A new English grammar prescribing as certain rules as the languages will bear, for forreners to learn English : ther is also another grammar of the Spanish or Castilian toung, with some special remarks upon

A Grammar of the Spanish or the Castilian Toung.

Of the Spanish Alphabet.

THe Spanish Alphabet consists of the same, and the same nomber of Let∣ters as the English doth, k onely ex∣cepted, which is supplied by c, and somtimes by q, as Kalendar Calen∣dario, Kintall Quintal.

Now the difficulty and difference, which if found in the Spanish Toung, is the pronunciation of these nine letters, b, ç, d, g, j, ll, ñ, x, z; which have a differing prolation in many words.

The first is b which often degenerats into v, as Barba remojada medio rapada, A Beard wetted is half shav'd: where the second b is pronounc'd like v, as if it were written barva; bandera or vandera a banner, bobo or bovo a fool, &c. but when b comes before any of the Liquid Consonants, l, m, n, r, it retains constantly the sound of b, as lumbre light, hablar to speak, &c.

The second is ç call'd C cedilla, which comes not but before a, o, u, and then 'tis pronounc'd like s, as çampoña a Shepherds pipe, quiça it may be, 〈◊〉〈◊〉

lame, çurrador a tanner, &c. and this C cedilla is seldom or never under a great C.

The thi••d is g, which oftentimes degenerats to Ishota, as lenguage lenguaje, a language; page paje, a page; which are pronounc'd both alike superfici∣ally from the Throat, or like the aspiration h, as if they were written lenguahe, pahe; but they have this guttural pronunciation only before e and i, be∣fore a, o, u, they are pronounc'd as in English. And somtimes g turns to x, as tigeras tixeras, a pair of Sheers, &c.

The fourth is j call'd Ishota, as jamas never, jeri∣gonça gibberish, joya a jewel, hijo a son, Iuev••s Thursday, &c. which are pronounc'd in the throat as the former g. But i in general must be pro∣nounc'd in Spanish, as eè in wèe, thee; as Ni olla sin ••ocino, ni Sermon sin Agustino, Nor an ollia without Bacon, nor a Sermon without Saint Austin.

The fift is ll, which is pronounc'd as in French like ll in fille, the second l turning into i, as En casae llena presto se guisa la cena, In a full house Supper is soon dress'd; where llena is pronounc'd as if it were liena: so in llorar to weep, liorar; llevar to carry, lievar; lluvia rain, liuvia. But great care must be taken that the l and i with the next Vowel be pronounc'd as one syllable, making a kind of Dipthong, as Quien no hà visto Sevilla no hà visto maravilla, Who hath not seen Sevill he hath not seen wonders; wher the last l being turned into an i, as Sevilia, maravilia, the lia must be pronounc'd as one syllable l••a: and so in Mundo Mundillo na∣cido

en Bilbao muerto en Bustillo, Such is the world, born in Lancaster dead in London.

The sixth is ñ, call'd N tilde or contilde, which is pronounc'd as if i also immediatly follow'd, as Viña, niña, peral, y havar malas cosas de guardar, A Vine, a Child, a Pear-tree, and a Bean-field are hard to be kept: wher viña and niña must be pro∣nounc'd as if they were written vinia, ninia.

The seventh is u, which often degenerats into a Consonant in Spanish, (as in all other Languages) and then she hath a different clos'd caracter, as v: being still a Vowel u is pronounc'd as oo, as Pan re∣ziente, y uvas, a las moças ponen mudas, y a las viejas quitan las arrugas, New bread and grapes paints young womens faces, and takes away wrinkles from the old; where uvas and mudas are pronounc'd as if they were written oovas, moodas.

The next is x, which is pronounc'd also in the throat, as Xaramago y tocino manjar de hombre mes∣quino, Wild Radish and Bacon is the food of a mi∣serable man: Xabonar cabeça de asno es perdimiento de xabòn, To wash an Asses head is throwing away of Sope: where x is pronounc'd in the throat like g and Ishota, as was formerly said. And indeed he that will pronounce well these three letters in Spa∣nish, must pronounce them as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Greek, which the old Britains in England do pronounce more natu∣rally than any other Euro••ean Nation: And I have observed, that a guttural pronunciation is the mar•• of the antiquity of a Language, for the Hebre•• with her Dialects, the Chaldaic, Syriac and Arabic

with all the Oriental and Southern Languages, be∣sides the Greek, do so.

Z is pronounc'd somtimes as the English pro∣nounce it, as azul blu, azemila a great mule; but somtimes she turns to c, and then she is pronounc'd more rudely, as hazer hacer, &c.

G coming before n is not pronounc'd in Spa∣nish, as digno worthy, significar to signifie, are pronounc'd dino, sinificar; signar to signe, sinar, &c.

Gue and gui, que and qui found in words, are pro∣nounc'd in Spanish as large as the letters will bear, as Aguelo a Granfather, garguero the throat, &c. quento, cinquenta fifty, &c. which the Italian and French do not, but contract them, ghe ghi, che chi: but som are excepted, as quinientos five hundred, quasi almost, which are pronounc'd kinjentos, casi, &c. but especially que and qui, which are pronounc'd ke and ki, &c.

The letter d hath a differing pronunciation in Spanish from other Toungs, for most commonly 'tis pronounc'd meltingly, as th in that or the, as Hom∣bre narigudo pocas vezes cornudo, A long-nos'd man is seldom a Cuckold: which must be pronounc'd, Hombre narigutho poca•• vezes cornutho.

HAving don with the Alphabet, we com now to Syllables, and dictions or words, and first of the Spanish Articles, which are subservient to the de∣clining of all words that are capable of declension, for ther is no other means to know the variation of ••••ses otherwise: now ther are in Spanish three

Articles, the Masculin, the Feminin, and the Neu∣ter, which are declin'd thus:

The Masculin Article is declin'd thus:

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. El, the	Los, the
Gen. del, of the	de los, from the
Dat. al, to the	a los, to the
Accus. el ò a el, the	los ò a los, the
Abl. del, from the	de los, from the.

The Feminin Article is declin'd thus.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. La, the	Las, the
Gen. de la, of the	de las, of the
Dat. a la, to the	a las, to the
Accus. la ò a la, the	las ò a las, the
Abl. de la, from the	de las, from the.

The Neuter thus:

Singular.

Nom. lo, the

Gen. de lo, of the

Dat. a lo, to the

Accus. lo, the

Abl. de lo, from the

It is to be observed that this Neuter Article hath no Plural, nor can it be applied to any Noun either masculin or femi∣nin, but it seems to be rather a Demonstratif Pronoun, for ther are no Neuter Nouns in the Spanish.

The Article El is alwayes put before Nouns of the masculin gender, beginning with a Vowel or Consonant, as el libro the book, el pecho the breast, el ayre the air, &c. And somtimes it comes before Feminins, specially before such as begin with a, to avoid too much gaping, as el alma the soul, el agua the water; not la alma, nor la agua; as also to a∣void Apostrophes, which the Spanish hates.

This Article el becomes somtimes le at the end of a word, and so is ranvers'd: but it becomes so only at the end of Imperati•• Moods, as matadle kill him, abraçadle imbrace him; which are pronounc'd matalde, abraçalde, by postposing the d to the l.

The Spaniards have a peculiar mode of speking to one in the second person, using this Article el and le insteed of vos you; for they hold vos you, to be a mean manner of speking, and use it towards their Inferiors, and is little better esteem'd then tu thou; as Si el hardesto, if you will do this: quiere cenar comigo? will you sup with mee? wheras the words import, if hee will do this, will hee sup with me: Insomuch that the Spaniard herein is higher in complement then the French or Italian, who commonly use you; in lieu wherof the Spaniard useth frequently the third person hee and him, shee and her. But el is often o••itted, being included in the Verb, which is of the third person, as hà comido, have you din'd? wheras it is meant hà el comido. In other cases except the Nominatif le is us'd, as Yo le digo, I tell you, wheras the tru sense is, I tell him.

The Spaniard hath another mode of complement by these two words, vuestra merced your favor, which they generally use insteed of you, and it is a∣bove el the third person formerly spoken; som pro∣nounce it at length, vuestra merced, som vuesa mer∣cè, som vosastè, som vueste; but in writing two letters only stand for it, viz. VM. as Hago brindis a VM. I drink to you: Embio a VM. con el portadòr desta, I send you by the berer herof. Yet the Italian sur∣passeth the Spaniard herin in point of complement, for in lieu of vuestra merced your favor, he useth vostra signoria your Lordship at every word, apply∣ing it to every ordinary Gentleman, as Fo brindesi a vostra signoria, I drink to you; which two words in writing hee expresseth only by VS. as Poco fa chio scrissi a VS. I writ to you lately.

The Feminin Article la comes alwayes before feminin Nouns, as la cabeça the head, la yglesia the Church; but el takes place before words be∣fore words beginning with a, as 'twas said before, as el ama the nurse.

Lo, though it cannot properly be call'd an Ar∣ticle, because ther are no Neuter Substantifs in the Spanish, yet it comes before Adjectifs, and then it hath the power to turn them to Substantifs, as Lo bueno que yo recebia, the good which I receav'd; lo malo que me hizo dios se le perdone, the ill which you did me God forgive you. It comes also very often before and after Verbs, and then somtimes it is a Relatif, somtimes Demonstratif, as lo digo a VM. de veras, I tell it you in good earnest; or digo lo a VM.

de veras: Tengo de hazer lo de buena gana, I will do it willingly.

Of Nouns, and their Genders, and Terminations.

THer are in Spanish, Nouns masculins, and Nouns feminins: Som end in Vowels, viz. e or o, as lumbre light, renombre renown, Cielo hea∣ven, Infierno hell: and 'tis observ'd that ther are but two Nouns feminins which end in o, through all the Spanish Toung, which are mano the hand, nao a ship.

But most Noun Substantifs in Spanish end in one of these Consonants d, l, n, r, s, x, y, z: those that end in d have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Abàd an Abbot, abàdes; mer∣ced a curtesy or favor, mercedes; virtùd virtùdes vertu.

Som terminat in l, and they also have the accent in the last syllable, and the Plural in es, as animal animales, a living creture; b••t••l a boat, ba∣teles; badil a Frying-pan, badiles; caracol a young inail, caracoles; azùl blu, azules, &c.

Som Substantifs end in n, and their Plurals end also in es, as pan bread, almazen a storehouse, cele∣min a peck, sazon seson, A••un the Tunny fish: whose Plurals are panes, almazenes, celemines, sazo∣nes, atunes. And for the most part Sub••tantifs in n have the accent also over the last 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

specially if they end in on, as devociòn, compassiòn, generaciòn, &c.

Som Substantifs end in r, and they also have the accent in the last, and also their Plurals in es, as havàr a Bean-field, havares; mugèr a woman, mugeres; martìr a martyr, martires; açor a hawk açores.

Som Substantifs terminat in s, and they also most commonly have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Diòs God, Dioses; feligrès a parish, feligreses; mès a month, meses; montanès a mountaneer, mountañes.

Other Substantifs end in x, and they commonly are Morisco words, but they often change the x in the Singular to ges in the Plural, carcax a quiver, carcages; relox a clock, reloges, &c.

Som Substantifs end in y, and they also have their Plurals in es, as ley the law, leyes; rey a King, reyes; buey an ox, bueyes.

Lastly, som Substantifs end in z, and they also have the accent at the end, and their Plurals in es, as paz peace, pazes; juèz a judg, juezes; perdìz a partridg, perdizes; toz a cough, tozes; cruz a cross cruzes, &c.

Herby it appeers that the Plural of all Spanish Substantifs end in s, and som Singulars end so, but they are very few.

Of the Declensions of Nouns substantifs proper and common.

IT is to be observ'd that Nouns proper differ from common in two things; first, they have no Prepo∣sitif article, then they have no plural nombers.

Examples of proper Nouns.

Singular.	Singular.
Nom. Carlos Charls	Catarina Katharine
Gen. de Carlos of Charls	de Catarina of Katharine
Dat. a Carlos to Charls	a Catarina to Katharine
Accus. Carlos Charls	Catarina Katherine
Voc. o Carlos to Charls	o Catarina o Katharine
Abl. de Carlos from Charls.	de Catarina from Ka∣tharine.

Instances in common Nouns.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. el Cielo Heven	Los Cielos the Hevens
Gen. del cielo of heven	de los cielos of the hevens
Dat. al cielo to heven	a los cielos to the hevens
Accus. el ò al Cielo heven	los cielos the hevens
Voc. o cielo o heven	o cielos o heaven
Abl. dal cielo from he∣ven.	de los cielos from the hevens.

Singular.	Plural.
Animal a beast	Los Animales
ganapan a porter	los ganapanes
pastor a shepherd	los pastores
relox a watch	los reloxes
muger a woman.	las mugeres.

All which must be declin'd according to the ex∣ample of cielo.

Of Noune Adjectifs, and of their Declensions.

The Spanish Adjectifs have two terminations, one masculin in o, which changeth into a feminin, as virtuoso virtuosa: The other termination is in e, as valiente, and it signifieth both masculin and fe∣minin, as hombre valiente a valiant man, hembra va∣liente a valiant woman, cosa grande a great thing: but heed must be taken to this word grande, for co∣ming before a Substantif that begins with a Conso∣nant, it loseth de, as grancosa, gran Bretaña, &c. but grand becomes a Substantif it self somtimes, as un Grande de España, a high Peer or Grande of Spain, who are permitted to cover themselfs before the King, but when hee speaks to them, or they to him.

The same holds in bueno and malo, good bad, in the Masculin gender, and when it comes be∣fore Substantifs of the masculin only, as tiempo bue∣no,

buen tiempo a good time; hombre malo, mal hom∣bre an ill man.

This abridgment holds also in tanto and quanto, before Adjectifs and Adverbs, and somtimes before Substantifs, as tan rico so rich, tan glorioso so glo••i∣ous, tan tarde so late, tan temprano so early; quan admirable how admirable, quan bien habla vm, how well do you speak? but when tanto and quanto come before these Adverbs mas, menos, more, lesse, they are pronounc'd whole, as also before mayor greter, menor lesser, as Quanto mas yole respeto, tan∣to menos me quiere, The more I respect him, the les∣ser hee loves mee.

Before the Nouns Comparatifs they also keep their whole length, as Quanto mejor es el vino, tan∣to mas se beve, The better the wine, the more 'tis drunk: quanto mayor es el hombre, tanto menor es s•• seguridad, The greter the man is, the lesser is his security.

The Spaniards have a peculiar Idiom, to use que tanto for quanto in Inter••ogations, as que tanto es del mes? what day of the months is it? que tanto ay de Londres a Lancastra? how far is it from London to Lancaster?

The article lo is joyn'd to Neuter Adjectifs, and then it becomes a kind of Substantif, as seas con∣tento con lo tuyo, y no busques lo ageno, Be conten∣ted with thine own, and seek not what is ano∣thers.

Possessif Neuters are made of the Pronouns, lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo, lo nu••stro, mine, thine, his or

hers, ours, yours; as Necio es qui pierde lo suyo, He is a fool who loseth his own: Dios me haga con∣tento con lo mio, God make me contented with mine own.

Of the words mucho, poco, harto; much, little, enough.

Mucho and poco, though they be Adverbs of quantity, yet they become somtimes Nouns Neu∣ters, as Lo mucho que Dios me hà dado, The much that God hath given mee: Lo poco que le pago, The little which I pay him. They are somtimes Adje∣ctifs before inanimated Substantifs, but only in the singular, as Mucho vino emborracha, much wine makes one drunk: mucho azeyte y poeo vinagre hazen buena ensalada, much Oyl and little Vineger make a good Sallet. But in the Plural nomber they are us'd indifferently before any Substantifs, as Muchos componedores cohonden la novia, Many attirers con∣found the Bride: Portugueses pocos y locos, The Por∣tugueses are few and foolish, &c.

Harto enough, is somtimes an Adverb, as Ay harto, si no ay demasiado, Ther is enough, if ther be not too much. Somtimes 'tis an Adjectif, as De∣••pues de harta ca••••a Marta, Martha is merry when she hath enough: Hartos ducados tiene qui se con∣tenta, He hath Crowns enough who is conten∣ted.

Of the Spanish Diminutifs.

THe Spanish is more copious for Diminutifs then other Languages: Som end in illo illa, ico ica, ito ita; as capitanillo a little Captain, muger∣cilla or mugercita a little woman, loquillo loquilla, or loquito loquita a little fool, &c. Som end in elo ela, as borrachuelo a little drunkard, moço moçuelo a little boy, a little maid. But in proper names they have Diminutifs, sub-diminutifs, sub-sub-diminutifs, and sub-sub-sub-diminutifs, as Simòn, Simoncico, Simon∣cicico, Simoncilillo: Francisca, Francisquita, Fran∣cisquicita, Francisquililla, &c.

Of Numerical Nouns, and of their Terminations.

• Vno One
• dos two
• tres three
• quatro fower
• cinco five
• seys six
• siete seven
• ocho eight
• nueve nine
• diez ten
• unze or onze eleven
• doze twelve
• treze thirteen
• catorze fourteen
• quinze fifteen
• dezieys sixteen
• diez y siete seventeen
• diez y ocho eighteen
• diez y nueve nineteen
• veynte twenty
• veynte y uno one and twenty
• veynte y dos two and twenty, and so taking the single nombers a∣foresaid all along.
• ...

• ... Treynta Thirty
• Treynta y uno one and thirty, and so taking the single nombers a∣foresaid.
• quarenta forty
• quarenta y uno one and forty, and so taking the single nombers a∣foresaid.
• cinquenta fifty
• sesenta sixty
• setenta seventy
• ochenta eighty
• noventa ninety
• noventa y uno ninety one, and so taking the single nombers a∣foresaid.
• Ciento a hundred
• dozientos 2 hundred
• trezientos 3 hundred
• quatrocientos 4 hundred
• quinientos 5 hundred
• seys cientos 6 hundred
• setecientos 7 hundred
• ocho cientos 8 hundred
• novecientos 9 hundred
• Mil a thousand
• dos mil 2 thousand
• tres mil 3 thousand, &c.
• Cien mil 100 thousand
• dozientos mil 200 thou∣sand
• quinientos mil 500 thou∣sand
• un millon or un cuento a million
• dos millones two milli∣ons, &c.
• millar a million of mil∣lions.

Observe that this word ciento a hundred, being to be put before a word it loseth the last syllable to, as cien millones a hundred millions, cien soldados a hundred Soldiers, not ciento soldados: and som∣times it becomes a kind of Substantif, as un ciento de hombres a hundred of men, but then un goes before.

Numbers are of two kinds, cardinal, as those which went before, and ordinal numbers, which are Adjectifs, as follows:

• Primero the first
• segundo the second
• tercero the third
• quarto the fourth
• quinto the fift
• sexto the sixt
• septimo or set ••••no the se∣venth.
• octavo the eight
• nono or no veno the ninth
• decimo or dezeno the tenth.

Som stop here the ordinal number, and take the cardinal number to go higher, as soldado onze the eleventh soldier; yet these five are admitted, onzeno the eleventh, dozeno the twelf, trezeno the thir∣tinth, catorzeno the fourtinth, quinzeno the fiftinth; but after, the cardinal number, one, two, three, &c. then you must proceed to vieynteno or vigesimo the twentith, treynteno or trigesimo the thirtith, quaren∣teno or quadragesimo the fortith, cinquenteno or quin∣quagesimo and cinquentesimo the fiftith, sesenteno or sexagesimo and sesentesimo the sixtith, setenteno or setentesimo the seventith, ochenteno or octuagesimo and ochentesimo the eightith, noventeno or noventesi∣mo and nonagesimo the ninetith, centeno or centesimo the hundreth. But it is to be observ'd that primo and tercio, not primero and tercero come after vige∣simo and the rest.

Of Pronouns.

PRonouns are certain words which supply the room of Nouns, and they serve only to demon∣strat the person or thing without naming of it. Ther are divers sorts of Pronouns, as Primitif, Possessif, demonstratif, derivatif, relatif, and reciprocal Pro∣nouns: the Primitif have three persons, which are yo, tu, de si that hath no Nominatif; yo is thus declin'd:

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. Yo I	No ò nosotros we
Gen. de mi of mee	de vos ò vosotros of us
Dat. a mi to mee	a nos ò nosotros to us
Accus. me mee	nos ò nosotros us
Abl. de mi from mee.	de nos ò nosotros from us.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. Tu Thou	Vos ò vosotros Yee
Gen. de ti of thee	de vos ò vosotros of you
Dat. a ti to thee	a vos ò vosotros to you
Accus. te thee	vos ò vosotros you
Voc. o tu o thou	o vos ò vosotros o you
Abl. de ti from thee	de vos ò vosotros from y.

The Singular is the same both for masculin and feminin, but os is turn'd to as in the feminin Plu∣rals of nosotros and vosotros, as nosotras as vosotras, but nos and vos by themselfs serve for both genders.

Mi and tu coming before the Substantifs turn to Possessifs Pronouns, as mi espada my sword, tu sombrero thy hat.

Nos implying greatnes or dignity, comes before proper names of the singular number, as No Don Carlos por la gracia de Dios Rey dela gran Bre∣taña, &c.

Vos us'd in Spanish in speking to a person is held as mean as thou: with a preposition vos is us'd, as no digo mal de vos, I speak no hurt of you; morirè por vos, I will dy for you, &c. but after any other Noun it turns to os, as yo os digo, I tell you: as also coming to the end of a word, as quiero hablaros la verdad, I will tell you the truth.

The Pronoun de si himself, hath no Nominatif nor Plural, and is delcin'd thus:

• Gen. De si of himself
• Dat. a si to himself
• Accus. se himself
• Abl. de si from himself.

Ther is an observable phrase in Spanish, Que serà de mi? que serà de ti? What will become of mee? what will become of thee?

Mismo or mesmo my self, is us'd after all the three persons through all the cases, adding s to the Plural.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. Yo mismo or mes∣mo I my self.	Nosotros mismos wee our∣selfs
Gen. de mi mesmo of my self	de nosotros mismos of our selfs
Dat. a mi mesmo to my self.	a nosotros mismos to our selfs
Accus. mi mesmo my self	nosotros mismos wee our selfs
Abl. de mi mesmo from my self	de nosotros mismos from our selfs

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. Tu mismo thou thy self	Vosotros mismos yee your selfs
Gen. de si mismo of thy self, and so through all cases.	de vosotros mismos of your selfs, and so through all cases.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. El mesmo hee himself	Ellos mesmos they them∣selfs
Gen. de si mesmo of him∣self, and so through all cases.	de si mismos of them∣selfs, and so through all cases.

The Spaniards use proprio or propio insteed of mis∣mo, as yo proprio I my self, tu proprio thou thy self, ella propria she her self, de si propio of himself, &c.

The Pronoun El is declin'd thus:

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. El hee	Ellos they
Gen. del of him	dellos of them
Dat. al to him	a ellos to them
Accus. el him	ellos them
Abl. del from him.	dellos from them.

Ella she, and ellas they, are declin'd after the same manner.

Of Pronouns Possessifs.

Mio Mine, tuyo thine, suyo his, nuestro ours, vuestro yours, with their feminins in a, are call'd Pronouns Possessifs; but before a Substantif they turn to mi, tu, su, as mi capa my cloke, tu guante thy glove, su libro his book.

Lo, being put before mio, tuyo or suyo, make them a kind of Substantifs, as mi cuydado es de guardar lo mio, my care is to keep mine own: tu cuydado serà de asseguarar lo tuyo, thy care must be to secure ••••ine own: su amo bien guarda lo suyo, his master looks well to his own. Su is somtimes us'd in Spa∣nish for la, and 'tis only us'd in Spanish, as vi que notenia su firma del Autor, I saw it bore not the sig∣nature of the Author.

Cuyo and cuya whose, are Pronouns possessifs, but the Italian and French have none such, and

commonly they are put before Interrogatifs, as cuya ropilla es esta, whose coat is this? cuyo cavallo es aquel, whose horse is that?

Cuyo and cuya are also us'd as Relatifs in the middle of sentences, as guay aquel hijo cuyo padre va al Parayso, Wo be to that son whose father goes to heven: saluda la muger a cien passos lexos, cuyos cabellos son roxos, salute a hundred paces off that wo∣man who hath red hair.

Ther are Demonstratif Pronouns, as este or esta this, esse or essa that same, aquel or aquella hee, shee or that: ther is also aqueste and aquesse, which sig∣fies the same as este esse, but not so much us'd.

Este declin'd.

Singular.	Plural.
Nom. este or estae this	Estos or estas these
Ge. de este or deste of this	de estos or destos of these
Dat. a este to this	a estos to these
Accus. este or a este this	estos these
Abl. deste or desta from this.	de esto or destos from these.

Esse or essa, aqueste or aquesse this very same are declin'd alike.

No. aquel or aquella that	aquellos those
Gen. de aquel of that	de aquellas of those
Dat. a aquel of that	a aquellos to those
Accus. aquel that	aquellos those
Abl. de aquel from that	de aquellos from those.

Observe that esto this, esso this very thing, aquel∣lo ello that, are Neuters, and so have no Plurals.

The Pronouns este and esse are joyn'd often to otro, and then the e is lost, yet they never use the note of Apostrophe, as estotro hombre this other man, estotra muger this other woman: and so essotro is us'd.

Ther are two Pronouns which have no singular number, viz. ambos ambas, entrambos entrambas, wherunto one may adde ambos and dos, all which signifie Both or both together: as Querria que en∣trambos veniessen aca, y yo os emoregare entrambos sus obligaciones, pero si no veneys ambos no tengo de darse las, por tanto digo que ambos ambos juntos, que serà por la ventaja de entrambos: I could wish that you both came hither, and I will deliver you both your bonds, but if you com not together, I will not deli∣ver them, therfore I say that you com both of you, and it will be for the advantage of both.

Of Pronouns Relatifs.

Ther are three other Pronouns Relatifs, viz. quien, que, qual, as quien canta, who sings? que is what or that, que es esto, what is this? el cavallero que yo digo, the Gentleman which I speak of: qual in sense is the same as que, as qual hombre puede di∣gerir esto, what man can digest this?

Que hath no Plural, as quien and qual have, as quien es aquel hidalgo, who is that Gentleman? quien es son aquellos mercaderes, who are those mer∣chants?

but quien in the singular is counted more elegant, as quien son ellos mercaderes?

Qual hath los or las before it in the Plural, as Las donzellas las quales yo saludava, the maids which I saluted: los soldados los quales yo nombrava, the sol∣diers which I numbred.

In lieu of qual what, and como how, these two words que tal are us'd, which is a pure Spanicism, as que tal est à mi hermano, how doth my brother? que tal se halla mi madre, how doth my mother? as que tanto is us'd for quanto, which is also a pure Spa∣nicism, as que tantas leguas ay entre Londres y Glo∣cestra, how many miles are ther 'twixt London and Glocester? que tanto ha que VM. hà buelto del pa∣lacio, how long is it that you have returned from Court? wherof wee gave instances before.

To these Relatif Pronouns quien and qual ther is often adjoyn'd quier and quiera, which of themselfs are Verbs, as quienquiera, qualquier whosoever, as Hablarè Castellano con qualquier hombre que sea, I will speak Spanish with any man whatsoever. Som∣times que quiera is us'd for Whatsoever, as que quier a que digan las gentes a ti mismo para mientes, whatsoever they say of thee take heed to thy self•• Roma es la patria de qualquiera, Rome is any mans count••y.

Of me, te, se, the Reciprocal Pronouns.

Me and te serve Ve••bs oftentimes in the Datif case, as Di me con quien andas, y dezirte h•• quien

eres, Tell mee with whom thou dost keep compa∣ny, and I will tell thee who thou art: somtimes they serve in the Accusatif, as no me trates en esta suerte, do not use me thus. Se comes also before or after Verbs, as el se va, hee goes away: vase VM. a Londres, do you go to London? no me voy, I go not.

Somtimes for a fuller signification me and te fol∣lows se very often, as que se me da a mi, which form of speking is a pure Spanicism, and cannot be eng∣lished verbatim but thus, What have I to do with it, what care I for it? que se le da a el, what doth hee care for it? se me da mucho, it concerns mee much: Deve algo para pascua, y hazerte se ha la quaresma corta, Borrow mony to be paid at Easter, and Lent will seem short unto thee.

Se, is very often us'd in the Datif case before the article lo, as Preste me su espada, y yo se la bolvere incontinente, Lend mee your sword, and I will re∣turn it speedily: yo se lo dire, I will tell it you: yo se lo dare, I will give it you: yo se lo embiare, I will send it you.

Ther is also another mixture 'twixt se, me and te, and le and lo doth associat often with them, as quien eres que tu te me vendes por tan discreto, who art thou that makest thy self so wise? or according to the words, That sellest thy self unto mee for such a wise man? which kind of phrase is a Spanicism: no se le da nada, he cares not for it: madre mia a donde os me llevan, O my mother, whither do they carry you from mee?

The Particles mi, ti, si, do joyn oftentimes with the preposition con, and with go, as comigo with mee, contigo with thee, consigo with himself, as Cada Fran∣ces lleva un frenetico consigo, Every Frenchman car∣ries a madman about him. Andad comigo oy, & yo yrè contigo mañana, Go with mee to day, and I will go with thee to morrow.

Of Verbs.

WEE are com now to the Verbs, which may be calld the ligaments or great arteries which tie words and sentences together: Ther are in Spanish three Conjugations of Verbs, the first in ar, the second ending in er, and the third in ir: Ther are also Verbs Actif, Passif, Neuters and Im∣personals, and they are declin'd by five Moods as in other languages; The Indicatif or demonstratif, the Imperatif or Mood of command, the Optatif or wishing Mood, the Conjunctif and Infinitif Mood. Ther are two subservient or auxiliary Verbs, with∣out which no other can be thoroughly form'd, and they are Aver to have, ser to be, therfore wee must first conjugat these two Verbs, before wee treat of the other, but because Yo he I have, and yo tengo I hold, are often confounded, and of the same sense before other Verbs, we will conjugat them toge∣ther.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Yo he	Yo tengo	I have
tu has	tu tienes	thou hast
aquel ha	el tiene	hee hath
nosotros hemos ò havemos	tenemo	wee have
vosotros heys ò aveys	teneys	yee have
aquellos han.	tienaen.	they have.

Preterperfact tense.

Yo havia ò avia	Tenia	I had
tu avias	tenias	thou hadst
el avia	tenia	hee had
nos haviàmos	teniamos	wee had
vos aviades	teniades	yee had
ellos avian.	tenian.	they had.

Perfect tense.

Yo huve ò uve	Tuve	I had
tu uviste ò o∣viste	tuviste	thou hadst
el huvo ò ovo	tuvo	hee had
nos uvimos	tuvimos	wee had
vos uvistes	tuvistes	yee had.
ellos uvieron.	tuvieron.	they had.

Perfect indefinit.

Yo he avido	Tenido	I had had
tu has avido	tenido	thou hadst had
el ha avido	tenido	hee had had
nos hemos ò a∣vemos avido	tenido	wee had had
vos aveys avido	tenido	yee had had
ellos han avido.	tenido.	they had had.

Future tense.

Yo avrè	Tendrè ò ternè	I shall have
tu avràs	tendràs ò ternàs	thou shalt have
el averà	tendra ò terna	hee shall have
nos averemos	nos tendremos ò ternemos	wee shall have
vos avreys	vos tendreys ò terneys	yee shall have
ellos avràn.	ellos tendràn ò ternàn.	they shall have

The Imperatif Mood.

Have tu	Ten tu	Have thou
aya el	tenga el	let him have
ayamos	tengamos nosotr.	let us have
haved	tengays vosotros	let you have
ayan.	tengan ellos.	let them have.

The Optatif Mood.

Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, dado que, como qui∣era que, puesto que: O that, wold to God that, although, howsoever that, put case that.

Yo aya	Tenga	I had
tu ayas	tengas	thou hadst
el aya	tenga	hee had
nos ay••nos	tengamos	wee had
vos ayays	tengays	yee had
ellos ayan.	tengan.	they had.

The Conjunctif Mood. Si, o si: If, o if.

Yo uviesse	Tuviesse	I had
tu uviesses	tuviesses	thou hadst
el uviesse	tuviesse	hee had
nos uviessemo••	tuviessemos	wee had
vos uviessedes	tuviessdes	yee had
ellos uviessen.	tuviessen.	they had.

Quando is often us'd in Spanish before the Op∣tatif and Conjunctif Moods, and then it signifies as much as although, or bien que, which is also us'd, as

Present tense.

Quando, bien que: Though or although.

Yo uviesse	Tuviesse	I had
tu uviesses	tuviesses	thou hadst
el uviesse	tuviesse	hee had
nos uviessemos	tuviessemos	wee had
vos uviessedes	tuviessedes	yee had
ellos uviessen.	tuviessen.	they had.

Perfect tense.

Oxala, plega a Dios, aunque, puesto que: O that, I wold to God, although, put case that.

Yo ay avido	Tenido	I may have
tu ayas avido	tenido	thou maist have
el aya avido	tenido	hee may have
nos ayamos avi∣do	tenido	wee may have
vos ayais avido	tenido	yee may have
ellos ayan avido.	tenido	they may have.

Pluperfect tense.

Oxala, o si, aunque, &c. Oh that, although, o if, &c.

Yo uviera	Tuviera	I had had
tu uvieras	tuviera	thou hadst had
el uviera	tuviera	hee had had
nos uvieramos	tuvier amos	wee had had
vos uvierades	tuvierados	yee had had
ellos uvieran.	tuvieran.	they had had.

Future tense.

Quando, when.

Yo uviere	Tuviere	I shall have
tu uvieres	tuviere	thou shalt have
el uviere	tuviere	hee shall have
nos uvieremos	tuvieremos	wee shall have
vos uvieredes	tuvieredes	yee shall have
ellos uvieren.	tuvieren.	they shall have

The Infinitif Mood.

Havèr ò avèr	Tenèr	To have
aver avido	aver tenido	to have had
estàr por aver.	estàr por tener.	to bee to have.

Thus wee see that tengo I hold, is us'd often∣times for the auxiliary Verb Hè, but tengo alludes to the possession of a thing, as tengo cobrado mi dine∣ro, I have recovered my mony: It comes more of∣ten after digo then any other Verb, as tengo dicho antes, I have said before, &c. dixo me que yo ter∣nia mi dinero mañana, Hee told mee I shold have my mony to morrow: quando yo le diesse todo quan∣to tengo, aun no se contentaria, Although I shold give him all that I had, yet I shold not content him.

The Conjugation of the Verb, Yo soy I am, and of Yo estoy I am or stand, which although they differ in Variations, yet they are alike oftentimes in Signification, as shall be shew'd further.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Yo soy	Yo estoy	I am
tu eres	tu estas	thou art
el es	el està	hee is
nos somos	estamos	wee are
vos soys	estays	yee are
ellos son.	estan.	they are.

Imperfect tense▪

Yo era	Estava	I was
tu eras	estavas	thou wast
el era	estava	hee was
nos eramos	estavamos	wee were
vos erades	estavades	yee were
ellos eran.	estavan.	they were.

Perfect tense.

Yo fui	Yo estuve	I was
tu fuiste	tu estuviste	thou wast
el fue	estuvo	hee was
nos fuimos	estuvimos	wee were
vos fuistes	estuvistes	yee were
ellos fueran.	estuvieron.	they were.

Perfect indefinit.

Yo he sido	Estado	I have bin
tu has sido	estado	thou hast bin
el ha sido	estado	hee hath bin
nos hemos ò ha∣vemos sido	estado	wee have bin
vos aveys sido	estado	yee have bin
ellos han sido.	estado.	they have bin.

Preterpluperfect tense.

Yo avia sido	Estado	I had bin
tu avias sido	estado	thou hadst bin
el avia sido	estado	hee had bin
nos aviamos si∣do	estado	wee had bin
vos aviades sido	estado	yee had bin
ellos avian sido.	estado.	they had bin.

Future tense.

Yo serè	Yo estarè	I shall bee
tu seràs	tu estaràs	thou shalt bee
el serà	el estarà	hee shall bee
nos seremos	nos estarèmos	wee shall bee
vos sereys	vos estareys	yee shall bee
ellos seran.	ellos estaran.	they shall bee.

Ther is a second Future tense that belongs to these two Verbs, (and indeed to most of the rest) with hè or tengo before the Infinitif Mood.

The second Future tense of ser and estar.

Yo he ò tengo de ser	De estar	I shall or must bee
tu has ò tienes de ser	de estar	thou shalt or must bee
el ha ò tiene de ser	de estar	hee shall or must bee
nos hemos ò te∣nemos de ser	de estar	wee shall or must bee
vos aveys ò te∣neys de ser	de estar	yee shall or must bee
ellos han ò tie∣nen de ser.	de estar.	they shall or must bee.

The Imperatif Mood.

Se tu	Està tu	Bee thou
sea el	estè el	let him bee
seamos nos	estemos nos	let us bee
sed vos	estad vos	bee yee
sean ellos.	esten ellos.	lot them bee.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.

Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, puesto, dado que, &c. O that, wold to God that though, put case that, &c.

Yo sea	Estè	I bee
tu seas	estes	thou beest
el sea	estè	hee bee
nos seamos	estemos	wee bee
vos seays	esteys	yee bee
ellos sean.	esten.	they bee.

Imperfect tense.

Oxala, &c. O that, &c▪

Yo fuesse	Estuviesse	I were
tu fuesses	estuviesses	thou werst
elfuesse	estuviesse	hee were
nos fuessemos	estuviessemos	wee were
vos fuessedes	estuviessedes	yee were
ellos fuessen.	estuviessen.	they were.

When si if, or o si o if, and quando, when it is ta∣ken for Although, comes before these Tenses, they are declin'd alike.

Future tense.

Yo fuere	Estuviere	I shall bee
tu fueres	estuvieres	thou shalt bee
el fuere	estuviere	hee shall bee
nos fueremos	estuvieremos	wee shall bee
vos fueredes	estuvieredes	yee shall bee
ellos fueren.	estuvieren.	they shall bee.

The Infinitif Mood.

Ser	Estar	To bee
aver sido	estado	to have bin
siendo.	estando.	being.

The difference which is 'twixt ser and estar con∣sists chiefly in this, that ser signifies the humor or essence of a thing, as yo soy colerico, I am coleric; tu eres valiente, thou art valiant; el es piadoso, he is charitable: and so denotes the quality of the Sub∣stantif.

But yo estoy relates most properly to som local posture, or the being in som place, as yo estoy a pie, I am a-foot; yo estava entonces en Lisbona, I was then in Lisbon. Estar is much us'd in salutation, and in reference to health, as como esta mi padre, how doth my father? then answer is made, esta bueno loado sea Dios, he is well praised be God: como esta V M. how do you do Sir? estoy achacoso,

estoy malo, I am sickish, I am ill; wher it is obser∣vable that bueno and malo are us'd in these phrases for Adverbs, viz. for well and ill.

The difference 'twixt these two auxiliary Verbs, Yo hè or yo tengo, and yo soy, is this, that the first serve the Participles in the Preter tense of Verbs Actifs, as yo he amado, I have loved; yo tengo al∣morzado, I have broke my fast alredy. Besides, yo he is an auxiliary to it self, as yo he avido, I have had; yo avia avido, I had had, &c. But soy I am, makes Passif Verbs only, as yo soy ensalçado, I am exalted; yo soy querido, I am lov'd.

Observe that tengo serving for auxiliary, makes the Participle and the thing to agree in nomber, as Los donayres que yo tengo contados son graciosos, The jests that I have related are plesant: but yo he doth not so, las hazañas que yo he recitado, the exploits that I have recited: But in the Toscan Italian it doth, as Io ho letta la lettera, I have read the let∣ter; Io ho pagati i danari, I have paid the monies, &c.

Spanish Verbs have their tern inations in ar, er or ir: They in ar are of the first Conjugation, they in er of the second, and they in ir of the third; wh••rof ther shall be examples of each, and according to them all other Verbs must bee form'd, except Irre∣gulars which shall be spoken of apart.

The Variation of Buscar to seek, being of the first Conjugation.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Yo Busco	I seek
tu buscas	thou seekst
el busca	hee seeks
nos buscamos	wee seek
vos buscays	yee seek
ellos buscan.	they seek.

Imperfect tense.

Yo buscava	I did seek
tu buscavas	thou didst seek
el buscava	hee did seek
nos buscavamos	wee did seek
vos buscavades	yee did seek
ellos buscavan.	they did seek.

Perfect definit.

Yo busque	I sought
tu buscaste	thou soughtst
el busco	hee sought
nos buscamos	wee sought
vo 〈…〉〈…〉	yee sought
〈…〉〈…〉	they sought.

Perfect indefinit.

Yo he buscado	I have sought
tu has buscado	thou hast sought
el ha buscado	hee hath sought
nos hemos buscado	wee have sought
vos aveys buscado	yee have sought
ellos han buscado.	they have sought.

Plusquam perfect.

Yo avia buscado	I had sought
tu avias buscado	thou hadst sought
el avia buscado	hee had sought
nos aviamos buscado	wee had sought
vos aviades buscado	yee had sought
ellos avian buscado.	they had sought.

Future tense.

Yo buscare	I shall or will seek
tu buscaras	thou shalt or wilt seek
el buscara	hee shall or will seek
nos buscaremos	wee shall or will seek
vos buscareys	yee shall or will seek
ellos buscaran.	they shall or will seek.

The second Future.

Yo he ò tengo de buscar	I must seek
tu has ò tienes de buscar	thou must seek
el ha ò tiene de buscar	hee must seek
nos hemos ò tenemos de bu.	wee must seek
vos aveys ò teneys de bus.	yee must seek
ellos han de buscar.	they must seek.

The Imperatif Mood.

Busca tu	Seek thou
busque el	let him seek
busquemos nosotros	let us seek
busqueys vosotros	seek yee
busquen ellos.	let them seek.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.

Oxala, aunque, &c. O that, although, &c.

Yo busque	I may seek
tu busques	thou maist seek
el busque	hee may seek
nos busquemos	wee may seek
vos busqueys	yee may seek
ellos busquen.	they may seek.

Imperfect tense.

Oxala, aunque, o si, si, &c. O that, although, o if, if, &c.

Yo bucasse	I shold seek
tu bucasses	thou sholdst seek
el bucasse	hee shold seek
nos bucassemos	wee shold seek
vos bucassedes	yee shold seek
ellos bucassen.	they shold seek.

Pluperfect tense.

Oxala, aunque, quando, plega a Dios, &c. O that, although, o if, &c.

Yo buscàra	I had sought
tu buscàras	thou hadst sought
el buscàra	hee had sought
nos buscàramos	wee had sought
vos buscarades	yee had sought
ellos buscaran.	they had sought.

The Incertain tense.

Aunque, quando, &c. O if, although, &c.

Yo buscaria	I shold seek
tu buscarias	thou sholdst seek
el buscaria	hee shold seek
nos buscariamos	wee shold seek
vos buscariades	yee shold seek
ellos buscarian.	they shold seek.

Future tense.

Quando, si, &c. When, if, &c.

Yo buscàre	I shall seek
tu buscares	thou shalt seek
el buscare	hee shall seek
nos buscarèmos	wee shall seek
vos buscareys	yee shall seek
ellos buscaren.	they shall seek.

The Infinitif Mood.

Bu••car	To seek
aver buscado	to have sought
aver de buscar	being to seek
estar por buscar	being for to seek
buscando.	seeking.

The declining or sorming of the Verb Holgar to rejoyce or to be glad, which hath most commonly one of these Pronouns me, te, se, mee, thee, him, be∣fore or after it, as yo me huelgo, or huelgome I am glad.

The Indicatif Mood.

Present tense.

Yo me huelgo, ò huelgome	I am glad
tu te huelgas	thou art glad
el se huelga	hee is glad
nos nos huelgamos	wee are glad
vos or holgays	yee are glad
ellos se huelgan.	they are glad.

Imperfect tense.

Yo holgàva, ò holgava∣me	I was glad
tu te holgavas, &c.	thou wast glad, &c.

Perfect tense.

Yo me holguè, ò holgueme	I was glad or did rejoice
tu te holgaste	thou rejoyc'dst
el se holgò	hee rejoyc'd
nos nos holgamos	wee rejoyc'd
vos os holgastes	yee rejoyc'd
ellos se holgàron, ò holgà∣ronse.	they rejoyc'd.

Indefinit perfect.

Yo uve ò avia holgado	I had rejoyc'd
tu uviste ò avias holgado	thou hadst rejoyc'd
el uvo ò avia, &c.	hee had rejoyc'd, &c.

Future tense.

Yo me holgarè ò holgarè∣me	I will or shall rejoyce
tu te holgaràs	thou shalt or wilt rejoice
el se holgarà, &c.	hee shall or will re∣joyce, &c.

The second Future tense, wherof every Verb is capable.

Yo he ò tengo de holgarme tu has ò tienes de holgar∣te, &c.

I shall or must rejoyce thou shalt or must re∣joyce, &c.

The Imperatif Mood.

Huelgate tu	Rejoyce thou
huelgase el	let him rejoyce
holguemos nosotros ò hol∣guemonos	let us rejoyce
holgad vosotros	rejoyce yee
huelguense ellos.	let them rejoyce.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.

Oxala, aunque, &c. O that, although, &c.

Yo me huelgue	I rejoyce or bee glad
tu te huelgues, &c.	thou rejoyce, &c.

Imperfect tense.

Oxala, plaguisse a Dios que, o si, &c. I wold to God, though, o if, &c.

Yo me holgasse	I shold rejoyce
tu te holgasses, &c.	thou sholdst rejoyce, &c

Pluperfect tense.

Oxala, aunque, quando, &c. O that, although, &c.

Yo me holgàra	I had rejoyc'd
tu te holgàras, &c.	thou hadst rejoyc'd, &c.

Incertain tense.

Yo me halgaría ò holgari∣ame	I wold bee glad
tu te halgarías, &c.	thou woldst be glad, &c.

Future tense.

Quando, si, &c. When, if, &c.

Si yo me holgàre	If I shall bee glad
si tu te holgares, &c.	if thou shalt be glad, &c.

The Infinitif Mood.

Holgar ò holgarse	To rejoyce or to be glad
aver ò averse holgado	to have bin glad
aver de holgar	for to bee glad
estar por holgar.	being for to bee glad.

Verbs of the second Conjugation ending in er, whose Participles like the third Conjugation end in ido or ydo.

The Indicatif Mood of Entendèr, to understand, Present tense.

Yo entiendo	I understand
tu entiendes	thou dost understand, &c.
el entiende
nos entendemos
vos entendeys
ellos entienden.

Imperfect tense.

Yo entendia	I did understand
tu entendias	thou didst understand, &c.
el entendia
nos entendiamos
vos entendiàdes
ellos entendian.

Perfect tense.

Yo entendì	I understood
tu entendisti	thou understoodst, &c.
el entendio
nos entendimos
vos entendistes
ellos entendieron.

Perfect indefinit.

Yo he entendido	I have understood,
tu has entendido, &c.	thou hast understood, &c.

Plusquam perfect tense.

Yo avia ò uve entendido	I had understood
tu avias ò uviste entendi∣do, &c.	thou hadst understood, &c.

Future tense.

Yo entendirè	I shall or wil understand
tu entenderas, &c.	thou shalt or wilt un∣derstand, &c.

The second Future tense.

Yo hé ò tengo de entendèr	I shall or must understa.
tu has de entendèr, &c.	thou shalt or must un∣derstand, &c.

The Imperatif Mood.

Entiende tu	Understand thou
entienda el	let him understand
entendamos nosotros ò en∣tendamonos	let us understand
entendèd vosotros	understand yee
entiendan ellos.	let them understand.

The Optatif and Subjunctif Moods. Present tense.

Plega a Dios, aunque, &c. God grant, although, &c.

Yo entienda	I understand
tu entiendas	thou understandst, &c.
el entienda
nos entendamos
vos entendays
ellos entiendan.

Imperfect tense.

Oxala, si, &c. I wold, if, &c.

Yo entendiesse	I wold understand
tu entendiesses, &c.	thou woldst understand▪ &c.

Plusquam perfect.

Aunque, quando, si, &c. Although, if, &c.

Yo entendiera	I had understood
tu entendieras, &c.	thou hadst understood.

Future tense.

Quando yo entendiere	When I shal understand
quando tu entendieres, &c.	when thou shalt under∣stand, &c.

The Infinitif Mood.

Entender	To understand
aver entendido	to have understood
aver de entender	to bee understood
ser para entender	to bee to be understood
entendiendo.	understanding.

The Verb entiendo is properly to understand, as Dios me de contienda con quien me entienda, God send mee to have to do with him who understands mee: a buen entendedor media palabra, half a word to the wise. But somtimes 'tis taken for to hear, as Entendì que mi padre estava malo, I heard my fa∣ther was sick.

According to Entender all other regular Verbs of the second Conjugation may be form'd.

Verbs of the third Conjugation ending in ir, have their Participles like the second in ido, exempli∣fied by the Verb Servir to serve.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Yo sirvo	I serve
tu sirves	thou serv'st, &c.
el sirve
nos servimos
vos servis
ellos sirven.

Imperfect tense.

Yo servia	I did serve
tu servias, &c.	thou didst serve, &c.

Perfect tense.

Yo servi	I serv'd
tu serviste	thou serv'st, &c.
el servio
nos servimos
vos servistes
ellos sirvieron.

Pluperfect tense.

Yo uve ò avia servido	I had serv'd
tu uviste ò avias servido, &c.	thou hadst serv'd, &c.

Future tense.

Yo servirè	I shall or will serve
tu serviràs	thou shalt or wilt serve,
el servira	&c.
nos servirèmos
vos servireys
ellos serviran.

The second Future tense.

Yo h•• ò tengo de servir	I shall or must serve
tu hàs de servir, &c.	thou shalt or must serve,
	&c.

The Imperatif Mood.

Sirve tu	Serve thou
sirva el	let him serve
sirvamos nosotros	let us serve
servid vosotros	serve yee
sirvan ellos.	let them serve.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods.

Present tense. Oxala, aunque, &c. O that, although, &c.

Yo sirva	I serve
tu sirvas	thou servest, &c.
el sirva
nos sirvamos
vos sirvays
ellos sirvan.

Imperfect tense.

Oxala, aunque, o si, si, &c. O that, although, o if, if, &c.

Yo serviesse	I shold serve
tu sirviesses, &c.	thou sholdst serve, &c.

Pluperfect tense.

Oxala, aunque, si, o si, &c. O that, though, if, &c.

Yo serviria	I had serv'd
tu servirias, &c.	thou hadst serv'd, &c.

Future tense.

Quando, si, &c. When, if, &c.

Yo sirvirè	I shall serve
tu sirvieres, &c.	thou shalt serve, &c.

The Infinitif Mood.

Servir	To serve
aver servido	having serv'd
aver de servir	to have to serve
estar por servir	to bee to serve
sirviendo.	serving.

This Verb Servir to serve, doth properly signifie to serve or obey, as Servir a la mesa, to serve at the table. Somtimes to avail, as de que sirve todo esso,

what purpose serves all this? Sometimes it signi∣fies to be pleas'd, as sea servido de entrar, bee plea∣sed to com in: si Dios fuere servido, Dios ha sido servido, if God bee pleas'd, it hath pleas'd God.

The Spanish Toung is full of Irregular Verbs, wherof I shall instance here in the most principal, by giving the chiefest and radical Tenses of them: For their inflections at length, I refer the Lerner to larger Grammars, the design of this being Brevity.

Irregular Verbs of the first Conjugation in ar, and their Gerund in ado.

Yo cuelgo, I hang	Yo huelgo, I rejoyce
colgava, I did hang	holgava, I did rejoyce
colguè, I hung	holgue, I rejoyced
colgarè, I shall or will hang	holgare, I shall rejoyce
colgar, to hang	holgàr, to rejoyce
colgando, hanging.	holgando, rejoycing.

Yo regueldo, I belch
regoldava, I did belch
regoldè, I belch'd
regoldarè, I shall or will belch
regoldar, to belch
regoldando, belching.

Irregular Verbs of the second Conjugation ending in er, and their Gerund in ido.

Yo quiero, I love queria, I did love quise, I lov'd querrè, I will love querèr, to love queriendo, loving.

This word querer to love, in Spanish, comes from the word quaerere in Latin, to seek; for whom we love we are seeking for them ever and a∣non: The compounded Pronouns qualquier and qualquiera, any, any what∣soever, comes from this Verb. Querer also signi∣fies to will, as yo quiero yr a la Missa, I will go to Mass, no quiero yr a la Missa, I will not go to Mass, &c.

Yo puedo, I can	Yo hago, I do
podia, I was able	hazia, I did
pude, I could	hize, I did
podre, I shall be able	hare, I shall do
poder, to bee able	hazer, to do
pud••endo, being able.	haziendo, doing.

Yo 〈◊〉〈◊〉, I know	Yo traygo, I carry
〈◊〉〈◊〉 I did know	traya, I did carry
〈◊〉〈◊〉 new	truxe, I carried
sabre, I shall know	traere, I shall carry
saber, to know	traer, to carry
sabiendo, knowing.	trayendo, carrying.

Yo buelvo, I return	Yo pongo, I put
bolvia, thou didst return	ponias, thou didst put
bolvì, I return'd	puse, I put
bolvere, I shall return	pondre, I shall put
bolver, to return	poner, to put
bolviendo, returning.	poniendo, putting.

Yo huelo, I smell	Quepo, I contain or am contain'd
olia, I did smell	cabia, I did contain or was contain'd
oli, I smelt	cupe, I contain'd, &c.
olere, I shall smell	cabre, I shal contain, &c.
oler, to smell	caber, to contain or bee contain'd
oliendo, smelling.	cabiendo, containing, &c.

This word caber in Spanish hath various signifi∣cations, as esto mi cabe por mi parte, this falls unto mee for my share: honra y provecho no caben en un saco, honor and profit do not hold in one sack: esto me cupo en suerte, this happened to bee my lot, &c.

Irregular Verbs of the third or last Conjugation end∣ing in it or yr, and their Gerunds also in ido.

Yo oygo, I hear	Yo digo, I say
oya, thou didst hear	dezia, I did say
oy, I heard	dixe, I said
oyre, I shall hear	dire, I will say
oyr, to hear	dezir, to say
oyendo, hearing.	diziendo, saying.

Yo duermo, I sleep	Yo muero, I dye
dormia, I did sleep	moria, I did dye
dormi, I slept	mori, I dyed
dormire, I shall sleep	morire, I shall dye
dormir, to sleep	morir, to dye
durmiendo, sleeping.	muriendo, dying.

The Conjugating of the two Verbs yr and andar to go; they are Synonima's in sense, but with this difference, that yr doth simply denote the action of going or marching from one particular place to ano∣ther, as yo voy a la Yglesia, I go to the Church: But andar signifies an uncertain wandring motion of go∣ing, as yo anday por toda Italia, I went through all Italy: And 'tis us'd somtimes for reproches, as an∣dad para vellaco, go for a rogue; andad para Lutera∣no, go for a Lutheran. Yr is taken in divers senses, as como le va, how goes it with you? que va a mi en esto, what doth it concern mee? mucho va de Iuan y Lilburne, ther is a great difference 'twixt John and Lilburn, a late brain-sick fellow that was never scarce of one mind: como fue a VM. en aquel nego∣cio, how went it with you in that busines?

They are declin'd thus:

Yo voy, I go	Yo ando, I go
yva, thou didst go	andava
fue, hee went	anduve
yre, I will go	andare (not much in use)
yr, to go	andar
yendo, going.	andando.

Yo vengo, I com	Yo obedesco, I obey
venia, I did com	obedecia, I did obey
vine, I came	obedeci, I obey'd
verne or vendre I shall com	tengo de obedecer, I will obey
venir, to com	obedecer, to obey
veniendo ò viniendo co∣ming.	obedeciendo, obeying.

It is to be observ'd that when the Participles of yr and andar come before or after the Verb soy I am, they are of the same number, as ydo soy a mi casa, I am gone to my house; ydos somos a la Co∣media, wee are gon to the Play; andado es el tiempo de alegria the time of mirth is past; andados son los dias de mocedad, the dayes of youth are past.

Ther is a way of speking in Spanish, and 'tis held eloquent, as to the Futures with he and tengo to joyn me, te, se, le, la, lo, les, las, los, and put the au∣xiliary Verb last, as besar me has, you shall or must kiss mee; reñir te he, I shall or must chide thee; hazerse ha, it shall or must bee don; comerlo has, you shall or must eat it, &c. And oftentimes the Article coms between the Pronoun and the Verb, as Embiarte la he, (making as it were but one word) I shall or must send her unto thee; in lieu of te la embiare.

The second person Plural of the Imperatif Mood having after it any of the Particles le, la, lo, or their Plurals les, las, los, ther is alwayes a preferring of the l before the d, as llevadle bring him, is pro∣nounc'd

llevalde; besadla kiss her, besalda; comedlo eat, comeldo; llamadlos call them, llamaldos, &c.

When le, la, lo, les, las, los, com before or after an Infinitif Mood, the r (by the figure Antistoi∣chon) is turn'd to l, to smoothen the pronunciation, as soy por dezirle, I am to tell him, soy por dezille, I am to tell him; quiero besarla las manos, I will kiss her hands, quiero besalla las manos, &c.

Of Verbs Impersonals.

IMpersonals are those that have no persons, and yet are made of the third person of the Indicatif Present tense, and have it before them in English, which the Spanish hath not; A nos pertenece, it ap∣pertains to us; a mi conviene, it is convenient for mee: But oftentimes for a greter Emphasis me and te are added, and os, as Ami me conviene, it is con∣venient for mee; a ti importa, a ti te importa, it concerns thee; a nos os conviene for a nos conviene, it is convenient for us: me pesa I am sorry, a mi me pesa: acontece muchas vezes, it happens often; aca∣ece pocas vezes, it happens seldom.

The Spaniards have but one Gerund terminating alwayes in do. In the first Conjugation it is formed of the Infinitif Moo••, by putting ar into ando, as hablar to speak, hablando; holgar to rejoyce, hol∣gando rejoycing. They of the second Conjugation are made by turning er into iendo, as bolver to re∣turn, bolviendo returning. They of the third Con∣jugation

are made by turning r alone into iendo, as venir to com, veniendo coming: but in very many words the e that comes immediatly before the r in the Infinitif is turn'd to i, as dezir to speak, dizien∣do speking, not deziendo; sentir to smell, sintiendo smelling. Som other Verbs change i before the Infinitif r into n, as morir to dye, muriendo dying; dormir to sleep, durmiendo sleeping. The Preposi∣tion en coming before the Gerund hath relation to time, as en hablando esto tengo de yrme, as soon as I speak this I will go; yo yre en acabando de comer, I will go as soon as I have din'd.

The Spanish Participles have their Genders, sig∣nifications and times, but the Participles of the Present tense have no genders, as Moço or moça cre∣ciente ha el lobo en el vientre, A growing youth or maid hath a wolf in the belly. The Participles of the Preter tense end in do, and are formed of the Infinitif Mood as the Gerund, n left out, as hablar to speak, hablado spoken; buscar to seek, buscado sought, &c. But ther are many Irregulars which are excepted, as morir to dye, muerto dead; dezir to speak, dicho spoken; bolver to return, buelto re∣turn'd, &c. which is left to the studious ob∣server.

Of the Indeclinable parts of Speech.

WEE have hitherto treted of the parts of Speech which are declinable, wee will pro∣ceed now to those that are not capable of decli∣nation, and first▪

Of Adverbs.

The first are Adverbs of Time, as Oy to day, ayer yesterday, anteyer or ante ayer before yesterday, ma∣ñana to morrow, por la mañana in the morning, ala mañanica betimes in the morning, temprano early, media dio noon, tarde the evening.

Note, that the Spaniard hath this singularity in his salutations relating to time, to speak in the plural number, as Buenos dias good dayes to you, buenas tardes good evenings to you, bue∣nas noches good nights to you, huenos años good years to you, buenas Pascuas good Easters to you: but they never use Good morrow.

Agora, al presente now; poco ha, poco tiempo ha a little while since; despues since, alguna vez, a ve∣zes somtimes; amenudo often, mucho ha a good while since, muchas vezes oftentimes, pocas vezes seldom, quando when, entonces then, entre tanto, en este comedio in the interim; hasta que untill, mien∣tras while, por adelante, de aqui adelante, en ò por lo

venidero hereafter; entonces thence forward, desde agora hence forward, nunca, jamas never; aun yet or as yet, contino de contino continually, ya alredy, luego, subito, encontinente presently; presto quickly, siempre alwayes, siempre jamas for ever, dende agora from henceforth, hasta quando untill when, hasta tanto untill that, desde que since that, de ay adelante thence forward, despues aca since now, a deshora unwaringly, de aqui a un rato within a little while, cada dia every day, cada rato ever and anon, cada momento every moment, quando quiera when you will, ante, antes, denantes before.

Note, that cada, mucho and poco are somtimes Ad∣jectifs, as cada soldado, every soldier; cada qual con su yguàl, every one with his mate; mucho dine∣ro, much mony; poca fatiga es gran salùd, a little toyl is great health.

Local Adverbs, or of place.

Aqui here, ay, alli there; de aqui hence, de ay, de alli thence; por aqui this way, por ay, por alli that way; acà these parts, por acà in these parts, allà, a∣••ulla those parts, lexos far, dentro within, fuera with∣out, do, ado, donde, adonde, where, whence, whi∣ther; de do, de donde, por donde, from whence; de com••ania hermanablemente, brotherly and in com∣pany.

Separatif Adverbs.

A parte apart, aun cabo at one end, a un lado at one side, de tras behind, a escondidas secretly, close∣ly; a hurto, a hurtadas, a hurtadillas stealingly; so∣lo, solamente alone; fuera, excepto, sacando fuero except; no embargante, non obstante notwithstand∣ing; a escuras in the dark, apartadamente by it self, a bueltas besides or above, as a bueltas de ducados me dio un a cadena de oro, Besides or above other things hee gave mee a Gold chain.

Adverbs of intention.

En todo y por todo altogether, del todo wholly, en∣teramente, de todo en todo totally.

Adverbs Personals and Appelatifs.

Comigo with mee, contigo with thee, consigo with him, ha señor, hà hermano, ce ce, o là, ò como se llama.

Adverbs of election.

Mas ayna sooner, primero que rather than, me∣jor better, antes, mas ances rather; as Antes puto que Gallego, Rather an Ingle than a Galician.

Adverbs of haste.

Luego, subito presently, suddenly; en un momen∣to in a moment, en un cerràr de ojo in the twinkling of an eye, presto quickly.

Adverbs of similitudes.

Como, ansi como as, so as; ansi, assi so; de la ma∣nera que insomuch.

Irregular Adverbs.

De passado, de camino as wee pass'd; al traves athwart, al revès clean cam, a reculas recoyling back, de bruces groveling, a gatas creeping, a tuerto crookedly, embalde in vain, debalde gratis for no∣thing, barato good cheap, a trueque, en lugar in ex∣change or in lieu.

Of the Prepositions.

Ther are som Prepositions in Spanish that serve for Accusatif and Ablatif cases, which will be di∣stinguished by the Article, and first of those Prepo∣sitions that serve the Ablatif with de.

Cerca nere, de of, antes before, acerca touching, ••••erredòr, alderredòr about; entorno round about, fuera without, dentro within, debaxo under, encima upon, ayuso, de yuso, abaxo below; de sus•• arriba

on high, empos del after him, en frente, de frente a∣gainst or opposite; a la orilla at the bank or brink, a rayz all along.

Prepositions which serve the Accusatif.

Sobre, acuestas upon or about; ante, contra a∣gainst; por, para for, which way, abaxo, de yuso be∣low, debaxo underneath, arriba, de suso above; a∣tras behind, do quiera, a do quiera, donde quiera whersoever; aquende this side, allende that side.

Adverbs of number.

Vna vez once, dos vezes twice, and so to cien vezes an hundred times; thence to mil vezes a thousand times, &c. by putting the cardinal nom∣bers which were put down before.

Adverbs of quantity.

Mucho much, poco a little, poquito very little, harto, assaz enough; demasiado, en demasia too much; de mas de esto moreover; al pie de ciento near a hundred, al pie de mil about or near a thou∣sand, abundantemente, en abundancia, a montones plentifully; tanto quanto, tan quan as much as.

Observe that tanto quanto com alwayes before Verbs or Substantifs, tan quan before Adjectifs or Adverbs; as no tengo tanto seso como vos, I

have not so much brain as you: quanto es del mes, what day of the month is it? tengo tan buenos parientes como vos, I have as good kind∣red as you: o quan dulcemente canta, how sweetly do you sing?

These three Adverbs mas, muy, mucho serve to make Comparatifs of Positif Adjectifs, as rico rich, masrico more rich, muy rico very rich: mucho is sel∣dom us'd in this kind, unless mas com immediatly after, as mucho mas hermosa much more beautiful: The Superlatifs never have these before them, for they say not mas, muy or mucho riquissimo, hermosis∣simo, for they of themselfs are sufficient to augment the quality.

Adverbs of quality.

Bien, buenamente well; mal, malamente ill; osa∣damente boldly, atrevidamente audaciously, adrede expresly or purposely, a sabiendas wittingly. When two Adverbs of quality meet, the formost loseth the two last syllables, as locamente y temer ariamente foo∣lishly and rashly, mente in the first is lost, and it must be written and pronounc'd loca y temeraria∣mente.

Adverbs of negation.

No no not, ni neither, aun no no not yet, tampoco ••i menos as less, nada, nonada nothing; nunca, ja∣••as never; en ninguna manera, suerte, modo, by no means; antes, mas antes rather, but rather; no sola∣ment

not only. Two Negatifs affirm not in the Spanish as they do in som languages, as wee see in no nada, menos and tampoco less, are often simple ne∣gations: and commonly to Interrogations, as tienes dinero? no, hast thou any mony? no: tienes vestidos? menos, hast thou clothes? less: tienes de comer? tampoco, hast thou meat? as little.

Of affirmatif Adverbs.

Si I, yea, yes; si señor I Sir: si is also an affir∣matif, but in Italian it commonly comes after sig∣nor; as signor si, tambien also, si cierto, si por cierto yes sure; si de verdad yes in truth, verdaderamente truly, assies 'tis so, Amen; ansi es 'tis so, sin duda doutles, de veras in good sooth.

Adverbs Optatif, or of wishing.

Oxala (a Morisco word) o that, I wold, I could wish; quiera a Dios God grant, plega a Dios God grant, o si o if.

Adverbs of admonition.

Ea, vaya well then, ther then; ea pues, ora pues, or a sus, sus, arasus, well well, let it pass, let us on: ea alegramente.

Demonstratif Adverbs.

Hè aqui, Veys aqui look here; ve alli, cataldo a∣qui, cataldo ay, look here, see here, see there.

Adverbs of order.

Primeramente in the first place, principalmente chiefly, Imprimis; de nuevo again, al fin, finalmente, al cabo lastly; item item, de tras behind, a la postre late or lag behind, adelante, delante before; entre tanto in the mean while, mientras while.

Remissif Adverbs.

Poco a poco by little and little, dispacio lesurely, passo, passito gently; quedo, quedito softly; a penas scarce, a malas penas very hardly, casi almost, a pla∣zer at plesure, calla callando secretly and silently, callandico softly without noise.

Adverbs of doubt.

Puede ser, quiça it may bee; a caso perchance, por ventura peradventure.

Interrogatif Adverbs.

Para que why, to what end? porque, porque ra∣zon for what reson, why? a que proposito to what purpose? por que causa for what cause.

Adverbs Congregatif.

Iuntos, iuntamente together; en uno, a la par, a las parejas equally, in one; entrambos, ambos, ambos ad••s both together.

Separatif or Adverbs of exception.

Salvo, excepto, sacando fuera except; segun ac∣cording, junto near, hasta untill, cabe near, tras be∣hind, en in, entre between, hazia towards, aquende allende this side or that side.

Por and para do both signifie For, but the first relates commonly to the efficient and final cause, and para relates to the profit or damage of a person, as por amor de Dios, for Gods love; yo muero por ti, I dye for thee; para quien es esta casa, for whom is this house? es para Don Carlos, it is for Sir Charles: Araada sobre el Duero para mi la quiero, Aranda upon the Duero I'le have her for my self: a Pro∣verb of Philip the second, when ther was a suit 'twixt him and one of his Grandes for right to that Town in old Castile: Therfore ther is a Spanicism that para comigo signifies in my behalf, para consigo in his behalf: then it serves often before con, but it makes it more emphatical, and to change its sense, and both of them signifie Towards, as seamos pia∣dosos para con los pobres, let us be pitiful towards the poor: para con todos es affable y franco, hee is affable and free towards all.

The Preposition hàzia towards, hath alwayes an accent over the first syllable, to distinguish it from hazia the Verb, who hath the accent over the mid∣dle syllable.

The Preposition cabe near, comes alwayes before the Accusatif case, as sientese VM. cabe mi hermana, sit next my sister.

Of Conjunctions.

COnjunctions som are Copulatifs, as y and, tam∣bien also, aun yet: Touching y and, for avoid∣ing the ill sound turns somtimes to e, when the next word begins with another y, as Margerita e Ysabe∣la, Francisco e yo andàvamos juntos, Francis and I went together; la mano derecha e ysquierda, the right and the left hand, &c.

The Disjunctif Prepositions are ni, o not, as ni el uno ni el otro, nor the one nor the other; O San Pab∣lo o San Pedro, either Paul or Peter.

Ther are som causal or conditional Prepositions, as si if, aunque although, dado que, puesto que it being granted, pues que since that, para que to the end that, porque because, mas but, pero but, empèro not∣withstanding, toda via yet for all that, a lo menos at least, con tal if, upon condition; tengo de bever todo esto con tal que VM. me hagarazòn, I will drink all this upon condition you will pledg mee: yrè allà con tal que VM. vaya comigo, I will go thither upon condition you will go with mee.

Ther are also Rational Prepositions, as assi que so that, es a saber, conviene a saber, viz. to wit; luego, pues then; por esso, por tanto therfore.

Of Interjections.

INterjections are certain words which express the motions or alterations of the mind, according to the accidents that happen, signifying either joy or grief, fear, anger or wonder, as o bueno, hala, gala, o good, o brave; ay, hay de mi alas; guay, guay de mi wo is mee; amargo de mi, desdichado de mi, wretched, unfortunat that I am: Iesus, vala me Dios, Jesus, God deliver mee: valgame la madre de Dios que es esto, the mother of God deliver mee what's this? and these are spoken in admiration.

Ther are three sorts of Ay, the first is the Imper∣sonal Verb Ay, as ay barto lodo en las calles, ther is dirt enough in the streets: The second is the Inter∣jection of grief, as ay de mi wo is mee: The third is the local Adverb [Ay] and that hath an accent over the [y] and is pronounc'd as two syllables, as quien esta ay, who is there? Ay esta mi padre, my father is ther. Therfore ther must a great heed bee taken to observe the accents, though in most Spanish Au∣thors the Printers are not so careful herein as they shold bee. The Impersonal ay is very frequent in the Spanish Toung in one rense or other, for it hath all the five in the Indicatif Mood, as Ay ther is, a∣via ther was, uvo ther was, (Perfect tense) ha avido ther hath bin, aura ther will bee.

A Collection of som difficult Words and Phrases which are meer Spanicisms or Idioms of the Castilian Toung.

Of the words fulano, hulano, çutano.

THese three words are much us'd in Spanish, as Iohn an Okes and Iohn a Stiles in our Law, or Mevius and Titius were us'd in the Latin: they signifie [such a one] or [how do you call him?] as Fulano es gran soldado, such a one is a great soldier: Hulano es muy hombre de bien, such a one is very honest. They have also their Feminins fulana, hulana, but not çutano, which never begins a saying, as hab∣lè a çutano, I spoke to such a one.

The word Hidalgo a Gentleman, hath two Ety∣moligies, according to som it is deriv'd of hijo de algo the son of sombody, viz. of a known person; or hija de algo a Gentlewoman, but that is pro∣nounc'd and written at large, not hidalga. Others derive it from hijo del Godo the son of a Goth, for the Goths and Vandals, whence Andaluzia is de∣riv'd, having first planted Christianity in Spain, it was held an honor to bee call'd hijo del Godo, the son of a Goth, contracted to hidalgo.

Hideputa on the contrary is a word of disgrace, being deriv'd of hijo de puta the son of a whore, but 'tis us'd for an Interjection of exclamation or won∣der, and most commonly in an ill sense, o Hideputa,

y que Roldan para hazer fieros, O Hideputa, what a Rowland is this to make bravado's? hydeputa ruyn ò hidervin, base son of a whore.

Ther are som words, which though they be Sub∣stantifs, yet having en before them turn to a kind of Adverbs, as en cuerpo without a cloke, en piernas without stockins, en carnes, en puras carnes all na∣ked; as pusole en puras carnes, hee stripped him stark naked. En cuero hath the like sense: cuero a skin, is us'd also to another sense, as hazerse cuero, to make himself a skin, that is, to make himself drunk, because in Spain they carry wine in skins.

The Verb alcançar hath many significations, as to obtain, acquire and overtake, but it hath one ex∣traordinary sense, Alcançar en la cuenta, to defalk or abate of the account; alcançado de cuenta, that which remains of the account.

The Verb armar to arm, hath other significati∣ons, as armar una celada, to provide an ambush; armar un lazo to provide a trap; armar una cama, to furnish a bed, &c.

Abaxo below, and aynso under, have remark∣able significations, somtimes as Del Rey abaxo n•• temo algun alma viviente, I fear none breathing af∣ter or except the King: de Dios en ayuso yo le conser∣vava, after God I preserved him.

This word cabo an end, is us'd diversly, as Estoy al cabo del negocio. I understand the busines; rico por el cabo, extremely rich; al cabo estoy, no me diga mas, I know your meaning speak no more.

The Verb caer to fall, hath remarkable significa∣tions,

as no caygo en VM. I cannot remember who you are: no puedo caer en ello, I cannot understand it.

This Verb dar to give, is us'd diversly, as dar el para bien to congratulat: el demonio me da penar por ••lla, the devil makes mee torment my self for her: darse maña, to use cunning, &c.

The Verb echar to cast, powr or put, is us'd vari∣ously, as se echa de ver, it seems: echar mano a la e∣spada, to draw his sword, &c.

The Verb estar to bee or stand, is variously us'd, as Estoy en ello, I understood the busines: estoy mal con Fulano, I am not frends with such a man: quien està mal con Dios nopuede hazer cosa buena, who is not in peace with God cannot do any thing good.

The Verb hazer to do, is us'd diversly, as haze frio 'tis cold, haze calor 'tis hot, haze sol 'tis cleer.

Hà hee hath, the third person of aver, hath vari∣ous significations, as tres dias hà, three dayes since: cien años hà, it is a hundred yeers: quanto hà que vine a Londres, how long is it since you came to London? dias hà, 'tis a pretty while since: que tanto hà que estays aqui, how long have you bin here? aurà cosa de media hora, about half an hour, &c.

The Verbs llevar and traer to bring, lead or car∣ry, are indifferently us'd in som parts of Spain, but not in Castile; but properly llevar is to bring, and traer is to carry, as llevaronme und••cado por la he∣chura, they brought mee a Crown for the making: lleveme el cavallo, bring mee the horse: trae una carga muy pesado, hee carries a very hevy burden.

Ther is also another sense of llevar, as buen ca∣mino lleva el negocio, the busines goes well: la eosa no lleva remedio, ther's no remedy for it.

Nàdie and ningùno none, differ in that nàdie re∣lates to Persons, and never joyns with a Substan∣tif, which ninguno doth, as no hago mal a nadie, I hurt nobody: quien està ay, who is ther? nadie no∣body. Ninguno joyns with Adjectifs, as obra de una es obra de ninguno, the work of one is the work of none: ninguno loseth o when it comes before a Sub∣stantif, as ningun hombre; but ninguna the feminin keeps a alwayes.

Pararmientes is an extraordinary word in Spa∣nish, it is to beware, as tu que mientes lo que dizes para mientes, thou which dost use to lye take heed what thon saist.

Pedir and preguntar to ask, differ in this, that pe∣dir relates to a thing wee desire to have, and pre∣guntar to a thing wee desire to know.

Recado or recaudo is as general a word as any that's us'd in the whole Spanish toung, somtimes it signifies a Message, yo voy con un recaudo, I go with a message: somtimes it signifieth wherwith to do any thing, as no tengo recaudo para escrevir, I have not wherwith to write: da me recauda para almorzar, give mee wherwith to break my fast, &c.

These Expressions also touching the disposition of the Wether are remarkable in the Spanish.

Llueve a cantaros, it rains by whole buckets: es∣campia, y har à buen tiempo, it leaves raining, and wee shall have fair wether: yela tanto que ay ca∣ràmbanos, it freezeth so that ther are Isicles: des∣yela, y haze lodaçares, it thaws and is very dirty: nieva a copos, it rains fleeces of wooll: el tiempo se escurece, que parect boca de lobo, the wether darkens as it were the mouth of a wolf: haze sol con uñas, y llovisna, the Sun is troubled, and it misles: haze lindo y estrellado, it is fair and star-like: haze suzio, y lleno de çarpas, it is foul and dirty: ay lodos hasta la cinta, ther's dirt up to the girdle: frio que haze tiritar, cold that makes the teeth to quaver: hae, muy resbaladero y dislizadero, haze bonança, tis calm.

Of the Spanish Accents.

Ther is nothing that conduceth more to the right and round speking of Spanish, as to observe how the words are accented, and to give a force therunto accordingly: To which end take these precepts.

All words ending in r have the accent in the last syllable as, mugèr a woman, plazèr plesure, mula∣dàr a dunghill, albeytàr a Farrier; All Infinitif Moods, as hablàr to speak, descansàr to rest, desca∣labràr to break ones head, bolvèr to return, appren∣dèr to learn, acontecèr to happen, hinchir to fill,

escupìr to spit, apercebìr to prepare, labradòr a yeo∣man, pecadòr a sinner, oradòr an orator, &c. with Proper names, as Gaspàr, Balthasàr, &c. But al∣càçar a castle, açùcar suger, màrtir a martyr, are ex∣cepted.

Words also ending in d have the accent in the last, as salùd health, lealtàd loyalty, humanidàd hu∣manity, &c. Proper names of places, as Madrìd, Vallodolìd, &c. wherunto may be added the second person plural of the Imperatif Mood, as and àd go, embiàd send, embergàd sequester, despavilàd snuff, &c.

Words also ending in l have an accent or Em∣phasis in the last, as Españòl a Spaniard, caracòl a snail, señàl a sign, azùl blu, &c. But som are accep∣ted, as cònsul, hàbil able, fertil fruitful, dèbil weak, àrbol a tree, fràgil frail, mòbil moveable, &c.

Words also ending in n have the accent in the last syllable, as capitàn a captain, almazèn a store∣house, mastìn a mastiff, compassiòn, devociòn, abomi∣naciòn, &c. but som few are excepted, as òrden or∣der, imàgen image, Orìgen, &c.

Words in x also have the accent in the last sylla∣ble, as carcàx a quiver, almofrèx a male or great hamper, relòx a clock, Amoradàx Mariorame.

Words also ending in z have the accent in the last syllable, as sagàz wise, Axedrèz a Chesse∣board table, vejèz old age, &c. Ther are som proper names excepted, as Nuñez, Dìaz, Alvà∣rez, Pèrez, Suàrez, Rodrìguez, Sànchez, Gòmez, &c.

Words terminating in ia have the accent over th•• i, as porfìa, alcanzìa a box, policìa, philosofìa, ale∣grìa mirth, Astronomìa, and other words deriv'd from the Latin. But these are excepted ausencia ab∣sence, blasfemia, clemència, dolència grief, escòria drosse, eficàcia, glòria, indùstria, infàmia, injùria, &c.

The Future tenses of Verbs in the Indicatif Moods, have the accent over the last, as buscarè, buscaràs, buscara, I, thou, hee shall seek: And ob∣servable it is, that wher the accent is over the last in the singular number, 'tis over the last saving one in the Plural, buscarè buscarèmos, virtùd virtùdes, capitàn capitànes, mugèr mugères, caracòl caracòles, relòx relòges.

Note that wher the accent is found ther must bee a gentle vigor, acutenes and force given to the syl∣lable.

Magnìfico the Adjectif hath the accent over the second syllable, but magnifìco the Verb over the pe∣nultime or last syllable saving one.

Carta compuesta de ciertos Frasis y Idiòmas, peculiares y propios a la Lengua Castellana.

A los 8. de Mayo.

MAs de cineo mezes hà que yo no recebi tilde de VM. por tanto estoy con mil desseòs, y no men cuydados de entender que tal se halla mi primo en pun∣to

salùd, y como leva a VM. tambien; Todos quan∣tos por aca dizen que mi Tartarabuelo ha traspassado, por cierto me pesa, porque de mi padre abaxo no quise mas a algun alma viviente; era devoto por el cabo, haga, que yo sepa que tanto avra que murio; se echa dever, que VM. ò està malo, ò muy ocupado, ò que se le da nada de sus parientes por aca; Topè poco hà con Beltran, que parecia en cuerpo, y en piernas, y casi en puras carnes tan belitre era; toda via se avia hecho cuero, y hazia fieros como si fuera Roldan, pensava de dalle palos, si no uvier a hecho divorcio con larazòn.

Supplico a VM. que se sirva de dar recaudo a la que va con esta, y si Fulano, &c. Esta por aculla, di∣gale que Hulana esta achocosa; despues de muchos dares y tomares recaudo al fin su dote, que vino a buen recaudo: No soy por mas, si no que con mis besa∣manos a çutano Don, &c. y a los chiquitos sus quita∣pesares, quedo muy de veras, y de todas mis entrañas, su criado mayòr.

Fulano.

This Letter were it translated verbatim accor∣ding to the literal sense, wold prove nothing but absurdities, therfore it must bee rendered otherwise, as thus:

A familiar Letter made up of certain Phrasis or Idioms peculiar and proper only to the Castilian Toung.

The 8. of May.

TIs more than six months that I receav'd any thing from you, therfore I am very desirous and careful to understand how my Cosen doth in point of health, and how you also do: All the world here report that my Great-granfather is dead, truly I am sorry, for after my father I lov'd him more then any; hee was devout in an intense de∣gree: I pray let mee know how long it is since hee dyed.

It seems that you are either ill or very busy, or that you care not for your Kinsmen hereabout. I met lately with Beltran, who appeer'd without a cloke or stockings, and almost stark naked, hee was such a Rogue; yet hee had got drunk, and did so rant it as if hee had bin another Roldan: I thought to bang him, had hee not made a divorce with reson for that time.

I pray be pleas'd to deliver the inclos'd, and if such a one B. bee that way, tell him that such a one M. is sickly, and after many Godmorrows shee recovered her dowry, which came in a good time. No more, but that with my service to D, and to his take away cares, I mean his little ones, I remain in earnest, and with all my bowels,

The gretest of your Servants, P. S.