. 9. c. 6.
• * 1.558

  Gesne••.
• * 1.559

  Maphaeus.
• * 1.560

  Anton.
• * 1.561

  Herrera.
• * 1.562

  Consalv.
• * 1.563

  Ferdinan.
• * 1.564

  Oviedus.
• * 1.565

  Monardes.
• * 1.566

  Ambros.
• * 1.567

  Digit. vivi. l. 3. c. 1.
• * 1.568

  The Name.
• * 1.569

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.570

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.571

  Suidas
• * 1.572

  Describ.
• * 1.573

  Sever.
• * 1.574

  Democ.
• * 1.575

  Zootom. p. 306.
• * 1.576

  Galen.
• * 1.577

  Place.
• * 1.578

  Lerius. Textor. Food.
• * 1.579

  Gendring. Arist. H. A. l. 5. c. 14.
• * 1.580

  Id. Ib. l. 18. c. 28.
• * 1.581

  Arist. l. 5. c. 14. Pliny.
• * 1.582

  Age Pliny.
• * 1.583

  Voyce.
• * 1.584

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.585

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.586

  Antipathy. Plin.
• * 1.587

  Natur••.
• * 1.588

  Wit.
• * 1.589

  Plin. l. 5. c. 4••.
• * 1.590

  D••ris. Philistis.
• * 1.591

  Athen. H. A. l. 7. c. 33.
• * 1.592

  Use.
• * 1.593

  Cadamu∣st••s. Galen. Alim. l. 3. 2.
• * 1.594

  Aescu. c••lap. Plin. Sextus.
• * 1.595

  Mizaldus. Centur. 6.
• * 1.596

  Wecker. Antidot.
• * 1.597

  Diffe∣rences. Ovid. Clusius.
• * 1.598

  Ambr. l. 3. c. 2. Quad. Digit.
• * 1.599

  Aetius.
• * 1.600

  Mysaldus. Blondus.
• * 1.601

  Plin. Colum.
• * 1.602

  Ambr. ib. l. 3. c. 3.
• * 1.603

  Ambr. ib. c. 4.
• * 1.604

  Megaste∣nes.
• * 1.605

  Id. Ib. ••. 3. c. 5.
• * 1.606

  Blondus.
• * 1.607

  Bellon. obset. l. 3. c. 40.
• * 1.608

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 36.
• * 1.609

  Sextus. Empyr.
• * 1.610

  Ovie••••s.
• * 1.611

  Ambro. l. 3. c. 10.
• * 1.612

  Salmas. in Solinus. Name.
• * 1.613

  Place.
• * 1.614

  Food.
• * 1.615

  Ambr.
• * 1.616

  Plin. l. 1••. c. 63.
• * 1.617

  Gendring. Arist.
• * 1.618

  Sympa∣thy.
• * 1.619

  Antipa∣thy.
• * 1.620

  Valerian. Mizal. Cent. 4.
• * 1.621

  Nature.
• * 1.622

  Plin. l. 10. c. 73.
• * 1.623

  Bruier.
• * 1.624

  Porta Phys. l. 5. c. 25.
• * 1.625

  Galen.
• * 1.626

  Sampl. 11.
• * 1.627

  ••••ony∣••us.
• * 1.628

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.629

  Scal. Ex. 217. ••. 9.
• * 1.630

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 30.
• * 1.631

  M. P. Venetus ••. 1. c. 62.
• * 1.632

  Anatomy M. Aurel. Sever.
• * 1.633

  Zootom. Demo. p. 4. c. 309.
• * 1.634

  Casserius.