A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS. (Book 2)

THE SECOND BOOKE. Of the Clovenfooted, Fourfooted Beasts. (Book 2)

THE FIRST TITLE. Of the Clovenfooted that live on the Earth.

CHAPTER I. Of the Horned Beasts in generall that chew the Cud.

THus farre have we prose∣cuted the History of the whole-hoof d;* 1.1 the Cloven∣footed follow: In Greek Dichele,* 1.2 and Dischide; which in H. Scripture are said to divide the hoof, be∣cause they have diverse clefts, though pro∣perly they cannot be said to have toes. I find two kinds of them; to wit, those that live on the earth, and those that live in the water. Of the former, some chew the cud, and some not. Of the former kind, some are horned, and some not. We shall consider them in generall, and in particular. We call those Ruminaters, or chewers of the cud, that, having swallowed their meat, bring it up again into the mouth, and chew it again.

In Latine,* 1.3 Ruminare,* 1.4 Rumigare, Remandere, Re∣volvere; in Greek, Mereykazein, Merikan, from Meruein, to roul again. Some of the Latines have fetched the word, Ruminating, from Ru∣men, the place in the belly whether the food descends, and whence it is again sent upward into the mouth. But Servius, from Ruma, the upper part of the neck; whether such beasts recall their eaten meat. But Mercurialis derives it from Erumnae,* 1.5 that are these of the throat∣pipe. How necessary this chewing the cud is for these beasts, we may gather from this, be∣cause they are fed with grosser food, as also from this, because they want upper-teeth, and the lower are not sharp. Whence it is, that na∣ture recompences the want of teeth with the multitude, as it were, of bellies; for they have no lesse then four; namely the belly, the call, the tripe, and the paunch. The throat beginning from the mouth reaches down to the lungs, and midriffe:* 1.6 thence,* 1.7 to the greater belly, that on the inside is sharp, and rugged, and hath a cell near the knitting of the gullet, called the net, or call; for it is outwardly like a belly, and within netted, like womens head cals, and is much greater then the belly; next is the tripe, rugged, checkered, crusty, and as great as the call; next is the paunch, greater and longer then the tripe, and checkered, and crusted with many light, and great crusts, vast, and misshapen, and then follow the bowels. In the first hollow place of the paunch the meat is to be seen undisgested, even in bits, and pieces scarce torned; in the second, more change, and yet more in the third; and in the last at length perfectly con∣cocted, where it is turned into a white creame. Nether yet do those only chew the cud,* 1.8 that want their upper-teeth; for among the fishes the Scarus doth the same, having blunt teeth; and among the beasts, the common, and pon∣tick Mouse, the Hare, the Cony, as we have it in Leviticus. If you ask the manner, and fashion of chewing the cud, Aristotle answers, that the meat being chewed again is sent out of one belly into another, till at last it slides into the bowels. Galen saith, that it is first brought up out of the stomack into the mouth; thence it passes into the kall, thence into the tripes, thence into the guts. After sucking, they be∣gin to chew the cud, in seven months, under∣stand it of the tame. The herders, in lesse time, because they feed abroad; yet in winter, more then at other times of the year; and they seem to delight more in this chewing the cud, then in eating. That they then require rest appeares by this,* 1.9 that they do that work lying in their stalles.* 1.10 Aristotle saith, that their milk alone cruddles, and that they have curdled milke in their tripes, and that they abound in milke. The causes hereof we shall elsewhere unfold.

Horns are given to these chewers (the

Camel excepted) for defence, and offence. The nourishment that should go to the making of upper-teeth, which they want, turns into Horses, and those are very manifold, and diffe∣rent; neither hath nature in any thing more wantonized then in these weapons of beasts; Shee hath spread them into branches, as those of Deer;* 1.11 to others shee hath given plain ones, as to the Harts, called spitters, or pipers, from the shape; others hath shee shaped like hands, and those as fingered, called broadhorned. Shee hath given to wild-goats, or Roes branched ones, but small, as such which are never cast: to Rams crumpled horns, like clubs, troublesome to Bulls. In this kind shee gratifies females also in many, onely male: To Roe-bucks-horns hooked backward, to Bucks, contrary. To the Strepsiceros, (a beast half wild, half tame, that Africa calls the Bold) horns standing bolt up∣right, writhed, and sharp at top. To the Phry∣gian herds, moveable horns like ears. To those of the Trogloditae, horns pointing downwards, so that they are fain to feed with their necks on one side. Others have but one horn, and that in the middle of their head, or in their nose. Again, some of them are strong to push with∣all, some to strike, some crooked, some to toffe many wayes; upright ones, turned, beamy; all sharppointed. Thus far Pliny; who hath left out their severall colours, which are very different. Some simply, white, blackish, ash-coloured, yellowish; others party-coloured, as shall be shewen in the severall kinds.

These horned beasts also have some peculiar parts, as hucklebones, and sewet, and some parts common with others, but otherwise placed, as the belly, milt, udders. The milt is most round: The bowels large; the udders between the legs in couples. The belly hath hollows while they go with yong. In the hucklebone they are fur∣nisht with many things, and the same in their hinder-feet. But more of these in the severall kinds.

CHAPTER II. Of the Horned Beasts, in particular that chew the cud.

ARTICLE I. Of the tame Beeve, or Neat, or Ox.

ANd thus much of the fourfooted,* 1.12 clovenhoof'd, cud-chewing, horned beasts in generall.

If you consider the kinds, there are among them, the Ox, both tame, and wild; the sheep; the Shee, and Hee-Goat, the Hart, the Busse, Elk, Rhinoceros, (or Nosehorned) we begin, and that with just reason, with the Beeve, being a beast, that challenges to it self almost all thing, whereof we stand in need, for food, or otherwise,* 1.13 certain it is that we owe all pulse, and grain to the Neat, and plow. Nay the use of vineyards would be lost, if they kept not our carts a going. What need I speake of severall trades, that must be all at a stand, and heavy mooveables, ly still, and uselesse for want of carriage; other creatures, and birds themselves fed in pennes, and coops, live on their la∣bour: for whence should the masters be pro∣vided of barly for their horses, meat for their dogs, and swine without the toile of the Ox: And, to make short, wat ever eats, ows the food to the meat. Some make use of mules, some of camels, some few of Elephants, but to what purpose are there without those.* 1.14 No wonder then, that of old the Germans used to send to those that were to marrie, for a dowry Oxen yoked, to signifie by these beginnings of the marriage-state, that the wife came to be a yoke∣fellow in all labours and dangers.* 1.15 The Athe∣nians would sacrifice not one for a long time, while they had use of a plow, or a wagon. Py∣thagoras advised, that no such labouring cattle should be killed. The Phrygians punisht the killing of a labouring Ox, with death. The Emperour Valens made a Law, that in all the East, they should eat no Veal: And Constan∣tine forbad taking plowing Oxen in pledge for debt: Nay, such were given as rewards for vertue and deserts: Decius Mus, Tribuny of the souldery, having saved the Roman Army, be∣set by the Sabines, by compassing a mountain, was rewarded with a Crown of Gold, and an hundred Oxen; and Lelius with thirty, after the City was taken. To say nothing of an hundred and thirty Oxen,* 1.16 sent yearly under the name of tribute by the Bohemians, to Charles the Great. That the stealing of Beeves hath occasioned a War;* 1.17 and that the Low-Dutch of the Cheese and Butter they make and send abroad, make yearly two hundred Sesterties, that amount to ten hundred thou∣sand Carolines, besides what they easily spend for their own use, as Adrian Iunius relates.

The Beeve obtains diverse names according to their different ages,* 1.18 and sexes; the chief are the Ox, Bull, Cowe, Heifer, or Stier, and Calfe.

The Ox hath his name, Bos, properly im∣posed from his gelding,* 1.19 yet it includes also the Bull, and Cow. As also among the Greeks, Bus is a general, comprehensive name, and imports sometimes the Calf also.

The Bull is the beeve afore castration, the captain and husband of the Cowes;* 1.20 Yet Op∣pian in this name, as the more worthy com∣prehends, all neat. He is called (as the Eti∣mologists say) Tauros, or Tanyuros, from his long taile, or Garos, i. e. proud; or from the Syriaque,* 1.21 Tor, and Taur.

The Cow is the Bulls female, and in Greek distinguisht from the male,* 1.22 only by the article O. Florentinus renders it Butheleian, or Da∣malin, which Phocian ascribes to every young beast, some to the Heifer.

Authors speak not distinctly enough of the Heifer, and Calf, nor is Varro constant to himself:* 1.23 And the Poëts call Heifers, Oxen, and Cowes, and Calves, whose horns sprout

not yet out: When Isidore yet calls Juvencus, the Stier that begins to be able, juvare, to help man in tillage: We shall take it for a Beeve, that is no longer a Calfe. Iunix, seems to be the same with juvenca,* 1.24 the Heifers, or the Neat not yet of age.

The Calfe is the name of the first age of the Beeve, called Vitulus, either from the youngnesse, or the wantonnesse, or the life of it. It bears many names among the Greeks, at least fourteen, as Petalos, Mochos, Roos, &c. though some of them agree to the Bulls, or rather the Ox; Petaloi,* 1.25 from their slender, or plain,* 1.26 broad horns. Mochos, is common to either sex; or so called from Moo, the cry; or Othmadai, smelling after the dam, or crying, or longing after her. The Graecians at this day call it Mouskori. Portis is one, very young. Poris,* 1.27 Hee, and Shee, from Poreia, comming forward. Enis, is one of a year old. Preey, is rather a Bull, saith Varinus. Killix, an Ox, or Lamb with a crosse-horn. Kooronios, an Ox with a round horn. Roos, is a Scythian Bull, as Zetzen relates. Knoodala, are Oxen. Pellis, is an Ox with a black horn.

In describing the Ox, I shall only note the most remarkable things, it being a beast so well known. Of the differences of their horns hereafter.

It is an hairy beast, that sheds it yearly, which comes thinner,* 1.28 or thicker then the first hair; it is thicker on the back and neck, called Mol∣lopsi; because thereof hated men to make glew Kolla, or Kollaboi, pegs for Lute-strings are thence fitted. That double neck-hair is cal∣led Mukos. The lips are thick, and sticking out; the upper-jaw thick and blunt, so that he cannot pluck short grasse. On the fore-head is the shape of a V.* 1.29 The gelded have a broad∣er then Bulls.* 1.30 The bones are hardest between the horns; very stubborn,* 1.31 and not easily broken.* 1.32 The tongue, when pluckt out, will pant a whole day. The skins that hang down the throat, are called palezar, the dew-lap. See the Greek names in Varrinus. The teeth are continued, and twice changed.* 1.33 Those of two years old, change teeth, saith Pliny. They want the upper-row, they chew therefore with the four fore-teeth as hath been said. Their peezel is very stiffe. They have two udders between their legges,* 1.34 Pliny saith four, calling, it seems the teats, which are four ud∣ders. Their arse gapes, saith Horace. Their taile is long, the hair short. The flesh dry and duskish. The sinews hard and stubborn, though not so long as the Bulls. The blood full of strings, therefore hastily congeals and hard∣ens. The ham-joynt not so fast as that of other beasts, therefore he drags his feet more, espe∣cially when he is lean and old. It is said they have a stone in the head, which they spit out, when they look to be slaughtered. Austin reports they have one also in the liver, and reins. Pliny saith, there is a bone in his heart. The milt is very long, and blacker then the Swines, especially when he grows old. The reins resemble mans, each as it were made up of many. The ancles greater then the Camels. In the Heifers second ventricle is found a rough sand-stone,* 1.35 round as a ball,* 1.36 very light. Aldrovand had two of them in his study, one reddish, the other black; for that was taken out of a red, this out of a black Ox, since it is sprung from haires that they lick in, in chewing the cud, as it sometimes happens, they with licking themselves swallow something, that gathers into an ovall chapt, being mixt with flegme, wee need not discourse much of the place, where they are found. For their meat, they devour all that the earth yeelds; especially grasse, çitisus, pease, knot-grasse, sedge, wil∣low, oke-leaves, olive-bows, reed, black-elder, vines, barly, hirse, wheat, acornes, date-kern∣els, wild olive, missle-toe, these the most de∣light in. All know, grasse to be their feed in Summer, and hay in Winter.* 1.37 In the province of Narbon in Fount-Orges, grows an herb so gratefull to Oxen, that they will plunge them∣selves over head, and eares to seek it. They will do the like in the River Loïr,* 1.38 about Ve∣luin, and in the Sebusian Fish-ponds: And in the ditches, pools, and black waters thereabout, grows a grasse, with long, reddish leaves, floot∣ing on the water,* 1.39 after which they are so greedy, that they will wade belly-deep, and duck in the whole head to feed thereon, which fattens them strangely; and the Cows that fed there, yeeld much more milk, then neerhand. Citisus breeds much, and sweet milk; but while it flourishes, it is not so good, but dries up milk. Pease are commended, but not sowed in March, because it makes them wild-headed. Pliny says, that not onely that, that is sowen in March, is hurtfull to oxen; but also that that is sowen in May is hurtfull to Oxen, but also that that is sowen in Autumne, makes them sleepy, steep it, and it is corrected. Therefore Demo∣critus prescribes such to be given them month∣ly in their drinke, to strengthen them; five bushells serves a yoak of oxen. Clave grasse, or three leaved fattens a carrion lean ox, and cures a sick one.* 1.40 Therefore wild Trifoly is diligent∣ly sowen in many parts of Spain, especially in Valentia: Yet it must be given sparingly, else it dries milke, and turns all the meat into blood, fat and flesh. Lotus gives best nourishment, and sweetest, and being sowen once in fallow ground, flourishes many yeares after. Elm∣-leaves,* 1.41 especially those of Attinia,* 1.42 the Romans held much of. If you give it them dayly, and then another sort of leaves, they will be weary of them. Virgil mentions willows; nor hath Lu∣cretius forgot them. Fig-leaves, if they may be had, are very good for them; yet oke-leaves, and wild olive that is not thorny, are thought better. Black elder leaves bring a flush of milk: Barly chaffe, and that of other grain. Hirse is sowen in Italy for them, saith Porta, fitches are given them, in stead of pease, ground in a hand-mill, and weakned a little in water, in Spaine Baetica. A bushell of pulse serves to put an Ox into good case; weakned three dayes in river,* 1.43

or sea-water, it grows sweet; and then dried again is laid up for this use. Acornes are advised to be gathered after seed time, and cast into water, and a half bushell, to be given in spring to each Ox: It is meet about the fall of the leafe to give each yoke of oxen 24 bushells. The greater make them unhealthfull; and when ever you give it, if they have it not 30 dayes together, they get the spring scab.

The Babylonians give their Oxen date∣kernels soakt in water,* 1.44 and to their sheep.* 1.45 They are fattened by misletoe. They feed also on fish among the Paeonae, who dwell by the Pra∣shian marishes. Neither do they abstain from Hemlock, whether green, or dry: Nor doth eating of frogs do them any harme. Briefly, they delight to drinke clear water, nor doth muddy hurt them.* 1.46 About their manner of feeding see Aldrovand, and writers of husbandry. For their age, the Cow lives 15 years at most, the male 20; they are at their best at five. Their age is knowen by changing their teeth;* 1.47 the foreteeth they cast within a year, and eight, or ten months;* 1.48 then after six months by degrees they loose the next, till within three yeare they have changed them all; when they are best disposed, and so hold out to fifthteen. At best, their teeth stand fair, long, and even; but growing old, they diminish, wax black, and rot. The Hel∣vetians judge of their Cows age by certain circles almost at top of their horns; they are three at five years old, after more. Some thinke they get a circle with every calving. About their gendring, lust, coupling, and calving, I meet with these observations. The Bull feeds with the Cow only in engendring time; they couple with the elder twice a day, with the yonger oftner, and that with one, and the same, and quietly. A geld one hath egendred, saith Ari∣stotle. One Bull may serve 15 Cows. Varro allows many more.* 1.49 Hee abstaines from the cows that are with calf at first, and as it were voluntarily divorces himself, as it is to be seen in Epire especially, where for most part hee is not to be seen for three months, but feeds by himself. The Cows salacity is famous. See Aristotle about the excesse and signes of their lust; as also Aelian. H. A. l. 10. c. 27. About what heats then see Columella, R. R. l. 6. (thither I refer the reader, for I list not to translate such stuffe.) The Cows are knowen to be with calf, when their termes cease,* 1.50 within 2, 3, 4 half a months space. They goe 10 months, and in the tenth they calve: they bring forth nothing alive sooner, saith Pliny: Some say they calve when the tenth month is compleat. How the calve lies in the belly is exprest by an image, and the skin wherein it is enwrapped, is also shewen hereafter. Though the Cow bring but one at once,* 1.51 seldome twins, yet in Ptolomy the yonger his time, a certain Cow calved six at once; and in Hispaniola this cattle is strangely fruitfull; for the most part they bring two at once; in the eleventh month they go to Bull, and though they carry a couple, yet they say, they ly both on the right side. They guesse by the Cows frisking after coupling, whether shee shall have a Bull, or Cow-calf; if on the right side a Bull-calf; if on the left, a Cow-calf. They love bees, but hate hornets, gad-flees, flees of all sorts, tikes, bears, swine, crows, and some kind of plants, and some sorts of colours.

Pliny writes, that it is best to smear behinds with cow-dung,* 1.52 this kills the Vermin that breeds of their bodies, and Spiders, Butter∣flies, and raises the Bees themselves.* 1.53 They are repaired by ox-paunch,* 1.54 fresh,* 1.55 and covered with their dung. Virgil saids the like of a young Heifers carcase, as also of Horses. Neat being stung by an hornet, as in great anguish, fall a running, Flies vext them so, that in Leucadia it was a custome to sacrifice an ox to the flies, which being swelled with their blood, are thought to vanish away; bitten by the like, they pine away, and are disabled for labour. Bears hanging with all four on bulls hornes, and necks, tire them out with their weight. Swines-dung is harmfull to them. Crows pick at their egs. Some say, that if a bulls tong be smeard with tallow (whether swines, or other I know not) they will sooner dy, then eat, unlesse washt with salt, and vineger. For plants, if a bulls nostrils be smeard with oyl of roses, hee be∣comes giddy; Lady-glove put into their no∣strils, makes them maddish. Black hellebore kills them. The juice of the Chamaeleon kills yong Heyfers with the squincy. The wild fig makes them tender-flesht.* 1.56 Ash-leaves are deadly to Neat, that other cattell may safe∣ly chew; it is true of the gew-tree. There is a place, they say, a Thracian Province, near the Scythians, and Medes, almost 20 furlongs long, that brings forth barly, that men eat, but horses, and oxen will not tast of, nor other beasts. Tragus, amongst the hurtfull fruits, describes an herb, leaved like pulse at first, sharp, and long eared, the ears cleaving like burrs, commonly found in fields sowen with pulse, and barely, very hurtfull to oxen, and shund by them.* 1.57 Of the grasse that is good for them, the Alpine violet, and great burre, called by the Germans Blakken, read Gesner, oxen eating bedewd, swell till they burst som∣times, unlesse they be driven up and down, till they be warm, and void it. Seneca, writing of Anger, saith, that oxen are much enraged by red, or any colour like it. But it is strange, that oxen that have been made to draw any man to execution, will not plow after, or if they be forced to it, the ground will not thrive. The Geroponici advise to take heed in seed-time, that the seed fall not on ox-horns; such they hold will never come to good, they call it Kerasbolon, horn-fallen. Pliny saith, that, if when a stable is on fire, and oxen, or sheeps-dung be cast out, they are more easily drawen out, nor will returne thither, which is no wonder. About their motion, and voyce, a few words shall suffice. Their pace is slow, not to say sluggish; whence we say, this is to hunt the Hare with the Ox; their voyce is different according to the age and sex. The Calves

sounds deeper then the growen; the cows, then the Oxes,* 1.58 their voyce changes when they are geld.* 1.59 Their proper voice is lowing, in Lat. boare, bovare, boïre; in Gr. Mukima, &c. They yeeld us many things for food, namely flesh, braines, tongue, heart, liver, milt, reines, cale, inwards, feet, and marrow, besides milk, to make cheese and butter. Their flesh is prime; and though the Egyptians abstain from Cow-beefe, and feed on Bull-beefe: Yet the Romans have forbidden the latter to be sold, because under Tarquin the proud, by eating thereof, women great with child, got the pestilence. In Homer, beefe was set afore Nobles. Lysander going into Jonia was presented with beefe among other varieties. In the kingdom of Senega, they eat nothing else. Prometheus, saith Pliny, was the first who slew an Ox. Of old in their choysest Feasts, they set whole oxen roasted on the table.* 1.60 The Turks also in the lesser Asia,* 1.61 or Natolia,* 1.62 when a childe, whose parents were of any fashion, was to be circumcised, would roast on a great pole a whole ox, with a whole belweather in his belly, that had a hen with an egge in her, in his belly, and this is eaten by the kindred. Beefe yeelds the best nou∣rishment,* 1.63 and agreeable to the stomack, and not so subject to purifie.* 1.64 It is strong,* 1.65 and fast food, but not soon concocted. It is not wa∣terish indeed, flegmatique, or slimy, but yet it is hard of disgestion; very nourishing, but breeds thick blood. But if a melancholy person feed too freely on it, it shall hasten his fit. In some it swells the Spleen, and breeds a consumption. Beef is not so good while fed in the Spring with the first, thin grasse; best, when fed with thick grasse, and near seeding. The Dutch, Scotch, English, and other norther∣ly people pickeld, and smoak it, and so eat it. They pickle it most in midst of October, and November; when they hang it up, some smoke it first••with juniper, which they strait quench again. Some think it gives it a good colour to fume it with bundles of dry netles, and that it makes it redder; but you must feed but spa∣ringly hereon, for it nourishes little, and lies long in the maw, being very hard to disgest, and then yeelds but ill juyce. The middle-aged is thought best, that hath not been over-laboured, yet old one will hastily fatten. Bruie∣rinus saw some, that the Avern▪ sent, that were so fat and heavy, that the buyers must carry them in carts. It hath been forbid, on great forfaits, to kill, in cities of note, diseased oxen; and the guilty taken, have been hevily punisht; since tainted flesh lies heavy, and breeds cor∣rupt humours, and spirits. Veal is temperate food, juicy, favoury, light of disgestion, breeds good blood, esteemed so by all, and preferred afore Kid by many. Crescentiensis would have it killed fifteen dayes after. Others would not have it weaned till thirty dayes old: In many parts of France, they are brought to the Buthchers of a month old, sometimes lesse, sometimes a month and an half old.* 1.66 At Rome they let them suck oft a whole year; and keeps them from grasse, and other fodder: they are after that a delicate food, and used by Francis the first of France.* 1.67 One magnifies their flesh, if weaned at three or four months old, and killed at a year old compleat. As for Heifers, they are better food, then growen, but fall short of Veal. At Lions they like yearlings, and those of six months, and of two and three years old. Bruier▪ commends those that never took Bull. Their parts we shall now consider.

A Calves-head boyled, and eaten warme, is known good food; the brain taken out, boyl∣ed a while in water, and then skin'd, and sod in wine, and seasoned with spice, is good: The jaw is counted a dainty; but an Oxes is disputed of. The Neats-tongue is prized in Germany, both in the high and low-Countries. Of old it was not sacrificed, the Priests under a pretence of Religion, preserving it for them∣selves. Some stuffe it with spice, and rost it. The udder uses to be par-boyled, and with fat or butter fryed, and sprinkled with spice, and so served in. The paunch was in old times cried up:* 1.68 the tripe among the Romans especially was a dainty.* 1.69 Their Ancestors had such a special care of this beast, that there are Presi∣dents of some condemned by the people of Rome, for killing an Ox, and denying they had eaten the tripe, and were banished as if they had murdered a husbandman.

The sweet-breeds were a service at great mens tables, and of old magnified: Nor are Neats-feet cast away. Diogenes the Cynick is said to have died with eating one raw.

As for their use in medicine; Beefe allayes a swelling; and laid on hote, disperses impo∣stumes, and boyles, if Pliny be to be believed. Cowes-flesh laid on the privities, strangly heals the ulcers and coupissing. Beefe-pottage stops the flux, saith Simeon Sethis; Pottage of Cow-beefe heals sore and chapped mouths; Calves-broth is reakoned among the helps of the Col∣lick, and Bloody-flux; Veal new killed, sod in vineger, and laid moyst under the arm-pits, takes away the rank, rammish smell; If women about the time of conception, eat it well rosted with heart-wort, they shall bear males. See Aldrovand. about Neats-feet broth among the Portugeses:* 1.70 And also, the oyl of Neats-feet is good against all aches and lamenesse. Holy saith, that Ox-liver burnt, and drunk, is good against loosnesse, and bloody-issues. A di∣stilled-water made of a Bull-calfs-liver cut small, with a like quantity of Sage-leaves, helps the hard swellings that lie crosse the bottom of the belly. The extract of the Ox-spleen, sup∣presses the monthly termes.

Pliny writes of superstitious,* 1.71 and magical uses, or rather abuses. The paunch, or tripe∣broth taken in thought to expel venome; espe∣cially poyson from Henbane, and Hemlok.* 1.72 The intrals of a Calfe, fresh and warm, chopt small, yeelds a juice, that with a like quantity of Sage and Parsly, are good to rub cold, wasted,* 1.73 and palsied parts. The pissle weakned

in vineger, and smeared on, makes a smooth face.* 1.74 A red Bulls dried to powder, the quan∣tity of a peece weight, some say quench, some say kindle lust. Their marrow, especially the Calves, is a softner: the Cowes marrow knea∣ded in flower, and eaten as bread, cures strang∣ly the bloody-fluxes, especially eaten with new cheese:* 1.75 the Bulls is dryer,* 1.76 and the pow∣der taken in wine, helps strangury, and gut-wringing; dissolved, and with a fourth part of red myrrhe, and of oyle of Bay, or Laurel, as much loosens the shrunk sinnews, if you an∣noint the feet and hands morning and evening. Pliny saith, the Ox-marrow out the right fore∣thigh, poudered with sowte, is good for the hair, and the eye-lids, and corners, if they aile any thing. Of the sewet, and the pre∣paration of the Bulls-tallow, thus Pliny: The way of fat, the same is used about the sewet, and tallow of the beasts that chew the cud; the veins are taken out, it is washed in Sea-water, or brackish; beaten into balls, sprinkled with Sea-waters, then sod oft, till the rank smell be gone; then by continual salting it, is whitened; that is most prized, that is taken from the reins: If you resume the old, you must first melt it, then oft wash it in cold water, then try it again, and pour very sweet wine, or perfumed on it; thus by often seathing, the malignity is boyled out. Dioscorides shewes how it should be sweet∣ned. It is much hotter and dryer then Swins-grease, and cooler then the Lyons; good for fiery, and hard swellings, with rosin, and fullers chalk it is soften; Aesculapius adds wax; and perhaps it comes near to Galens fourfold medicine. It takes spots and freckles out of the face, with feed of Cunila, and ashes of harts-horne, if it be burnt in the beginning of the dogdayes, with gum and hony it helps wax kernels, and the like; mixt with bears grase, and wax, a like quantity, it strangely suppresseth impostumes, and with nightshadened rue it helps freckles, warts, bunches and the like. Calves fat take out of the flank, boild with three pints of water, and taken in as broth, helps the collick. Bruised, and with salt it is good for lowsinesse, and sore-heads, mixt with a little nitre, and like ser-cloth it is said to heal the swellings, and other griefs of the cods. It helps against poyson that uses to kill with ex∣ulcerating calves-sewet with goose-grease clo∣ses the chaps in the mouth. Ox-sewet rubed on, takes away the stifnesse and pain of the neck.* 1.77 It helps the griefs of the fundament, with flower of frankincense it heals cornes, and leprosies, morfew, tetters, fellons, scurft, taken with salt, raisins, origanum, leven or bread. For fellons this sewet with salt, and goats-grease is smeared on, or burnt in the Sun with roses.* 1.78 The Ox-gall cures sore-heads presently, if mingled with juice of Asses-dung, and a little powder of Sea-onion and Bulls-gal; or with nitre, wine and oyl, well mixt with fullers-earth and nitre, it piels of the le∣prosie and scurfe.* 1.79 It is applied to cankers and fiftulaes with juice of leeks and breast-milke,* 1.80 rubed on with a woollen-cloath on the navel, it voids worms; smeared on with hony, it helps the squincy, closes the chapt fundament, opens stopt emrods; makes loos-bodied, laid on the bottom of the belly with butter, Deer-mar∣row, and oyl of Bay rubed on the knees, it helps them; it helps the griefs of the privie parts, annointed on with oyl, as also of the cods; dissolved in hot water, it takes away the dead-flesh of the fingers; and womens terms it helps, laid on with moist woolen.

Ox-gal mixt with , drawes splinters of yron,* 1.81 and thorns; and kneaded up to the thick∣nesse of hony daubt on, with allom. And Mirrhe is a speedy cure for worms in the privie parts, it disperses kernels, and impostumes in any part; as also ox-blood, and flesh layd hot on; with oyl of palma Christi, and roses, it helps the hearing; and layd on with cotton, takes away tinkling noyses in the eare. There are who think that the Kings-evill is helped by a linnen band, dipt in a warm ox-gal, and tied under the hips, shifted, and layd fresh on three dayes. Hippocrates advices, that, if a woman hath not conceived, her months shewing them∣selves, on the third, or fourth day, all umbray'd moystened with ointment, is to be layd on with a woollen cloath, and so three dayes renewed; and the third day, an ox-gall is to be shaven, and the shavings mixt with oyl, and put in a linnen cloath, and three dayes together layd on,* 1.82 and then she shall conceive.* 1.83 Finally,* 1.84 it is strange that is written, that some Egyptian women, to become fat, take in a bath 9 dayes a chirat of Cows-gall, dissolved in Cow-pisse. About the calves-gall, understand that with vineger warmed, it takes away Nits, it lesses the chops of the eyes, bruized with hony, and especially Mirrhe and Safran; and is very good to put into the eare with a Snakes-slough, sprinkled with lees mixt with oyl, it drives away gnats. The stone in an Ox-gall, the Phi∣losophers call it Alcheron, it is like a ring, bruised to pouder, and snuffed up, helps the sight, and prevents eye-rheums: and is good for the falling-sicknesse, if you take thereof the quantity of a pea with the juyce of into the nostrills. The hide, and glue also hath it's use in Phisick:* 1.85 Burnt, it heals kibes, especially out of an old shoe: with hony it eats off cankers in sores; the ashes of an old soal burnt, helps against a bruise from a pinching shoe. Glew sod out of Ox-hides, especially Bulls, and that out of their ears, and pizles of very soverain; nor is any thing better against burnings. But it is often counterfaited, nothing more taken out of other leather to cozen you. That of Rho∣des is truest, and therefore used by Painters, and Phisitians. The best at this day, called Ger∣man, is of a light-red-colour, very hard, britled as glasse, and blackish, and twice as deere as the other.* 1.86 It is called Xylocolla, or wood-glue, because it is used in gluing wood to∣gether; others call it Taurocolla, or Bulls-glue: we owe the invention of it to Daedalus; it joyns things firmer then any other thing can.* 1.87 Melted

in vineger it heals the scab, adding lime-wit, if it be not gone too far, weakened in vineger, and with brimstone, boild on a soft fire, to the thicknesse of hony, and stird boyling, with a fig-tree sprig, applied twice a day, it cures itch, melted, and dissolved the third day, it heals, and closest wounds, made by iron. Mixt with vineger, and hony, it removes Nits. It helps teeth, boyld in water, and rubed on, and pre∣sently taken of again, and then the teeth washt with wine, wherein hath been sod sweet Pome∣granet-roots, drunk with three cups with hot water, it helps spitting of blood; as also the hot collique, and belly-ake, if layd on. The horne, the top of it,* 1.88 burnt, two spoonfulls weight, with hony, swallowed in pills, helps the Ptisick, or short-breath, or wheezing; as much burnt to pouder, with three cups of hot water, and a litle vineger, helps the Spleen, taken three dayes in, if fasting. The hoof is also medicine∣able; boyled, and eaten with mustard, it resists poyson: burnt, and drunk in pottage, wine, or other liquour, it restores milk to womens dried breasts; the smoke thereof kills, or chases away Mice. The Ancledust drunk with hony, brings away worms; with mulled vineger, it lessens the Spleen; with wine, it fastens the teeth. It is frivolous, but not to be left out, saith Pliny, if it be but to please women, that the ankle, of a white heifer, sod 40 dayes and nights, till dissolved, rub'd on with a linnen cloath, makes a clear smooth skin.* 1.89 The Hips burnt, and drunk, stopt fluxes of blood. The thin skin moyst from the calving, heals a sore face. The Stone, found in the head, drunk out of the same water that the ox drinks, helps effectually the head-ake.

The milke, being thick, and fat passes not so easily through us; yet Pliny saith it loosens the belly, and is drunk in the spring to purge, be∣cause it comes from many herbs whereon the Cows feed hartily.* 1.90 It works out poyson, espe∣cially, that that corrodes, and inflames; parti∣cularly it helps against Doryenium, Colchicum, Hemlock, and the sea-hare. Warmed, and gar∣gled it soon allayes the pain, and swelling of the almonds under the eares. Taken warme from the Cow it helps an exulcerated stomack. A cupfull, with so much deer-sewet, tried, and moyst pitch, and Scythian red-oker, helps strangely a consumption.* 1.91 A black Cows milk with pouder of Sesamum is good to drink for a women that after child-birth vomits blood, after fourty dayes.* 1.92 The same boyled mitigates, and removes fluxus, and desire to stool, if newly milk, and two parts boyled away, for the stran∣gury a little hony must be added; and if the pain be great, lay on the navell dust of Harts-horn, or Ox gall mixt with cummin-seed, with flesh, up-goared. Nor are these the prescriptions only of Aëtius, Galen, and Pliny, but our late Physitians prescribe the like, and therein they quench a gad of steel nine times, and ap∣ply it hot to the patient, or glister wise. Hip∣pocrates prescribed it of old, and others mixt with liquour. For he when the guts were wounded, and the breath came forth beneath apparently by the wound, and the breasts emptied, advised it to be given with a like quantity of milke, wine and water. And Gesner also testifies, that some cried it up, if the liquour mixt with wine, and milke were drunk certain dayes in Maries-bath. Butter, although Pliny say it was a food prized only by Barbarians and poor common people, yet Galen, and Diosco. and others proclaim great vertue to be in it. Vitalis de Furno Cardinal, and a famous Phy∣sitian saith that butter is naturally warm, and moyst; heat is predominant in it, it is viscous, and oylie. Oft eaten it moystens the stomack, and make loos-bodied, softens the breast; cures ulcers in breast, and bowells; especially, when fresh and new, agreeing to mans complexion, helps apostumate breasts and lungs; it being the proper quality to ripen, disperse, and cleanse all superfluous humours, especially if eaten with hony and sugar. Butter resists poy∣son, supples the members, softens, and helps, smeared on eye-smart, disperses, and ripens im∣postumes, eases sore breasts, and lungs, and gripings of the bowels, supples, and loosens shriveled up sinews. It is a speciall remedy against inward poyson, if hartily drunk melted in hot milk, after you have drunk venome, for by its fatnesse it stops the passages, that the venome reach not suddenly the heart. But, new butter is thus praise-worthy, not so the old, &c. Thus far the Cardinall Cheese is good against flaxes, strangury, and colique. Hippo∣crates uses the same against his third sort of consumption. Donatus writes that he gave a pellet of Sicilian cheese dipt in hony to a boy troubled with wormes.* 1.93 Of the whey, hote, or cold we shall elsewhere discusse; certain it is, that it thins and cleanse away the thick hu∣mours, and brings down the belly; to this last purpose the ancients have used it often, espe∣cially in those, which they would purge gently, as the melancholy, and those that had the fal∣ling sicknesse, the leprous, the scald, and those that brake out with blisters over the whole body; above all it is good for shortwinded taken with neezing pouder. Ox-pisse allayd with amber burnt,* 1.94 and quenched therein re∣moves impotence. Hippoc.* 1.95 purged therewith female wombs, that conception might follow. Bulls-pisse takes away leprosie, and scurf; heals sore running-heads; allays grief, of the ears dropped in with myrrhe. Finally, if the hearing be very thick,* 1.96 the Hee-goats, or Bulls, or mans old urine hot, and vapouring out of a long necked bottle helps: they mixt with it a third part vineger, and some Calves-pisse that never tasted grasse. Ox-blood, men write, that taken with vineger, and moderately it helps against blood-vomiting. it cures dogs newly faln mad: it concocts ulcers, if a playster be made of it with sewet by the fire.* 1.97 Bulls-blood with meal smeard on softens hardnes, and dried it scatters impostumes in any part: it kills serpents; takes away face-spots; and that it is deadly to drink, by reason that it soon congulates, and hardens.

Midas King of Phrygia, and Psammenitus of Egypt, Themistocles and others, who died by drinking it,* 1.98 are sad examples. Pliny excepts Aegyra, a city doubtles of Achaia, which Ho∣mer calls Hyperesia, where the Priestesse being to divine, drinks bulls blood afore shee descend her prophesying cave. Signes that you have drunk it are stopping of breath, even to choak∣ing, closing the jaws, and eares, almonds, rednes of tongue, infecting the teeth, &c. They help against ik, with mariorane, cole, wildfigs, cala∣mint, ladyglove, salpeeter, pepper, copperas, black southistle, thorn and time. A few words of the Dung: The bulls dissolves swellings, and callow hardnes; the ox-dung is layd on, made up with vineger cataplasme-wise, for hand-greefs, and hard-swellings. Layd on coles with melantine, snuffed up, it heals megrim, freck, prest out, and weakened in urine, it is com∣mended for gut-ake, men use of it bruised, and sifted for a purge for the barren. The calves dung differs little from the oxes in vertue, Mar∣cellus saith, that it is a present help daubed on sore joints. Some parts are for many other uses, to say nothing of husbandry, treading out corne, carriage, warre, sights; of the hornes are made, besides cups, lavers, cupping glasses, lan∣terns, cornets, buglehorns, trumpets and bows: Of the hide are made shields, bucklers, helmets, tents, ships, ladders, belts, girdles, mony, pouches, bottles, bellowes, whips, shoos, and other things; nay the Pyraeaean siege in Greece, and that of Ripella in France witnes that they have been for food. Out of the fagg-ends of hides comes glew. Out of the sinews are made both tough and yeelding whips. The teeth smoothen paper. Cleanthes the Philosopher, wanting mony to buy paper, wrote what hee heard from Zeno, with ox-bone on tiles, or slate. The powder of the same helps rheums and gout. The blood, being thicker then other, and soon coming together and stifning, is very fit to make morter. And calves blood with minced veal kept ten dayes in an earthen pot, makes fit baits for fish.* 1.99 The sewet, especially of the heifer, and that about three year old, makes the best candles. If you mash your seed with ox-gall, afore you sow it, it is good against field mice: nor will Ants come neare a tree, if you rub the root with cow-gall. The same and lees counterfait Lyciam, and make a golden co∣lour. Of old they made brushes of ox-bristles, and painters their pencills. The Troglodites spent with age, used to strangle themselves with an ox-tail.* 1.100 The Chinois feed their fish to fatten them with cow-dung. Some smear their walls with it against flies.* 1.101 Their hoofs drive vermines from vines.

Oxen admit of many differences from their bignesses,* 1.102 variety of hornes, monstrous shape of parts, place, and otherwise. In the Isle Aden (of old Madoce, and Ocellis) their Cows are as great as a Camell, snow-white, with hornes, and ears,* 1.103 some pricking up, some hanging. Aristot. saith, that the Aegyptian are greater then those of Greece. Those of Ethiopia in Prete Gan his domin••ons, beare such great hornes, that thereof are made vessells that hold many galons. The African Cows are so little, that they scarce reach the greatnesse of our calves, but can beare any labour, and hard∣ship.* 1.104 And such are the Alpine, (or rather Alti∣ne;) Altinum being an old city and a flourishing one on the Venetian coast, near Aquileia. The English Oxen pride themselves in their hornes, and admirable savoury flesh, called Beefe. Those in the north of America want a dew∣lap, and are bunsh-backed. In Dariena they are said to be whole-hoof'd, not unlike Mules, great ear'd, trunked like Elephants, ash-co∣lour'd, and of a delicate flesh. Out of Spain are transported into Hispaniola, Cows so fruit∣full, that one common Cow in 26 years shall calve 800 calves, while their race is still breed∣ing also. The Aonian Oxen are many coloured, whole-hoof'd, have one horne, coming out of their mouth.* 1.105 Vartomannus saw the Sultan in Arabia, presented with Cows-horne like Deer, and black; and some had but one horne, and that on the forehead. Among the Arachatae are wilde Oxen, black, ginning, flat-horned. The Armenian have a double-horne,* 1.106 writhed, bending, and entortled like an zuy, and so hard, that it can turn a swords-edge. In the Pro∣vince of Bengala,* 1.107 their Oxen are as thick as Elephants. In Holland the Cows, especially the pied ones, yeeld a great soop of milk. In some parts, in summer-dayes, each Cow yeelds to the pale 44 quarts a day. In the Lazer∣huys at Amsterdam,* 1.108 they hold 22 Cows, out of which they gain in milk and cheese, beside what themselves daily spend, about 500 crowns a year. It is not wonder then that in butter and cheese, they export to forreigne parts each year, for 200 Sesterties, that is, 1000000 Ca∣rolusses.* 1.109 They make it out of Butter-milk, that we in England give to the poore, and to our swine. In Scotland there are very white wild Oxen, of thick and long Manes, savage, and fierce, so hating mankind, that they will for many dayes abstain from that, that man hath handled, or breathed on, and being taken by wiles, they dy of themselves; they have a sinewy, gristly kind of flesh. In the Caman∣duan quarters there are vast Oxen,* 1.110 short, and blunt-horned; of aspotles whitenesse, bunched-back'd, and strong as Camels, that will take up burdens, Camel-like, with bended knees at their keepers command.* 1.111 I know not whither he mean those of Caria in Asia, ugly, with a bunch on the shoulders, reaching from their necks, with loose horns and laborious: The other, black, or white, are condemned to toyl. Those of Cyprus feed on mans dung. In the City Diu, are small Oxen, with great and strait hornes; but, besides their fitnesse to carry, and toyl, they will be taught to obey a bridle, and to pace like horses.* 1.112 The Cows of Epirus, each fill a payl with milk; the milker stands upright, or stoups a little, for sitting he cannot come by the udders. The Oxen of the same place that are called Pirrhique, from Pyrrhus,

who held (men say) so much of them,* 1.113 are highly cried up; they come to that perfection at foure years old. They were very great, and there are of the race yet left. But now they desire yearlings for breed; but those of two years are better.

In Eubaea the oxen are almost all white; whence Poëts call Eubaea Arggroboaeon, sil∣ver-oxed. In Galata a hill of Africk,* 1.114 the oxen, when oldest, are not so great as those of eight moneths in Italy, saith Leonius. In, or neare the region of the Garamantes, they feed praeposte∣rously; for if they direct their mouths strait to their pasture, their horns bending downward hinder them. The Helvetian oxen, specially those by Zofinga, a town of Bern, are prayzed for tender flesh.* 1.115 In India there are oxen with one and with three horns, and whole-hoof'd, they are as tall as Camells, their horns foure foot broad. One of them was brought to Pto∣lomy, that held three pitchers full of water. They run there with horses, being equally fleet, perhaps Pliny means these, speaking of Indian wood-bulls, greater then wild ones, swifter then all others, yellow, blew-eyed, their hair turning thwart, their chaps gaping to their eares, their horns wagging, their hide as hard as a flint, and wound-free; they hunt all wild beasts; they are taken only in pits, and kill themselves with their fiercenes. I know not whether they are those, the Sangiaci and Bassae use by Damascus, with thin tayls and hair, va∣lued each at four or five Ducats. Wee read also that in India is an Ox, called in their native tongue Ignaragna, near the Fort of the Holy Ghost (so called,) and elsewhere, where it is lesse cold, of a monstrous bulk, feeding on grasse, that is red, far bigger then our oxen, skin'd like the Elephant, having two armes near the breast, the teats hidden, wherewith shee suckles her young; headed and mouthed as ours, sweet of flesh, that the Indians much long after; yeelding fat like butter, wherewith they season their food; the bones as firme as ivory. The Umbrian Oxen, chiefly by the river Cli∣tumnus, are famous; they are the greatest in Italy,* 1.116 and most white. The Sabine are also cried up; there was one of old bred by a househoul∣der, of a strange size and shape, whose hornes were many ages kept for a miraculous monu∣ment in the porch of Dianaes Temple. The Leutrican Oxen, their hornes and eares are alike,* 1.117 and of apeece. In a Province of Catay are white and black ones, tayl'd as a horse, but bushier and long, bearing fine hairs, like fea∣thers, of great value, which the Cavaliers hang on their lance top, counting it an ensigne of high gentility; the hornes, as they lift up their head, reach to their tayle; the hornes are so great, that the inhabitants use them in stead of buckets.* 1.118 The Mysian have no horns. Among the Negros, the cows are all black, or white, or mixt, none red. They winter them by the marsh Maeotis among the Nomades, and summer them in the plain fields. Of the Oxen, some have no horns, some they saw off. The Poeo∣nian bulls are shagged bodied, especially on breast, and chin; and carry so great horns, that scarce three or foure quarts of wine can fill them; whereof the Poeonian Kings and Nobles make cups, tipp'd with ivory and silver, saith Theopompus. Hungary abounds so with them, that Sigismundus, Baron of Heberstein, affirm∣ed, that he saw one onely way toward Vienna, driven above 80000 in one year.* 1.119 Comandu, a Persian region (so called of a city there) hath many vast ones, all white, short and blunt-horned, bunch'd-backed like Camels; whence they become so strong, and fit for carriage. Such are also in Quivira. The Bulls there are wild, yellow, low, crookbacked, great mained, and hanging; their flesh good wholesome, and not unpleasant: the Natives eat the tayl, drink the blood, weare the hides. The Phaenician Cows are so tall, that the tallest shepheards milk standing; lower men must have a foot∣stool. In Phrygia and Erythraea,* 1.120 the Oxen wag the hornes as the ears, saith Aristot. and Aelian. In Norwey, Island, Gothland, Fero∣nia, Oxen are wilde, untameable, and long-bearded. The hunters skulk among the trees, and when they are stroken, they either re∣venged, or kill themselves.

There is also a Sea-cow, a great, strong, fu∣rious, dangerous monster, spawning the like, not above two at once, oftner but one, which it tenders, and caries carefully about, where∣ever she swims, or goes aland; shee carries her fry 10 moneths, she is known by cutting of her tayl, to have lived 130 years. On some Northeren-Coasts, they have teeths like Ele∣phants. In Caricta, a Scotch Province above Galloway, are Oxen of tender and sweet flesh; but the fat never thickens, but slows like oyl. About Torona, lastly, are some that a few dayes afore calving, have no milk, but at other times are flush, they go ten months with calve. Of the Tartarian Oxen,* 1.121 tall as Elephants, black and white-hayred, and hanging thick on their shoulders, like Lions, three foot long, soft as silk, I have spoken already. As also of the Tartarian, (that Scaliger calls Syrian) that have no dew-laps.* 1.122 Thus far of their differences in a promiscuous way. Hetherto belongs the beast called in Corgo Empalanga, shaped like an ox, and of the like bulke; onely he carries his head, and neck aloft, like a Stag; the horns strait, and long, knotty at top, bending a litle inwards, wilde, but not harmfull, nor fierce; and might be brought to the plow, if the in∣habitants had the wit to use them.* 1.123 As for mon∣sters, there was seene at Millian, and Satura, a calf with two heads; at a village of Thuringia, one with six feet, two heads, and but one pas∣sage; and one hath been seen with seven feet, and a bunch of flesh on the side, also one nose, and eare like a man, with two heads and faces, and double-bodied; onely two hind-feet, and faced like a Lamb. Anno 1551 was seen at Basil of the Rauraci, an Ox with five feet; such as we saw once in London in England; and another with a horn in the neck, and short legs

like a dwarfe. You shall here also have the print of a monstrous calfe with two bodies, upright, and with five eares.

ARTICLE II. Of wild-Oxen.

POINT I. Of the Wild-Ox, or Bugle.

WId-Oxen, in Greek Agrioi, that differ from the wild Agrayloi, in this, that these though tame, and bred of such, yet running loose among the hills a pleasure are left to feed in woods and fields, but those are not wild so much from the nature of the place, as their own naturall disposition; such are Bugle, Bison.

The Urus, or Bugle, Macrobius makes a French, and Aldrovand a German name: For Ur signified among the old Dutch wild, or great, vast and strong. Servius yet will have it to be Greek, fetching it from Oroi, the mountains. The Poles, at least about Mafo∣via, Samogitia, call him Tur; which Gesner thinks to be the Tarand among the Ancients. The Liturnians calls him Zumbro.* 1.124 Whether it be Iphicrates his thezes, we shall inquire else∣where. S. Hieronymus calls him Bubalus, or Buffe, as also Martialis; and the unskilful common Romans, saith Pliny. Authours dif∣fer somewhat about the description, unlesse happily there be several kindes of them. Caesar and Pliny mentions no shagge hair on them; Eras. Stella ascribes to them shaggie temples and beards;* 1.125 as also Albertus Magnus, who confounds him with the Bonasus. For the rest, he is little lesse then the Elephant, shaped and coloured like the Bull▪ Some are fifthteen cubits high, three men may stand between his horns; rough of hide, and dew-lapped. Hor∣ned thick, black, short, red-eyed towards the outer corner; great-headed, broad-faced, al∣most black, especially his temples, chin, neck. The face, sides, thighs, tail, einclining to red. He is found in the Hyrcinian wildernesse, in Podolia, Samogitia, Masovia, and Hungaria. They are not tameable by man, not the least of them: they are exceeding strong, and swift; he can tosse with his hornes Horse and Rider, and turn up reasonable great trees by the roots. Great men count his flesh seasoned a dainty. The northern Barbarians drink in the horns, some head their darts with them. Among us, saith Pliny, they make clear lan∣terns of them,* 1.126 that cast light very far; and the shavings are used to many delightful purposes, now painted, now smeared, pictures called Cerostrata, or horn-peeces are made of them: It may be that wild-Bull, that did so much mis∣chief in Macedonie, that King Philip killed at the foot of Orbel, whose hide, and horns of fourteen hand-breadth, dedicated in the porch of Hercules his Temple,* 1.127 was a Bugle, or Urus. See Aldrovand. of the manner of taking him.

POINT II. Of the Bison, or Buffle.

THe name Bison comes from the Ger∣man word Vicent.* 1.128 The Oppian cop∣pies have it Bistoon, from Bistonia (happily) a Thracian wood, but it is a mistake.* 1.129 Dion calls them Bissones. Like wild Oxen they are, bristled, and have rough long manes, which they shake on their thick neck and shoulders, that it is terrible to behold; so busht also they are about the cheeks and chin.* 1.130 Their horns crooked, but bending up∣wards,* 1.131 and sharp as swords; not broad, and crosse as other Oxen; but starting upright, and hooked only about the tip. Their shaggy hair smells of musk, short-headed, great and fierce-eyed, and sparkling, broad fore-headed; the horns so wide from one another, that three men may sit between; A bunch on the back; the hinder-part of the body lower then the fore-body. Gesner saw a horn of them at a Gold-smiths to be tiped with silver, of a gliste∣ring black, eighteen inches long, hooked like a bird of preys talends. The tongue so rough, that were it licks, it fetches blood. The Greeks used not these,* 1.132 nor Bugles in Physick, not having tried their vertue; though Indian∣woods are full of such; yet parts of them are of more efficacy in medecine, (it is thought) then any part of ordinary Oxen. Of this kind are the Bulls of Florida, an Isle of the new world,* 1.133 the natives call them Butrones. They have horns of a foot long, bunched backed like Camels, long and yellow haired, tailed like Lions; they never become tame; the wild cloath themselves in winter with their hides; they conceive the horn soveraigne against poyson, and wears them for defence against it.

Hither may by referred the Scotch Bison, or wild-Ox, who is said to be milk-white, mained and crested like the Lion, otherwise like the tame Ox; but so wild, and untamed, and opposite to mankind, that he shuns grasse, or shrubs, that a mans hand hath but touched; but taken by wiles, hee pines to death, and find∣ing himself aimed at to be caught, makes at his hunter with all his might.

POINT III. Of the Bonasus.

ARistotle calls him Bonassos, and Bolin∣tos;* 1.134 the Poeones Honapos, the deriva∣tion of the name is uncertain. Divers mistake him for the Urus, or Bugle; and some later Writers calls it the Indian Cow. He is bred in the mount Mestapius, that parts Poeonia from Media. The Poeonians call it Monapus.* 1.135 Of a Bulls bulk, thicker then an

Ox,* 1.136 Not high. His hide stretched out, holds enough food for seven Guests. Like an Ox, only mained like a Horse; but softer haired, and lower; yellow haired. His eye-haires long, tween ash-coloured and red, rougher then that of the Paroa Mares, but wholly under: None of them are very black, or carnation; voyced like the Ox. The horns crooked and thwart, and unfit for fight; a palm breadth, and not full longer; each as thick as may be grasped: Of a handsome shining blacknesse. His ancles rather spreading, then bending down-ward. He wants the upper-teeth, as the Ox, and other horned cattel. The thighs are shaggy; he is cloven-footed; his taile is not great for his bulke, but greater then the Oxes. He casts dust about, and digs up the earth like the Bull. Her hide is stroke-proofe. Her flesh sweet, and therefore men hunt her. She flies when stroken,* 1.137 till she tyre her self. She de∣fends herself with her heels and dung, which she casts from her four paces; (not three akers, as Pliny faines.) The use whereof is good; it burns so strong, that the cole can scorch a dogs-hair; that it is, if you stir, and fright her; other∣wise the dung burns not. Such is her look and nature, when her calving-time drawes near; she seeks the mountains, and dungs about the place where she calves, as if she would so fence herself; she dungs in a large measure. All this Pliny doubtlesse, Solian and Aelian have taken out of Aristotle.* 1.138 It is uncertain whether the horns, joynts, and shoulder-blades, and ribs, as Cainius on Gesner describes them, are this beasts or no. The horns are two foot long, and three hands and a half finger round, near the head, a foot and half a palme. Between the horns on the fore-head, 3. Roman palmes and a half. The turning joynt 3. Roman foot long, and two hands-bredth and a half about. A rib six foot long. To say nothing of the omoplata, or shoulder-blade: We have added here a figure of the head and bones.

POINT IV. Of the Wild-Ox of the Ancients, or Bubalus.

THe name Bubalus is at this day an un∣certain thing,* 1.139 as also it seemed to be in Pliny his time; nor had it any peculiar sense among the Greeks. Many call divers wild-Oxen, especial there where they were brought from abroad, Bubali. Some make them Goats. We shall distinguish them; calling the Bubalus, that Aristotle calls a time∣rous beast, having blood without fibrae, or string-veins; the same with the African Ox. Scaliger speaks of the Bubalis, whose blood and horns are described by Aristotle. Pliny makes him like a Calfe, or Hart. What is it then? the Gazella? No surely, wherefore what I could learn out of the African stories, I will freely impart.

The African Oxen are scarce so great as our Calves; but very strong, and can endure hard∣ship. I find him called Dant, and Lant, and Elant; Hath an Oxes face, but is much lesse and nimbler; yea, swifter then all other wild-beasts. The hide impenitrable, iron cannot pierce, only a bullet can; White-haired, taken in Summer, because their hoofs are loosned by the burning of the sand. Bellonius describs another African Ox to be old, lesse then the Hart, neater and greater then the wild-Goat; of a square and well-shaped body, goodly to behold, yellow-haired, and so shining and smooth, that she seems sleeked over. The belly hath red-wrinckles, and seems to incline more to yellow then the back, that is dusk-coloured. It is short, but strong thighed; thick and short-necked, and hath a little dew-lap▪ headed like an Ox, the horns black and very crooked as the Gazella, bending like a Moon in the increase, wherewith he cannot well de∣fend himself, so crooked they are. Ox-eared, full, and high-shouldered; the taile, like the Panther, or Camel, Horses, hanging to the hams; black-haired, twice as thick as the Horses; lows like the Ox, but not so lowd. He is not the same, whose picture Horatius Fon∣tana sent to Aldrovandus; for it was of much higher and slender neck, and the horns bend∣ing back, and crooking as in a wild-Goat. It had great ears, the proportion of the head near the beginning of the neck; faced rather like the Kid then the Ox; wherefore reckoned by some among the African Goats. The whole body yellowish, except that the musle and horns were blackish: It was very long-haired.

POINT V. Of the Buffell, and Strepsicerot.

THat the Buffell, or common wild Ox, is not that Bubalus in Aristotle,* 1.140 shall be manifest by comparing the History of either; but it seems that he gave him no precise name among the wilde Oxen, while he saith, that among the Arachoti (an Indian City,) are wilde Oxen, that differ from the tame, as much as wilde Swine from others, black, and stout-bodied, with a muzle, some∣what crooked, the horns uprighter. And per∣haps this of ours shall be that wild black one, of the strange operation, of whose blood on women, if their loyns be nointed with it, Ostha∣nes speaks in Pliny. To describe our Buffell, he is like, but greater and higher then the Ox, thick of body, hard-skind, and the parts lean, and spare; his hair black, thin grown, and small, litle, or none on the tayl. The forehead rough, and curl'd with intricate hair. The head hanging earthward for the most part, and but small for such a body.* 1.141 The horns long, crump∣led, and black; sometime hanging near the neck inward, toward the inner-part of the breast; sometime upright. The neck thick, and long, lower toward the rump. The tayl short, small, and hath almost no hair. The thighs thick,

strong, and short for such a body. They are often found in Asia, Greece, Aegypt, the Isle Borndo, and cities of Italy. We have seen many about Fundi, they love to bide among waters. Their low is frightfull. The female hath milk, and in coupling-time,* 1.142 and at first calving. At first they seeme gentle; but provoked, (and that they are by red) there is no taming them; chase them, they fly strait on, and never turne. Enraged, he takes water, and dowses into the head, to cool his boyling blood. The female endures not a calf of another kind; knowing it by the smell, but smear it with cow-dung, the smell deceives her, and she suckles, and brings it up for her owne. They will labour hard; they are lead, and ruled by an iron, or brasse ring-strook through the nostrils, with a halter, or bridle fastened to it. Men say, that, if he be overladen, you can not beat him up; he will not stand up, till you disburthen him. Their flesh is sold at Rome; and the Jews like it; but it is so slimy, that it cleaves, if you clap it on the wall. The cheeses, that abound in the Pistorian Province, called Marzolinis, of an ovall shape; (that is, shape like an egg, are pre∣ferred afore those of other cows, are better tasted.) They make rings of the hoofs, and hornes, which worn on fingers, or toes, are excellent against cramps; some tide on foure sorts of threads, of gold, silver, brasse, and iron; thinking them more effectuall so. Cloaths, especially doublets are made of the hide; and horse-trappings in Narzinga. The Siamenses make bows of the hornes.

The Ox called Strepsiceros, or sharp-horned, is faced rather like a wild Goat, then an Ox; yet tayled like the ox, though very short. Co∣loured he is all over like the Deere.

ARTICLE III. Of the Sheepe.

FRom the History of the Ox we passe to the description of the Sheep, of old sacred to the Aegyptians; and with the Athenians of such esteemed, that an action was ordered to be commenced against him,* 1.143 who flead a live Ram. And it was en∣acted by an old law, that none should out of a flock of a 100 head, kill one uncliped, or that had not yeaned. Which Athenaeus writes also, adding that in his time in the sacrifices of Pal∣lace, neither might an ew-lamb be slain, nor cheese tasted.* 1.144 And among the Romans of old, no mulcts were imposed on delinquents, but paying sheep, or oxen, where also by the laws of their King, a man-slayer was to pay a ram. The tribute among the Persians and Medes,* 1.145 was sheep. Those payed L. M. These as many more. And the Staby (to speak of places at hand) sent yearly to Nola, to the President under the name of tribute, and respect a great white lamb with gilded horns. To say nothing of the custome of giving for a reward lambs∣flesh to the unridlers of r••ddles, and to Poëts. Whence they that sung for, or of such rewards were called Arnothooi, alluding to sheep.

Among the names of this beast among the Latins are Ovis, the Sheep, Aries, the Ram; Agnus, the Lamb; Adasia, or an old Ew; minae, smooth-bellied; Aspicae, Lanata, woolly, or fleeced; Bidens, two teethed; Pecus, cattell▪ Onis, is the name of the female, or ew. Though Festus saith it was used in the Masculine of old, about mulcts. Whence Oviaria denotes a flock. The Ram is the male. The Lamb is not yet a year old. Adasia is an old ew, newly yeaning. Matrices were those that suckled lambs for the Palladium, called Tokades, or paschals, nourisht everywhere. Minae had no wool on the belly. Apicae, the small ones, and thin-wooled. Lana∣ta, from the fleece. Bidentes, that had two teeth longer then the rest, and such onely were to be sacrificed. Also Ambidentes, and Duidentes. Festus takes them for those that had upper, and lower teeth. The name pecus is given to gra∣zing cattell, and usefull to man. Often to sheep onely.* 1.146 The Greeks have as many names for the sheep and ram. As the Laconians Amnoa,* 1.147 Amnos, Bara, Probata, or Bota, Goita, the sheep; Didoees, two-teethed; Dikuma, ews that yean twins; Eggalon, milse; Eniron, soft woolled; Iereion, for sacrificed; Metassai, ews with lambs under their teats;* 1.148 Meselikes, middle-aged, be∣tween lambs and sheep; Kar, Karnos, Karos, Oïs, Ox, Poon, Renes, simple names for any sheep. The Ram is called Aricha, Krios, Ar∣neios, Dedmaoon, Ethris, is the bel-weather geld; Ktilos, the leader of the flock; Mischias, Okri∣bas, is the wild sheep. The boors pig is nefreus in Latine.* 1.149 Ars, Amnos, Ersai, Kathetos, Killix, Pratinion, Tranon, Phagilon, &c. are Greeke names of lambs. Not to stay long on the de∣scription;* 1.150 this beast being so well knowne. Yet we shall set downe the most memorable things we meet with in authors. Nature hath given the sheep a most weak head. The braine is leane. The horns of the ews are commonly smaller; many have none. Some lambs are yeaned with hornes, the rams crooked, and sometime more then two. Cardan writes that he hath seene some choyce ones with foure, we shew the figure of three, and six-horned. The gelded change the place of the hornes, bearing them on a quite contary fashion; their eyes look a side downwards, far one from the other,* 1.151 darkish, or blackish, and broad. The lips thin, contrary to ox-lips. The teeth con∣tinued; the ew having fewer then the ram. After a year and half they change, (saith Cre∣scentius,) namely the two fore-teeth, and six moneth after, the two next, then the rest; in three or foure years at most, they shed them all. The teeth of the younger are uneven, when they are bigger, equall; when they wax old, ungummed, lessened, and rotted. Their bellies are as of all that shew the cud. Those of the lamb we hereafter lay open. Know that A denotes the stomach, B the gummes, C the salter, D the Tripe. The testicles fall to the ancles. The udders of the ew are two; as

many the teats. Those of Chalicis a part of Euboia, have no gall; those in Nexus, a great and monstrous gall.* 1.152 Aelian saith that here they have a double gall;* 1.153 in Pontus none;* 1.154 and that in very cold countries, in deep snows, and hard winters, they have no gall, nor being folded, eat; but in Spring, as they come to pasture, they get great galls; and so it is with the Scy∣thian sheep. In Scopsis their spleen is very litle, and round. Their reins are even, and the sewet lies thicker about them; if they be quite compast with fat, it kills them; which comes from rank pasture, as in the Leontine Land in Sicily: wherefore the Shepheards there drive them late to pasture, that they may not eat too much.* 1.155 In Syria, the fat lies thick between the skin, and flesh in geld-rams, as in hogs. In their ford, and hind-legs sticks a bump, near the bot∣tome, shaped like a round worm, within wool∣ly and hairy, like rose-cups, that hold the seed, inclosed in a softy and thin down;* 1.156 It is oft taken out, when the sheeps-feet are sod, and re∣sembles the rottennesse in worm-eten, rotten∣wood, or chest-nuts. Shepheards are of opi∣nion, that for this cleaving to the joynts, no creature alive would be swifter then the sheep. The tayl is thick of wooll. Hesiod. denies, that the North-wind pearces their skin, by reason of the hair, or rather the wooll. There is scarce a place where they are not found, more or fewer, and of great difference accord∣ing to the place, as we shall hereafter shew in the differences. Their food is grasse, whence called Poephaga, grasse-eter; yet they eat leaves also. That grasse is sweetest to them, that grows where the plow hath gone, next that in dry medows.* 1.157 To prevent fulsomnesse, men lay salt in summer in wodden gutters, which they lick when they come from pasture, that as it were seasons it to them. In winter they nibble, or browse on elm, ax, leaves, and the second cut-hay, called Cordum. They eat also the Cytisus, tame fisses, and, if need be, pulse∣chaffe. Some give them a litle kern of resins, and bran. Those that are pastured in salt marishes, yeeld more milk, and more savoury cheese, and are more fruitfull, and more tender, and sweeter fleshed; such are those fat ones by Ostia, and the neighbouring Portuensian Land, by the tenth mile-stone from the city (Rome) which land the Tiber runs through,* 1.158 where are many brackish marishes round about, which Gomesius saith he tasted of.* 1.159 The Sheep that drink river-water, couple soonest, and being used to salt from yeaning-time, yeeld much more milk. And on some Sea-coast, where are dry and salt medows, Sheep lives twinty years, and bring young.* 1.160 In Scotland they feed in the wilde on Cytisus. In India they feed most (especially among the Praessii) on grasse well wetted with rain. In Pontus they fatten on the bitterest worm-wood. They that feed on Laserpitium usually, are first cleansed by it, then fatten on a sudden, and their flesh is won∣drous sweet. When they will breed, is known by this, they after feed will neese, and then fall a sleep.* 1.161 The Jews give theirs palm-nuts, which the Babilonian-Smiths use for their coles. They delight also in Coluthea, Aphax, wool-herb, vine-buds, Adianthus, and with the Brabanti, in juy, and rosemary; and lastly Eryngius.* 1.162 Among the Ichtyophagi, or fish∣eaters, and about the Calami, an Indian village, and in the Province of Aden, they feed on fish; wheron also they wax fat in Lydia, and Mace∣don. For their drinke, they batten on troubled water, and where much is. Also on rain-water after wind; in summer after Northern cool showers; in winter after Southern warm showers. Change of water is thought to hurt them,* 1.163 especially about coupling-time.

Ews of a year old may yean lambs; but the lambs are better, if the sire, and dame be older. Columella thinks the second yeare as a good breeding-time, and so till five, and at seven to cease breeding. Florentinus is for breeding when two years old.* 1.164 Aristot. and Palladius af∣firms, that they may held on breeding till eight, nay to eleven, if well tended. It is worthy noting that lambs slight yong, and seeke old ews; and themselves are better, and more use∣full, when old.* 1.165 They all couple from the set∣ting of Arcturus, that is, from the third of the Ides of May, till the setting of the Eagle, that is,* 1.166 to the 13 of August; and those that are conceived later, are huge and weakly. Co∣lumella yet saith, that the young couple in Spring, the ews that have had lambs, about Iuly. They go five months with lamb, and yean commonly but one at once, yet sometimes two, three, nay foure. In some places the goodnesse of the pasture, and their naturall strength enables them to breed twins. In some places they yean so, twice, or thrice. After the third or fourth coupling, they conceive; and sometimes one Ram serves a whole flock. Sometimes they yean monsters. Albertus calls that Cinirus,* 1.167 that comes of an ew, and a hee-goat. In Helvetia, some lambs are yeaned like goats afore, and sheep or rams behinde; but such live not long. The Musmon is ingendred between the shee-goat and Ram. From the coupling of sheep with wilde rams, comes a brood of the sires colour,* 1.168 which holds also in the succeeding breed; the wooll, in the first young, rough; in the following ones, softer. The brood is of the colour of the veins of the dames-tongue, when pregnant-Males are in∣gendred by the ability of the dame, and fire, and the vertue of the waters they drinke. Aristotle teaches that they must take in south∣winds, if females, and northerne-blasts, if males be engendred.* 1.169 The same happens, if you tie the rams left, or right testicle; water also doth much in it, since the cattell that drinke of the River Charadrus bring all males. Rubbing on salt,* 1.170 and nitre helps herein; and overfatnesse hinders conception. Men take a presage of a happy year from their coupling; for the Shep∣heards say, that, if the older begin betimes, it will be a good year; if the younger be forward to couple, they shall have a bad year. The

ancients call the conception after the ordinary season, Cordum. There is a secret liking be∣tween Sheep and Shee-goats, therefore they willingly come on together. From Rams-horns bruised, and digged out, some say Asparagus sprouts;* 1.171 Dioscorides denies it. If the same be buried at the root of a fig-tree, the fruit shall the sooner ripen. What is related of the Fli∣ter-mous, Pliny reckons among magical expe∣riments. They are thought to hold enmity with the Wolfe, Beare, Tiger, Elephant, espe∣cially the Wolf, Raven, Eagle, Serpents, Bees. These plants are hurtfull to them, wolf-bane, pease, acorns. What is said of the wolfes en∣tralls, and some other things, we shall elsewhere examine. If they eat Sanguinaria, their whole belly is distorted, and they void a most filthy, unsavoury foame at mouth. If they eat Cala∣mogrostis, it makes them thirty, lean and ras∣calls, and draws blood up into their stomack. Duva (a French herb, and name) but tasted by them, breeds in their liver litle black living things, called also Duvae. Pease sowen in March is unwholesome for them. Acorns make them cast their lambs, if they eat too freely of them. In Attica they will not touch the root of Thapsia; if strange ones to happen to eat of it, it either cast them into a loosnesse, or kills them. They cast their lambs, if frighted with thunders, if not looked to. In Thrace, the Turks conceive,* 1.172 there are two stars, appearing in July and Agust, just over their heads, or verticall to them, on whose lustre, if sheep chance, lifting up their heads, but once to see, they dy upon it. Therefore then they are held in house. They may live 10 years, but for most part they dy sooner; yet the place con∣tributs much to the lengthning out of their life. Some in dry pasture,* 1.173 and by the sea-coast lives 20 years. Some Aethiopian sheep last 12 or 13 years. Bleating is their voice, in Greek Blecha∣thai. Homer yet calls lambs Mekoomenas, or meakers. Claudian saith, they grunt. In coupling they have a peculiar voyce,* 1.174 saith Aristot.

As for their nature, dispositions, and usages; they are so silly, that thence a fool is called, Probatoodes, sheepish; and it is become a Pro∣verd, There is no profit of sheep, if the shep∣herd be away; gentle they are, and they on∣ly of all beasts rage not in yeaning, nor pre∣sently after, saith Aristotle; but every slight oc∣casion scares them, yet-Horace calls Lambs bold. Beside the shepherd and his dog, they have a Ram, or bell-Weather for their leader, whom the shepherd yet first teacheth; and you may see them march out of their folds, or stall, as in martiall array; especially if the shepherd conduct them, whose very hisse they under∣stand: That the Rams are given to fight as soon as their horns peep out, all know. They will but at, not only their own, but sometimes at mankind. Their rage is taken off, if you bind with prickles abord a foot-broad crosse their fore-head on their horns, or bore these through in the crooking near the ears; of, if you geld them.* 1.175 Experience proves it untrue that some write, that in the six winter-months they ly on their left-side, and at spring-time on their right; as the Sun about that time takes the right, after the left-Hemisphere.

This Cattell loves coole-springs, bites up grasse by the roots, spoiles trees, hath milk eight months; in the fore-winter feeds gree∣dily, as if it foresaw the hard weather and want; is impatient of cold, though best cled of all beasts; yet those fear it lesse that have large tailes. Mizaldus saith, they will follow him who shall stop his ears with wool. The wild ones growing old, are nourisht by their own breed; They know their own Lambs by smelling on them behind.* 1.176 They use harder layer then goats. The Ews make a thicker water then the Males: Both they and Goats shew their months at coupling-time, and after for a time, then they cease till yeaning-time; then have a shew of them again, whence shep∣herds knows that the time drawes near; after they purge exceedingly,* 1.177 first redish, then very red stuffe.

Lambs-flesh, the Ancients cared not for, say some, as Turnebus. Yet Plautus speaks of eat∣ing it at Rome; and Horace reckons it among delicates, as Plautus mentions Lambs inwards, At Athens, none of old might eat of an un∣shorn-lamb. The flesh is hot in a low degree, but over-moyst,* 1.178 and the younger the moyst∣er; therefore though good for the strong, ill for a weak-stomack, being slimy and cleaving; though Crescentiensis commends yearlings. Co∣lumella preferres Autumne afore Spring-flesh. A Lambs-head is counted a delicate dish in a feast. The Syringatus, Terpianus, Pasticus, are but names of several dressing the Lamb.

Rams-flesh is not moyst, and well boyled, breeds good blood,* 1.179 especially if well gelded.* 1.180 Weather-flesh is wholsome for people of all ages,* 1.181 places, and at all times; if young, two years old, not too far, and bred in a dry aire, fed with good grasse. Those are best that are bred in the high Trivican mountains, saith Fer∣rus. Those in moyst places in Campania are little set by. Bellonius holds those most savou∣ry that are roasted whole,* 1.182 as the shepheard in Trace, above the river Nessus use to do. The Lambs-stones are counted dainties.* 1.183 Arnoldus saith, their marrow is poyson, against which Phesants-flesh is an antidotes: Yet Homer saith, that Assianact used to feed on it.* 1.184 Sheeps-flesh, or Mutton for the taste, and over-moysture hath been forbidden to be killed after the fifth∣teenth of Iuly, or S. Iames-time, as fitter food for Spring-time, then Summer. The feet trouble the stomach, unlesse the worme afore spoken of be taken out. The shoulder of Mutten roasted, and cold again, is much eaten. The Lungs minched. The Tigurine Helveti∣ans, of the Liver make puddings, rouling them up in the call, spitting them on sticks, and roast them upon the grid-iron, they mince sweet-herbs in. Some bray it whole, with bread crumed, and strain it, and besprinckle

it with spices to give a good taste, and hand∣some colour, then make it hot, and lay thereon thrushes par-boyled in flesh-pottage, and fryed a while in butter. The Milke, the newer the better, and the same is to be thought of the cheese. Over-salt is disallowed. As for Me∣dicine, a Lamb layed warm with gourds on a part bitten by a venemous creature,* 1.185 fetches out the poyson;* 1.186 and the pottage is very good in quartan agues.* 1.187 The braine furthers madnesse, as Gesner hath it out of a Manuscript. Their feet yield a decoction, good against the pains in the bladder. The Rams-stones poudered, and drunk in water, are good for the falling∣sickness. Their lungs take away bunches in the flesh, roasted prevents drunkennesse; shreded, helps bruises, and makes black scars white: And is used for purges. The Liver helps blood-shot-eyes;* 1.188 and is good for a woman swelled in child∣bearing, taking in drink, and with meat. The Milt tosted,* 1.189 & powder taken in wine, resists the collick; which yet Pliny somewhere counts it su∣perstition, it being among the Magical precepts, that the patient must say, that he maks a remedy for the spleen, and then he must hide, and steal it up in his chamber, and repeat a Verse three times nine times.* 1.190 The Sheeps-bladder Galen advises them to take in drink, burnt to powder,* 1.191 who let water go from them in sleep. Their Gall, and honey, cleanses the ears; and smear∣ed on the head with earth dryes up scurffe; with the sewet, it eases the Gout. The Milk is cried up for wholesome against all kind of venome, except the Buprestis and Hemlock.

Afore your quartan-fit,* 1.192 take three cups of it with a dram of Swallows-dung: If to a sixt part you adde four peny weight purified Cni∣cus, and you drink the decoction, it loosens: The same boyled on hot stones, is good against fluxes, and of an exulcerated belly. The But∣ter that comes from Sheeps-Milke,* 1.193 smeared on with hony,* 1.194 together with ashes of a dogs head, or the womb, boyled in oyl, takes away dead-flesh growing about the fingers. Old Cheese taken with our meat refreshes disentericks, or eaten, and scraped, and taken in wine, helps the collick. Rams-horns burnt to powder, with oyle some give to make the hair curle. The ashes of the Trotters with hony, heals the bite of a Mouse and a Spider.* 1.195 The Curd in a dram of wine, helps against pricks and all strokes and bites of the Peterman, and other Sea-fishes. And is good for Infants drunke out of water, when troubled with pend, or curd∣led breast-milke, or given out of Vineger. Put under, or into the nostrils, it strenches blood, when other things help not.

The Sewet is taken either simply, or for that that is taken from the ribs, or call. One saith that melt it, and dip a cloth in it, and lay it on a burnt part, it helps: It is laid on the kibe-heels with allum;* 1.196 If mingled with ashes of womens hair it cures fellons. It heals all kind of griefs about the privities, mixt with ashes of the pu∣mice, and salt, that fat taken from the call, espe∣cially that from the reins.

The Lambs marrow melted by the fire drunke with oyle of nuts,* 1.197 and white sugar, dissolves the stone in the bladder. The urine of a red or black sheepe, mixt with hony, is good for the dropsy.* 1.198 Their dung a Physitian in Mysia used, weakened in vineger, to take away Cornes and hard knobs; and mingled with rose-salve to close,* 1.199 and skin over an ulcer from burning.* 1.200 Out of vineger smeard on it works the same effects. The pouder out of oyl, applied as a cataplasme, cures a fresh wound. The ashes of the same, with salpeter,* 1.201 or the ashes of lambs hucklebones are good against the canker,* 1.202 and ulcers, that will not close. Sheeps dung also heat, and knea∣ded, allays the swelling of wounds. And is good for the colique. A mountain-sheeps dung in September shut up, the Moon decreasing the day afore, gather up early, and harden in the Sun, and pounce it to pouder, and keep it in a glasse, or tin vessell, for use. A spoonfull of it given three dayes out of water, cures the co∣lique; if a fever goe with it,* 1.203 use wine. The wool only layd on, or with brimstone helps many unknowen griefs; and is of that vertue, that men put it on medicines. The wool of a but∣ting ram, taken from between his hornes, and burnt, is good for the head-ake. The ashes (in Dioscor. opinion) draws over a crust, hinders dead flesh, closes ulcers. Men burn it, when clean and pickt in a new earthen pot, to use as afore. Some shear it, some pluck it off, and clip of the top, dry, and pick it, and put it together into a new earthen pot, and drench it in hony. Others with lincks set it on fire, it being sprink∣led with oyle, and rub the ashes with their hands, putting in water, and then let it stand, and oft shift the water, till it lightly touch, but not bite the toung, then they lay up, and keep the ashes. It hath a cleansing vertue to the cheeks. Wool taken after sheep-shearing, be∣tween the spring Aequinoctiall, and the Sol∣stice, when they begun to sweat, that from the neck is most commended. Such wool helps green wounds,* 1.204 cleansed, and broken bones, with oly, vineger, or wine; since they soon suck up moysture, and by reason of the ranknes of the cattell (called Oesypus) soften,* 1.205 changed, or applied seven dayes,* 1.206 it heals the bite of a mad dogge, and out of cold water heals the splents fingers; out of hot oyle it helps running sores. Herodotus relates, that the Carthaginians sheephards with such wool sindge the veins of the crown of the head of their children, when foure years old, and some the temple-vein, to prevent rheums and catarrs. And if the chil∣dren in finging chance, with crampes, the sprinkling of goats-pisse helps them. If a plow∣sheard hurt, an ox his legs, or hoof, stoned pitch, and grease with brimstone, wound up in shorn wool with a red hote iron thrust in, cures it.* 1.207 The same wool with oyl of roses, stanches blood in the nose; and another way is good to stop the eares of hearing:* 1.208 Blood is also stanch∣ed by binding the joynt-ends. Oesypus, or the foul that cleaves to wool, helps disgestion. It eases,* 1.209 closes, supples ulcers. It helps the inflam∣mation

of the matrice,* 1.210 taken with butter, and Melilote. It cures wounds also taken with bar∣ly ashes, and rust, equally divided; it helps also the canker and ulcers. It eats out the swelling about ulcers; and evens knobby flesh. It cures Sint Antonies fire taken with Pompholyx. It provokes sleep, used with a little Mirrhe washt in two cups of wine. It lessens face-spots, with Corsick hony, that is counted stronger. About gathering and preparing it, see Aldrovandus. The skin of the feet, and musles of the ox and sheep, long boyled on a soft fire, to a gelly, taken out, and dried in the open ayre when it whistles, is commended agains ruptures. So much for the medicinall use.

Sheep are also usefull otherwise outwardly; both their fleece and pelts, or skins yeeld us stuf for cloathing. The Arabian Bedevini weare no other, as Vitriacus relates. Zeno Citi∣cus, and Crates of Thebes, sewd Sheeps-skins within their cloaks. Wolstan also Bishop of Wor∣cester in England, was ever clad in Sheeps-skins, because not Leopards, but the Lamb of God is celebrated in the Temples. They were also used in Tragedies, whence the wearers were called Diphtheriai. Only beware of the skins of sheepe that dy of the plague; for such breed not only lowsinesse, but also Sint An∣thonies fire. That out of Aelian is strange, a garment of the wool of a Sheep bitten by the wolfe, brings an itchon the wearer. New mar∣ried women among the Roamns weare girdles of wool. The Pescia, or Capucia, were made of lambs-skins. The Molostans was (saith Festus) sheeps-skin, wherewith helmets were covered. The same skin hath been used in stead of pa∣per. The Belly Diophanes makes good for killing vermine.* 1.211 Purses have been made of rams stones: And bellows, saith Festus. The smallguts make lute, and bow-strings. In May make Sheeps and Goats-cheese. Their pisse yeelds matter for salpeter. Their dung fattens the ground. If you close a candle of pure rams-sewet in a linnen cloath,* 1.212 and put it into your chests, it keeps your cloath from moths. Their differences wee shall take from their hair, or wool, or place, and handle them promis-cuously. The Scythian Sheep are soft,* 1.213 the Sau∣romatan hard wooled. Those of Tarentum soft-wooled. The Colonian rougher, because kept ever aborad.* 1.214 Wee shall represent their shaggy shape to you. They are called Monta∣neers from their rough,* 1.215 and unkemed wool. There are also Wild-Sheep, not much greater then ours, but swifter, and with horns bending back, armed with butting, and strong fore-heads. They oft in the woods strike to the earth fell Bores; sometimes they combate fiercely with each other. In the Gordian forrest me∣morable in Iul.* 1.216 Cap.* 1.217 time,* 1.218 were many painted beasts kept, and an hundered wild sheep. In the Lybian deserts called Adimain, was a beast shaped like a Ram, as big as an Asse, with long dangling-ears, and short wool, she would suffer herself to be backed, though she was not kept for that use, but only for the Milk. Con∣trary to ours, the Ewes are horned, the rams not. There they are commonly seen, in Nu∣midia also sometimes,* 1.219 but counted prodigious. The Egyptian-fleeces resembles rather haire then wool. Garments of them being thredbare and died again, last an age. They are greater then those of Greece. About Damiate the wea∣thers have tayls round and so great, they can scarce carry them. Leo Affricanus saith, hee hath seene of those tayls that weighed some 50. and an 100 pound. In Aethiopia they have no wool, but weare all rugged camels hair. Their Sheep are very little,* 1.220 and the natives cover their privities with the tayls.* 1.221 In Nubia the rams are yeaned with horns;* 1.222 the Ewes also are horn∣ed,* 1.223 and which seems a miracle,* 1.224 they drinke but once in every foure dayes.* 1.225 At Tunis they are so loaden with their thick tayls, that they can hardly stir themselves, but those that tend them are faine to bind their tayls on litle carts, when they would remoove them. In England they never drinke any thing but dew,* 1.226 and they of purpose keep them from water, finding by ex∣perience, that it hurts them. In Arabia some drag tayls after them three cubits long, some of a cubite broad. Such are found in Arabia the stony and the Happy; the tayls weighing some 26, some 44 pound. Where also are Rams whose hair hangs to the ground. That, that is called the Indian, but is indeed the Arabian Ram, hath no hornes, but long fleece, and a tayle reaching to the ground.* 1.227 There is a kind of smooth-rams, called Moromorus, who stands stone still, and stays till any come near him; sometimes hee is shy, and flies for feare with his burden.* 1.228 The Ram of Angola (called Guineensis) is of the bignes of ours, thick of head, the after part sticking out more then ours; eares dangling; the tayl reaches but to the anckles; with a great tripe; the yard in the midst of the belly; the hornes small downward, ben∣ding toward the eyes, and as it were crumpled; at the bottome of his neck a long hairy maine, the rest of his body is short-haired like a goat, but hee carries no wool, black-headed and ear∣ed, and the upper-half of his tayl, the rest white, as also the hinder-part of the head; the fore-legs white to the knees, the lower halfe black; the hind-legs all black; about the dock and back white, the sides have black spots; footed like the goat, black-hoofed. Yet these Sheep are as ours, some coloured on one fashion, some on another; and one kind is thick-legged like a man and fat, having no hanging mane, nor wool, but is haired like a goat. Greater then ours, their belly strutting out like an ox. In Asia some are red-wooled. The region Ca∣manda feeds some as big as Asses, and those fair and fat, with tayls of 80 pound wight. The Canusinian fleeces are reddish, or yellowish. Those of Chios, for want of pasturage, are very small;* 1.229 but their Cheeses is much cried up. The Clazomenian, are some white, some cole-black,* 1.230 some Raven-black. The Co∣raxine wool is of all the purest.

Therefore the Rams for breed are not

bought under a talent. Those of Creet on mount Ida, called by the shepherds Striphoce∣ri, have straight-horns like a Unicorn, round and hollow, and wreathed like a shell-fish, no bigger then our Rams.

In the Isle Erythraea (it may be Gades) their milk is so fat,* 1.231 it yields no whey, and they choke within thirty dayes, if you blood them not.* 1.232 In a part of Scotland,* 1.233 the sheep are yel∣low,* 1.234 their teeth gold colour, the flesh and wool like saffran. In Gortynis, they are red, and have four horns. In Gothland are Rams with four and eight horns, which makes them so fierce, that to prevent mischief, which they else do to each other, and to other crea∣tures, they are fain to saw them off. They bear a soft and long wool. Hirta, one of the Hebrides, hath sheep taller then the greatest hee-goats, with horns as thick as those of Oxen, and somewhat longer, and tailes touch∣ing the ground. In Spain in Marineus his time, there was such a glut of sheep, that he knew many shepheards owners of thirty thousand, where their Lambs ar better then elsewhere.* 1.235 In Illyria they report, the Ewes yean twice a year, and for the most part couples; nay, ma∣ny three at once, and four, and sometimes five. And give two quarts and a half of milk at one time.

The Indian reacht in bignesse the greatest Asses,* 1.236 and yean commonly four at once, ever three at least. Their tailes reach their feet which they cut off, both that the Rams may come at them, and that oyl may be fetched out of their fat: The Rams tailes also are cut off, and the fat taken out, and are so neatly sewed on again, that the seam is not to be seen. Of which Rams we shall give a figure; one without horns and taile, but having some∣thing growing in stead, with a kind of dew-lap under the chin; all white, except the head, and hoof-ends which are black. Another notably fenced with bending and wreathed horns, they and the head of horn-colour; the muzzle, feet, testicles, and bottom of the taile of a shining white, the rest all red.* 1.237 The fleece of the sheep of Istria, or rather Liburnia, is liker hair then wool. There is a kind said to be in Italy, that carries four or six horns, but weak∣ly ones, and their wool is uselesse. In Lao∣dicea in Asia are small ones, with noble choyse fleeces.* 1.238 Lusitania hath been so fertile, that a Lamb hath been commonly sold for four pence, and a Sow weighing a hundred pound, for twelve-pence, a sheep for six-pence. In Lybia the Rams shoot their horns early forth. In Macedonia, they who would have their wool white, drive them to Aliacmon; they who would have it black, or dark, to Axius. The Madagascar sheep have the heaviest tailes. In Magnesia, and Mesopotamia, they yean twice a year. Those of Milesia hold the third place in goodnesse.

In Moscovy in the deserts about the rivers Bonistenes, Tanais, and Rha, is a wild-sheep, they call it Seigios, about the row, but shorter-footed, with lofty strait-hornes, markt with ringlets, (whereof the natives make knife-hefts that are transparent) very swift, and leaps high. The Nabathaeans (saith Strabo) have all white sheep. In Naxus, they have a double gall. In Panchaea, are much softer wooled then else∣where. In Peru, they are as big as Asses, long-ledged, grosse-bodied, long-headed, Camel-necked, and shaped; their flesh is excellent, especially their lambs. They plow with the Wethers, which also carry their wood; they never bleat, their colour is white, black, and ash; they can carry fifty pound weight, and let them rest a while, and lay on their burden again, they shall bear it some miles; they can make them sit, and eat, and turn their head about, and grin; if over-loaded, they stink and squat down, and till unloaded, can by no blows be forced to rise up. Their wool exceeds ours in finenesse, length, and abundance. They are fed with corn, but are fed with little; and can three or four dayes together go without eating or drinking. Mathiolus exactly describes them, telling us that they resemble partly a Camel, and partly a Deer. They may be well called Elaphokameloi. He is six foot long from the neck to the tail, but four foot high from the back to the foot-sole, the neck two foot long; like a Camel in head, neck, and mouth; especially in the parting of the upper-lip, and the genital; but somewhat longer headed: he hath Deers-ears, and is Ox-eyed, having no foreteeth in the upper-jaw, but grinders on both sides, as most cloven-footed beasts have, and it also chews the cud; the back riged, which they the cutter hath forgot; the shoulders near the neck deprest, or flat; the sides swollen, broad bel∣lied, high buttocked; the tail but a span long, in all which in resembles a Deer, as also in the thighs, especially in the hind-legs; cloven-hoofed, the cleft afore drawn far out; it hath clawes round the foot, pointing and ending in a thick skin; the sole as the Camels covered with skin, pisses backwards as the Camel; the testicles pinching inward; broad-breasted, and bunched at the knitting, tween the breast and belly; whence a kind of excrement seems to vent it self; the neck, breast, and fore-feet white, the rest of the body reddish, or dark∣red, the muzzle black, and the forefeet from the knee shining bright. It is tame and gentle, but can endure no cold, as others that are brought us out of hot-countries. Offends no man, but revenges it self strangly on those that vex it, or wrong it: about the buttocks, not defending it self by biting, or kicking; but by spewing, or squirting on the vexer with a force, to the utmost length of the neck stretched out. So lustfull it is, that where there are no females of the kind, he will couple with Goats: His coupling-time is Spring, and Fall; yet those shee-goats conceive not by him, being even forced, as appears by their crying; and it is a kind that hath no agreement with this beast. They call it an Indian-sheep, who brought it to us (saith Mathiolus) but you may judge how

vast the difference is between it and our sheep. Those Chilensian-sheep, whose picture the Hollanders brought over, differs much from these. They are somewhat in make, or bulk of body, but that their hind-feet are cloven in twain, and their fore-feet in four, and the wool very long and shaggy, which they highly com∣mend: but they are a like natured, and are questionlesse of one and the same kind; only the climate makes the difference, unlesse they differ in that bespattring revenge, whereof I speak even now, and is thought where it lights, to breed the scab. Martial. (Epig. l. 14. ep. 157.) writes, that the sheep of Pollentia near the Alps, are all gray-fleeced. The Rhetian sheep of six or seven years old, get new horns to their old. They yean two or three at once, small ones, and not till after six or seven, the first being strongest, and of thicker bulk. The Sauromatan sheep are hard haired. The Syri∣an have tailes of a cubit long, and most what wooly in that part.* 1.239 About Tarnasar, a City in India, are seen sheep, horned like bucks, much larger then ours; and monstrous Lambs, whose shapes we hereafter represent; one headed like a Sow, another with two heads, and five feet; a third footed like a Horse, and headed like an Ape; a fourth, three headed; a fifth, double backed, with eight feet.

ARTICLE IV. Of the tame Goat and Kid.

IN this history wee shall first deal with the name,* 1.240 Copra, or Goat; then with Hircus, or Hee-Goat; after with Hadus, or Kid. Var∣ro, Cicero, and Nonnius fetch Capra, à Car∣pendo, from cropping, Festus from crepans, be∣cause the Goat makes a noyse with the things; Martinius from kapto,* 1.241 from devouring, because it is a beast that eats much. It changes names from age and sex. The Greeks call it aix, from aissein,* 1.242 to rush on with a force. But the new∣borne are called Aiges, and Erriphoi, and Chi∣maroi; the yearlings, or middle aged and growen Tragoi, yet this seemes to be the name of the males only. It hath many Synonimaes, the late Greeks call him Gida. The Turrhe∣nians Kapra, the Cretians Karrano, Hesychius Meklas, and Astignas. The Kelades are shee-goats, and horned for most part; the Kelades are marked in the fore-head, as with a bunch, or hard-skin; the Mnaades are milked. The Ynnas is wild; the Chimara borne in winter, though the Grammarians take it for the name of the whole kind, of what sex or age soever. Called Hircus, (or as the Sabine Pircus) either from the roughnes (Hirsutus;) or from the Hebrew 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to burne, since it is a lustfull beast. Called Tragos, from Tragein, to eat; it being a ravenous beast; or from Trachu, be∣cause it is rough skind; or from Trechein, runn∣ing. The geld-one is Kaper; the Egyptians call him Mendes. Haedus is that that comes of the Kapra and Hircus, the hee and shee-goat, or the kid, borrowed from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, filthy.* 1.243 That of three or foure months age is Eriphos; after called Chima∣ros, till it have yong, and is milked. They of Rhodes call it Karannos, and Kekrykephalos, and, in a certain law, Diakala maserkes, from feeding on fruits-talks.* 1.244 They are all cloven∣footed and horned. They change colour, and are sometimes variously generated. The hair differs according to the sex, thicker in the males, softer and finer in the shees. Festus calls hairy men goatish. Pliny denies that they are all horned, but you may guesse their age by the horn,* 1.245 which is long and sharp. In Delos one of the horns is two cubites, and weighs six and twenty pound. Their eyes, which they ever thrust into their corners, look diversly at times; in the dark they shine, and dart forth light. They are flat-nosed. The shee hath no upper-teeth besides the double-ones afore,* 1.246 and the rest are fewer then those of the hee-goat. They have all a shaggy-bard; the Latines call it, aruncus, spirillus; the Greeks Ereggos,* 1.247 Kryg∣kes. The little that hang out of their jaws, Festus calls Noneolas; Varro Mammilias, teats; Pliny Lacinias, rags, others Warts. The females have two dugs, slender feet. Some have thought, as the Egyptians sayes and others, that they breath by the ears. Philes saith, the signe is,* 1.248 that if you stop their noses, you offend them not: Especially the wild ones, who are said to have a passage betwixt the horns to the lungs, which if you stop with wax, you choke them. Barthol.* 1.249 Eustathius credits it the rather, because he saith he hath found some such thing in man, though Aristotle is against it. They say, the liver, if you take it out, stirs long after. They have more bellies then one.* 1.250 The milt is round. The sharp artery is like that in man. As for their place, they abound in the North. In Can∣dy is great store, because there are no Wolves. In Ithaca Homer calls Aigiboton, goatish. The best Goats-cheese is in the Helvetian, Rhetia, Switserland, especially in the hilly-ground about the Fabarian baths: They are found al∣so in Achaia, Africa, Nubia, Sardinia, Cepha∣lonia, Miletum, Damascus, India, the New∣world, in Spaine, Corsica, and else-where, as we shall see anone in their differences. The ground fittest for them, the Greeks call Aigi∣boton, &c. Their food is manifold: they de∣light most in shrubs, the wild Cytisus, Oken∣leaves. If they eat too many Acorns, it causes abortion.* 1.251 They love the Olive, and so were said to be hated by Minerva, and they will crop young Vines, wherefore they were sacrificed to Bacchus, Figs and Wheat, Ash and Tama∣risk, Goats-beard,* 1.252 and Dogs-rose. Beans make them full of milk, and cinque foyle, if you give it five dayes together, afore you let them drink. And to this end some ty dittany under their belly. In some places they are greedy af∣ter Hemlock, &c.* 1.253 Ladanum also (a sleepy plant) such as Arabia boasts of; it may be this chance, because of the offensivenesse of the smell. Goats hurtful otherwise to all green things, covets most sweet shrubs, as if they

knew their worth; they will crop the stalks of sprigs, that are full of sweet juice, and wipe from their stinking beard that that thence drops thereon: This they roul in dust, and bake in the Sun; and therefore are goats-hair found in Ladanum. Later Writers tells us, that the Arabian woods are made waste by the feeding of Goats, and that juice cleaves to all the beards. Thus is it also at Cyprus (they say) and that there sticks to Goats-beards and knees, the flower of the Ivy being croped off, afore the dew be off; after, the Sun dis∣pelling the mist, and the day clearing up, a dust cleaves to the dewy goats-beards, and thence ladanum is kammed out.* 1.254 Their com∣monnest food is Spire-grasse, and Capriola, be∣cause better tasted then others, that they de∣light in salt, torturers well know; for Dracu∣la the Hungarian Governour, oft cut out the soles of captive Turks feet, and rubbed salt in, and used Goats to lick it out again to increase the torment. For their drink, puddle, stand∣ing water, or long keept is disallowed. After noon, when stirred, they drink most. It is strange,* 1.255 that at Zant, about the season when the Etesiae wind use to blow,* 1.256 the Goats stand gaping toward the North, and that serves them without drinking.

The Goat is very lustfull; for they at seven months old, and while they suck, begin to couple, and with greater heat then sheep. The yearlings couple three or four times;* 1.257 if pre∣sently after a great rain falls, it causes abortion. They go five months; and bring,* 1.258 for most part, but one at once; sometimes two, three, four. In good aire, and well fed, they bear twice a year.* 1.259 It continues eight years. Aristotle saith, all their life long, and that they bring twins, if the Sire and Dam be of a lusty kind. In the third year it failes. Fatnesse makes them bar∣ren. The meetest coupling time is the Winter, or Solstice. They conceive in November, and bring forth in March when the shrubs begin to swell.* 1.260 Some use one Hee for ten females, some to fifteen, some to twenty. Rubbing their genitals with much salt and nitre, and an∣nointing them with peper and nettle-berries, makes them lusty. About their venery and coupling, read Aristotle his History of four∣footed-beasts. They are lovers of sheep, the Tiger, the Sargus, with the Poley and Frin∣go. Offer a kid to a Tiger to eat, he will fast two dayes after, the third day he will de∣sire some other food; if he have it not, he digs a hole; yet he spares the kid, as if it were his own kinde, saith Plutarch. The fish Sargus delights in their very shadow, and loves to touch it while they stand on the shore, but is by nature disabled from leaping ashore. The Pulegium,* 1.261 or Poley, being tasted by the Goat, makes them bleat, whence some Greeks call it Blechon.* 1.262 If a Shee-goat crop an Fringo stalk, and carry it in her mouth, the whole heard shall straight leave their pasture, and as astonished at a new sight, shall not give over gazing till the Goat-herd take away the stalk. They hold enimity with the Wolfe,* 1.263 Pard, Elephant, the Goat-sucking-bird; they hate mans spittle, hony,* 1.264 and the Evonymus, the Vine, &c. For the Wolfe devours them, the Pard seazes them, the Elephant terrifies them, the Caprimulgus sucks them so, that the udder mortifies, and the Shee-goat turns blind upon it. Aelian saith, they avoid mans spittle,* 1.265 Hony taken in, weak∣ens them; the leaf, or fruit of the Evonymus were but tasted by them, kills them, unlesse they purge it out again by Anochus. If they drink water,* 1.266 wherein Rose-tree-leaves are steeped, they dy Savine is also poyson to them. A young sprouting Olive-tree will not bear, if a Goar but lick it. The lung rosted, prevents drunkennesse. If they eat Conyza, they dy with thirst. The herb Aegolethrum in Lycia, is their bane, whence it hath the name Goat-bane. Their voice is a kind of muttering, or murmuring; whence Homer calls them Meka∣des. In Latine,* 1.267 they and sheep are said, balare, to bleat. The Hees are said Phrimassein, to grumble. Varinus saith, they cry Ena, ena.* 1.268 They are ever stirring, and swift, and nimble. Varro saith (R. R. l. 2. c. 3.) that wild-Goats will frisk away from a stone above sixty foot. They can better away with cold, then sultry heat; especially the breeders, that conceive in deep winter. They love woody, furzy, shrub∣by places much better then plain pasture∣ground, or medow, and thrive best on clifty, shadowy-land.* 1.269 They hang so strangly on clifts, and rocks, that they who view them from be∣neath, would verily believe they were falling; whence the rocks are called Aigilipes, and the flock Aipopolion, from their loftinesse, and clam∣bring. They skip, and frisk wantonly about near brinks of rivers, browzing on the banks. Authours are not agreed about the quality of their flesh. Hippocrates holds it raw, windy in the stomack, begetting crudities and belching; but more harmlesse in Summer, their feed be∣ing better. At the falling of the leaf, it is most unwholesome. In Winter it breeds somewhat better blood.* 1.270 Some affirm, that though it be rank, it nourishes and strengthens much. Cli∣tomachus of Carthage,* 1.271 a follower of the new Academie, saith, that a wrestler of Thebes out∣went all of that age in strength, because kid, or goat-flesh was his diet, and that the tough∣est, and hardest of digestion; with eating where∣of, his sweet was rank and rammish. Homer, in A••hillus his entertaining of Agamemnon his Ambassadours, shews it to be souldiers diet. The milk is as moderate as most kindes,* 1.272 ex∣cept womens breast-milk. Yet is very diffe∣rent according to their age, feed, season of the year, and length of time after they bring forth their young, without hony it is dangerous food, curdling in the stomack. And it troubles the belly a little,* 1.273 unlesse eaten with scammony, and other things. In some parts of the East, those that are weaned at three months, are wont to be fed with it.

The cheese follows the nature of the milke. But hee-goats flesh is worst of all to dresse, bree∣ding

ill blood, and is most corrupt, and offen∣sive at coupling time. And yet it hath been a dish at a feast in Antiphanes, as bad and rank as it is. The testicles and liver also are much con∣demned. About kid, writers are not agreed: It was a delicate with the Patriarches under the old Testament.* 1.274 And Ascraeus the Poët calls it good juicy nourishment. And Platina after Ga∣len, cries it up for the best houshold fare, easi∣ly disgested, as having litle dros in it, nourish∣ing and breeding well tempered blood. But Brujerinus cries it downe, because shee-goats are feverish, and therefore the kid cannot but be unwholsome.* 1.275 Yet Jul. Alex. confessing it in∣deed to be hot, yet the tendernes of the kids age is an allay to the hot, and dry quality of the dam, and especially if the kid suck yet, not so much for the age, as the nourishment, which takes of from the heat, and makes tender, and juicy. Heathen also of old made it a messe in their feasts, seasoning it with Laser, and other herbs. The blood made into a dish, was called Sanguiculus or blooding; which the Laconians call Melas Xoomos,* 1.276 or black-meat; and Pollux A••matian blood-meat. Apycius will tell you how to dresse the liver and lungs. The use of this creature in medicine is great, Pliny speaks of a thousand medicines to be fetched from them. Democritus magnifies that is borne alone. The Magitians prescribed goats flesh ro∣sted against a mans carcasse burning, against the falling sicknes. Hee-goats flesh sod in wa∣ter, breaks impostumes, and divers ulcers. The Porredge drives away Spanish flies. Drusus the Tribune of the people is said to have drunke goats blood, when hee with wannes and envy accused Q. Cepio of poysoning him. The same washes out spots.* 1.277 And fried, it stops the pain in the bowells, and the flux of the belly, as Galen and Dioscorides relates. Hee-gaots blood soon ripens, make it hot, mingled with somewhat waxy, it eases the gout, helps ill-eyes, that of one fed with diereticall herbs, dried to pouder, and taken with parsly in wine, is very good against the stone. See in Aldrovand how and when it must be gathered. Some call this medicine Gods hand. Authors of great note (as Scaliger and Ioubert, &c.) say that goats••blood can soften and dissolve the Adamants glasse heated therein, and in juyce, may be made as soft and yeelding as wax, or clay, and wrought into any shape; but dip it in water, it shall return to its former firmnes. This is a secret of Gebe∣rus,* 1.278 Albertus, and an ingenious Bituricensian glasmaker, which when hee was near death, hee freely revealed to Ant••Mizoaldus, as himself relates. The same mixt with vineger, is good against vomiting,* 1.279 and hauking, and spitting. The whey is good for them that have been bit∣ten, in right gut, or the colon, because it soon congeals. It is very loosning taken with melan∣thins and brimstone,* 1.280 and takes away morphew and spots, and itch:* 1.281 With goos grease, deers marrow, rosin and chalk, it closes chapped lips. If an oxes neck swell,* 1.282 it is a golden soveraign help, with soft pitch, and ox-marrow, and goat-sewet, and old oyl, of each an equall portion, and unsod.* 1.283 With chalk it scatters swellings; with wax it stops spreading of ulcers, with pitch and brimstone it is through healing; and with hony and juyce of bramble it stops the running of the reines.

The fat of it self alone helps the sting of the green Spanish fly.* 1.284 Magitians commend it against the falling sicknes, with bulls gall, boild in equall portions,* 1.285 and put up in litle gallbags, it must not touch the ground, (forsooth) and is to be drunk out of water at doore. The same with Ptisana, or barly unhusked boyled, is good for the colique.* 1.286 Goats-fat boyled with barly, rhoe and cheese, they give for the bloo∣dy flux, and taken in with juyce of barly un∣husked.* 1.287 And helps much against diseases in the bowells, supt in in cold water. It is also good against the dropsy. Those of the Canary Islands annoint their flesh with goat-sewet, and juyce of certain herbs, to thicken their skins the bet∣ter to endure cold; because they goe naked. It is used also against the gout, with shee-goats dung, and saffran, and mustard, with Ivy stalks bruised, or the flower of wild-cucumber. The same is an ingredient into Pomatum, good for chapped lips. The marrow next to deers and calves-marrow, is commended. The liver ro∣sted, and layd with oyl of mirrhe on the navell, helps the cholique, and is better then the same boild with sowr wine, and drunk. The same is good for Nyctalopia, and against the falling sicknes, and for convulsions. It is also commen∣ded against the biting of a mad dog, and layd on, it takes away the feare of water, they say, which the bitten, dread. Hippocrates prescribes sheeps,* 1.288 or goats liver buried in embers, to a wo∣man in child-birth, sweld, to be eaten for four dayes, and old wine to be drunk therewith. The gall yeelds many medicines.* 1.289 It helps against ve∣nome from a wild Weezel; with allom ashes it remooves the itch; with fullers earth and vine∣ger it helps scurf, so that the hairs by degrees dry. With cheese and brimstone it takes away morfew, with sponge-ashes thickened as hony. It scatters swelling, if often touched therewith at first rising. Layd on the eybrows, it takes away hair. To say nothing of the squincy, and eare-diseases.* 1.290 Lastly, smear your beds or walls with goats or bulls••gall, steeped in keen-vine∣ger, you shall not be troubled with wall, or bedsted-lice. The spleen fresh taken out of the beast, and laid on mans spleen, in a few dayes strangly removes the spleenative pains, if you after hang it up in the smok, and there dry it. The head, with hair and all boiled, and pounded, strengthens the bowels. The brain dropt through a gold-ring into Infants, afore they have ever sucked, the Magitians prescribe against falling-sicknesse, and all other Infants-griefs.* 1.291 With honey, it heals carbuncles. And water poured out of a goats palate; and what ever it eats, if mixt with houy and salt destroys lice••f you rub the head & body with it in whay, and is a remedy against belly ake. The ashes of the skin smeared on with oyl, rids strangly

the kibe-heel. Shaving thereof, pounded with pumice, and mingled with vineger, helps the Mazels. Bind a womans paps with a thong of goats-lether, and it will stop excessive rheums out of her nostrils. The hair burnt, heals all fluxes; and burnt with pitch, and vineger, and put into the nostrils, stanches bleeding. When burning, it chases Serpents away. The horn burnt, mixt with meal, laid on, mends scurffe, and scald-heads. Pieces of it scorch∣ed in the flame, with vineger, are of good use against S. Anthonies fire. Laid under a weak mans head, it causes sleep. Shave, or burn it, and mingle it with goats-gall, and myrrhe, and rub the arm-pits, it takes away the rank-smell. It helps against the Epilepsy, and the sent of it rowseth out of a Lethargy, or dead-sleep. And burnt, if you rub the teeth therewith, it makes them clean and white. The hoof burnt,* 1.292 it drives away Serpents; and the ashes smear∣ed on with vineger, helps baldnesse, and shed∣ding of hair.

Goats-milke also is many wayes medicinable. Democratis to my knowledge (saith Pliny) caused Con••idia,* 1.293 M. Servilius the Consuls daugh∣ter, who could not bear strong physick, to use goats-milke, which sustained her long in her weaknesse. The goats were fed with Mastix∣trees. There is a healing vertue in it. A draught of it with uva taminia grape, cures a Serpents bite. That which is first milked, lessens the fits of a quartan ague, whether eaten or drunk.* 1.294 Some Magi give swallows-dung, a dram out of goats, or sheeps-milk, or sweet wine, three measures afore the fit. Annoint the gums therewith, and the teeth are bred with more ease. Drunk with salt and hony, it loosens the belly; it is given against the fal∣ling sicknesse, palsy, Melancholy, leprosie, &c. Hot in barly-meal like pulse, it is given against the pain in the bowels. It cures the spleen, after two dayes fasting; the third day the goats be∣ing fed with Ivy, if it be drunk three dayes without any other food.

The cheese being fresh, heals bites; being dry, with vineger and hony, it clenses wounds; soft, and kneaded with hony, and laid on, and covered with woolen or linnen, it speedily helps bruises, &c. newly curdled, laid on, it helps sore eyes. If a woman hath eaten what goes against stomack, so that her belly ake, and she be feverish, Hippocrates prescribes a fift part of white Peplium, and half a chaenix, and as much nettle-feed, and half an pound of goats-cheese shaved, mixt with old wine, and supped up. And if in the womb any thing be putrified, or blood, or corruption come forth, he prescribes goats-cheese tosted, or scraped, alone, or with as much barly-meal, and taken in with win fasting. As for the curd, a dram out of wine is good against the bite of the Pieter∣man, and other Sea-fishes: It is drunk also for fluxes and taken against curdled-milk. A third part drunk out with vineger, is good against rank excesse of blood; the bignesse of a bean, steeped in myrtle-wine, taken fasting, eases the collick.* 1.295 It is good against the lask. The pisse drunk with Sea-Aquin vineger, helps against the biting of Serpents, and breakis impo∣stumes where ever they are; poured into the ears, it helps the pulling of the sinews.* 1.296 The Carthaginian shepherds burn the crown veins of their children of four years old with un∣washt wool, and some the temple-veins to prevent rheums: If they faint under the pain, they sprinkle goats-pisse on them, and fetch them again.* 1.297 The same drunken two cups a day with spicknard, is good against the water under the skin, drawing it away by urine. Sex∣tus thinks it helps women in their months. Their dung is of frequent use, Spurathoris, the Greeks call it, it is of a digestive and eagre property, softning the hardest swellings, not only of the spleen, but also of others parts. Being burnt, it is thinner, but not stronger. Given in vineger, it cures the vipers bite, in wine with frankincense, female-issues. Ty it on a cloath, it stills children, especially girles.* 1.298 They daub it on parts out of joynt. Sod in vineger, it disperses throat, and other swellings; And warmed and smeared on, it cures spreading ulcers. Prepared with hony, and laid on, it heals cancers, and belly carbunckles, and di∣sperses them. Bruised to powder, and mixt with vineger, and applied to the fore-head, it takes away the migram: It cures burns, and leaves no scar: kneaded with vineger to the thickness of hony, it loosens contracted joynts, and removes tremblings with barly-meal and vineger, especial in tough and rustical bodies, it helps the sciatica.* 1.299 Pills thereof are a remedy for the months and second-birth. Adde here∣to, that in Plague-time, if you keep a Goat at home, his breath and smell is good against in∣fection. Besides all this, of the Goats-hair are made sives, of the skin garments, shoos, coverlids, bottles, boots, bellows, sails, paper, and whips. Pirrhus, of the horns made him a crest. The Locrians (the Ozoli) wear sheeps and goat-skins, and live among flocks of goats. The Sardi,* 1.300 and Getuli had no other cloaths. In Cypris they make Chamlets of goats-hair; and to that purpose, near the rivers Betolis, and Issa in Armenia the lesse they keep, and shear a multitude of goats yearly. The Turks also at Ancyra, the head-City of Capadocia, make their choysest watered stuffes thereof, and also their tapestry.* 1.301 The paper or parchment, I speak of, were first found out at the Troian Perga∣mus, and thence obtain the name.

We read little of their differences. The Egyptian bring five at a birth, because they drink the fat fruitfull water of the river Nile. In Phrigia there are four horned goats, as Sca∣liger relates,* 1.302 with long hair, and snow-white; in the Weveries they shear not, but pluck the hair out. The Egyptians say, that when the Dog-starre arises, the goats turn ever East∣ward,* 1.303 and their looking that way, is a sure signe of the revolutions of that Star. In the Nothern-coasts they are great bodied, thick thighed, full, and short shouldered, bending

eared, small headed, thick, long and bright necked, high and broad horned. They are almost all white. In Winter they live on Pine∣bark, Mosse, and Poplar-boughs. The skins are carried by great shipfuls into Germany, and yield great gaine. The Caspian Goats are whitest,* 1.304 not horned, and as big as Horses: So soft is their hair, that it may compare with Milesian-wool; so that the Caspian Priests, and the richest make it their wear. In Cepha∣lenia the Goats drink not dayly,* 1.305 but gape. and take in the wind. Theophrastus therefore saith, they drink not in six months. In Cilicia, and about the Syrtes they are as shorn. At Damas∣cus they have long eares, manifold teats, and are very fruitful. The owners carry fourty or fifty up and down to sell their milke; and they will milk them where you please, in your din∣ing-room, though it be three stories high, afore your eyes in tin vessels. At Narbon, they have broad and long ears.* 1.306 In Illyria they are not cloven-footed; they bring sometimes three, four or five at a birth, and give a gallon and a half of milk. The same is said of the Indian, near the City Tarnassuri; and of the Affrican at the Promontory of the green-head. Xave∣rius the Jesuit testifies, that he hath seen at Am∣borna an Hee-goat suckling little kids, in that corrupted History of Christ and Peter, which the Authour wrote in the Persian language. He had but one udder, and gave a great sop of milk dayly. The Mambron Shee-goat in the Region of Damiata, they may ride with saddle and briddle, and other Horse-furniture; the ears dangle to the ground, the horns hang downward, and turn up again under the mouth. Pharos, an Island in the Aegean-Sea, breeds Goats coloured like the Deer, and greater by much; with an horn twelve hand∣full long, straight, having but on knag reach∣ing right forth. In Sardinia, their skins are hot in winter, and cold in summer; like the Mus∣mones. And some are swifter then any beast. Among the Monsters we give hereafter the figure of one with three horns.

ARTICLE V. Of the wild-Goats in generall.

WEe are now to treat of wild-Goats both generally,* 1.307 and spe∣cially with many names, where∣of we meet among the Greeks; as Aix agrios,* 1.308 Wild-Goat. These have the wit with Dictany, to draw arrows out of their bo∣dies, those namely that live in Candy, and on the hill Ida. Aristotle denies there are any in Africa, Virgil affirms it; who takes the wild for those that are liker tame; which Varro saith are a breed of the tamer, Wee call them Roes, Aigagros;* 1.309 Oppian takes for a peculiar kind, called Camozza about Trent. The Aigokeroas, or Capricorn, is a wild wood-goat, of a severall kind; in Suidas D••rkas; Hermolaus conceives to be a divers kind, but it seems to be but ano∣ther name Scaliger takes Dorcas for a kid;* 1.310 Dor∣cus for a Roe. However it seems to have the name from sharp-sightednes; for it hath a moy∣sture within the bowelles that helps the sight. The name is used in the Canticles. The Dorca∣lides are short-tayled. Proches-Gaza, turns a Doe, having the name from Proixesthai, the swiftnes. P••oox, from fearfullnes, the Epithite that Homer gives the Hare. It is as swift as a whirlewind; yellow haired, white tayled, the eyes white and blew, the eares stuck with long hair; it swims very swiftly, and with the feet can stem a streame; it delights in lakes where it seeks repast among the bulrushes. The Nebros some make a fawn; some a kind of goat:* 1.311 of Soli∣nus a Doe, Kolos is a Scythian wild-goat, of bignes between a Deer and a Ram, of a bright body, very swift, drinking with the nostrils, and holds the water there many dayes, and can make long shift in dry pasture: With the La∣tines Caprea,* 1.312 is a Rodi Rupicapra, a wild-goat, living among rocky places, as the name gives it. They love to clime high, and to live on the loftiest mountains, where your eye can hardly reach them: yet if they be pursued by beast, or man, it can cast it self headlong from the stee∣pest crags, and yet help themselves so with their horns, that they catch no harme. They fall out often about the females in coupling time: By consent of all they excell the tame in goodnes of tast, savourines, and nourishment, in delicacy of temper, easines of digestion, and in paucity of excrements; yet is their flesh somewhat drier; therefore the Arabes invented the boyling them in oyl, to make them juicier. Yet some thinke that what is sod in oyl becomes dry, and looses the glutinousnes, as Psathuron,* 1.313 and Kauron. As for their use in physique, wild Goats-flesh is good food for those who have the bloody flux: The liver, either unrosted, or beaten to powder helps the cholique. The steame thereof boyled in salt water, helps thick∣sighted eys: Burnt, and sprinkled on it, stanches blood, especially if you snuf up the powder.* 1.314 The blood with sea-palme takes away the hair: It helps to an easing by stool. The gall is sove∣raign against venemous bites. The same helps against bloodshotten and dim eyes, and against ruggednes of the cheeks and eye-lids, with conserve of roses, or bruised with juice of leeks, and droped warm into the nostrils, it takes away the tinckling of the head; with Athenian hony, it eases the pain of the jaws, and cures the exulceration of the pizzle. The dung dried, stamped, and sifted, and taken in a cup of hypocras,* 1.315 takes away the yellow-Jaundice.

ARTICLE VI. Of the wild-Goats in particular.

POINT I. Of the Roe-Deer, Fallovv-Deer, Bucks, and Doe.

THe kindes of wild-Goats are the Ru∣picapra, &c. The Rupicapra, or Dor∣cos; in Greek,* 1.316 Aigastros, or Aigagros, that is Wild-goat. It is of the same greatnesse with the shaggy-goat, only a little taller, and in shape liker the tall wild-beasts. Bellonius takes it for a Buck. The colour is be∣tween dark and red; it inclines more to the red in Summer then in Winter, to the dusky. But Scaliger saith,* 1.317 it is in Summer yellowish, in Winter ash-colour. Gesner saw one black and white. Some are all white, but few. It is red-eyed. The ears are longer then the Rams, and carnation coloured, and on either side a streak above the eyes from the root of the horns, straight to the end of the mouth, and ending in the upper-lip. The fore-head marked with a kind of star. The upper part of the tail hairy, black and round, and as long as that of a Buck. The horns blackish, nine or ten fingers long, rough with knotty ringlets; none in the hooked part, which is smooth, and sharp like a hook. Almost paralel, rising in equal spaces; firm, only at beginning, only a thumbs length, hollow; and rounder then those of the tame. Some say they can,* 1.318 as we see Goats, scratch their backs with them. It is note-worthy what mischief they do themselves by that scratching; they are thought to delight so in the tickling, that they fasten the horn-tip so in their skin, that they cannot pluck it back again; so that they through anguish will cast themselves from the highest clifts, and taken, they dy of pain, or famish to death. They haunt rocky mountains; yet not the tops as the Ibex, nor leap they high, or far; they come down sometime to the lower Alps. They meet oft about some sandy rocks, and thence they lick sand, as Goats do salt, whereby they rub off their sluggish flegme, and sharpen their stomack. When they are hardly chased, they climb so high, that no dogs can come at them: Then when they see the hunters creep on all four to pursue them, they frisk from stone to stone, and make to the mountain tops, where no man can follow them, there they hold, and hang by the horns till they are shot with guns, or driven headlong from their hold, or famish to death. Presently after S. Iames time they betake themselves to the colder clifts, to inuse themselves by degrees to cold. Being taken, they are sometimes made tame. Of the skins are made gloves for horsemen. When they stray to find out new pastures, the next rock they look wishly on, putting forth a foot, they try often whether it be fast, or loose, and slip∣pery. It is pleasant, saith Scaliger, to see how in my uncle Boniface his hall, they that are kept tame will leap at the hangings, wherein the like wild are woven. As for their use, their flesh is somewhat dry, and a breeder of melancholy, and is of a wild sent. Hunters drink the blood afresh, springing out for a present help for the swimming of the head.* 1.319 A cup of the sewet mixt with the milk, it is said to cure a deep con∣sumption. We represent here a double figure, of the Rupicapra, or wild and mountain-Goats. The Buck is twofold; one that the ancients write of, whereof here; the other, the com∣mon one that the Moderns write of, called Platykeroos, or broad-horned; men (it may be) by Gaza, who translates Proka, (in Aristotle) Dama, or Buck. Pliny reckons it among the wild outlandish goats. It may be it is that that Dioscor. calls Nebros. It is like a Goat, and coloured like the Doe.* 1.320 Ovid calls it a Doe with a yellow back. They are famous for their fearfulnesse; therefore they are seldome tam∣ed. They catch hold of Crags with their horns,* 1.321 as if they were hooks; nor do they any other wayes clim the inaccessible ridges of moun∣tains.

POINT II. Of the Ibex.

DIoscorides in his Chapter of Curdles ••akes no mention of this Goat,* 1.322 and scarce any other of the Ancients, ex∣cept Homer, who calls it Ixalon Aiga. But the learned witnesse, as with one mouth, that it is the same that the Germans call Ston-Buck. Pliny comprizes the whole story in* 1.323 short, saying, that among the wild-goats are the Ibices on the Alps, of a wonderful swift∣nesse, though their heads by burdened with huge horns, where with they defend, and poyze themselves; and can safely tumble, and frisk as they lift from clift to clift, most nimbly. It is a gallant creature, and great-bodied, almost shaped like an Hart, but not so great; slender thighed, and small-headed, the skin dark-coloured; growing old, they wax gresly, and have a black list along the back; clear, and fair-eyed; cloven, and sharp-hoofed: The female is lesse then the male, and not so dusky of co∣lour. He is bigger then the shaggy goat; not unlike the Rupicapra. The hee hath along black beard, that happens to no other beast, so Bellonius writes, haired like the Hart; unlesse* 1.324 happily to the Hippelaphus: His vast massy horns bent toward his back, sharp, and knot∣ty, and the more, the older he growes; for they wax yearly, till that they grow to about twenty knots in the old ones: Both horns, when grown to their utmost, are well neat sixteen or eighteen pound weight. Bellonius had seen some horns four cubits long; they have as many crosse-beams, as they are years old. Fleet they are; nor is their any rock so

high, lofty, or steep, that they will not reach with some leaps, if it be but rough, and just but so far out, that they can fasten their hoofs on. They are wont to leap from clift to clift six paces distant from each other. Falling, he breaks the force of the fall with his horns. See Aldrovand about the manner of hunting them. There are two kinds of them in Candy. Bello∣nius writes, having seen of their horns brought out of Cyprus: If they are surprized, and have space enough, they venture on the hunters, and cast them head-long from the rock; But finding there is no escaping, they easily yeild themselves.

Of the same kind is that African wild beast, which Aelian H. A. l. 14. c. 16. describes thus: Wild-Goats abide on the tops of the Lybian mountains; they are well near as great as oxen, their shoulders, and thighs extreme shaggy, small legged; their foreheads round, thin and hollow-eyed, not bolting much out; the horns from the first sprouting, very unlike each other, scambling, and crooked, and not uniformed and strait, as other goats horns; but bend-back to their very shoulders. No Goats so fit, and able to leap, & so far as they from clift to clift; and though they sometimes leap short, and fall headlong downe between the crags, they get no harme, so made he is against such brunts, so firme bodied, that hee hurts no horns nor head. The Goat-heards have many arts to take them, as high as they are, with darts, or nets, or gins, being very cunning in that hunting. On the plain ground any slowfooted hunts-man can overtake them. Their skins and horns are of some use; for the skins are very good to make gloves for shepheards, and carpenters in cold winters. The horns are as fit to draw water out of rivers, or wells to drink in, as cups them∣selves; for they hold so much, as cannot be ta∣ken in at one draught; if well fitted by a good workman, it may hold three measures. It hath it's use also in physick. The curds as usefull as those of the hare.* 1.325 The blood with wine, and rosemary is commended against the stone. The only helpe for the Sciatica and the gout: ga∣ther the dung when the moone is 17 dayes old, or when the moone is oldest, if it be need∣full, it may be of like efficacy, so the medicine be made on the 17 day, a handfull must be ta∣ken, stamped in a morter, with 25 pepper cornes, make it into pills, the number odd, ad∣ding three, quarters of a pint of the best, and of the most generous old wine, a pinte and halfe; first making all into one masse, lay them up in a glasse; but to make it more effectuall, doe it on the 17 day of the moon, and begin on a thirsday to apply it, giving it for seven dayes together, so that the patient stand eastward on a footstool, and drinke it; which are meer fop∣peries, though Marcellus prescribe so.

POINT III. Of the Buff, the Bubalides, and the Pygar∣gus, or Roe-Buck.

ALdrovand sayes c. 14. p. 303. that hee thought once that the Bubalus, or Buf, and the Bubalides, differed in former times in the shape; but hee confesseth hee was mistaken. For the nature, hee is much taken with old home, and bring him into good pasture, hee will returne; when frighted hee thinks himself safe, if hee can hide his head, like the Ostrich. Hee shuns all fierce and quar∣relsome beasts. The blood is somewhat thic∣ker then that of the Hare and Hart; thickning well neare as much as the sheep. The Pygargus (as Pliny also saith) is a beast alwayes given to be lonely, and keeps in the woods.

POINT IV. Of the Caprea, or Roe, in Pliny, the Goat half Wild and half tame, and the common Buck, or Doe.

PLinies Caprea, or Roe, is no other then our Capreolus, or Kid; which the Ger∣mans call Reh, not unlike the Hart in colour, but far smaller, scarce so great as the Goat. The male his horns commonly have six branches. There was one had 17 horns, whose picture the Duke of Bavaria sent to Al∣drovand. The horns are branched indeed,* 1.326 but small, and they cast them. Sharp-sighted they are; small voyced: they shed not their teeth; spotted; some spots are white. In time they change colour, and the spots become not so sightly. Many are taken in the Helvetian Alps; yet they love lower places then other Wild-goats. The Shee, if her Male be taken, seeks another, bringing him to her old place; and if the Shee be taken, the Hee seeks another. Their horns they either know not how to use, or dare not. They love to feed,* 1.327 where Par∣tridges haunt. They run only when the wind blows, to refresh themselves in their toyl. They are as well tasted as the Boor, and their flesh sooner digested. Of this sort are those in Bra∣sile; two kinds are of them, Cagua-cuete, and Cagua-capara: Almost like our hee-goats. The head about seven fingers long, great and black∣eyed, large and wide nostrild; the mouth black, the skin shining; the eares four fingers long, two and an half broad; their veins easily seen; the neck round and smoother haired then the rest of the body; five fingers and a half long. The body but two feet from the neck to the rump. The tayl short, as of other Goats. The forethighs a foot, the hinder a foot and half long; the hoof cloven and black; and on those two other lesser ones. Smooth-haired, red on the thighs and feet, dark on the neck and head, white under the throat, and the bottome of the

neck; the tayl white below; the eares whit with∣in, dusky without, and almost hairles; the mouth a litle longer below then above. Hee chews the cud, and is easily tamed: After one or two months old hee becomes delicately white∣spotted, which in time weare out. The Brasile Cuguacu apara is a horned Hee-goat, coloured as the former, but somewhat lesse; the horns have three shoots on them, the lowest is lon∣gest, and parted at top; the main horn is a thumb thick, and eight or nine Rhineland fin∣gers long. The Strepsicerote, or Roe-buck, is described by Aldrovand out of Pliny,* 1.328 and rec∣koned among the wild-goats, that are outlan∣dish. The picture of the Cretian one is taken out of Bellonius.

The common Buck resembles in shape the Hart, is greater then the Roe, but differs in co∣lour. The Buck is smaller-headed then the Hart; hee casts his head every year, the horns stick foreward out, and not as others use: The ridge of the back is blinking yellow, and hath a black list all along. The taile reaches to the hams, as a calves. The sides sometimes are checkered with white spots, that with age wear away. Sometimes the Does are all white, that you should take them for goats, but that the hair is short. Their horns are in many places shewen of a vast greatnesse and beamy, as at the ascent and steps of the Ambosian fort. The flesh very like the Kids; the blood of a deep black. Sometimes he is fat as a Wether. The dung prepared with oyl of mirrhe, is said to make hair come thick.

POINT V. Of the Goat of Muskus, or Musk-Cat.

THe Arabians only have written of him among the old Writers.* 1.329 The later Greeks, as Aetius, and Paulus Aegine∣ta, have borrowed what they have from them. Call him Wild, or Goat, or In∣dian, or out-landish, or eastern Gazella, or Goat of Moschus, it skills not much. Some call him Moschus from Musk, S. Hierome reckons his skin for the most delicate of per∣fumes, and calls him an outlandish Mouse. Gesner saith,* 1.330 the Musk lies in a bag in him. Writ∣ers differ in describing him, and some that have seen him, they say: But all agree, that he is a kind of Goat. Men report that he feeds all on sweet herbs, especially Nard; and that the sweet musk is a blood gathered about the navil. They are so swift, that they are seldome taken alive. He bites at his pursuers with a fury. Take his longer teeth out, and you may tame him. In the Province Thebet they hunt them with dogs: Some say, they are found in Persia, Afri∣ca, Egypt. The perfume we call musk; per∣haps because of old they use the mosse of the Cedars and white Poplar, &c. in composition of perfumes and thickning oyntments. I have seen the like growing on beasts. The bags in this Gazella are full of musk; He is of a middle nature, between a Hee-goat and a Calfe, and yellowish,* 1.331 which the Greeks call Moschus; whence musk may have the name, or from the likenesse the bag bears with the small cups on Ovian-tops where the seed is, which the Gr. call Moschai; or as Etimologists will have it, because it lies En Mesu, the middle, or the na∣vell: Not to say it comes from the Verb Moo, because all desire it; or from Ozoo, smelling, senting, of the Original writers differ. And as much about the choosing of it.* 1.332 Platearius likes not the black, but that that is coloured like Spikenard Brasavolus holds that the black∣ish hath the best sent, that brought out of Ca∣taia. Some prefer Tumbascin musk, because of the abundance of pasture there, which is ripe in the bag, and better then that that is hanged up in the aire: The unripe, though in the beast, smells not well. The Antebian musk is better then the Abensin, then the Jurgian; next the Indian by the Sea-coasts.

That of Elluchasis among the Tacuini is thin, and the bag thin: The Gergerian quite con∣trary, and not so aromatical. That of Charua is a middle sort; The Salmindian, not so good. For the proof of Musk, see Aldrovand. It is many wayes adulterated, especially the black, and reddish; by mixture of a little goats-blood a little rosted, and stamped, three of four parts for one musk: But rosted bread makes it moul∣der; the goats-blood broken is bright, and clear within.* 1.333 The Saracens vent it oft, bag and all, but sophisticated. Some falsifie it with a kids-liver dried, and birds muting. Some in∣crease it with Angelica-root. It will loose the sent, if you adde any sweet thing to it. It is best kept in a thick glasse-bottle, waxed over. It recovers the lost sent, if you hang it in an open pot in a house of office.

For the use of Musk, Authours differ about the temper of it. Averroes holds it hot, and dry in the end of the second degree; Sethus in the third. All confesse it to be a thin substance. It drawes out blood, put to the nose; and opens the vessels of the body. It is besides used to strengthen, and against trembling, fainting, wind; to purge the head in sweet-balls, and wash-balls; in censing, in pomanders, and sweet-oyntments. Yet it is ill for the mother to some women; as the Venetian, and Nor∣thern women.

POINT VI. Of the Bezoar, or the Pazahartica-Goat.

MEn write diversly in the describing of the Bezoartican-Goat.* 1.334 Bell••nensis seems to deny there is any such beast, while he relates out of Thiphasis the Arabian, that that they call the Bezoar-stone, is taken out of the veins. The Arabs fetch it from the Harts. Monardes from the testimony of eye-witnesses, reports it to be as great as the Hart, and resembling him. Bontius saith, that

he is shaped like our goats of Europa, except that they have more upright and longer horns,* 1.335 and that some of them are partly coloured, as Tigers, and goodly to look on; two whereof are to be seen in the fort in Batavia. The great∣er, or lesser the stone is, that they carry the nim∣bler, or heavier they go; which the wily Ar∣menians, and Persians well know. They feed on an herb like Saffran; the eating whereof breeds that stone. Whence it comes to passe, that because an Isle between Cormandel,* 1.336 and Ceylon, called by the Portugals, Isle de Vaccas, (or of Cows,) is sometimes overflowen, that the goats must be transported thence to save them, they being deprived of that herb, breed not that stone; and when the waters are down, and they are brought back thether, they yield the Bezoar-stone again, which is as trouble∣some to them, as to us the stone is in the blad∣ders or reins. Whence we may gather,* 1.337 how vain their relations are that tell us that it is bred in their bowels, or reins, or the gall. Some call it Pasani, some Balsaar, some Pazaher, that is, an antidote against poyson. It is bred especially in Persia in Stabanon, three dayes journey beyond Lara, where the Persian Kings are watchful to challenge for themselves all the stones that exceed a certain weight. They are of several shapes, and kindes; some much cost∣lier then others,* 1.338 and of greater vertue, and ef∣ficacy. There are counterfaits made. Mo∣nardes, from the relation of Guido de Lavaretus, writes, the right ones are made up of kind of lates, or barks folded within one another, very bright and shining, as if they were pollished; having within a dust, or a chaffe. Bontius thinks that Genuine, that rubed on a piece of chalk, shews a light-red; cast into a bason full of water, and left there three hours together, looses nothing of the weight. When the coun∣terfait becomes hevier, or lighter taken out of water; and rubed with chalk, splits. Much is written by many of the vertues thereof; that laid on any bare part of the body, it defends it against poyson:* 1.339 That the powder cures bites, sprinkled on the bitten place; That cast on wild beasts, it benums them, and kills vi∣pers with any liquor: That all receits taken against poyson, and malignant Fevers are vain, unlesse Bezoar be also used.* 1.340 Monardes gives examples of diverse hereby rescued out of the very jawes of death. It helps melancholy, quartons, fainting fits, epilepsies, giddinesse, stone, worms, and what not: But it is obser∣ved to be more helpful to women then men. Some in India dream that it makes them young again. Monardes hath a whole tract about it: But Bontius writes, that he findes by a thousand experiments, that the vertue thereof is not so great. He saith, that the stones called paza∣har bred in the stomack of the Simior are round, and above a finger long, and are coun∣ted the best.

Hether may be referred the Vicuna,* 1.341 and Taruga. The Vicuna is a swift beast of Peru. It is hornlesse, else like a wild goat. Nether is that any hinderance, that he wants horns; since there are dogs that are said to have horns, when most have none. He delights in mountanious and rocky places: She loves cold and deserts: She seems to be refreshed with snow, and frosts: She loves company, and the Herd. She runs from all men she meets, putting her young ones afore, being carefull of them. She is taken by a swift chase; to which end three thousand Barbarians compasse a mountain, and by degrees make all the wild here together, sometimes more then three hundred; they send the females after the young ones; They are taken also, when they come to a convenient space, and toyles of cord, and lead laid for them. They shear them to make coverlids; their wool is fine as silke, of a lasting colour; being natural, it needs no dye. In hot whe∣ther it refreshes, helping the inflammation of the reins: wherefore they stuffe therewith tikes for beds. It is said to ease the Gout. The flesh hath no good relish; yet it is an Indian dainty. And a piece of it new killed, and laid on the eye, removes suddenly the smart. They breed the Bezoar in the bowels, next to the ea∣stern Vicuna is the Taruca, of that kind, but swifter, and greater, and deeper colour; of soft and dangling ears, not delighting in com∣pany, she wanders among rocks alone. In these is the Bezoar-stone found both of great∣er vertue, and bulk.

POINT VII. Of the Scythian Suhak, and the Goat with dangling eares.

OF the Scythian Suhak,* 1.342 see Aldrovan. pag. 313. We owe to Aristotle the men∣tion of the Goat with hanging-ears, a palm, and more broad, and reach∣ing near the ground; Probably it is that in the print here following, which they call the In∣dian Goat, and the Syrian Mambrina. By the wool, hair, face, and horns, it seems to resem∣ble a sheep rather then a Goat. The colour is white.

POINT VIII. Of the Oryx.

THree sorts of creatures are by the Greeks termed Oryges.* 1.343 One a water one, two land ones. Of the first Strabo writes treating of Turdetamia,* 1.344 which some suppose to be the Sea-orke.* 1.345 Of the two latter kinds Pliny, and Oppian mention. The name Oryx comes from To Orytte••n, or dig∣ging, because, at new Moon it turns eastward, and digs up the earth with the fore-feet. For the shape, it is one-horned, and cloven-footed. It is of the kind of wild Goats. But of a con∣trary hayr, turning toward the head; as it grows

on the Aethiopian Bull.* 1.346 He is engendred in the driest parts of Africa, ever without drinke, and strongly usefull against thirst; for the Getulian theeves hold out by a draught of wholesome liquor found in their bladders. Albertus saith that he is as big as a Hart, bearded, used to the deserts, and easily taken in a net. Herodotus makes him as great as an Ox; Nor have we any certainty of his shape. The horns are black, and to be seen in most libraries, like a swords blade at top, diverse, according to their age, both in length, bredth, and number of knobs. Wee give you here the images of two of them. But Aldrovand himself durst define, whether they are Indian Asses horns, or no. But, since the Aethiops, called Sili, used them for weapons against the Struthiophagi, or Estridge-eaters, and they are very hand, and beamy, long, sharp-pointed, and hollow, they seeme to belong to the Oryx. The Egyptians fain many things of him, that they know, when the Dog-star arises, and then cry out; that they gaze on the star, and adored it like a God;* 1.347 whether by a peculiar sympathy, or that they know cold weather is past, which they cannot well endure. He seems to despise the Sun,* 1.348 and Moon; they dung against the rising Sun, and never drink. Colu∣mella, and Martial mention the Orus; but I be∣leeve it is not the same with this. The later calls him Cavage; the former reckons him among the beasts kept in warrens, or parks for food. Hee is said by Oppian,* 1.349 to be wild, a great foe to wild beasts, and milke white. So different are the relations about the Orus, which must be a double kind; one fearfull, the other fierce. Some in India are said to have four horns. Ambr.* 1.350 Paréus (T. 1. l. 5. c. 5.) mentions a wild beast in some Island of the Red-sea, called by the Arabs Kademotha; by the inhabitants called Parasoupi; as great as a mule, and headed alike; haired like a Beare, but not so dark-coloured, but yellowish; footed like the Hart; having two lofty horns, but not beamed, akin to the Unicorns horn. The natives being bitten by any venomous beast, are cured forthwith by drinking the water, wherein the horn hath lien soaking certain dayes.

ARTICLE VII. Of the Hart, or Deer.

THe Latine name Cervus is taken from the Greek Kerata,* 1.351 horns. The Greeks give him very many names, as Elaphos, because of his nimblenesse, or his de∣light to be about lakes, or waters; or because he drives away the serpent with the smell of his horn, who rubs it on purpose against a stone, to raise the sent; and Beirix, Bredos, &c. The Hinds first fawning, they call Ptookas, that is, Procas,* 1.352 the Calf, or Fawn, Nebros, &c. The Deer, or Hart is cloven-footed, tong-hoofed, soft-haired, and hollow within, if you beleeve Ju∣nius, which makes him swim well.* 1.353 He is light co∣loured, sandy reddish, yet there are white ones, as Sertorius his Hind, which, as he perswaded the Spaniards, was propheticall. No beast car∣ries greater horns: The Hind hath none ordi∣narily; though some have been seen horned by Maximilian the Emperor, and by Scaliger. The Fawn of a year old hath beginnings of horns budding, short and rough; The second year he is called a pricket, and hath plain horns, cal∣led spellers, or pipers; The third year he is a sorell, his horns branching once; and sox in∣crease to the sixt year. (Wee say there are in a stages head the Burre, or round roll next the head; then the Beam, or main horn; then the Browante∣liers; next above the Bezanteliers, next the royall, above the surroyall top. In a Bucks head are Burre, Beam, Braunch, Advancers, Palm, Spellers. The fourth year the Buck is a Sore; the fifth year, a Buck of the first head; the sixt, he is a Buck, or great Buck.) But the branching is very diffe∣rent. William Duke of Bavaria hath two, each horn hath one and twenty branches. Albertus speaks of eleven such in Germany.

Aemilian saw in the Duke of Ferrara his store-house a Hart, little lesse then a Horse, and so branched as the German heads. At Ant∣werp is one with 15 branches. Other hornes are hollow,* 1.354 except at top the Harts solied throughout,* 1.355 others cleave to the bone; the Harts sprout onely out of the skin. No beast casts the horns so as hee.* 1.356 The horn is as firme, and hard as a stone; growing old, it is lighter, especially in the open air, and sometimes moyst and dry again. Gesner hath observed in a grown Hart, at top of the horn, two, three, or five branches, and the beame six fingers broad, beside the antlers and spellers below; and he hath marked between the brain-pan, and the horns, litle bones, or double-bony knobs, about two fingers long, smooth; and the shorter, the older the Hart is. (Wee English divide the Deer into red, and fallow Deer; among the red, wee call the male a Stag; the shee, an Hind; the young, Calves; among the f••llow Deer, wee call the hee a Buck; the shee, a Doe; the young, Fawns.) And they all differ in hornes, and in some they are grown together. Gesner saith he hath seen a Stags-speller of 9 inches; and of one of three years old, with the speller of 18 inches. Those wee have mentioned are smooth, white, not rugged. They cast their horns yearly at a certain time in the Spring. One hath been taken,* 1.357 in whose horn green Ivy grew. It is said, that if you gueled them, their horns fade away.* 1.358 Their face is fleshy; the nose flat;* 1.359 the neck long; the nostrils fourefold, and with as many passages; their musles slender, and weake;* 1.360 the ears as cut, and parted, as no other beasts have.* 1.361 They that are about Arge∣nusa on the hill Elapsus, they have foure teeth on each side,* 1.362 both below, grinders, and besides two other above; greater in the male, then the female, they bend all downward, and seeme bent:* 1.363 They have all live-worms in the head, bred under the tongue, in a hollow of a turning joynt that joyns the neck to the head; others as great bred in the flesh, at least ••0,

some have seen more,* 1.364 and severed; though some have none. Some say Wasps are bred within theirs eye-bone, and fly out thence. The blood is like water, having no strings, but is curdled,* 1.365 as many have observed with Baldus Angelus. The eyes are great; the heart as great as uses to be in all timerous creatures. Di∣vers write diversly of a stone in the corner of the eye,* 1.366 called Belzahart, or Bezaar. Scaliger denies it,* 1.367 that there is any stone there, till the Deere be an 100 years old; and then it begins to grow, and waxes harder then a horn, swel∣ling out of the bones, and over the face; where it bunches out, it is round, and shining, yellow, and streaked with black so light, that it scarce abides the touch; you may see it withdrawn it self. Scribonius calls it, the eye-filth. Almost in all Deers hearts are found bones, the greater in the older, sometimes shaped like a crosse, in∣terfering. I have seen them, saith Iordanus, as big as a pigeons egg, and framed of plates, and, which is pleasant to see, break them, and you find a bone in the midst, like the other heart-bones, about which those shells clings, the heat of the heart ingenders them.* 1.368 They are found from the midst of August, to the middle of September. Brasavolus calls it a sinew, or sinewy gristle. Andernacus shews you how to find it, laying open the left side, and tracing the roots, and membrance of the artery, whereabout it lurks. The Deers tayl is but little, like the Sea-calves; the thighs very slender. They have more bellies then one. The genital sinewy like the Camells.* 1.369 The gut is so small, and britle, that you may break it, and never crack the skin. Men say they have no gall, but the bowells are so bitter,* 1.370 that a dogge will not touch it, unlesse the Deere be very fat. Those of Achaia are thought to carry theirs in their tayl, but liken the foure∣part of the spleen, then the gall. The Doe is lesse then the Buck, a handsome beast, onely hornlesse, sharp-sighted, of wondrous swift∣nesse, shee hath foure teats as the Cow.* 1.371 Galen speaking of the tunicles of a birth, and of veins, and arteries, which issuing out the womb, are fastened to it, affirms, that in all animals given to leaping, as Deere, and goats, the ends of the vessells are joyned with the matrixes, not onely by thin skins, but by tough flesh, like a kind of fat; a token of admirable divine providence.* 1.372 The back of either sex is fat.

Arist.* 1.373 and Pliny write, that there are none found in Africa, but Virgil and modern authors say the contrary. Some write that in Apulia, they shew themselves like armies; and that Ferdinand King of Napels was deceived by them,* 1.374 and James Caldor, the wisest Prin••e of that age. In Bargu, a Province of Cataja, they are numerous, and so tame, that they ride on them. In Batavia they have abounded all along, that tract of sand-hills, and valleys, laying between the Haghs-wood and Egmond. In Brittain, checkered have been white, and black ones. In the region of the Chicoriary in the new world, they are kept tame like goats. Solinus writes, that there are none in Candy, except among the Cydoniatae. Yet Varinus mention Does in Achaea on that Isle. Bellonius said there are many there, there being no harmfull creatures in Creet. They swim out of Syria to Cyprus, because there is plenty of pasture, that they fancy. In Elaphus an Asian-hill by Arginussus,* 1.375 they are cloven∣eared; and by the Hellespont. They are there tame by nature, saith Aurelius the Emperour. In Scotland the Deare are great,* 1.376 and so nu∣merous, that at a solemne hunting 500, 800, sometimes a 1000 have been killed; some are 10 thumbs thick of fat. They abound also in a hill on the Ilands, the Hebrides, which bears the name Cervus from the Deer. Xapita in America hath herds of them, as wee of Oxen; they breed at home,* 1.377 are fed near their houses, by day let out into the woods, at night they return to their fawns, are shut up in huts, and suffer themselves to be milked. In France about Fountaineblea•• they swarmed. In Flo∣rida there are tame, in Xapitum, and wilde, some as big as an ox, some lesse. In many parts of Germany, they are kept tame in dry ditches about their walls. In Helvetia they lessen dayly, inhabitants increasing, and woods decaying. In Hercynia they are blackish. Among the Dikilappi,* 1.378 there are many herds of them. In Norw••y they are called Rhen, they are somewhat greater then ours. The Laplander use them in stead of beasts of carriage, they yoake them in a wagon, like a fishers-boat, whereon they bind a man fast by the legs;* 1.379 he holds the reins in his left hand; in his right he holds a staf to keep the wagon from overturning: Thus they can ride twenty miles a day; and they let the Deere loose, which returne to their owner, and usuall stables of themselves. They are so lustfull, that they go the whole day a rutting,* 1.380 a whole month together, and are raging, and wast away with it, almost another month. They will fight for their Does, and Hindes; and the worsted Deere will attend, and serve the conqueror, if we beleeve Albertus. The fe∣males being with fawn, they separate them∣selves from others,* 1.381 and keep by their males, they dig holes in lonely places, they smell rank like goats, their faces sported with black; so they live, till a sound shewr of rain fall, and then they return to their pasture. They gender in August and September. The same Bucks follow divers Does, and returne again to the first. The tame are usually barren,* 1.382 unlesse they be from the very first brought up tame. They go with fawn eight months. They bring forth most part but one at once. The fawns grow apace. The Doe in fawning is cleared of a flegmatique humour, otherwise she never purges. About suckling, and her posture, therein Pollux, and Gesner write contra∣dictions. Authours write much of their long∣livednesse. A Raven may live nine of our lives;* 1.383 Deer, that is, Stags, foure times as long. By that reckoning they should live 3600

years. Pliny speaks of some, taken some hundreds of years after Alexander the Great his time, who had caused golden collars to be put about their neck, which were found covered with skin, and sunk in great fatnesse.

In the reigne of Charls of France, who lived in the time of the Schisme, between Clement and Urban VI. there was a Stag taken at Sylvanectus, on whose collar was inscribed in Latine letters; Hoc me Caesar donavit; Caesar bestowed this on mee. Theophrastus who li∣ved 80 years, yet complained of nature, that made Deere longer lived then man. Not to stand long on the sacred Doe,* 1.384 mentioned by Pausanias, that was a fawn in Agapenons time; or Diomedes his Stag, taken in Agathocles time, some ages after. It is said that a Hind of Augustus C. was taken many lustres of years after his reigne, with this inscription on the collar; Touch mee not, I am Caesars. Some guesse at their age by the number of the branches of their horns. Though Aristotle likes it not.

Authors give severall names to their voyce;* 1.385 as Glocitare, yonking; Virgill calls it braying. Wee give different name to the voyce of Bucks, Does, Fawns, Stags, Hinds, and their Calves.* 1.386 They are friends to the Quail, but hold lasting enmity with the Eagle, Vulcur, Serpent, Dog, Tigre, wild beasts, Foxes, the Gew, and whitet-horn, and red feathers. The Quail sits oft on their back, and pick their hairs. The Eagle gathers a lump of dust, and sitting on their horns, shake it in their eyes, and strike them on the face with their wings.* 1.387 They fight with Serpents, search after them in their holes, and draw them out by the snuffing of their nostrils. The very smell of Harts-horn burnt, will drive away Serpents. In Lybia, they make at Serpents,* 1.388 where ever they ly. If a Deer tread on Cactum, the Hartychoke, and it pierce, their bones never be sound after. Aspalathus kills them with the touch.* 1.389 They delight in covert, in wild woods, forrests, chases, where the soyl is fat. They love vine∣yards and lawns, and pastures in woods, where the Sun comes. The Buck leaving his pasture, hids him to the woodside, but the Does run into the thickets; they seek after fresh pasture, but ever return home again. One uses like a Captain to lead the Herd, they feed all day, at high-noon they seek shade; they are fearfull even to a proverb. Cantharion Arcas, was by the oracle nicknamed a Deere. They are good at leaping, whence a place near Frank∣fort hath the name; where two stones are erected,* 1.390 in memory of one that being hunted leaped 60 foot, and upon a loaden cart to save himself. When hardly chased, they will rest themselves, till the dogges draw near them. When they despair of escaping, they leave the woods, fly into the fields, and sometimes into towns, and houses for shelter; for most part they go with the wind. Their sagacity and wit, in deluding the dogges, is strange. If they are hunted by Eager-dogges,* 1.391 they gather into parties; then if pursued, they fly among the Deere, kept tame about house; some∣times they mingle with the Herd, to shrowed themselves, sometimes they will drive the hunted Deere from them; they will amuse the dogges by their uncertain steps, going back the same wayes, or where other Deere use to tread, to confound the dogges sent; they will run round, and leap to put the dogges to alosse. There hath been one seen to run among a Herd of oxen, and leap on an oxes back, and to ride him along way, and trailing the hinder-feet on the ground, to put the dogs to a cold sent. They have been seen to leap into trees in shady places. They eat Cinara against venomous grasse; and crabs against the bite of Spiders.

They are very carefull that the Sun-beams shed not on their fresh wounds,* 1.392 to purifie them afore they be closed. With eating Dittany, they can draw arrowes out of their bodies, which goats also do.* 1.393 They swim over seas by herds, one resting the head on the others but∣tock, and take turns when the first is weary. This is most observed in the passage from Cili∣cia to Cyprus; though they see not land, they smell it. They put the weakest last, and ven∣ter not out till the wind favours them. They fatten in summer,* 1.394 and then lurk in corners, that their weight may not make them an easy prey to the dogs.* 1.395 They hide themselves also by day, when they have cast their horns, and keep in shady places, to avoid annoyance from flies; and feed in the night, till their horns sprout again, then they come into the Sun to confirm, and harden them. And when they can rub them against trees without pain, they dare venture abroad again. Some say they bury their horns, some say but one; the horn is seldome found, which is medicinable.* 1.396 In Epire they bury their right, else-where their left horn; In Parks nei∣ther, though they cast their horns yearly. When they have eat a Serpent, that the poyson hurt them not, they go to a river, and plunge themselves in all but the head; yet drink not, till by tears they have sweet out the venome, which the cold water expels at the eyes. Eat∣ing serpents,* 1.397 clears their eye-sight: when taken, they become not only tame, but will come when called. Nay, you may briddle, and sadle them. It is certain that in Ptolomeis Trium∣phant-shew, there were seven brace of Stags seen coupled in chariots.* 1.398 Heliogabalus exhi∣bited them by quaternions so yoked together. They were to Mithridates, as it were a life∣guard. Sertorius the Generall of the Spanjards,* 1.399 the Roman, carried a white one alwayes about with him, making the world beleeve it was Diana. Ptolomy used one to understand Greeke. In fawning they forsake not beaten wayes,* 1.400 no more then coverts. They purge themselves with the herb Seselis, that they may fawn with more ease; after fawning, they eat their after-birth, that enwrapped their fawn, then tast of a certain herb, and then return to their fawns.* 1.401 These they bring not up all one way; the tenderest they carefully hide among

thick shrubs,* 1.402 or grasse; and chastise them with taps of their feet, to make them ly still, and not disclose themselves. When grown up a litle, they exercise them to run and leap gapps. A Shepheards Pipe, and singing, will intice them from their pasture. As for their senses, if they prick up their ears, they are quick of hearing; if they hang them downe, they are easily surprised. That they are sharpsighted, their great ey is a token. Authors are of di∣vers opinions about their usefulnesse in food. Some say their flesh is tender,* 1.403 and light of dis∣gestion; and better tempered, if cut afore their horns come.* 1.404 Galen holds it to be hard of concoction and melancholy, like Asses-flesh. Simon Sethi saids, it breeds black coller; and that you must beware of it in summer, because they eat serpents then. If often eaten, it brings the palsie; in winter it is safer food.* 1.405 Some say, fawns-flesh is best. Of old they praised the flesh, till they were three years old. The older, the dryer, and harder. In rutting time their flesh is rank,* 1.406 and rammish of smell, like goats-flesh. Avicen thinks it breeds quartan-agues. But Pliny saith that he knew Gentle-women, that used to tast it every morning, and were, for a long time free of agues; especially if they dy of one wound. Others, by constant eating of venison, promise themselves vivacity, and spritefulnesse. The liver is thought to be naught. The horn newly shot forth, hath been counted a delicate, boyled, and then fried in gobbets.

In Medicine,* 1.407 many parts thereof are usefull. The hair burnt under the belly, prevent mis∣carrying of women.* 1.408 The skin shaved with a pumice with vineger, cures S. Anthonies fire. The same fastened on the doore with the right feet, scare away all venemous creatures. The same helps against urine going from a man against his will in bed. The marrow easens pain, drives away serpents, helps against scalding; taken in water eases the pain in the bowelles; allays the bloudy-flux taken glisterwise; softens the womb; helps in Lint monthly termes. The sewet eases the gout, takes away face-freckles; burnt and mixt with a tosted oyster,* 1.409 cures kibes and chilblaius, layd fresh on, cures the exulce∣rations of the womb.* 1.410 The brains Rhasis com∣mends against the pain in the hips and sides, and against bruises. The lungs Pliny prayses against corns, chappings, and hard flesh. Mar∣cellus sayes it helps feet pinched by, strait shoes, layed often fresh on it. Dried in the smoak, and poudered, taken in wine, it helps the Ptisique. The ashes burnt in an earthen pot, helps against sighing, and pursines. The pizle dried to powder, taken in wine, is given against the vipers bite; smeard on with wine, it makes a bull lusty, dried it provokes urine, and helps the wind collique, if you drinke the water wherein it is washed. Pliny speaks of the Ma∣gicall use, or rather abuse of it. The bones are good against fluxes.* 1.411 Sextus saith the knee-blade is good against priapisme, if carried about one. The heart burned with the skin and horn, smeared on with oyl, cures wounds. The heart∣bone is counted a preservative: The stone in the heart, or the other prevents abortion. The crudled blood of a fawn killed in the Does bel∣ly, is a speciall remedy against a Serpents bite; and drunk, is good against the bite of a mad dog; as also if you have eaten hemlock, and toadstools. The urine helps the spleen, and the wind in the stomack and bowells. The teares in wine,* 1.412 bring vehement sweats. It is round and bright-yellow, and hath black streaks, if you but touch it, it withdraws, as if it stirred it self. The Harts-borne is of speciall use. It helps burn∣ing feavers, provokes sweat; is soveraign against poyson, and many diseases. The inhabitants of Florida bore holes in their childrens lips, and fill them therewith, perswading themselves that that makes them poyson proof. Aldernacus makes an eye-salve of it with frankincense, burnt lead, opium, &c. in rain-water. Infused in vineger, or poudered some, smear it on against freckles, and ring-worms; burnt, the smell helps the falling sicknes; with lentile, and deer-sewet it takes spots out of the face. Pou∣dered with spunges, wherein there are stones, in a like quantity of wine and water, dayly drunke, it helps the kings-evill. Snuft into the nostrills with Sandaracha, it takes away swel∣ling there; with mastick and salt-amoniack, it whitens the teeth. With vineger it eases tooth∣ake. Burnt with wine it fastens the teeth. With tragacanthus it cures the Haemoptoicum; half-burnt it helps the bloody flux: with a litle live∣sulphur, and a newlayed eg, it stops vomiting. Burnt with oxymel,* 1.413 it dries the spleen: It helps the collique. Drunk with yvory, it is good against worms. Some make cakes of it with chalk, holy seed, a rosted eg, and hony. It is used also against womens greefs, stopping of the mother.* 1.414 For the differences of Deere. In new Spain is a kind called Macar. Some are red; some white all over. These the Indians call Kings of Harts & Yztak Makanne. Others they call Aculhuame. The lesser, Quauhtlamacame, that of timerous become generous, and wounded are so fierce that they assault their hunters, and oft kill them. Others like them are called Thalhuicamacame, of the same bulk, and nature, but not so couragious. The least are Tamamacame; perhaps a kind of goats. In Duarhe, Xapida, and other parts of America they herds of Deere, as we of oxen; breeding, and fed in, and near the house. They let them loose by day to seek their pasture in the woods; at even they returne to their fawns shut up in stalls; they milk them, and have no other milk, nor cheese made of any other milk. In some western parts there chased, and wounded in hunting they seeke an herb, called by the Bar∣barians Atochielt, whereby they refresh them∣selves, and recover their swiftnesse. It is more usefull to them then Ditany. In Virginia the Deer are longer tayled then ours, and their horn-tops bend back. In America is a race of them called Seovassen, much lesse then ours, and with lesse heads, their hair hanging down

like Goats among us. In new Mexico, they have hairy long tailes, as Mules, and they are as great, or greater then Mules, and very strong. A Spanish Captain had a brace to draw his coach.* 1.415 See Aldrovand about the Cervopalma∣tus. We have said already out of Julius Capi∣tolinus, that the memorable wood of Cordia∣nus is painted in the Beaked-house of Cn. Pompey; that among other pictures, there are two hundred Palm-herts; the which Gesner at first thought to be all one with the bread-horned Goats; but after, when John Caius a British Phisitian sent out of Britain these horns to him, he changed his mind, yeelding it to be a Palm-deere. The horns being longer and thicker, then a Deers usually are. In Persia, about Schamachia, Karabach, and Morage, there are beasts like Does, yello∣wish, with horns bending backwards, without knobs, which the Turks call Tzeiran;* 1.416 the Persians Aku.

ARTICLE VIII. Of the Tragelaphus, and the Taran∣dus, or Busse.

THe Tragelaphus seemes to have taken his name from his resembling the Hee-goat, and the Hart.* 1.417 Some call him Hippelaphus, because he is some∣what like a Horse, he having a mane, and being greater, and grosser then a Stage. The Ger∣mans call him Brandthirsch,* 1.418 either because he is blacker then the Deer, or because he haunts the places, where charcole is made, and feeds on the grasse growing thereabout. He is of greater bulk, and strength then a Deer. Hee hath thick, black hair on his throat, and long on the shoulders.* 1.419 He differs from the Deer therein only, and in his beard. The ridge of his back is ash-colour, the belly duskish, the hair about his peezle cole-black. They are found, not only about the river Phasis, as Pliny mistakes, but also among the Arachosians; and are taken also in the Torantine, and Konigstei∣nian wildes of Misnia near Bohemia. The blackish Deer in England differ little from them.

De Tarandus, or Busse, is called by the Bar∣barians Pyrandrus,* 1.420 and Pyradus, by the Nor∣thern folk Rehenschier; by Hezychius Chanda∣ros. He is as big as an Ox; headed like a Stage, nor unlike; shaggy like a Beare, but white-hayred. His hide so tough, that they make breast-plates thereof. Thick breasted; cloven, and hollow hoofed, and loose; for in going he displaies them.* 1.421 So fleet, and light of foot, that he scarce leaves any print of his footsteps in the snow; outrunning the beasts that ly in wait for him in the vallies. His horns are lofty, that are crosse beamed from the very forehead; a knotty branch is in the midst, that branches out again into broader. The horns are white, and streaked as with small veins. They differ from the Elks-horns in height; from the Harts, in breeth; from both, in colour, and numerous∣nesse of branches. When he runs, he rests them on his back, for while he stands still the lower branches even cover his forehead; with these lower he is said to breake the ice to come by drink. His food is wood-fruit, and mosse on trees. He makes himself lurking holes in the Northerne mountains, and in hard frosts comes to Mosiberg, and other hills in Norwey. Men take them for household uses. They bring him to high-way journies; and the Husband∣men to work of husbandry. No wild flesh is more delicate: They live together in herds, and are seen in the vast Northern wildernesses by thousands together. The females branch not. They are found in Norwey, Swethland, Lap∣land, and Poland. There were once a brace brought bridled, sadled, and trapped to Augu∣sta of the Vindelici.* 1.422 They change colour through feare, taking the colour of what they come near, be it stone, or wood, white, or green, to shrowd themselves, like the Polypus in sea, and the Chamaeleon on land; but these latter are smoother, and fitter for that purpose, those are rough, and it is strange they should change colour. But what for a Busse this is, whether the Turo, or Rangifer is uncertain. I have given you his print here, as near the truth as I could.

ARTICLE IX. Of the Rangifer.

IN the description of the Rangifer,* 1.423 or Reen, Writers agree not. Albertus saith, it resembles a Deer, but is greater, and of remarkable colour, and very swift of foot. He is attired with three rows of horns, on each are two horns, so that his head seems made up of little rocks. Of these two are greater then the rest, standing where the Deers horns use, which grow to five cubits length, and there are seen on him five and twenty branches. Those two in the middle of his head are short, and weakly. Others he hath on his forehead, liker bons, then horns, which he uses most in fight. Olaus M. saith, he is three-horned, and that he is a kind of Stag, but much taller, fleet∣er, and longer. He is called Rangifer, both be∣cause of his lofty horns, that resemble the branches of the Oke; as also because the har∣nesse that they fasten their winter Carts with, to their horns or breasts, are in the countrey tongue, where they are called Ranga, and Lo∣ga. He hath a mane, and round hoofs. He hath a trident on the top of his horns, and is found in the Forrests of Poland.* 1.424 Iulius Caesar makes him a kind of Ox, shaped somewhat like a Hart; from the midst of his forehead, between the ears sprouts out one lofty horn, straighter then those known to us; the top spread, and branching. Some make him like the Elke, some like the Asse, in stature, bulck, and slendernesse of legs; headed like a Calf;

necked, and mained like a Horse; the horns shadowing, smooth, slender, long, stretching to the back, otherwise like the common Deer. Scaliger ascribes to him all that Olous M. doth to the Elke. They are found in Lapland, Swethland, Norwey, and near the North-Pole. Their meat is mountain-mosse, white, especially in winter when the ground is cover∣ed with snow; which though never so thick, nature hath taught them to dig through to come by their food. In Summer they browse on trees, leaves, flowers, and herbs; rather de∣siring to stand upright, then to bend in feed∣ing, because their horns stricking out afore hinders them; so that they must feed with their head wryed on one side. If you bring them into other lands, they live not long, as men find in Holsatia, and Prussia. Hether some were sent by King Gustavus in the year 1533. and turned loose into the woods, but none of their breed have been found there. Because they are both wild and tame; their milk, skin, sinews, bones, flesh, and hair are made service∣able to man. The milk and whey is for food. The skin serves for cloaths, bedding, and saddles; being strong and lasting, they make therefore sacks, and bellowes of it. With the sinews they sew garments. Of the bones and horns they make bowes. The flesh they dry in the wind and the smoke, to last many years. The hoof helps the cramp. With the hair they stuffe saddles and cushions.

ARTICLE X. Of the Elk.

SOme make the Elk a wild beast,* 1.425 a kinde between the Hart and the Camel; bred among the Celtae, hardly found out; if they smell a man, which they do afar off, they hide themselves in deep caves, and dens. They are in the Hercynian wildernesse, some∣what like the goat, but so me what bigger, and of another hew; not horned, their thighs with∣out joynts, never lying down to rest; nor if they chance to fall, can they rise again of them∣selves. Pliny makes him like a beast of use in husbandry,* 1.426 only differing in height of ears and neck: Not unlike the Machlin in the Isle Scan∣dinavia, the like never seen in these parts, but without bending knees, sleeping standing, lean∣ing against a tree, and so taken by cutting the tree then down, otherwise very swift. The upper-lip very great, which in feeding turns back, which else would be wrapt about what lies afore him. He is found on the Alps, saith Dodoneus, hath under his chin a gobbet of flesh,* 1.427 so big as a hand, hairy, grosse as a foles tail. Scaliger speaks of two kinds of Elks, but calls this Bison. Olaus, a kind of wild Asse. Eras∣mus Stella, a kind between the Horse and the Deer, casting his horns yearly. Lemning takes him for a kind of Goat.* 1.428 The Dutch call him Elend, or Misery, both because he is daily sick, and remains so till he put his right after-hoof to his left ear, as also because the slightest wound kills him. Cardan calls him a great beast like a Hart, bred in the North, having long forelegs, and a fleshy trunk, but little, and horns unlike all other beasts, thick and broad from the bot∣tom. The shoulders sink downward; as big, and tall he is as a reasonable sized fat Horse; he goes hanging his head down. His head and neck to the shoulders is thick of hair, and that long, and hath a beard like a Goat. His co∣lour white-ash, but at times of the year his hair changes colour. His head very long, and slender for such a body. The lips great, hang∣ing, and thick, chiefly the upper-lip. The mouth long. The teeth not great, nor long: Ears long, and broad. The male hath various horns, and full of branches, but nothing near the Stags; the female hath no horns. The horns are two fingers thick. One horn is al∣most triangularim shape, and extend like a great birds wing, of twelve pound weight. Like Stags, they cast their horns at set times of the year. One I had a while by me, that fell from the Elk, like a ripe aple from the tree of it self, known well by the root; other two small ones I have, of two or three months growth, cut off a while afore the Elks death; which have a soft down on them, and blood. He is big-bellied like a Cow: his tail strangly small: cloven-hoofed he is as an ox.

The skinne is thick,* 1.429 and tough, and can defend against cuts and stabs, as if it were an iron breast-plate; the Tanners prepare it with fish-fat so, that it can keep out any shower of raine. It is like a Deers skin, but differs from it thus; it sends forth a breath, that may be felt by a hand opposite, because it is full of pores, and the hairs are hollow, though Gesner deny it, who hath a foot by him; but he might be deceived, because pores are shut in dead Bodies. The horns weigh about twelf pound, and are two foot long,* 1.430 not branched, as the stages, yet divided with some flat blades, more like a shoulder, then a horn: They are brought out of Lithuania. But the horn of a great Elk sent to Aldrovand, weighed but seven pound twelf ounces; the part near the head, a man could scarce graspe, adorned with five blades, two on each side, beside a little one shooting out. The legge weighed three pound and an half. The nature of the Elk is, being hunted to betake him to the water, and to take a mouthfull, and to spout it hot at the dogges. He is seene seldome alone; in snow they goe many together in company. One hastens afore, as occasion serves; the rest tread in his very steps, and hold the same pace: They can hold out a day and a night, without eating or drinking. If you take the yong one, you may make the dame so tame, that shee will be brought to drink beere with you. He hath such a strength in his hoof, that with one blow hee can kill a wolf, and bruise a tree, as if it were a toad-stool. The natives, where they are, eat the flesh, both fresh and salted; but the

juice seems to be but grosse, and melancholy. In Phisick, the horne is binding, and good against the epilepsy, if cut off between the feast of the birth, and that of the assumption of the Virgin Mary: Some say, on Aegidius his day.* 1.431 The sinews are used in Swethland against the cramp, made into a girdle, and tied about the part in paine. The hoof helps against the falling-sicknesse, and the stopping of the womb, or hystericae. The outer right hind-hoof of the male, afore he hath coupled, choped of from the live-foot with a hatchet, after mid-August, is a present help for the cramp, and fainting fits; if you make a ring of it for your left hand, or if you grasp it in your right hand; or put a bit into the left eare, and sometimes pick the eare therewith. The sha∣vings of it with zedoary, helps womens griefs.

ARTICLE XI. Of the Rhinoceros.

THe Rhinoceros borrows his name from the horn in his snout.* 1.432 Some call him an Aegyptian Ox, some an Aethio∣pian Bull, but they mistake; for there are none in Aegypt, except by chance. In Aethiopia indeed is a bull like him in the horn, which the unskilfull miscall a Rhinoceros. Authours are most uncertain in their de∣scription of him.

Pliny in short thus;* 1.433 That hee hath one horn in his Nose, he is as tall as the Elephant, his thighs much shorter, box-coloured. Others add, that he hath a swines-head,* 1.434 an oxes-tayl, the Ele∣phants hew; his horn is two foot long, that he is in the Province of Mangus; that he is cold of temper; the horn on the tip of his snowt is sharp, strong as iron, his skin so tough, that no dart can pierce it; that he hath another shorter horn on his right shoulder. Some say, two in his nose, others say, one in his forehead. Some make the horn strait, like a Trumpet, with a black crosse streaked.* 1.435 Some say it is crooked; some flat;* 1.436 some, turning up. Some write that he hath two girdles on his back curling, and winding like those of Dragons; one turning toward his mane;* 1.437 the other toward his loyns. But Bontius, who hath seen the Rhinoceros a hundred times, both kept in Den, and loose in woods,* 1.438 writes that his skin is ash-coloured like the Elephants, very rugged, full of deep folds on the sides, and back, thick of hide, that a Japons sword cannot enter; the folds are like shields, or shells. He is hog-snouted, but not so blunt-nosed, their horn at the end is different according to their age: in some ash-coloured, sometimes black, sometimes white, he is not so long-legged, nor sightly as the Elephant.

He is found in the deserts of Africa,* 1.439 in Aba∣sia, in many parts of Asia, in Bengala, and Ja∣catra; Not knowen to the Greeks in Aristo∣teles time; nor to the Romans afore the year DCLXVI after the building of Rome. Some say Augustus shewed on in a Triumph. Some,* 1.440 that Pompey was the first, who pre∣sented him in his Palays. He hath a rough tongue, and feeds on grasse, and briars. He holds enmity with the Elephant. He hurts not mankind, unlesse provoked. When he is to fight,* 1.441 he sharpens his horn on the stones: In combate, he aimes at the belly, which he knows to be soft; out of which he lets all his enemies blood. If he cannot come at the belly, the Elephant with his trunk and teeth dispatcheth him. Provoked, he makes no more of a Man and an Horse, then of a flea; he can with his sharp tongue lick a man to death; fetching of skin and flesh to the bare bones. Shoot him, and he with a hideous cry layes all flat, that comes in his way, even the thickest trees. Read stories of his fiercenes in Bontius. Hee delights strangely in mud. Being to fight, shee secures her yong one first: Hee grunts like a hog. The Moors feed on his flesh, which is so sinewy, that they had need of iron teeth to chaw it. The skin steeped in wine is given in against ma∣lignant feavers.* 1.442 The horne some prescribe against poyson. The dainty ones among the Romans used it in bathing for a cruize; They kept oyl in it for them that bathed: I cannot say there are different kinds of these beasts. Yet they say, there was one taken in Africa as great as a wild Asse, the horn two cubits long, the feet like the Deers, eared like the Horse, tayled like the Ox.

CHAPTER III. Of the fourefooted Beasts chevving the cud, that have no horns.

ARTICLE I. Of the Camell.

THus far of the Horned-beasts chew∣ing the cud.* 1.443 Those that have no horns, are the Camell, and the Camell-pan∣ther.

The Camell is so called either from the He∣brew Gamal,* 1.444 or the Greek Kamnoo, to labour, since hee is a Beast of carriage; or from Cha∣mai, lowly; because hee kneels to take up his burden;* 1.445 or from Kammeros, crooked, from his manner of bending.* 1.446 Hee is cloven-footed, but behind on one fashion, afore on another; the clefts like the Gooses are filled.* 1.447 The Bunch on their back differences them from all other beasts: Hee hath another below like it, that seems to support his body, it is about the ben∣ding of the knee. The female hath four teats like the Cow: Tayled like the Asse. The Geni∣tal behind, and so sinewy, that with it men bend the strongest bows:* 1.448 On either thigh a knee; nor more folds, but they seeme so many, because they come under the belly. The ankle like the Oxes. The buttock answers the bulk of the body: The gall is not distinct, but confounded with certain veins.* 1.449 Hee hath no fore-teeth

above. Hee alone of the hornles beasts hath a double stomack, to disgest his thorny hard food.* 1.450 Therefore the skin that covers his mouth and stomack, is througout rough: Some write of their marrow and sewet. They are found in Africa and Asia,* 1.451 in Bactria especially and Ara∣bia, and in Ionia by the city Clazomenia, where they leave whole fields for them to feed in. Mi∣thridates* 1.452 being overcome by the river Rhijn∣dacus, they were first (saith Salust) seen at Rome; but there wee of them seen in the Achaian and Asian warre. Ptolomy at Lagus* 1.453 shewed a Bactrian one all over coleblack among his sights. They delight in thorny and woody food; they brows also on bulrush tops, nor refuse they barly alone, or with hay, or thin low grasse; sometimes content with thistles:* 1.454 Now a dayes they that travell through the de∣serts of Arabia, give each five barly cakes a day, as bigh each as an Quince: They can goe four dayes together without drinke; but when they come to water, they drinke so much, as not on∣ly quenches thirst,* 1.455 but serves for the day fol∣lowing. They love muddy, and avoid cleare water: they stamp on purpose in their water to thicken it. The later ones they say can refrain from drinking 12, nay 15 dayes together, if need be; and some eye-witnesses affirme that in Biled Elgerid, if they feed on fresh grasse, they never drinke. About their Engendring, the po∣strue and manner read Pliny, and Aristotle. In coupling-time they retire into lonely places;* 1.456 when none can safely come near them, but their keeper. Some say the female goes ten months, and in the eleventh brings forth; and a year intermitted couples again.* 1.457 They bring forth in the spring, and some say, they pre∣sently after couple. Writers differ about it. They have three enemies,* 1.458 the Horse, the Lion, and the Gadfly. Cyrus with his Camels worsted Craesus his Horse;* 1.459 for Horses cannot endure their smell And the Arabs smeare their Camels with fish fat, to keep away the flies from vexing them.

They are troubled with the gout, whereof they dy,* 1.460 and shedding all their hair, is another of their diseases.* 1.461 They run mad sometimes through lust, and remember a wrong, and kill whoever they meet, even their guides. This frensie lasts fourty dayes.* 1.462 Some say, Hierom writes of one in Bactria, that had killed divers men; there were above thirty men to master him with strong ropes, and a great out-cry. His eyes were blood-red, he fomed at mouth, his tongue swelled, and he roared hideously. Some live fifty years,* 1.463 some last hundred, un∣lesse change of hair bring them into diseases, they live longest in Bactria.* 1.464 Their disposition, nature, appears in their revengefulnes, teachable∣nesse, love of musick, modesty, and naturall af∣fection. He layes up an injury long,* 1.465 being stro∣ken, and watches occasion to be revenged. He may be taught by a drum to lead a dance;* 1.466 they use a yong one to tread on a hote floor, which makes him lift up his feet by turns;* 1.467 a drum being still beaten at door. They use him to it a year in this school; and after, when ever he hears a drum, he falls a capring; when he be∣gins to tire, musick will invite him on, when blows cannot force him.* 1.468 He will not couple with his dame. If being blinded he be betrayed to it, in revenge he will kill the causer of it. He is compassionate. He eats all night; but for∣beares, if any in the stable be sick. This the Indians observed. When they would have them speedy▪ they take their yong ones along some miles with the dame; Shee will double her pace to returne to her yong ones. He is very usefull. In medicine, the flesh provokes urine.* 1.469 The fat of the bunch smoked helps the Hemrods. The brain dried, with vineger, the fal∣ling sicknesse. The blood furthers conception, and is good against the stoppings of the mo∣ther, if used after the moneths. The milk eases the belly, being thin and waterish, it helps the cramp, and wakens appetite. The urine, (which fullers also use) whitens and cleanses the teeth. The tayl dried loosens.* 1.470 The dung with oyl makes the hair curl. The same, white, pounded with hony, allays swellings, and clenses wounds. It is said,* 1.471 that the bristles of the tayl wreath, and tied to the left arme cures the quartane; if you will beleeve it, we know that the Arabs eat the milk.* 1.472 Galen saith, the Alexandrians eat the flesh. Heliogabalus, Apicius like, fed on it some∣times at supper; and the heels being tenderest. The Jews of old made it their food. Some reckon that,* 1.473 and the milk among dainties. This, in those that are near foaling, is of a lesse cheesy, and buttery substance. Historians re∣late their use in war. Hence some armes have their names, as we shall shew, if God give leave, in our Philology.* 1.474 In Arabia, Aegypt, &c. they travell not without them. They are good for carriage, but stinted to so much weight; usually six hundred pound; for a need, a thousand. While they are loaden, and unloaden, they ly down on their belly; and feeling they have their just load, they rise up, and will carry no more. The African Camels will travell with ease fifthy dayes together without intermis∣sion. Some are fat,* 1.475 some leane, there are red∣dish, and white. The swiftest are called Drome∣daries; these are lower then the other. They will travell above an hundred mile in one day. They are fleeter then Nisaean horses.* 1.476 The females are swiftest.* 1.477 The Arabian are double-bunched on the back, called thence Dityloi. The Bactrian are held strongest, and have one bunch under the belly to ly on. The Caspian are as big as the greatest horse. The African are of three kinds; the first is called Hugium, who are indeed huge great,* 1.478 and strong, able to carry a 1000 pound weight. The second sort are lesse, double-bunched on the back, called Bec••eti, fit for carriage, and to ride on; the Asians know no other. The last they call Raguahil, they are lanke, and slender; fit onely for the sadle, he will carry a man an hundred miles a day. On these the King of Tambutus uses to send his messengers to Segelmessis, or Darha, 900 miles of, in the space of eight dayes,

without any baiting, or resting by the way.

ARTICLE II. Of the Camel-pard.

HEe borrows his name from the Camel,* 1.479 whom in bulk he resembles, and from the Pard, or Panther, whom he resembles in his spotted skin. The name, and the beast came first from Alexan∣dria to Rome. He bears other names, as, wilde Sheep; from his gentlenesse, and living in de∣serts, and Nabis,* 1.480 Nabuna; by the Ethiopians, Anabula, & Saffarat, and Orasius, but falsly. Since that is a beautifull, this a misshapen beast; of late, Giraffa, corruptly Saffarat. Nor Aristotle, nor Aelian mention him; Strabo, and other ancients,* 1.481 differently describe him. One writes, that he is so long-necked, that he can reach his food from the highest trees, and that his skin is checkered like a hinds, and streaked; he is lower behind,* 1.482 then afore: sitting, he seems as high as an Ox, he is taller then the Camell, and gentle as tame cattell. Pliny makes him horse-necked, ox-thighed, camel-headed, with glistering white spots. He is slender, and swan∣necked. Bellonius saith,* 1.483 he saw three in Cair, each had two small horns, sticking six fingers long out the forehead,* 1.484 and a bunch out the midst of the forehead, like another horn, about two fingers long,* 1.485 the neck seven foot long; and when he stretcheth it out, it is sixteen foot from the ground, he is eighteen foot from the tayl to the top of his head; that his legs are of an equall length;* 1.486 on his thighs afore stand much higher then those behind; his back, from his tayl to the top of his head, rises like a ladder, and as a ship-keel, the whole body marked with great spots, like a deers, foure∣squared, nine inches broad, the ends white, and a finger broad. The whole body, like a net, the spots are not round like the Leo∣pards, the foot cloven, like the oxes. The up∣per-lip hangs far over the lower. The tayl is thin and small, hairy at top. He hath a mane like a horse, reaching from the back to the top of his head. He seems to halt, as he goes, now on the right side, anone on the left; but on legs, and sides wagling; and when he would either eat, or drink any thing from the ground, hee straddles wide afore, and bends his legs; otherwise he cannot eat. His tongue is two foot long, of a darke violet-colour, round as an eel, wherewith he licks in boughs, leaves, grasse, nimbly, and even undiscernally.

Purchas, out of Fernando the Jesuite, writes, that he is so vast and tall, that a man on horse∣back can passe under his belly; he is found in Africa among the Troglodites, and in Ethiopia. Caesar the Dictator,* 1.487 made them first a part of his Shew at Rome. After him Gordianus shewed 10. Aurelia also led some of them in Triumph. The Ethiops presented one to Leo the Emperor. A Sultan of Babilon, another to Frederick;* 1.488 and another Sultan, another to Laurence de Medices. His keeper can easily lead him with a head-stall,* 1.489 as he list. The Jews might not eat of them, whence perhaps they come to abound so in Judaea.

CHAPTER IV. Of the foure-footed Beasts that chevv not the Cud.

ARTICLE I. Of the Swine.

THe Latines give the Swine five names,* 1.490 Sus, Porcus, Scropha, Verres, Majalis; in English, the Sow, the Hog, the Barrow-hog, the Boar. Sus the Sow; in Greeke Us, common also to the Boar. Of old,* 1.491 called Thysus, from Thyein, to sacrifice; since a Swine in the rites of Ceres was offered,* 1.492 and in entring covenant; and in Hetruria, at marriages by the new-wedded couple. The like did the ancient Latines, and Greeks in Italy; for the women, the nurses chiefly called, the female nature Choiron, which signifies a swine,* 1.493 and one that deserves a good marriage. Porcus,* 1.494 a porke, from Spurcus, wallowing in the mire. The Sabines, Poridus; the name they give brawn. Scropha is a Sow that hath of•• had pigs. Verres is the Boar, or Boar-pig: Majalis is as the gelding among horses, or the capon among pullen. Hybridae were of old swine half wild, or ingendred tween, a tame, and a wild.* 1.495 Wee shall in brief describe the Swine, it being so well knowen, in the Bones is not much marrow. The hairs are stiff, and bristly, thicker then the Oxes, and Elephants; amongst us for the most part yellow. In France, and Italy, black; most are party-co∣loured, if you observe them well. The fat lies betweene the skinne, and the muscles, called Lard; the grease is old, or salted, or simple. The brain is fattish, and decreases in the waining of the Moone, more then any other beasts. The eyes are hollow, and sunk, not to be taken out without hazard of life; no not one onely. The eye-brows move downwards toward the nose, and are drawn backward toward the temples. The tip of the nose is thick, the fore∣head narrow, the lips broad, the mouth stretch∣ed out, and broad, to root withall, called the snout.* 1.496 The Sow hath fewer teeth, and never sheds them; the neck-skin is toughest. The Sows hearts are inarticulate. In the ears is a moysture like gall,* 1.497 of the thicknesse of that of the spleen. The stomack is large, and wind∣ing. In the liver are white stones. The flesh below the navell is without bone. The Sow hath many paps,* 1.498 on a double row, having many Pigs to suckle; the best, twelf, the common ones, two lesse. Of their genitals, see Aristotle. Their tayl is crooked, they have no ancle, and are a middle-kinde between the whole, and cloven-footed.

They have ten ribs. The Sow hath circular gristles,* 1.499 whereof read Severinus. In the small guts of one he hath seen two wormes, one a palme, another a finger long, both hollow, and full of white juice,* 1.500 as chile, or first milk, both shaped like an earth-worme. Learn hence how worms breed in, and cleave to our bowels. The thin skin of the Sow, is of the same colour with the hair. He anatomized a Sowes belly, and found in the utmost ends certain thin skins, wherein it seems, were preserved the superflui∣ties of dregs, and pisse. The navel-vein is parted near the womb; the navel-vessels first bend toward the left pinion, then encompas∣sing the neck croswise, they lead back toward the right leg. In the Birth almost all the bowels are conspicuous, the Liver, Stomack, Bowels, Milt, Reins, Mid-rif, Heart, Lungs. The heart whitish, the Lungs liver-coloured, the Liver dark-red, the Reins great according to the pro∣portion of the vein appearing by the right forefeet, but more by the hinderfeet; the throat veins that ascend to the head, are of the shape of a lambda (λ). In a perfect shaped pig, the breast laid open by two crosse-sections, you see two sinews, that passing through the throat, and cleaving to the heart-skin, descend di∣rectly through the sides of the heart to the mid-rif, by whose sinewy-ringlet they are fast∣ned through two or three branches, or sprigs; whence passeth another to the upper-mouth of the stomack. Here perceive you plainly the severing of the axillary vein, and the thy∣miaean. The lappets of the heart are hollow, di∣vided from the forepart of the heart, conjoyn∣ed behind. The passage of the urine from the bottom of the bladder after two fingers bredth is set into the arteries. At the end of the yard is a round kernel, and two in the neck of the bladder, &c. In the Stomack is a slimy juice like bird-lime, or the white of an egg; in the bowels another like thin hony. A vain unpa∣rallel'd runs along the back-bone, branching toward the severall ribs. Swine are found eve∣ry where among us. In Strabo his time, Gual was so full of them,* 1.501 that they furnished Rome; the best came pickled thither from Lions. So good were at Syracuse, that Sicilian-cheese, and Syracusan-porke grew into a proverb. Solinus saith there are none in Arabian; Aelian, that there are none in India; and if brought thither, they dy. In the Southland there are none of the four-footed beasts, that are in our world, except Buffles, Cows, Goats, and Hogs.

Swine eat all things, plants, fruits, roots, acorns,* 1.502 chestnuts, dates, grane, bran, what not? Beech-acorns make Sows lively, and pork light of digestion; the Holmed-acorns make them well trussed,* 1.503 and weighty, and plump; the Oken ones, well spread, large and heavy. Fast flesh, but hard comes from Mast. Holmber∣ries are best, given a few at once. Acorns from the Esculus, the Oke, the Cork make light, spungy pork. The Haliphlaei give them acorns only, when they want other food. Pliny among chestnuts commends those with a stony shell. In Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, and Seleucia in As∣siria, they are fatned with dates. The Ash-fruit also fattens them. Dry Cytisus is commended by Aristomachus the Athenian. Scalions they eat in Bavaria. Wild rape also, have leaves like a violet, sharp, a white root, not without milk. Henbane makes them run made. Green pa∣sture hurts them.* 1.504 They eat flesh also, mens carcases; nay, they spare not their own pigs; nor hens and geese in winter. They root up worms, they feed on snails, and wood-tartoy∣ses. Sixty dayes will fatten them, especially, if you hold them fasting three dayes in the be∣ginning. To fatten them with figs, till they burst again, was Apicious his invention. The English are a year fatning them, which makes their pork firme and dainty, where a Sow becomes so fat, that she cannot stand nor goe, but must be carried on a cart. In Lusitania the farther end of Spain was a Swine killed, two ribs whereof were sent to Lucius Volumnius the Se∣nator,* 1.505 that weighed three and twenty pound; and there were two foot, and two fingers from the skin to the bone. Varro saw in Arcadia a Sow so fat that she could not rise. and that a Rat had eaten into her flesh, and made a nest therein, and laid her young ones there. Gesner relates the like of Basil. Thirst in Summer troubles them.* 1.506 Grape-kernels in wash makes them drunk. They gender from eight months old to their seventh or eigth year.* 1.507 They litter twice a year, and sometimes twenty at a litter; they go four months with pig. They are prone to cast their farrow; the pigs are piged with teeth, saith Nigidius. One Boar serves ten Sowes. They couple when the Moon wains, and that often, and aforenoon commonly; when the Boar of rages, and will tear a man with his tusks, especially one in white cloaths. They litter fewest at first time, more at next, and though old they bate not; they pig eight and ten, sometimes eighteen at a time;* 1.508 some say, as many as they have teats. A white Sow is thought most fruitful. The Winter-pigs are small, and thrive not.

The Helvetians prefer March-pigs. In hot Regions, winter ones are best. The Sow having littered, gives to the first pig the former teats, being fullest of milk. Every pig knows it's teat, and keeps to that alone. Take away the pigs she grows barren, leave her one only, she brings it well up. If you give acorns to a Sow big with pig,* 1.509 you hazard the casting her farrow.* 1.510 Swine hold antipathy with the Ele∣phant, who also cannot endure their grunting. A Wolf also fears it, and dars not venture on an herd of them. Salamanders they devour with∣out danger. Ointment of Amaracus is bane to them. The Weesel and they are foes. Hemlock kills them. In Scythia, Scorpions dispatch them with one stroke. The Horse abhors his filthy smell, ugly grunting, and filthy breath. They cast not their teeth; but after eating new corn, their teeth are ever weak, nature so punisheth their otherwise untameable greedinesse. If they loose not their eyes, nor eat themselves

dead,* 1.511 they live fifteen, some twenty years. The disease that most troubles them, is a swelling like hailstons, that lurks unseen while they live, but cut one up it shews it self; nor is there scarce any without three at the least, whereto those are more liable, the flesh of whose thighs, neck and shoulders are moyst, we call them meazles. They cleave to the lower part of the tongue; a Hog is knowen to be meazled by the bristles plucked from the back, if the roots be bloody. If they come out of a hot into a cold place, and are suffered to ly down, if you stir them not, there is a kind of convulsion in all their mem∣bers. They are also troubled with hog-lice; and in Summer, unlesse you often stir them, they are taken with a lethargy. They are troubled also with cough, sqincy, swellings and loosnesse; unlesse they drink their fill, they become shortbreathed. They are most bru∣tish,* 1.512 filthy, lustful, and greedy by nature; and seem to have a soul only as salt to keep them from stinking. As bathing is mans delight, so wallowing in the myre is theirs. Gryllus in Plu∣tarch praises their modesty and continence, and prefers them afore men and women. Though they are ravenous, yet they will not eat a dead hog. Their greedinesse is insatiable. They know mans voyce. They have been known to swim home again,* 1.513 having been stollen, and the ship cast away. Their voice is grunting: And to say the truth with Pliny, no creature yields more matter for gluttony to work on then it; near fifty several savoury dishes may be made of Swins-flesh.* 1.514 Livy celebrats a feast of a Chal∣ciden-Hoast set off with exquisite variety con∣sisting hereof. Homer tells of what value it was in the Heroique-age of the world; the ser∣vants fed on lean, the Masters on fat pork. The solemnity of the Saturnals was celebrated al∣most with no other, however no daintier food; and their riot came to that height, that they set whole ones (and those stuffed,) on the table, whence came the names Garden, and Trojan-pork: One part rosted, another boyled, and killed after a peculiar fashion.* 1.515 The Pigs are counted daintiest: Yet the Jews will not touch Swins-flesh, it being forbidden by their Law; the Arabians forbear it; the Mahumetans also, who feigne that Mice breed in Swins-snouts;* 1.516 and the Moors, Tartars, and the Pessinunty of old. But that of the Delphaci is too moyst, and breeds raw humours. Some kind is good of digestion, by reason of the similitude it hath with mans body,* 1.517 and nourisheth more then other food. How strengthning it is, the ex∣ample of Wrestlers shews that used to feed thereon;* 1.518 It is not so grosse as Beef. Hippocra∣tes condemns pork. The Sow of a middle age is sweetest; yonger, if it ly long in the sto∣mack,* 1.519 corrupts. Choyce ones come from Ci∣cilia. Apicius drest Pigs on sundry fashions, whence the names of farcil, liquaminous, rost, Vitellian, Flaccian, Laureate, Frontaninian, Oenogerate, Celsilian, and the rest. The liver is preferred afore all the rest, if the Hog be fed with figs dryed.* 1.520 The Ancients prized the neck, the gammon, the flitch, &c. Of the flesh, and the rest are made sausages, puddings, &c. Of all which elsewhere, God willing.

Of their Medicinal use Gesner treats most accuratly;* 1.521 a decoction of their flesh helps against the poyson of the fly Buprestis. The warm blood is good against warts smeared on, keeping them from growing. The grease of a male sucking pig gelt, that especially about the rim of the belly, is by Apothecaries used in their oyntments, and by Physitians to soften, and disperse humours. The bones broken,* 1.522 tied about bacon in boyling, makes it firme on a sudden. Bruised with broom, it helps the pain in the knees. With chalk smeared on, it is good against wax-kernels. Drunk in wine with salt on, it helps cattel that have eaten Hemlock. The Liver taken with wine, helps against the biting of any venemous thing; rosted, it stops a loosnesse. The Bladder provokes urine, if it have not touched the ground, laid on the privities. Any thing about a Boar burned, helps those who cannot hold their water. The Stones kept long, and stamped in Sows-milk, is good for the falling-sicknesse.

The greatest bone of the gammon of a barrow-hog, burnt dries, and fastens the gums. The ankle burnt till of black it become white, easest the paine of the colon; the milk smeard on the temples, makes drowsy. Hog-dung made into a paste with vineger, is good for the bursten. See more in Gesner. As for their dif∣ferent sorts, some are tame, some wilde. Later writers mention Guinee swine,* 1.523 and the Sluvia∣til, and the Tapierete;* 1.524 the Guinee-hog brought to Brasil, is shaped as ours, but of a yellowish colour; the head not so high as ours, the ears long, and sharp at top with long tips, the tayl reaching to the ankles without hair; the rest of the body hairy, and sleek, and glistring, with∣out bristles, even on the back, the hair longer toward the tayl, and on the neck. He is very gentle. The River-hog the Brasilians call Capy∣baria, is so big as ours of a year or two old, two foot long from the head to the dock, the belly a foot and half thick, he hath no tayl, his forefeet have foure hoofs, the hinder but three, the midlemost afore is longest, the fourth is least; so behinde, the middlemost is longest, he hath a hard skin, even to his hoofe, his head is ten fingers long, and almost as many thick, very disproportionable, the mouth is also long, and thick, the eyes great and black, the ears small and round, the under-chap shorter then the upper, either hath two forefeet crooked that hang out, from their sockets a finger and half, and sticking in almost two fingers; but the tuskes stick not out of the mouth, but are set as in hares. The other tuskes are strange, in each jaw stands eight bones, on each side foure, and each bone holds three teeth undi∣vided, so that in each jaw stand 24 teeth, in all 48, all plain at the ends; they eat grasse, and divers sorts of fruit, they eat the flesh, though it have no good taste, the head is best. The Brasilians call one kinde Tapierete; the Lusita∣nians,

Anta; he is fourefooted, as big as an heifer six months old, shaped like a hog, and so headed, onely thicker, and longer, and more copped; his snout hangs over beyond the mouth, which by a strong sinew he can draw in, and thrust out, the snout hath long clefts, the lower part of the mouth is shorter then the upper, both jaws are pointed, or sharp afore; he hath in all fourty teeth, grinders, and others. His eyes are small, as an hogs, his ears great and round, sticking forward, the thigs are thicker then a hogs, and as long; in his forefeet are foure hoofs, in the hinder three, the middle∣most greater then the rest, all black, and hol∣low, and may be plucked off: He hath no tayl, but in stead a bald stump: Genitaled as a Baboon; goes with the back ridged as the Ca∣pybara; the skinne solid, as the Elke, the hair short, in the younger coloured as a lightsome shadow, spotted with white; in the oulder darkish without spots. He sleeps by day in shady thickets, night and morning he comes forth to feed. He can swim excellently. He feeds on grasse, sugarcanes, cole, &c. Men eat his flesh, but it is not well tasted.

ARTICLE II. Of the wilde Boare.

THe Latines call him Aper,* 1.525 &c. the Greeks Kapros, &c. They are for the most part black, or blackish. Some brasse-coloured saith Pliny. Pausanias writes, that he hath seen white ones; their eyes fierce, and staring. The tuskes great, turning up, sharp, and white. And, which is strange, while the beast lives, they have the keen force of iron, but pluck them out of him dead, they are thought to loose their keennesse. Some tuskes are said to be so long, that they turne back into a ring.* 1.526 In India some have double bending tusks, a cubite long. Gyllius relates, that,* 1.527 when he is mastered by the dogs, and spearmen, and falls, his tusks through his in∣flaming breath burnt as fire; and if any pluck a bristle out of his neck, and hold it to his tusk, while hee breaths, it shall shrivell up, and scorch; and if he touch but a dog with his tusk in hunting, it shall set a marke on him, as if he were branded. His mouth is like a shield, wherewith he withstands spear, and sword. He hath no gall. His blood hath no strings in it.

Pliny saith there are none in Creet.* 1.528 Some say, but mistake, that there are none in Africa, nor in India.* 1.529 But they are by herds in Islands in the Nile in Egypt. Some say they are mute in Macedon. The Spaniards in West-Indies have found some lesse then ours, with short tayls, that they thought they had been cut off; not footed as ours, not cleft behind, but whole∣hoofd;* 1.530 the flesh much more savoury and wholesome then ours. Neare the Sea-shore there grow many palms, and marishy reeds, where many of them wander. Lycotus, in Calphurnius his husbandry, saith that among the Roman shews he saw snow-white hairs, and horned wild Boars. These wild feed as the tame swine on acorns, apples, barly, herbs, roots, and the rest. With their snouts they root also worms up.* 1.531 They long excessively after dry-figs. But they are of a more cleanly nature then the tame. They are found sometimes among ferne leaves, which themselves have gathered toge∣ther, and spread to ly on. They avoid a kind of sharp-eared corn, that the Germans use to feed on.* 1.532 When they would engender, their neck bristles start up, and stand as the crest of an helmet; they fome at mouth, gnash with their tusks, and their breath is extreme hot: After, they abate of their fury; being rejected they force,* 1.533 or wound the female. They couple in the beginning of winter; bring forth at spring, seeking lonely, craggy, narrow, dark∣some places to litter in. They keepe company thirty dayes. The wild swine carry their pigs as long as the tame, and litter as many. They pig once a year; The Boar is a year old ere he genders. They grunt, and snuft as tame; but the Sow more, the Boar is seldome heard. They haunt out-places, and those deep and steep. They are quicker of hearing then man is; they herd together, but commonly with their own brood. Their tears are sweet; they foame when chafed with hunting, and it is cleaving.* 1.534 Their urine is so troublesome to them, that unlesse they can water, they cannot fly, but are taken, as if they were tied; some say it burnes them. They are hardly ever tamed, and you must begin from the first, while they are pigs. Hemlock, and the root of Syanchus kills them. If they chance they eat hemlock, they strait shrink up behind, and pine, and hasten to water,* 1.535 and eat crabs. They cure their diseases with Ivy: they grow till they be four year old; they are taken with, and by musick. In a Borrough in Tusculum they came toge∣ther to their meat at the blowing of a trumpet. They know how to confound the hunters by their footsteps in marishes. The females, though many in a herd, fly with their pigs, if they see a hunter; but if one of their pigs be hunted, they fly not, not though one be alone, but shee will rush on the huntsman, they whet their teeth ere they fight: though they in com∣bate among themselves, yet if they spy Wolves, they combine against the common foe, and hasten to help as soon as they heare the cry. Fulvius Hirpinus was the first of the Gownd∣order that had a parke for wild Boares, and other wild; and not long after L. Lucullus, and Q. Hortensius imitated him.* 1.536 How savoury meat they are is well knowen. Servilius Rullus, father to that Rullus, who in Cicero his Consul∣ship proclaimed the field, or Agrarian law, was the first Roman who set a whole Boar on his table at a feast. Some such were a thousand pound weight, that the Romans had to their suppers; thence called Milliary, from their weight. Consult Apicius about the manner of seasoning them. The flesh is much better then

common porke, soon disgested, and very nou∣rishing, begetting a thick, and glevy juice. He∣liogabalus for ten dayes together shewed on his table the paps of sowes that had newly far∣rowed,* 1.537 three hundred a day. On the day of Lentulus his instalment, when he was made Flamen, he had at his supper such pappes, and teats, with loyns, and heads of brawn. Wild Boares have also their place in Phisick. The brain with the blood is commended as souve∣rain against serpents, and carbuncles in the pri∣vities. Bacon boiled, and bound about broken parts,* 1.538 suddenly, and strangely settles them; heals men annoint with the fat of roses. The pouder of the cheek-bones heals spreading sores. The teeth shavings disperses the pleu∣risy. The lungs mixt with hony some put un∣der their feet, when hurt by a strait shoos. The liver rayses from a lethargy, and helps mattery∣ears if drop'd in. Drunke in wine, fresh, and unsalted it stays a loosnesse. The small stones found therein poudered help the stone. The galle warme dissolves swellings; the ashes of the hoof burnt sprinckled in drink provokes urine. The claws burnt, and bruised helps those that pisse abed. The dung dried, drunke in water, or wine, stanches blood; eases an old pain of the side, taken in vineger helps ruptures, and con∣vulsions, and parts out of joynt with a sere∣cloath and oyl of roses. Fresh and hot it is good against running of the nose. Kneaded with wine, a plaster of it draws out what sticks in the body. Poudered, and searsed, and knead∣ed with grasse-hony, it helps the joynts. Men pour the pisse into mattery eares. The bladder boyled, and eaten helps those that cannot hold their water.* 1.539 See more in Gesner. The Indians have a wild Boare of a strange nature on their mountains, they call Koya Metl, and by six other names, like ours, but lesse, and not so handsome, with the navell on the back, and about the reins, strange to behold, pinch it, and a watry humour gushes out; yet it is properly no navel, but a kind of soft grisly fat, and under is nothing but as in other beasts, as is well known by the dissecting of him. Some thinke that he breaths that way. He is noysome;* 1.540 he gnashes with his tusks hor∣ridly, and is leaner and slenderer then ours. He is fierce. The huntsmen climbe trees; a herd of these Zaini bite at, and teare the body of the tree, not being able to come at the men, who from above wound them with bore∣spears. They go in herds, and choose a leader, and as men report, the least, and vilest of the herd, old, and feeble, nor part they company till he be slain,* 1.541 they will dy ere they forsake him. Some ascribe the like to the Bachirae. They abhor the Tiger. The captain of the Zaini calls of his kind more then three hun∣dred together, and conducts them, as a Generall his forces; with these he sets on the Tiger, who, though the fiercest of all Ameri∣can wild beasts, is yet overmastered by mul∣titude, but not with a great destruction of the Zaini; many of whom have been found lying dead with the Tigre, and but a few left to ring their knell.* 1.542 Hee bites shrewdly, when first taken; but when tamed, men take pleasure in him. His flesh is like porke, or brawn, but tougher, and not so sweet; his bristles are sharp, and party-cloured, black and white. He feeds on acorns, roots, and other mountain-fruit, and also on worms, and such vermine as are bred in moyst-fenny places. Their toes are some longer then other, their tayls are short, and their feet unlike those of ours, one of their hinder-feet having no claw. The flesh of the Indian wild Bores is moyster, and wholesomer then ours; but unlesse the navell of the Zainies be pared off, they putrifie in one day. Wee give you the picture of him, with the Jajacu Kaaigora, of the Marckgrave. Ampliss. de Laet, had one very tame, but died with eat∣ing moyst feed, as it seemed. Valckenburg calls that navell an udder, but hee mistakes; since it is well known that the young suck not at that part.

TITLE II. Of the vvater-cloven-hoofed Beasts.

CHAP. I. Of the Hippotame, or River-Horse.

FOllowing Aristotle,* 1.543 hether I refer the River-Horse; though others, and per∣haps more properly, to another head. Hee is called an Horse, not from his shape, but his greatnesse. Hee is stiled the Horse of Nile,* 1.544 and the Sea-ox, and the Sea-hog, that afore resembles an ox, in the rest of the body, a swine; called a Sea-Elephant, from his vastnesse, and the whitenesse, and hardnesse of his teeth; and the Elephant of Egypt, the Rosmarus,* 1.545 the Rohart, the Gomarus, in Pre∣tebans country. Writers differ in describing him. Some say that hee is five cubites high, and hath ox-hoofs, three teeth sticking out each side of his mouth, greater out then any other beasts, eared, tayled, and neighing like the horse, in the rest like the Elephant; he hath a mane, a snout turning up, in his inwards not unlike an horse, or asse, without hair; taken by boats. Bellonius saw a small one at By∣zantium, cow-headed, beardard, short, and roundish, wider jaw'd then a lion, wilde no∣strills, broad lips turning up, sharp teeth as a horse, the eyes and tong very great, his neck short, tayled like a hog, swag-bellied like a sow; his feet so short, that they are scant foure fingers high from the ground. But Fabius Co∣lumna describes him most accurately from the carcasse of one, preserved in salt, brought by a Chirurgion called Nicholas Zerenghus from Damiata into Italy; hee saith, that he was liker an ox then a horse, and about that size, leg'd like a bear, thirteen foot long from head to tayl, foure foot and an half broad, three foot & an half high, squat-bellied, his legs three foot

and an half long, and three foot round; his foot a foot broad, the hoofs each three inches, groutheaded, two foot and an half broad, three foot long, seven foot about in compasse, his mouth a foot wide, snout-fleshy and turning up, litle-eyed, each an inch wide, and two long, the ears about three; the bulke thick, the foot broad, parted into foure toes, the ankle hard of flesh, tayled like a tortoys: skin thick, tough, black. The nostrils like an S, snouted as a lion, or cat, with some stragling hairs, nor are any more in the whole body, in the under-chap, thwart half a foot long, &c. like a boar-tusks, not sticking out, but plainly seene, the mouth opening, &c. On each side seven cheek-teeth, thick, broad, and very short. In the upper-chap, which he moves like a crocodile, where∣with hee chews, stand six fore-teeth, aptly answering those beneath, &c. The teeth are hard as a flint, and will strike fire, so that by night rubbing his teeth,* 1.546 he seems to vomit fire.* 1.547 His proper place is said to be Saiticae in Egypt. There are of them also in the River Niger, and in the Sea that washes Petzora. Bar∣bosa hath seen many in Gofala.

He observed many there comming forth of the Sea into the pasture-grounds, and return∣ing again:* 1.548 They feed also on ripe corn, and yellow-ears. When he is grown up, he be∣gins to try his strength with his Sire, if he can master him, hee then proves his masteries with the Dam, and leaves his Sire; if he offer to re∣sist, he kills him.* 1.549 They bring forth young on the dry land, and there brings them up: They are so fruitful, that they teeme every year. He comes out of Nilus into the fields, and having filled his belly with corn, he returns back∣wards, that the husbandmen may not surprize him, or by his averse footing to amuse the hunts-men; since he is as harmful as the Cro∣codile. He being overburdened with his own grosse bulk, he rubs himself against the canes, till he hath opened a vein, and having bled enough, he stops the vein with mud: whether he neigh, or no, is disputed.

The Ethiops eat him.* 1.550 About the promon∣tory Cabo Lopez in Guinee a Schipper of the Hage and his mates saw it; and in the town Ulibet they saw many of their heads, wherein were teeth of a wonderfull bignesse. One Fir∣mius Seleucius eat an Hippotame.* 1.551 They are also medicinable; the Egyptians use the teeth against emrods, shut or open, tying them on, or wearing a ring made thereof. The Black∣moors use it also as a preservative against a cer∣tain disease. Pliny extolls those teeth for a spe∣ciall remedy for toot-ache; and the fat against a raging Fever. The ashes of the skin with water smeared, dissolves waxen-kernels. The skin of the forehead slakes lust: the stones dry∣ed, is good against the bite of a Serpent: the parts as otherwise also useful.* 1.552 Pausanius saith, that the face of his mother Dindymena was formed of the Hippotames teeth. Pliny saith, that the Painters use the blood dissolv'd in gum∣water instead of red-lead. They that are be∣smeared with the fat, may safely go among Crocodiles. Some say,* 1.553 that they who are co∣vered with the skin, are thunder free. Pliny saith, that the hide, especially about the back is so thick, that therewith strong spears may be shaped, and shaved by the turner.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Aldrov. de Bisul. l. 1. c. 1.
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.3

  Ap••lejus. q••ntil.
• * 1.4

  Plin.
• * 1.5

  Arnob. l. 7. con. gent.
• * 1.6

  Arist.
• * 1.7

  H. A. l. 2. c. ult.
• * 1.8

  Arist. H. A. l. 9. c. ult.
• * 1.9

  Plin. H. N. l. 10. c. 73.
• * 1.10

  Arist. H. A. l. 3. c. 21.
• * 1.11

  Plin. H. N. l. 11. c. 37.
• * 1.12

  Aldrov. H. Quad. l. 2. c. 1.
• * 1.13

  Vegetius in Prolo. lib. 2. Veterin.
• * 1.14

  Tacit. de mori. Cerman.
• * 1.15

  Aelian. H. A. l. 12. c. 34.
• * 1.16

  D••brav. in Histor. Bohem.
• * 1.17

  Pausan. in Messen.
• * 1.18

  Names.
• * 1.19

  Ox.
• * 1.20

  Bul.
• * 1.21

  Scaliger.
• * 1.22

  Cow.
• * 1.23

  Heifer.
• * 1.24

  Varro.
• * 1.25

  Athaene.
• * 1.26

  Rhodigin.
• * 1.27

  Hesyth. Stephan. Suidas.
• * 1.28

  Descrip.
• * 1.29

  Caelius.
• * 1.30

  Democr.
• * 1.31

  Aelian.
• * 1.32

  Cardan.
• * 1.33

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. H. N. l. 11. c. 37.
• * 1.34

  Arist. H. N. l. 8. c. 45.
• * 1.35

  Arist.
• * 1.36

  Pliny.
• * 1.37

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.38

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.39

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.40

  Th••o∣phr••st.
• * 1.41

  Columel. R. R. l. 5 c. 6.
• * 1.42

  Greog. ••. Lucr••t. l. 2.
• * 1.43

  P••in.
• * 1.44

  Strabo.
• * 1.45

  Theoph.
• * 1.46

  Vegetius.
• * 1.47

  Pliny.
• * 1.48

  Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 21.
• * 1.49

  Varro. R. R. l. 2 c. 5.
• * 1.50

  Arist.
• * 1.51

  Diogenia∣••••s.
• * 1.52

  Pliny.
• * 1.53

  Cael.
• * 1.54

  Rhodig.
• * 1.55

  Antiqu. l. 23. c. 30.
• * 1.56

  Plin.
• * 1.57

  At Wal∣tham-Ab∣by in Eng∣land grows a grasse so l••snious, that beasts in 24. hours will eat, if not watch∣ed, til they burst.
• * 1.58

  Plin.
• * 1.59

  Arist.
• * 1.60

  Arist.
• * 1.61

  B••llon.
• * 1.62

  obs. l. 1. c. 60.
• * 1.63

  Celsus.
• * 1.64

  Hippocra. de rat. vic. lib. 2.
• * 1.65

  Galen.
• * 1.66

  Bruierin.
• * 1.67

  Donat.
• * 1.68

  Plin.
• * 1.69

  H. N. l. S. c. 45.
• * 1.70

  Arist.
• * 1.71

  Pliny.
• * 1.72

  Gesner.
• * 1.73

  Sextus.
• * 1.74

  Sextus.
• * 1.75

  Marcell.
• * 1.76

  Empir.
• * 1.77

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.78

  ••••••rcell.
• * 1.79

  ••••••scor.
• * 1.80

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.81

  Pliny.
• * 1.82

  Prosper.
• * 1.83

  Alpinus de Medic.
• * 1.84

  Aegyp. l. 3. c. 3.
• * 1.85

  Plin.
• * 1.86

  Dioscor.
• * 1.87

  Plin.
• * 1.88

  Plin.
• * 1.89

  Phrasis.
• * 1.90

  D••o••co••.
• * 1.91

  Hippocc.
• * 1.92

  Marcel. Dioscor. Plin.
• * 1.93

  G〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.94

  D〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.95

  P〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.96

  Plin.
• * 1.97

  Dio〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.98

  H. N. l. 20. c. 13. & l. 29. c. 13.
• * 1.99

  Ap••••••••s.
• * 1.100

  Dio••lor.
• * 1.101

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.102

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.103

  Francis A••varez, de Aethio. c. 119.
• * 1.104

  Plin.
• * 1.105

  Aelian.
• * 1.106

  Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 1.
• * 1.107

  P. Venet.
• * 1.108

  Ponta••••s Amstel. l. 2. c. 23.
• * 1.109

  Had••••••n. Gun.
• * 1.110

  Scalig. Exerc. 206.
• * 1.111

  Plin.
• * 1.112

  Arist.
• * 1.113

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 45.
• * 1.114

  Aelian. H. N. l. 12. c. 36. Herod. l. 4.
• * 1.115

  Plin. Aelian. H. A. l. 3. c. 34.
• * 1.116

  Plin.
• * 1.117

  Arist.
• * 1.118

  Aeli. H. A. l. 2. c. 51.
• * 1.119

  Pa••••l. Venet. l. 1. c. 22.
• * 1.120

  Aelian. H. A. l. 16. c. 33.
• * 1.121

  V••r. o.
• * 1.122

  Plin.
• * 1.123

  Monsters.
• * 1.124

  Sc••••g.
• * 1.125

  Caesar. Albert. M. A. l. 22.
• * 1.126

  P••iny.
• * 1.127

  De Bicul. l. 1. c. 2.
• * 1.128

  Aldrov.
• * 1.129

  Plin. Solin.
• * 1.130

  Oppian.
• * 1.131

  Gyllius. Gesner.
• * 1.132

  Plin.
• * 1.133

  Ambros. Paré.
• * 1.134

  Aldrov. de Besul. l. 1. c. 4.
• * 1.135

  Arist.
• * 1.136

  Arist. H. A. l. 4. c. 71. Scalig.
• * 1.137

  Pliny.
• * 1.138

  Arist.
• * 1.139

  Aldrovan. quadr. l. 2. cap. 5.
• * 1.140

  Aldrovan quadr. l. 2. cap. 6.
• * 1.141

  Albertus.
• * 1.142

  Niph••s.
• * 1.143

  Pl••••ar.
• * 1.144

  Agel. l. 11. c. 1.
• * 1.145

  Ambr.
• * 1.146

  Plin.
• * 1.147

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.148

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.149

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.150

  Descript.
• * 1.151

  Aristot. de gen. anim. l. 5. c. 1. Aristo. H. A. l. 2. c. 3.
• * 1.152

  Aristo. de part. l. 4. cap. 2.
• * 1.153

  Plin. H. N. l. 11. cap. 37.
• * 1.154

  Aelian. H. A. l. 17. c. 26.
• * 1.155

  Bellunen.
• * 1.156

  Lemnius de nat. mir. c. l. 3. c. 5.
• * 1.157

  Colum. R. R. lib. 7. c. 2, 3.
• * 1.158

  Gome. l. 1. de Sale.
• * 1.159

  Arist.
• * 1.160

  Albert.
• * 1.161

  Pliny
• * 1.162

  Strabo. Geog. Thcocrit.
• * 1.163

  Vanto.
• * 1.164

  Arist.
• * 1.165

  P••in.
• * 1.166

  Arist.
• * 1.167

  Ges••••.
• * 1.168

  Albert. Co••••••••.
• * 1.169

  Pliny.
• * 1.170

  Arist. Pausan••••••.
• * 1.171

  Alber. M.
• * 1.172

  〈…〉〈…〉. l. 3. c. 51
• * 1.173

  Arist.
• * 1.174

  Arist H. A. l. 4. c. 4.
• * 1.175

  Macrob. Aelian.
• * 1.176

  Albert.
• * 1.177

  Arist.
• * 1.178

  Athaene.
• * 1.179

  Donat.
• * 1.180

  Anton.
• * 1.181

  Ferrus.
• * 1.182

  Obser. l. 1. c. 60.
• * 1.183

  Athen. l. 4.
• * 1.184

  Homer. Ilia. 10.
• * 1.185

  Aetius.
• * 1.186

  Brunus.
• * 1.187

  Pliny.
• * 1.188

  Hippo.
• * 1.189

  Plin.
• * 1.190

  Mizaldus.
• * 1.191

  Pliny.
• * 1.192

  Plin.
• * 1.193

  Dioscor.
• * 1.194

  Plin.
• * 1.195

  Plin.
• * 1.196

  Plin.
• * 1.197

  Albert.
• * 1.198

  Galen.
• * 1.199

  Dioscor.
• * 1.200

  Galen.
• * 1.201

  Pliny.
• * 1.202

  Marcell.
• * 1.203

  Pliny.
• * 1.204

  Dioscor.
• * 1.205

  Pliny.
• * 1.206

  Marcell.
• * 1.207

  Collume••
• * 1.208

  Plin.
• * 1.209

  Galen.
• * 1.210

  Discor. Aetius.
• * 1.211

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.212

  Mizaldus.
• * 1.213

  Arist.
• * 1.214

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.215

  Gailex. Oppian.
• * 1.216

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Capi∣••ol.
• * 1.217

  ••calig. Ex. 2. 17. N. 8.
• * 1.218

  ••••oh. Leo. Assi. l. 7.
• * 1.219

  Plin.
• * 1.220

  Dioscor.
• * 1.221

  Sicul.
• * 1.222

  Bibliot. l. 4.
• * 1.223

  Aelin.
• * 1.224

  Strabo.
• * 1.225

  Plin.
• * 1.226

  Bellon. observat. l. 2. c. 60. Hero. l. 2. Aeli. H. A. l. 10. c. 4.
• * 1.227

  Nier. H. E. l. 9. c. 52.
• * 1.228

  Marckgr. H. Bras. l. 4. c. 10.
• * 1.229

  Aelian. Hermola.
• * 1.230

  Strabo.
• * 1.231

  Strabo.
• * 1.232

  He. Boe. Aelian.
• * 1.233

  Oppian. de Venat. l. 2.
• * 1.234

  Olaus M. Boet. de Scot.
• * 1.235

  Iul. Alex. Arist. Mirab.
• * 1.236

  Aelian.
• * 1.237

  Pliny. Gesner.
• * 1.238

  Pliny. Athenae. Theophr.
• * 1.239

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.240

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.241

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.242

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.243

  Varin.
• * 1.244

  Arist. De∣scription.
• * 1.245

  Varinus.
• * 1.246

  Pliny. l. 28. c. 11.
• * 1.247

  Arist.
• * 1.248

  Alc••maeo. Archel.
• * 1.249

  Oppian.
• * 1.250

  Arist. H. A. l. 1. c. 11.
• * 1.251

  Coisumel.
• * 1.252

  Aelian.
• * 1.253

  Lucret. Plin. H. N. lib. 12. cap. 17.
• * 1.254

  Ruelli••s.
• * 1.255

  Albert.
• * 1.256

  Antigo.
• * 1.257

  Pliny.
• * 1.258

  Varro.
• * 1.259

  Arist.
• * 1.260

  Pliny.
• * 1.261

  Pliny.
• * 1.262

  Theoph.
• * 1.263

  Pliny.
• * 1.264

  Aelian.
• * 1.265

  Albert.
• * 1.266

  Aldrova••▪
• * 1.267

  Hos••••••.
• * 1.268

  〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 1.269

  Col••••••.
• * 1.270

  Gale••.
• * 1.271

  Athae•• Dipno. l. 9.
• * 1.272

  Galen•••• bon. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mal. ••••••cibus. ••.
• * 1.273

  Galen.
• * 1.274

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.275

  Ial. Alex. Sal••ber. l. 11. c. 7.
• * 1.276

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.277

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.278

  〈…〉〈…〉 8. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 18.
• * 1.279

  ••••den.
• * 1.280

  ••icen.
• * 1.281

  ••••ny.
• * 1.282

  ••••mel. R. l. 6. ••4.
• * 1.283

  Pliny. Marcel.
• * 1.284

  Dioscor.
• * 1.285

  Pliny.
• * 1.286

  Marcel.
• * 1.287

  Dioscor. M. M. l. 2. cap. 94. Pliny. Sext. Em∣piricus Cadamust.
• * 1.288

  De natu. muliebri.
• * 1.289

  Pliny.
• * 1.290

  Dydimus.
• * 1.291

  Aescula. Sextus.
• * 1.292

  Pallaelius.
• * 1.293

  Pliny. H. N. l. 24. cap. 7.
• * 1.294

  Sexus Empiri.
• * 1.295

  Hippocra.
• * 1.296

  Herod. l. 4.
• * 1.297

  Dioscor.
• * 1.298

  Piny.
• * 1.299

  Hippo••.
• * 1.300

  Varro R. R. l. •• c. 3.
• * 1.301

  Observ. l. 3. c. 12.
• * 1.302

  Sc••••▪
• * 1.303

  Plutar.
• * 1.304

  Aelian.
• * 1.305

  Anist. Mitab. Aelian. H. A. l. 3. c. 32. Plin.
• * 1.306

  Gesner. Alex.
• * 1.307

  ••drovan. Hist.
• * 1.308

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ••olin. ••ristot. ••heoph. ••cero. ••irgil.
• * 1.309

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.310

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Aldrown. Oppian. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Aelian.
• * 1.311

  Marcel. Dioscor.
• * 1.312

  Strabo. Geogr. l. 7.
• * 1.313

  Galen.
• * 1.314

  Pliny.
• * 1.315

  Galen.
• * 1.316

  Dioscor. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Oppian. Aldrovan. Hist.
• * 1.317

  Scalig. Bellon. ob. l. 1. c. 54.
• * 1.318

  Scal.
• * 1.319

  Pliny.
• * 1.320

  Nic••n.
• * 1.321

  Pliny.
• * 1.322

  Ald••••. Hist. B••••. c. 13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.323

  Pliny.
• * 1.324

  Bellono••l. 1. c. 13.
• * 1.325

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.326

  Pliny. Virg.
• * 1.327

  Bellifar. Iul. Alex.
• * 1.328

  Aldrovan. Plin. Bellon.
• * 1.329

  A••••ro H. Bis. c. 19.
• * 1.330

  Gesner.
• * 1.331

  Moschus. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.332

  Aldrovan.
• * 1.333

  Alex. Bened. G••sner.
• * 1.334

  Aldro••••••.
• * 1.335

  Bontius Med.
• * 1.336

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.337

  Monardes.
• * 1.338

  Aldrouan
• * 1.339

  G••••ia.
• * 1.340

  Monard.
• * 1.341

  〈…〉〈…〉 E. l. 9. ••p. 59.
• * 1.342

  Aldrovan. H. Bis. c. 23. Arist. H. A. l. 8. c. 28.
• * 1.343

  Strabo.
• * 1.344

  Geo. l. 3.
• * 1.345

  Aldro. H. B. c. 24. Pliny. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.346

  Plin. H. N. l. 11. cap. 46. Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 1. Pliny.
• * 1.347

  Albert.
• * 1.348

  Aldrovan.
• * 1.349

  Aldrovan.
• * 1.350

  Aelian.
• * 1.351

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Aldro. H. Biscul. c. 27.
• * 1.352

  Varinus. Descript.
• * 1.353

  Pliny.
• * 1.354

  Gesner.
• * 1.355

  Aristo••.
• * 1.356

  Pliny
• * 1.357

  Arist.
• * 1.358

  Pliny.
• * 1.359

  Oppia••.
• * 1.360

  Cyn••g.
• * 1.361

  Arist.
• * 1.362

  Albert.
• * 1.363

  Arist.
• * 1.364

  Plin.
• * 1.365

  Arist.
• * 1.366

  Plin.
• * 1.367

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.368

  G••sne••.
• * 1.369

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.370

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.371

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.372

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.373

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.374

  〈…〉〈…〉 2. de Bel. ••••ap. 〈…〉〈…〉 1. c. 61. Cpitoli. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••ispal.
• * 1.375

  Aelian.
• * 1.376

  Arist.
• * 1.377

  Martyr. Decad. Ocean. 7. c. 2.
• * 1.378

  Gesner.
• * 1.379

  Sigism. Herber∣stein.
• * 1.380

  Engen∣gendring. Badaeus.
• * 1.381

  Arist.
• * 1.382

  Plin.
• * 1.383

  Age Hesiod.
• * 1.384

  Dominae Sacra.
• * 1.385

  Their voyce.
• * 1.386

  Sympa∣thy, and Antipathy.
• * 1.387

  Plin.
• * 1.388

  Oppian.
• * 1.389

  Their in∣genuity, and dispo∣sition.
• * 1.390

  Gesner.
• * 1.391

  Budae••s.
• * 1.392

  Aeli.
• * 1.393

  Dios••••. Plin.
• * 1.394

  Aelian.
• * 1.395

  Arist.
• * 1.396

  Plin. Arist.
• * 1.397

  Vinc••••.
• * 1.398

  Athen••••
• * 1.399

  Ae l. H. •• l. 7. c. 46.
• * 1.400

  Aelian. H. A. l. 11. c. 25▪
• * 1.401

  Soli••••
• * 1.402

  Aelin. H. A. l. 12. c. 46.
• * 1.403

  Their use.
• * 1.404

  Isidore. Galen.
• * 1.405

  Iul. Alex.
• * 1.406

  Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 29.
• * 1.407

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.408

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.409

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.410

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.411

  ••a••en.
• * 1.412

  Heurn. method. l. 2. p. 245.
• * 1.413

  Sextus. Marcellus, Aldrov. Galen.
• * 1.414

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.415

  Aldrovan. H. Bisulc. c. 28.
• * 1.416

  Olearius.
• * 1.417

  Aldro. Bis. c. 29.
• * 1.418

  Gesner. Arist.
• * 1.419

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 32.
• * 1.420

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.421

  Aldrovan. H. Bis. c. 30.
• * 1.422

  Solin. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. c. 33.
• * 1.423

  Aldro. •• Bis. c. ••
• * 1.424

  Ioh., A••cola. C••sar de •• Gal. l. 6.
• * 1.425

  Aldro. H. Bisul. c. 32. Pausan. in Eliacis, & Baeoticis. Caesar. l. 6. de bel. Gal.
• * 1.426

  Plin. H. N. ••. 8. c. 15.
• * 1.427

  ••ol. Pol. •• & 33. ••trabo Geog. l. 4.
• * 1.428

  ••emn. in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. nat.
• * 1.429

  Dodoneus. Gesner. in Alce.
• * 1.430

  Gesner.
• * 1.431

  Olaus M.
• * 1.432

  Diacon. l. 16. Pausanius in Baeoti.
• * 1.433

  Pliny.
• * 1.434

  Aeli. H. A. l. 17. c. 44. Tertul. l. 3.
• * 1.435

  Martial.
• * 1.436

  Strabo.
• * 1.437

  Diod. Solin.
• * 1.438

  Bontius.
• * 1.439

  Place.
• * 1.440

  Dio. Hist. l. 51. Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 20. Soli. Pol. c. 30.
• * 1.441

  Nature.
• * 1.442

  Zacurus.
• * 1.443

  Aldro. H. Bis. c. 34.
• * 1.444

  Name. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.445

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
• * 1.446

  Artem.
• * 1.447

  Descript. Arist. H. A. l. 5▪ c. 1. 2.
• * 1.448

  Herod. in Thaliu••
• * 1.449

  Arist.
• * 1.450

  Plin.
• * 1.451

  Place.
• * 1.452

  Anax.
• * 1.453

  Plutar.
• * 1.454

  Varro.
• * 1.455

  Solin. Pol. c. 62.
• * 1.456

  Gendring. Plin.
• * 1.457

  Arist.
• * 1.458

  Suidas. Arist.
• * 1.459

  Aeli.
• * 1.460

  Diseases.
• * 1.461

  Arist.
• * 1.462

  Hieron. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vit. Hilarion.
• * 1.463

  Age.
• * 1.464

  Arist.
• * 1.465

  Plin.
• * 1.466

  Aeli.
• * 1.467

  Nature. Basil.
• * 1.468

  Arist.
• * 1.469

  Vse.
• * 1.470

  Plin.
• * 1.471

  Apul.
• * 1.472

  Galen.
• * 1.473

  Lamprid.
• * 1.474

  Solin.
• * 1.475

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.476

  Isidore.
• * 1.477

  Arist.
• * 1.478

  Solin. cap. 62. Aelian.
• * 1.479

  Aldrov. c. 35.
• * 1.480

  Pliny. Albert.
• * 1.481

  Vincent.
• * 1.482

  Strabo. Geog.
• * 1.483

  Phot.
• * 1.484

  Plin.
• * 1.485

  Dio. Hist.
• * 1.486

  Heliodor.
• * 1.487

  Place. Strabo.
• * 1.488

  Suidas.
• * 1.489

  Heliod.
• * 1.490

  Name▪
• * 1.491

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪
• * 1.492

  Varro.
• * 1.493

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.494

  Isidor.
• * 1.495

  Descrip∣tion.
• * 1.496

  Plin. l. 11. c. 37.
• * 1.497

  Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 1. & l. 3. de parti. c. 4.
• * 1.498

  Arist.
• * 1.499

  Plin.
• * 1.500

  Democr. p. 299.
• * 1.501

  Place. Strabo. Geog. ••. 5.
• * 1.502

  Hessel. Gerar. descrip. Austr.
• * 1.503

  Plin.
• * 1.504

  Columel. R. R. l. 7. c. 9. 10.
• * 1.505

  Attil. Hisp.
• * 1.506

  Plin. l. 11. c. 37.
• * 1.507

  Engen∣dring. Plin. l. 8. c. 51. Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 1.
• * 1.508

  Plutarch.
• * 1.509

  Plin.
• * 1.510

  Antipathy▪ Aeli. l. 9. c. 28. Plin. l. 10. c. 74. Arist. H. A. l. 8. c. 29.
• * 1.511

  Age. Plin.
• * 1.512

  Plin. l. 8. c. 51.
• * 1.513

  Rhodi∣gin.
• * 1.514

  Lipsi. in Macrob.
• * 1.515

  Athen.
• * 1.516

  Solin. c. 46. Pausan.
• * 1.517

  Galen.
• * 1.518

  Hippocr.
• * 1.519

  Athen.
• * 1.520

  Aetius.
• * 1.521

  Physick Galen.
• * 1.522

  Plin. l. 28. c. 9.
• * 1.523

  Kinds.
• * 1.524

  Mar••gra•• Hist Brasil. l. •• c. 7.
• * 1.525

  Aldrovan. Hist. Bis. c. 3••. Na••e. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Pi••tar.
• * 1.526

  Descript.
• * 1.527

  Oppian.
• * 1.528

  P••ace.
• * 1.529

  Theoph. H. P. l. 4. cap. 13. Aelian. ••. 17. c. 10. Plin. l. 11. c. 51.
• * 1.530

  Pet. Mart. Decad. Ocean.
• * 1.531

  Aelian. l. 17. c. 31.
• * 1.532

  Engend∣ring.
• * 1.533

  Aristotle.
• * 1.534

  Plin.
• * 1.535

  Plin. l. 8. cap. 27. Var.
• * 1.536

  Use. Plin. l. 8. cap. 51.
• * 1.537

  Lamprid. in Heliog.
• * 1.538

  Gesner.
• * 1.539

  Diffe∣rences. Nieremb.
• * 1.540

  Anton. Herrera.
• * 1.541

  Pet. Simon.
• * 1.542

  Franc. Hernand.
• * 1.543

  Aldrovan. Digit. l. 1. c. 12.
• * 1.544

  Bellon.
• * 1.545

  Alvaresius. Descript. Aelian. H. A. l. 11. cap. 44. Aristotle. Leo de Asr. l. 7.
• * 1.546

  Plinv. Herod. H. N. l. 2. L••o Asri. l. 9.
• * 1.547

  Plin. l. 32. c. 11.
• * 1.548

  Aelian.
• * 1.549

  Gendring. Nature. Aelian.
• * 1.550

  Use. Clusius.
• * 1.551

  Capitol.
• * 1.552

  Diosco••.
• * 1.553

  Iuli. Capitol.