A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS. (Book 1)

THE FIRST BOOKE. Of wholehoof'd fourfooted Beasts. (Book 1)

CHAPTER I. Of the Horse.

ON the living creatures that are brutish,* 1.1 or with∣out reason, and having blood, hath nature be∣stow'd feet, on some two, on some four. The four∣footed, (in Latine called Quadrupedes, in Greek Tetrapoda,* 1.2 by Aristotle called Peza) are com∣prised under three main kindes. One whereof is wholehoofd or solidfooted,* 1.3 or onehoofd (Aschides, Mononyschon.) Another sort are cloven-footed, * 1.4 having two clefts on either side, afore and be∣hinde. In Latine bisulca; in Greeke Dichela, having as it were claws for hoofs. A Third kind are as it were toed,* 1.5 having many partings (in Greeke Polyschides,* 1.6 Polydaktylon, in La∣tine multifidum.)* 1.7 They have all feet to goe on, but those that have toes doe the offices of hands with their forefeet,* 1.8as the wholehoof'd doe with their hinderfeet.* 1.9 Among the whole∣hoof'd are the Horse, the Asse, the wild Asse, the Mule, the Vnicorne, and the Elephant; whereof wee shall treat in order in this first booke.

Wee begin with the Horse, which hath the preeminence among the labouring beasts, called jumenta from juvando, or helpfulnesse. Demosthenes reckons him among City-ammu∣nition. The Romans out of the publique purse layde out 10000 peeces for this beast,* 1.10 and took them away from those,* 1.11 who could not goe to warre.* 1.12 A horse with faire trappings was held an ornament to any Consul,* 1.13 or Emperour.* 1.14 In many countries care hath been taken that no Horse should be exported. The Circassians suffered not the common-people to keep horses. M. Anthony forbad riding on horseback in cities.* 1.15 Atheas a Scythian King curried his horse with his own hands. Hectors wife Andro∣mache herself gave oates, and hay to her hus∣bands horses, knowing hee took delight in them. Theophilactus, Patriarch of Constanti∣nople under Lacapenus the Emperor, kept above 2000 Horses, and was so intent, and ear∣nest in feeding them, that he gave them pistack∣nuts, pine-apples, palm-fruit, raisins, dried-figs; and all of them choyse••t, moystened with per∣fumed wine, and mixt with saffran, cinnamon, and other costly druge; in this excesse going beyond the Emperor himself, who layd in the manger for his Horse,* 1.16 called the winged, raisins, and kernels in stead of barly. The Moxy, a people of Tartary, on a set and solemne day yearly after some ceremonies, flaid a horse, eat the flesh at table, stuf'd the hide with chaff, then reare an altar, set it up thereon,* 1.17 worship'd it as a favourable deity.* 1.18 In Petrarchs time there lived one in Italy who doated so on his sick horse,* 1.19 that he spread under him a silk bed, with a gol∣den pillow. And when hee himself was layd fast by the gowt that hee could not stirr, and must be ruled by the Physitians Laws, yet would hee needs bee carried by his servants, or be layd on another horse, and taking his Physitians with him twice, or thrice a day visite his sick horse, and sit down by him sighing, and troubled, stroking him, and murmuring com∣fort to him. The mighty King of Narsinga had a horse thought to be of such a value for the incredible plenty of jewels,* 1.20 wherewith it was laden,* 1.21 that hee was worth one of our cities.* 1.22 In such esteeme is the Horse among most na∣tions, as Aldrovand shews more at large.

But to come to his Name.* 1.23 Hee hath gotten divers names both with the Greekes,* 1.24 and La∣tines.* 1.25 By the Greekes Hippus and Polos (which yet is properly a Fole.* 1.26) By the Karians Alla;* 1.27 by some Kalpis (which seemes to fit the am∣bler;* 1.28 by the Ligurians Damnos and Ikkos;* 1.29 by the Etimologers Kaballos,* 1.30 from the man∣ger, and his ever-eating; Ergatees is a wrought one, or an ordinary one the same with Cabal∣lus, so the Latines use it.* 1.31 Innos is that that hath an Horse for the sire, and an asse for the dam; Hinnos,* 1.32 whose dam is a mare, and the sire a mu••e.* 1.33 Aristotle takes it for a nag. Keles, and Azyx is a Horse when back'd; some say a generous one, some a saddle Horse,* 1.34 or a bare Horse; some, but mistaking, a curvetter. Chrysampus is rather an epithite or addition then a name,* 1.35 taken from the goldstring that ties his foretop. The Latines call him Equus from payring,* 1.36 or matching them in wagons.* 1.37 By Scaliger Eniochus and Canterius from gelding;* 1.38

(Varro) or from branding; or taken for a cheap,* 1.39 common Horse. Veredus is one that carries no packs, nor draws, or a post-horse.

Mannus is a little Nag,* 1.40 so called from his gentle bringing to hand. Seneca calls the tollu∣tares when loose. Others call them Burdones, Burichi, and Strabo Gygeny. Musimones per∣haps from the place whence they are had, so much for their names.

Wee need not describe so known a beast, for his, and their names.* 1.41 The Hoofs (Ungulae, Oplai,) whole,* 1.42 firme, not cloven. Chelidon is the hollow being like a swallows nest. Batrachos, or frog is the tender part of the hoofe, which is hurt, if the nayls be ill driven. The Dutch call it Kern. Full, fleshy hoofs are called Cha∣melai in Greeke.* 1.43 The joyning tween the hoof, and foot the Greeks call Stephanee. Aristotle saith, no beast, but the Indian Asse hath ankle bones: (but Horses have Pasterns,) and that behind that answers the knee afore, a turning joynt, (called Suffrago, and garrectum) joyning the foot to the leg. They have Fet∣locks; little bones called Basis▪* 1.44 Tufts of hayre adorne them.

The haunches, the hips, large and strong; the Horse thereof is thought to desire his Ri∣der,* 1.45 or the saddle near his shoulders; the Asses and Mule contrary.* 1.46 The seat, (Edra) is that part of the back whereon men sit. The shoulder is called armus.* 1.47 Both Horses and Mares have teats; these two tween the thighs, those have but risings like teats.* 1.48 The taile is quite contrary to the Oxes; a short dock, and long haire, serving them for a flee-flap.* 1.49 They are stiffer in Horses then Mares,* 1.50 these weaken them with staling.* 1.51 Horses have manes, and crests, and fore-tops. The lower eylids have no hayr; therefore the painter, (whether the Ephe∣sian Apelles, or Nicon, Micon, or Polygnostus, is doubtfull) is blamed for painting hayr there. It is a mistake in Pliny, and Arist. that (except man) they only grow gray, or hoory, by rea∣son of the thinnesse of their brainpan, for dogs also wax grizly. Under the saddle on the scares of gall'd places ever grow white hayrs, whether because that part is weak, and perisht, or for any other cause.* 1.52 Yet they come forth of one colour, if you sprinkle on them ground barly fried, which hath a dispersing, and clean∣sing power.* 1.53 Of the Colours in the differences: They have a continued rew of teeth on both sides;* 1.54 and besides those in colts, 40. Afore the rest are small ones, as big as a bean that hinder their chewing,* 1.55 and make them leaner. The stone Horses are said to have more then Mares. They change. The foreteeth are shed first, called cutters and suckers; they are 12, 6 in the upper,* 1.56 6 in the lower chap.* 1.57 These shew the Horses age.* 1.58 For a Horse 30 moneths old looses first his middle teeth, 2. above, and 2 be∣low. Entring on their fourth year, they shed as many more, then come Columellares, or eye∣teeth. In the fifth year they shed the second dogteeth; in the sixth year they grow again; and then they have their full number in the eighth year.* 1.59 Three year after,* 1.60 they break a tooth, which becomes roundish, and then 3 square, when a rheum falls into their mouths. After 7 they grow crooked, & stick out some∣times; and wax hollow;* 1.61 and after there is no guessing at their age. Yet at 10 their temples grow hollow, and their eybrows gray, and their teeth stick out, At 12 a blacknesse is seen in the midst of their teeth, saith Vegetius, but Varro, and Arist. write then they wax brighter with age.* 1.62 Pliny saith they grow reddish.* 1.63 Some have their names from the variety of teeth among the Greeks;* 1.64 they with the marke out of the mouth, Agnomoi,* 1.65 &c.* 1.66 Some write besides of Grinders,* 1.67 and double teeth.* 1.68 They hold them fast, though old, and fed with hard meat, be∣cause they eat nothing hot. The Farrides call the cheekbone Psalion,* 1.69 Gnathos, jaw, or chap. The chaps are very large, and moved by great muscles, because they eat stooping. In the heart is sometimes a bone found.* 1.70 Some say hee hath a gall, some deny it.* 1.71 Indeed hee hath no gall-bag in the liver. Yet Ruinus in dis∣secting a Horse found on the right side of the liver a hollow receit for gall. In most it is set in sprigs into the substance of the bowels, where∣by the liver easily disburthens it self of gall; it layes it also into the duodenum gut, or the first gut 12 foot long. Nature, it seems con∣fines the gall to no one bag in him, as in man, and in other beasts, because hee is ever eating, and needs gall ever ready to provoke him to dung.* 1.72 It is observed in their shape that the Foles are a little lower then their dams, and being growen up cannot reach their head. It is said a witchcraft of lust, called Hippomanes is naturall to them, and sticks in their foreheads, it is black, as big as a fig, which the Mare pre∣sently after foaling bites off afore shee lets the fole suck, such another grows on the Mares privities.* 1.73 This venome but daubd on the bra∣zen Olympick Mare set all the Horses a mad∣ding:* 1.74 as Pliny, Pausanias, and Aelian. (H. A. l. 3. c. 17. and 14. 18.) write. Horses are found in all places almost. They delight in marishes, and places wel watered, though plains, or hills. And such places are fittest for them,* 1.75 not dry grounds; nor pestered with trees; and where tender shrubs grow rather then tall trees. Hor∣ses for state, and service in warre stand in the stable at rack, and manger, where they are tied with head-stalls.* 1.76 Their feed is fruit, it is a wise beast in choyse. Barly is lesse windy for them then oats, or wheat. Wee use oats. In England and elsewhere hors-loaves of beans, and pease. Grasse is the common, and proper fodder, and hay. Melilote in Italy is called the Horse three-leave-grasse. Strabo speaks of a Median Phy∣sick grasse that battens them. Not the first cut∣ting, especially if it grow in stinking pudde wa∣ter,* 1.77 that is unwholesome. They cut it 4, or 6 times a year.* 1.78 Some commend Cytisus in wint∣er,* 1.79 being dry, moystned. Ten pound serves an Horse; lesse, other cattell. In many places they give them bundles of vetches. By Damascus, pulse; for a need other things. Caesars Horses

besieged by Scipio ate duck meat,* 1.80 rinced in fresh water.* 1.81 The Pompejan Horses at Dyrra∣chium in a siege ate leaves striped from trees,* 1.82 and reed-roots. In Senega, that dry soyl, fit∣ches, and mixt. In Thrace by Strymon, thistle-leaves. In Parthia the herb Hippax.* 1.83 In Tartary boughs,* 1.84 and bark of trees, and roots strook out of the earth with their hoofs. In Aden they eat fish, there being plenty there. And dried fish in Golconda in Persia; and among the Gedro∣sians, the Celtae, Macedonians, Lydians, and Paeons inhabiting the Prasian Lake. The Arabs feed them twice a day with camels milk. In spring with tender herbs.* 1.85 They love to drink water whether troubled,* 1.86 or clear,* 1.87 running,* 1.88 or standing,* 1.89 muddy, or other. Some, to make them metled,* 1.90 give them wine; especiall if leane,* 1.91 of old beer of oats, or corne, say some.

The males live longest.* 1.92 We read of one 70 years old.* 1.93 At 33 they gender. After 20 men use them for stallions. One called Opuns, held out 40 years. Some judge their age by the pinching of their shoulder-skin, if after pinch∣ing it, unfold it self leysumly, it is an old, if pre∣sently, a young horse. Some judge by the joynts in the tayl, after the mark is out of the mouth. Mares leave growing at 5,* 1.94 males grow a year longer,* 1.95 after they spread, and so till 20. But Mares come sooner to their just pitch.* 1.96 It is the most lustfull of all beasts;* 1.97 whence a venerous man is compared to a Horse, and called Hip∣pobinos. The Mares are most salacious; among whom Cupid is by Poëts faind to be bred, and whores all called Mares; having been but a few dayes together they smell out one another. The Horses by biting drive away strange Mares, and hold to their owne, feeding with them.* 1.98 Some say,* 1.99 a Mare great with fole, will take Horse, some deny it. Gryllus in Plutarchs questions, whether buggerers are not worse then beasts, since beasts sollicite none. Yet at Athens, a Horse is said to have ravisht a girle, the daughter of the last of the Codry, called Hippomanes.* 1.100 Those that begin to gender at two years old,* 1.101 bring weak colts; but they begin commonly at 3, or 30 moneths old, and hold on to 20. They are fit when they cease breeding teeth; but best, if they feed well, when they are a year and half old complete, or somewhat yonger. Pliny saith that Mares, af∣ter the third, or one year after they have had a fold, may take Horse againe, and bee forced to it; The tame 60 dayes sooner then those that run abroad.* 1.102 In Hispaniola at 10 moneths old they conceive, and oft fole two at once. Columella thinks the Mare should bee 2 years old, and the Horse 3. Shee after 10 bring sluggish foles; he lasts to 20. Anatolius would have the Horse begin at 5, and give over at 14. You shall know their lust, by ga∣thering themselves up together, oft whisking the tayl, and oft staling. The Horse will bee covering the Mare one, two, somtimes 3 dayes, or more; It is fit to give him a years intermis∣sion.

The beginning of the conception from the Spring Equinoctial to the Solstice in April, in hote places, is colder in May. So that the Mare, using to fole in the twelfth moneth, that will fall out about the green and temperate season of the year. The Eleans carry their Mares out of their own coasts to take Horse, because they find by 600 experiments, that by this means the brood wonderfull prospers. The males covet coupling in the morning-season, the females after mid-day. Some give them provocatives. Absyrtus bids men to weaken a Deers tayl burnt in wine, and there∣with to anoynt them. Some give them par∣snip; some put nettles into their mouths, &c. The Mares of Lybia,* 1.103 and Mysia, are provoked with piping, and come thereby to bee with fole, as we read in Aelian in his history of beasts, in booke 12, chapter 44. Pollu calls the Pipe Hippophorbus, made of a bay-tree peeld. Yet all conceive not, neither doe all that conceive, bring forth; which is, say they, betokened by this, that the brood about the reins, hath some∣what like reins that being cut, it seems to have 4 reins. If you demand how many Mares serve one Horse, Columella saith, no lesse then 15, nor above 20. Arist. allows him 30. Pal∣ladius advises to allot to able Horses, either few or many; and to a young and handsome one 12, or 15.* 1.104 You shall know when they are with fole,* 1.105 by the holding up of their months,* 1.106 or by their refusing the Horse, or by their hayr turning on a sudden redder, or fuller then it was. They say that it shall be an Horse-colt, if the Mare take Horse the third day afore the full Moon; if the third after, a female-colt, They guesse the former, if the Horse mount on the right side, the latter, if on the left. In Pharsalia they counted that a right Mare, whose fole resembled the Sire. That they con∣ceived by the wind in Portugal,* 1.107 Colum.* 1.108 Varro, Plin. Solinus, Albertus, Avicen, thought, and S. Austin affirmes it of Cappadocia; but Iustin reckons it for a fable. Aristotle denies it to be possible. Husbandmen tell what is to bee done about those with fole. They cast their fole, if they smell the smoke of a candle, or if an asse cover them. They goe with fole, ac∣cording to the opinion of most, a yeare; ac∣cording to Absirtus, eleven moneths and ten dayes. The hardnesse of the belly is the cause, if we follow Aristotle. They bring forth with most of all the 4 footed beasts, and standing upright. Eumelus saith, that if they be long in foaling. bind her nostrils close, and gently, and you help her. For the most part they bring but one at once, sometimes twins. They are very cleanly in foaling, not voiding much blood, according to their bignesse. Assoone as she hath foale'd, shee eats her after-birth, and the bunch that is on the foals forehead.

There have been Hermophrodites, to wit, of both Sexus foales.* 1.109 Nero shew'd such Mares brought out of Trier Land, yoaking them in his Chariots, a strange sight; the Lord of the world riding on monsters.* 1.110 Of such a mixt brood that belonged to the Vicount Princival

Cardanus writes thus;* 1.111 he had but one stone in the right place with swelling teats,* 1.112 such as Mares have: And besides a matrice, whereout he put forth his member, that was not greater then 4 fingers. When the Greeks would ex∣presse a horses neighing,* 1.113 they call it Chremetizein and Epichremitizein,* 1.114 the Latine, Fremere, hinnire. The voyce it self is called Mimigmos, &c. Of the change whereof Arist.* 1.115 writes, they differ much in their neighing. The shefolds send forth as soone as foled, a very small voyce; The males somewhat fuller, and greater, which dayly in∣creases. A Horse of two years old, when he begins to engender, neighs strongly; and the Mare clearer, and shriller then afore, and it con∣tinues so, for the most part, till 20; after that age their neigh is feebler.* 1.116 There are that never neigh in company;* 1.117 Miraldus calls them dumb:* 1.118 when they goe, or pace, they make a noyse with their feet, striking the ground with their hoofs: whence the Latines call them Sonipe∣des, Homer Hypsechees, or great noyse-makers; because they cannot so well bend their hams, they are most weary going up hill, and falling, they run headlong; going down hill, they can well endure their burden, because they have foure thighs. Their nimblenesse, both the Epithites give them, that we meet with in Au∣thors, and examples testifie. Homer calls them Okypodes, Elaphropodes,* 1.119 &c. fleetfooted, and deerfooted. Oppianus writes, that those of Iberia were so swift, that Eagles onely might be com∣pared with them, or Hauks of the Circus, where they ran for mastery. Perseus his Pegasus is said to be winged. Some write that the Sar∣ma••ae, could dispatch with their long journeys of 150 miles, without drawing bit, or baiting. In Arabia, if we credit Vertomannus, they hold a more fleet pace day and night without rest∣ing. In the Alanican war, Probus the Prince, (men report) tooke one that in one day would travell an 100 miles, and would hold out so for ten dayes together. But,* 1.120 it is questioned, whe∣ther Mare, or Horse are swifter. Homer gives the plam to the Pheretian Mares. Menelaus his Aetha was exceeding fleet. Horace chooses to say, that Horses are fitter to draw then Mares. Pliny saith, that Mares stale as they run. The Mare of Crauxida, in the eight Olympiade, out∣ran all the Race-horses. Wee read that He∣cra••ites the Thessalian his Mare, and shee was great with fole (Pliny calls her Echecratides)* 1.121 had the better of all the running-horses in the Olympique Games. But Oppinan writes, that males are better for hunting; that Mares can∣not so well ridde way in woods, in long cour∣ses. What Cicero means by the Horse called Admissus,* 1.122 see in Aldrovandus; He grows restive, lesning, or loosing his pace, if he stand long idle in the stable. Therefore when King Anti∣gonus with his Cavallery was besieged, and so straitned, that he had no place to exercise his Horse, he caused them to be thrust up by the head, that their forefeet could not touch ground, and forced them to strike with their hind feet, which made them sweat, as if they had travelled. It is well knowne, that Wasps breed in the marrow of a rotten Horse.

If you look upon their Nature,* 1.123 they are very sociable, they sup their drink, and plunge their nose deep in the water, which is a signe of their boldnes: their minds are ever on rack and manger, and can better endure thirst then hunger: Mares stale often; and their monthly clensings: they dung more dry, then wet stuff, because they are kept at hard meat: If you ride them hard, and tire them, they fome: the cause whereof Galen hath exactly declared;* 1.124 They dream on what they are wont∣ed: They sleep commonly standing; especially geldings; who are more drowsy then others. When they are angry, like dogs, they shew their teeth, and bite: They love to be strok't: they eagerly love their folds. Hence it was that Dartius after his defeat escaped on a Mare out of the battle at Issus, shee hastning home to her fole. And the Tartarians,* 1.125 when they goe into any land to seek for prey,* 1.126 or plunder,* 1.127 where the Sunne shines for a good part of the year, they leave their folds on the borders; so that the Mares marking their night-journey at their return, goe strait to their foles. The Mares are seldome, but sometimes mad; as when they see their shape by reflection in the water, they are taken with a vain selflove, and forget their meat, and pine to death; they are brought to their wits againe, if you cut off their maine, and bring them to water: then the me∣mory, of the former ugly shape that they saw, will be abolished.* 1.128 Aelianus writes that the Lycospadian Horses did their best, that they might seem comely to their Wagoners. Un∣to their inward sences,* 1.129 their witt, teachable∣nesse, memory, love, and faithfulnesse towards their masters, chastity, and courage doe be∣long. It is ascribed to their witt, that they know the enemies of their partye, so that they bite their enemies in Battle: that, having lost their Riders that they loved, they pine them∣selves to death: that they showe by their eares what they heare, and that they know well a skilfull Horsman. Alexander his Busephalus, would vouchsafe to suffer none at any time to back him beside his Lord, and that with his Kingly caparisons: and having received deepe wounds in a Battle, he fell not before he had set his Lord safe downe out of danger. Solinus and Suetonius tell us,* 1.130 that Cajus Iulius Caesar, his Horse would receive no man on his back besides Caesar. A certaine Pannonian Physition, his Horse being let loose afore the dores, would wait even a whole day, untill his master returned from the sick; and when he came againe, met him rejoycing; it is well knowne by the example of the Sybarites, that they may be taught to daunce, who were come to that hight of madnesse, that in their drinking-feasts, they would teach there Horses to daunce to the Pijpe.* 1.131 Scaliger writes of a Horse that he sawe, that was little and mishapen, which a certain Juggeler carried about to showe, by whose desire also he would some∣times

doe all his trickes, that he would walke, goe a round trott, run, daunce, either on foure∣feete or on two. Wee have seen them drinke wine, sitting on their buttocks; that they have bourne up their first foure feet, to carry a goblet: that they have bourne up a basen with their legges, as if they had beene to be washed by a Barber; as we see the painted Asse with the Coule: they will lye all alonge on the ground, stretched out at length: that they will beckon unto you, closing their eye-lids: and lift up their head at their master his nod: and turne on their back, lying with their face upward. It is knowne that they knowe their stable, and returne willingly home. Therefore Galba, when there was a dispute about the possession of a Horse, whose he was, com∣manded that he should be led vailed to water∣ing, and when he had drunke, he would go home to the right stable.* 1.132 As Deuxippus his Horse was so taught, that he would gallop with him without a bridle, and when he went saftly afore, he would stand still. Strabo tels us, that the Horses of the Nigrites, followed their masters like dogs. We read in Herodotus, that they were taught by the Yarce, to lye down on their belly. In Parthia a Horse boud down to Narva. Another at Paris, made obei∣sance with bent knees, to the Queene of Louïs the Twelfth. In the yeare 1636. we saw at Ve∣nice, that a Horse would leep through wooden hoopes, like a doge, and jumping with a lively swiftnesse turne himself round; that they have a good Memory, the sound of the Trumpet especially showes us, which as soone as the Horse heares, he prickes up his eares, snortles, he neighs, he champs upon the bit: he beats the earth with his hoofes, no ground will scarce hold him. A certaine jester also in Tzetzen, riding upon a Chariot-Horse, lost his dinner, because the Horse lighting by chance upon the marke-piller, thinking it to be the circe, he went round about the piller till night, running with great violence. To say nothing of that Tholossanus writeth of the Horse of a cer∣taine Bishop, that his brother had so wonted, that as often as he heard these words, O God, attend to be my helper, he would leap often, and high from the ground, curvetting, and bounding.

As concerning their love, gratitude, and faithfulnesse toward their master, examples witnesse for them. Antiochus his Horse, his Lord being slain in battell, cast himself, and rider Centeretrius a Gaul man headlong down. A Horse of a Scythian King, with kicks, and bites killed the conquerer, comming to plund∣er. Dionysius his Horse, being left by him, stick∣ing in the mudde, (as we read in Pliny out of Philistus,) as soon as hee got out, traced his masters steps, though a stock of Bees clave to his back. Homer saith, that Patroclus his Horse wept. Virgil writes the same of Pal∣lantus, Suetonius of Caesar, Cardan of his own Gennet.* 1.133 Pliny also hath delivered, that many Horses have such an affection to their masters, that they will mourn for them, and sometimes bewaile them with tears. King Nicomedes being slain, his Horse starv'd himself to death. The same is related of the Horse of Socles an Athe∣nian, after hee had sold him away.

Of their Chastity you may read in Aelian, Varro, and others. Pliny breefly thus: A Horse his eyes being uncovered, and knowing then that hee had covered his dame, sought a steep place, and there killed himself. And in the Reatine Province, a Mare for the like reason perisht, and tore the Carter in peeces, who had so deceived her, for they have understand∣ing of their kindred; therefore a Mare will choose rather to keep her sister of the former year company, then the dame. About the folds jealousy, that is sprung from an incestuous commixture, see Aldrovandus.

Of the Courage of the Horse, the same Au∣thor speaks at large. Let it suffice, that Pliny hath advised, that you shear of the Horse main, that they may condescend to cover an asse, for they pride themselves in their crest. There have been those also, that would win a course without a wagoner. In the circe, put into Cha∣riots, they undoubtedly manifest that they un∣derstand both hartning, and prayse.* 1.134 In Claudius Caesars races, a Charioter being shaken at set∣ting out, from his seat, the Horses clad in white, won the race, dashing out of their way what∣ever hindred them, and performing all against their corrivals, as if they had had a guide, sha∣ming men, and their skill, that they should be outdone by horses; and comming, having run their course, to the goal, they stood stone still. It was a great matter of divination of old, that Horses in the Plebejan-games, having cast off their guide, ran into the Capitol, and thence compassed the seat there, (as Pliny adds.) And the greatest omen of all, that Ratumena, being Conqueror of Veja, ran with lawrell, and crownes thither; from which gate came to beare the name.* 1.135 In Pausanias we read that Phidotus of Corinth his Mare, her name was Aura, her rider falling off, at first starting, held her course as exactly, as if he had been mana∣ged by a Horseman, and reaching the goal, she turne herself; but hearing the Trumpet sound, shee was mad to be running, and pre∣venting the Judges, she stood still, as knowing that she had won. If you mark their Sympathy,* 1.136 and Antipathy; The Horse holds much friend∣ship with Hens, and the Buzzard; but is at en∣mity with the Camel, Elephant, Wolf, Beare, Sow, Sheep, Asse, Serpents, a Fish called Tra∣churus, the Sea-Calf, Apples, and Figs, a kinde of Barly called Pelwort, of a black colour, and dead carkasses. When Cyrus encountred Crae∣sus his Horse with Camels,* 1.137 the Horse fled. Xerxes placed his Arabians, mounted in Ca∣mels in his rere, least his Horse should bee frighted. In the Tarentine war, the Horses be∣ing terrified by the greatnesse, the misshapen Bulk, and strange Hew, and hideous noyce of the Elephants, thinking those unknown beasts to be huger then indeed they were, fled all,

which cause a great slaughter. Caesar wading over a River in Brittain, mounted on an Ele∣phant, amazed the British Horses. Aporta re∣ports, that they cannot abide so much as drums made of the skins, either of Elephant, or Camel, or Wolf.* 1.138 Pliny testifies, that it went by tradition, that a Horse will burst that under his rider treads in a Wolfs steps. We read in Aelian, that if a Wolf tread on a Horse heel, as he is drawing a Cart, he stands still, and stif, as if with the Carter he were frozen. Pierius Valerianus reports, that you cannot get a Horse to passe by, where a Wolfs bowels are buried. Pliny saith, that if you ty great teeth to horses, they will never tire. We shall speake of Ly∣cospadi, and Lycophori, or Horses that men ride with bits, when we shall deal with the diffe∣rences of Horses. Wee ow it to Portaes re∣lation, that Bears in the wildernesse, are affright∣ed by a drum, made of a horsehide. Geldings will by no meanes come neare a Lion, others not gelt will run on him.* 1.139 If Sheep stand in a stable wherein Mules, Horses, or Asses have stood, they easily get the scab. Braying Asses in Darius his expedition against the Scythians, troubled their Horses. Of Serpents, and Horses, Silius Ital. hath written. The tayl of a Trachu∣rus hung at a Mares belly, makes her cast her foal,* 1.140 if we beleeve Aelian. They cannot abide the sight of a sea-calf. They swound, if they carry Appels, or Figs; but come to themselves again, if you lay bread afore them: They will not touch a kind of barley, that grows in Thrace, near a Province of the Scythians and Medes. They run mad, if you smeare their nostrils with the herb laser, or benjamin. Gesner was informed by an old man, that Gentiana, or Pelwort, causes Mares to cast fole. If they tread on henbane, they cast their shoos. If Horses drink of the River Sybaris, they are troubled with neezing: if of Cossiniris in Thrace, that fall into the land of the Abdee∣rites, they run mad. The same is said of a well, or pit, not far from Potniae a city of Boeotia. SIlius Ital. writes, that Catoes Horse, though spurr'd on, would not approach a black Moore in black harnesse. We have it from Homer, that they loath carcases.

Wee have great use of the Horses in meat,* 1.141 phisick, war, hunting, journeying, triumphs, and other occasions: we will onely see in what account they are to be had in meats, and me∣dicine. That not onely besieg'd persons have eaten horse-flesh, as in Verona under Maxi∣milian the First, in Novara, under Lewis Au∣relian; at Rupel, under Lewis 13 of France, to name no more, but we read that heathens make it their food the name of the Nomedes, the Scythians, the Scarmathae, and the late Tarta∣rians is well knowne; these take pleasure in wounding and cutting of Horses, and feeding upon half rawe flesh: they eat Horses dyeing the day before of themselves, or of a desease, the impostumed place being cut up; and their Kings, when they would distribute provisions amongst them, were wont to give one horse amongst 40 men. And also amongst the Per∣sians in their Feasts on their bearth-day, they had set before them whole roasted horses: and among the Gearmans, they ate both wild and tame horses, untill it was forbidden by Gregory the III. Bruerenus relates,* 1.142 that he hath heard that the Inhabitants of the Alpes, eate colts. Blood also hath beene a delicate: Pliny indeed reports that the Sauromatae doe live of hirse, especially puls, and also rawe meal mingled with blood out of the thigh vaines. Mecovius and Paulus Venetus have written, that if tra∣vellers be surprized with hunger and thirst, they satisfie themselves with opening of vaines and drinking of blood. Wee read in Horace,* 1.143 that the Cancany, who according to some are Besalte, and according to Acron and Porphiry are Spanish nations, delighted in the same food. Concerning milk there is no doubt. For the Scithyans give their children Mares-milke, as∣soone as they are borne. Thence have they their names of horse and milke-suckers. The same lay the milke in the Sun, that the thicker part may settle downe, and by and by they seath it. They say that it becomes like white wine.* 1.144 The Moschy once, the servants of the Tarters, were wont to present them Mares-milke upon their journey, as they came with their Captaine to demand tribute.* 1.145 Writers are not agreed what Hippacks is. Hypocrates, Dioscorides, and Pliny, write that it is chees, which he ads smels of vennome, and answers in proportion to ox-milke, others beleeve it to be Mares-milke crudled. Theopompus writes that it was Scithian food of Mares-milke; however it is, we read in Theophrastus that they could live 11 or 12 days together upon that and licourise: Hypocrates testifies,* 1.146 that for the most part they use Mares-milk chees. Nei∣ther is that any wonder, since some relate, that Zoroaster lived once six moneths with milke alone; which Atheneus declares also of another. As for what belongs to Medicines, Horses milk,* 1.147 whay, blood, greace, curd, teeth, heart-bone, liver, stones, gall, hayre, hoofes, sweat, foame, spittle, stale and dunge hath place therein; their Milke is very purgative,* 1.148 as Dioscorides delivers. Whay serves to cleanse the Ulsers of the reins, to wit that, that by seathing is sever'd from the milk, if we beleeve Aethius. Rhasis writes that a woman, if shee unwittingly drink Mares-milk, if shee presently accompany with her husband, shall conceive. I find also in Pliny, that the same milk is good to wash the matrix. Their blood is of a purifying quality,* 1.149 but whe∣ther that of mares, that have taken horse, or of stallions, or of either sex, experience may best decide. Pliny writes, that the same is good for the Kings evill: and fariers use it for di∣vers diseases. The Phragmaticum drawn from the matrix,* 1.150 warme with oyl and wine, and smeard on over the whole beast against the hayr, cures it.

The Gall is of a malignant nature, and is reckoned among poysons, so that the Priest for that cause must not touch a Horse. His grease

smoked brings forth a dead birth, and the after∣birth follows.* 1.151 His marrow is mixt with oint∣ment for the cramp. Curd from the Mares milke is accounted a remedy against bloody fluxes, and collicks, say Dioscor. Gale. Avicenna, and Haly. Meal made of their teeth sprinkled on the privities cures many, cures their greefs. The teeth that a Horse first sheds tied to in∣fantes, eases them in breeding teeth, and with more successe, if they have not toucht the ground. Sextus writes that with a touch they heal the toothake; for, hee adds, that if an in∣fant kisse a horse mouth, the pain of the teeth is not felt, nor will a horse bite an infant. The tongue in wine is a present remedy for the Milt,* 1.152 saith Pliny. The Heartbone neerly re∣sembles dogsteeth: It scarifies, or opens a sore; or if you take a tooth out of a dead horses jaw it helps a sore shoulder, Plini saith, infallibly. The Liver laid up in a cedar chest, tempered with wine of chies,* 1.153 and water prevents the con∣sumption of the Liver. De▪ Milt drunke in fresh water cast forth a dead child, saith Pliny. Their stones dride, and drunke provoke lust. Bunches in their knees, and the hard skin of their hoofs or grown ground to pouder, and given in vineger are good against the falling sicknesse, as Dioscor, Galen. and Pliny write. The hayr tied at a doore keepes flies, and the worms called cniphes out, as Rhasis, and Alber∣tus have delivered. Three Horse bristles tied in so many knots within sores in the privities, helpe them. The ashes of the same taken out of the head, or belly stops a flux of blood. Warts are taken away, if you bind a horse hayr about them, because by tying that that feeds them is stopt, and so they dry away. The ashes of their Hoofs smeare with oyl, and water on wax kernels, and apostumate, mattery swelling in any part scatters, and removes them: and also bunches, if mingled with hot urine. The same being taken in with wine, and water helps against the stone in de bladder. Hierocles write, scrapings pourd into a horses nostrils provokes him to stale. Their sweat, drunk with urine in a bath drives out belly wormes, and serpents; if you will trust the promises of some, mixt with wine, and drunke by one great with child makes her miscarry. If a knife, or sword warme out a wound be dipt therein, it is so infected, saith Albertus, that the wounded place will ne∣ver leave bleeding till the party dy. Their fome newly taken from them infuse in oyl of roses helps eares, though never so sore. Gesner com∣mends their spittle as a remedy for the pesti∣lentiall burning in the jaws, that sometimes in summer troubles especially shouldiers; Let the patient, saith hee, gargle horses spittle in his mouth, that is provenderd with oats, or barly: then bruse together living crabs, presse out the moy∣sture, and wash it again with the same; if you can∣not get living ones, sprinkle the pouder of crabs dried in an oven: after you have washt it with horses spittle. Give to them that are so far gone in a consumption of the lungs, that they are given over, an horses some, or spitle in warme water three dayes together,* 1.154 the sick person shall without delay be healed, but the horse shall dy. As for their stale, and dung, let it suffice to have said, that mingled with smiths forge water it helps the falling sicknesse; the same sod in white wine is used against the col∣licke, and the bite of a Scorpion; and in water, good against a flux. Being fresh and put to the nose stanches blood, especially if stird with chalk, and sharp vineger mingled with Egg∣shell beaten to powder, it prevents the over∣bleeding of a wound. Their breath, as some feign, is a preservative against the plague.

The differences, or kinds of Horses are manifold; the cheefe are borrow from places, parts, and certain accidents. From place, those of Acarnan are said to be greatest; whence it grew a proverb, when men spake of any huge thing. The Aethiopian Horses, (the wild I beleeve) are reported to be wingd, and hor∣ned, and can endure no heat.

Those from Agrigentum were use to be sent of old to the Graecian games,* 1.155 and went away still conquerors. The Alanican were fleetest, and strongest. Probus had one, as men say, of such swiftnesse, that between sun, and sun hee went an hundred mile, and would hold out so ten dayes together,* 1.156 as wee have said. The En∣glish are most pacers, few trotters, saith Poly∣dore Virgil. The Apaniensers in Sytia kept above 30000 Mares, and 300 they sent out for breed. Those of Apulia are cried up for the best war∣horses, saith Varro, and Volateran. Those of Arabia, specially the Mares, in a day and a night, or thereabout, can rid an 100 mile ground, if we beleeve Vartomannus. Arcadia is famous for breed of mules tween-horses, and shee-asses, whence it hath the name Hippobatos.* 1.157 The Armenian are of the Parthian race, but have greater heads, saith Absyrtus. The Gen∣nets of Austria are small,* 1.158 having a soft turning in the opening of their thighs, have been in great request; but are unfit for warre.* 1.159 The Barbaries out of Tunis, and Numidia are swif∣test. Those of Bengala are so hard hooft, that they need not be shod, though they travell among rocks, and mountains. In Bisnagar they are sould for 400, or 500 peeces of gold, and sometimes 800, because they are fetcht else∣where. The Britones have short thighs and eares. Those of Burgundy most patient. The Ca∣labrian best travellers. Those of Cappadocia best of all; They used to pay yearly to the Persian a thousand five hundred. Those of Caraja are brought by merchants into India, the natives use to cut two or three joynts from their tayl, that they may not swinge their rider. Those of Biscay are whitish; brought into the farther end of Spaine, they change colour. Those of Cilicia payd for tribute 360 white Horses to Darius. Those of Corsica are gallant spirited, but low; some little bigger then sheep, saith Procopius; some add that they cannot be rode unlesse you close their eyes. The Cretan are so lofty spirited, a man dare scarse come near them. Those of Cyrene pinchbellued, but

have sound feet, shortbreath'd if ridden, and of great bulk. The Dacian most fleet, with manes hanging to the ground, long-tayles, and little heads. The Danish handsome, and famous for strength. The Oelandi of the Ile of the Go∣thique sea, the least tits in the world, but very teachable. The Elean prayz'd for swiftnesse; the natives cause their Mares to be lead out of their coasts to take horse, finding by expe∣rience, that it wonderfully betters the breed. The Epirots are biters, and froward, by the Elis they deserved the palme; they now call them Aban. Vegetius applauds the Frigisci, as out∣done by none for swiftnesse, and holding out untired. The German horses are most trotters. The Transilvanian not so docible as others, but yeelding to none in maintaining a long course.

Those of Greece, whereof Absyrtus writes, have good feete, a great body, a handsome head, high afore, neat bodyed, but unhand∣some buttocks, no way answering the rest, swift and couragious. The Hetrusei are copt-headed and thick crested.* 1.160 The Spanish are great, and handsome bodyed, straight, neat of head, their whole frame plainely distinct; but thin buttockt, able, and stout travellers of a body, nor slender, nor leane, but fit for going, and neede no spur. Besides they are from the time of their foaling to their full age, well manner'd, and obedient, after untoward, and biters. Rodericus Santius saith,* 1.161 that so great is there fidelity,* 1.162 that when they feele themselves wounded in battle, they set downe their Ri∣der safe from all danger: they commonly call them Gennets. Those of Holland, especially southward, are of baway bodies. In Friesland, their Horses generous, thick-brested, and fit for warre-service.* 1.163 The Hunnisci are of a great and bow-bending head, their eyes stick∣ing out, narrow of nostrill, broad cheeckt, strong, and stiffe-neckt, their manes hang be∣low their knees, great ribs, saddle-backt, thick taild, strong leg'd, small footed, full and broad hoofs, hollowe bouweld, and the whole body full of nooks, no fat in their buttocks, no muscles in their necks, rather long, then high statured, hanging bellyed, great boned, leane, but handsome, and whose deformity it self is beautifull, their spirit moderate, and knowing, patient of wounds: they are otherwise called Hunnici: perhaps they are those of Hungaria, that, Camerarius saith, never shed their teeth. Those of Iberia are swift,* 1.164 but not for a long course, handsome bodyed, but tender hoof••d. Perhaps they are not those of Spaine, but out of Iberia, betweene Armenia and Colchis; though Oppianus makes them the same. Of the Indian Horses,* 1.165 Aelian saith, that they are hardly stopt when they run, unlesse by most skilfull horsemen. These know how to run the Ring. The Iusubres are harder neckt then others, and of sparkling eyes. The Istrian, tall their backbone continued, and hollow, or saddle-backt. The Lidian, very long, of thick ribs and sides, and broad brested. They can well endure heat, and thirst at midday. The Massesily are small, and fleet, governed onely with a switch, which is also said of the Moo∣rish. The Menapian, or Gelders, are the onely warre-horses of Jermeny, and therefore much valued. Some will have them called Cicambry. The Moscy go unshod.* 1.166 The Murciby, will scarce take a bit into their mouth. The Neapo∣litan, are stout, handsome, and strong. The Ne∣gritae are almost of no use, because of the too much heat: as also because they are codsweld, that they cannot stale. In stead of hay they use shred fitches dryed in the Sun: for oates they use hirse: for a horse trapped, and with his other furniture they will give nine slaves, at the most 14. The Nisei, which Oppeanus priseth highly, are most dutifull easie paced and reined, smal-headed, their maines long and thick, the haire hanging downe on each side, somewhat yellow. Stephanus and Am. Marcel. testifie, that they have beene out of Media, they are also called Nesei; they were wont to send yearly 20000 of them to the King of Persia,* 1.167 about the time when the feast of Mithra was held.

Norwey breeds Horses of a middle pitch, but those of an admirable stoutnesse, and fleed∣nesse, even in craggy wayes. The Numidian, tast not barley, nor wheat, being content with grasse,* 1.168 and hay alone. The Parthian are of fast, huge body; their hayr tied up in crisped curls.* 1.169 The Persian Horses are not much unlike others in stature, and shape, onely are discern∣ed from others by a certain gracefull walke. They take their steps thick,* 1.170 and short, but their pace delights, and recreates the Rider, which they have naturall, never being taught it; they are reckoned among the pacers, or am∣blers, and rackers, like neither, yet like both: for a spurt they have a gracefull gate, in a long journey of a strong endurance, of a proud temper, and, unlesse kept down by labour, dayly stubborn against their rider; swelling, in∣genious: and, which is strange, in such a hote climate, wary observers of comelinesse in car∣riage, their crest arched, and bowing downe to their very breast.* 1.171 Among the Pharsalick, Arist. avers, there was a kind of Mare, called Justa, that brought foals all like stallions; whence it may bee, they have the name, justae, or perfect.* 1.172 The Polonian are coveted by strangers, partly for their swiftnesse, and endu∣rance of hardship, partly for their easie going. Among the Psylli,* 1.173 Aelian Faines that their Horses are no greater then Rams. What the Sapha∣reni are, that Vegetius mentions with the Ar∣menian, having applauded the Persian, I can in no Author find. I guesse they are from Sa∣phara, a towne of Arabia the Happy, neare the Midland-Sea, which Pliny mentions, and Pto∣lomy calls Saphara. Those of Sardis are most cried up, their tayls are long, and bushy, their crest short, their hoofs like Asses: of a strong,* 1.174 sinewy limbs, ears prickt up, if Stra∣danus have well described them. The Sarma∣tici, a kind not unhandsome, and in their kind neat, good racers, plain, and great bodied,

strong of head, and of a comely neck. They geld them, least being enraged by the sight of Mares, they be borne away, and take head, or being high fed, they should run a madding, and by often neighing, betray their owners. Pliny saith, that that people, when they are to take a long journey, prepare their Horses by keeping them short, and hungry, and let them not drinke much, and so shall travell 150 miles without lighting. The Scenitae are outgone by none in swiftnesse.* 1.175 In Swethland, and Goth∣land, they are great, and very serviceable in Battell, when armed, and are forbidden, by royal command, to be exported. The Tartar are most white. Venetus writes, that the great Cham keeps XM;* 1.176 so fleet they are, that they can ride 20 German miles of ground in one day: low crested, and with their feet they search for their food, and water under the snow; and are fleeter then others, as the Moschi say. Those of Thessalie have this brand on them,* 1.177 that they are Oxheaded. The Thrasian Horses are ugly, mishapen, rough-bodied, great-shouldered, saddle-back'd, crooked-shanked, and goe an uncertain jogging pace. Yet Virgil praises the Delphique (uncertain, doubtfull) oracle. The Toringi, Vegetius com∣mends, setting them next the Hunnisci. Vola∣teran makes those of Sardinia, and Corsica, Isles of the Tyrrhene Sea, to be very low, but gene∣rous, and restles. And thus much of their kinds, in respect of places.

Very many differences also meet us taken from their severall shaped parts, some are stild Elaphopodes, or hartfooted, from their deers∣feet, who have bones in their hough joynt, that make them of a hobbling pace, that they tire their rider with their shufling, so hard they set. Some in the same parts have short,* 1.178 and low bonds, and their hoofs come to the inmost part of their heels, so that they trail, and drag their legs after them, and halt; these are dog-footed. Some are waglers. Absyrtus calls them Eteroskeleis;* 1.179 not having a right stroak. Some tosse their heads up, (or hold them like a Pig on a spit,) others are unlike jaw'd, one jaw hard, the other soft; from their accidents, or qualities,* 1.180 they are distinguisht (to let passe the rest) from their colour. In which respect, they are some fleabitten, some streaked, some pide, some all of a colour, white, black, red, chest∣nut, &c.

The spotted,* 1.181 especially with great coleblack spots, and ringlets, whether on the thighs, or back, at length, or distinct on the neck, are counted the noblest, and are thought the choyser, because nature seemes, in so marking them, to keep a kind of order, whether in re∣spect of numbers endures, or placed in those spots, or straitnesse: next to these are the red, and dark spotted. To these may be refer'd the chequered,* 1.182 or dappled, the speckled, like Pan∣thers; the pide; the fleabitten; those like mag∣pies,* 1.183 full of black and white spots. Those whose right, or left feet are both white, are esteemed bad. Those that have each other foot white, worst of all. The reason is, because the legs lay clapt together in the dames belly, whence they became so spotted. Those that are of one onely colour, Palladius advises to choose for stallions.* 1.184 The white Claudian counts fleetest, and are most magnified by Plato. Those also that are gray-eyed; for, since they all, either black, or goot-eyed, or grey-eyed, the colour of the ey answers that of the body. The blackish are cried up, especially, if they have a star in the forehead, and a white streak, and some white on one foot. The cole∣blacke,* 1.185 as it were schorcht in the fire, (Homer calls them Aithoonas) Oppian commends them for hunting the wild boar. There are some brightbloody, and palme colour'd, and bay, and chestnut. Becanus saids the azure, or blewish are fleet. Hesychius, and Varinus mention flame-colour'd. Some, (calls Heterophthalmi) have one ey greater, or lower then the other. Lacuna miscalls them, one-eyed. The Parthians liked the fearfull ones best, perhaps, because good to run away upon. Some are called Aetogeneis,* 1.186 or eaglebreed, from a native scarlet spot on the shoulder, as Absyrtus thinks; the Sarmatae hold them for good: but reject those that have an eagle marke about their hips, or tayl.* 1.187 Lastly, those that are called Alphorugchoi, are said to hold out good, and not to decay so soon as others.

CHAPTER II. Of the Asse.

NExt the Horse, I shall treat of the Asse, a beast contemptible indeed, but no lesse usefull.* 1.188 Certainly the report goes, that it is above beleefe, almost how gainfull they proove to their owners: and it is said for certain, that a Shee-asse there was, that brought in more then any the most fruitfull farme:* 1.189 for it was knowne, as we read in Pliny, that in Celtiberia, Shee-asses each yeelded 400000 pieces of mony, so fruit∣full they were. No wonder therefore that Q. Axius the Senatour, gave 400 pieces for an Asse; and that Heliogabalus distributed Asses for rich magnificent presents, and donatives to the people of Rome.* 1.190 The name the Asse hath obtained among the Romans (Asinus) is not derived from A, and Sinos, as if he were a senselesse beast, as Bartholomaeus plays upon the word; but from sitting, as one should say, a Waine,* 1.191 or Waggon; or rather from the He∣brew word Ason, that signifies an Asse. The Greeks call him Onos, because helpfull to us in our works; unlesse it were better to say, from the Palish, wan colour, whence also it is thought that the same name (Asellus) is put on the cod∣fish. The Cyrenenses call him Brikos, from his untowardnesse;* 1.192 Aristophanes, Boupalas, as a man should say, blockish as an ox. Nicander, Broomaees, the brayer;* 1.193 and from his hideous absurd voyce, Megamocos; Eustathius and Sui∣das, Kanthoon, from his packsadle; Hezyc. and

the Dores, Killos; others, Koothulos, Lepargos, from his whitish bowells;* 1.194 Cyrill, Memmemnoon, Monios; which yet the Phocenses give onely to those that are sent in hast: Also Keeloon he is called; and Okribas, that is, wild; Ogkistees, from braying. If you looke on his Description, his eares are long and broad, proportionable to his body; he is thick lipped, great headed, there are black streaks on his neck, and feet. In the enterance of his skin, he bears the shape of a crosse, in which place also his burdens fall more uneasie to him, then near his reines, be∣cause he is there weakerboned. His hair very rough, and unfit to make cloaths; his bowells white; he is fairer hang'd then any other of the fourfooted beasts;* 1.195 Nicander calls it Korooneen, he fors teeth both male, and female loose at 30 months old; the second, in the sixth month, and if they bring no yong, afore they shed their last teeth, they are undoubtedly barren. Their skin is so tough,* 1.196 and thick, that they scarce feel a club. The heart, very great, as in all timerous beasts, or those out of fear doe mischief. The blood extream thick, fat, and black.

As for places,* 1.197 the Nomades have them not, by reason of the coldnesse of the region; there∣fore northward you find but few. Very many are found in Italy, France, Germany, Greece, as we shall see in their differences;* 1.198 their food is of the meanest. For even, where there are no pastures,* 1.199 they will be fed with anything, and a little serves their turne; for they will eat leaves, and thorns, and willow spruggs, or bavins, if you lay them afore them. They thrive on chaff, that you may find every where in abundance. Therefore Tetzes, declaring a cities utter ruïne, said wittily, that he fears it should prove Asses-provender. He delights in reed, that to other beasts is poyson; and in figs, the which when one had greedily eaten, and a boy desired that wine (or grapes,) should be also given to him. Philemon (the Poët) seeing the Asse eat them, died with laughing.* 1.200 But so great cost was layd out on Christian the Bishop of Mentz his Asses,* 1.201 as might have well maintained a mighty Princes family. They say also that drinking of water, battens them, and that the more they drink, the more they thrive by their provender.* 1.202 They are very lustfull, which ap∣pears by the brazen Asse, that those of Am∣bracia dedicated at Delphos, after their con∣quest over the Molossi, in a night-fight. But that excesse of theirs in venery, it is well knowne, makes them sluggish and barren. Hence it is, that to the Aegyptians they were so hatefull, as Aelian relates.* 1.203 Of their engendring thus Pliny; their soonest bringing forth is after 30 month old, but a full exact birth after three years, as it is with Mares, in the same months, and after the same fashion. The shee-asses brings forth in the twelfth month, for the most part but one at once, for so is her nature, yet twins sometimes, but very rarely. Seven dayes after she will couple, and then conceives; but after again shee will take the hee-asse. She is not wont to doe so, unlesse she bring forth, afore she loose the tooth, whereby her age is knowne; but if she bring forth afore, she shall be fruitfull as long as she lives. She uses to breed all her life long, that is, till she be 30 years old; when their time comes, they must be helped by a kind of midwiferie, for their great toyling weakens them in those parts. They never let the hee stand idle, for rest makes him but worse. They bring the hee and shee to∣gether afore the solstice, that is the longest, or shortest day in the year, that every other year they may bring forth about the same time, which they do the twelfth month after con∣ception. Thus far Pliny. They are use to be sore teated with breeding, therefore at six months end they suffer their hee-colts to suck no more, but suckle their shee-colts almost a whole year. The breeders have milk in the tenth month; Pliny saith, they are never with∣out from the first. If the dames run in rank pasture, it is deadly for the colts to suck for the two first dayes after foaling; they call the dis∣ease Colostratio, coming from the first crudled milke.* 1.204 Anah was the first that brought horses, and Asses together, (whence Mules proceed.) It is worthy our nothing,* 1.205 as Pliny saids, that, especially at the production of Mules, the hair of the ears, and brows are like the dames, and of as many colours, though all the rest of the body be of one colour. They are all at en∣mity with the bird, call'd Aegithus, (that uses to peck-asses galled backs, because these spoyl their nests) as also the Spinus, (the Nightingal, or Thistlefinch.) And among plants, they hate hemlock most. They use to rub themselves against thistles, and so wrong the Aegithus his nest; which shee so dreads, that, hearing but an Asse bray, she casts out all her eggs, and the Chickens fall all out. The Spinus hates the Asse, because he devours so the thistle-flowers, that she lives upon. If in Hetruria they eat but hemlocke, they are taken with a deep sleep, and seaz'd with a senselesnesse, that they seeme stark dead. Scaliger testifies, that many with eating thereof fall a yawning, and then are giddy, and turne round, and fall. What men report of the Crow,* 1.206 Wolf, Rat, and Horse, stands with plain reason.

The Asse loves the Scorpion,* 1.207 and Vines; whereof Merula saith, if one strook by the Scorpion, sit on an Asse upright toward the tayl, the Asse shall feel the anguish in his stead; and that is a signe thereof, that Asse dies fart∣ing. Or if hee, whom a Scorpion hath stung, whisper the Asse in the eare, saying, a Scorpion hath stung mee, the pain shall leave him, and passe into the Asse. But it is observed, that, if an Asse crop a vine-branch off, from that time the vine shall take better, and prove more fruitfull: and that those that have studiously endeavoured this, have gain'd yearly an ample vintage. Men use to fetch the water of the river Styx, onely in an Asses hoof; and that Empedocles could allay east-winds with botles made of asses-hides: I know not whether these

are to be reckoned among the examples of Sympathy. Their life they prolong to the thirtieth year,* 1.208 unlesse they be worn out with overhard labour. The shee-asse is more lively then the hee.

Their voyce is braying, or onking, as Scaliger will have it,* 1.209 and wee read of that they call Bromomai, and Mycaomai by the Greeks. They only among the hairy beasts are free from not only lice,* 1.210 but also loosnes, and chapp∣ing of the skin. They are troubled with rheums, and insatiable hunger, and that most, if they carry figs dried, and apples. They call it Malida, which arises in the head, and causeth much red and yellow stuff to run out of the nostrills; which should it fall down on his lungs, would kill him,* 1.211 as it is said. Aelian reports that the Maurusian Asses, assoone as they come into the highway, ridd ground with such incredible swiftnes, that they rather do fly, then run; but then they are soon tired, their feet, and spirits fayling them, and when goaded on to mend their pace, stand stone still, and weep bitterly. See in Aldrovandus, how their halting may be cured. That, as Pliny writes, they take heed of water,* 1.212 and feare to dip their feet in it; that (wonderfull to be related) though very thirsty, if the water be changed, you must force them to drink, and unload him also; that grinning, gaping, and unhandsome shewing their teeth, they seeme to laugh. That they will pisse, when they see others stale afore them, or upon dung; that they are not much troubled with monthly terms; that, when they drinke, that thrust not their nose farre in, certainly because of the sha∣dow of their eares. Lastly, that they, of all beasts, except the mouse, are most quick of hearing; all this belongs to their nature. All men know, that they are condemned to the priveledge of singular stupid dulnes, whence blockish men have obtained deservedly the name of Asses;* 1.213 whereof Aldrovandus at large. Yet some examples shew, that they may be taught,* 1.214 for Cardan, out of Leo Africanus, writes, that Asses can daunce to the pipe, and with a word whispered in their eare, will of their owne accord ly down on their back, and hold their eyes close shut, and as if they had drunk poyson, swell, nor can be brought for a time by threats, entreaties, nor blows to rise up, but will start up on a sudden, and jolly, allur'd by stroaking, and flattering, and by promis that they shall carry a beautifull woman; but when they shall heare that they are to carry old crones, or decrepid women, they shall hang their eares, and fain themselves lame; and being asked whether they love fair mayds, they shall beckon a yea with their head; nay, they shall pick out the fairest in the company. Gesner, having been an eye-witnes,* 1.215 reports the like of a shee-Asse of Iohn à Grua the juggler. Shee, saith hee, would first daunce three severall kinds of daunces, as the musick changed; and that with her forefeet held up, with great ala∣crity, and anone, as if all her jollity were turn'd into the deepest sorrow, cast herself all along on the ground, and there ly stone still, as struck with an apoplexy, and could not be brought to stir, with spurning, or kicking: after being bid to greet all the beholders, shee would, like a man, turne her eyes and head toward them all, and salute them, doing obeysance with her forefeet: and, which was the greatest wonder of all, shee, to the amazement of the bystan∣ders, would cast her body through a hoop, at her masters beck; as cleverly as a dog should leap through. Lastly, like a dogge, shee would take up an handkerchief, or glove dropt on the ground, and restore it to the owner. They are so fond on their colts, that they will run through fire to come at them; and are so lo∣ving to their kind, that they swound, if they see them dy. It is also observed, that the shee∣ashe takes speciall heed, that shee bring not forth afore any mans eyes, or in the light. When shee is overloaden, shee shews it by hanging down her eares.

That Asses flesh hath serve for food, is witnest by Galen.* 1.216 The story also of Charles V. relates the Spanjards did sometime eat it. Wee know also, that M.D.XVI. at the siege of Verona, it was counted a dainty, when they used lentils, and beanes but seldome. The Persians also on their birth-feast-day would rost an Asse whole, and reckoned it among Princely delicates. Me∣caenas, saith Pliny, was the first who appointed Asse-colts in feasts, at that time prefer'd afore wilde Asses;* 1.217 after his time the tast grew out of request. That they are ill tasted, and hard of disgestion, and spoil the stomach, they that have fed on them can witnes.* 1.218 The Physitians have brought into use Asses milk, blood, flesh, liver, spleen, yard, stones, hoofs, scurf, stales and dung.* 1.219 Galen saith, their milk is thinnest, if com∣pared with that of the cattell that we use to milke: but thick, if compared with that of ca∣mels and Mares. Unlesse we so distinguish he must be said to contradict himself; since Pliny also writes, that camels-milk is thinnest, next that of Mares, the shee-asses so thick that men use it in stead of curds. It is best, if she be well, well fed, young, and shortly after her foaling. Physitians advise, some of them, that they that are in a consumption,* 1.220 should suck it themselves, that it abate not of the native warmth. Galen prescribe it to yong man, who was wasted away, mixt with hony, as soon as he came out of a bath. The same drunke alone refresheth an exulcerated stomack; and is commended against a cough, leannes,* 1.221 and spitting of blood. Drinking it helps a sore breast, as Pliny delivers; and taken in with hony it helps monthly terms. It is not good for a weak, or giddy, swimming head. It helps against parget, ceruse, brim∣stone, and quicksilver. Gargling it is most com∣fortable for exulcerated jaws. There are exam∣ples of some helped of the gout by drinking Asses-milk. And some eased of that gowtish pain, by drinking the whey thereof.* 1.222 It is thought to help somewhat to the making wo∣mens skin white. It is certain that Domitius Nero his Poppaea carried still along with her

500 bigbellied Asses, and bathed her whole body in the milk, on a conceit that it saftned and suppled her skin.

The blood, some say, stanches a flux of blood out of the brain.* 1.223 Pliny sayes, that it is said to cure a quartan ague, if the patient drink three drops of the blood taken out of a vein in the Asses-eare,* 1.224 in a pinte and a half of water. Hart∣mannus commends the same taken after the ears, as extreme good against madnesse. Lin∣nen never used afore is thereby softened, and bleached; whereof a part is softned in a draught of spring-water, and the water taken in against frenzy. Aelian witnesses the same of Asses flesh; and that one Bathylis of Candia was recovered of lunacy thereby, it being prescribed him. Pliny saith,* 1.225 it cures the Tisick, especially in Achaja: wee read the same in Avicen, who addes that it is given in against the falling sick∣nesse.

The liver also eaten helps against the same disease, but is prescribed to be eaten fasting. Others advise it to be drop'd into the mouth mixt with a little of the universall medicine. The milt is so effectuall against the spleen, that the profit is felt in three dayes usage. The same beaten to powder, and out of water put on the breasts brings the milk into them, if we credit Sextus. The fume is good for old matrices, as Pliny holds. Their Reins in powder given in pure wine, help the bladder, and to hold the water. The Asses genital is conceived, sayes Pliny, burnt to ashes to make hayr come thick, and prevent gray hayrs, if smeare on the new shaven with oyl, and pounched to powder with lead. His right stone drunke in wine, or bound to the arme provokes lust. Either of them helps against witchraft. Wrapping infants in the skin keeps them from frighting.* 1.226 A ring made of his hoof, if there be no black in it carried about one inclinable to sounding fits, keeps him from falling. The Asses of the same are also good for that end, drunk many dayes together, and kneaded with oyl dispersse swellings, or bun∣ches. Tarentus used it for a bait to take many fishes. That they call lichen (whether male, or scurf, or tetter) burnt, and powderd, and laid on with old oyle, breeds hayr so, that if you annoint but a womans jaw with it, shee shall have a beard; daubd on with vineger raises from a le∣thargy, or dead sleep. Their stale smeard on with clay takes away corns,* 1.227 and cures hard flesh, saith Marcellus. Savanarola hath written that it is good against an ill savour of the no∣strils. Dioscorides, that in drinke it helps the ache, and gravell in the reins. Wherefore those of old have still used it.* 1.228 Of their dung, thus Pliny; The dung of the Asse-colt, voided first after his foaling, is called Polea. The Syrians minister it in vineger, and meth against the spleen: The same helps the collick, and bloody flux, boyld in wine it greatly relievs the pain of the skin: In three dayes it cures the kings-evill given but as big as a bean in wine. A mares foles dung hath the like efficacy. The same is used to stanch blood. Tarentinus much com∣mends it moystned in Coriander juice, and kneaded with barly-flower, for the taking of trachuris and perch.

I need not speake of their usefulnesse in car∣riage, in the mill, in warre, and at the plow, &c. This may be added, that pipes are made of Asses bones, and are shriller then others; and that the Arabs make parchment of the asse-hide, and cloath of the hayr.

Some differences,* 1.229 and kinds they may be di∣vided into; There are those of Mysia, that are crooked gutted; and Vary so called, such as the Great Turke gave Ferdinand K. of Naples, of a strange hayr,* 1.230 a body streakt, many co∣lourd, and markt with even streaks, Small, such as Illyria, Thrace, and Epire breed. Great ones, such as Antron a City of Thessaly yeelds. Swift, found by Euphrates, that out-run a Horse.* 1.231 Sca∣liger writes that in Aegypt such is the holding out, and fleetnesse of their ambling Asses,* 1.232 that they can without baiting ride their 40 miles a day without taking a hayrs harme.

CHAPTER III. Of the wilde Asse.

THe Greeks call him Onagros,* 1.233 as much as to say, the Asse of the field, or wilde Asse. Nicephorus Callistus, speaking of India,* 1.234 seemes to describe him, when he saith, this Region breeds wild Asses both very great, and of a skin of strange musuall co∣lours, black, and white being mixt with a great variety: And certain girdles, or rings reaching down from the top of the back-bone to the sides, and belly, and there parted, and by certain turnings entertwined, making an admirable folding, and variety. Oppianus ascribes a silver colour to him,* 1.235 which Gesner takes it for an ash-colour, and conceives that Eeroenta signi∣fies the same. But that he is not all white is clear by what Oppian adds about a black streak run∣ning along his back, fairly distinguisht here, and there by snow-white crownlets. Their skins Suidas calls Ozai.

They live in wildernesses, especially in rocky and craggy places, in Africk, Lycaonia, Narsin∣ga. Some deny that they passe in Lycia, that hill that severs Cappadocia from it. The Cap∣padocians hunt them most.* 1.236 In Psara, an isle of the Aegean sea, lives there a kind, that trans∣lates elsewhere dy. Some deny that there are any in Scythia. But Strabo sais that the inhabi∣tants about the marshes of Moeotis, appoint hunting matches of them.

As for their nature, and fashions; Isidore,* 1.237 and Bartholomew of England write, that they were about the first Equinoctial once every hour night and day; and thereby men know that the nights, and dayes are of a length: which rather agrees to the Cynocephalus, bo∣died like an Ape, and headed like a Dog; Sca∣liger saith, that if they have seen a man stand in the same steps, they presently fall a braying, holding their forefeet still, and flinging out

with their hindfeet. He will suffer the hunter to come so near him, that he can touch him with his hand, and then he betakes him to his heels.* 1.238 They are very jealous, and each go∣verns his females: They are fearfull of their rivals. Whence it is, that they watch their shee-asses, when great with fole; that, if they can, they may by biting geld the male-colts, which the dammes fearing, doe their best to hide them in corners, and love to foale by stealth. We gather out of H. Scriptures, that they are impatient of thirst. Some, to have a breed of Mules, choose wilde-asses tamed. This beast is easily tamed, and made so gentle, that he shall not seek to returne to his former lovely wildnesse.

Their flesh is bitter,* 1.239 saith Aelian: Galen saith, that that of the well conditioned, and young, comes near to Harts-flesh, and beef. Scaliger saith, that it is ranke, while warme; cold, it neither smels, nor tastes well. And Pliny writes, that Maecenas made feasts of Asses-colts,* 1.240 and that then they were far preferd afore the wilde Asses; but after his time, their taste was not regarded.

Physitians smear their galls on Ulcers with good successe; and mingle them in plaisters against S. Anthonies fire, if we beleeve Avicen. Their fat with oyle of Costus, is commended for the windinesse of the loins, and reins. The flesh of their back with oyles, help aking-joynts. Their pisse, saith Avicen, breaks the stone in the bladder. Their marrow cures the Gout, and takes away the pain, annointing the place. The dung mixt with the yolke of an egge, daubed on the forehead, stanches blood. The same with an Ox-gall, if you annoint the hair, makes it curl.

There are said to be two kindes of them.* 1.241 In the mountaine that parts the Narsingae their Kingdome from the Malabars, many savage Asses have their haunt. The same breeds wild Asses faced like a Horse, ash-coloured, so nimble of foot, that there is no taking of them. Those also of Africa are so swift, that they fall short of no wild beast, except that they call the Lant.

CHAPTER IV. Of the Mule, and the Indian Zebra.

THe name* 1.242 of the Mule is common to four living creatures; For the shee-mule is ingendered, not only between a Mare and an Asse, but between a shee-Asse••, and an Horse, as also a wild-Asse, and a Mare, as Columella hath delivered. The Iumar,* 1.243 between an Asse, and a Bull. Onely males come from a Horse and an Asse; Anci∣ents called them hinnulos,* 1.244 or little Mules: on the other side, they called those Mules, that came of an Asse and a Mare. Yet Varro thinks that they are to be called, Mules, that come of a Mare, and a Mule. It may be those are the pumily, or tits, that Martial mentions. For Hinnus (they are Varro his words) engender∣ed of an Horse,* 1.245 and shee-Asse is fleshie in bulk then a Mule, and for the most part, ruddier, dard as a Horse, mained, and tailed like an Asse. But the name of Mule, Isidore conceives to be drawn from the Greeks, namely from that Bakers use to drive abont their flowgoing mills withall, or a mullet: But it is better to drive it from Molos,* 1.246 labour, or of the Hebrew Maal, which signifies prevaricating, deceiving. or going out of the right way; Since this is a toyling creature, and bred out of the road, or ordinary course of nature:* 1.247 He hath obtained many names among the Greeks; Emionos, or half, mungril-breed, because sprung from an Asse, and a Mare; Astrabe, from his strength of body; Agonomoxthos, from barrennesse; Eterogonon zoon, as bred of diverse seeds; Thres, olkas, &c. are names given to the shee, as Oreus to the hee. Aeidaros, because he can lobour more then any other beasts on moun∣tanous places. Many more Greeks names he hath gotten, whereof consult with the Lexi∣cons,

When the Mule hath a Mare to the Dam,* 1.248 and an Asse to the Sire, he resembles partly the one, and partly the other: yet more the Sire then the Dam, and is also voyced like him. They are long dard like the Asse; and hath them in stead of forelocks to guard the eyes.* 1.249 There is a crosse on the shoulder; small, slender footed they are, lank of body; for the rest, like a Horse, save that the neck is none strait. They have all 36. teeth, besides others more then usual by nature:* 1.250 We learn from Aristotle, that they shed them. In the heart of some is found a bone. Gall they have none, as all whole hoofed.

If you would know their place;* 1.251 they say, that hote, and dark places spoyl them, and make them after a manner beside themselves; they love to have their standing in the open aire, covered, or onely their head, it is enough; the rest takes no harm by the aire. There are none of them in Arabia the Happy, England, Scotland, Poland, nor in the neighbouring re∣gions. They cannot breed in Eleus▪ because of a certain imprecation,* 1.252 or curse.* 1.253 The East-Indies also want them.* 1.254 In Scythia they cannot abide so much as the beginning of winter.* 1.255 A certain Isle there breeds some,* 1.256 but those of a loud,* 1.257 and shrill voyce.* 1.258 Themisita is full of them. The Cappadocians pay yearly 2000 of them to the Persians. That they abound in Persia, Mesopotamia, and Babilon appears by Alexanders taking order to lead away 3000, at the taking of Susae, both such as would carry and draw. Their food* 1.259 is both fruit, and grasse; but they baten most by their drink; nothing is better to keep them in good plight, then clave-grasse: the more barly they eat, the more they neigh. From their first breeding of teeth they wax, and live many years. It is reported, that, when the Temple was built at Athens, there was one 80 years old.

The male, as they say, engenders at seven

years old;* 1.260 the female is barren, because, though shee conceive, shee can bring nought to per∣fection; but the Hee-mule, being of a hotter temper, then the female, sometimes gene∣rates, though he confer litle to the brood; and what comes of him is but a maimed tit, as among the Swine the Metachaerum, or after∣birth, you shall find the same of a Mule in Ju∣venal. Yet good Authors, not to be concealed, as M. Varro, and afore him Dionysius, and Mago, have delivered that in regions of Africa, the broods of shee-mules are not so prodigiously strange, but are as common with them, as Mares with us. We shall unfold the reasons of their barrennesse, in the books of Nature.* 1.261 Some relate that they excell in the sense of smelling, by the benefit whereof, leave them any where, they shall by their sent alone find out their way. Hence is it, that they are easily tainted with an infectious aire, and stroken with the pestilence, which also happens to dogs. Of the diseases whereto they are liable, see Aldrovandus.

There is such a Sympathy,* 1.262 or agreement in nature, between them and swimming fowles, whether Geese, or Ducks, that they are said to be heald with the very sight of them. On the contrary the Flowers, and leaves of the Law∣rell rose, that are wholsome to man, are to them poyson. In Mules also there is, I know not what, deadly to Mice. For fasten but a Mules left hoof at door, and the Mice shall quit the house; they are ever tame. The shees are found livelier then the hees, and wax not so soon old. Those are cleansed by the flowing of stale; these seem sooner old by the sent of urine. They love tumbling to refresh them, when weary. They borrow from the fire hardinesse to labour, and boldnesse, and from the dame,* 1.263 swiftnesse. I have knowne, saith Varro, that when a Wolf hath come to a company of Mules, they have hemmed him in among them, and kicked him dead. Yet any un-usuall sight terrifies them, and brings them into hazards. They kick most fiercely. There hath been one seen, that would brook no ma∣ster, but one. They are extream stubborn. I saw, as I went between Naples and Rome, one, that could by no means be forced to lead the way, and being left by her fellows, lay downe, making us all laugh, and the Priest, who rode on her, fret. An example of their craft,* 1.264 you have in Thales his Mule,* 1.265 and of their memory, in Pliny.* 1.266 The monuments of Athens declare,* 1.267 that one Mule lived 80 years; they taking delight in him, because; when they were building a Temple in the Tower, he be∣ing excused from labour for his great age, would endevour to help, and in courage by his company, the beasts that fell under their burden; concerning which mule they decreed, that no corne-merchants should offer to drive him from their corne-sives: Some have wrote, that they will not kicke, when they have drunk wine.* 1.268 How true that is, we shall shew else∣where. They are of great efficacy against poyson, few one poysoned in a Mules belly newly killed, hee shall escape with life, if hee remain therein, as long as there is any warmth in the beast; Hee shall be much better, if hee use many. Maranta is Authour, that there have been Princes, who to save a life, have used 30, 40, and 50 Mules. Some have al∣layed their lust by sprinkling on their body the dust wherein a shee-Mule hath tumbled.* 1.269 Their heart,* 1.270 stones, reins, flesh, and filth of their ears, are said to cause barrennesse. The bristles of the taile, bound together, are good to help conception, saith Pliny. Hippocrates pre∣scribes, against the womb-flux, to drink their dung burnt, powder'd, and sifted in wine.

Aristotle mentions two kindes, namely the barren,* 1.271 (whereof afore) and the breeder, where∣of he writes, that there are in Syria, called Mules, of a divers kind from that engender∣ed between a Mare and an Asse, but faced a∣like as wild-Asses, have obtained the name of tame from their likenesse. And indeed, as wild-Asses, so Mules excell in swiftnesse. Such Mules engender in their kind, as it is well knowen in them, that in the time of Pharna∣ces father of Pharnabazes came into Phrigia, that are there yet; three of nine are kept there to this day. They commonly engender in Cappadocia, but it is a peculiar kind.

The Zebra answers every way the mule,* 1.272 but that it is a fruitfull breeder.* 1.273 Of a hayr full of seames and streakes, wonderfull to be seen. For even from the back-top to the belly shee hath lines, as painted, of three colours, black, white, and yellow, the lists being disposed in an even proportion, each almost three fingers broad. They run wild, but in herds, and are famous for swiftnesse; and, if tamed, might serve in stead of an Horse. Some take them for mules. Whereof Pigafeta thus:* 1.274 The Zebra is bred in this tract (Congo) as also in other parts of Bar∣bary,* 1.275 and Africa, which though in shape, and stature like the mule, yet is not it, (since it breeds) and differs from the mule, and all other beasts in colour. For in three colours, black, white, and fresh red streaks of three fingers bredth compasse the body from the back to the belly in fashion of semy, or half circles; the tail being of a red, and shining hew-footed, and hoof'd as the mule, otherwise of a light, and nimble foot, as the Horse, nay much fleeter then he, so that it occasions the proverb in Por∣tugal, swifter then the Zebra. Shee breeds every year, whence there is great plenty of them; but uselesse to the natives, who know not how to use them; else they might serve them as well as Horses, both in peace, and warre, na∣ture having furnist those places with them, where there are no Horses, to supply that want. Those of Congo therefore, nether having Horse, nor knowing how to yooke oxen, nor to tame, or briddle the Zebra, nor know how to use other beasts; are faine to use men in all their works. And as they lay all their baggage on mens shoulders, so themselves are carried about by men in litters, or on chairs covered

from the Sun, having alwayes servants, or other hirelings at hand to that purpose. And if they are to dispatch long journies in a short time, they carry many such man-bearers about with them to take their turnes, as the rest are weary; by which shifting, they ridde more way, then Horses themselves. So far Pigafeta.

CHAPTER V. Of the Elephant.

THe Elephant hath also place among the whole-hoof'd,* 1.276 whose hoof,* 1.277 though it may seem to be shaped, as if he had toes, yet because they are not cleft: I know not well how to shut them out from among the whole-footed. He hath gotten his name,* 1.278 not from his vast bulke, he seeming to be a kind of mountain, as Isidore would have it;* 1.279 but rather from the Hebrew Alaph, to learn, he surpassing all other beasts in teach∣ablenesse: or from Eleph, an Ox, by reason of his greatnesse, Bu, being a word import∣ing increase:* 1.280 Or, as it were Elebas, from Elas, a marish, and Baino, to descend, because with his weight he makes there deep gulls; or from Elephrairo,* 1.281 to hurt; or from Elisso, to bend in, because he hath an involved in bend∣ing his trunk;* 1.282 or finally, from Alphos, white, since ivory, triumphs in that colour. Some call him Pirissas,* 1.283 others simply the monstrous beast,* 1.284 (Theria.) The Romanes,* 1.285 who saw Ele∣phants first in their warre with King Pyrrhus,* 1.286 call them Lucanian oxen; whether from Lu∣canian, where they first saw them, or (a Luce) from light, because they glistered a far of by reason of the Princely golden shields, where∣with the towers on their backs were adorned. The Indians call him Bartus, from his voyce, saith Isidore; others will have it a Sabine name, whence Servius thinks Ebur, Ivory hath the name.

We shall shew in the differences,* 1.287 their diffe∣rent greatnesse. Gillius measured one at Con∣stantinople, that from the ey to the farther end of the back was eleven foot; from the ey to the end of his trunke, eight foot. Some of them are twelve foot high; some thirteen; some reach fifteen, and nine inches. Aloysius Cadamustus writes, that hee saw one, that had more flesh then five of our Bulls. They are all black, ex∣cept the Aethiopian: yet the writers of the In∣dian voyages report, that the King of Narsinga hath a white one.

They have a checquerd skin, or rather one graven with blistered pits, and is of such a hard∣nesse, that you would take it to be of bone.* 1.288 Therefore the Moores make their bucklers of it;* 1.289 and the Peguans use it in stead of armes: yet it is harder on the back,* 1.290 then the belly. Their back-skin is extreme hard and stubborn,* 1.291 their bellies are soft.* 1.292 Whether he be hairy, or no, Pliny himself knew not; He hath no bristles to cover him, nor can he use so much as his taile to drive away the flies from annoying him; Pliny speakes of the Elephants in some places; but in others, their bodies have impenetrable bristles. Cardan saith, their skin is naked, and gives reason why it must be so. But Cadamu∣stus testifies that he himself hath pluckt blac∣kish haires two palms long out of them. Gillius affirms the same length thereof. Vartoman, finally, reports, that they have a taile like the oxes, about 27 inches long, with a few hairs at the end; and in the description of Guinea we read that the women use such for fly flaps to drive them from their images. Nay Pliny, as forgetting himself, writes, that the Indians de∣light strangely in Emeralds, counting them on∣ly precious stones, and had rather want gold then them, and that they make holes in them, and tie them in Elephants bristles.

They have an ugly mishapen head; and about the temples a kind of tunnell,* 1.293 whereout the male sends forth a fat stuff at coupling∣time; the female also hath the like then open, if we beleeve Strabo. Their ears are little for a beast of that bulk,* 1.294 two hand-palms breadth every way, and under them is a place, where you may strike him dead with one stroak of a chissell driven by a hammer. Livy thinks that Haserubal first found it out. Those among the Sambri,* 1.295 an Ethiopian folk, have no ears. Their eyes, though great, yet seem but small for so vast a body; and those but heavy. The mouth in the breast, and with that they suck, and not with the trunck;* 1.296 their is also very small,* 1.297 and very far in,* 1.298 not as in other beasts,* 1.299 that you can hardly perceive it. They have foure teeth within to chew withall, besides the tushes that hang out,* 1.300 the males are crooked,* 1.301 and turning again, the females teeth strait, and hanging downward. They have teeth so soon as they are brought forth, but those great ones, are not so plainly seen; with those they grind their food as small as meal. They are placed in their upper-jaw, and some are of an asto∣nishing greatnesse. Bartomannus saw a couple in Sumatra, hanging up, that weighed 336 pound. And Gadamustus saw one slain, whose teeth exceeded 36 fingers bredth in greatnes; and sticking 24 fingers bredth out. Of whose vastnesse thus Pliny. The greatest teeth are to be seen in temples. But in the utmost coasts of Africk,* 1.302 where it borders on Ethiopia, they use them in stead of posts in their houses, and for fences,* 1.303 and stakes, and prope in their stalls for cattell. Gillius reports, that they wax some∣times to ten foot length. Venetus the Mer∣chant, that one was said to be sold for 36. pieces of gold, being 94 inches long, and 36 inches thick; and that it was so heavy, that he could not lift it from the ground. Besides Sabellicus writes, that there was at Firmus two Elephants-teeth of that excessive hugenesse, that Aurelian, who conquered it, caused them to be carried for a miracle to Rome, and of such an unbeleeveable length. Some call these Horns. How properly Aldr and Cardan shew, and shall elsewhere declare; onely I desire to

add here,* 1.304 that the lower jaw is onely stirred in eating,* 1.305 the upper lying still. In that place, where other beasts noses stand. The Elephant hath a part hanging, narrow, and long, that reaches to the very ground, board at the end, flexible, yeelding nimble, like a serpent, that can every way turn it self, a Trunk the English call it; the Latines, Proboscis, (or a snout.) Tuba (a Trumpet) Manus (a hand) as Pliny and Cicero call it;* 1.306 Manus nasuta (a nosed hand) as Cassio∣dore, Promuscis, as Vitruvius. The Greeks call it Proboskitha, Mokteera, Pronomaian, &c. There is the same use of it, as of a hand. For therewith they take, and put food dry, and moist to their mouth. Therewith they breath, drinke,* 1.307 smell. Lucretius therefore calls them, Anguimanos, snakehanded. Aristotle H. A. l. 2. c. 1. testifies, that they have bending joynts in the lower part of their hinde legs; but, as concerning the bending of their leggs, some report otherwise, as that they have no joynts, but their legs is one entire bone, which they cannot bend, and that falling, they cannot rise again: But others, as Pliny for one, deliver, that they have behind short joynts, and within bending hams, like a man; and indeed expe∣rience hath taught us so much. Their feet are round, like a horsehoofe, but broader, the bot∣tomes being some 18 inches round. Verto∣man likens them to a table-trencher, form'd of an hard, black, wide skin. Their toes are misshapen, five in number, but not parted, and scarsely distinguisht, the hoofs are not like claws.* 1.308 They have two paps under their should∣ers,* 1.309 not on the breast,* 1.310 but on the side it is hid∣den in the shoulder-pits. Their Genital is like a horses, but small, no way answerable to their bulk. Pliny saith, that they gender averse, the face turne from each other. Their testicles are not seen outwardly, but lurke within about the reins, whence they engender the sooner. Ctezias trifles in saying their seed is as dry, and hard as amber. Pliny saids, they have foure bellies.* 1.311 Aristotle,* 1.312 that their gut is windding, and turning, that they seeme to have foure bellies, and therein meat is found. Galen makes it very wide, and most like a horses, their en∣tralls resemble a swines. Their liver is foure times as great as an oxes; the rest of the in∣wards are answerable, except the milt; this is lesse then proportion would require. Pliny makes their lungs foure times greater as an oxes. Aristotle denies that he hath any gall in his liver: yet, if you cut that part, where it uses to bide, some gally moysture more, or lesse, will spurt out. Galen also avers, that there is choller in his bladder. The same tooke a bone out of the heart of one that he cut up; and he observes, that it hath two ventricles in it,* 1.313 and not three, as Aristotle saith. Whereof Aelian thus; The Elephant is said to have a double heart, and sense, that by the one he is anger'd, by the other appeased, as the Moors report. See the description of a couple in Al∣drovandus. They are found in Africk,* 1.314 Asia, and the neighbouring Islands. And in Africk in a Forrest behind the Syrtes, or quicksands, in the deserts-bordering on Sala, a Town of Mauritania; in Lybia, Getulia, and the Forrests near mount Atlas, &c. The Symbari, between the Arabian Mountains, and the Nile, live on the hunting of them.* 1.315 There were huntings of them appointed by Ptolomaeus Philadelphus, King of Aegypt, in the Aethiopia of the Ophio∣phagi, or Serpent-eaters. As for Asia, King of Parthia,* 1.316 kept D. C C. King of Audata a 1000. The King of the Palibroti 9000. The King of Chrysaeum, Parasanga, Asanga had 300 armed. In Taprobana are vaster, and more warlike ac∣counted then in India, as Onesicritus a Gover∣nour under Alexander the Great,* 1.317 relates. In Zeilan are at this day very great ones, and very ingenious. The Siamensian King is said to keep 12000; whereof 4000 stand ever armed against any sudden surprizes, and chances. Under the great Mogul, his command are 50000.* 1.318 In Mosambique Isle, and in Benomo∣tapa. are found whole herds of them. To the Isle Zanzibar, also resort many Merchants to buy Yvory. They delight much in moyst and marishy places, they love rivers, especially in hote countries, for they can endure no cold.

As concerning their foed,* 1.319 they feed on fenny∣graffe,* 1.320 on leaves of trees,* 1.321 on stumps, the fruits of the mose-tree, and on the roots of the In∣dian fig-tree. They devour sometimes earth and stones. But eating it brings them diseases, unlesse they first chew it. The tame ones are fed with barley, and they will sometimes devour nine Macedonian bushels thereof at once. There was one shewed at Antwerp, that gobbled up foure bushels of apples on one day. They write, that they are much taken with musckmelons.* 1.322 Water, but muddy, and troub∣led, is their drink; Wine also made of rice, and other grain, and so among us. That at Antwerp souped up at once more then 16. pound; and did that so often, that it seems to come near the proportion, whereof Aristotle writes.* 1.323 Yet they can well bear thirst, and can goe without drinking eight dayes together.* 1.324 About their coupling,* 1.325 the time and manners,* 1.326 writers report diversly.* 1.327 Pliny out of Aristotle saith, the male begins at five years old, the female at ten. Aristotle assignes to both the 20 years, and anotherwhile, the twelfth to the female, when soonest, and the fifteenth, when latest; you shall find in Solinus, that they couple averse from each other. Ho∣race of Canida agrees with him, that the female sits,* 1.328 then the male covers her. See Albertus the Great, and Aristotle, about the circum∣stances, the desire to couple in the water espe∣cially, &c. They never couple but in secret. The male three years after seeks out the same female, and never more after. In two years they couple five dayes, and no more, saith So∣linus out of Pliny, nor returne▪ they to their herd, till they have wash'd themselves in foun∣tain-water. In coupling-time they rage most, and ••••row down the Indians stables. It is also doubted, how long the shee carries her burden.

Some say a year and six moneths; some say three years, some say ten. Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 27. writes, two years; Strabo, 16 months at least; at longest 18. Diod. Sic. and Aelian, say the same. Some say resolutely, eight years. They bring forth sitting on their hind legs with pain. The Birth comes into the light with the head formost,* 1.329 saith Aelian. They bring but one at once, as we read in Arist. and Diod. Sic. Every foure years one birth, say Cadamustus, and Scaliger.* 1.330

The birth is as great as a grown hog,* 1.331 or a calfe of three months.* 1.332 As soon as it is brought forth, it can see and goe; and sucks with the mouth, and not with the trunk. They suck till they be eight years old.

They hold enmity with the Rhinoceros,* 1.333 the Lyon, Tiger, Ram, Hog, Serpent, Dragon, they hate some colours and fire. Of the Rhinoce∣ros thus Pliny: In Pompey his sports was a Rhinoceros seen. A born enemy to the Ele∣phant; he whets his horn on the stones,* 1.334 and prepares for fight, wherein he aimes most at the belly, which he knowes to be softest.

They are of equal height, only the legs are somewhat shorter of one then the other. A∣mong the westerly Ethiopians, the Lyons will fasten on the young Elephants, and wound them; but if the dame come, they fly. The Tiger flies at the Elephants head, and with ease chokes him. If he be in a raging fit, the very sight of a Ram makes him gentle. The grunting of a Swine terrifies him.* 1.335 Of their combating with Dragons, and their perpetu∣al discord, Pliny writes, that the Dragon clings about him, as on a knot; he finding himself overmastered with his weight falling, disen∣tangles himself. The cunning of beasts in self-defence, is singular, as in those Dragons, who not being able to clime so high as the E∣lephant, spying their prey, cast themselves thereon from a high tree; He is not able to avoid the Serpents circling him, seeks a tree, or a rock to rub against. The Dragon aware of this, clings with his feet about the Elephants taile; he unites the knot: The Dragon flies then, and hides his head in one of the Ele∣phants nostrils, stops his breath, and tears the softest parts: Dragons meeting them, being surprised, stand upright, and make at their eyes most, so that many of them being blind, and famished,* 1.336 are found dead. Among co∣lours, he avoids the light-red, and the white most: We shall shew the cause else-where. That fire frights them, Livy tells us by an ex∣ample of Hannibal, who at the siege of Capua, by fire drove them away: It so terrified them that they fly, and can by no means be brought back again.

Of their Age,* 1.337 men write diversly: Some say they live two hundred years, some three hundered; some say, one hundered and twen∣ty years.

One Sicritus saith, that they live to three hundered, seldome to five hundered, and that they are very strong about the two hunde∣red year of their age. Philostratus relates, that one of those that fought against K. Alexander, live above three hundered and fifty years af∣ter him.* 1.338 I say nothing of Juba his Elephant; and that of Ptolom. Philad. and that of Seleu∣cus Nicanor: At sixty years begins their youth. By the greatnesse of their teeth you may know how long they shall live.

They can endure no cold,* 1.339 that is their greatest bane:* 1.340 They are troubled with wind,* 1.341 and flux of the belly, and feel no other dis∣eases. Yet Aelian speaks of sore eyes.

They that are taken and wounded, their wounds are washed with warme water first; then, if very deep gashed, anoynted with but∣ter; after that, men lay on fresh and bleed∣ing swines-flesh, and so the inflammation is asswaged. Some years, I find they are madde, and then they spare none they meet. A fore∣token thereof is an oyly substance, flowing out of their ears. The cure is, to chide, and rage at them: Their keepers shew, by reason that they are of a base, and degenerate disposition; and that lust casts them into their mad-sits. Men write, that they are troubled with rheums, and that the humour will petrifie, or harden into a kind of stone, whereof there have been a statue shewen. They walk slow∣ly, by reason of their heavy bulk: Yet they say, none is so swift, whom they with their walk cannot overtake. They bend their hams inward like a man:* 1.342 And because his bend∣ing joynts of the legs are not so high, as those of other beasts, but stand lower toward the earth; it is troublesome to the Rider, he being so used to sitting, which yet is to be meant of those that are grown up; Since the young have an easie pace, and as delightfull to the Rider, as that of the ambling Mule.

There are many things that witnesse their singular nature and ingenuety;* 1.343 that it is no wonder, that Pliny calls him the wittiest of all that go on four feet. We said afore, that they fear water, whereof Hannibal had much adoe to bring his to it: and Pliny saith, that at Puteoli, they ran away from the ships for fear. Yet L. Caelius Meteilus joyning tunnes toge∣ther, ferried them over the Sicilian sea, for want of ships. The female is much stronger then the male, as shews plainly a masculine ability. Aristotle yet affirmes them to be more timerous.* 1.344 Opian saith, they can with their tuches turne beeches, wild-olives, and palm∣trees upside down. One of them laid flat a body of a tree of such a vastnesse, that four and twentie men could scarce stir it; and three of them drew a shoar a very great Pinnace. They fight eagerly one with another. The conquered flyes the very voyce of the con∣querour, holding to him earth, and verwain. It come to a proverb, the conquered brings grasse to the conquerer, from hence, yet with Vossius, I can hardly yeeld beleefe to it. They will revenge an injury. One of them kept a nut-shell, that a souldier flung at his face, and many daies after cast it at him again walking in

the same street. They are strangly kind to their keepers, or masters, and also mindfull of any wrong offered them, as Seneca excellently ex∣presses it:* 1.345 the wildnesse of Elephants, condes∣cending to the basest offices deservs them their meat. Strabo saith indeed that some of them have carried their chariotters falne in battail,* 1.346 clearly off, and others have saved others. And Cassiodore writes, that when they thinke that their Masters provision falles short, they will by a certain motion, by meat of diverse, who if they slight them, and regard not answering their desire, they will open a bladder wherein much filth is gathered together, and cast so much out on the refusers houses, that you would thinke there ran a river therein, with that stink revenging the deniall. At Cochin some of them tooke a souldier, and ducked him severall times in the water, because he re∣fused to give their Master the way. Porus an Indian King being almost dispatched with wounds, his Elephant with his trunk plucked out the darts by degrees,* 1.347 and gently, and him∣self being also much wounded, would not fall, till he felt the King slide down from his back, having lost much blood; and then he bowed himself a little, that the King might not tumble down, but reach gently the ground. They by nature fear man, for if he but see the print of humane footing,* 1.348 though he spy not yet the man, he trembles for feare of ginnes, or snares, makes a stand, smels, snufs, and looks about him, puffes, but tramples not on him, but plucks him out, and delivers him over to the next, and he to the next, like a message, and so to the very last of the herd, that goes too and fro, & order themselves, as preparing for a battell. That sent of a mans steps, though bare footed they hold long.* 1.349 Cicero is of opinion that they are great lovers of mankind, and there is a kind of a con∣versation between them. Philos intimates the same, saying, that if be once wonted to man, he suffers any thing from him, imitates all his car∣riages, delights to take food from a mans hand, like dogs, and embraces him with his trunk, suf∣fers a man to thrust his head into his mouth; & hold it there as long as he please. See Athenaeus and Aelian their relations of a certain Elephants love toward an infant.* 1.350 One is said to be in love with an Egyptian Herbwoman; it seemes his choyse was not common, for shee was also very acceptable to Aristophanes the famous Gram∣marian. Many arguments there are of their teachablenesse, which is singular. They will cast weapons into the aire, and catch them again, the wind not carrying them away; they among themselves can set-forth a swore fight; and daunce the armour-daunce sportively: And, which is the greatest wonder, goe on thwart ropes, but better backward, as stooping for∣ward. You find the like, as in Pliny, so in Se∣neca and Suetonius,* 1.351 to say nothing of Xiphi∣linus. At Rome one was taught to tread the maze, without admonition, by night, and was found one night practising by himself by moonshine without bidding. That that Eman▪ the Portugal King presented Pope Leo the tenth with, would with all reverence salute him, looking out of a window, thrice with bended knees, and a lowly posture, and courtesie, as Osorius relates. A••ger. Busbequius also telles, that he saw a young one daunce, and foot it to musique, and tosse a ball with his trunk, as with hands. Those of Zeilan understand languages; one there learnt to write in Greeke these words: I my self have written this, and dedicate these Celticke spoyls.* 1.352 They will feast together like men, and not one of them observed to be greedy after the greater peeces: In drinking, reaching the cup to each other, drinking with their trunks very moderately; then standing round, lightly, and merrily dashing each other. Arrianus boasts that he saw them, as an Ape, imitate, and fain the masters office, and as it were sing and daunce, some leading the way. Among the rest this shews their wit, that, being to passe deep ditches, and hard to be waded through, the greatest standing in the midst, will like a bridge, convey the rest over; others will carry pieces of planks into the ditch, to save him.* 1.353 Besides they know their usuall allowance of food; and can perceive it, if you mingle meal with it, though never so cunningly: And, which is miraculous, one of them would go draw wa∣ter to try, if the kettle had holes in it, or no. They will worship the Sun, and the new Moon; set a wandring man in his right way again; watch adulterers,* 1.354 and murderers, and reveale them: But that they understand, speake and write the native tongue of a land, I count it fabulous.

Of their use in warre,* 1.355 shews, triumphs, and otherwise, shall be spoken elsewhere. Some use of them hath been in food, whence is the name of Elephant-eaters, dwelling about Draba in the Azachaean mountains, and over against Meroe, Authors call them Adjabars, or Maga∣bars. Pliny also saith that the Troglodites hunt,* 1.356 and live most upon them. Their flesh is heavy, cold, and odious. Aelian saith, there is nothing eatable in them, besides the trunke, the lip, and the marrow of their teeth. The Aethiopians desire their hind-parts. But their reins are said to be delicates for Kings. As for medicine; their fat is fabulously said to make him who is noint∣ed therewith, hurt-free, though naked, under the wildest and savagest beasts. The touch of the trunke helps the head-ake,* 1.357 especiall with neezing. His right side bound to red Lemnian∣earth makes lustfull. The liver is good against the falling sicknesse. Smearing with his dung drives away lice.

The Ivory,* 1.358 that is that part especially about the mouth, or teeth, is of a singular nature and use.* 1.359 It may endure moysture, drowth not, and it is subject to rot. It may be soft∣ned, and is by a kind of drink called Zythus, or Beer. When softned, it may be turned and take any shape. Thereof have been made Tables, Beds, Knif-hefts, Swords, Sheaths, Quivers, Scepters, Chariots, Gates, and what not: Whereof search Aldrovandus. It

is pollished like wood,* 1.360 especially with rough skin of a Skate, or Sole. The brightnesse of it is dimmed by womens termes. It is of a binding force, though it have no taste. Those who have tried it, delivers, that it furthers conception, and helps a moyst stomach. The clouds in a face are taken away by the shav∣ings thereof, smeared on with hony. The powder of it cures fellons, mixt with Harts∣horns, it is good against wormes. If burned to ashes, it is called Spodium: But men are cozened with other beasts horns for this. Harts, horne is more used then ivory.

Their differences and kindes,* 1.361 are especially considered from their places by Ancients, and later Writers. Since some of them are fen, some mountain,* 1.362 some field, some wood, or wild Elephants, some Lybian, and Indian. So∣linus mentions Prasian, and Taxilan ones.

Those that haunt marishy-fens, their teeth are pale, thin, rough, and have in many places holes, in some knobs like hail-stones, nor cannot be well wrought on by Art. Those are maddish, and light.

The mountainers are perverse, and crafty, and never trust man, unlesse necessitie drives them to it. Their teeth are lesser, white enough, and not very rough.

Those that live in fields, are accounted gentle, tame, and love to imitate. Their teeth are largest, whitest, and easiest to be cut, and may be brought to what you please.

Those of the woods, in the Kingdome of Senega they are to be found, especially by the River Gambra; there they are by herds, as boors among us.

The Lybian, or Moorish, are lesse then the Indian,* 1.363 and can endure neither the voice, nor sent of these; nay they dare not so much as look on them.

The Indian ones are greatest of all, yet not all of a bignesse.* 1.364 Solinus therefore divides them into two kinds, the nobler are known by their vastnesse, the lesser are called bastards.

The Parsy are the greatest, such as Mada∣gascar produces.* 1.365 Those men call Taxilae, that are in greatnesse next to the former. These you find in Sumatra, very towardly, and ex∣celling those on the Continent in good condi∣tions, and ingenuity.* 1.366 Therefore they have been transported in great ships to the fast land, (from that Island Sumatra) and sold to the Calingian King.

Our Authour promise a discourse of the use of the Elephants in War, and otherwise;* 1.367 whereof are many noble relations extant. As afore he omitted the diseases of the Horse; that are so many, that it is grown to an English proverb, He hath as many diseases as a Horse. He is troubled with Stagger, Bots, Glanders, Vives, Farcive, &c. But I must hold me to trans∣lating.

CHAPTER VI. Of the Vnicorn, and of the Horned-Asses

THe name of Monoceros,* 1.368 that among the Latines sounds so much, as a one∣horned beast, agrees to many crea∣tures; but in a strict sense, is retained to one alone. namely that, who from having but one horn, bears the name of Unicorn. In the Brachmans dialect, called Kartazonon, whether there is, or hath been such a beast in nature: I shall elsewhere examine, after Bac∣cius, and Bartholinus, the great son of so great a father. For present we shall treat hereof briefly, as resting on the fidelity of Relators.

As for the description of the Unicorne,* 1.369 he is said to resemble in his whole body the Horse: He is tailed like a Boor, grins and snarls like a Lyon, headed like an Hart, foot∣ed like an Elephant,* 1.370 furnisht with one onely horn, and that a black one, two cubits long, standing in the midst of his fore-head.* 1.371 Isidore makes him all one with the Rhinoceros, and saith that his horn is so sharp and strong, that what ever he strikes at, he shatters, or peirces it through. There was one seen in the service of the great Cham of Tartary,* 1.372 in the King∣dome of Lambris. They are lesse then Ele∣phants, holding their head downwards, like a Swine, of a prickling tongue, wherewith they get what they meet with; black eyed, and very like the Rhinoceros. Lewis of Bar∣thema of Bononia, writes thus of the Uni∣corns seen by him: There are Dens on the one side of the Temple at Mecca, wherein are kept two Unicorns,* 1.373 that are showen, as the manner is, for a rarity.

Concerning the shape: The greater resem∣bled a Horse-colt of thirty months old; his horn, that he bears on his fore-head, is about three ells in length; the other was a year old, his horn grown to four hand breadth.

The colour of the beast, somewhat darker then that of a Sumpter, or Pack-horse, head∣ed like a Hart, short-necked, and thin-haired thereabout, short-mained, and that hanging only on one side: Small, and slender-legged, like a Hinde: The feet a little cloven afore, Goat-hoofed, the feet hairy on the right side. He seems feirce, and of a nature affecting love∣linesse. I adde not what Garzias hath out of Hortus: They are said to be found in the Arabian Deserts,* 1.374 and to have been seen there by Merchants; as also between the Cape of Good-Hope, and that they call the Currentes. Some are in the Kingdom Basma, and Lam∣bris; some in the utmost parts of Asia, in the Province Macinus, between the mountains of India, and Cathay, where the Serici inhabite. Some in the new world. The Horn is shewen in many places; the most famous are, S. Denys in France, Venetia, Spain, Utrecht, Helvetia, Denmark, Hampton-Court in England,

Windsor, and the Gedansian of Empiricus. That at S. Denys is of greatest note, being rugged, not polished, blackish, and nearest those Ancients describe. Writers differ about the Unicorns horns lenth, Renodaeus makes him as long as a mans hight, he takes it on trust,* 1.375 as we do.* 1.376 Baccius,* 1.377 and Marinus bring it to six cubits: Golnitzius his measure is six foot and an half: Bellonius makes it up full seven foot. Nor do they agree about the weight. Cardan saith, one hath▪ been seen to weigh seventeen pound, and three quarters. Golnitzius rises it to five and twenty. I with Bellonius should judge the horn to weigh eighteen pound, having poysed it in my hand. Baccius thinks the Venetian are right. Mari∣nus, that they are longer then old ones, nor so writhed as Aelians, and so thin, that they cannot be drunk out of. Coloured like a smooth Harts-horn, and pale, not black. They are reported at the siege of Bysantium, to be conveyed to the Venetian Common-wealth, with twelve breast-plates of Imperial Cava∣liers. The Spanish one hath nothing singu∣lar, a piece whereof Phil. IV. presented to Cardinal Francis Barbarine, an eminent man, and most courteous to strang Gentery.

That at Utrecht is as long as that at Paris, and reasonable great; much wreathed at top, and then growing straiter toward the bottome. The outside is of a sand-colour, the inside is whither. It is held in great account, and is shown for a right one, so that Colonia Agrip∣pina, hath bid a great summe of gold for it. That of the Helvetians, was found in the year M.D.XX.* 1.378 at the mouth of the River Arula, near Brugia; white it is within, yellowish with∣out, without writhings, two cubits long, but as sweet as musk, especially if it be near the fire. The Danish, one is kept in Fredericks-Burgs Castle, above seven Roman-foot long, if we except that part within the hollow, which Bar∣tholine conceives to be above a foot, it is seven fingers about, writhed all along, and sharp∣pointed at top; the colour mixt of white, and ash-colour, and in some of the spaces channeld, and chamfered with black, and duskish streaks. That of the Venetian Merchants, was brought out of Germany, promising by the bright, and divers colour'd shape, that it is a right one; and the rather, because there fall pieces from it, if you shave it, not like teeth, and shavings, that can be crumbled; but there come thence shavings that are clammy, and yeelding, as any other cut hornes. I can say litle of the Ge∣danensian one. Empiricus returning from Con∣stantinople, not long ago, magnified it highly. More about this beast Aelian tells us,* 1.379 saying, that among all beasts he hath the must absur'd vile voyce; that if other beasts come to him, he is gentle, but ever fighting with those of his owne kind; the males do not onely quarrell, but they also with the females, so that they kill one other. His whole body is very strong, but his horn invincible. He seeks deserts, and goes ever alone wandring. At coupling-time the male is tamer, and feeds quietly with the female; when that time is over, and the female begins to swell, the male returns to his former fiercenesse, and betakes him to his wandring lovelinesse. Men say that there were some of their young ones brought to the Prasian-King, and that on feast, and triumph-dayes, they were put together to fight, to shew their strength: for no man ever remembers that one growen up, hath been taken. So far Aelian. Some add,* 1.380 that this beast loves young Virgins so, that if one spreads but her lap, as he comes, he will lay his head there, and fall in a slumber, and is so taken. For their use, all know how they are commended for the soverain vertue of their horne against venome, for where poyson is, it sweats, and drops stand on it; and so, as some think, the right horn is knowne. Aloysius Mundella, commends it against the bite of a mad dog, and other mischievous beasts, as also of worms. The ancient Indian Kings, who first arrived at the knowledge of this horne, made cups of it for themselves, that drinking out of them, they might fence themselves against poyson, drunkennesse, cramp, falling sicknesse, and other malignant diseases.* 1.381 A Iew of Venice, made a circle on a table with that horn, and cast then a Scor∣pion, and a Spider within it, who had not the power to passe that circle: after that they being pluckt by it a hand high, whether by the sha∣dow of it, or the vertue flowing from it, they were both kill'd, within the space of an hour. No wonder then that it is so valued,* 1.382 that Ger∣man Merchants ask'd for one of them 90000 crowns; and the Pope, setting up a kind of an Apothecaries shop in the Vatican, gave 12000 pieces of gold to the Epidaurian Merchants, for a piece of an Unicorns horne; of the which Austin Ricchus the Popes then chief Physitian, used to put now a scruple, now 10 grains in wine, or cordiall water, and administred it with great successe. And thus shall serve now to have spoken of the Unicorn, we shall say more elsewhere.* 1.383 Concerning horn'd Asses, I find them cried up in three places, namely in India, Scythia, and Africa. Herodotus mentions the African. Aelian saith that they hold the water of the River Styx, and were sent in yron ves∣sels by Alexander to Delphos, to be there de∣dicated to Pythia.* 1.384 Of the Indian ones, the same Aelian thus: I have been informed, that there are wild Asses, no lesse then Horses bred among the Indians, white bodied, onely purple-headed, and blew-eyed, and that they bear a horn in the forehead, a cubite and half long; the upper-part whereof is light red, the lower white, and the middle coalblack; and that, not all, but the principall Indians have hang'd them as bracelets on their arms, and set them off with gold, and have use to drink out of the same. They report, that, who so uses to drink out of this horn, shall be free from incurable diseases, nor shall be ever troubled with convulsion fits, nor ever toucht with the falling-sicknesse, nor tainted with any poyson;

nay, that if he hath drunk any venome, he shall cast it up again,* 1.385 and recover his health. And when other Asses, all the world over, whether tame, or wild, and all other wholehooft beasts have, as it is said, nor ankles, nor gall in their liver: These Indian Asses onely have ankles, and these black, and that within, if you break them, neither want they a gall; and that in swiftnesse, they exceed not onely by much other Asses, but also by far both Elephants and Horses. And when they come first on the way, their pace is but slow at beginning, but then they mend it by degrees, and at length none can overtake them. After the females have brought forth, the sires very carefully looke to the colts, and their haunt is in the most desert parts of India: when the Indians hunt them, they hold the colts feeding behind them, and fight for them: they dare meet the horsemen face to face, and make at them with their hornes. So strong they are, there is no re∣sisting of them, they make all yeeld, or what will not. They break, or so shatter, that it become uselesse, and is quite spoyl'd. If they meet with horses they rend, and tear their sides in pieces, that their very guts fall out, so that horsemen are affraid to come near them, knowing that the approach is the utter lamen∣table destruction, both man and horse, they lay finely about them with their heels. What ever they bite, they make an utter riddance of it. If they be once grown up, they are not to be taken; they are kill'd with darts and arrows. Their flesh is so bitter, it is not to be eaten. Philostratus writes almost the same.* 1.386 The figure that we have here added, is of a wild beast∣bodied, and eared like an Asse, armed with two hornes, one shooting out of his nostrills, the other about his eys; but because it is not whole∣hoof'd, nor one-horn'd, it cannot be the In∣dian Asse.

Notes

• * 1.1

  ••••drov. de ••••lidiped.
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.3

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.4

  ••••n. ••••••idipe∣••••. ••••za So∣••••edem.
• * 1.5

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.6

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.7

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.8

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 A. l. 2.
• * 1.9

  ••••stotle.
• * 1.10

  ••••nys.
• * 1.11

  ••••lyc.
• * 1.12

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.13

  ••••iq.
• * 1.14

  ••••man.
• * 1.15

  ••••arch.
• * 1.16

  Capitoli∣nus.
• * 1.17

  Ioseph.
• * 1.18

  Barbar.
• * 1.19

  Itiner.
• * 1.20

  Ludo.
• * 1.21

  Rom.
• * 1.22

  Navig, l. 4. c. 11.
• * 1.23

  The Name.
• * 1.24

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.25

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.26

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.27

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.28

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.29

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.30

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.31

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.32

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.33

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.34

  Varin.
• * 1.35

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
• * 1.36

  Isidor.
• * 1.37

  Orig.
• * 1.38

  l. 12. c. 43.
• * 1.39

  Isid.
• * 1.40

  Porph.
• * 1.41

  The parts.
• * 1.42

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.43

  Xene∣phon.
• * 1.44

  Vegetius.
• * 1.45

  Nolanus.
• * 1.46

  (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.)
• * 1.47

  Xeno∣phon.
• * 1.48

  Aristotle.
• * 1.49

  Plin.
• * 1.50

  Plutar.
• * 1.51

  Sertorius.
• * 1.52

  Arist.
• * 1.53

  Plin.
• * 1.54

  Arist.
• * 1.55

  Arist.
• * 1.56

  Plin.
• * 1.57

  Arist.
• * 1.58

  H. A. l. 6. c. 22. Xeno.
• * 1.59

  Varro.
• * 1.60

  Absyrtus.
• * 1.61

  Columel.
• * 1.62

  Hesy••.
• * 1.63

  Varin.
• * 1.64

  Pet.
• * 1.65

  Crescenti Cardan.
• * 1.66

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.67

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.68

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.69

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.70

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 42. & 11. 37.
• * 1.71

  Arist. H. A. l. 2. c. 15.
• * 1.72

  Arist.
• * 1.73

  Plin. l. 8. c. 42 & 24. 13.
• * 1.74

  Arist. H. A. 16. 15.
• * 1.75

  Colum. R. R. l. 6. c. 27
• * 1.76

  Plin.
• * 1.77

  Arist.
• * 1.78

  Colum.
• * 1.79

  Plin. l. 1. c. 24.
• * 1.80

  Hist.
• * 1.81

  Bel.
• * 1.82

  Afri.
• * 1.83

  Scalig. Ex. 206. 5.
• * 1.84

  Aelian. H. A. ••. 41. c. 15.
• * 1.85

  ••.
• * 1.86

  Ven.
• * 1.87

  Herod.
• * 1.88

  Arist.
• * 1.89

  Veget.
• * 1.90

  Colum.
• * 1.91

  Varin.
• * 1.92

  ••ge.
• * 1.93

  ••lin. 4. 42.
• * 1.94

  ••lin.
• * 1.95

  ••rist.
• * 1.96

  ••endring.
• * 1.97

  ••rist. H. A. •• 6. c. 12.
• * 1.98

  ••rist.
• * 1.99

  ••enanim. ••5.
• * 1.100

  ••rist. ••. A. •• 5. c. 14. •• 6. 24.
• * 1.101

  ••••in. ••o. c. 63.
• * 1.102

  Martyr. ••lum. •• R. ••. 1. 28.
• * 1.103

  The Author adds much of this stuffe, that I will not translate.
• * 1.104

  Aristo.
• * 1.105

  Abscyrtus.
• * 1.106

  Plin.
• * 1.107

  Var. R. R. l. 2. Pl. l. 8. c. 42. Soli. Poly. c. 36.
• * 1.108

  August. de civit. Dei l. 21. c. 5.
• * 1.109

  Plin. H. N. l. 11. c. 47.
• * 1.110

  Hee was himself a monster.
• * 1.111

  De rer. var. l. 7. c. 33.
• * 1.112

  His voyce.
• * 1.113

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.114

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.115

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.116

  Of their motion, and pace.
• * 1.117

  Card. l. 13. c. 3.
• * 1.118

  De var. rer.
• * 1.119

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.120

  Horat. l. 2. od. 16.
• * 1.121

  N. H. l. 15. c. 21.
• * 1.122

  p. 40.
• * 1.123

  Their nature.
• * 1.124

  Aphor. 5. 2. 45.
• * 1.125

  Paul. Vener. l. 9. c. 47.
• * 1.126

  Paul.
• * 1.127

  Venet. l. 9. c. 47.
• * 1.128

  Aelia. H. A. l. 16. c. 24.
• * 1.129

  Their inward senses.
• * 1.130

  Sueton. i•• Caesare.
• * 1.131

  Scalig. exerc. 209. 5. 1.
• * 1.132

  ••••idas in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.133

  ••. 8.
• * 1.134

  Hi. N. l. 8. c. 42.
• * 1.135

  Pausanias in Corin∣thiacis.
• * 1.136

  Their Sympa∣thy, and Anti∣pathy.
• * 1.137

  Herod. Hist. l. 1. c. 15.
• * 1.138

  Plin. H. N. l. 20. c. 20.
• * 1.139

  Colum. R. R. l. 6. c. 30.
• * 1.140

  H. A. l. 13. c. 27. Plut. Symp. l. 6. q. 8.
• * 1.141

  Their use.
• * 1.142

  Bruyer. l. 13. c. 42. Plin. H. N. l. 18. c. 10.
• * 1.143

  l. 2. carm.
• * 1.144

  Cro. Hist. Polon. l. 29.
• * 1.145

  l. 4. de morb. l. 28. c. 9.
• * 1.146

  H. P. l. 9. c. 13.
• * 1.147

  Their use in Phisique.
• * 1.148

  M. M. l. 2. c. 75.
• * 1.149

  Her. Barb.
• * 1.150

  Plin. Veger. l. 1. c. 17.
• * 1.151

  extus.
• * 1.152

  ••olcil. ••on.
• * 1.153

  ••alen. ••porist. ••. c. 38.
• * 1.154

  Plin. Ma••cellus. Sextus.
• * 1.155

  In Sici∣lia.
• * 1.156

  H. Angl. l. 1. Strabo. Geog. l. 16.
• * 1.157

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.158

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
• * 1.159

  Martial. Epigram.
• * 1.160

  Absyrtus.
• * 1.161

  Hist.
• * 1.162

  Hisp. p. 1. c. 2.
• * 1.163

  Vegetius.
• * 1.164

  Oppianus. ceneg. l. 1.
• * 1.165

  H. A. •• l. 12. c. 9.
• * 1.166

  Herbersti∣nius.
• * 1.167

  Strabo.
• * 1.168

  Absyr.
• * 1.169

  Oppian.
• * 1.170

  Vegetius.
• * 1.171

  Arist. A. H. l. 7. c. 5.
• * 1.172

  Crome∣rus.
• * 1.173

  l. 16. c. 37. H. H. In veteri∣naria.
• * 1.174

  Absyrtus.
• * 1.175

  ••agri. ••aus ••agnus l. 1•• 65.
• * 1.176

  ••icho. ••1. c. 6.
• * 1.177

  ••••syrtus.
• * 1.178

  ••noba∣••••
• * 1.179

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.180

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. ••mer. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.181

  ••pian.
• * 1.182

  ••••mer.
• * 1.183

  ••••beati. ••nstra∣••••i.
• * 1.184

  The wall-eyed are skewish.
• * 1.185

  Varro. Cassius Medicus. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.186

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.187

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.188

  Value.
• * 1.189

  H. N. l. 8. c. 43.
• * 1.190

  Name.
• * 1.191

  A sedendo Isidor••s. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.192

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.193

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.194

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Descrip. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Hesych.
• * 1.195

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.196

  Pliny.
• * 1.197

  Place.
• * 1.198

  Feed.
• * 1.199

  Colum. R. R. l. 7. c. 1.
• * 1.200

  Or Chry∣sippus.
• * 1.201

  Kranzius. Sax. l. 6.
• * 1.202

  Engender∣ing.
• * 1.203

  H. A. l. 10. c. 28. H. N. l. 16. c. 20.
• * 1.204

  Gen. 36. 24.
• * 1.205

  The fol∣lowing passage 〈◊〉〈◊〉 list not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 English. Their enmity.
• * 1.206

  Exerc. 152.
• * 1.207

  What they lo••••••
• * 1.208

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.209

  ••oyce.
• * 1.210

  ••••seases.
• * 1.211

  ••. A. l. 14. •••• 10.
• * 1.212

  ••heir na∣••re.
• * 1.213

  ••o••tish∣••••esse.
• * 1.214

  •••• descr. ••fricae.
• * 1.215

  ••ist. ••uadrup. •• Asino.
• * 1.216

  Their use in food lib. 3. de aliment. facult.
• * 1.217

  H. N. l. 8. c. 43.
• * 1.218

  Vse in Physick.
• * 1.219

  L. 6. de tuen. sa.
• * 1.220

  Plin. H. N. l. 23. c. 5. 28. c. 12.
• * 1.221

  H. N. l. 11. c. 41.
• * 1.222

  Plin. H. N. l. 11. c. 41.
• * 1.223

  Plin. H. N. lib. 28. c. 16.
• * 1.224

  In Praxi∣chim.
• * 1.225

  Lib. 28. H. N. c. 16.
• * 1.226

  Plin. l. 10. c. 19.
• * 1.227

  Plin. l. 26. c. 16. and 28. 15.
• * 1.228

  L. 28. c. 16.
• * 1.229

  Differen∣ces.
• * 1.230

  Pontanus.
• * 1.231

  Xeno∣phon.
• * 1.232

  Exercit. 117.
• * 1.233

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.234

  H. Eccl. l. 9.
• * 1.235

  Cyn••g l. 3.
• * 1.236

  Lucian.
• * 1.237

  Their nature, and fashions.
• * 1.238

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 44. & Soli••us.
• * 1.239

  Vse.
• * 1.240

  Exerc. Zob. 5. 4.
• * 1.241

  Kindes. Sc••liger.
• * 1.242

  Name.
• * 1.243

  R. R. l. 6. c. 36.
• * 1.244

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. c. 44. Nonius.
• * 1.245

  R. R. l. 2. c. 8.
• * 1.246

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
• * 1.247

  Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.248

  Descrip∣tïon.
• * 1.249

  Xenoph.
• * 1.250

  Ruellus. s. Hierocle
• * 1.251

  Place.
• * 1.252

  Herodo∣tus.
• * 1.253

  Fran.
• * 1.254

  Lopoz.
• * 1.255

  Diodor.
• * 1.256

  Siculus.
• * 1.257

  Strabo.
• * 1.258

  Geog. l. 11. & 12
• * 1.259

  Feed.
• * 1.260

  Engend∣ring. Arist. de Gen. c. ult.
• * 1.261

  Smell.
• * 1.262

  Sympa∣thy. Antipa∣thy.
• * 1.263

  R. R. l. 2. c. ••.
• * 1.264

  Plin. l. utr. anim.
• * 1.265

  H. N. l. 8. c. 44.
• * 1.266

  Arist.
• * 1.267

  H. A. l. 6. c. 24.
• * 1.268

  Vse.
• * 1.269

  Plin.
• * 1.270

  H. N. l. 8. c. 45.
• * 1.271

  Kinds.
• * 1.272

  Theo∣phrastus, Aldro∣vand. l list. quad. l. 1. c. 8.
• * 1.273

  Purchas Plig. l. 7. c. 13. 5. 7.
• * 1.274

  Arist.
• * 1.275

  P••ga••. de••c. r••g. Congo.
• * 1.276

  Aldr.
• * 1.277

  H. q. l. 4. c. 9.
• * 1.278

  Name.
• * 1.279

  Vincen. Beilun. Martin. in Lexi.
• * 1.280

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.281

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.282

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.283

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.284

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.285

  Helye. Bari••.
• * 1.286

  P••••n.
• * 1.287

  Descript.
• * 1.288

  Cassiod.
• * 1.289

  Plin.
• * 1.290

  H. H. l. 8. c. 9.
• * 1.291

  Solinus.
• * 1.292

  H. N. l. 11. c. 39.
• * 1.293

  Plin. H. H. l. 35. c. 5.
• * 1.294

  Geog. l. 15. Oppian. Cyneg. l. 2. v. 519.
• * 1.295

  Solin. c. 43. Plin. l. 6. c. 30.
• * 1.296

  Cadamust.
• * 1.297

  Aelian.
• * 1.298

  Arist.
• * 1.299

  H. A. l. 2. c. 6.
• * 1.300

  Arist.
• * 1.301

  H. A. l. 2. c. 5.
• * 1.302

  H. N. l. 8. c. 10.
• * 1.303

  Polyb. Guloss.
• * 1.304

  Arist.
• * 1.305

  H. A. l. 1. c. 11.
• * 1.306

  Cic. l. 2. de nat. Deo. Cas. l. 10. variorum.
• * 1.307

  And take up bur∣dens; discharge a pistoll, as I have seen. l. 8. a. 1. ad 12.
• * 1.308

  Plin. l. 11. c. 46.
• * 1.309

  Arist.
• * 1.310

  H. A.
• * 1.311

  H. N. l. 11. c. 37.
• * 1.312

  H. A. l. 2. c. 17.
• * 1.313

  H. A. l. 4. c. 31.
• * 1.314

  Place.
• * 1.315

  Plin. H. N. l. 6. c. 3o.
• * 1.316

  Plin. H. N. l. 6. c. 20. 21.
• * 1.317

  Iohan. Metellus.
• * 1.318

  Var••o∣mann 〈◊〉〈◊〉 de Baros. Paul. Ven••t••s.
• * 1.319

  Meat, and drinke.
• * 1.320

  Plin.
• * 1.321

  H. N. l. 8. c. 12.
• * 1.322

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.323

  H. A. l. 8. c. 8.
• * 1.324

  Engen. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.325

  Plin.
• * 1.326

  Arist.
• * 1.327

  H. A. l. 5. c. 2. & 5. 14.
• * 1.328

  I will not translate all•• nor is it fit. wh••t they are ashamed to doe, I will bl••••••h to write. If they then spy any spi••s, they will kill them, if they can.
• * 1.329

  H. A. l. 4. cap. 31.
• * 1.330

  Exer. 204.
• * 1.331

  Aelian.
• * 1.332

  Plin.
• * 1.333

  Enmity.
• * 1.334

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. 11. A. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 16. c. 44.
• * 1.335

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.336

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.337

  Age.
• * 1.338

  Strabo.
• * 1.339

  Plin.
• * 1.340

  Arist.
• * 1.341

  Cadamust.
• * 1.342

  Pliny.
• * 1.343

  Var••om. G••••lisu••. Their Na∣ture and Wit. Po••yb. H. lib. 5. Livy l. 21.
• * 1.344

  Ver••om.
• * 1.345

  Seneca.
• * 1.346

  Geor. l. 15.
• * 1.347

  Plutar. de Sol••r. Animn.
• * 1.348

  P••in. H. N. l. 8. c. 12.
• * 1.349

  Philos. de via•• Ap∣po••lon.
• * 1.350

  Plin.
• * 1.351

  Seneca Ep. 86. Sueton.
• * 1.352

  Plin. H. N. l. 8. Aeli. H. A. l. 8. c. 32. and 10.
• * 1.353

  Plutarch. Aelian.
• * 1.354

  Aelian.
• * 1.355

  Vse.
• * 1.356

  H. N. l. 8. c. 8. Phrasis.
• * 1.357

  Aelian.
• * 1.358

  Ivory.
• * 1.359

  Pliny.
• * 1.360

  Hist. Quad. l. 1. c. 20. Plin.
• * 1.361

  Diffe∣rences.
• * 1.362

  Philast. Aelian. Pliny.
• * 1.363

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.364

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.365

  Scalig. Exer. 204.
• * 1.366

  Aelian. H. H. l. 16. c. 15.
• * 1.367

  The Transla∣tor.
• * 1.368

  Aldrov. H. Quad. l. 1. c. 16.
• * 1.369

  Strabo.
• * 1.370

  Plin.
• * 1.371

  Solinus.
• * 1.372

  M. Paul. Venet. l. 3. c. 15.
• * 1.373

  Vartom l. 1. c. 18.
• * 1.374

  Bartholi. de Unicor. c. 24. Car. H. Arom. l. 1. c. 14. Paul. Venet. Aene. Sylv. Cadam.
• * 1.375

  Baccius, l. 2. c. ult.
• * 1.376

  Renod. l. 3.
• * 1.377

  Pharin. c. 21.
• * 1.378

  Bartholin. de Unicor. c. 27.
• * 1.379

  H. A. l. 16. c. 20.
• * 1.380

  Albert. H. A. l. 22.
• * 1.381

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.382

  Baccius.
• * 1.383

  l. 4. H. A. l. 1••. c. ••••.
• * 1.384

  l. 4. c. ••2.
• * 1.385

  Cresias.
• * 1.386

  Vit. Apol∣lon. l. 9.