A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

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Title
A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.
Author
Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.
Publication
Amsterdam :: Printed for the widow of John Jacobsen Schipper, and Stephen Swart,
1678.
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Subject terms
Animal behavior -- Early works to 1800.
Zoology -- Pre-Linnean works.
Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works.
Link to this Item
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001
Cite this Item
"A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 16, 2025.

Pages

CHAPTER VII. Of the Castor, or Bever.

CAlled by the Greeks Kastoor, from Ca∣steros, the belly,* 1.1 because he is almost belly; not from castrating himself, when pursued for his stones, as some ridiculously derive it, for they are so small, and cleave so close to the ridge of his back, that he cannot come at them, nor while he lives, can they be plucked from him. He is called Fiber, not from frequenting the brinks of Rivers, that of old were called Fibri, but from Fibros, soft, because his hair is so.* 1.2 Some have mistaken him for the Otter. Nor is it the Latax in Arist. nor shall I decide it, whether it is the Orchia, or no: Some have counted him an Amphi∣bium, or half a fish, because he lives both on land, and in the water. He is of a bright ash-colour, but blackish-backed;* 1.3 finer haired then the Badger, & the blacker the skin, the coftlier.

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His teeth are very sharp, wherewith he can cut wood; the foreteeth are red: The forefeet like Dogs-feet; the hinder skinned like Goos∣feet, each five-toed. Tailed like a fish. In the greater,* 1.4 a foot and half broad, and six fingers, two thick; sometimes weighing four pound; thin at the edges, a thin skin, and smooth, and pale, streaked with admirable artifice. In the pri∣vy parts he hath two swellings as big as a Goose mouth, on each side one; these are lappets co∣vered with a thin skin, in the midst a passage, whence sweats out a fat, clammy-moysture, wherewith, after wiping his mouth, he annoints all the parts he can come by; as some Birds that have in the same place a small bag with a moysture in it, fetch it thence with their bill, and annoint their feathers, to keep them moyst, while they remain in the open aire. In tongue, heart, stomack, guts, and liver divided into five laps, or strings, he resembles a Hog most. His gall lurks under the lesser laps of the liver. His spleen is but small for a beast of his bignesse. His reins as great as a yearling-calves, and fat. The bladder like a Sowes. The testicles small, and cleaving to his back-bone. The femal hath but one passage for all natural uses;* 1.5 the necks of the womb, and bladder meeting there. Gesner in dissecting a Bever, found in a bag a yellow matter, solid, waxy, sharp, not earthy, of a pound weight; and the genital to consist of one bone, and in each knob another small bag with a honied-kind of substance in it, smel∣ling like mouldy rotten cheese. The like is in the femals, but weighing hardly an ounce. Wherein Bellonius found stones as big as an egge, but without doubt it was counterfait. Bevers are found in Burgundy, about the River Matrona;* 1.6 and by the Sein in Cabillon, and in Lorain. Austria, about the Danow, where they are called Biferi; in Helvetia, about Aru∣la, Rusa, and the River Lomagus; in Poland also, Russia, Prussia, and Italia; especially where the Po disburthens himself into the Sea; Finally, the best are about the Rivers of Pon∣tus, and in Spain. They haunt rather the Northern-waters,* 1.7 then the Rhine, or Danube, or other Rivers troubled with Navigation. But where ever he lives, he lives partly in the water, and partly on the land. Therefore they make their holes by River-sides.

They feed on tree-leaves,* 1.8 as the Poplar, &c. but they covet most the broad-leaved Willows, because bitter. Not on fish, as Albert mistakes; for Pelicerius, Bishop of Montpellier, laid often afore them fish alive, and dead, but they would not so much as smell to them.

In the beginning of Summer,* 1.9 under the constellation of the Dolphin with Sagittarius declining, they couple. They bring forth at the fall of the leaf. The voice of the Beaver is like the crying of a child. They never leave their hold in biting, till they hear the bones crack; when you keep them tame,* 1.10 they are so modest, that they never foul the house with their or∣dure, and they cry, and whine, if they cannot get abroad. They love their young so, that they will break through doors, and grates, and cast themselves down headlong for their sakes, as the forenamed Bishop relates. They feed themselves with their forefeet, as with hands. They wet their hinder-parts often, because the barks of trees bind their bodies, or for that but little gaul flows to their guttes. That opi∣nion of his biting off his testicles,* 1.11 when hunted, is false, rising from his craft in hiding them. He is observed to be very cunning. As appears by the wise building, and preparing of their house, in carrying of the materialls on the old ones lying on their backs, and packing the wood handsomely between their thighs, and dragging them by the tail to the appointed place, which makes the old ones backs so sleek. Those that the Scythians call Drudges, gather apples, cut barke, others lay them on the backs of two yoaked, having framed a hurdle of sticks to that end. The same by the black ones, which are called Masters, direct by their gate, and posture the rest; being to cut wood, they ever hold the same track from the river to the tree; never leaving a tree, till they have gnaw∣ed it almost asunder; and when it is near falling, they take care that it may not fall on that side where they stand. In a word, they build their houses higher, or lower, as the river runs, and shift lodging the day afore it overflows.

The flesh is not unsavoury, if in dressing the venome be removed.* 1.12 The foreparts are hot, the hinder so cold, that, like Tortoyses, they eat them onely on fasting-dayes.* 1.13 The Loranois count the tayl a delicate, it co••••ming near the tast of a Lamprey. Some sprinkle it with Ginger, and roast it. Gesner saith it tasts like eel. In Phisck the Bevers-gall, pisse, tayl and skin is usefull. Bever compast with many naturall skins, with a waxy moysture within it, of a tart tast, and a strong sent,* 1.14 is said to be the choysest; which is to be plucked from the beast in his ripe vigorous age, and to be dried with the Hony liquor in it; it will hold the vertue seven years, it helps the falling∣sicknes, and lethargie, if boyled with rue in keen vineger, and the swimming in the head, if the crown be annointed with it, and vine∣seed, and oyl of roses; and it helps losse of me∣mory after chronicall tedious diseases, and against short-breath with Ammoniack, and honied vineger; also against hickok after much eating. Easens collick, in juice of vine, and boyled in vineger, applied as a cataplasme on the breast, and secrets, is good against running of the reins. A perfume of it, furthers con∣ception. Eases womens griefs, rising from cold causes. Purges a woman in child-bed. Opium corrects it best.* 1.15 Finally it is an ingre∣dient into many medicines, as waters, extracts, oyls, ointments, waxes. The curd helps the falling-sicknesse. The pisse poyson; the tayl wounds in the guts. The ashes of the skin burnt with soft pitch, and leek juice stanches blood. It is a good wearing for the palsied. The teeth are worn for Amulets. The fat is a good bait to catch fish. The softest hair makes

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hats, and breeches. The Geloni make of the skins furred coats. We finde no differences of the kinds; onely the Scythians distinguish them into black, and reddish, or yellowish, and party-coloured, calling those masters, these servants.

Notes

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