A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.

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Title
A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P.
Author
Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.
Publication
Amsterdam :: Printed for the widow of John Jacobsen Schipper, and Stephen Swart,
1678.
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Subject terms
Animal behavior -- Early works to 1800.
Zoology -- Pre-Linnean works.
Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works.
Link to this Item
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001
Cite this Item
"A description of the nature of four-footed beasts with their figures en[graven in brass] / written in Latin by Dr. John Johnston ; translated into English by J.P." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A46231.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 25, 2025.

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CHAPTER II. Of the Asse.

NExt the Horse, I shall treat of the Asse, a beast contemptible indeed, but no lesse usefull.* 1.1 Certainly the report goes, that it is above beleefe, almost how gainfull they proove to their owners: and it is said for certain, that a Shee-asse there was, that brought in more then any the most fruitfull farme:* 1.2 for it was knowne, as we read in Pliny, that in Celtiberia, Shee-asses each yeelded 400000 pieces of mony, so fruit∣full they were. No wonder therefore that Q. Axius the Senatour, gave 400 pieces for an Asse; and that Heliogabalus distributed Asses for rich magnificent presents, and donatives to the people of Rome.* 1.3 The name the Asse hath obtained among the Romans (Asinus) is not derived from A, and Sinos, as if he were a senselesse beast, as Bartholomaeus plays upon the word; but from sitting, as one should say, a Waine,* 1.4 or Waggon; or rather from the He∣brew word Ason, that signifies an Asse. The Greeks call him Onos, because helpfull to us in our works; unlesse it were better to say, from the Palish, wan colour, whence also it is thought that the same name (Asellus) is put on the cod∣fish. The Cyrenenses call him Brikos, from his untowardnesse;* 1.5 Aristophanes, Boupalas, as a man should say, blockish as an ox. Nicander, Broomaees, the brayer;* 1.6 and from his hideous absurd voyce, Megamocos; Eustathius and Sui∣das, Kanthoon, from his packsadle; Hezyc. and

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the Dores, Killos; others, Koothulos, Lepargos, from his whitish bowells;* 1.7 Cyrill, Memmemnoon, Monios; which yet the Phocenses give onely to those that are sent in hast: Also Keeloon he is called; and Okribas, that is, wild; Ogkistees, from braying. If you looke on his Description, his eares are long and broad, proportionable to his body; he is thick lipped, great headed, there are black streaks on his neck, and feet. In the enterance of his skin, he bears the shape of a crosse, in which place also his burdens fall more uneasie to him, then near his reines, be∣cause he is there weakerboned. His hair very rough, and unfit to make cloaths; his bowells white; he is fairer hang'd then any other of the fourfooted beasts;* 1.8 Nicander calls it Korooneen, he fors teeth both male, and female loose at 30 months old; the second, in the sixth month, and if they bring no yong, afore they shed their last teeth, they are undoubtedly barren. Their skin is so tough,* 1.9 and thick, that they scarce feel a club. The heart, very great, as in all timerous beasts, or those out of fear doe mischief. The blood extream thick, fat, and black.

As for places,* 1.10 the Nomades have them not, by reason of the coldnesse of the region; there∣fore northward you find but few. Very many are found in Italy, France, Germany, Greece, as we shall see in their differences;* 1.11 their food is of the meanest. For even, where there are no pastures,* 1.12 they will be fed with anything, and a little serves their turne; for they will eat leaves, and thorns, and willow spruggs, or bavins, if you lay them afore them. They thrive on chaff, that you may find every where in abundance. Therefore Tetzes, declaring a cities utter ruïne, said wittily, that he fears it should prove Asses-provender. He delights in reed, that to other beasts is poyson; and in figs, the which when one had greedily eaten, and a boy desired that wine (or grapes,) should be also given to him. Philemon (the Poët) seeing the Asse eat them, died with laughing.* 1.13 But so great cost was layd out on Christian the Bishop of Mentz his Asses,* 1.14 as might have well maintained a mighty Princes family. They say also that drinking of water, battens them, and that the more they drink, the more they thrive by their provender.* 1.15 They are very lustfull, which ap∣pears by the brazen Asse, that those of Am∣bracia dedicated at Delphos, after their con∣quest over the Molossi, in a night-fight. But that excesse of theirs in venery, it is well knowne, makes them sluggish and barren. Hence it is, that to the Aegyptians they were so hatefull, as Aelian relates.* 1.16 Of their engendring thus Pliny; their soonest bringing forth is after 30 month old, but a full exact birth after three years, as it is with Mares, in the same months, and after the same fashion. The shee-asses brings forth in the twelfth month, for the most part but one at once, for so is her nature, yet twins sometimes, but very rarely. Seven dayes after she will couple, and then conceives; but after again shee will take the hee-asse. She is not wont to doe so, unlesse she bring forth, afore she loose the tooth, whereby her age is knowne; but if she bring forth afore, she shall be fruitfull as long as she lives. She uses to breed all her life long, that is, till she be 30 years old; when their time comes, they must be helped by a kind of midwiferie, for their great toyling weakens them in those parts. They never let the hee stand idle, for rest makes him but worse. They bring the hee and shee to∣gether afore the solstice, that is the longest, or shortest day in the year, that every other year they may bring forth about the same time, which they do the twelfth month after con∣ception. Thus far Pliny. They are use to be sore teated with breeding, therefore at six months end they suffer their hee-colts to suck no more, but suckle their shee-colts almost a whole year. The breeders have milk in the tenth month; Pliny saith, they are never with∣out from the first. If the dames run in rank pasture, it is deadly for the colts to suck for the two first dayes after foaling; they call the dis∣ease Colostratio, coming from the first crudled milke.* 1.17 Anah was the first that brought horses, and Asses together, (whence Mules proceed.) It is worthy our nothing,* 1.18 as Pliny saids, that, especially at the production of Mules, the hair of the ears, and brows are like the dames, and of as many colours, though all the rest of the body be of one colour. They are all at en∣mity with the bird, call'd Aegithus, (that uses to peck-asses galled backs, because these spoyl their nests) as also the Spinus, (the Nightingal, or Thistlefinch.) And among plants, they hate hemlock most. They use to rub themselves against thistles, and so wrong the Aegithus his nest; which shee so dreads, that, hearing but an Asse bray, she casts out all her eggs, and the Chickens fall all out. The Spinus hates the Asse, because he devours so the thistle-flowers, that she lives upon. If in Hetruria they eat but hemlocke, they are taken with a deep sleep, and seaz'd with a senselesnesse, that they seeme stark dead. Scaliger testifies, that many with eating thereof fall a yawning, and then are giddy, and turne round, and fall. What men report of the Crow,* 1.19 Wolf, Rat, and Horse, stands with plain reason.

The Asse loves the Scorpion,* 1.20 and Vines; whereof Merula saith, if one strook by the Scorpion, sit on an Asse upright toward the tayl, the Asse shall feel the anguish in his stead; and that is a signe thereof, that Asse dies fart∣ing. Or if hee, whom a Scorpion hath stung, whisper the Asse in the eare, saying, a Scorpion hath stung mee, the pain shall leave him, and passe into the Asse. But it is observed, that, if an Asse crop a vine-branch off, from that time the vine shall take better, and prove more fruitfull: and that those that have studiously endeavoured this, have gain'd yearly an ample vintage. Men use to fetch the water of the river Styx, onely in an Asses hoof; and that Empedocles could allay east-winds with botles made of asses-hides: I know not whether these

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are to be reckoned among the examples of Sympathy. Their life they prolong to the thirtieth year,* 1.21 unlesse they be worn out with overhard labour. The shee-asse is more lively then the hee.

Their voyce is braying, or onking, as Scaliger will have it,* 1.22 and wee read of that they call Bromomai, and Mycaomai by the Greeks. They only among the hairy beasts are free from not only lice,* 1.23 but also loosnes, and chapp∣ing of the skin. They are troubled with rheums, and insatiable hunger, and that most, if they carry figs dried, and apples. They call it Malida, which arises in the head, and causeth much red and yellow stuff to run out of the nostrills; which should it fall down on his lungs, would kill him,* 1.24 as it is said. Aelian reports that the Maurusian Asses, assoone as they come into the highway, ridd ground with such incredible swiftnes, that they rather do fly, then run; but then they are soon tired, their feet, and spirits fayling them, and when goaded on to mend their pace, stand stone still, and weep bitterly. See in Aldrovandus, how their halting may be cured. That, as Pliny writes, they take heed of water,* 1.25 and feare to dip their feet in it; that (wonderfull to be related) though very thirsty, if the water be changed, you must force them to drink, and unload him also; that grinning, gaping, and unhandsome shewing their teeth, they seeme to laugh. That they will pisse, when they see others stale afore them, or upon dung; that they are not much troubled with monthly terms; that, when they drinke, that thrust not their nose farre in, certainly because of the sha∣dow of their eares. Lastly, that they, of all beasts, except the mouse, are most quick of hearing; all this belongs to their nature. All men know, that they are condemned to the priveledge of singular stupid dulnes, whence blockish men have obtained deservedly the name of Asses;* 1.26 whereof Aldrovandus at large. Yet some examples shew, that they may be taught,* 1.27 for Cardan, out of Leo Africanus, writes, that Asses can daunce to the pipe, and with a word whispered in their eare, will of their owne accord ly down on their back, and hold their eyes close shut, and as if they had drunk poyson, swell, nor can be brought for a time by threats, entreaties, nor blows to rise up, but will start up on a sudden, and jolly, allur'd by stroaking, and flattering, and by promis that they shall carry a beautifull woman; but when they shall heare that they are to carry old crones, or decrepid women, they shall hang their eares, and fain themselves lame; and being asked whether they love fair mayds, they shall beckon a yea with their head; nay, they shall pick out the fairest in the company. Gesner, having been an eye-witnes,* 1.28 reports the like of a shee-Asse of Iohn à Grua the juggler. Shee, saith hee, would first daunce three severall kinds of daunces, as the musick changed; and that with her forefeet held up, with great ala∣crity, and anone, as if all her jollity were turn'd into the deepest sorrow, cast herself all along on the ground, and there ly stone still, as struck with an apoplexy, and could not be brought to stir, with spurning, or kicking: after being bid to greet all the beholders, shee would, like a man, turne her eyes and head toward them all, and salute them, doing obeysance with her forefeet: and, which was the greatest wonder of all, shee, to the amazement of the bystan∣ders, would cast her body through a hoop, at her masters beck; as cleverly as a dog should leap through. Lastly, like a dogge, shee would take up an handkerchief, or glove dropt on the ground, and restore it to the owner. They are so fond on their colts, that they will run through fire to come at them; and are so lo∣ving to their kind, that they swound, if they see them dy. It is also observed, that the shee∣ashe takes speciall heed, that shee bring not forth afore any mans eyes, or in the light. When shee is overloaden, shee shews it by hanging down her eares.

That Asses flesh hath serve for food, is witnest by Galen.* 1.29 The story also of Charles V. relates the Spanjards did sometime eat it. Wee know also, that M.D.XVI. at the siege of Verona, it was counted a dainty, when they used lentils, and beanes but seldome. The Persians also on their birth-feast-day would rost an Asse whole, and reckoned it among Princely delicates. Me∣caenas, saith Pliny, was the first who appointed Asse-colts in feasts, at that time prefer'd afore wilde Asses;* 1.30 after his time the tast grew out of request. That they are ill tasted, and hard of disgestion, and spoil the stomach, they that have fed on them can witnes.* 1.31 The Physitians have brought into use Asses milk, blood, flesh, liver, spleen, yard, stones, hoofs, scurf, stales and dung.* 1.32 Galen saith, their milk is thinnest, if com∣pared with that of the cattell that we use to milke: but thick, if compared with that of ca∣mels and Mares. Unlesse we so distinguish he must be said to contradict himself; since Pliny also writes, that camels-milk is thinnest, next that of Mares, the shee-asses so thick that men use it in stead of curds. It is best, if she be well, well fed, young, and shortly after her foaling. Physitians advise, some of them, that they that are in a consumption,* 1.33 should suck it themselves, that it abate not of the native warmth. Galen prescribe it to yong man, who was wasted away, mixt with hony, as soon as he came out of a bath. The same drunke alone refresheth an exulcerated stomack; and is commended against a cough, leannes,* 1.34 and spitting of blood. Drinking it helps a sore breast, as Pliny delivers; and taken in with hony it helps monthly terms. It is not good for a weak, or giddy, swimming head. It helps against parget, ceruse, brim∣stone, and quicksilver. Gargling it is most com∣fortable for exulcerated jaws. There are exam∣ples of some helped of the gout by drinking Asses-milk. And some eased of that gowtish pain, by drinking the whey thereof.* 1.35 It is thought to help somewhat to the making wo∣mens skin white. It is certain that Domitius Nero his Poppaea carried still along with her

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500 bigbellied Asses, and bathed her whole body in the milk, on a conceit that it saftned and suppled her skin.

The blood, some say, stanches a flux of blood out of the brain.* 1.36 Pliny sayes, that it is said to cure a quartan ague, if the patient drink three drops of the blood taken out of a vein in the Asses-eare,* 1.37 in a pinte and a half of water. Hart∣mannus commends the same taken after the ears, as extreme good against madnesse. Lin∣nen never used afore is thereby softened, and bleached; whereof a part is softned in a draught of spring-water, and the water taken in against frenzy. Aelian witnesses the same of Asses flesh; and that one Bathylis of Candia was recovered of lunacy thereby, it being prescribed him. Pliny saith,* 1.38 it cures the Tisick, especially in Achaja: wee read the same in Avicen, who addes that it is given in against the falling sick∣nesse.

The liver also eaten helps against the same disease, but is prescribed to be eaten fasting. Others advise it to be drop'd into the mouth mixt with a little of the universall medicine. The milt is so effectuall against the spleen, that the profit is felt in three dayes usage. The same beaten to powder, and out of water put on the breasts brings the milk into them, if we credit Sextus. The fume is good for old matrices, as Pliny holds. Their Reins in powder given in pure wine, help the bladder, and to hold the water. The Asses genital is conceived, sayes Pliny, burnt to ashes to make hayr come thick, and prevent gray hayrs, if smeare on the new shaven with oyl, and pounched to powder with lead. His right stone drunke in wine, or bound to the arme provokes lust. Either of them helps against witchraft. Wrapping infants in the skin keeps them from frighting.* 1.39 A ring made of his hoof, if there be no black in it carried about one inclinable to sounding fits, keeps him from falling. The Asses of the same are also good for that end, drunk many dayes together, and kneaded with oyl dispersse swellings, or bun∣ches. Tarentus used it for a bait to take many fishes. That they call lichen (whether male, or scurf, or tetter) burnt, and powderd, and laid on with old oyle, breeds hayr so, that if you annoint but a womans jaw with it, shee shall have a beard; daubd on with vineger raises from a le∣thargy, or dead sleep. Their stale smeard on with clay takes away corns,* 1.40 and cures hard flesh, saith Marcellus. Savanarola hath written that it is good against an ill savour of the no∣strils. Dioscorides, that in drinke it helps the ache, and gravell in the reins. Wherefore those of old have still used it.* 1.41 Of their dung, thus Pliny; The dung of the Asse-colt, voided first after his foaling, is called Polea. The Syrians minister it in vineger, and meth against the spleen: The same helps the collick, and bloody flux, boyld in wine it greatly relievs the pain of the skin: In three dayes it cures the kings-evill given but as big as a bean in wine. A mares foles dung hath the like efficacy. The same is used to stanch blood. Tarentinus much com∣mends it moystned in Coriander juice, and kneaded with barly-flower, for the taking of trachuris and perch.

I need not speake of their usefulnesse in car∣riage, in the mill, in warre, and at the plow, &c. This may be added, that pipes are made of Asses bones, and are shriller then others; and that the Arabs make parchment of the asse-hide, and cloath of the hayr.

Some differences,* 1.42 and kinds they may be di∣vided into; There are those of Mysia, that are crooked gutted; and Vary so called, such as the Great Turke gave Ferdinand K. of Naples, of a strange hayr,* 1.43 a body streakt, many co∣lourd, and markt with even streaks, Small, such as Illyria, Thrace, and Epire breed. Great ones, such as Antron a City of Thessaly yeelds. Swift, found by Euphrates, that out-run a Horse.* 1.44 Sca∣liger writes that in Aegypt such is the holding out, and fleetnesse of their ambling Asses,* 1.45 that they can without baiting ride their 40 miles a day without taking a hayrs harme.

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