A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

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Title
A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.
Author
Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.
Publication
Amsterdam :: Printed for the widow of John Jacobsen Schipper, and Stephen Swart,
1678.
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Subject terms
Animal behavior -- Early works to 1800.
Zoology -- Pre-Linnean works.
Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works.
Link to this Item
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001
Cite this Item
"A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 14, 2025.

Pages

ARTICLE II. Of the wilde Boare.

THe Latines call him Aper,* 1.1 &c. the Greeks Kapros, &c. They are for the most part black, or blackish. Some brasse-coloured saith Pliny. Pausanias writes, that he hath seen white ones; their eyes fierce, and staring. The tuskes great, turning up, sharp, and white. And, which is strange, while the beast lives, they have the keen force of iron, but pluck them out of him dead, they are thought to loose their keennesse. Some tuskes are said to be so long, that they turne back into a ring.* 1.2 In India some have double bending tusks, a cubite long. Gyllius relates, that,* 1.3 when he is mastered by the dogs, and spearmen, and falls, his tusks through his in∣flaming breath burnt as fire; and if any pluck a bristle out of his neck, and hold it to his tusk, while hee breaths, it shall shrivell up, and scorch; and if he touch but a dog with his tusk in hunting, it shall set a marke on him, as if he were branded. His mouth is like a shield, wherewith he withstands spear, and sword. He hath no gall. His blood hath no strings in it.

Pliny saith there are none in Creet.* 1.4 Some say, but mistake, that there are none in Africa, nor in India.* 1.5 But they are by herds in Islands in the Nile in Egypt. Some say they are mute in Macedon. The Spaniards in West-Indies have found some lesse then ours, with short tayls, that they thought they had been cut off; not footed as ours, not cleft behind, but whole∣hoofd;* 1.6 the flesh much more savoury and wholesome then ours. Neare the Sea-shore there grow many palms, and marishy reeds, where many of them wander. Lycotus, in Calphurnius his husbandry, saith that among the Roman shews he saw snow-white hairs, and horned wild Boars. These wild feed as the tame swine on acorns, apples, barly, herbs, roots, and the rest. With their snouts they root also worms up.* 1.7 They long excessively after dry-figs. But they are of a more cleanly nature then the tame. They are found sometimes among ferne leaves, which themselves have gathered toge∣ther, and spread to ly on. They avoid a kind of sharp-eared corn, that the Germans use to feed on.* 1.8 When they would engender, their neck bristles start up, and stand as the crest of an helmet; they fome at mouth, gnash with their tusks, and their breath is extreme hot: After, they abate of their fury; being rejected they force,* 1.9 or wound the female. They couple in the beginning of winter; bring forth at spring, seeking lonely, craggy, narrow, dark∣some places to litter in. They keepe company thirty dayes. The wild swine carry their pigs as long as the tame, and litter as many. They pig once a year; The Boar is a year old ere he genders. They grunt, and snuft as tame; but the Sow more, the Boar is seldome heard. They haunt out-places, and those deep and steep. They are quicker of hearing then man is; they herd together, but commonly with their own brood. Their tears are sweet; they foame when chafed with hunting, and it is cleaving.* 1.10 Their urine is so troublesome to them, that unlesse they can water, they cannot fly, but are taken, as if they were tied; some say it burnes them. They are hardly ever tamed, and you must begin from the first, while they are pigs. Hemlock, and the root of Syanchus kills them. If they chance they eat hemlock, they strait shrink up behind, and pine, and hasten to water,* 1.11 and eat crabs. They cure their diseases with Ivy: they grow till they be four year old; they are taken with, and by musick. In a Borrough in Tusculum they came toge∣ther to their meat at the blowing of a trumpet. They know how to confound the hunters by their footsteps in marishes. The females, though many in a herd, fly with their pigs, if they see a hunter; but if one of their pigs be hunted, they fly not, not though one be alone, but shee will rush on the huntsman, they whet their teeth ere they fight: though they in com∣bate among themselves, yet if they spy Wolves, they combine against the common foe, and hasten to help as soon as they heare the cry. Fulvius Hirpinus was the first of the Gownd∣order that had a parke for wild Boares, and other wild; and not long after L. Lucullus, and Q. Hortensius imitated him.* 1.12 How savoury meat they are is well knowen. Servilius Rullus, father to that Rullus, who in Cicero his Consul∣ship proclaimed the field, or Agrarian law, was the first Roman who set a whole Boar on his table at a feast. Some such were a thousand pound weight, that the Romans had to their suppers; thence called Milliary, from their weight. Consult Apicius about the manner of seasoning them. The flesh is much better then

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common porke, soon disgested, and very nou∣rishing, begetting a thick, and glevy juice. He∣liogabalus for ten dayes together shewed on his table the paps of sowes that had newly far∣rowed,* 1.13 three hundred a day. On the day of Lentulus his instalment, when he was made Flamen, he had at his supper such pappes, and teats, with loyns, and heads of brawn. Wild Boares have also their place in Phisick. The brain with the blood is commended as souve∣rain against serpents, and carbuncles in the pri∣vities. Bacon boiled, and bound about broken parts,* 1.14 suddenly, and strangely settles them; heals men annoint with the fat of roses. The pouder of the cheek-bones heals spreading sores. The teeth shavings disperses the pleu∣risy. The lungs mixt with hony some put un∣der their feet, when hurt by a strait shoos. The liver rayses from a lethargy, and helps mattery∣ears if drop'd in. Drunke in wine, fresh, and unsalted it stays a loosnesse. The small stones found therein poudered help the stone. The galle warme dissolves swellings; the ashes of the hoof burnt sprinckled in drink provokes urine. The claws burnt, and bruised helps those that pisse abed. The dung dried, drunke in water, or wine, stanches blood; eases an old pain of the side, taken in vineger helps ruptures, and con∣vulsions, and parts out of joynt with a sere∣cloath and oyl of roses. Fresh and hot it is good against running of the nose. Kneaded with wine, a plaster of it draws out what sticks in the body. Poudered, and searsed, and knead∣ed with grasse-hony, it helps the joynts. Men pour the pisse into mattery eares. The bladder boyled, and eaten helps those that cannot hold their water.* 1.15 See more in Gesner. The Indians have a wild Boare of a strange nature on their mountains, they call Koya Metl, and by six other names, like ours, but lesse, and not so handsome, with the navell on the back, and about the reins, strange to behold, pinch it, and a watry humour gushes out; yet it is properly no navel, but a kind of soft grisly fat, and under is nothing but as in other beasts, as is well known by the dissecting of him. Some thinke that he breaths that way. He is noysome;* 1.16 he gnashes with his tusks hor∣ridly, and is leaner and slenderer then ours. He is fierce. The huntsmen climbe trees; a herd of these Zaini bite at, and teare the body of the tree, not being able to come at the men, who from above wound them with bore∣spears. They go in herds, and choose a leader, and as men report, the least, and vilest of the herd, old, and feeble, nor part they company till he be slain,* 1.17 they will dy ere they forsake him. Some ascribe the like to the Bachirae. They abhor the Tiger. The captain of the Zaini calls of his kind more then three hun∣dred together, and conducts them, as a Generall his forces; with these he sets on the Tiger, who, though the fiercest of all Ameri∣can wild beasts, is yet overmastered by mul∣titude, but not with a great destruction of the Zaini; many of whom have been found lying dead with the Tigre, and but a few left to ring their knell.* 1.18 Hee bites shrewdly, when first taken; but when tamed, men take pleasure in him. His flesh is like porke, or brawn, but tougher, and not so sweet; his bristles are sharp, and party-cloured, black and white. He feeds on acorns, roots, and other mountain-fruit, and also on worms, and such vermine as are bred in moyst-fenny places. Their toes are some longer then other, their tayls are short, and their feet unlike those of ours, one of their hinder-feet having no claw. The flesh of the Indian wild Bores is moyster, and wholesomer then ours; but unlesse the navell of the Zainies be pared off, they putrifie in one day. Wee give you the picture of him, with the Jajacu Kaaigora, of the Marckgrave. Ampliss. de Laet, had one very tame, but died with eat∣ing moyst feed, as it seemed. Valckenburg calls that navell an udder, but hee mistakes; since it is well known that the young suck not at that part.

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