A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

TITLE II. Of the half wilde Toed-beasts.

CHAPTER I. Of the Fox.

ARTICLE I. Of the Fox in generall.

WEe call the Semiferae,* 1.1 or half wilde, those beasts that though wilde, yet being of small bulk, are easily mastered, and tamed by man.* 1.2 I begin with the Fox, called in Latine Vulpes, or volpes, either from volupes, because he is so full of doubles in his goings; or from volipes, he being so swift of foot, or from v••∣lipes, because he is strong-footed. The Greeks give him many names, as Aloopeez, from Aloo, and Oph, deluding the eyes, and sundry others taken from its craft, and tayl. He is so well knowne, that I need not stand long on descri∣bing him.* 1.3 The genital is bony as the Wolves, and Wezels. The tayl bushy, ears short, he loves to eat Hens, Geese, and other foule, and hayrs, wild Mice, Cats, litle Dogs, that he can gripe,* 1.4 and locusts. At Marsellis a Fox hunt∣ing in a fisher-boat for Buopes, among great Lobsters, was taken in a Lobsters claw; they refrain not ripe grapes, nor pears, saith the proverb.* 1.5 Solinus saith, there are none in Creet, or Candy. But in Russia, and the Helvetian Alps they abound. Whence Merchants buy the skins, and sell them in all parts. They couple in divers postures.* 1.6 They mix with other crea∣tures, as with dogs, whence come the Alope∣cides, or dog-foxes; they bear blinde whelps, foure at most at once, and then retire, so that few are taken great with young. They lick, and carefully foster their brood.* 1.7 They love serpents, and live in the same cave with them. They hate rue, which if you bind under Hens∣wings,

the Fox will not touch them. They hate the kite and eagle, because sometimes they snatch up their young, and Hauks, because they pluck of their hair. Avicen saw a fight in a cage, between crows, and a Fox, he wound∣ed their heads; but they bound up his lips, so that he could not queach. They have many combates with badgers, and with the sent of their dung, drive them away. Hares haunt those Isles most, where are fewest Foxes. They barke like dogs,* 1.8 when vexed, or in pain, when they desire any thing f••ame, they use a fawn∣ing murmur. They are very crafty. In Thrace, being to passe over frozen rivers, or lakes, by laying their eare to the ice,* 1.9 they guesse whether it be thick enough to beare, or no. In his hole he makes many outlets to scape traps, and gins. Because the Wolf by the touch of the Scillais vexed,* 1.10 they lay it in their holes; when troubled with fleas, they take a lock of hay, or hair in their mouth, and dip it in the water, and drown them. When Hedge-hogs roul themselves up, they pisse in their mouths, and choke them. He will play with a Hare,* 1.11 and then snap him. He will roule himself in red clay, to seeme bloudy, and then ly down, and stretch himself out, as if he were dead, and loll out his toung, and so he catches birds. So in Pontus, they delude Buzzards, lying with the face another way, and sprauling, with the tayl stretch forth, as a birds neck. Taken in a snare, to get loose, he will bite off his leg, or fain himself dead, holding in his breath. He worries Hens at roost so with his tayl, that he casts them down, and eats them; and hath tricks to catch fish, and wasps with his tayl. On a tall tree he will shew himself sportive, and stand on his guard as in a castle; he fears not fire, unlesse very neare him; he will rather be thrust through, then come down to become a pray to the dog, and if he must come,* 1.12 hee falls like lightning on the best nosed dogs, and dies not unre∣venged. Neate tables admit not Fox-flesh, yet the Sarmatians, Vandalls, and Rustique,* 1.13 French, eat it boyled, or roasted, as the Booetians of old. Those Islanders of S. Crux eat of it, raw, or a litle hardned in the smoake. Some decry it for a savage food; but Galen saith, it is like Hares-flesh. The brains given to children, preserve them from the falling-sicknes. The Tongue-worm in an bracelet, is good against thick sightednesse, and dried, and hung about the neck, against white in the eyes; the Lungs is commended against Ptisick, wheesings,* 1.14 short-breath, and liver-grown: the gall with hony, helps dim-cloudy-sight; and some put it in suppositories, to have male-children; the reins with fat, helpe knee-gout; and some rub the throat with them, to take down the swelling of the jaws. The genital, testicles, and the other secrets, some use to help conception, and months, and head-ach; the blood help the stone, the fat melted, and dropped into the eares, removes old griefs thence, and helps the sinews, and the stone, and is good against shedding of hair, and the frost in hands, and feet, if you annoint them afore they be swoln: the dung with mustard, cures fore-heads; the skin is good for the hair, and shoos made thereof, eases the Gout, and Scia∣tica. The tayl also hath its medicinall use: Fox-oyl is very effectuall for all diseases in the joints.* 1.15 Fox-skins make costly furres, especially if black. Foxes are of diverse colours, sizes, and natures.* 1.16 They are lesse in Egypt then in Greece. In Peru very litle, and of a noysome sent, and the stink of the pisse is not to be washed out. In the Northerne-woods are black, white,* 1.17 glistering Foxes, and some with crosses; and those called Isatides, and some black, with some white hair sticking in order: Of reddish, are two kinds, one with black, and white throats, as if besprinkled with ashes. The other white-throated, which is rarer. There is plenty of white ones in Swethland, and Norwey, especially about Nova-Zembla, seen most, when the Sun dis-appears. Hol∣landers say, they taste like rabbets. Some are crossed from the mouth by the head, back and tayl with a straight black streake, and another thwart by the shoulder to the forefeet; which two streaks make the crosse.* 1.18 By the Caspian-Sea they are as familiar as little dogs, and as harmles.

ARTICLE II. Of the Indian Foxes.

THese are of sundry kinds, distinguish∣ed by name. The Coiotl hath a wolfs∣head, great,* 1.19 pale, but lively eyes, short, sharp-ears, black, long, thick-muzl'd; sinewy, hoocked-thighs, thick-claws, bushy-tail, dusky, long, and bright-hair, and bites shrewdly. For bulk, between a wolf and a Fox; frequent in new Spain, in places lesse cold; He lives by preying on weaker beasts, and on Sugar-canes, and Mazium. He some∣times sets on Deer, and Men; He is cunning in avoiding hunts-men; of the wolfs nature, revengefull, and mindfull of the losse of his prey, long after hunts him that took it; and with others falls on him, kills him, watches his house, kills all the tame cattel about it. But is so grateful to his benefactors, that he leaves part of his prey to them. His pizzle rubbed on the teeth, is said to give present ease to the touth-ach. The Cuit-lax-caiotl, is of the like nature and shape, but of another hair; thick, and shag-necked; the hair so long on the breast and face, that it is hideous to behold. The Azcacoiotle sits on Ants holes, and by night houles in several voices. The Ilpemaxtla is of a hair white, black, and gold-yellow, small-headed, and joynted, slender-bodied, and short, but long-muzzled, and thin; He is found eve∣rywhere mostwhat in hot places. The Oztoa is a kind of shape and bulk like a Fox, about thirty inches long, white and black-haired, and a little yellow, haunting ditches, and feeding

in fenny-places; They nurse up their young in hidden holes, and bite shrewdly, and fain them∣selves dead, if they have no other way to avoid the hunter; He breaks most stinking wind, yet they eat him. The Izquiepatl is coloured like tosted Maiz, he is eighteen inches long, low, small-muzzled, small-eared, hairy, and black-bodied, especially near the tail, short-thighed, black and crooked-claw; he lives in rocky∣dens, and there their young are nursed up. They feed on Horse-flies, and worms, and they kill fatted-fowles, and eat their heads only; Re∣duced to extream hazard, he darts his pisse and dung eight paces off, and spoyles the cloathes of the hunts-men with indelible spots, and a stink never to be gotten out. They that have the Spanish-scab, find good by eating the flesh, and dung. There are two other small Foxes, the Izquiepatl, and the Conepatl, one with two bright gards, the other with one drawn along the tail. The Brachirae are like Foxes, but rounder, and of sweeter flesh; The Annae are somewhat lesse then our Cats, and of a pe∣stilent smell, haunting towns by night; their sent betrayes them an hundred paces of, nor doors or windows can keep them out.

ARTICLE III. Of the Beasts akin to Foxes.

POINT I. Of the Cary-gueja, and Tajibi.

IN Brasil are five sorts of Beasts akin to Foxes;* 1.20 the Cary-gueja first, or the Jupatu∣ma, or Sarigoy, or Tlaquatzin, about the bignesse of a Cat, having a Foxes head, a pointed mouth, shorter below then above, a long tongue, that he withdrawes threatning to bite; teeth as a Cat, or a Fox, small ones afore, then four long Dog-teeth, then six other, and then the grinders, which are sixteen, twelve middle-teeth, four Dog-teeth, and lesser, eight in the lower, ten in the upper-jaw, and two greater middle ones, like the Hare. He is wide-nostrild; hath fair, round, black-eyes; wide, long, Fox-ears, starting up, proportion∣able to his bulke; thin-skinned, smooth, trans∣parent, a little dusky; bearded like a Cat; the hairs longer above, some on the eyes and cheeks; the head a little more then three fin∣gers long; each ear two fingers long, and a finger and half broad; the neck but a fingers length; the rest of the body seven fingers to the dock; the tail crooked, a foot long, whereby he hangs on trees like an Ape; broad-breasted; the two fore-thighs shorter then the hinder; the fore-feet five toed, as a hand, nailes white, as a birds claws with tufts; the hinder-legges longest, as a Baboons; the hair in some parts longer, in some shorter, those of the head, and part of the neck, and tail yellow; along the head runs a large black-streak; the back, sides and tail most what black, but other coloured hairs mixt; the tail part hairy, part skinny, half black, half white, some hair dusky. Round bo∣died, insensibly slenderer in some parts. Male and Female alike; under the belly is a double skin, cloven like a purse, big enough to hold an Orange, hairy within, where are eight nipples, the purse closed, scarce discernable; herein are the welps conceived; six at a time are brought alive forth, and perfectly shaped, but hairlesse, there they move too and fro, each two fingers long, and stay there till they can feed themselves, and sometimes go forth, and come in again. The testicles ly under the dock; It is easie to be flead, as the Cony, or Hare, if you begin at the belly. It stinks as a Fox, or Martin. He bites hard. Feeds gladly on Hens; climbs trees to goe a birding, Mark grave fed on in his chamber a month with Sugar-canes; at last he tangled himself in his string, and died.

He is found in Dariene in Brasil, and in Flo∣rida, and new Spain. The Brasilians call him Cerigona; His tail is Medicinable steep in water, and take a dram of it, cleanses the Ure∣teres, helps the Stone, and Colick, breeds milk, easens Child-bearing. Champed in the mouth, and laid on, it drawes out a thorn. The Tajibi,* 1.21 in Portugees, Rachorro do Mato, is round and long; white glistering-haired, the tips black; headed like a Fox, sharp-mouthed, Cat-beard∣ed; the eyes clear, black, bolting out, goggle; the ears round, soft, thin, white, tender as soft paper; the tail five fingers long, hair white, tiped with black; the end of the tail is a thin hide, bright, scaly, like a Snakes slough. The flesh is stinking, yet eaten. The hair sticks in a thin skin, and may be plucked out without de∣facing the hide.

POINT II. Of the Tamandua-guacu, the Tamanduai, and the Coati.

THe former is as big as a Butchers Dog,* 1.22 (Abbe••illanus saith, as a Horse,) round headed, long snouted, sharp mouth'd, toothlesse, round tonged, seven and twenty fingers long, two feet, and half of it like an Owl, lying double in the mouth; eyes little and black; ears roundish; the tail like a fly-flap of Horse-bristles, almost a foot broad, where∣with he can cover himself all over; the thighs round; on the fore-feet four crooked-claws, the two greatest in the midst, two foot and a half long; the hollow of the foot round; the hair of the head and neck short, and dry, turn∣ing forward; he is white afore; he is slow of foot, and eats Pismires.

The Tamanduai is of the bignesse of an Ame∣rican little Fox, round, copped-headed, bow∣ing somewhat downward; the mouth black, very narrow, toothlesse; eyes small, and black; ears pricking up, about two fingers long; the hair hard, bright-yellow; the tongue long,

round; like an awl, lying as a pipe between the cheeks; on the forefeet are four turning claws; fierce he is, but cannot bite; touch him with a staff, and he stands as a Bear on his hind∣legs; he sleeps all day, hiding his head with his neck and forefeet; romes about by night. Drinking, part gushes out of his nostrils; Mark∣grave saith, that after he had killed and flead one, a great part stirred after, though he had been kept fasting 8 dayes afore. In the left rein, (saith he) I found above a three corner'd pas∣sage, fastened to the side by a double thin skin; in the bowels, many long round wormes; the lappings that folded in the hair, fair ones; the gall-bag great; the hide thick; the flesh smells like a Fox; none eat it.

The Coati is a Brasile-Fox,* 1.23 as big as a Cat, with short thighs, and hands like a Baboon; coped-headed, Fox-eared; the mouth shorter below then above; long and sharp muzzled; nostrils wide, and cloven; eyes black; the tail longer then the body, which he sets up, and crooked; with ringlets on it, raried with shadow and oker. Eating, he holds his meat in his forefeet. He can climb the tops of trees. The Laet saith, he kept one tame, that would take meat out of his mouth; but when he be∣gan once to gnaw his tail, he could not be kept from it, till he had eaten it all up, and so died.

CHAP. II. Of the Ape.

THe Ape,* 1.24 in Latine Simiae, or Simius, from the flat nose, or from imitating, or his resembling of us. Festus calls them Clunas:* 1.25 The Greeks Pithekos, from being easily perswaded to imitate man; Emimoo,* 1.26 from the gestures, Arimos, in the old tongue of the Hetruscis, Bates, from climing-trees, Kalliar, by the Laconians. Hairy it is above, and below, back and belly;* 1.27 the hair is thick; nosed, eared, toothed like a man, two paps on the breast, armes like a man but hairy, which he can use, and turne as wee, fingered, toed, nayl like man, but those ruder, he steps like us, but treads more backward, arms short, and thighs answerable, he hath something hard like a navell, slenderer in the lower parts, they want a tayl, as being two legged creatures, the heart is Pyramide-wise,* 1.28 some found with two tops, veins, arteries like ours, the vein that goes into the right-lappet of the heart, and then into the right breast, is in them above the heart; those that are joyned to the reins, are widest, and passe to the stones: the substance of the eare is unmoveable. In many parts he is like a man, and in many unlike, as in the breast,* 1.29 and arme-muscles, and those that move the elbow, and thigh, those within the hands, and feet, in the mid-rif, lungs, as also in the bones; for in the loins are six turning-joynts, the shoulder-joynt is far from the breast, the thighs tend not streight toward the back-bone, thence it is, that going on the hind-feet, hee waggles, his feet are hollow, the toes much cloven.* 1.30 Bred they are in the eastern, and other warm parts, as in Lybia, Mauritania, in that part of Mount Caucasus, that looks toward the Red-Sea, in the Kingdome of Basman, in the tract between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Lybia. In the Indian-hills were so many, that they scared Alexanders army often. In Basman they kill them, pluck off the hair, all but from the chin, dry them, and embalm them, and sell them to merchants for mermen. They like hilly better then low-land; therefore they frequent the hils of Enisa.* 1.31 They love herbs, and barley, they go by troops to the ripe eares. They eat lice also,* 1.32 from men, and worms, and spiders, apples, nuts; but if the paring, or shell be bitter, they cast all away; they love flesh also, after eating, whereof they shed their hair. They drink wine too. They gender in Spring, when day and night is of a length, and beare a coupled about the summers solstice.* 1.33 The hee is reported to huge one for love, and to leave another with the shee, and never to looke after it. Being led through towns, they run a mad∣ding after women. They hold friendship with daws, and conies; but dis-agree with cocks, tortoyses, snails, &c. A noble man in England kept one, that keeps his Rabbits from Weesels. When a Parricide was sewd in a sack,* 1.34 they used to put in with him a Cock, an Ape, and Viper, that the Ape might fall on the Cock, and the Viper avoiding the Cock, might seaze the man. At Rome one of them, spying an Ape on a boys head, was so scared, that he pist, and shit.* 1.35 He dares not touch a Snayl. They are troubled with the hernia, or bursting, having a heavy kall, and with the falling-sicknesse, and inflammation of the liver, spleen, bladder, &c. Ill disgestion, &c. Galen anatomised a leane one, and found in the skin about the heart a praeternaturall swelling with moysture in it, such as Hydatides writs, did use to send forth. I say nothing of their biting, it is said to be venemous. Avicen, to prevent rancling, prescribes a playster of ashes with hony, and bitter almonds. They hide their meat in their cheeks, whence by degrees they fetch it to chew.* 1.36 They are extreame lustfull, and will gender with Lions. They remember a wrong long;* 1.37 some say they soon forget, when tamed they shew their young to every one. They severally affected at diverse seasons of the yeare, jolly, and gamesome at new Moon, very lumpish and dogged afore. So soon as they find approaching death, or any infections diseased,* 1.38 you may heare from them an unusuall snuffling in the noce. Whence Crollius thinks Physitians learn the pulses of arteries;* 1.39 they go awray, or sideling. Some can guide a cart, and play at chesse. One seeing a nurse wash, and winded a child, when shee was absent, undrest it, washt it in scalding water, and killed it.

They are taken by imitating what they see hunters do.* 1.40 They never are so tame, but that they quickly go wild again. They love to play with children, and dogs, but, if you look not to

them, they shall choak them, or breake their necks. They will make themselves drunk. The Zabeces,* 1.41 and Zygantes of Africa eat them. Rhasis judgeth it but cold, and harsh flesh. The heart roasted, and boyled with hony-comb is said to sharpen memory. They differ in shape, colour, neck, hair, and bulk. Some have tayls, some none, some are gray-headed. Some among the Orsei in India are white: Polus saith, some go upright. To these may be re∣fered the Orang-outang brought out of An∣gola, presented to Frederick Henry,* 1.42 Prince of Orange.* 1.43 Tulp calls it a Wild-man, long as a child of three years old, thick as one of six, square bodied, nor fat, nor slender, but very active and nimble; having such well trust limbs, and great muscles, that he durst attempt any thing, and do what not all smooth afore, and shaggy black behind, faced as a man, flat, and crooked-nosed, eared like a man, two fair swel∣ling paps were on the breast, like a womans, (for it was a female) the navell deep, and lim∣med so like a man, that an egge is scarsely liker an egge, resembling man in elbows, fingers, thumbs, thighs, calves, heels. Shee walked oft upright, and with ease could hoyst up, and beare a burden. Being to drinke, shee with one hand took the can by the eare, and put the other under; and wiped her lips handsomly after. Going to ly down, she would lay her head or∣derly on the pillow, and cover herself close with the coverlids. The Sambacensian King report∣ed, that they are so valiant, that they adventure on armed men. So given to women, that they oft ravish them. In Guinee some of them will bray any thing in a morter,* 1.44 and carry pitchers of water on their heads, and empty them at their doors, to prevent spilling. These are cal∣led Baris. Strong they are, and brawny thick set. In India there is also cried up to the skies; Zeilan keeps his reliques, namely a tooth, which Constantine the Portugal Viceroy took amongst the prey from a Barbarian Prince; so honoured and adored was that Ape by the cheefe Kings there, that yearly Embassadors were sent loaden with rich presents, only to be permitted to take his print in piece of clay perfumed, and inclosed in gold, to solace them∣selves, forsooth, with his shadow only. After the King of Pegu being conscious to himself of an oath he had passed to the Portugees, sent Embassadors to the Viceroy with ships loaden with wares, and 300000 pieces ef gold to re∣deeme the tooth. Many Portugals were of opi∣nion to send it, but to demand a greater summe, even a million, but the Viceroy (though he knew the King would have given it, and him∣self wanting mony, yet) prefered piety to gain, and that it might appeare to all, he caused the tooth to be brought amidst an assembly openly, and to be taken out of the rich case, beset with jewels, and gold, and with his own hand cast it into a brazen morter, and com∣manded it to be pounced to pouder, which was cast into a fire, and so vanished into smoake.

CHAPTER III. Of the Baboon, or Bavian.

HE takes the name of Cercopithecus from his tayl,* 1.45 for Kerkos signifies tayl, and Pithekos Monky, or Ape. The Greeks call him also Kepos, which some fetch from Kebos,* 1.46 Nimble. Albert calls him Mamonet; the Italians Spinga; the Celtae Abranas.* 1.47 We shall describe him anone under the kindes of Aurelius delineates his Genitalls. They are found in Aethiopia with black heads,* 1.48 and Asses hair, and in the woods of Iava, and the kingdome of Congo; and in India on the Emoden hills, and on that lofty mountain near Aden a city of Arabia, and all about the Indian Continent. In Malabar they are very cheape, because they hurt the Indians Nut, that is the gain of the natures. They eat any thing, and gnaw their own tayl when they are lustfull. They abhor Crocodiles so, that they are almost strooke dead with the sight. In East-Indies, under the Portugals, they eat them, and use them in Physick. What sport they make is well knowen. Their bones brayed, and drunk by provoking sweat, ease the French pox. They dote on their young,* 1.49 and hugge them hard; they feed on fruit, and birds egs. Many of them eats and drink their own excrements. Sometimes, if they see a man alone, they come down, and play with him. They are full of crafty tricks. It is strange to see how they cast stumps of trees at passengers; they passe rivers holding by each others tayls, and get over by bows, and a chain by wondrous arts. Above all, if one of them be wounded by an arrow, or dart, no men can help one another better then they, knowing how to stanch the blood with leaves, and mosse, and save, if possible, the life. They bring but one at a birth, and embrace their young, and carry them to the craggy tops of hills, where the huntsmen raise a heape, and compasse it with maiz, and lay there the stone Cacakoatl, the nature whereof is, when heated through with fire to crack, and fly asunder, the Baboone run to it, and to eat of that stone, but terrified with the crack, forget their young, and run away, leaving them a prey to hunters. They carry also their young on their back, till they can safely dispose of them. The young hang with the hands about the dames neck, and with the legs cling about her back. Some are nimble as a bird in climbling trees, and scip∣ping from tree to tree. One hath been seen to leap a river. The captains of them perceiving a troup of men passe by, (for men dare not passe by them alone, nor a few) they call their fellows of divers shapes together, out-face the men, and with hideous moyse skip from tree to tree, and follow the men, mocking them with a thousand Apes tricks, moppings, mow∣ings, waggings of the tayl, and make as if they would assault them; but coming down, and see the arrows, and guns, (which they have had

occasion afore to be acquainted with,) aimed at them, they fly swifter then the wind to the tree-tops, where they complain, chatter, and threaten. It is said, they are so dexterous, that they can decline, and avoid arrows-shot, and catch them flying, as if they were reached to them; but the bullets put the younger be∣side their skill. When they see any of their fellows fall, and taken up by the shooters, they thunder above, filling the skies with hideous noyses; as if you heard the roarings, and yel∣lings of a thousand Lions, and Tigers. But one thing is worth hearing; each Ape, when they take a tree, carry up stones in one hand, and some in their mouths, and pelt the pas∣sengers, when they have done shooting. One levelling at a great, long-tayld Monkey with a gun, hee made as if hee would stand it; but when the man winking with one eye, was taking aime, he threw a stone in his face, and brake it, and dashed out some of his teeth. But since he perished by a new stratagen, and was shot, just as the stone fell, and was eaten for a dainty with mirth. Some would have eaten then toads, or worse, so hungry they were. Such tricks perswaded the old world, that these were a humane race, which occa∣sioned in fables, mention of the Baboons birth-day. I thought once that they were happily a kind of Pigmees. It is strange how they can handle merchandise. They play with the savages for mony,* 1.50 and winning, invite to the Tavern, and pay the shot. Among the souldiers of Havana, a Baboon marked that one won apace, and sate close to him, to have his share, according to the manners; if he de∣nied, he would fight for it; if he received it, hee ran strait to the Taverne, and tooke a pot,* 1.51 holding it to the vinter, to poure wine; the pot being brimfull, he drank it up, payed his winnings; if it came to more, he expected more wine to the value, which he did twice, or thrice.

Another being sent to the Taverne, and not using to pay till hee had his bottle full, would gather stones to defend it against the boyes; and though he loved wine well, he carried it safe and entire to his Master. He could not abide painted women,* 1.52 but tore their hair and cloathes. One great Baboon, with an extreme long tail hanging by it, on an Oke, turning and swing himself three or four times, caught hold, skipped from bough to bough, and from tree to tree, as if he had flowen. An Archer shot one, who being wounded, in a fury set on him who hurt him; he drawing his sword, cut off the Baboons arme, and took him, but strong∣ly resisting; but being brought to the Navy, he grew tamer, being chained: and the hunts∣men bringing a Boar home, he and the Ba∣boon were ever fighting; this with his tail tangled the Boar, flew at his throat, and throat∣led him. Another seeing some hunt after him to shoot him, got into a window, snatched up an Infant,* 1.53 ran to the house top, and held the child for a buckler between him and the Arch∣er, to make him hold from shooting. Baboons differ in bignesse, colour, tail, and otherwise, some in Prassiana an Indian Region, are as big as the greatest Dogs, having tails five cubits long.* 1.54 Some are black, some ash-coloured, some gray, some party-coloured, some spot∣ted, some yellowish, some dusky, &c. Some longer tailed then others. Some bearded; some go upright; some Lyon-like; some mostac∣cioed; some of a mixt kind. The bearded, the Brasilians call them Guariba,* 1.55 are manifold, having a round goats-beard, they are as big as our Foxes, high-browed, with black sparkling-eyes, ears short and roundish; tail long, bare at the end, which they are ever swinging about; the hair black, long, sleek, and shining. There are swarms of them in the Woods there, and make a hideous noyse. They meet daily again, and again afore and after mid-day.* 1.56 One of the lesser sits higher then the rest in the midst, and begins a singing note, giving a signe with the hand openly, the rest follow his note, holding on till the first makes a signe, then the rest are husht in a twinkling, and the first concludes aloud. They carry their young on their back, frisking from bough to bough. It is a biting and untamed beast. Some of them are great, and black, having a long, black, shaggy beard. If they find a Moor woman alone, they force her. Clusius describes a kind, long tayled, with a tuft at the end, like a Lion. The Guinee Exquina in Congo hath dark hair, as it were burnt, sprinkled with white tops. The beard very white, the hair two fingers long, as it were kemed. Anger him, he gapes wide and chat∣ters. Another sort is as great, or each cheek stone of hair white, and yellow, bearded like a Goat, reaching to either eare; black leged: Toyish, and clamorous as the other. Ambro∣sine represents three prints of them; one he conceives to be the Callitriche (or fair-haired) living only in Aethiopia. A second a kin to that. The third faced like an old man (a Marmoset) with a long black tayl.* 1.57 He walks upright, very nearly resembling a man. He loves boys, and women everywhere, and if he get loose, endea∣vors to ly with them. Industrious they are, and wittier then some men. Of the Lion-kind are first the Cagui, as the Brasilians, or the Pongi, as the Congians call him; one is greater, like the Baboon,* 1.58 called Cay, round, and Lion-faced, black and bald-eared, Lion-mouthed, black-eyed, the tayl a foot, and four fingers long, and reddish. There is a lesser, a like faced, but with a lesse head, like a small apple, a little nose, sharp teeth, roundish eares, the tayl ten fingers long, with white, and dusdish ringlets, fed with bread, and mandos meat. The whole body six figners long. Another sort is called the Sagovin;* 1.59 Lion-like afore, but so tender, that he brooks not the tossing of a ship at sea, and so proud withall, that never so little troubled, he in ••ullennesse starves himself. That that Rod. Lincius brought over was lesse then a squirell,* 1.60 and so dainty that it must be kept in furre. The snout, and fore part of the head was Lion-like,

dark-coloured, mixt with red; the ears shaggy, and bright, and reddish; the throat, and breast shaggy, dush, and white; the other hair of the body black, and white, and sparkling, and party-coloured from back to belly; the tayl long, and so coloured; the belly black-haired, the thighs white, and red; on each foot five toes, not very long; the nayls white, scarce a handsomer to be seen. The Moschatus the Brasilians call Caitaja, long-haired, white, and yellow;* 1.61 roundish headed, low fore-headed, nose little and flat; tayl-bending, shrill voyced, and pettish. I saw one at Generall Warden-burgs at Amsterdam. There is another of the kind darker-haired, like the Zobellines. Of a doubtfull kind are the Macaquo in Congo; of a wolfs colour; the nose high and parted, the head like a bears, buttocks bald, the tayl bow∣ed; a foot and somewhat more long from head to tayl; a foot and nine fingers thick. Hee cries Hah, hah: the Brasil Cay in Toupinambuti is common, little and black,* 1.62 living most in the woods, and sitting on certain trees, where on a thick mast grows, like our greatest beans, whereon they feed. There is also another Gui∣nee Baboon, grisly, dusk-shadowed with yel∣low, almost like a hares back, small-headed, and long-tailed.

CHAPTER IV. Of the Cynocephalus, (or Dogs-head) the Papio, and the wild Vpalim.

THe first hath the name from a Dogs-head. It is called also the Tartarian;* 1.63 because it comes thence. Also Kuno∣pros••pon, or Dogs-face: And Cho••ropi∣thekos, or Hog-ape. Almost of the shape of a long tayled Monkey, but thicker set, stronger, fiercer, and faced like a dog, or a Satyre, as Strabo makes him. Open arsed he is. Found in Aethiopia, and in Arabia from Dira to the Southern corner; and especially in the utmost promontory; also above Dachinabades, and in the South of Lybia. He feeds as other Apes, eating stone-fruit, he cast away the shells, and parings. They eat also flesh boyled, and roast∣ed, especially the delicatest. They can drink wine also.* 1.64 They have many voyces, and those rude; sometimes shreeking, then houling. Orus saith they barke;* 1.65 they are soon moved to fury, effeminate, lustfull, petulant, fiercer then Apes. By naturall instinct,* 1.66 when dayes and nights are of a length, on set hours, night and day, they pisse, and make a noyse. The Hee in times twixt moon and moon, not eats, nor looks any way,* 1.67 but moping looks downward. They are said to congratulate the moon rising, wherefore the Egyptians in their religious rites made much of them, to learn from them the heaven∣ly conjunctions. Of a singular wit they are, comming nearest man,* 1.68 except the Elephant. In Egypt they write letters, and receive mony of the spectators for their masters. Akin to these is that Alvarez in his Ethiopian journy writes of, and another in Clusius. That's as big as a Bel-wether, and shaggy as a Lion, going by herds near Calote. This shaged, and ash-co∣loured, not so long tailed as a Baboon, long snowted and blunt at the end, bal'd buttocked, blood-coloured, as if flead. The Papio (in Dutch Paphon) is great rugged,* 1.69 ugly headed, short thighed, almost Fox-tailed, but short, and commonly lifted up, footed like a man, no way answering his height,* 1.70 doting on women. He feeds on apples, pears, and other fruit. The Shee brings two at a birth, a male, and a female. The wild Upalim is as big as an Ethiopian Ba∣boon, the skin red as scarlet,* 1.71 spotted in some places, the head round as a ball, the feet round, and broad, the claws harmlesse. The Moors beat the flesh with planks to make it tender, and eat it. What it feeds on is unknown.

CHAPTER V. Of the Ignavus, or Slug.

THey are of two kinds; one the Portu∣gees call Perillo Ligero,* 1.72 the little swift dog by contraries; and Friguiza. Of the bignes of one of our midling Foxes, short-necked, two fingers long at most, small, and somwhat round-headed; narrow mouthed, toothed as a Lamb, blunt, smooth, high, black-nosed. The eyes small, black, drowsy, having no eares; the tayl blunt, like a sugar-loof, on each foot are three nayls, white and yellow, crooked, bending, and hollowed. The hair about two fingers long, ash-coloured, badger-like, but softer, and whiter. The most sluggish, and slow-paced of beasts. He creeps up trees, and eats leaves, never drinks. Seldome send forth any voyce; holds fast what he catchest, fears the smallest rain. The heart taken out of the female, stirs half an houre after. The paunch red-streaked like beans, into which the navel∣vessells in many sprigs are fastened. They bear young-haired,* 1.73 toothed and clawed. The heart of the shee hath two plain ears, hollow. In the stomack the upper-mouth is two fingers crosse from the gullet, and where the opening uses to be, is a gut a span long, but hath no passage. In the stomack is plainly seen green matter of leaves. Two paps are on the breast. Tough of hide. So lively, that, if all the guts be taken out, it stirs, and draws the feet together. De Laet, who saith, hee saw one alive, saith, the neck is longer, as we have made it. He clings so fast, that he looses hold, and life together. Hermaneus saith,* 1.74 he in a whole day cannot move fifty paces forward. By night he is heard, and the latter syllables still lower then the former. He stays sometimes in a tree twenty dayes without food, and is thick-sighted. Another of the kind,* 1.75 called Hag, hath an Apes face, a rough-shaged skin, hairy-thighs, claws, on each foot three, and those sharp, and long, is easily tamed, when taken.

CHAPTER VI. Of the Badger.

THe Greeks have no proper name for it;* 1.76 the Latines call it Taxus, perhaps from Dasus, hairy, and shaggy; and Meles, or Melis, Melo, and Melotus; from the roundnes of the members. It is greater then a cat, or fox, whose nature it comes nearest, the skin being rough-hairy; it hath more white, then black hairs, the head black in the midst, white on the sides, brood∣backed, sharp-toothed, it is a mistake, that the left legs are shorter. They are found over all the hills of Italy,* 1.77 and Helvetia, and elswhere. They live on hornets, and worms, apples, and grapes,* 1.78 being fattest in Autumne. They love Rabbits-flesh, and Geese, chickens, and other foules.* 1.79 They breed their young as foxes, and bring forth in three months, sometime two, sometime three in autumne. They hate foxes, for these watch when they are gone abroad, and so bedung their holes, that they must seeke another for the stinke. They are so thick∣skind, that you can scarce hurt them, but their nose is so tender, then there you may kill them. Their skin is so pufd, that dogs cannot fasten on it.* 1.80 He turnes on his back, and with teeth, and feet, resists the beasts that vex him. Know∣ing himself to be short-legged,* 1.81 he goes not far from his hole. When cold weather presses him, he skulks, and fattens by-sleep. Bring him in winter by the fire, he casts himself among the coals. The Moone waxing, he fattens, in the wain he grows leaner; men say, but it is uncertain.* 1.82 His bite is mortall, because hee feeds on hornets, and venomous things. Olaus shews their ingenuity in digging,* 1.83 and voyding their house of the earth, and strewing them∣selves a bed therein with chaff, and leaves, bringing so much on their heads, and with their feet at once, as a man can carry under his arme. They ever have two doores to their house. When the South-wind blows, they open the North-doore; and when the North-winde, the South-doore. They lay up winters-provisions; and the male keep the female from eating too much, least they should want afore Spring. When they grow blind for age, they keep house, feeding one another at home. When they are spied, and hunted on hills, they lay their forelegs over their head, and ly round like a globe, and as Bears tumbled down. In Italy, Germany, and elsewhere, their flesh is counted a dainty,* 1.84 if taken in Autumne. They seeth it with pears in Switzerland. Savanarola likens it to wilde porke; Platina to Porcupines-flesh. In Phisick, they put the fat into glifters to helpe back-each; it helps chapped nipples, and gouts, and shrunk-members. The blood dried,* 1.85 heals leprosie. It is given with salt, and beasts-horn against the plague. Lonicerus deftills it onely in the dog-dayes, and pre∣scribes two drams.

Ges••er saith, that the same blood in a composi∣tion with Armeniack-earth, Saffran, and Tor∣mentil, is a receit in the most raging Pest.* 1.86 The ashes stench blood. To say nothing of the brain, tooth, or left foot, which tied under the arme, is said to help memory. Of old they wore Bad∣gers skins. Dog-collars are made thereof.

Some are tame,* 1.87 you may play with them; some are wild, and rough-bristled; some are Dog, and some Hog, Badgers or Grays, both taken in the Matisconensian Territory. The Dog-Badgers have a Dogs grin, and dig their holes in gravelly places; they have not many borroughs; feeding on carcases, and Dogs-meat. They are whitish, and biger then Dogs; with their snout they dig a small hole near their house door, where they hide their dung. They eat roots, and fruits, and what swine love to feed on.* 1.88 The Heygrat, (or hony-devourer) in America, of a Chesnut-colour, as big as a Cat, is a kind of Badger. They ever hunt after Bee∣hives, or the trees where wild hony is,* 1.89 of the like kind is the Quanpecotli about eighteen inches long, long snouted, slender, writheld upwards, long tailed, and haired, shining about the belly; the rest dusk, or black, and gliste∣ring; the back blackest; black-footed, and crooked-nailed; easily tamed; ravenous; spares nothing eatable; gamesome a thousand wayes; harmful to strangers; found in New-Spain among the hills, where he delights to be. Akin to this is the Tacuintecuani, or Cynoda∣ticus in bulk, snout, qualities, and feet. It is white, but hath large black spots; having the name from biting. Lives not far from the South-sea: Like to these is the Tlalcoyotl, hairy, two spans long, Badger-clawed, short-legged, and black, short-tailed; having a small head, a slender, and very long snout, teeth sticking out; his body of a yellowish white, but on the back, and upper-parts of the neck black, and bright streaked, and feeds as the Quanpecotli.

CHAPTER VII. Of the Castor, or Bever.

CAlled by the Greeks Kastoor, from Ca∣steros, the belly,* 1.90 because he is almost belly; not from castrating himself, when pursued for his stones, as some ridiculously derive it, for they are so small, and cleave so close to the ridge of his back, that he cannot come at them, nor while he lives, can they be plucked from him. He is called Fiber, not from frequenting the brinks of Rivers, that of old were called Fibri, but from Fibros, soft, because his hair is so.* 1.91 Some have mistaken him for the Otter. Nor is it the Latax in Arist. nor shall I decide it, whether it is the Orchia, or no: Some have counted him an Amphi∣bium, or half a fish, because he lives both on land, and in the water. He is of a bright ash-colour, but blackish-backed;* 1.92 finer haired then the Badger, & the blacker the skin, the coftlier.

His teeth are very sharp, wherewith he can cut wood; the foreteeth are red: The forefeet like Dogs-feet; the hinder skinned like Goos∣feet, each five-toed. Tailed like a fish. In the greater,* 1.93 a foot and half broad, and six fingers, two thick; sometimes weighing four pound; thin at the edges, a thin skin, and smooth, and pale, streaked with admirable artifice. In the pri∣vy parts he hath two swellings as big as a Goose mouth, on each side one; these are lappets co∣vered with a thin skin, in the midst a passage, whence sweats out a fat, clammy-moysture, wherewith, after wiping his mouth, he annoints all the parts he can come by; as some Birds that have in the same place a small bag with a moysture in it, fetch it thence with their bill, and annoint their feathers, to keep them moyst, while they remain in the open aire. In tongue, heart, stomack, guts, and liver divided into five laps, or strings, he resembles a Hog most. His gall lurks under the lesser laps of the liver. His spleen is but small for a beast of his bignesse. His reins as great as a yearling-calves, and fat. The bladder like a Sowes. The testicles small, and cleaving to his back-bone. The femal hath but one passage for all natural uses;* 1.94 the necks of the womb, and bladder meeting there. Gesner in dissecting a Bever, found in a bag a yellow matter, solid, waxy, sharp, not earthy, of a pound weight; and the genital to consist of one bone, and in each knob another small bag with a honied-kind of substance in it, smel∣ling like mouldy rotten cheese. The like is in the femals, but weighing hardly an ounce. Wherein Bellonius found stones as big as an egge, but without doubt it was counterfait. Bevers are found in Burgundy, about the River Matrona;* 1.95 and by the Sein in Cabillon, and in Lorain. Austria, about the Danow, where they are called Biferi; in Helvetia, about Aru∣la, Rusa, and the River Lomagus; in Poland also, Russia, Prussia, and Italia; especially where the Po disburthens himself into the Sea; Finally, the best are about the Rivers of Pon∣tus, and in Spain. They haunt rather the Northern-waters,* 1.96 then the Rhine, or Danube, or other Rivers troubled with Navigation. But where ever he lives, he lives partly in the water, and partly on the land. Therefore they make their holes by River-sides.

They feed on tree-leaves,* 1.97 as the Poplar, &c. but they covet most the broad-leaved Willows, because bitter. Not on fish, as Albert mistakes; for Pelicerius, Bishop of Montpellier, laid often afore them fish alive, and dead, but they would not so much as smell to them.

In the beginning of Summer,* 1.98 under the constellation of the Dolphin with Sagittarius declining, they couple. They bring forth at the fall of the leaf. The voice of the Beaver is like the crying of a child. They never leave their hold in biting, till they hear the bones crack; when you keep them tame,* 1.99 they are so modest, that they never foul the house with their or∣dure, and they cry, and whine, if they cannot get abroad. They love their young so, that they will break through doors, and grates, and cast themselves down headlong for their sakes, as the forenamed Bishop relates. They feed themselves with their forefeet, as with hands. They wet their hinder-parts often, because the barks of trees bind their bodies, or for that but little gaul flows to their guttes. That opi∣nion of his biting off his testicles,* 1.100 when hunted, is false, rising from his craft in hiding them. He is observed to be very cunning. As appears by the wise building, and preparing of their house, in carrying of the materialls on the old ones lying on their backs, and packing the wood handsomely between their thighs, and dragging them by the tail to the appointed place, which makes the old ones backs so sleek. Those that the Scythians call Drudges, gather apples, cut barke, others lay them on the backs of two yoaked, having framed a hurdle of sticks to that end. The same by the black ones, which are called Masters, direct by their gate, and posture the rest; being to cut wood, they ever hold the same track from the river to the tree; never leaving a tree, till they have gnaw∣ed it almost asunder; and when it is near falling, they take care that it may not fall on that side where they stand. In a word, they build their houses higher, or lower, as the river runs, and shift lodging the day afore it overflows.

The flesh is not unsavoury, if in dressing the venome be removed.* 1.101 The foreparts are hot, the hinder so cold, that, like Tortoyses, they eat them onely on fasting-dayes.* 1.102 The Loranois count the tayl a delicate, it co••••ming near the tast of a Lamprey. Some sprinkle it with Ginger, and roast it. Gesner saith it tasts like eel. In Phis••ck the Bevers-gall, pisse, tayl and skin is usefull. Bever compast with many naturall skins, with a waxy moysture within it, of a tart tast, and a strong sent,* 1.103 is said to be the choysest; which is to be plucked from the beast in his ripe vigorous age, and to be dried with the Hony liquor in it; it will hold the vertue seven years, it helps the falling∣sicknes, and lethargie, if boyled with rue in keen vineger, and the swimming in the head, if the crown be annointed with it, and vine∣seed, and oyl of roses; and it helps losse of me∣mory after chronicall tedious diseases, and against short-breath with Ammoniack, and honied vineger; also against hickok after much eating. Easens collick, in juice of vine, and boyled in vineger, applied as a cataplasme on the breast, and secrets, is good against running of the reins. A perfume of it, furthers con∣ception. Eases womens griefs, rising from cold causes. Purges a woman in child-bed. Opium corrects it best.* 1.104 Finally it is an ingre∣dient into many medicines, as waters, extracts, oyls, ointments, waxes. The curd helps the falling-sicknesse. The pisse poyson; the tayl wounds in the guts. The ashes of the skin burnt with soft pitch, and leek juice stanches blood. It is a good wearing for the palsied. The teeth are worn for Amulets. The fat is a good bait to catch fish. The softest hair makes

hats, and breeches. The Geloni make of the skins furred coats. We finde no differences of the kinds; onely the Scythians distinguish them into black, and reddish, or yellowish, and party-coloured, calling those masters, these servants.

CHAPTER VIII. Of the Otter.

CAlled Lutra from Luein,* 1.105 either loos∣ning-trees at the roots, standing by the river-sides; or from often washing it self. In Greeke Enudris, from living in the water. Suidas mistakes the Ictis for it. Sylvaticus miscalls it Hydria. Gaza calls it Ly∣tria:* 1.106 Aetius, a river-dog. He is slenderer, and longer then the Bever; toothed, and headed like a waterspaniell; square-mouthed, eared like the Beaver; the tayl long, round, and point∣ed at the end; the legs like a foxes, but some∣what thicker, the hinder-feet flat, and skinny, he is not so thick-skin'd as a Castor, hair thick, and short, almost chest-nut colour. They are found everywhere in Europe. They swarme in America,* 1.107 especially in Canada, most about streams, and lakes, reckoned among those that live both in water, and on land. They abound in the Napleshy territories.* 1.108 They feed on fish, whereof they carry so much into their holes, that they infect the air. They eat also the soft tops of herbs,* 1.109 and fruits, and bark of trees. In winter he forrages for his provision. In diving they draw air by degrees into their nostrills, to prevent drowning. In their hole they frame a table-worke of bows, and rods to hold them dry,* 1.110 as they ly. They can out of a river smell a fish-pond some miles off. They draw breath easiest with the stream.* 1.111 When hungry, they swim against, when full, with streame. Entring a fish-pond, they sease the best fish with a strange ni••ublenes, and fright them all. They are easily tamed, and are taught by signes to dive,* 1.112 and catch fish. In Swethland, at a Cooks-beck they fetch fish out of the pond into the Kitchen. In Germany, and France, Pesants eat the flesh, but it is grosse, and flegmatique, Carthusians are allowed to eat it.* 1.113 In Phisick the fat helps the joints. The blood mixt with water and vineger, takes down the swelling of the nerves. The testicles are approved against the falling∣sicknes, but fall short of the Bevers. The liver baked, is good against the Dysentery; a cushion of the skin, easeth the Emrods; the skins help the palsie, giddinesse, and head-each. Shoes thereof ease the pain in the feet. We in cold climates make gloves, and halfe sleeves of the whole skinne, tayl, and all. The American beasts,* 1.114 the Saricoujeme, and the Carygueibeju, seeme to be a kin to them. The former is as big as a cat, soft-haired, whitish, skinne-footed. In Amphilbia they are.* 1.115 The latter, called also the Jiya, is as big as a reasonable dog, roundish∣head as a cats, but more coped; eares round, and standing lower; footed like the Baboone, each hath five toes, the inner most shorter then the rest, soft-haired, not long; black all over, except the head, which is dusky. Hee hath a yellow spot on the throat. He lives on lobsters, fish, and mandow meal, moystened in water. Of the S•• elswhere.

CHAPTER IX. Of the Ichneumon.

HE hath his name from Ichneuein, from searching;* 1.116 he being able to distinguish between foyson and poyson. Called also a swine, from his hair being so like. Miscalled Ibis; and Anschycamus. Called also Thyamon, and Alcasis. In Greek Ullos, little hog, because with his snowt he is ever rooting. At this day stiled the Mouse of Pha∣roh, or Otter of Egypt. Of the bignesse of a Cat, but longer, hair hard, as a Wolfs, bright, and yellowish by spaces, and russet; black∣snowted, and like a hog; short, and round-eared, legs black; on the hinder-feet five toes, the last inner one very short, the tail long, and thick; the teeth, tongue, testicles, like a Cats; having, beside the passage of the excrement another wide one without, which in hote weather he uses to open; whence writers have thought them all double sexed.* 1.117 Some thinke that Egypt only produces them; but they are found on the other side of Atlas, near the heads of the Nile. It is an Amphibium. They feed on Mice, Snakes, Snails, Lizards, the Chamaeleon, Frogs, and the like:* 1.118 They love fowles, especially hens, and the Crocodiles liver; and therefore, as it is thought, they creepe into their bellies,* 1.119 while they sleep, whence there is great enmity betwixt the two creatures; so that if one finds the others egges, he breaks them, which is well for the Egyptians, since it prevents the increase of the Crocodiles.* 1.120 He is also at enmity with the Asp, and all kinds of serpents. He hates the wind most, so that it begins to rise, hee hastens to his hole. They are tamed easily in Egypt; they destroy rats, like cats, or weesells; they love to be plaid with; they shun cold, hide their heads between their legs, rouling themselves up like a Hedge-hog in a ball round; set up their bristles when they spy any beast; dare encounter one great dog, and choke a cat at three bites; venter on horses and camells, and any sort of beasts. They whelp as many at a time as bitches doe. The relations about their changing of sex are fabulous. Their wit is seene herein, that they stand on their hind-legs to prey,* 1.121 and creep slily till it be within reach, and then furiously fasten. Hee never venters on his foe, till hee call his fellows. Being to fight with the Asp, hee wallows in mire, and then drives it on in the sun, till it serve him for an armour of proofe. If there be no mud near, he wets him∣self, and roules, and tumbles in the dust; know∣ing his nostrills tender, in fight hee saves them with his tayl. In Physick his pisse some drinke

with a black cows milk against the collick.* 1.122 The ashes of the skin burnt in vineger, cures a sting of a Serpent, smeared on. A fume of the hair is good against wormes.* 1.123

CHAPTER X. Of VVeesels.

ARTICLE I. Of the common VVeese••, or Ferret.

ALmost all Dictionary-writers fetch the name Mustela,* 1.124 (Weesel) from Mus, and Telum, a Mouse, and a Wea∣pon, because of his length: some from Teele,* 1.125 longe; at length, or from far; or from Mus, and Stelloo, mouse-stealing, because they draw them out of their holes. Of old Galeoe, from the milky whitenes.* 1.126 Some Kedroo, from his fox-craft. Of late Numphitza. It is reddish on the sides, and back;* 1.127 sometimes yellowish, ever white about the thraot: Slender-bodied, short-tayled.* 1.128 The teeth lesse then the mouses; the heart small, yet in comparison with that of other beasts,* 1.129 great enough. They are found everywhere; but the white most in Northern Regions. The great ones are in Mauritania, the greatest, in the Tartesian territory without Hercules his pillars, by Cales. In Java woods they are. In the Isle Pordeselene they passe not their bounds.* 1.130 Bring them into Baeotia, they dy, or fly. They dwell in holes, clefts of rocks, haymows, and stables. He eats all things; mostwhat mice,* 1.131 and moles; he abstain not from serpents: he lies in wait for bats; he sucks Pigeon-egges, and the blood of birds killed, picks out dead mens, eyes, catches hares; he hath been seen with one in his mouth. That they bring forth at the mouth, is a tale forged out of the fained turning Galanthis Alkmenas* 1.132 Mayd, by Iuno into a Weesel. That they have a womb, is certain. The Raven, and crow hate them for sucking their egs: their voyce frights hens;* 1.133 they fight with Cats. They fight with serpents, armed only with a sprig of run, or with so wthistles; if they want these, they are worsted. Their dung, if they live in fields, and woods, smells like musk. With their age they change colour.* 1.134 They recover their whelps sight with an herb; are easily tamed, if you rub their teeth with garlick. They dare set on greater beasts. They build their holes with two doors, one North, the other South. They transport their young thence for a dayes space. Their bite is mortall, and makes mad; if it but touch a Cows udder, it is inflamed. Oyl where∣in the Weesel hath rotted is a remedy, or rub∣bing the place with the skin dry. Aristides of Locris died of the bite of a Weesel.* 1.135 The Mexicans eat them. Galen saith that corn∣ed with salt, and dried the flesh tasts like Hare. The brain dried helps not a little against swounding fits.* 1.136 The stomack stuf'd with Co∣riander-seed cures serpent bites. The lungs are good for the lungs. The liver helps giddinesse,* 1.137 and swounding, because it increases, and de∣creases with the moon. Pliny commends the gall against all venome, Matthiolus used it with Fennell-water against dimnesse of sight, and skin spots. The yard dried is soverain against the strangury. The stones, and womb, like the Eagle-stone, prevents a womans miscarrying. Lonicerus cries up the blood with juice of Plantan against the gout, Galen, against catarhs. Mathiolus magnifies the dung taken in hony, with pulse-meal, and feny-greek against swel∣lings, and wens. The Weesel whole is of use. Dioscorides commends it unbowelled, and long pickled against sting.* 1.138 Galen used the dust dried against the falling-sicknesse. Matthiolus the ashes of it burnt made with water into a dow, against head-ache, dimnesse of sight, and blood-shot, smeared on. Marcellus burned it to ashes in an old pot, and mixt them with hony on a thirsday, in the wane of the moon against swellings of the jaws. See Ambrosine about the divers uses of it.* 1.139 A Weesels foot hung with rose, and mustard-feed on the bran∣ches of a barren tree make it beare. Farriers with a piece of the skin have cured Horses of the parlous disease, called Tach. Some sprinkle seeds with the ashes on their ground to drive away field-mice; others seeth them in much water to that purpose. Some make the Weesel, and Ictis herein to differ,* 1.140 that the one is kept tame, the other goes wild. Others call the white one Hermellani; that that is white only on the breast Visela. The Rosola, or Guisela, his dung smells sweet. One is called a Salamander,* 1.141 for his many colours. The Austrian Girella, is of the bignesse of a Weezel. The Italian Curriers shew a skinne black, and glistring brought out of the cold Coasts, called the Ro∣soleus, or Romulus. Some count the Chiurca a Ferret. The Vormela mentioned by Agri∣cola, is another; and Cardan adds the Lardi∣roni, and the Genet••a.

Scaliger writes that the Chiurca hath a ferrets face, and bulk, a foxes head, lives under ground, is very fruitfull, bringing at a birth twelve at once. The tayl small, and almost bald; It self is black-haired, carrying her young under her belly in a bag. The African Ferret is as big as a great Mouse, resembling a Ferret,* 1.142 and a Squirrell, lifting up the tayl, but not over the head as the Squirrell; but high, and spread∣ing it abroad, and sitting eating on the breech, holding his food with the fore-feet squirrell-like, and tossing it. In either jaw were two longer fore-teeth, the ears roundish, the haire party-coloured from head to tayl, sandy, dusk, and white with streaks. The tayl very hand∣some, he could display it like a Pea-cock; five toes on each foot; foure forwards, the middle∣most longest; the fifth like a spur behinde. He refused no food, but liked bread best; he was tame, and went loose. On shipboard they come into the marriners laps, and stockins, so tame they are. Nieremberg calls it a Lybia Weezel.

ARTICLE II. Of the wilde Ferret, or Fitcher.

SOme call it Putorius; some Furo,* 1.143 either from his theeving by night, or his darke colour, from his digging, and myning in burrows; some Viverra or Ferret from verrunco, ferriting, and driving beasts out of burrows.* 1.144 Also Iktis, from a bird of that colour; and Pholita, or Pholenta, Coloured betweene white, and box,* 1.145 white-bellied, reddish-eyed; greater then a tame Weesel. Aristotle makes it of the bulk of a Malta-whelp;* 1.146 but in hair, shape, colour (white below) very unlike the common-Ferret. In Italy, France, and Ger∣many,* 1.147 they are not, but onely in Africa, and in England. He lives on hony, fish, pigeons, and Conies, which he likes best of all. The females dy with heat, if they couple not, when lust is on them. They mix as cats, and bring seven or eight in a lutter, they carry them fourty dayes;* 1.148 the young after for thirty dayes are blinde; and the fourtieth day after sight comes, they go a hunting. Provoke them, and their dung sents well; when time in boxes, they sleep away most of their time. In Nar∣bon, France, they hunt Rabbets with them; and elswhere they fetch with them dirds out the high nests, that men cannot come by. There is a peculiar kind in Zeilan,* 1.149 foe to the crowned Serpent, he bites on the roote of snake-wood, when he goes to combate with him. The Hamester is of this kinde, bigger then a tame Forret;* 1.150 the back is Hare-coloured, the belly black, the sides shining, feet short. He is a great gatherer of grain into his bur∣row. Thuringia is full of them, called Pu∣torius from his stinking breath; and Icktis, because he loves fish.* 1.151 Scaliger calls him a stinking cat. Bodied like a Mattern, but bigger; narrower necked, broader bellied, blacker on the tayl and thighs; the sides yel∣lower. It hath a double ranke of hair, some shorter, and yellow; other longer, and black, the left legs are not shorter, as some think. They inhabite garners, stables, woods, and bank-sides. They feed on Mice, Hens, and other fowles (whose heads they strait pull off) fish, frogs. In Spring their skin smell strongly, in Winter not. There also the Noërza, as big as a Pole-cat, of an Otters-colour, is a stinking beast, lurking in wood-corners.

CHAPTER XI. Of the Mattern, or Pole-Cat; and of the Zibelline-Ferret, or Musk-Cat.

THe Martes,* 1.152 or Mattern, hath the name from his fiercenes; called also Martia, Marta, Marrus, and Foina, Gainus, Scismus. His teeth pure white, even set, and keen. The dog-teeth in either jaw hang out, six smaller of diverse length are be∣tween, in stead of cutters, and are very small in the lower jaw. The grinders are eight, and like saws, some single. The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much. Under the skin are sinewy small veins,* 1.153 stretch∣ed out, answering all the ribs in number, and order; the ribs are fourteen. No membrane fleshly. The muscles of the paunch are be∣tween the two tunicles of the rim, which makes it seeme thicker, and grosser, as the horny-film of an Ox-ey; fleshy in length by that line, that answers the navell, but not abroad, and onely below. The kell fastened to the stomack, en∣tralls, and milt; the milt very small, hanging on the left side of the stomack, and a part of the kell fastened to it. The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body, consisting of a doubled coat, the outmost whiter, the inmost smoother, both thin. The guts fastened be∣hind to the back-bone by a thin skin. No blind gut, all uniforme. The bladder very long, thin, but inclining more to the stomack. The liver of seven films, the weakest three-parted, like a chicken-foot, the middle three-cornerd, annexed to the hollow vein, a litle way by a thin skin. The right Rein is higher. The left Emulgens longer then the right; both sprouting from the great artery, not from the hollow-vein. Yet I doubt of it. By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish, and yellow kernells; the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins. The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone; and the great artery lies under the hollow. The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins, but are parted in two on either side below, one branch joyned to the stone, reaching without the paunch. The yard arising from strings of os sacrum, is gri••tly, and hard as a bone, writhed at top like an wimble-skind, close, sharp as a needle. The right uritory sit higher into the bladder, then the left; a fine sinew comes strait down, tied to the right side, sit into the beginning of the hollow vein. Also a small sinew on the left-side, descends to the stomacks-mouth. The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart, neare the right lappet, which is black, and full of blood, and greater then the left; this is white, and bloodles, hollow, spreading on the right side into the lungs. The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle, bending downward. The hollow vain on the right, pas∣sing a little above the lungs-branches it self, in∣to six springs, rising to the lower jaw. On the right side the lungs, consist of foure lesser veins, on the left of two greater. They are most in the North, and in the German-Alps, Southward, and toward Italy. They inhabite the roofs of greater houses, and beech, and firre-woods. A Boor told Gesner, that in a very high firre-tree, he tooke a Mattern, and foure welps. France hath no such. Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour.

Beside other Weezels-food, they are said to eat shrubs,* 1.154 their dung smels like Musk; they are easily tamed. Gesner had one that loved his dog, that went about with him; let loose, shee would come to the chaine again, and play with him like a cat, lying on the back. But there is no trusting them; therefore some ad∣vise, to take out their dog-teeth. The skin is of use; that under the throat, makes caps good and wholsome for the head.* 1.155 In Canada the women shew their babes in them. There are two kinds; one tamer of a dark yellow, except a white part of the throat, which curriers and skinners call Faina. Bodies like a cat, a litle longer, and shorter legged. It rooms about the country, kills Hens, and sucks their egs. The other is wilde, of a brighter, and softer hair, and a clay-coloured throat. Some in∣habite Beech,* 1.156 and Oake, and Holm-woods, some pitch, and firre-woods. About the Bre∣gantine Lake, they shine by night.

The Zibelline Weezel, or Satherius, or Seba∣lus, or the Sarmatick, and Scythian-Mouse, is somewhat lesse then the Mattern, of a dark yellow all over, except the throat, which is ash-coloured. Found in the North, in the ut∣most woods of Moscovia, in Lithuania, white-Russia, and neare the Cronion-Sea, and in Laucerusa, a wood of Scandinavia. The Tartars, and Laplanders send the best skins. The Guinee story tells of store, in a Province of Congo; they lurke in shady Forrests, and catch birds. They are very nimble, and rest∣les. It is said, that, if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome, in three dayes it shall be found uppermost; Handle them, yet they remain even. The long-haired, and inclining to black, are the best skins. You spoyl them, if you lay them in the Sun. To keep them from the moth, shake them oft, and lay them up wrapped in wormwood; they are very costly. Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns. Ambrosine, a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith, worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money. They of Obdoria, offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol, called Zlata Baba.* 1.157 The great Cham of Tartary, his Tents are said to be lined with them.

CHAPTER XII. Of the Genetta, and the Zibethus, or Civet-Cat.

SOme conceive that Genetta, being a Spanish name,* 1.158 borrows the name from some place there. Others call it a Spa∣nish, or Genet-Cat. Some a lesser Panther. The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf. The whole body is handsomely, marked with black spots.

The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair, and downy, breathing forth a not unacceptable sent. It is found in Spain in waterish places, where it seeks the food. A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25, nay 30 pound Bononian mony.* 1.159 The Zibet, unknown per∣haps to the ancients, is by the Greeks called Zapetion; by others a Zibet-Cat; or a Civet-cat, a kind of Panther, which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast; this is thought the same with the Hyena of old. It is armed with sharp teeth and hair. An arme long from head to dock; the legs to the feet, a third part of an armes length. Hee is about the bignes of a fox, coloured like a wolf, but black-spotted. Hee carries a bag about his privities, wherein lies the Civet, that is so fragrant.* 1.160 Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger, the tongue not quite so rough as a cats. They are found in Pegu,* 1.161 Con∣go, China, Cambaja, and in the Ethiopian woods. Brought also out of Egypt, where they breed plentifully, and out of Spain into Italy. Hee loves raw flesh, and field-mice. Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh. In China hee eats sweet-meats, and rice, and egs, and the sweet wood called Camaron; if that be the beast Pigafetta, mentions in his journall. Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua, that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders. A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle,* 1.162 that hee played with men, taking them by the nose, ear, lips, teeth, and did them no harm. Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk. The sweet excrement lurking as afore,* 1.163 is first white, after of a clayish colour, at length waxes black. It smells strong at first to wonder men; being layd in the open ayr, and hardened, it obtains that most gratefull fragrancy. Some will have it to be his seed. It is gathered in a silver spoon, or one of brasse, or horn, every day a dram. If you vex him with a small rod, hee yeelds more at a time. Some are said to pisse civet at a set time of the year. Civet is best kept in horn. There are some nobles of Ulyssipone that gaine thence yearly fifteen hundred pounds. It is of use in Phisick, and otherwise. A grain put on hot bread, applied to the navell eases the collique.* 1.164 It is one good ingredient against giddinesse, and apoplexy, smeared on the nostrills, temples, and crown of the head. It opens the mother. Some adulterate it with ox-gall, storax, and hony. It is used in preparing Cypres-pouder, sope-balls,* 1.165 strong∣waters, oyls, spirits, and perfumes.

CHAPTER XIII. Of the Hare.

HE is called Lepus, and Levipes,* 1.166 light∣foot from his fleetnesse, or his soft going by reason of his shaggy feet. Derived from the old Aeolick Lepori; or from his uncertain footing Leioos, that it is hard to trace him. In Greeke Liporis, Lagoos; by the Athenians, by the Ionians Lagos. And Dasypous, from his shaged feet; and from his swiftnesse doubtlesse, Dromalos, Ptox, Tachines. In Candy Kekenas; by Aristotle Trochos. His

head is short,* 1.167 and round; neck narrow, round, soft, long, prick-eared, legs strait & light, breast not fleshy, back-bone round, breast sinking; thighs light; those afore near one another, behind stradling; the whole body pliable; heart very great. About Briletum, Therne, the Cher∣sonesus, the Propontis they seeme double livered.* 1.168 The gristle under the fore corner of the ey is broad; there lies somewhat near the brain like a worme; the body round like a vault,* 1.169 not found in other beasts. The ear-tip thin, and transparant as a cats. Among the toothed, and single-bellied beasts this alone hath cur'd. They are everywhere, both in hote, and colder climates. White ones are brought out of Africa. In the Indian Isle Mazzua they abound so, the natives everywhere kill them.* 1.170 Their plenty on mount Athos is grown to a proverb. They frequent uninhabited places most, where huntsmen least trouble them. In Ithaca are none, nor live they, if brought thether. Of their food Bargeus hath composed nine queint Verses. The summe is: They nibble on rank grasse, and corn-stalks, and strings of herbs in the earth, and soft barks of trees, and moyst books, apples, acorns, fit∣ches, milt,* 1.171 elms-leaves; especially wild mint, water-cresses, and betony, and pennyroyall. They gender averse, as all other beasts that pisse backward.* 1.172 They couple all the year, espe∣cially in spring. They admit of superfaetation. Aelian speaks of pregnant leverets found in a Hare cut up. In the time of Antiochus Go∣nata two Hares in Astypalaea in a short time bred above six thousand. And all Geron an Isle of the Scarian sea was within a while pe∣stered from one Hare big with young. They breed in forrests in the most solitary places, two, three, sometimes four at once; you may know the female by the long head,* 1.173 thick body, longer ears, and grisly hair inclining to black on the back, and by her many doubles when hunted. The male hath red shoulders, and long hairs in the midst, the head shorter, and blunter; the beard, and brow hairs longer, the ears shorter, and broader. Afore the hounds he will run strait on ten miles together. They hate Eagles, crows, Weesels, Foxes, and Dogs. They live seven years.* 1.174 Their age may be gues'd by the clefts of their dung by the mouth of their forme. Their voyce is squeaking or mourning.* 1.175 They are well-sighted, and sleep with their eyes open, and are quick of hearing. The noyse of shaken leaves makes them run,* 1.176 and use their ears to guide them in their course, when they go to sleep, that their forme may not be found, they run too and fro with doubles, and then take a leap into their hole, where they lies with their forelegs together, and their ears layd squat on their shoulders. They love to sit abroad in the Sun in fair wea∣ther. They love the place best where they were bred. Are easily tamed; but dy, if too fat, yet, on the least scope given, they run away to their old liberty, and fall to their first wildnesse. They seldome grow fat in the woods, because perhaps they live in fear. Against winter they provide their house in Sunny places,* 1.177 in summer Northward. They run far for food, on purpose to keep themselves long winded by dayly breathing, and to use their feet. To amuse the hunters they run through windy wayes, shun∣ning shrubs, least their hair should stick there∣on, and so yeeld sent to the dogs. They know how to proportion their course, as the dogs are slower, or fleeter, and they lurk, when hunted, among clods, because they are of their colour. Jews may not eat them; but among the Gentiles, after Attalicus the Cydonian had made Hare a dish at his feasts, it became a dain∣ty ever after, and was thought to make the face fair. For certain Alexander Severus ate it dayly;* 1.178 and Martiall writes something, that sounds that way. As for the temper of Hares flesh, those of two, or three months old, leve∣rets, of six at most are most juicy, and of easiest digestion; if older, as above a year old, it breeds grosse blood, yet there are jolly huntsmen that eat it every day.

But that Cato Censorinus prescribes it, and pot-herbs to the sick, it must be meant of young Leverets. But those that live on hills, or heaths, feeding on Pennyroyall, &c. are much better then those that frequent waterish places. They taste best as cold weather comes in. See Am∣brosin about the dressing of them.* 1.179 In Phisick no part almost of the Hare that is not usefull, even the very excrements. The Head burnt with Bears-grease, or vineger, helps shedding the hair; the Brain helps children in breeding teeth, if oft rubbed on the gum; drunk in wine, it helps those that cannot hold their water; the Heart is tied on those that are troubled with Quartains; the powder of it dried with a third part of Manna, Frankincense in white wine, men drink seven dayes against the Falling-sick∣nesse;* 1.180 the Lungs helps sore eyes; the Liver with sowr wine, the Collick; the Gall in sugar, pearls, and dimnesse of the eyes; the curd of one that hath eaten nothing but milk, dried in the Sun, or smoke, is sovereign against bloody∣fluxes; It draws out a thorn,* 1.181 mixt with flower of Frankincense, and Oke-gum. Some use it against the sting of Serpents; and to help con∣ception: But it is said to kill what is conceived, if drunk in; the Reins boyled,* 1.182 are ministred for the Stone; stale, and tied to the feet,* 1.183 eases the Gout; From the Mother, some make me∣dicines for the griefs of the bladder;* 1.184 the Flesh fried in oyl, is ministred glister-wise against Dy∣senteries, and Ulcers in the bowels, to the same purpose is the blood roasted good; some mingle it with Barly-meal; The Milk makes women fruitful; the Fat with Bean-flower, helps to draw out stings; the Tooth hang'd on, eases tooth-ach; the Ancle-bone tied on with a string of Hares hair,* 1.185 mitigates the Collick; and distilled with Pennyroyal, and drunk, it al∣layes sharp child-bearing-labour, and is pre∣scribed with Oke-lime, Pearl, Coral, and Paeo∣ny-seed against the Falling-sicknesse, and pro∣vokes Urine; the Skin in sere-cloth, is good

against burstings; the Feet cut off while he lives, easens the Gout; the Pisse with Spiknard is a wholsome drink against Dropsie;* 1.186 the dung born by a woman, hinders conception, but put under, helps the months, and dries, burn the whole Hare, the ashes taken in warm wine, helps the Stone; whereof also is compounded an electuary,* 1.187 whereto Jews-stone, and spunges found among small stones are added.

Hares differ in colour,* 1.188 bignesse, fatnesse. Some are blew, others in a black-soyls, duskish, others on red-soyls, glistering. In America are found some with the black Hare coloured, the sides white and black, the rest white. There are white ones on the Alps,* 1.189 and on the hill tops by the vally of Anania▪ Gesner saw one milk-white, with black hair on the ear-tips, and found the flesh tenderer in taste then other; the Elymaean are as big a Fox. In Macedon, and Transalpin-Gual are great ones; in Italy, and Spain, lesse. In lower Hungary they are observed to be fatter then in Italy. One kind is said to sent so of Musk,* 1.190 that they make the hounds mad that hunt them.* 1.191 Some are cal∣led mountain, some field, some marish, some Italian, French, Spanish, Indian Hares. The Italian are low-footed afore, black-backed, and white-bellied. The Mountaneers differ from others in their black-hew,* 1.192 bulk, wildnesse, and thick hair; the French are most what bright. The Spanish comprehend Rabbits, there is one in New-Spain called by the Natives Citli, shaped as ours, and feeds so,* 1.193 but with ears very long, and broad for such a body: The Indians weave the hair into clothes and sheets, which they wear for cloaks. The Brasilians have their Cotias of the bignesse, shape, and taste of the Hare; yellowish, little eared, and almost no tail. There is a greater kind called Pacae, round mouthed, Cat-faced, dusk, with white spots; tender of flesh, and skin also, therefore fought after as a dainty. There is also a kind that the Indians cudgell to death; then flea it,* 1.194 and work the blew-beaten-flesh into a Paste, which they wrap in the skin, and call Musk.

CHAPTER XIV. Of the Cony.

HAth the name from myning,* 1.195 and bur∣rowing under ground, and dwelling there; called by Aelian a little Hare, or Leveret; by the Greeks Sunax,* 1.196 Dasupous; which yet Pliny seems to distinguish from both Cony, and Hare. Strabo calls them digging Hares, and Leberidas,* 1.197 perhaps from the Serpents-slough; whence a young one newly kindled,* 1.198 and hairlesse, is termed liberis, laberis, and laurix, or glib. Also Adapis, per∣haps from Adapanos,* 1.199 that cannot be spent; so fruitfull,* 1.200 and numerous they are. By Erotianus, Limopoios,* 1.201 dearth-bringer. All the Belly-muscles cleave fast between the two skins of the Perito∣naeum. The strait gut small; the heart little, the liver great, and the reins,* 1.202 the milt long like a Swallows, or Cocks; the Parepar, or Byli∣ver, shaped like a shoe-makers broad handled knif, lying in the midst between the broad liver strings; the stomack not unlike a Hogs, very like a Mouses, or Dormouses; the Cystis small fastened to the liver; the blind-gut more then a palm great, celled, and hath an appendix of three fingers; the turning-joynts of the loyns long, between which ly fair muscles. Pliny denies there are any bred in the Isle Ebusus;* 1.203 but they swarm in France, Italy, Mauritania, Muscovy, Poland, England, &c. About Mo∣saiscus, a Muscovy-town, they are numberlesse;* 1.204 but they abound most in Spain. In the Baleares, Majorca, and Minorca, they devour their har∣vest. In Zeland by the Sea-side there are many, enough to furnish all Brabant in Winter.

They feed on grasse, three-leaved grasse, cabbage, lettuce, cicory, turneps, and apple-parings, and especially bay-berries.* 1.205 Mans-blood fattens them apace; they cannot away with moysture; they couple every six,* 1.206 or rather twelf moneths, and kindle monethly in hot-countries. One that kept Conies, relates that some have brought three young at once; and after a fortnight as many more. But in Ger∣many, and Italy, they seldome breed in winter,* 1.207 they bring five or nine at most; that of their double-sex is a fiction; they suck oneantwenty dayes; if any handle them, the dames are angry, and either forsake, or hurt, or kill their yong: And the males doe the same, if the fe∣males are busie about their young, and neglect them. By leaping Rabbits,* 1.208 scape taking; they forsake places, where they are in danger; and one going, all the rest follow. It is known that they chew the cud; through envy they will bite one anothers ears, and legs off, yet are easily tamed. Cardan knew one of it self follow the dogs; they dig them burrows with many outlets. In Spain they in sandy soyl undermined, and subeverted a fair town,* 1.209 so that the natives must seeke other dwellings; they come not abroad, but mornings, or evenings; and go not far from burrows, and stop up the entrance, to prevent discovery by the pas∣sengers; their flesh, especially of the young ones, is tenderer then Hare.* 1.210 A Spanjard was the first who made it a dish on his table; they care not in Spain for tame Conies, they tast too much of their food, but wild are a dainty. They parboyl them, and stuf them with sweet herbs; and lard them with pork. In Phisick, the fat refreshes the sinews, and helps water∣ing: Burned,* 1.211 it cures the inward ague; they differ in colour, bignesse, inwards, and places: there are white, black, yellow, ash-coloured, pied, bright, stated with black, and glittering spots.* 1.212 Valerian saw at Verona with a Jugler one fouretimes as bigge as ours, and strangly fat. Pliny thinks that the Betick-Conies have double inwards. Some called Vtiae in India, are no bigger then Rats. I leave to the reader to judge, whether they are Conies that Scaliger describes, of Hare-colour, short-eares, thick-body,

and well set, long-tails like the Squirrels. Some call them Pharohs-Mice, some Indian-Hares; there those they call Indian-Pigs, of the bignes of our Conies, but shorter-legged, on the fore six toes, on the hinder-feet five; they have Mice-teeth, no tayl, a sharp Muzzle; Ears little, and round, rather bristled then hairy; they gruntle like Pigs, they eat all herbs, fruit, bread, oats, living many month without water. One male is enough for seven, or nine females; ad∣mitting of superfetation like Conies. In winter they kindle, in 60 dayes all seeing. The males fight afore the female. We have added the picture of another Indian-Cony. Some make nine sorts of Indian-Conies.* 1.213 1. The Pacfli, as dainty as those in Spain, if it live where good grasse grows. 2. The Eliztactotli, or white-breast. 3. The Cuitlatepotli, or short tayl. 4. The Tocant••ctli of Peru, shaped like the Mexican Mole, called Tuca. 5. The Quau••toctli. 6. Metochtli. 7. Cacotochtli. 8. Another Cuitlatepotli. All differing in shape, and name, not so savoury, and delicate of tast as ours. All this I had out of D. Franc. Hornandus his manuscripts. Out of another, that there are some somewhat lesse then the Castellani tayl like a fish, well-tasted; living on hills, and grassie places, and not in burrows. There are foure sorts of them.* 1.214 1. Quemi, greater, and harder. 2. Utiae. 3. Mohlas. 4. Cuties, litle, daintier, and wholesomer. There are Viscachae, long-tailed like Cats. They love snow, and batten on it. The Hair of old hath been valued, and of use.

CHAPTER XV. Of the Squirrell.

THe first who called this small beast Sciurus was Oppianus,* 1.215 who lived in the time of Antonine C. so called from the shadow of his tail;* 1.216 and Kampsiouros, from Kamptein, because hee bends, and turnes up his tail ever on his back; and Eleion, a Dor-mouse; and Nitela, from climing; and Pirolus; and Spiriolus; and Scurulus from running. A kind of Mouse he is. His lower-teeth are longest;* 1.217 and the blinde-gut, answering the stomack. They are found almost everywhere; especially Northward, where their colour is fairest. They feed on apples, chesse-nuts,* 1.218 and other nuts, beech, and pine∣apples, and acorns; and in Summer they hoard up against Winter. In Spring they gender, and build nests of sticks, and leaves, on the highest boughs of trees. They bring three, or foure young at once; that are said to leave their nest after they are three or foure dayes old. They can use their fore-feet like hands, are easily tamed,* 1.219 and chatter: going, they drag their tail after; sitting they turn it upon their back, in leaping it is in stead of wings; in schorching weather it yeelds them shadow, passing waters it serves for a sail, they make a bark of a tree their ship; in their holes they have many outlets, which they stop, or open as the wind stands, or foreseeing a storme.

Some dresse them to eat, the Velleians hold them for a delicate. The fat mollifies.* 1.220 Galen commends it highly against ear-ache.* 1.221 Iuglers abuse the teeth to fortune telling; they differ in colour, and according to their place.* 1.222 In Germa∣ny they are in the first year black,* 1.223 when big∣ger, red.* 1.224 In Poland gray, and flame-coloured. In Russia all ash-coloured.* 1.225 In Podolia spotted.* 1.226 Some are called Pontick mice; the Getulian, and Indian are pied. The Pontick lives about Pontus, and used there for weare, called also the Laffican-mouse, and the Venetian, and by the Pole, Popieliza. He is ash-coloured in bright, the tail not so bushy as others, but na∣tured as the common squirrell. He is buried all winter in a deep sleep, some on the back are more ash, some more fier red. The Getulian is party-coloured red, and black, streaked handsome with white, and dusk from the shoulders to the tail through back, and sides, lesse then the common one, with hanging ears, almost as big as his head, round, fetched through the surface of the skin, long headed like a frog. Of the Indian are five, or six kinds.

1. The Quauhtechallotl, the Tliltik, or Tli∣locotequillin, so called from the black colour,* 1.227 and the pine-tree, where he dwells. He eats the pine-apples, in the hollow there he layes up his winters provision, there they keep their brood, and gnaw all round. They are subtile, chirp like sparrows, the tail is woolly, and can cover the whole body. They are easily tamed, and brought to eat any thing. Eating, he stands on his hind-feet, and holds his meat with the fore∣feet, lifting up his tail, but running he stretches it out at length. Anger him he raises his hair. They make winter-furres of the skins, which are warme, and handsome.

2. The Quauhtechallotl, Quapachtli, or Corticolotequilin, so called from the clay-co∣lour of the belly, twice as big as others; and except the belly is white, black, and dusk; the tail long and bushy, that can cover him all over. They live with their young in burrows, eat Indian wheat, which they take out of the fields, and lay up for winter, they are subtile, and never tamed.

3. The Tlechallotl, with a tail half bald, and shorter, not about nine inches, is never tamed, bites cruelly, gnaw all things, is bright, and dusk, eats as squirrells, and most maiz, hath great eyes, digs himself a burrow, strews it with wool, cotten, or any soft thing, lives there, and chirps like a sparrow.

4. The Thalmototli, of a span long, great-headed, and eyed for such a small body; the tail long, bushy, with white, dark, and black streaks, and can cover himself therewith, the body is pied, sometimes inclining to yellow.

5. The Quiniichpatlan, or flying mouse, black, shaped like a small bird, long near the arms, and thighs; he goes from tree to tree, as if he flew; lesse he is then the rest mouse-head∣ed, great eared, feed as the other. The ashes

of the tail burnt, are said to easen child∣bearing.

6. The Yztactechalotl, like the rest, only the head, neck, and buttocks at top, yellow, and the tail hath blew spaces, and whitish, and yel∣low streaks; the rest of the body is whitish, whence it hath the name.

CHAPTER XVI. Of the Dormouse.

CAlled Glis from gliscere to wax, or grow fat,* 1.228 resting, and batning all winter in its hole. In Greek Eleios, of old Gelaios,* 1.229 (whence happily Glis,) so called from living abroad,* 1.230 in woods, or in winter in hollow trees sleeping;* 1.231 some call him Lagoneiron,* 1.232 the sleepy Hare. Some Muozon, from the sharp Muzzle, for such it is, and long; the Ears very sharp, the tayl not so bushy;* 1.233 the belly strutting out more then the Squirrells; sides and back ash-coloured, some yellowish on the belly are taken. They are not onely in woods, but also about country-houses. It is a mistake, that there are none in Yreland, nor where Yrish wood is;* 1.234 I know the contrary. They swarm neare Goricia, and in the Alps of Carniola, Styria, and Carinthia. They eat beech, acorns, nuts, apples, &c. Some say, they open apples,* 1.235 onely for the kernels. In Winter they ly snorting, and fattening in hollow-trees, in so deep a sleep,* 1.236 that fire can scarce wake them, nor cutting;* 1.237 till you cast them into scald∣ing water, they stir not. In summer they couple, and bring forth at fall of the leafe. They are prously tender of their old fires, and dames. Like Mice, they quit a ruinous house, three months afore it fall by a prophetique in∣stinct; that winters-fatning by rest, lasts not above six years. All that inhabite one wood, meet sometime, and maintain a flight against those of another hill, or river. All authours hold that there is poyson in them about their tail, and that their pisse sprinkled on any part, makes it incurably, putrifie to the bone. Some write,* 1.238 that the Viper blinds, and fosters up their young, and thence the venome comes. Q. Scaurus was the first who set their flesh afore his guests,* 1.239 at his sumptious Feasts: the Romans held them for delicates, whence their Gliraria, or Dormouse pens. They are thought best, and fattest from October to January; and the younger the better meat. In Phisick they have also place. Eating the flesh frees from dog-hunger; the fat provokes sleep, if you annoint the soles of the feet therewith: the dung drunke, breaks the stone; the same with vineger, and rosemary, cures shedding the hair;* 1.240 the ashes cleare the eye-sight. There are severall kinds of them.* 1.241 There is among the Allobroges, the Savoyards, and the Tarante∣sians such a beast,* 1.242 that sleeps a great part of the year,* 1.243 and is of a delicate taste. In East-India are some as big as Pigs, that overturne houses, and digge through walls. There are some red∣dish-haired, senting like Musk. In Chiapa is a litle beast, the bignes of a Cony, shaped like a Dor-mouse; that, when she seeks her food, carries her young on her back.

CHAP. XVII. Of Mice.

ARTICLE I. Of House-Mice.

MIce we divide into House,* 1.244 Field, Nut, Spider, Alpine, and Water-mice. The first called in Latine Catus,* 1.245 and So∣rex and Mus,* 1.246 from the Greek, Mus; Ratus is the name of the greater, so called from ravening;* 1.247 now of late called Riskos in Greek. Sorex is from the noise in nibbling, like sawing, or from the rotten matter, that breeds them: in the Aeolick Vrax,* 1.248 from the muzzle like the Swines-snout; by the Thra∣cians Arklos;* 1.249 by some Sminthos, and Lamas. No need of describing the outward parts; as for the inner, the heart is very great; it is said to have no gall.* 1.250 Onely in horned-beasts,* 1.251 ha∣ving teeth on one side; and in Hares,* 1.252 Bats, and Mice,* 1.253 that have teeth on either side; is there a womb,* 1.254 having a hollow,* 1.255 whereon the embrio hangs in the midst. The lappet of their heart is far greater on the right then the left side, and that black, as gore blood. At the sto∣macks-mouth above is a certain round pas∣sage, turning back into it selfe, having the shape of a Bird turning, and hiding the neck and head in the breast. The hollow vein, rising from the liver, wide in the beginning, then slenderer, but even all along. The blind-gut is like a Swines-stomack, though lesse. The stones as big as a Chickens, and the skins hang lower as the testicles; and the right is fuller of veins then the left. The right rein is nearer to the hollow vein then the left. The privy part is gristly, with a threefold parting, and sharp at end, the rest consists of two sinews. The bladder-neck hath fair kennels afore: the mid-rif is transparant in the middle, long, and round. In a dissected Mouse, in the right horn of the womb were found foure young, in the left, two; each had it's cake of flesh round, disposed afore the navell, and covered. Some write,* 1.256 there are no Mice in the Isle Pa∣rus; that about the Castle Slane in Scotland,* 1.257 if you bring a great Mouse, he dies.* 1.258 That there are none in Peru, but those that were brought out of Spain with the Merchants-Wares; they eat corne,* 1.259 bread, flesh, and pulse, oft onjons, and garlick; they nibble on many cheeses, they sup wine, and lick oyl. If hunger-starved, they fall on each other. The females can fill them∣selves with licking of salt; which made Pliny think that by licking they gendred:* 1.260 But it is certain, that they couple, and bring many at

once,* 1.261 hundred-and-twenty at a time. And some in Persia have been found with young in the dames belly. They breed also out of filth in houses,* 1.262 and ships.

As in India, Worms a finger thick, breed of a rotten stuf in reed,* 1.263 which after turn into Butter-flies, and Mice. In Jonia, through the overflowing of Maeander, Mice multiply so, that men are fain to shift their dwellings. Those that breed of filth, gender not; or if they doe, their young doe not.* 1.264 Their noise is squeak∣ing. They hold antipathy with elaterium, Sea-Onion, coloquintida,* 1.265 the Weesel, Hauke, Cats, &c. but sympathy with sweet majoram, to the root whereof they betake themselves, when they ail any thing; and they agree with Swine; for offer a mous-liver in a fig to a Sow, she shall follow you without grunting; as Pierius Valerian at Padua hath experimented. They are quick of hearing,* 1.266 and hate light by night, because it dazles them. In goldsmiths shops they eat file∣ings of mettles, and doubtles disgest them. In the Isle Gyarus,* 1.267 they drove out the inhabitants, and nibled on iron, and steel, in the iron-mongers shops. Golden metalls, their bellies can cut through. Their pisse sprinkled there∣on, eats through. If they slip to the water, they hold by each others tayls, so that if one scape all scape.* 1.268 Albert saw in the low-countries a Mouse, hold the candle to his master at his nod, and bidding. They differ in bignes, colour, hair smell, and place. In Arabia are Mice much greater then Rats.* 1.269 Vi∣triacus speaks of some in the East, as big as Foxes.* 1.270 Americus found exceeding great ones in a certain Island, most are of the colour of the Asse, some black, some dusk, some ash. Gesner saw one very white in Germany, taken in April, with reddish bolt-goggle-eyes, and a beard rough, and full of rough hairs. Scaliger saw another very bright, with flaming eyes. Albert writes of white, and very lustfull; and white stones found in their excrements. Some are softer haired then others,* 1.271 and some as brist∣led, and sharp as Hedge-hogs in the region of Cyrene; and a kind of Mice are called Echines. Hedge-hogs. The dung of some is sweet. In Italy is a kinde called Moschardine,* 1.272 from their sent.* 1.273 Bellonius saw one that lived on Ho∣scyam-seed onely,* 1.274 white-bellied, ash-coloured, backed, long-bodied, and tayled, and sword-mouthed, called Skalopes,* 1.275 by the Scholiast on Aristophanes.* 1.276 In Cappadocia is a kind called Muexis.

ARTICLE II. Of water-Mice, and other wilde Mice.

VVIlde Mice live abroad,* 1.277 called Nitedulae,* 1.278 they with their feet dig themselves holes. The field-Mice are called Arourai••us,* 1.279 the wood-Mice Agrious.* 1.280 They abound no where so as in Egypt. Neare Thebes, after the over∣flow of Nilus, in warm weather,* 1.281 they come numberles out of the clefts of the ground.* 1.282 Between Gazara, and Belba they swarm so, that,* 1.283 were they not devoured by the Pere∣nopters (Birds) they would eat up all kinds of seeds; they devoure Hops, Parsnips, and the roots of all sorts of Pulse;* 1.284 they affect Arti∣chokes most. In the year 1271. they destroyed all kind of Grain, so that a great dearth ensued. In the North they lurk under the snow, and feed on worms.* 1.285 They are in some places bred after sudden rains, and floods.* 1.286 The forepart of a Mouse hath the full shape, the hinder not. Sometimes they propagate of seed.* 1.287 It hath happened, that, when the movers have intend∣ed to reape a field next day, the Mice have in one day prevented them, and devoured all in one night, at Calenum we have seene it done, saith Niphus. In Cantabria, men are hired to hunt them. The Aeolians, and Trajans were so vexed with them, that they sacrificed them to Smynthian Apollo. They entrap them, and knock them on the head with a Spade; when they are hurt, they betake them to succoury, that is their nature. Not to speak now of the Rats,* 1.288 with tails tufted at the end, and have a peculiar cry; nor of the leem that falls from the clouds in hasty rain,* 1.289 and lives till it taste new grasse; nor of the Napel-Mouse.

There is the Filbert mouse, of which kind there is a greater,* 1.290 and a lesser. Gesner kept a great one some dayes alive,* 1.291 it was like a Rat and Mouse-coloured on the back, the sides yellow, and especially the head, the ears great, and smooth, the belly white, feet reddish, the tail hairy, eyes broad, black, goggle, the beard white, and black, smelling like the house-mouse. The lesse is reddish, some, but few, have a sweet sent,* 1.292 called by the Italians Muschardi∣nes, by some Lucioli from their bright glistring eyes; it is very like a Spider-mouse. He nestles among the bows of the Filbert-tree, or the Flax, and also under ground, and eats Nuts. Some of them sleep from harvest to spring,* 1.293 some say without waking; but those that have kept them say they wake sometimes. There also a Spider-mouse that is so nimble and light, it can walke on thred, and not bent it, or on a sword edge,* 1.294 without taking harme. Others say it is venomous,* 1.295 and hath the name from a fish, called Aranaeus, or a Spider, it is much lesse then a Weesel, inclining to ash-colour, teeth small,* 1.296 the tail short, and slender, the muzzle long and sharp.* 1.297 The eyes so small for such a body,* 1.298 that Pliny thought it pureblind, and others call it the blind mouse.* 1.299 It is dusk, and yellow, the belly white, Swine-snowted, thick of hair,* 1.300 the tail twice as little, as of other mice. In either jaw are two foreteeth sticking o••t. Be∣tween the cheek teeth is no hollow place,* 1.301 but they are all as one bone; in one part are three knags so small, that you cannot see them. there are four other cheek teeth unequall, and kna∣ged, in all twenty teeth. They are not beyond the Appenine hill,* 1.302 but everywhere in Italy,* 1.303 especially about Trent, also in Germany. They

winter in stables, in summer they haunt gar∣dens, and Cow-dunghills, feeding on roots, especiall eatable thistles, to the Husbandmans great damage, also on carrion. Those by Trent are not venomous.* 1.304 They hate the track of wheels.* 1.305 Their squeake is shriller then of other mice, but by reason of its dimme sight, it is sluggish. Their bite is venemous, for a Cat will catch, but not eat them. Their bite is worse that are great with young to any other creature that is so. The Alpine Mouse lives in the Alps, is called also Marmota, and beare mouse, it being shaped like both.* 1.306 Albert refers the Empetra to these, a beast now unknown headed like a Hare, as big as a Cony, the ears so small, scarce seen above the hair, like a badger long, and party-coloured haired, short-tayled, sharp nayled, and dig deep. In winter it grows monstrous fat.* 1.307 The foreteeth like the Hares,* 1.308 and if cut off, will grow again in one night.* 1.309 Their stones ly high. The blind gut is large,* 1.310 like a stomack, rough within and net∣like, there in a large womb. The liver hath seven lappets distinct, the greatest towards the left side. The gall-bag is the fold to the duo∣denum, the spleen long like a large Swallows. The water-vessels, or Uriteres not comming strait down from the reines, but cleaving to the back, and small. Most of them about Trent, and in the snowy cold parts of Germany. They feed on fruit, especially milke, that they suck as pigs, therefore haunt they sheep-coats. Being tamed they eat pulse, bread, fish, &c. About Christmasse dig, you find them asleep in the ground, nothing wakes them, but the heat of the sun, or fire. A little thing frights them, vex them, they squeak like a pipe, or against change of weather. They stink so, that in summer they are not to be endured; nor want they wit. Toward winter they convey hay, and chaff into their holes. They lay one flat, and load him with hay, and drag him by the tale into their hole, which hath two en∣trances; through the one they all passe too, and fro, out of the other they carry their dung. When winter begins they stop up the doore, and in the depth of winter they stop up the other so fast, that a spade cannot pearce it. About the end of September they meet seven, or more in one hole, commonly the number is odd, and there on straw they ly snorting till spring. One still stands centinell, while the rest go abroad; if he spy any thing, he squeaks aloud, and warns the rest, whereupon they all come running, and he enters last. In fair wea∣ther they play together, and murmur, and bark like little dogs.* 1.311 When tame they will looke your head, like an Ape. About approach of winter they come, and eat with those who live on the Alps. They rost and boyl them in black pottage, and sprinkle them with salt, and hang them in the smoake, and give them to women in child-bed. The fat softens shriveled sinews, and smeared on the navell provokes sleep. The stomack eases the collick.

Aristotle in his book of wonders, mentions the water-Mouse. He hath three passages, one for his filth,* 1.312 one for his water, one for bear∣ing young.* 1.313 Near the bignes of the Mole, of a dusk-colour, all but the belly, which is bright ash-colour;* 1.314 it is thick, and soft-haired, the head small for such a body;* 1.315 the upper-part of the musle hangs over; in each jaw two teeth, in the lower, lesser, and blunt. Their eyes are hardly seene; the sides of the mouth are of a long ash-coloured shagge; the tayl thin of hair, and a bony sinew in the midst; the hinder-legs are longest, and flat, and skind as a Ducks. They are common in Strymon, and Nile; they go abroad in faire nights. There are of them in smaller rivers, and in Lusae an Arcadian-Spring. They feed on water-plants, fruit, and fish. The Magi that followed Zoroastres,* 1.316 thought these Mice divells,* 1.317 or Tortoyses. In some parts of France they eate them.* 1.318 There is also the Coyopillis,* 1.319 it uses the tayl for hands; the young,* 1.320 when frighted, embraces the dame. It resembles the Tlacuatzis in tayl,* 1.321 eares, and mussles. The tayl is thicker, and stronger then the Mouses, the belly palish white, the ears so thin, you may see through them; the feet and thighs white. They are found in the Te∣poplan-hills. The Crocodile also uses the tail as hands, therewith catching beasts, and men as a prey.

CHAPTER XVIII. Of the Mole.

THe name Talpa,* 1.322 the Latines have put on it, either from Thaptoo, to digge, or Tophlos, blind; or Thalpae, nourishing it self under ground;* 1.323 or from the Chaldee Talaf,* 1.324 to cleave the earth. The Greeks call it Spalax, from Span, scraping. Some Siphncus, from hollowing the earth; and Blacta. It is not unlike a Mouse; the body broad, and flat, feet like a Bears; short-thighed, toad-headed;* 1.325 having on the forefeet five toes, on the hinder foure, the fifth crooks so inward, it is hardly seene. The palme of the forefeet is flat like a hand, the neck very short, or almost none, hair short and thick, and glistring black; the teeth, as the Dogges, and Wesels, are all on the sides, none afore, and sticking up; the lungs, tied with many severall strings to the heart; the fore-thighs consist of two bones, set into the shoulder-bone, whence he is stronger to digge: his hinder-thighs have a bone, that a litle below the knee-parts in two: All the bowells are as in other beasts; Onely 1. they have no colon,* 1.326 no blind-gut. 2. The stones hid,* 1.327 on the bladder-side,* 1.328 and black. 3. The reins joyned to the next hollow vein. 4. The gall great for such a body with faire Choli∣dochs. 5. The porter of the stomack, is as tied by a thwart line. 6. The water-con∣veying-vessells, propt with uriteres. 7. The Larinx, as in a Land tortoyse, for it is a mute beast. 8. The hammer, and anvill within the inner-eare are strangely small; the bone in the

midst like a pumice-stone full of pores. 9. Three passages are in the nether jaw. 10. The eyes stand in the right place all black,* 1.329 covered with a skin, small as a fleawort-seed; I could perceive no optick sinews, nor know I whether they can see, or no, not onely, be∣cause their eyes have a film over them, but they want many things, conducing to sight. They seeme rather natures sportive essays, to shew what shee can doe, then eyes. In a Mole found 1617, were observed a fleshy filme, strangely set into the skinne; the brain great, distinct, and faire; the ears lying inward, hide the bones extreame small, the bowels small as strings. In Thessaly they with heaving, have overturned a whole Town.* 1.330 In Lebaica are none;* 1.331 if you bring any thither, they heave not, perhaps because it is a hard soile. They feed most on worms, and therefore haunt dunghills; and worms failing, they eat earth. They have been seen also to make at roots of hearbs,* 1.332 and fruits, and toads. They are commonly bred in ground, rotted by rain, long lying. Albert saith, they cannot live an houre above ground, but he is mistaken. They have but dim sight, but are very quick of hearing. They are of use in Phisick; a Tooth pluckt out of a live one,* 1.333 is thought to ease the tooth-ach. Pills of them with hony, wear away swellings. The head cut, and stamped with earth of his heaving, made up into balls, and kept in a tinne box, is given against all neck-griefs, the blood brings hair, and helps felons: the fat keeps hair from growing, as also batfat.* 1.334 The ashes cures fistulaes. Some lay a Moles-heart,* 1.335 and Saladine, under a sick mans pillow, to know if hee shall dy, or no, conceiving that he shall recover, if he sing, or cry out; if he weep, he shall not last long.

The water wherein a Mole hath been, and left hair,* 1.336 restores hair. Of the skins are caps made.

CHAPTER XIX. Of the Land-Hedg-hog, or Vrchin.

CAlled Echinus, because we cannot hold him for his prickles.* 1.337 In Greek Akan∣thochoiros, a prickled-hog.* 1.338 Lycophron calls him Naplium from his surpassing cunning. Some Herinaceus, and not impro∣perly from his roughnesse, or cleaving. It is as big as a rabbit,* 1.339 full of prickles, except the mouth, and feet below, where grows a thin down.* 1.340 It is observed in him, that the muscles are knit together over all his body.* 1.341 The bowells all of a thicknesse,* 1.342 and very long, like the Mouses.* 1.343 The dung, and testicles all of a bignesse, the rise of the yard long, the seed like yellow snivell; the liver sevenpointed. In the yard are whitish bits of flesh, craggy like a rock, and resembling somewhat the lung∣strings. The testicles ly hid, and are fastned to the loyns. The bones are some round, some flat, some sharp, some blunt. They are found everywhere, except in Candy.* 1.344 Aristotle writes that they can last a year without food. They live most on apples,* 1.345 and grapes, which they shake off, and stick on their prickles, and carry to their hole. They have been also observed to drinke milke,* 1.346 and wine in houses; they hold enmity with the Beare, Wolfe, Fox, the viper, and the herb water-grasse. When he hears the barking of dogs, or smells the approach of wild beasts, or hunters, he forthwith rouls him∣self up like a ball, and lies, as if he were starke dead. He shifts his layer, as the North, and South wind change, and from wall to wall, if you keep him in house, accordingly as the wind sits. When you take him he pisses,* 1.347 and that wet slackens, and opens his prickles. They meet, and ingender, as mankind doth. Some eat them, but they breed the strangury, unlesse they be carefully dressed,* 1.348 that is killed at one blow, as some are of opinion, and washed in whole vessells of urine. In August they are fattest, when they get plenty of food. Some spice, and bake them in crust. Gesner warmed them in vineger,* 1.349 and wine, and larded them, and stuck them with cloves, and rosted them. They are very usefull in Phisick, the liver helps the reins, the gall dries up warts, the spleen rosted, and pulverized is good for the spleen; the flesh prevents miscarrying, and if killed at a blow, the strangullion, if you hang it about you conveniently; dried it helps rumples in the skin. The Polonians use the fat to that end, it is also good for the stone; the blood is not unusefull for the stone, the reins, and the scor∣ching of the urine; the ashes with Bears-grease sleeks the hair; many use the same with oyly fat to prevent miscarrying; it is used also in the pain of the reins, and against the water be∣tween the skin; the dung newly voided with the herb Sandarucha, vineger, and tarre hinders shedding of hair: with the hide and prickles men used of old to fetch spots out of cloaths. They are distinguished into the swine,* 1.350 and the dog urchine from their shape. A vile stinke vapours from them. In Brasil is such a beast resembling the hedge-hog with very long bristles, pale haired, black at the tops,* 1.351 and very sharp, and prickly. Nature hath layed up a wonder in them, one prickle pluckt from them alive, but layed on anything, especially flesh, pearcheth it, and in one night it hath been known to pearce through a very thick hide, as if hands hath pricked it in.

CHAPTER XX. Of the Porcupine.

SOme reckon this among the Hedge∣hogs,* 1.352 as Pliny,* 1.353 &c. The Greeks call it Ystrix, from Ys, and Thrix no doubt; some think it to be the African mouse in Plautus. Isidore writes it without an aspira∣tion, and derives it from the noise he makes,* 1.354 and rustling in shaking his bristles. Claudian describes him to be long snowted, like a Hog,

his bristles like horns stif, his eyes fiery red; under his rough back are seen the prints of a small whelp. But Agricola makes him to be Hare-mouthed, with four teeth, two above, two beneath, eared like a man, footed afore like a Badger, behind like a Beare; his bristles, or prickles on his back, and sides partly white, partly black, sometimes two palmes long, which he can make to start up as a Pea-cock his traine. They are common in Ethiopia, and are in all Africa, and India to be found; in Ita∣ly, and France now,* 1.355 and then, but seldome, also in Galicia,* 1.356 as the pilgrims of Compostella testify, who weare their prickly quills in their caps. They lurke in groves among the bushes. They live on apples,* 1.357 turneps, peares, parsnips and crumbled bread,* 1.358 they drinke water, but if mixt with wine,* 1.359 most greedily. They can dart their quills at their enemy, and aime them like arrows; whence, it may be, the Archers art came. By night, they feed most, in winter they lurk in their holes. They carry their young as many dayes as the Beare.

Gluttony hath not spared it neither, some have eaten it,* 1.360 and they cry it up for a dainty, you may see how to dresse it in Ambrosine out of Scapius. In Phisick it seemes to conduce to the same maladies as the Hedge-hog doth. Pliny made tooth-picks of the prickles to fasten the teeth. And women use them for bodkins to part their hair. There is small diffe∣rence between them.* 1.361 Some distinguish them into sea, and land Porcupines; but too confi∣dently, no good Authour mentions the sea one. Such a kind of beast Cardan saw at Papia fif∣teen hundred and fifty, as big as a Fox, mouth∣ed like a Hare; the teeth sticking like the squir∣rells, the eyes black, and serpent-like; the hair like a Goats beard, hanging in the neck, the forefeet like the Badgers, the hinder like the Bears, eared like a man, beset with almost an hundred pricklequils, some crooked at top, else fast, but rustling as he went, Goos-tailed, the feathers spiny, the voyce grumbling like a dogs, he hated all dogs, probably it was some mungrill sprung from the Porcupine, and some other beast.

CHAPTER XXI. Of the Tatus, or the Brasil Hedge-hog.

THere is a kind of an armed beast, cal∣led a Tate;* 1.362 by the Spaniards Arma∣dillo; by the Portugese Sneubertado;* 1.363 by the Italians Barbato; by the Brasi∣lians Tatau, by some Tatusia, and Tatus; in new Spain Chirquincus, and Cassamin else∣where, by other Indians Ajatochtli,* 1.364 or a Gourd∣cony, for he as they lives in burrows.* 1.365 He can dig in one night fifty paces; if he be not tied, no place can hold him, he mines through all in houses, and towns, and gets away. There are sundry kinds of these armed beasts, but the Ajatochtlus seemes to me the strangest, rarely written, or found. He is armed with hard plates, as I my self have seene; As big as a Malta dog, the feet small as a swines, the snout long, and slender. He is all over armed as with male, or armour like a Cavalier, plated, the plates joyn∣ed close, distinct, which he can move, and every way fence himself with. His belly is bright, and soft-shined as ours, having here, and there long slender hairs. He hunts after Ants, lies on his back, with his tail on his mouth, so that the pis-mires comming on fall strait as a prey into his power,* 1.366 which he eats. It is said also that he fills with his own water the hollow on his belly between the plates,* 1.367 and so the ants, the moy∣sture lying in their way, come directly into his mouth: when he flies, in all hast he claps his head, and tail on his belly, and fences himself with his shell, rolling up himself round. If he be chased hard, he flies at the hunters breast, and oft strikes almost the breath out of his body. He haunts marishes. Feeds on worms, fish, berries, and apples. The flesh is very fat, and sweet, but flegmatick, and breeds crudities. The ancients used the tail to fence those they called their Zebratanae, which were of fre∣quent use among them. Their shall is many wayes usefull both in warre, and peace. They say that a dram of the pouder thereof taken in, helps to sweat out the French pox. He is found in hot boggy places.

There are among the Lucatanenses two sorts of them; some are as harmlesse, and ac∣ceptable nourishment, others unwholesome, and poysonous, provoking to vomite, and fill∣ing the belly so with wind, that they bring swounding fits, and at length kill. The Anti∣dote is oyl of olives, unlesse the venome have too farre prevailed, then there is no remedy. If happily any recover, their hair falls off, the colour fades, and they pine away by degrees. Those that beare eight shells or plates, are harmlesse; those with six venomous. The harmles also want a hip-bone, and have red spots about the belly: this beast is beloved of the Vipers, that have a voyce, that they can live together in the same hole, and never injure each other.

The former kinde is armed round to admi∣ration, other gates then those in Spain,* 1.368 or else∣where in Europa.* 1.369 He is fourefooted, covered all over,* 1.370 tail and all with a hide like the slough of a Serpent, called the American-Crocodile, betwixt white, and ash-colour, but inclining more to white, like a Barbed war-horse, as big as an ordinary Dog, harmles, burrowing him∣self in the earth, like the Conies; they are taken in nets, and with Cros-bows, killed commonly in seed-time, when the stubble is burnt, or the ground tilled, or husbanded, to bring grasse. Consalvus writes, that he had often eat of them; and that it is better tasted then kid, and found wholesome. He thinks that men might hence learne to Arme-horses, completely capable. Others are otherwise opinioned about them. Some say, he was never seen to

eat, but lives ever under, and on earth.* 1.371 Others say, some few have been brought into France, and been seen to eat seeds, and fruits. I refute neither; they may speake of diverse kindes. Platean, and Clusius acknowleged three sorts of them. One short-tayled, one foot, and foure inches long, and fourteen inches about; cover∣ed with a dusky hard crust, so grown happily by age, and oft handling, after a manner checquered; from the neck to the midst roundish, the shells party-coloured, the middle of the body set with three rows of diverse coloures, fouresquare plates; the hinder-parts as the first; the head so plated to the nose; the eares wide, and pointed; the tayl short, not greater then a mans two fingers ends, round, and armed; the belly soft, and shaggy, as the picture presented it; as also the hinder-part of the thighs, and the throat, and nostrills; three toes on the hinder-feet, and spur'd, two on the forefeet, and a spur; the yard long, and stretch∣ed out. His chief strength lies in the tail-bone, a pill whereof made of the dust, as bigge as a birds-head, and put into the eare, asswages eare-paine, and takes away tingling, and thick∣nes of hearing, as it is said; but it is knowen to give certain ease. I adde the craft of the Chir∣quinchus, they that have seene it and report, that when it raines, he lies on his back, gathers water on his soft belly, that lies between the plates, and remaines so, while the shewre lasts, though it rain the whole day, till some Deere thirsty, comes unawares to drink, then he closes his plates, and snaps the Deers slips, and nose; and let not go the hold, till he stifle him. And, as the Hedge-hogge also, he craftily rouls up himself round, like a ball, and nothing but fire can loosen him. The Indians abuse the shells to their witchcrafts, especially to discover, and punish theeves; first touching the ground therewith, that the suspected person had toucht, or any thing else; they fill his mouth with the drinke Chicha: then beat they drums; the shells the while skip, and daunce. Hereby is the theeves face marked with a whelk, that runs along his cheeks through either jaw; if the charm hold.

ARTICLE III. Of tame foure-footed Beasts.

CHAPTER I. Of the Dog.

SO much for the half wilde Beasts;* 1.372 the tame follow,* 1.373 namely the Dog, and the Cat. Varro fetches the Dogs name Ca∣nis, from Canorus,* 1.374 shrils in his barke. The Greekes of old called him Kuoon, from Kuoo doubtles,* 1.375 to love, or lust. Of late Ekilos, from his masterfulnes,* 1.376 Ulaktoor, from barking, and Akanthis, from fawning with his tayl; not to insist on the description of so knowen a beast. In dissection it is noted,* 1.377 that the belly within forked the neck in shortnes,* 1.378 and narrownes, answering the middle-finger,* 1.379 the corners are an handbreath,* 1.380 a palme long, of like thicknes, not wreathed like a Swines;* 1.381 the forkends reach to the reins, tied by veins, that come as far as the womb, the testicles resting thereon by a thin skin. At the first opening of the neck, the body shews it self in bulk, shape, and colour, like a Snails-head thrust forth out of the shell; you cannot thrust a bodkin in, till you cut it up a litle. Dissect a bitch, you find the puppies wrapt up in three beds called chorion, allantoi∣des, and amnion; the former can scarce be part∣ed, they are so thin. In the right corner ly usually five whelps, in the left foure; each hath its bed, the chorion in the midst, girdles ly thwart two fingers broad, streaked with black from the end, and red in the middle; each as blood-spotted. The kell like a bag, covering the upper-guts; the top sprouting out of the stomack-bottome, compassing the whole; the hinder-part is set into the Spleen, and the sweetbreads; which latter shew themselves pre∣sently at the rise of the duodenum, being fastned thereto, and to the porturine, which sends a trebble-branch to the neighbouring-parts, Meseraick, Spleen-guts, the Paunch-branch runs beyond part of the stomack; the Spleen-branch runs up strait to the mouth of the stomack. The Spleen is tied to the mid-rif by a film two fingers broad, and to the stomack by the kall; the Spleen is like a foot with a wide shoo on. Colon-gut it hath none; the blind-gut receives the end of the strait one, which un∣folded is as long as your middle-finger. At the end of the streight-gut within, is one faire lappet, and another lesse in the beginning of the blind-gut. The streight-gut is much rumpled. There is a fold of arteries from the aorta wound, to the hollow of the liver, ap∣proaching the pancreas; pluck one, you draw the other, and the upper-bowells. Above the upper-mouth of the stomack are two kernels, both Spungy-moist, the right harder, and greater then the left. Dogs-blood is black, as burnt. At the tip of the Tongue, is set in a round muscle, descending in a middle-line. The right lappet of the heart, is twice as big as the left. On the parts of the pan, that the temple-muscles cover, appears no thin skin, to enwrap them, besides what is proper to the muscles; but on the other parts of the brain-pan there is. At the tongue-root is a small kernell on either side, drawne out sideling. The ringlets of the sharp artery lie thwart, but not awry as in the Swine. The brain is greater then a Swines. Turn the brain up, and cer∣tain mamillary-passages shew themselves, and the beginning of the back-bone, if you cut deep, there you shall spy two small passages, one comming from the paps in a strait line, reaching to the end of the inner-brain; the other a litle on this side, lying upward thwart of that. On the fore-feet are five toes, on the hinder foure. The Bitches-belly hath

two rows of paps on either side. Albert saith, that the nostrils of a Dog of a good breed, are at the ends, round, firme, and blunt. The temple muscles, are noted to be very strong, as in the Wolf,* 1.382 and the Lion, which inables his jaws to break bones. There were no Dogs in Brasil, till Vilagagnon's voyage. If any come by hap into the Arabian Island Sigaron, they wander,* 1.383 and die. They eat any thing, even fish, and carrion. Onely they refrain dogs-flesh, and what is thunder-strooke.* 1.384 They eat grasse also, and it is their Physick. From Ash-apples they abstain, because the turning-joints of their hips are thereby pained. Drinking wine, or strong water, makes them run wild, till the vapour be spent. They are ever given to gendring,* 1.385 seldomest in Autumne. They hold on so till twelf years old; sometimes give over at nine. If they begin at foure, the breed is better; if at a year old, not. They are foure∣teen dayes hote; and the Bitch six months after puppying,* 1.386 go to Dog again. They couple also promiscuously with other beasts; as with Wolves by Cyrene, whence spring, Crocutae, with Lions, whence Leontomiges come; with Beavers whence Castorides; with Foxes, whence Fox-dogs. They carry their puppies sixty dayes, some three-and-sixty. They bring a litter of twelf, sometimes sixteen. A Hare-hound in Bononia, puppied seventeen at once. Albertus saw Mastives, that brought in the first litter nineteen, at another eighteen, at a third thirteen.* 1.387 Those that women dandle, puppy one at once. First they breed males, next females; then males again, if they couple in due time. The first resembles the sire; the rest are, as it happens. They are all puppied-blind, and the more they suck, the longer they re∣main so, yet none longer then one-and-twenty dayes; nor do any see till seven dayes old some say, if but one be puppied, at nine dayes old he sees; if two, the tenth day, and so on, but it is not certain. They have milke commonly five dayes ere they litter, some sooner. Their milke is thicker then other beasts, except the Sows, and Hares. They seldome live above fourteene yeares, some have lasted two-and-twenty. The Dogs of Laconia ten,* 1.388 the bitches twelf, other kinds fifteen. The whelps have white teeth, and a shrill bark; the elder, their teeth blunter saffran-coloured, the bark great∣er. Which voyce we call barking,* 1.389 in Latine latrare, and banbare. In Greeke Whelps, are said,* 1.390 Banzein, older Ylaktein, to yelpe, &c. when they drink they lap; when they quarrell, or fawne, they grumble. We say, a salt-bitch hot,* 1.391 go to dog, in hunting they open, (Proku∣nein) provoked, they snarl, (Ararizein.) They dread the Hyaena so, that the very shadow strikes them dumb. In Nilus they give but a lap, and away, for feare of the Crocodile. A Wolf they hate.* 1.392 Porta saith, a Wolfs-skinne hanged on one, bitten with a mad dogge, re∣moves fear of water. They dread the Buzzard for her slow, and low flying. Blondus his dog would not come neare Hens-flesh. Some re∣fuse the bones of wilde-fowles. Of old they would not enter Hercules his temple, either by reason of his club; or they sented some∣thing buried under the threshold that they ha∣ted. Some complain lamentably if you strike a Harp; some houl, if they hear a Trumpet. The report of a Gun, makes them run. Well they agree with mankind, wee shall see anone. They are soon vexed, and will fight long about a bone. They are watchfull house-keepers; they are soon waked.* 1.393 They drive them in Sparta from their temples, for their lust after women. They are skilfull in senting, and by smelling behind, distinguish of the disposition of bodies. They are ever hunting with their nose near the ground, and so soon infected. Quick of hearing they are. At foure moneths old they shed teeth, and hayr. If crop-sick, they devour grasse. They soon cast puppy, if the dog be killed, they coupled with. They are very cunning,* 1.394 and have a good memory, and are very teacheable. That in Plutarch cast so many stones into the oyl-cruyze, till the oyl swelled high enough, that he could lick it. They forget not a way once gone. Man onely exceeds them in remembring. One in Venice knew his master after three years. Ulisses his dog after twenty years absence. On Vespa∣sians Theater was shewn a dog, that was taught all kinds of daunces, and fained himself sick, and dead; suffered himself to be draged about by the tayl, then started up as out of a deepe sleep. Francis Marquesse of Mantua, becomming dumb in a sicknesse, taught a Dog by signes, to call any courtier to him. Another in the presence of Justinian the Emperor, and the people having rings from the spectators, which his master jumbled together, returned each his own ring. Being asked which of the company was poore, or rich, a whore, or a widow, he shewed each, taking their cloaths in his mouth. They are very faithfull to their masters.* 1.395 We have heard of one that fought with theeves for his master, and would not leave his dead body, but drive birds, and beasts of prey from the carcasse. Of another in Epire, that discovered one that killed his master, and never left rending and barking, till he confest the deed. Two hundred dogs rescued the Garamant King from banishment, withstand∣ing all resistance. Those of Colophon, and the Castabale••••es, made use of squadrons of Dogs in warre; they set them in the front; neither would they give ground; they were the most faithfull forces they had, and asked no pay. When the Cimbrians were slain, their Dogs defended their houses, lying on Carts.

Jason the Lycian his dog would not eat when his master was slain, but starved himself to death. Another called Hircanus, leaped into King Lysimachus his funerall flame, the like is said of King Hierons dog. Pyrrhus King Gelons dog also is famous,* 1.396 and that of Nico∣medes the Bithinian King, his Queen Con∣singa being torn wantonizing with her hus∣band. With you a dog defended Volcatius a

Gentleman, a Civilian, from a rouge who assai∣led him returning out of the suburbs home∣ward. And Caelius also a Senator of Placentia, who was sickly, and opprest with armed men, nor was he slain, till his dog was first killed. But above all that surpasses any instance in our age, that the Roman Chronicle testifies, that when Appius Jenius, and Publius Silius were consuls, T. Sabinus, who was condemned for Nero Germanicus sons sake, to be cast down the Gemonies, had a dog that hould piteously for his master there, many Romans standing about, and being offered meat, he put it to his dead Lords mouth, and the carcasse being cast into Tiber, the dog swam to it, and endevoured to keep it from sinking, all the people ran to beholds the dum beasts faithfulnesse. Another discovered and killed the murderer of his master. That of Corsica, that would not suffer the nearest friends to take away his masters body frozen to death, till they killed him. I mention not yet those that would be burnt, or buried with their masters, as that of Polus the Tragedian, that of Pyrrhus, and Theodorus his dog.* 1.397 Eupolis the Poëts dog would never eat after his masters death, nor Jasons the Ly∣cian. Darius the last Persian Monarch had no companion at his death but his dog. Xantippus his dog swam after him, and was drowned. Few, or civilized people will eat dogs flesh, unlesse need compell them.* 1.398 Yet those of Se∣nega eat them, and those of Guinee. Some nations gueld and eat them.* 1.399 But in medicine they are of speciall use. The brain-pan pouder takes down the swelling of the cods; a play∣ster of the brain sets bones; the greatest tooth if you scarifie the jaw-bone, eases tooth-ache; some hang a black dogs longest tooth on those that have a quartan ague; the dogtooth of a mad dog hung in raw leather allays frenzy; the congeal stuffe dissolved in wine eases collick, & in vineger is taken in against dropsy; Sextus layes it on their belly, and by vomit draws out the hydroptique humour; the liver of a mad-dog roasted is souverain against madnesse; the gall with hony cures inward ulcers. Marcellus applies the milt when fresh to the spleen; the blood helps parts hurt by a mad dog, the fat eases the gout; a Puppies fat removes skars, and face freckles;* 1.400 the milke is good for sore eyes, and to rub infants gums with all; and drunk, brings away a dead child. The pisse fetches off hair, and warts, and mixt with salpeter cleanses leprosy. The pouder of their dung is excel∣lent against squincies, ey-sentery, and old sores, if the dog be kept up, and fed three dayes with bones. Marcellus prepares it dried in the Sun and sifted, with red wax, by bits, and a little oyl for the sciatica. Pliny thinks, that the bones found in their dung tied on helps the Siriasis in children. The skin helps rheums, if drawn on the fingers, and thongs of it tied thrice about the neck helps the squincy. The hair laid on the bite of a mad dog draws out the venome, and stanches blood.* 1.401 Some cure a quartane, or remove it by making a cake of meal kneaded with the water the sick person makes in one fit, at once, and giving it to a hungry dog. See the rest in Gesner. Some take two puppies newly puppied,* 1.402 and four pound of oyl of violets, and a pound of earthwormes prepared, and make an ointment for wounds made by gunshot. Andrew Furnerius cries up the destilled water out of whelps to prevent growing of hair. Dogs differ in many respects. Horned ones are said to be found in the Hellespont.* 1.403 In Hispa∣niola are some that bark not. In Guinee some strive to bark, and cannot. Some (in regard of their qualities) are Wind-hounds, some cour∣sers, running-dogs, some tumblers, some house, some gate-dogs, some hunting, some setting dogs, some blood-hounds, some shoks. If we regard place, there English, Scotch, Epire, Cyrenaick, Arcadian, Indian, &c. dogs. We shall in order treat of the severall sorts, and first of mad dogs, which become such by eating rot∣ten, and worm-eaten meats, and flesh, chiefly in the dog-daies.* 1.404 Then they hate to eat, and drink dread water, rome up and down, bark hoarsly, fome extremely at mouth, and ears, look fear∣cely, their tail hangs down, they bite men with∣out barking.* 1.405 Many used manifold remedies, as white hellebore with barly boyled to make them spew;* 1.406 Hen-dung mixt with their meat, blooding them after the third day in the swel∣ling veins on the thighs, casting them in a pond where many hors-leeches are to suck their bad blood away, annointing them over with oyl of poplar, washing them in a decoction of fumi∣tory, sorell,* 1.407 and Elicampane root. To prevent it some prescribe giving them while puppies breast-milk of one hath lien in of a son; some cut off whelps tails, when fourty dayes old. Some pinch it off with their fingers the utmost joynt of the tail.* 1.408 There are Malta dogs, bred in that Isle over against Pachynus a promonto∣ry of Sicily; some of them short, some long haired, with shagnecks. Blondus prayses the black, and white ones, now the red, and white are cried up. As big as a wild weasle. They keep and feed them in baskets to keep them little. They are dainty of food. If they whelp more then once, they dy on a sudden. That they may be whelped shaggy, they strew the place where they ly with woolly fleeches, that the bitches may have them ever in ey. At Lions in France they are sould for ten pieces. In Bononia for four hundred pound. They are womens delights.

Hunting-dogs,* 1.409 or Hounds are almost every∣where. Those are best that are bred in Hir∣cania, between a Bitch, and a Tiger, and those of Epire, and the region of the Molossi, and Chaonia. The Persian are stoutest, and fleet∣est; The biggest are in Thebeth.* 1.410 Those in the Province Gingue, are so bold, they dare ven∣ture to fasten on a Lion. The writers of Hus∣bandry, shew how to breed such. Alphonso King of Naples prized them, and the great Cham of Tartary keeps five thousand of them. They are diversly distinguished. In relation to the sundry wild that they hunt, or chase; there are

Hare-hounds, and little Badger-dogs; some good at a fowl, that hunt them softly into the nets; there are Water-spaniells; others are to bait great beasts, (as Bull and Bear-dogs.) In respect to places, there are those called Arca∣dian, Ausonian, Carian, Thracian, Iberian, Hun∣garian, Argive, Lacedemonian, Tegeatians, Sauro∣matan, Candian, Celtan, Magnetian, Amorgan, Hounds. If you regard their colours, there are ash-coloured, hony-colour'd, yellow, white, black. The white are somewhat afraid of the water, and will not willingly take water. Those with black spots are thick, and tender-footed. The ash-coloured, or russet, are strong set, and bold, but slow-footed. The black are stout, but not so fleet as the white, being lowthighed. Men choose a Hound by his eager looke, great head, hanging upper-lip, red-eyes, wide nostrills, sharp teeth, thick neck, broad breast, lion liked.

That is the best Hare-hound,* 1.411 that is long, and plain-headed, sharp-eared, behind strait, and little; the upper-lips not hanging over the lower, long and thick necked, copped breast, strait guts, high, and lean thighs, tayl not thick, nor too long, not alwayes yelping. Some of them go out a hunting of themselves, and bring Hares home; they call them Tumblers. There are as many sorts of wind, or sented, as of hounds. In Scotland are three kinds; some bold, and very fleet. Some will catch fish. Some red, and black-spotted, or black, and red-spotted, are lime-hounds, that will hunt out theeves and stolen goods, and take rivers to chase them. The English, and Scotch, usually breed such blood-hounds up, and count him a theef, who is sky of letting them, have accesse where ever they would hunt, though into their bed-chamber. Such a lime-hound must be low,* 1.412 flat-nosed, neat-mouthed, the hind-thighs of one length, not big-bellied, plain-backed to the tayl, dangling eares, quick eyes. The Brittish, Spanish, Gnosian, and Tescan excell. There is the Village, and Shepheards Dog. The white Dog is approoved, being better distin∣guished from the Wolf. Among the Turks no one master owns them, nor come they into house;* 1.413 they lay in yards on mats. Of old the Romans kept five hundred of them, to keep their stables. We read little about the Warre-dogs, and the useles Curres. England breeds some that theeves, murderers, and traitors breed up for their cursed purpose, and some that thirst after royall blood this very yeare. Such the Spanjards in battell against the In∣dians, which they feed with mans flesh, to train them to hunt men. Vazquez Nunnez used them in stead of hangmen. The Indian Dogs in America,* 1.414 are a new breed, yet almost like ours in nature, qualities & shape. The Xeloitze∣vintly is great, most what above three cubits, without hair, sleek-skinned, with yellow, and blew spots. Another sort they call from the country Itzcevinteporzotli, michva canem; like those of Malta, white, black, and yellow, a litle misshapen, yet sportive, pleasing, fawning, with an ugly bunch, sticking out from the head and shoulders, having almost no neck. A third kind is the Tetichi, not unlike ours, but with a surly looke. The Indians eat him, as the Thracians of old.* 1.415 Diocles the Physitian, of the Asclepiad Schole, prescribed Puppies-flesh to some Patients. But the Cozumellol are a dainty with the Indians, they fatten them as the Spanjards Conies, and geld them, to fatten the sooner: and keepe many bitches to breed, as shepheards with us, for want of children they foster these, and are found of them. The Alco is a little Dog, they are much taken with, they pinch them∣selves to feed them; travell with them on their shoulders, or in their lap; never are without them. They have also dogs like Foxes, that never barke; bred in the Isle Co∣zumella. If you strike them,* 1.416 they will not complain, nor cry. These are called in Hispa∣niola, Calamitan frogs, spawned like Vermine by nature; no need of an after••birth dogs thin skin, nor Hares-dung, nor hair. Pliny super∣stitiously seekes after them, to strike dogs-dumb. In Hispaniola are little dogs, that grumble onely, a••d bark not, they taste well. In Quivira, they lay packs on their greatest Dogs.

CHAPTER II. Of the Cat.

THe Cats Latine name is Felis,* 1.417 comes from Phaelos,* 1.418 cozener-deceitfull im∣postor; or Ailis, flatterer; in the Aeo∣lick dialect, Phailis, called catus, Cat from cautus, wary. In Greeke Ailouros, from flattering with the tayl. A knowen beast found almost everywhere. At first probably wilde. The greatest,* 1.419 all say, are bred in Iberia, among the Tartessians; they feed on flesh, fish, Mice,* 1.420 birds, snakes, and kill toads. In Cyprus they hunt Vipers, and Chameleons. They ly in wait also for leverts, and spare not their owne kind. In Bononia they are known to play with kitlings,* 1.421 and then rend, and eat them. They live six years, sometimes ten; the gelded longer.

In Europa they go a caterwalling most what in January,* 1.422 and February.* 1.423 In India all the year long. The females in gendring ever wawl, whether for pain, or that the Hee scratches them. He stands, she lies. The shees are most lustfull. They kitten after two months or six and fifty dayes. The march breed is pre∣fered; those in August not, for the fleas. They kitten five, or six at once. The Shee is fondest of the kitlins; the Hee oft kills them to make the Shee covet others, and affect him. They hate mice,* 1.424 toads,* 1.425 serpents, Fox-geese, eagles, rew, their own gall, sweet smells, and wet. With rew you may drive them from your Dove-cotes, sents of ointments sometimes make them run mad. Duck them a while, and you drown them. On the contrary, they willing rub them∣selves with setwol, and delight in mint. The

Shee casts her kitlins,* 1.426 if her male mate be kil∣led. We meet with singular passages about their qualities. Cats eyes wax, and wain with the moon; nay the sun, and stars, breed changes in in their ey-balles.* 1.427 In the morning they are stretched out, at noon are they round, at sun∣set, duller. Cardan imputes it to want of muscles, that they cannot govern their eyes as they list. They glister by night. Carry them in a bag far from home, they come back again. They stay in the old house, though you re∣move. They love to be stroaked; subtile they are:* 1.428 How slily they steal upon birds. How softly they tread, and catch mice; how they watch them. They bury their own dung, knowing that the sent discovers them, some, especially in Spain, Holland, Brabant, eat them, as tasting like Hare. Their breath is pestilent, and breeds consumptions,* 1.429 and no mervail, for the brains are ranke poyson, and made an Ura∣tislavian Girl mad, as Weinrichius (I thinke) relates.* 1.430 In Phisick they have place. The ashes of the head burnt in a pot, and blown into the eyes, clears them; the flesh sucks weapons out of the body,* 1.431 and eases emrods,* 1.432 and back-ache; the liver burnt to powder easens the stone, the gall fetches away a dead child, the fat is smear∣ed on gouty parts; the pisse stiled helps the thick of hearing, the dregs of the paunch with rosin, and oyl of roses in a suppository, stops wo∣mans flux of blood. Some mince the flesh, and stuf a fat Goose with it, and salt, and rost it by a soft fire,* 1.433 and distill it, and annoint gouty joints with successe. The fat keeps iron from rusting, nothing better.

There are tame,* 1.434 and wild, and outlandish cats. Among the tame, the Spanish are gree∣diest, nimblest, and have softest skins. Among the exotiques, or outlandish the Syrian are cheefe, and divers, round mouthed, strong big-breasted, large footed, and content with a little meat. The wild are bigger then the tame, their hair thicker, and longer, dark-coloured, the tail thicker. They feed on birds, and other living things.* 1.435 Perfume of rew drives them from trees. In Malabar they live on trees, nothing so fleet as they. They are best at leaping, and even fly without wings. They stretch forth a thin skin from afore to behind, when they would fly, and then draw it together, and hover in the air; when they rest, they draw it up to their belly. There is also a kind of cat in India, black-haired, here, and there bright hairs, the muzzle long,* 1.436 ears small, thighs short, the tail streakt, and striped with black and white. The powder helps feavers. Then there are monstrous cats, one sort hath misshapen, another six feet. In Singui is a beast like a Cat,* 1.437 haired like a Deer, with many toes, two teeth in either chap, of the greatnesse of two fingers, having a fleshy bladder near the navell, full of blood, senting like musk. We have put the print of it down, like a Cat, very coped-headed.

In dissecting a Cat are found these obser∣vables.* 1.438 The milt resembles the lower part of an oare. The neck of the gall-bag hath very swoln veins;* 1.439 at the bottome come down streight veins running outward, two sinews are on the sides of the sharp artery, on either side one, descending to the upper-mouth of the stomack, sending also branches to the said sides of the sharp artery. The said sinews are knit by one common nerve descending awry; then are set into the left side of the sto∣mack, tied by many strings, where the sharp artery first parts appeare great kernels, and some small ones white, red, ash-coloured, mixed. In the sharp artery are half circles, parted as in man, but behind wrapped in a double coat; the one outward, and fleshy, the other inner, and sinewy sprouting from the circle-brims. In the heart are lappets-party-coloured, the right more spotted with black, and white, then the left; besides the right is thicker, and rounder, the left slenderer, and longer, like the dogs, both hollow, and stringy. In the right creek of the heart is fold, like net-worke, longer, and plainer to be seen then that in the dog; but not with such laps. The great artery is almost in the midst of the heart, inclining to the left side. The inner-coat of the stomack is rough all along, like the plaits in an oxes paunch, turning up into a round. Those tunicles are very fast, tied to the upper orifice of the stomack; the pleats ly crosse. The Liver is coloured like that of the dog-fish. In the eare-bone a shell, a maze, a little window, a ring, a round muscle, three small bones, and a stirrop, but not bored through. In the brain are three creeks,* 1.440 two round with net-folds. In the eye the uvea or thin skin, cleaves not afore to the cornea, or horne-tunicles, whence the lesse dilatation to this greater kinde; in that part is the uvea, coloured like a pale leaf. The optick nerve is almost in the midst, inclining downward, the outter thick skin somewhat covering the eye, as in the Cock. In the Hee∣cat we observe, that there is something pecu∣liar about the spermatique vessels, testicles, &c. A white streake, the third part of a finger broad, descending by the right side of the paunche, lies under the muscles of the Perito∣naeum; the membrane is very thin; the Perito∣naeum under the ensie forme, or sword, is fat. The Kall is very fast, tied to one right liver∣string, and to the spleen, and stomack, and the gut duodenum, like a purse, or bag. The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum, and below to the streight gut. The stones are covered with foure skins; the outmost called scrotum; the next dartos, the third, erythroides, or the red; the fourth is the inmost. There is some∣what also considerable in the vessells prepa∣ring, and conveying the seed, &c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat, or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck: also the milk-veins, tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins, both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut, but the left is higher then the right, and all most twice as long. The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string; it hath veines, and sharp kernels.

Wee saw the mid-rif, and meseraicks, and sweet∣breads, being a kernelly substance. Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long; the other guts are uniform, but winding, and brittle. The reins large, bigger then a great nut, where∣in are a few creeks, through which the pisse is strained. We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick, and Spleen-branch; hereout sprouts the coeliacus; a branch compassing the sto∣mack, and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite. We saw the vein ascendent, pearcing the mid-rif, and reaching the heart, and set into the right side thereof. Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart, and turning back∣again, and descending by the backbone on the right side, which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them. The liver is distinguished by six strings, out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth; the bottome shews like a bolt-eye. The gall-bag hath two branches, the one passes from the liver to the duodenum, carrying the dregs away. The other running back to the bladder, to be kept there. In the duodenum, foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi, is found a worme, little, but of the bignes of the ureteries: from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine, descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm; and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery, conveying feel∣ing to the diaphragm. We saw the turnagain∣si news, which propagated from the sixth con∣jugation of sinews, are set in at the head of the sharp artery; the one on the left turning upward about the great artery; the other about the branches of the arterie, tending toward the throte; the heart with a double lappet on the right, and left side, the right is greatest, and blackish; the left of the colour of the heart. The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits, and a left one whether the vein∣blood is conveyed, and it hath foure large vessells; the first is the hollow ascending vein, which is set into the left eare; the third, the arteriall vein, containing blood, having a double coat, whence it hath the name; this is set into the lungs, to nourish them. The fourth is a vein-artery, set into the left ven∣tricle of the heart, to convey to the brain blood, prepared there, to beget animal spirits. In the right venticle are lappets, or partitions, which keep in the blood, and so in the left. The lungs have six fins. Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx, or the head of the sharp artery, which being inflamed, breed a squincy. There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue. Wee marked the passage, leading to the bladder. The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins; the inner-eare is rarely fashioned, whereof they have such use to listen, and looked, and prey by night. Herein we marked the communion between the great artery, and the great vein, where the first parting is into the bowels.

I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone, for with the own membranes, it being covered at the end, that which answer the hard menynx, the inner sends forth nerves from it self, but since there are companies of them, like strings, we note that they having passed a little way, meet as in one knot, as we in top of grain. And, since those severall strings are covered with the same skins, if you strain one, you spoyl the other, till they come to the knot. In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob, like a tree-knot, the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose, and full of pits with drops of blood. My fellow dissecters doubted whe∣ther it was the breach of a bone in anatomi∣zing, or some error in the first shaping, and su∣perfluous stuffe. In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone, that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose: Bruize but that bone, or peirce it, you find two long pits, passing sidelings above un∣der the skull, and below blind ones with parti∣tions. These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling, where the breath is, as also in the ear, which is but of late discovered. That which strengthens my opinion is, that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man; dogs excelling in sent. This is not found in a Monky, perhaps because he needs not ex∣cell in that sense.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Ambros.
• * 1.2

  Name. Isidor.
• * 1.3

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.4

  Feed.
• * 1.5

  Place.
• * 1.6

  Gend••ing. Pliny. Arist.
• * 1.7

  Sympa∣thy, and Antipathy.
• * 1.8

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.9

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.10

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.11

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.12

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.13

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.14

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.15

  Galen.
• * 1.16

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.17

  Scalig. exer. 217.
• * 1.18

  Aelian l. 7. c. 3••.
• * 1.19

  Nierem∣berg. H. Exotic. l. 9. c. 10.
• * 1.20

  Marckg. H. Brasil. l. 6. c. 2.
• * 1.21

  Marckg.
• * 1.22

  De I•••• Ind. O•• p. 151 〈◊〉〈◊〉 618.
• * 1.23

  Marckg. H. l. 6. c. 6.
• * 1.24

  Name. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 propr.
• * 1.25

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.26

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.27

  D••cript. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 H. A. •• c. 8.
• * 1.28

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Hip. & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 l. 16. ••6.
• * 1.29

  ••es••l. de ••••bri.
• * 1.30

  Aquapen. l. 2. c. 8.
• * 1.31

  Leo Af. l. 3.
• * 1.32

  Feed.
• * 1.33

  Natal. Comes. Aelian.
• * 1.34

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 5. Porta Physilog. l. 7. c. 8.
• * 1.35

  Galen. l. 5. c. 2.
• * 1.36

  Their nature.
• * 1.37

  Albert.
• * 1.38

  Aelian H. A. l. 7. c. 27.
• * 1.39

  Plin. l. 8. c. 34.
• * 1.40

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.41

  Use. Herodot. Porta Phys. l. 1. c. 17. Arist.
• * 1.42

  Plin.
• * 1.43

  Tulp. obser. l. 3. c. 56.
• * 1.44

  P••arricus. Nierem. H. E.
• * 1.45

  Names 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.46

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.47

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.48

  Ambro••••. lib. 2. c. 6. Place. Strabo. Geog. Plin.
• * 1.49

  Nature. Nierem. H. I. l. 9. c. 44.
• * 1.50

  Ioh. Ard. no••s.
• * 1.51

  Ios. A••osta.
• * 1.52

  P. Mar∣tyr.
• * 1.53

  Aelian. l. 7. c. 20.
• * 1.54

  Scaliger.
• * 1.55

  Marck∣grave. H. N. Brasil. l. 6. c. 5.
• * 1.56

  Marck∣grav.
• * 1.57

  Gesner.
• * 1.58

  Marckg.
• * 1.59

  Nierem.
• * 1.60

  Nierem∣berg.
• * 1.61

  Marckg. H. Bras. p. 227.
• * 1.62

  Lerius. H. Ame∣ric. c. 10.
• * 1.63

  Name. Gesner. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Append. Quadru. Aelian. Arist. Descrip∣tion. Place. Solinus. Strabo. Herod. Aelian. Feed.
• * 1.64

  Voyce.
• * 1.65

  Aelian. l. 6. c. 43.
• * 1.66

  Nature.
• * 1.67

  Plin.
• * 1.68

  Strabo. Geog. l. 15. Bellon. obser. l. 2. c. 52.
• * 1.69

  Ambr. H. Digit.
• * 1.70

  Gesn••r.
• * 1.71

  Ambrosin. l. 9. c. 9.
• * 1.72

  Marckg. H. Brasil. p. 2••1. Clusius.
• * 1.73

  Marc••••.
• * 1.74

  Hier. l. 9. c. 15.
• * 1.75

  Lerius.
• * 1.76

  Ambros. H. D. l. 2. c. 11. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Albert. Descript. Isidor. Barthol.
• * 1.77

  Place.
• * 1.78

  Feed.
• * 1.79

  Breeding.
• * 1.80

  Nature.
• * 1.81

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 28.
• * 1.82

  Carol. S••ephan.
• * 1.83

  Olaus M. l. 18. c. 18.
• * 1.84

  Use. Bruyer. l. 13. c. 3.
• * 1.85

  Weeker. antid. Spec. 2.
• * 1.86

  Albert.
• * 1.87

  Diffe∣rences. Ola••s. Bruierin.
• * 1.88

  Gesner.
• * 1.89

  Nierem. l. 9. c. 43.
• * 1.90

  Name. Ambros. l. 2. c. 13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.91

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Salmasius in Solin.
• * 1.92

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.93

  Plin. l. 8. c. 30. Bellon. H. Aqua.
• * 1.94

  Matthio∣••••••.
• * 1.95

  Place. Scal. ex. 215. Bruyer. Rei. Ci∣bariae l. 18. c. 4.
• * 1.96

  Olaus M.
• * 1.97

  Food.
• * 1.98

  Engen∣dring.
• * 1.99

  Iul. Pompon. Nature.
• * 1.100

  Aelian. l. 13. c. 4••.
• * 1.101

  Use.
• * 1.102

  Matthiol.
• * 1.103

  Diosco••.
• * 1.104

  Ronde∣letius.
• * 1.105

  Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Ambrosin. Hist. Dig••. l. 12. c. 13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.106

  S••idas l. 37. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Descript.
• * 1.107

  P••••ce.
• * 1.108

  Brasa••.
• * 1.109

  Food. Bellon. Aq••at. l. 2.
• * 1.110

  Nature.
• * 1.111

  Scal. Exer. 215.
• * 1.112

  Use.
• * 1.113

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. de ••b. l. 13. c. 31. Gesner. Holler. Aelian.
• * 1.114

  Ambrosin. l. 2. c. 13.
• * 1.115

  Marckg. Brasil. l. 6. c. 9.
• * 1.116

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ambros••••. Dig. l. 2. c. 14. Name. Albert. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Manar∣dus. Bellon. obser. l. 22. c. 22. Descript.
• * 1.117

  Place. Arist. H.
• * 1.118

  Vitruv. Food.
• * 1.119

  Oppian. Cyneget. l. 3.
• * 1.120

  Oppian. Cyn. l. 3. Antipa∣thy. Aelian. l. 9. c. 1. Nature, and man∣ners.
• * 1.121

  Arist. H. H. l. 6. c. 35. & 9. 6.
• * 1.122

  Use.
• * 1.123

  Aegineta. l. 4. c. 58.
• * 1.124

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 15. Name.
• * 1.125

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.126

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.127

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.128

  Albert.
• * 1.129

  Place.
• * 1.130

  Suidas.
• * 1.131

  Food. Plin. H. N. l. 29. c. 4. Aelian.
• * 1.132

  Gendring.
• * 1.133

  Antipa∣thy. Arist. H.
• * 1.134

  Nature.
• * 1.135

  Use.
• * 1.136

  Galen. de Ther. c. 9.
• * 1.137

  Dioscor. M. M. l. 2. c. 24. Glycas l. 1.
• * 1.138

  Gal. l. 3. c. 2.
• * 1.139

  Por••••. Phy••oga. l. 6. c. 4. Galen.
• * 1.140

  Diffe∣rences. Plin. Galen.
• * 1.141

  Figuli. dial. de. Mustela.
• * 1.142

  Hier. H. E. l. ••. c. 32. Clusius.
• * 1.143

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 16. Name.
• * 1.144

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.145

  Grapald.
• * 1.146

  Descript.
• * 1.147

  Place. Gesner. S••rabo. Food.
• * 1.148

  Gendring.
• * 1.149

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.150

  Agrico. de ani. s••bter.
• * 1.151

  Ambr. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 17.
• * 1.152

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 2. c. 18.
• * 1.153

  Zootom. Democr. p. 317.
• * 1.154

  Renod. l. 3. Pharma∣cop.
• * 1.155

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.156

  Ambrosin. H. Dig. l. 2. c. 19. Arist. Niphus. Alciate. Agricola.
• * 1.157

  M. Paul. Venet.
• * 1.158

  Ambrosin. H. Digit. l. 12. c. 21.
• * 1.159

  lb. c. 22. Scalig. Ex. 211. Ludov. Rom. Gyllius. Bellonius.
• * 1.160

  Rondel••. Pharmac. l. 3. c. 16.
• * 1.161

  Leo Af. Cardan.
• * 1.162

  Bellon. Obser. l. 2. c. 20.
• * 1.163

  Fallopius.
• * 1.164

  Maiol. Coll. 7.
• * 1.165

  Ambro••••
• * 1.166

  Isidor. Origin. l. 12. Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.167

  Varro de I. D. l. 3. c. 12. Scalig. Albert.
• * 1.168

  Zootom. Democ. ••••9.
• * 1.169

  Arist. l. 3. •• 9.
• * 1.170

  Place. Paerzan. Lapez. Ovid. art. am. l. 2. Arist.
• * 1.171

  Food.
• * 1.172

  Gendring. Xeno∣phon. Po••lux. Athenaeus l. 9.
• * 1.173

  Sex.
• * 1.174

  Archel. Albert.
• * 1.175

  Philomel. autor.
• * 1.176

  Nature.
• * 1.177

  Wit.
• * 1.178

  Lamprid. Mar. Epig. 30. Brui. l. 13.
• * 1.179

  Galen. l. 11. de Simpl. med. facul.
• * 1.180

  Sextus.
• * 1.181

  Dioscor.
• * 1.182

  Idem.
• * 1.183

  Matthiol.
• * 1.184

  Olam. Querce∣tan. Albert. Diosc.
• * 1.185

  Marcellus. Tragus.
• * 1.186

  Matthio∣l••s.
• * 1.187

  Montag. l. 2.
• * 1.188

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.189

  Plin. l. 18. c. 55.
• * 1.190

  Manard.
• * 1.191

  Ambrosin. de Digit. l. 2. c. 23.
• * 1.192

  Varro.
• * 1.193

  Nieremb. H. exot. l. 9. c. 8.
• * 1.194

  Amat. Lusitan.
• * 1.195

  Name.
• * 1.196

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.197

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.198

  Strabo. Geogra. l. 3.
• * 1.199

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.200

  Hemol. in Dioscor.
• * 1.201

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.202

  Zoor••m. Democ. p. 327.
• * 1.203

  Place.
• * 1.204

  Scaliger.
• * 1.205

  Food.
• * 1.206

  Gendring.
• * 1.207

  Niphus.
• * 1.208

  Nature, and Wat.
• * 1.209

  M. Varro.
• * 1.210

  Use.
• * 1.211

  Marcel. Ambrosin. Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.212

  Nieremb. H. E. l. 9. c. 8.
• * 1.213

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 7.
• * 1.214

  ld. lb. c. 9.
• * 1.215

  Ambrosin. Dig. Name.
• * 1.216

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.217

  Belluacen. Descript.
• * 1.218

  Place. Food. Gendring.
• * 1.219

  Nature. Wit.
• * 1.220

  Use.
• * 1.221

  Bruyer. l. 13. de recib. c. 29.
• * 1.222

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.223

  Cromerus.
• * 1.224

  Arist.
• * 1.225

  Pliny.
• * 1.226

  Amb.
• * 1.227

  Hier. H. E. l. 9. c. 34.
• * 1.228

  Amb. Dig. Vi. l. 2. c. 29.
• * 1.229

  Name.
• * 1.230

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.231

  Isidor.
• * 1.232

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.233

  Described.
• * 1.234

  Place.
• * 1.235

  Food.
• * 1.236

  Nature.
• * 1.237

  Wit. Arist.
• * 1.238

  Epiphan.
• * 1.239

  Use.
• * 1.240

  Plin.
• * 1.241

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.242

  Bruyer.
• * 1.243

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 75.
• * 1.244

  Ambr. l. 2. c. 32.
• * 1.245

  Name.
• * 1.246

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.247

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.248

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.249

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.250

  Varin.
• * 1.251

  Described.
• * 1.252

  Arist.
• * 1.253

  Plin.
• * 1.254

  Sever.
• * 1.255

  Zoo••om. p. 323.
• * 1.256

  Place.
• * 1.257

  Hect.
• * 1.258

  Boer.
• * 1.259

  Food.
• * 1.260

  Gendring.
• * 1.261

  Plin. l. 10. c. 65.
• * 1.262

  Anist. H. A. l. 8. c. 37.
• * 1.263

  Pausanias.
• * 1.264

  Cardan.
• * 1.265

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.266

  Nature.
• * 1.267

  Plin. l. 8. c. 57.
• * 1.268

  Amoldus.
• * 1.269

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.270

  Anist.
• * 1.271

  Ae••ian.
• * 1.272

  Plin.
• * 1.273

  Heriod.
• * 1.274

  Ruell. H. P••ant. ••. 4.
• * 1.275

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.276

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.277

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.278

  Digit.
• * 1.279

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.280

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.281

  Name.
• * 1.282

  Aelian. l. 6. c. 21.
• * 1.283

  Place.
• * 1.284

  Food.
• * 1.285

  Cardan. de rer.
• * 1.286

  Variet.
• * 1.287

  Arist.
• * 1.288

  Kinds.
• * 1.289

  Olaus.
• * 1.290

  Ambr.
• * 1.291

  Dig. l. 2. c. 32.
• * 1.292

  Albert.
• * 1.293

  Avicen.
• * 1.294

  Sipontine.
• * 1.295

  Gesner.
• * 1.296

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.297

  Aetius.
• * 1.298

  Albert.
• * 1.299

  Maethio∣lus.
• * 1.300

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.301

  Ambrosin.
• * 1.302

  Plin.
• * 1.303

  Matthiol.
• * 1.304

  Matthiol.
• * 1.305

  Barbarus.
• * 1.306

  Ambro. dig. vi. l. 2. c. 34.
• * 1.307

  Aurel.
• * 1.308

  Sever.
• * 1.309

  Zootom.
• * 1.310

  Democ. p. 325.
• * 1.311

  Stump∣fius.
• * 1.312

  Ambr. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 c. 35.
• * 1.313

  B••llon. aquat. l. 1.
• * 1.314

  Cl••sius in Auct.
• * 1.315

  Exot.
• * 1.316

  Holler.
• * 1.317

  Arist.
• * 1.318

  P••utar.
• * 1.319

  Sympo▪ 4. q. ult.
• * 1.320

  Nier••m.
• * 1.321

  Exo. l. 9. c. 3.
• * 1.322

  Ambros•••• de digit. vivip. l. 2. c. 36.
• * 1.323

  Name.
• * 1.324

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Describ••
• * 1.325

  Scal.
• * 1.326

  Severin.
• * 1.327

  Zoot.
• * 1.328

  Democ. p. 317.
• * 1.329

  Pliny.
• * 1.330

  Place.
• * 1.331

  Plin. l. 8. c. 2••.
• * 1.332

  Food.
• * 1.333

  Use.
• * 1.334

  M••rinel.
• * 1.335

  Mizald••s.
• * 1.336

  Ag••icola.
• * 1.337

  Ambrosin. l. ••. c. 37.
• * 1.338

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.339

  Plin.
• * 1.340

  Described.
• * 1.341

  Severin.
• * 1.342

  Democ.
• * 1.343

  Zoot. p. 319.
• * 1.344

  Plin. l. 9. c. 12.
• * 1.345

  Food.
• * 1.346

  Aelian. l. 16. c. 69.
• * 1.347

  Arist. H. A. l. 9. c. 6.
• * 1.348

  Use.
• * 1.349

  Durantes.
• * 1.350

  Kinds.
• * 1.351

  Majolus.
• * 1.352

  Ambr.
• * 1.353

  Digit. l. 2. c. 38. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.354

  Described.
• * 1.355

  Place.
• * 1.356

  Solinus.
• * 1.357

  Food.
• * 1.358

  Agric. ••de an••. subter.
• * 1.359

  Nature.
• * 1.360

  Use.
• * 1.361

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.362

  Nierem.
• * 1.363

  Hist. exot. l. 9. c. 6.
• * 1.364

  Gesne••.
• * 1.365

  Maphaeus.
• * 1.366

  Anton.
• * 1.367

  Herrera.
• * 1.368

  Consalv.
• * 1.369

  Ferdinan.
• * 1.370

  Oviedus.
• * 1.371

  Monardes.
• * 1.372

  Ambros.
• * 1.373

  Digit. vivi. l. 3. c. 1.
• * 1.374

  The Name.
• * 1.375

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.376

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.377

  Suidas
• * 1.378

  Describ.
• * 1.379

  Sever.
• * 1.380

  Democ.
• * 1.381

  Zootom. p. 306.
• * 1.382

  Galen.
• * 1.383

  Place.
• * 1.384

  Lerius. Textor. Food.
• * 1.385

  Gendring. Arist. H. A. l. 5. c. 14.
• * 1.386

  Id. Ib. l. 18. c. 28.
• * 1.387

  Arist. l. 5. c. 14. Pliny.
• * 1.388

  Age Pliny.
• * 1.389

  Voyce.
• * 1.390

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.391

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.392

  Antipathy. Plin.
• * 1.393

  Natur••.
• * 1.394

  Wit.
• * 1.395

  Plin. l. 5. c. 4••.
• * 1.396

  D••ris. Philistis.
• * 1.397

  Athen. H. A. l. 7. c. 33.
• * 1.398

  Use.
• * 1.399

  Cadamu∣st••s. Galen. Alim. l. 3. 2.
• * 1.400

  Aescu. c••lap. Plin. Sextus.
• * 1.401

  Mizaldus. Centur. 6.
• * 1.402

  Wecker. Antidot.
• * 1.403

  Diffe∣rences. Ovid. Clusius.
• * 1.404

  Ambr. l. 3. c. 2. Quad. Digit.
• * 1.405

  Aetius.
• * 1.406

  Mysaldus. Blondus.
• * 1.407

  Plin. Colum.
• * 1.408

  Ambr. ib. l. 3. c. 3.
• * 1.409

  Ambr. ib. c. 4.
• * 1.410

  Megaste∣nes.
• * 1.411

  Id. Ib. ••. 3. c. 5.
• * 1.412

  Blondus.
• * 1.413

  Bellon. obset. l. 3. c. 40.
• * 1.414

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 36.
• * 1.415

  Sextus. Empyr.
• * 1.416

  Ovie••••s.
• * 1.417

  Ambro. l. 3. c. 10.
• * 1.418

  Salmas. in Solinus. Name.
• * 1.419

  Place.
• * 1.420

  Food.
• * 1.421

  Ambr.
• * 1.422

  Plin. l. 1••. c. 63.
• * 1.423

  Gendring. Arist.
• * 1.424

  Sympa∣thy.
• * 1.425

  Antipa∣thy.
• * 1.426

  Valerian. Mizal. Cent. 4.
• * 1.427

  Nature.
• * 1.428

  Plin. l. 10. c. 73.
• * 1.429

  Bruier.
• * 1.430

  Porta Phys. l. 5. c. 25.
• * 1.431

  Galen.
• * 1.432

  Sampl. 11.
• * 1.433

  ••••ony∣••us.
• * 1.434

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.435

  Scal. Ex. 217. ••. 9.
• * 1.436

  Nierem. H. E. l. 9. c. 30.
• * 1.437

  M. P. Venetus ••. 1. c. 62.
• * 1.438

  Anatomy M. Aurel. Sever.
• * 1.439

  Zootom. Demo. p. 4. c. 309.
• * 1.440

  Casserius.