The Latine grammar fitted for the use of schools wherein the words of Lilie's Grammar are (as much as might bee) reteined, many errors thereof amended, many needless things left out, many necessaries that were wanting, supplied, and all things ordered in a method more agreeable to children's capacitie / by Charls Hoole ... ; and (that nothing might bee wanting to the purpose) the English translation is set down on the contrarie page for the benefit of yong [sic] learners.

THE LATINE GRAMMAR.

Of Grammar, and its Parts.

The Latine Grammar con∣teineth Rules of right spea∣king Latine. It hath four Parts.

GRammar is the Art of Writing and Speak∣ing aright.

With the Latines in Latine.

There bee four Parts of Gram∣mar.	1	Orthographie.	Lib. I.
2	Etymologie:	Lib. II.
3	Syntaxis.	Lib. III.
4	Prosodia.	Lib. IV.

Grammar hath its name from letters, which the Greeks call gramma••d, and implie's as much as literature; as if you should call it the Letter-Art, or Skill in letters: for this Art begin's with letters, of which syllables are made; and of syllables, words; and of words, a speech; which is either Prose or Vers.

Orthographie is spent about Letters; Prosodia about Syllables; Etymologie about Words; and Syntaxis about a Speech. The natural order therefore require's, that Prosodia should bee ranked in the second place; But wee, following the method of the Com∣mon-Grammar (becaus indeed the quantitie of Syllables can∣not so well bee perceived before Words bee understood) thought good to set Prosodia in the last place.

Lib. I. Of Orthographie.

1. Orthogra∣phie treateth

ORthographie is the first part of Grammar, which teacheth with what letters anie word is to bee spelled; as, lectio not lexio.

Orthographie treateth	Of Letters.	Chap. 1.
Of Syllables.	Chap. 2.
Of Right Ʋtterance.	Chap. 3.
Of Points of Sentences.	Chap. 4.

Chap. 1. Of Letters.

2. of Letters, which are Vowells, and Consonants. Smal and Great. which stand for A Word, Or A Number.

A Letter is the least part of a Word.

There bee 23 Latine letters. A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z.

Three things belong to e∣verie Letter.	1. The Name whereby it is called.
2. The Figure or Character where∣by it is known, or noted.
3. The Force or power whereby it is pronounced or uttered.

Letters are distinguished according to their sound into	Vowels, &
Consonants.

A Vowel is a letter which soundeth by its self; and and they bee five, a e i o u, and y the Greek one: of which, beeing diversly placed, are made as manie Dipthongs, ae au ei eu oe, and v.

A Consonant is a letter which soundeth not except it bee joined with a Vowel, as, B C D &c. Like∣wise J and V becom consonants, when they are •••• before themselvs, or other vowels in the same sylla∣ble; as, Juno, Jovis; voluntas, vultus.

of Conso∣ants som are	1. Mutes, which have no sound, of themselvs, and they are nine, b c d f g k p q t, in which the sound of the vowel follow's after.
For f answereth to φ fi the Greek letter, and q to make it sound take's u to it.
2. Semivowels, which have som sound of themselves, and they are seven, l m n r s x z; in which the sound of the vowel goeth before.

Semivowels are som of them	Liquids, which do melt, or lose their force after a Mute in the same syl∣lable; as, l m n r.
Double Consonants, which have the force of two letters, as x z and j between two vowels. For in the word jejunium, the first j seem's to bee a single consonant, the second a double consonant, and the third a vowel.

S is neither a Liquid nor a Mute, but a letter of its own power or pronunciation; which som there∣fore call Monadicon, or a letter, of whose sort there is but that one.

H is not properly a letter, but a note of asspira∣tion; as in pulcher, homo, hiatus; which before ie is seldom pronounced, for wee saie Hjeremias, Hjeroso∣lyma, as though they begun with J consonant; but Hierarchia, as if it begun with I vowel.

Letters according to their shape are	Smal or	〈◊〉〈◊〉 wch are written with	Smal characters, as a b c.
Great	Great characters, as A B C.

Great letters are written in the begining of

1. Sentences; as, Deum time, Fear God. Regem hono∣ra, Honor the King.

2. Proper names; as, Carolus Charls. Londinum Lon∣don. Thamisis the Thames.

3. The more eminent words in a sentence; as,

Religionis Christianae fundamentum est Fides. Faith is the foundation of the Christian Religion.

4. Everie vers in a Poëme; as,

Ʋtendum est aetate: cito pede praeterit aetas. Nec bona tam sequitur, quàm bona prima fuit. Improve the time; time passeth quickly on; Nor doth so good succeed as that that's gon.

Smal letters are commonly written in all other places, whereof those are chiefly to bee minded which have a double character, as i u and s; for i and u bee vowels, but j and v bee consonants, which som call ja and va. Likewise long s is al∣waies written in the beginning or middle of a word, but short s in the end of it; as scripsimus.

When great letters bee set alone, or but a few together, they do signifie or stand for

somtimes	(Whole words; as, M. T. C. Mark Tullie Cicero. S. P. D. Salutem plurimam dicit, sendeth much greeting. A. M. Anno mundi, In the year of the World. A. D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord. R. P. Respublica, the Common-wealth. P. C. Patres Conscripti, the Senators. HS. or LLS. Duae librae & semis, two pound and a half. N. B. nota bene, mark well.
A number; as, I one, V five, X ten, L fiftie, C an hundred, ∽ or CC two hundred. D or D five hundred. ∞ or M or M a thousand. ↁ five thousand. CCIƆƆ ten thousand. {roman 50000} fiftie thou∣sand. {roman 100000} an hundred thousand. {roman 500000} five hundred thousand. {roman 1000000} ten hundred thousand.

The lesser number set before, take's away so much as it self is from the greater; but beeing set after, it add's to it; as, IV make's four, but VI six: IX nine, but XI eleven.

A cross line made over a numeral letter implieth it to signifie so manie thousands, as otherwise it would contein lesser sums; as III three thousand. X ten thousand, and so of the rest.

Chap. 2. Of Syllables.

2. Of Sylla∣bles. and Of parting and putting them together.

A Syllable, is a taking letters together, and ut∣tering them with one breath; as, vir-tus.

And it is	Improper, which consisteth of one onely vowel or dipthong; as, Ae-a-cus.
Proper, which consisteth of one or more consonants taken together with a vowel or dipthong; as, coelestis.

Hee that would write rightly must learn, as hee write's, to part syllables, and put them together.

Note therefore that

1. A Syllable in Latine doth not exceed the num∣ber of six letters; as, Stirps, Scrobs.

2. In words of manie syllables a consonant set be∣tween two vowels belong's to the later; as Do∣mi-nus.

3. If a consonant bee doubled, the first belong's to the foregoing, and the latter to the following syllable; as, An-nus.

4. Consonants, which cannot bee joined in the be∣ginning of a word, must bee parted in the middle of it; as, Sul-cus: and on the contrarie; as, No∣ster.

5. In simple words these letters alway belong to the following vowel, viz.

bd	as	He-bdomas.	becaus wee saie	Bdellium.
cn	Te-chna.	Cneus.
ct	Do-ctus.	Ctesipho.
gn	A-gnus.	Gnatus.
mn	A-mnis.	Mnemosyne.
phth	Na-phtha.	Phthisis.
ps	Scri-psi.	Psittacus.
pt	A-ptus.	Ptolomaeus.

sb	Le-sbia.	Sbesis.
sc	Pi-scis.	Scamnum.
sm	Co-smus.	Smaragdus.
sp	A-sper.	Spero.
sq	Te-squa.	Squalor.
st	Pa-stor.	Sterto.
tl	A-tlas.	Tleptolemus.
tm	La-tmius.	Tmolus.
tn	Ae-tna.	Thnesko.

6. In words compounded everie part must bee se∣parated from another; às, Abs-con-do.

7. In words compounded with a preposition, wee must respect the ear and good sound; as, Aufero, not Absfero; and Abstuli, not Autuli: and there∣fore it is that consonants are oftentimes put in; as, Redamo, for Reamo; and Ambigo for Amigo.

8. S Is rightly written after X in compound words, whose simples begin with s; as, Exscribo, of ex and scribo, exsul of x and solum: but not in others; as, Exoro of Ex and oro; Exigo of ex and ago.

Chap. 3. Of Right Utterance.

Of right Ut∣tering and a∣mending the faults in Pro∣nouncing.

ORthoëpie, or Right Utterance, is the manner of right speaking out; as, Homo, not omo.

Boies must neither over-hasten their speech, nor paus between everie word, but must bee made to avoid the usual faults in pronouncing; such as are

1. Traulism, when one stutteth or stammereth; as, Cacacanit for canit. Which fault may bee amended by quickly pattering over som ribble rabble made hard to pronounce on purpose; as,

Arx, tridens, rostris, sphinx, praester, torrida, seps, strix.

Plateasm, when one speaketh too broadly; as, Ar∣gò for Ergô. Mountes for Montes. Taibai for tibi.

Ischnotes, when one speaketh too mincingly; as, Nync for nunc. Eliquis for Aliquis. Or too lispingly; as, Aputh for Apud. Amath for Amat.

Chap. 4. Of Points in Sentences.

4: Of Point in Sentences, which are 1. Comma , 2. Colon : 3. Semi∣colon ; 4. Period , 5. Parenthe∣sis () 6. Interroga∣tion? 7. Exclama∣tion! Hyphen -

A Point or Paus is a note of distinction, signify∣ing the space of breathing, or how long one may staie his breath. There bee eight of these espe∣cially to bee noted.

1. A comma is an half circle, which staieth a sen∣tence a little by distinguishing its shorter parts; as,

Grammaticus, rhetor, geometres, pictor, aliptes, Graeculus esuriens, in coelum, jusseris, ibit.

2. A Colon is two pricks, which suspend a sen∣tence somwhat long, by dividing it in the midst; as,

Ʋtendum est aetate: cito pede praeterit aetas.

3. A Semicolon is a prick with a Comma under it, staying a sentence longer then a Comma, and not so long as a Colon; as, Tu, quid divitiae possint, consideras; quid virtus, non item.

4. A Period is a full prick after a perfect sen∣tence; as, Deum time. Regem honora.

5. A Parenthesis is two half Moons including a sentence, which though it bee taken away, the speech nevertheless will bee whole; as,

—Princeps (quia bella minantur Hostes) militibus urbes praemunit, & armis.

6. An Interrogation mark's a question with two pricks, whereof the higher hath a tail upward; as, Quomodo vales?

7. An Exclamation is marked with two pricks, where∣of the upper is a line coming down upon a point; as, O tempora! O mores!

8. Hyphen is a little stroke interposed in a word divided at the end of a line; as, Humanis∣sime: or, in words that are united, but not compound∣ed; as Res-publica, a Common-wealth.

LIB. II. Of Etymologie.

Etymologie treateth

ETYMOLOGIE is the second part of Grammar, which teacheth how to know the difference of words, du∣ly considering the properties or things belonging to everie one of them.

Now, a word is a part or piece of a Speech, which it self doth signifie somthing, but cannot bee divi∣ded into parts that signifie; as, Pietas Godliness.

Chap. 1. Of the eight Parts of Speech, and their ge∣neral Accidents.

Of the eight Parts of Speech. which are Declined or Undeclined. To which be∣long, Two Num∣bers, Singular, and Plural. Three Persons The First. The Second. The Third.

THere bee eight sorts of Words.

• ...1. A Noun. Chap. 2.
• ...2. A Pronoun. Chap. 23.
• ...3. A Verb. Chap. 24.
• ...4. A Participle. Chap. 39.

• ...5. An Adverb. Chap. 40.
• ...6. A Conjunction. Chap. 41.
• ...7. A Preposition. Chap. 42.
• ...8. An Interjection. Chap. 43.

And these bee commonly called Parts of Speech, becaus of them eve∣rie speech is made.

The four	first	of these are	Declined, which chan∣ge's their endings.
later	Ʋndeclined, wch chan∣ge's not their endings.

There belong to everie Part of Speech

1. Speci∣es, or Kinde,	according to which a word is	Primitive, which is not derived of anie other word; as, Arbor, Amo.
Derivative, which is derived from another word; as, Arbustum, Ami∣cus.
2. Figure, or Form,	Simple, or single; as, Amicus, Amo.
Compound, or mixt; as, Inimicus, Redamo.

There belong to words Declined

1. Analogie, when a word agree's with a Common Rule; as, Musa, Amo.

2. Anomalie, when a word swerv's from the Com∣mon Rule; as, Filia, Fero.

3. Two Num∣bers, whereof	The Singular speaketh but of one; as, Lapis a Stone.
The Plural of more then one; as, Lapides Stones.

4. Three Persons.	The first speaketh of himself; as, Ego nugans puer ludo. I trifling boie do plaie.
The second is spoken to; as, Tu nugans puer ludis. Thou trifling boie plaiest.
The third is spoken of; as, Ille nugans puer ludit. Hee trifling boie plaieth.

Ego and Nos bee alwaies of the First Person.

Tu and vos, and everie Vocative case of the Se∣cond.

All other Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles bee of the Third, unless these bee exprest or understood.

Chap. 2. Of a Noun, and its proper Accidents.

A Noun na∣meth a thing, and is Substantive Or Adjective. Proper Or Common. It hath,

A Noun is a Part of Speech which nameth a thing, without anie difference of Time or Person; as, Manus a Hand, Domus a Hous.

And it is either

Substantive, which may stand by it self in a Speech, and requireth nothing to bee added to declare its signification; as, Homo a Man.

Adjective, which stand's in need of a Substantive to declare its signification; as, Bonus good.

A substantive sheweth what a thing is; as, Equus a hors.

An Adjective sheweth what alike the thing is; as, Albus White.

Both which are

Proper, which is spoken of som one thing one∣ly; as, Carolus Charls, Londinum London. Thamisis Thames. Anglus English. Scotus Scotch.

Common, which signifieth a thing common to

manie; as, Homo a Man, Ʋrbs a Citie, Fli••vius a River, Regio a Countrie, Magnus Great.

There belong to a Noun, Pronoun, and a Participle	Case.	Chap. 3.
Gender.	Chap. 4.
Declension.	Chap. 11.
Comparison.	Chap. 17.

Chap. 3. Of Case.

Six Cases. The Nomina∣tive. Genitive. Dative. Accusative. Vocative. Ablative.

A Case is the special ending of a Noun, Pronoun, or Participle.

There bee Six cases in both numbers.

1. The Nominative case is the first word whereby wee name anie thing; and it goeth before the Verb, and answereth to the question Who, or What? as, Magi∣ster docet, The Master teacheth.

2. The Genitive case signifie's whose a thing is; and answereth to this question Whose, or Whereof? as, Doctrina Magistri, The learning of the Master, or The Master's learning.

3. The Dative attribute's, or give's somthing to one; and answereth to the question to whom, or to what; as, Do librum Magistro, I give a book to the Master.

4. The Accusative case follow's the Verb, and signi∣fie's whereunto the action of the Verb referreth; and answereth to the question Whom, or What? as, Amo Magistrum, I love the Master.

5. The Vocative case is used in calling or speaking to; as, O Magister, O Master.

6. The Ablative case is commonly joined with a Preposition that serveth thereunto; and answereth to the question from whom, or from what? and the like; as, Accepi librum à Magistro, I received a book from the Master.

The Nominative case is somtimes called the right, or streight case, and the rest oblique, or thwart cases, becaus their endings swerv from the Nominative.

Chap. 4. Of Gender.

even genders Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Common of two. Common of three. Doubtful. Epicoeoe.

GEnder is the differencing of Sex in respect of Speech. For it make's a difference betwixt Nouns that are used as Hees or Shees, thereby to know the agreement of the Substantive or Adje∣ctive.

Genders of Nouns bee seven; whereof the three first may not unfitly bee termed Simple, and the four last Compound Genders.

They are known by their Articles (or notes) which are borrowed of the Pronoun and bee thus decli∣ned.

Singulariter		Masc.	Foem.	Neut.	Pluraliter	Masc.	Foem.	Neut.
Nom.	Hic	Haec	Hoc	Hi	Hae	Haec
Gen.	Hujus	Hujus	Hujus	Horum	Harum	Horum
Dat.	Huic	Huic	Hui••c	His	His	His
Acc.	Hunc	Hanc	Hoc	Hos	Has	Haet
Voc.
Abl.	Hôc	Hac	Hôc	His	His	His

1. The Masculine gender is of Nouns which are given to Hees; and is declined with Hic; as, Hic vir a Man.

2. The Feminine gender is of Nouns which are gi∣ven to Shees; and is declined with Haec; as, Haec mu∣lier, a Woman.

3. The Neuter is of Nouns which are given to things that are accounted neither Hees nor Shees; and is declined with Hoc; as, Hoc saxum, a Stone.

4. The Common of two is made of the Masculine and the Feminine joined together; and is declined with Hic and Haec; as Hic & haec Parens a Parent.

5. The Common of three is made of all three simple Genders joined together; and is declined with Hic, Haec, and Hoc; as, Hic, Haec & Hoc Felix Happie.

6. The Doubtful may bee either the Masculine or the Feminine; and is declined with Hic vel Haec; as, Hic vel Haec Dies a Daie.

7. The Epicene comprehendeth both Sexes under one Article; as, Hic Passer a Sparrow. And in this Gender, to avoid ambiguirie, wee use to express the Sex by Hee, or Shee; as, Passer mas a Hee, or Cock-sparrow: Passer foemina a Shee, or Hen-sparrow.

Propria quae Maribus. OR WILLIAM LILIE'S Rules OF THE GENDERS of NOUNS.

Chap. 5. Of the General Rules of Proper Names.

Rules of the genders of Nouns are 1. General. 1. Of Substan∣tives proper. 1. Proper names. 1. Of Gods. 2. Of Men. 3. Of Rivers. 4. Of Months. 5. Of Winds, are of the Mas∣culines. Good. 2. Proper Names. 1. Of Goddes∣ses. 2. Of Women. 3. Of Cities. 4. Of Regions. 5. Of Islands. are Feminines.

1. PRoper Names which are given to Males, or Hees, are Masculine: As 1. of Gods, as Bac∣chus, chi. Mars, tis. Apollo, līnis. 2. Of Men, as Ca∣to, tōnis. Virgilius, lii. 3. Of Rivers, as Tybris, bris. Orontes, tis. 4. Of Months, as October, bris. 5. Of Windes, as Lybs, ybis. Notus, ti. Auster, stri, the South∣winde.

II. PRoper Names shewing the female kinde are Fe∣minines; as, 1. Of Goddesses, as Juno, nonis. Ve∣nus, nĕris. 2. Of Women, as Anna, nae. Philótis, lotĭ∣dis. 3. Of Cities, as Elis, lĭdis. Opus, puntis. 4. Of Regions, as Graecia, ae. Persis, ĭdis. 5. Of Islands, as Creta, tae. Británnia, niae. Cyprus, pri.

But som names of Cities are excepted, as 1. These Masculines, Sulmo, mónis. Agragas, gantis. 2. Som Neuters, as Argos, Tibur, bŭris. Praeneste, stis, and 3. Anxur, xŭris, which is both of the Masculine and Neuter gender.

Chap. 6. Of the General Rules of Common Names.

II. General of Common Names. 1. Common names of Trees are Feminines. 2. Common names of Birds Beasts, & Fish bee Epicenes. 3. All that end in u••, and that change not their ending, are Neuters. 2. Special rules of common names are three.

1. COmmon names of Trees are of the Feminine gender, as Alnus, ni, an Alder. Cupressus, si, •• Cypress. Cedrus, dri, a Cedar. But Pinus, ni, a Pine. Oloaster, stri, a wilde Olive, are Masculines. Siler, lĕris, an Oster. Suber, bĕris, a Cork tree. Thus, uris, the Frankintens tree. Robur, ŏris, an Oak, and Acer, cĕris, a Maple, are Neuters.

II. THe names of Birds, as Passer, ĕris a Sparrow. Hirundo, dĭnis, a Swallow. Of Beasts, as Ti∣gris, grĭdis, a Tiger. Vulpes, pis, a Fox. And of Fishes, as Ostrea, ae, an Oister. Cetus, ti, a whale, are of the Epicene gender.

III. But here is to bee noted, that of all the Nouns afore-mentioned, everie Noun (except pro∣per names of Men, and Women) in um is of the Neuter gender. And so are Nouns that change not their ending.

But now will I speak in order touching all other Common Names, or which are as Common-names; for in these the Gen∣der is alwaies known by the Genitive case: as the Three Speci∣al Rules following will shew.

Chap. 7. Of the First Special Rule.

1. A Noun not encreasing, is Feminine. Except Mascu∣lines. Neuters. Doubtfuls. Commons of two.

A Noun not encreasing in the Genitive case singular, is of the Feminine Gender; as, Caro, Carnis, Flesh. Capra, Caprae, a shee Goat. Nubes, Nubis, a Cloud.

1. MAnie Names belonging to Men, ending in a, are of the Masculine gender; as, Scriba, bae, a Scribe: Assecla, clae, a Page. Scúrra, rae, a Scof∣fer. Rabula, lae, A Brawler. Lixa, xae, a Scullion. Lanista, stae, a Fencer. 2. Such as com from the first Greek Declension and end in as; as Satrapas, pae, a Peer. Or in es; as Athletes, tae, a wrestler. And such as are made of them in a; as Satrapa, pae, Athle∣ta, tae. 3. Likewise verres, ris, a boar-pig. Natalis, lis, a birth-date. aqualis, lis, an ewer. 4. Words that are compounded of as (and signifie more then as) a pound weight; as centussis, sis, an hundred pound weight. 5. Add to these, Lienis, nis, the milt. orbis, bis, a roundle. callis, lis, a path. caulis, lis, a stalk. follis, lis, a path of bellows. collis, lis, a little hill. mensis, sis, a month. ensis, sis, a sword. fustis, stis a club. funis, nis, a rope. panis, nis, bread. penis, nis, a man's yard. cri∣nis, nis, hair. ignis, nis, fire. cassis, sis, a net. fascis, scis, a faggot. torris, ris, a firebrand. sentis, tis, a thorn piscis, scis, a fish. unguis, guis, a nail, or hoof, vermis, mis, a worm. vectis, ctis, a door-bar. postis, stis, a

post, and axis, xis, an axle trce. 6. Nouns ending

in	er,	as,	Venter, tris, a bellie;	are of the Masculine gender.
os,	Logos, gi, a word;
us,	Annus, ni, a year;

YEt these are Feminines. 1. Mater, tris, a mo∣ther. 2. Humus, mi, the ground: domus, mi, mùs, an hous, or home: Alvus, vi, a panch: colus, li, lûs, a distaff: ficus, ci, cûs, a fig: acus, cûs, a needle: porticus cûs, a gallerte: tribus, bûs, a tribe: socrus, cri, a mo∣ther in law: nurus, rûs, a daughter in law: manus, nûs a hand: idus iduum, the Ides of the month: anus, nûs an old woman: vannus ni, a van. 3. To these you may add Greek words which turn os into us, as pa∣pyrus, ri, paper: antidotus, ti, an antidote: costus, sti, the hearb Marie: diphthongus, gi, a diphthong: bys∣sus, si, fine fl••x: abyssus, si, an abyss: crystallus, li, crystal: Synodus, di, a Synod: sapphirus, ri, a Sa∣phire: eremus, mi, a wilderness: arctus, cti, Charls∣wain: with manie more, which would bee long to set down.

II. NOuns ending in e, whose Genitive make's is, are of the Neuter gender; as, Mare, ris, the sea: rete, tis, a net. And 2. Nouns that end in on; as barbiton, ti, a Lute: or in um; as ovum, vi, an egg. 3. Hippomanes, nis, Mare-poison: cacoëthes, this, an evil custom: virus, poison: pelagus, gi, the sea. But 4. Vulgus, gi, the common people, is somtime Mascu∣line, somtime Neuter.

III. THese Nouns are of the Doubtful gender; Talpa, pae, a mole: dama, mae, a fallow-deer: canalis, lis, a channel: Balanus, ni, mast: finis, nis, an end: clunis, nis, a buttock: restis, stis, a rope: penus, ni, nûs, victuals: amnis, nis, a rivet.

Pampinus, ni, a vine-leaf; corbis, bis, a basket; linter, tris, a cock-boat; torquis, quis, a gold-chain; specus, cûs, a den; anguis, guis, a snake; ficus, ci, a pile; phase∣lus, li, a barge; Lecythus, thi, an oil-glass; pha∣rus, ri, a watch-tower; and Paradisus, si, Paradise.

IIII NOuns derived of Verbs, and ending in a are of the Common-of-two-Gender; as, Grajú∣gena, nae, a Grecian-born, of gigno to beget; Agricola, lae, an husband-man, of colo to till; ádvena, nae, a stran∣ger, of venio to com. 2. To these add Senex, nis, an old man; auriga, gae, a waggoner; verna, nae, a bondslave; so∣dalis, lis, a companion: vates, tis, a Prophet; extorris, ris, a banished man; Patruélis, lis, an Uncle's son; Perdu∣ellis, lis, an enemie in war; Affinis, nis, a kinsman; ju∣venis, nis, a youth; testis, stis, a witness; civis, vis, a ci∣tizen; canis, nis, a dog; hostis, stis, a foe, or enemie.

Chap. 3. Of the second Special Rule, and its Exceptions.

II. Anoun encrea∣sing long is Feminine: Except Mascu∣lines, Neuters. Doubtfuls. Commons.

IF the last syllable but one of the genitive case singu∣lar encreasing, sound long, a noun is of the fe∣minine gender; as, Pietas, pietátis, godliness; virtus, virtútis, virtue.

I. CErtain nouns of one syllable are Masculine; as, Sal, salis, salt; sol, solis, the Sun; ren, renis, the kid∣nie; splen, splenis, the spleen; Car, Caris, a man of Caria; Ser, Seris, a man of Seres; vir, viri, a man; vas, vadis, a suretie; as, assis, a pound weight; mas, maris, a male; Bes, bessis, eight ounces; praes, praedis, a suretie; pes, pedis; a foot; glis, gliris, a dormous; mos, moris, a manner; flos, floris, a flower; ros, roris, dew; Tros, Trois, a Trojane; mus, muris, a mous; dens, dentis, a tooth; mons, montis, a moun∣tain; pons, pontis, a bridg; fons, fontis, a spring.

Seps, sepis, a serpent; gryps, gryphis, a gryffon; Thrax, Thracis, a Thracian; Rex, Regis, a King; grex, gregis, a flock; and Phryx, Phrygis, a Phrygian. 2. Nouns of manie syllables in n; as, Acarnan, nánis, one of Acar∣nania; lichen, chénis, liverwort; delphin, phinis, a dol∣phin. 3. Nouns that end in o, and signifie a bodie; as, Leo, ónis, a lion; curculio, ónis, a weezil; so also se∣nio, ónis, size; ternio, ónis, trey; sermo, mónis, speech.

4. Nouns that end in	er,	as	crater, téris, a goblet,	bee mas∣culin.
or,	conditor, tóris, a builder,
os,	Heros, róïs, a Nobleman,

5. So are also torrens, rentis, a brook; nesrens, entis, a pig; Oriens, entis, the East; with manie in dens; as, bidens dentis, a two grained fork. 6. Add to these, gigas, gan∣tis, a giant; Elephas, phantis, an Elephant; adamas, mantis, an adamant; Garamas, mantis, one of Garamatia; tapes, pétis, tapestrie; lebes, bétis, a cauldron; Cures, rétis, one of Cures; Magnes, nétis, a loadstone; meridies, diêi, noon. 7. Nouns compounded of as, and signifie part of as; as, dodrans, antis, nine ounces; semis, issis, half a pound. 8. To these add, Samnis, nitis, a Samnite; hy∣drops, drôpis, the dropsie; nycticorax, rácis, a night-ra∣ven; vervex, vécis, a wether; phoenix, nicis, a Phenix; bombyx, bycis, a silk-worm. Yet of these, Syren, rénis, a meremaid; and also soror, óris, a sister; and uxor, óris, a wife, are feminines.

II, THese nouns of one fyllable, bee of the neuter gender, mel, mellis, honie; fel, fellis, gall; lac, la∣ctis, milk; far, farris, bread-corn; ver, veris, the spring; cor, cordis, a heart; vas, vasis, a vessel; os, ossis, a bone; and os, oris, a month; rus, ruris, the countrie; thus, thu∣ris, frankincens; jus, juris, right; crus, cruris, the leg, pus, puris, corrupt matter. 2. Nouns in al as, capital,

talis, a quoif. And in ar, as, laquear, aris, a vault, 3. Halec, lecis, an herring, is of the feminine and neu∣ter gender.

III. THese nouns bee of the Doubtful gender, Py∣thon, ónis, a spirit of Prophesie; scrobs, bis, a ditch; serpens, pentis, a serpent; bubo, bónis, an owl; rudens, dentis, a cable; grus, gruis, a crane; Perdix, dicīs, a partridg; lynx, cis, a spotted beast; limax, ácis, a s••all; stirps, pis, a stock; calx, cis, an heel; dies, dieï, a daie, is onely masculine in the plural number.

IV. THese nouns bee of the Common-of-two-gen∣der; Parens, rentis, a parent; autor, tóris, an Autor; infans, fantis, a babe; adolescens, scentis, a youth; dux, ducis, a leader; illex, légis, a lawless person; haeres, rédis, an heir; exlex, légis, an outlaw. Words compounded of frons, tis. a forehead; as, bifrons, tis, one having two foreheads; custos, stódis, a keeper; bos, bovis, a neat; fur, furis, a thief; sus, suis, a swine; sa∣cerdos, dotis, a Priest.

Chap. 9. Of the third Special Rule, and its Exceptions.

III. A noun encrea∣sing short is of the mascu∣line gender. Except Femi∣nines. Neuter. Doubtfuls. Commons.

A Noun is of the masculine gender, if the last syllable but one of the genitive case singular increasing, sound short; as, sanguis, sánguinis, blood.

I. A Noun of more then two syllables, ending in do, which make's dinis; as, dulcédo, dinis, sweet∣ness; and in go which make's ginis; as, compâgo, ginis, a joint, are of the feminine gender. 2. Add Virgo, gi∣nis, a maid; grando, dinis, hast; fides, dei, faith; compes, pedis, fetters; teges, getis, a mat; seges, getis, standing corn; arbor, boris, a tree; hyems, emis, winter; bacchar,

charis, the hearb Ladie's-globe; sindon, dŏnis, fine linnen; Gorgon, gŏnis, the monster Gorgon; icon, cŏnis, animage; Amazon, zŏnis, an Amazon. 3. Greek nouns ending in as as, lampas, pădis, a lamp. Or in is, as Iaspis, spĭdis, jasper; cassis, sĭdis, an helmet; cuspis, spĭdis, a spear-point. 4. One word in us, as pecus, cŭdis, smal cattle. 5. To these add, forfex, ficis, a pair of shears; pellex, licis an harlot; carex, ricis, sedg; supellex, lectilis, houshold-stuff; appendix, dicis, an appentice; Histrix, stricis, an hedghog; coxendix, dicis, an hip; filix, licis, fein. 6. Halcyon, onis, a King's fisher; and mulier, liĭris, a woman, may bee put in this rank, or rule.

II. A Noun, signifying a thing without life, is of the neuter gender, if it end in a; as, probléma, matis, a probleme; In en; as, omen, mĭnis, luek; In ar; as, iubar, băris, the sun-beam; In ur; as, jecur, cŏris, the liber; In us; as, onus, nĕris, a burden; In put; as, occiput, cipitis, the hinder part of the head. 2. Yet of these, pecten, ctinis, a comb; furfur, furis, bran; are masculines. 3. These are neuters, Cadaver, veris, a car∣cass; verber, beris, a stripe; iter, tineris, a journie; suber beris, cork; tuber, beris, a toad-stool; uber, beris, a dug; gingiber, beris, guiger; laser, seris, the herb Benjamin; cicer, ceris, a vetch; piper, peris, pepper; papáver, veris, poppie; siser, seris, a parsnip; siler, leris, an oster. 4. Ae∣quor, oris, the sea; marmor, oris, a marble; and ador, doris, wheat, are neuters. 5. And so is pecus, cattle when it make's pecoris.

III. THese nouns are of the Doubtful gender, car∣do, dinis, the hinge of a door; margo, ginis, a margent; cinis, neris, ashes; obex, bicis, a bolt;

pulvis, veris, dust; adeps, dipis, fat; forceps, cipis. a pair of tongs; pumex, micis, a pumice-stone; ramex, micis, burstness; anas, natis a duck; imbrex, bricis, a gutter-tile; culex, licis, a gnat; natrix, tricis, a water∣snake; onyx, nycis, the nail of one's hand, with its compounds, and silex, licis, a flint; though these bee rather used as masculines.

IV. THese nouns bee of the Common-two-gender, vigil, gilis, a watchman; pugil, gilis, a champi∣on; exsul, sulis, a banished man; praesul, sulis, a superintendent; Homo, minis, a man; nemo, want's the genitive case, and in the dative make's nemini, no bodie; martyr, tyris, a martyr; Ligur, guris, one of Liguria; augur, guris, a foothsaier; Arcas, cadis, an Ar∣cadian; Antistes, stitis, a President; miles, litis, a soul∣dier; pedes, ditis, a footman; interpres, pretis, an inter∣preter; comes, mitis, a companion; hospes, spitis, an host, or ghest; ales, litis, a bird of wing; Praeses, sidis, a President; Princeps, cipis, a Prince; auceps, cupis, a fowler; eques, quitis, an horsman; obses, sidis, an ho∣stage. 2. And manie other nouns derived of verbs, as conjux, jugis, an husband or a wife; judex, dicis, a judg; vindex, dicis, a revenger; opifex, ficis, a workman; and aruspex, spicis, a foothsaier.

Chap. 10. Of the genders of Ad∣jectives.

General Rules of Adjectives. 1. Of one ter∣mination. 2. Of two ter∣minations. 3. Of three terminations. 1. Exception of Adjectives like Substan∣tives. 2. Of Adje∣ctives that are declined. by is and er.

I. ADjectives of one termination are of all three genders; as, hic, haec, & hoc felix, licis, happie; hic, haec, & hoc, audax, dacis, bold.

II. Adjectives, if they have two terminations, the first is of the Common-of-two-gender; the second, is of the Neuter; as, hic & haec, omnis, & hoc, omne, all.

III. But if Adjectives do varie three terminations; as, Sacer, sacra, sacrum, holie: the first termination is Masculine, the second is Feminine, and the third is Neuter.

But som are, by declining, almost Substantives, yet by nature and use, rather Adjectives: such are Pauper, peris, poor; puber, beris, of ripe age; degener, generis, one that goe's out of kinde; uber, beris, plentiful; dives, vitis, rich; locuples, plétis, weal∣thie; sospes, spitis, safe; comes, mitis, a companion; superstes, stitis, a surviver, and som others, which due reading will teach.

2. These Nouns have a certain manner of decli∣nig proper to themselvs; Campester, of the plain field; volucer, swift in flight; celeber, famous; celer, swift; saluber, wholsom: To which add Pe∣dester, of a footman; equester, of an horsman; acer, sharp; paluster, of a fen; alacer, cheerful; sylvester, of a wood: And these you shall decline thus: Hic celer, haec celeris, hoc celere, swift; or, Hic & haec ce∣leris, & hoc celere, swift. &c.

Chap. 11. Of the first Declension.

There bee five Declensions. Nouns of the first bee decli∣ned like musa;

DEclension is the variation of a word by Cases.

There bee five declensions of nouns.

A Noun is known of what Declension it is by the ending of the Genitive case singular; for the Geni∣tive case

of the	1st	2d	3d	4th	5th
end's in	ae	i	is	ûs	eï

The Genitive case is formed of the Nominative, (which is the first word) by changing the termina∣tion; and other cases are formed of the Genitive.

The Vocative, in the singular number, is, for the most part, like the Nominative; and in the plural al∣waies.

Nouns of the neuter gender have the nominative, the accusative, and vocative cases alike in both num∣bers; which three cases end in a in the pluràl.

The Dative and Ablative plural are alwaies alike.

The Genitive plural, in manie words admit's a Syncope, i. e. the loss of a middle letter or syl∣lable.

The first Declension is, of Latine nouns (for the most part Feminines) not encreasing, ending in a; which are declined like Musa, a song.

The terminations of the first Declension are	Singularly in the	Nominative	case	a	The example, or type thereof is	Musa
Genitive	ae	Musae
Dative	ae	Musae
Accusative	am	Musam
Vocative	a	Musa
Ablative	â	Musâ
Plurally in the	Nominative	case	ae	Musae
Genitive	arum	Musarum
Dative	is	Musis
Accusaive	as	Musas
Vocative	ae	Musae
Ablative	is	Musis

As is found in tht Genitive case singular in imitation of the Greeks; as, Pater-familias, the good man of the hous.

The antients dissolved ae into āi, as aulāi for aulae.

Filia, nata, dea, equa, with som few others, make their Dative and Ablative plural in abus, to distinguish them from their Ma∣sculines, Filius, natus, Deus, equus, which follow the form of the second Declension.

This Declension is also of Greek Nouns, viz. Masculines in as, and es, and Feminines in a and e.

Nouns in as and as, make their Accusative in am and an; as,

Nom	Gen	Dat.	Acc.	Voc.	Ablat
Aeneas	Aeneae	Aeneae	Aeneam, an	Aenea	Aeneâ
Maia	Maiae	Maiae	Maiam, an	Maia	Maiâ

Greek words in the plural number are declined like Latine.

Es make's in the Accusatixe case en, in the Vocative and Ablative e, or a.

Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Voc. or Ablat.
Anchises	Anchisae	Anchisae	Anchisen	Anchise vel Anchisa

E make's the Genitive in es, the Dative in e, the Accusa∣tive in en, the Vocative and Ablative in e; as,

Nom	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Voc. & Abl.
Penelope	Penelopes	Penelope	Penelopen	Penelope

Som add hereunto Hebrew words in am; as, Adam, Adae, which are better reduced to the second Declension by putting to us; as, Adamus, Adami, Adam.

Chap. 12. Of the second Declension.

Of the Second like Magister, Dominus, or Regnum.

THe second Declension is (for the most part) of Masculines

in	er	as	Magister, a Master.	Or of Neuters in um; as, Regnum, a Kingdom.
us	Dominus, a Lord.

The terminations of this Declen∣sion are	Singularly	Nom.	r, us, um.	The Examples or Types of it are	Magister	Dominus	Regnum
Gen.	i.	Magistri	Domini	Regni
Dat.	o.	Magistro	Domino	Regno
Acc.	um.	Magistrum	Dominum	Regnum
Voc.	r, e, um.	Magister	Domine	Regnum
Abl.	o.	Magistro	Domino	Regno
Plurally	Nom.	i, a.	Magistri	Domini	Regna
Gen.	orum.	Magistrorum	Dominorum	Regnorum
Dat.	is.	Magistris	Dominis	Regnis
Acc.	os, a.	Magistros	Dominos	Regna
Voc.	i, a.	Magistri	Domini	Regna
Abl.	is.	Magistris	Dominis	Regnis

When the Nominative endeth in us the vocative endeth in e; but Deus God, maketh ô Deus, and Filius a son maketh ô fili.

Proper names of Men in ius make their Vocative in i; as, Nom. Georgius George, voc. Georgi.

Agnus, a lamb; lucus, a grove; chorus, a quire; fluvius, a river, do make their Vocative case in e and in us.

Wee read in the plural number	Dii	Deorum	Diis, Deos, Dii, Diis, gods.
Dei	Deûm

Greek nouns of this Declension have three terminations: eus of the Masculine, os of the Masculine and Feminine, and on of the neuter gender.

Eus make's the genitive case 'n er̄, or eo!, the dative in eī, the Accusative in ëa, the Vocative in eu, the Ablative in eo.

Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Voc.	Abl.
Orphena	pheï, pheos	Orpheï	Orphea	pheu	pheo

Ös make's the Accusative case in on, as, Nom. Delos, Gen. Deli, Dat. Delo, Acc. Delon, Voc. Dele, Ablat. Delo:

But Attick nouns in os make the Genitive in o; as, Andro∣geos, Androgeo, &c. And nouns contracted in us make their Vo∣cative in u; as, Oedipus, Oedipu.

On is declined like other Neuters; as, Nom. Ilion, Gen. Ilii, Dat. Ilio, Acc. Ilion, Voc. Ilion, Abl. Ilio.

Chap. 13. Of the third Declension.

Of the Third like Lapis or Caput. What nouns make the Acc. in im. Ext & im. The Abl. in i. Nom-plural in ia. Es & eis. Gen. in ium Unm, Orum & ium. Abl. in ù & bus.

THe third Declension is very divers, for it con∣tein's all Genders, and (at the least) eleven ter∣minations in the Nominative case singular: in a, c, e, i, l, n, o, r, s, t, x.

The terminations of this Declen∣sion are	Singularly	Nom.	divers	The Examples, or Types of it are	Lapis	Caput
Gen.	is	Lapidis	Capitis
Dat.	i	Lapidi	Capiti
Acc.	em	Lapidem	Caput
Voc.	divers	Lapis	Caput
Abl.	e	Lapide	Capite
Plurally	Nom.	es	Lapides	Capita
Gen.	um	Lapidum	Capitum
Dat.	ibus	Lapidibus	Capitibus
Acc.	es	Lapides	Capita
Voc.	es	Lapides	Capita
Abl.	ibus	Lapidibus	Capitibus

The Accusative cases of som words are declined onely in im; as, vis. strength; ravis, hoarsness; si∣tis, thirst; tussis, a cough; maguderis, the stalk of the herh Benjamin; Charybdis, a gulf; and amussis, a Carpenter's line; to which wee may add the names of Rivers; as, Araris, the Soan in France; Tybris, Cybris by Rome.

Som make their Accusative in em and im indif∣ferently; as, Pelvis, a basin; turris, a tower; buris, a plow-stilt; puppis, a poop of a ship; torquis, a chain to wear about one's neck; securis, an ax; restis, a rope; febris, an Agne; clavis, a keie; bipennis, a twi∣bil; aqualis, a water-pot; navis,, a ship.

Their Ablative end's in i onely, whose Accusa∣tive end's onely in im; as, tussim, Abl. tussi.

Names of Months in is and er, do make their Ablative in i onely; as, September, Abl, bri; Aprilis, Abl. li.

Neuters ending in al, ar, and e, for the most part make their Ablative in i;

as,	Vectigal, Abl. li, toll.	For Rete in the Ab∣lative, is of Retis,
Calcar, Abl. ri, a spur.
Rete, Abl. ti, a net:

Yet these Nouns in ar, and e, keep e in their Ab∣lative case; as, Far, bread-corn; hepar, the liber; jubar, the sun-beam; nectar, sweet wine; gausape, a frize; praesepe, a stall; Soracte, a hill in Italie; Prae∣neste, the citie Palestrina; Reate, the citie Reati in Italie.

Adjectives, having the Nominative common in is, or er, and the Neuter in e, make their Ablative in i onely; as, fortis, ti, strong; Acer, or Acris, cri, sharp.

Nouns, which take on them the nature of Adje∣ctives, make their Ablative case for the most part in i; as, Sodalis, li.

Except Proper names; as, Clemens, tis, Clement.

Nouns, whose Accusative cases end in em or im, make their Ablative in e and i; as, Puppis, Acc. pem vel pim, Abl. pe vel pi.

Par also, with its compounds, make both e and i. Also nouns of the Comparative degree; as, melior, better; and the rest of the Adjectives except those above-mentioned in er or is: But Pauper, poor; degener, out of kinde; uber, plentiful; sospes, safe; and hospes, an host; make their Ablative in e onely.

Som Substantives; as, Ignis, fire; amnis, a river; anguis, a snake; supellex, houshold-stuff; vectis, a door-bar; unguis, a nail, or hoof: Gentiles; as, Ar∣pinâs, one of Arpinum; and Verbals in trix; as, Vi∣ctrix, a Conqueress, make their Ablative in e and i.

Neuters, whose Ablative end's in i, or in e and i, make their Nominative plural in ia; as, Fortis, tia, strong; felix, licia, happie.

Except Comparatives; as, fortiora, stronger: but Plus make's plura and pluria, more.

Som Nouns make their Nominative and Accusa∣tive plural in es or eis the diphthong; as, Omnes or omneis, all; and eis is somtimes contracted into is; as, Sardis.

Of Ablatives in i onely, or in e or i, the Geni∣tive case plural end's in ium; as, utili, utilium, pro∣fitable; puppi vel pe, puppium. Except Comparatives; as, meliorum.

And	Supplicum	of	Supplex, a suppliant.
Complicum	Complex, a partner.
Strigilum	Strigil, an hors-comb.
Artificum	Artifex, an artifice.
Veterum	Vetus, old.
Vigilum	Vigil, a watchman.

Memorum	Memor, mindeful.
Inopum	Inops, poor
Pagilum	Pugil, a champion.
But plus make's plurium.

When the Nominative cases singular end with two Consonants, the Genitive plural end in ium; as, Pars partium.

Except	Hyemum,	of	Hyems, winter.
Principum,	Princeps, a Prince.
Forcipum,	Forceps, a pair of tongs.
Municipum,	Municeps, a free-men.
Inopum,	Inops, poor.
Coelibum,	Coelebs, a single-man.
Clientum,	Cliens, a Client.
Participum,	Particeps, a Partner.

When like syllables are found in the Nominative and Genitive cases singular, the Genitive case plu∣ral end's in ium; as, Collis, a hill, make's Collium,

To which add,	Virium,	of	Vis, strength.
Salium,	Sal, salt.
Ditium,	Dis, rich.

Manium,	of	Manes, spirits.
Penatium,	Penates, houshold-gods.
Litium,	Lis, controversie.

Yet except,

Vatum,	of	Vates, a Poët.
Juvenum,	Juvenis, a youth.
Canum,	Canis, a dog.

Opum,	of	Opes, wealth.
Apum,	Apes, a Bee.
Panum,	Panis, bread.

As, a pound, make's assium; mas, a male, marium; vas-vadis, a suretie, vadium; nox, night, noctium; nix, snow, nivium; os, a bone, ossium; faux, a jaw, fauci∣um; mus, a mous, murium; caro, flesh, carnium; cor, a heart, cordium.

Ales, a bird. make's alituum; and coelites, the hea∣venlie inhabitants coeli••num; by taking to them u.

Boum of bos bovis, an ox, is an irregular word, as also bobus and bubus, for bovibus.

The names of Feasts, which are onely plural, make their Genitive case somtimes in orum; as, Agonalia, liorum: somtimes in ium; as, Floralia, lium: and somtimes both in orum, and ium; as, Saturnalia, li∣orum, and lium.

Neuters singular in a make the Dative and Abla∣tive plural in is or ibus; as, Problema, tis, vel mati∣bus. So also Quinquatria, triis, vel tribus.

Words derived from the Greek, when they are declined after their own manner, imitate these examples.

Sing.	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Voc.	Abl.	Som of these make the Geni∣tive plural in ων and ium.
Titan	an	in os	ani	ana	an	ane
Arcas	as	ados	adi	ada	as	ade
P••illis	is	idos	idi	ida	i	iae
Genesis	is	is, eos	i	im, in	i	i
Opus	us	untos	unti	unta	u	unte
Tethys	ys	yos	yt	yn	y	y
Dido	o	ûs	o	o	o	o
Achilles	es	eos	eï	ea	e	e

Chap. 14. Of the fourth Declension.

THe fourth Declension hath onely two termina∣tions in the Nominative case singular,

us, Masculine and Feminine,	as	Manus.
u, Neuter,	Cornu.

The terminations of this Declen∣sion are	Singularly	Nom.	us, u.	The Examples, or Types of it are	Manus	Cornu
Gen.	ûs, u,	Manûs	Cornu
Dat.	ui, u.	Manui	Cornu
Acc.	um, u.	Manum	Cornu
Voc.	us, u.	Manus	Cornu
Abl.	u, u.	Manu	Cornu
Plurally	Nom.	us, ua.	Manus	Cornua
Gen.	uum.	Manuum	Cornuum
Dat.	ibus.	Manibus	Cornibus
Acc.	us, ua.	Manus	Cornua
Voc.	us, ua.	Manus	Cornua
Abl.	ibus.	Manibus	Cornibus

Antiently the Genitive singular ended in i, and üis, thence the Antients said fructi for fructûs; and anüis for anûs.

The most holie name Jesus, make's Jesum in the Accusative, and in other cases Jesu.

The Dative case hath somtimes u; as, Fructu for fructui.

These words make their Dative and Ablative plu∣ral in ubus; viz. Artus, a joint; arcus, a bow; tribus a stock; acus, a needle; ficus, a fig; specus, a hole; quercus, an oak; lacus, a lake; partus, young; veru, a spit; genu, a knee; All other nouns make ibus.

Chap. 15. Of the fift Declension.

Of the Fift like Facies.

THe fift Delension hath one onely termination in es; as, Facies, a face.

All nouns of this Declension are Feminines; ex∣cept Dies, a daie, and Meridies, noon-daie.

Nom.	es	Facies	The Genitive singular once ended in es, ii, and e, & the Dative somtimes in e.
Gen.	ei	Faciei
Dat.	ei	Faciei
Acc.	em	Faciem	Som nouns of the third Declension were declined after this; as plebs, plebei.
Voc.	es	Facies
Abl.	e	Facie
Nom.	es	Facies	No nouns of this De∣clension have the Gen. Dat. and Ablative plural, ex∣cept, Res, a thing; species, a kinde; facies, a face; acies, an edg; dies, a daie; meri∣dies, mid-date, or noon.
Gen.	erum	Facierum
Dat.	ebus	Faciebus
Acc.	es	Facies
Voc.	es	Facies
Abl.	ebus	Faciebus

Chap. 16. Of the declining of Ad∣jectives.

Adjectives of three Termi∣nations are de∣clined like Bonus. Of three Ar∣ticles like Felix, or Tri∣stis.

ADjectives are declined with three Terminations, or three Articles.

Adjectives of three Terminations are varied after the first and second Declension; viz. The termination r like Magister; us like Dominus; a like Musa; um like Regnum.

Their example or type is	Singulariter	Nom.	Bonus	Bona	Bonum
Gen.	Boni	Bonae	Boni
Dat.	Bono	Bonae	Bono
Acc.	Bonum	Bonam	Bonum
Voc.	Bone	Bona	Bonum
Abl.	Bono	Bona	Bono
Pluraliter	Nom.	Boni	Bonae	Bona
Gen.	Bonorum	Bonarum	Bonorum
Dat.	Bonis	Bonis	Bonis
Acc.	Bonos	Bonas	Bona
Voc.	Boni	Bonae	Bona
Abl.	Bonis	Bonis	Bonis

Ʋnus, one; totus, whole; solus, alone; ullus, unie; alter, another; uter, whether, and their compounds, make their Genitive in ïus, and the Dative in i.

So also doth alius, alia, aliud, Gen. alius, Dat. alii, &c.

Ambo both, duo, two, are irregular, and make their neuter gender in o, and bee thus declined.

Pluraliter	Nom.	Ambo	Ambae	Ambo
Gen.	Amborum	Ambarum	Amborum
Dat.	Ambobus	Ambabus	Ambobus
Acc.	Ambos	Ambas	Ambo
Voc.	Ambo	Ambae	Ambo
Abl,	Ambobus	Ambabus	Ambobus

Adjectives of one or two Terminations follow the rule of the third Declension, and are declined with three Articles.

Their Examples or Types bee	Singularly	Nom.	Hic, haec, & hoc, Felix.	Singularly	Nom.	Hic, & haec Tristis, & hoc, Triste.
Gen.	Hujus, Felicis.	Gen.	Hujus, Tristis,
Dat.	Huic, Felici.	Dat.	Huic, Tristi.
Acc.	Hunc, & hanc Felicem, & hoc Felix.	Acc.	Hunc, & hanc, Tri∣stem, & hoc Triste.
Voc.	Felix.	Voc.	T••ristis, & Triste.
Abl.	Hoc, hac, & hoc Felice vel Felici	Abl.	Tristi.
Plurally	Nom.	Hi, & hae, Felices, & haec. Felicia.	Plurally	Nom.	Hi, & hae, Tristes, & baec, Tristia.
Gen.	Horum, harum, & ho∣rum Felicium.	Gen.	Horum, harum, & ho∣rum, Tristium.
Dat.	His, Felicibus.	Dat.	His, Tristibus.
Acc.	Hos, & has, Felices, & haec, Felicia.	Acc.	Hos, & has Tristes, & haec, Tristia.
Voc.	Felices, & Felicia.	Voc.	Tristes, Tristia.
Abl.	His, Felicibus.	Abl.	Tristibus.

Nouns compounded of a Substantive and Ad∣jective are declined in both; as, Res-publica, Rei∣publicae: Jus-jurandum, juris-jurandi.

But such as are compounded of two Substantives, are declined onely in the former; as, Pater-familiâs, Patris-familiâs.

Chap. 17. Of Comparison.

There bee three degrees of Compari∣son. The Positive. The Compara∣tive. The Superla∣tive. But the com∣parison of som words is ••••egular. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Defective Improper.

NOuns, whose signification may encreas or bee diminished, do form Comparison.

Comparison is the varying of a word by De∣gree.

There bee three De∣grees of Comparison,	The Positive.
The Comparative.
The Superlative.

The Positive Degree is the first word signifying a thing Simply, and without Excess; as, Tristis, sad; durus, hard.

The Comparative somwhat exceed's the significa∣tion of his Positive by more; as, Tristior, sadder, or more sad; durior, harder, or more hard.

The Superlative exceedeth far above the Positive by verie, or most; as, Tristissimus, verie sad; duris∣simus, most hard.

The Com∣parative	is formed of the first case of the Positive, that en∣deth in i, by put∣ting thereto	or, and us, as of Tristi is made tristior, and tristius; of Duri, duri∣or, and durius.
The Su∣perlative	ssimus; as, of Tristi is made tristissimus; of Duri, durissimus.

Positives in r, make their Superlative by putting to rimus; as, Pulcer, fair plucerrimus.

But dexter, on the right hand, dexterior, more on the right hand, dextimus, most on the right hand; and sinister, on the left hand, sinisterior, more on the left hand, sinistimus, most on the left hand, as the Antients formed them, are excepted.

These six ending in lis, do make the Super∣lative by changing lis into limus; viz. Docilis, docilli∣mus, docible; agilis, agillimus, nimble; gracilis, gracil∣limus, slender; humilis, humillimus, humble; similis, si∣millimus, like; facilis, facillimus, easie.

Such as are derived of dico, loquor, volo, facio, are compared as of Positives in en••; as, Maledicus, male∣dicentior, maledicentissimus, cursing; magniloquus, ma∣gniloquentior, magniloquentissimus, brag; benevolus, be∣nevolentior, benevo'entissimus, kinde; magnificus, magni∣ficentior, magnificentissimus, statelie.

If a Vowel com before us in the end, the Com∣parative degree is made by magis, and the Superla∣tive by maximè; as, Pius, godlie; magis pius, more godlie; maximè pins, most godly.

These also are excepted from the General Rule aforegoing:

Bonus, good, melior, bet∣ter, eptimus, the best. Ma∣lus, bad, pejor, wors, pessi¦mus, the worst. Magnus, great, major, greater, ma∣ximus, the greatest. Par∣vus, little, minor, less, mi∣nimus, the least.

Multus, much, plus, more, plurimus, the most. Vetus, old, veterior, older, veterrimus, oldest; Maturus, ripe maturior, riper, maturi∣mus, & maturissimus, verie ripe; Nequam, naught, ne∣quior, naughtier, nequissi∣mus, the noughtiest.

And manie such like, whose Positives are derived of Adverbs, and Prepositions; as,

Citer, hitherly, citerior, citimus, of citra on this side.

Exterus, ou∣terlie, exterior	extimus,	of extra without.
extremus

Inferus netherlie, inferior, infimus, of infra, beneath, Posterus, afterlie; posterior, postremus, of post after.

Superus, over∣lie superior,	supremus,	of: supra above.
summus,

To which are wont to bee added, Ʋltra, beyond, ul∣terior, further, ultimus, the furthest; Propè, near, pro∣pior, nearer, proximus, the next; Pridem, long afore, prior, former, primus, the first; and Diu, long, diutior, longer, diutissimus, verie long.

These words are seldom met withal in reading Autors, and therefore seldom to bee used; viz. As¦siduior, more dailie; Strenuior, more stout; Egregiis∣simus, verie excellent; Mirificissimus, verie wonder∣ful; Pientissimus, vel piissimus, verie godlie; ipsis∣ssmus, the verie hee; perpetuissimus, most perpetual; tuissimus, most yours; exiguissimus, the least that may bee; multissimus, the most; proximior, nearer then the nearest.

Som want the Positive. Ocyor, swifter; ocyssimus, verie swift; potior, better able; potissimus, the best able; deterior, wors; deterrimus, the worst; penitior, innex, penitissimus, most innerlie.

Som want the Comparative. Novus, new; novis∣simus, the newest; inclytus, famous; inclytissimus, most famous; invitus, unwilling; invitissimus, most un∣willing; meritus, deserved; meritissimus, most deser∣ved; sacer, holie; sacerrimus, most holie; falsus, fals; falsissimus, verie fals; fidus, trustie; fidissimus, most trustie; nuper, nuperus, late; nuperrimus, verie late; diversus, divers; diversissimus, verie divers.

Som want the Superlative; as, Opimus, wealthie; opimior, more wealthie; juvenis, young; junior, youn∣ger; senex, old; senior, older; declivis, down-hill; declivior, more down-hill; longinquus, afar off; lon∣ginquior

further off; salutáris, wholesom; salutarior, more wholesom; supinus, careless; supinior, more careless; adolescens, youthful; adolescentior, more youthful; ingens, huge; ingentior, more huge; satur, full; saturior, fuller; antè, before; anterior, more be∣fore; infinitus, infinite; infinitior, more infinite; taci∣turnus, silent; taciturnior, more silent; communis, com∣mon; communior, more common.

Licentior, more licentious, is onely the Compa∣rative.

Sometimes also Comparison is made of Substan∣tives, but abusively; as, Nero, Neronior, more cruel then Nero; Poenus, Poenior, more persidious then a Carthaginian.

Quae Genus: OR, ROB. ROBINSON'S Rules of Nouns Heteroclits, or Irregular.

Chap. 18. Of varying Heteroclits.

Heteroclits are 1: Variant.

NOuns which 1. varie or change their Gender or Declining. 2. Those which want of anie new fashion. 3. And those which have too much, are Heteroclits.

These nouns change their gender and declining, which are,

1. Feminines in the singular number, and neu∣ters in the plural; as,

1. Pergamus, mi, the town Pergamus, make's Per∣gama, morum; Supellex, lectilis, houshold-stuff, make's supellectilia, unless it want the plural.

2. Neuters in the singular, and masculines and neuters in the plural; as, Rastrum, stri, a rake, make's rastri, & rastra, strorum; fraenum, ni, a bridle, make's fraeni, & fraena, norum; filum, li, a thred, make's fili, & fila, lorum; Capistrum, stri, an halter, make's capi∣stri, & stra, strorum.

3. Neuters in the singular, and masculines onely in the plutal; Argos, gi, the citie Argos, make's Argi, gorum; coelum, li, heaven, make's coeli, lorum.

4. Neuters in the singular, and feminine in the plural; as, Nundinum, ni, a fair, make's nundinae, na∣rum; epulum, li, a banquet, make's epulae, larum; bal∣neum, nei, a bath, make's balneae, nearum, though JU∣VENAL hath balnea in the plural number.

5. Masculines in the singular, and neuters in the plural; as, Maenalus, li, a hill in Arcadia, make's Mae∣nala, lorum; Dindymus, mi, the top of Ida, make's Dindyma, morum; Ismarus, ri, a hill in Thrace, make's Ismara, rorum; Tartarus, ri, Hell, make's Tartara, ro∣rum; Taygetus, ti, a hill in Lacedemonia, make's Tay∣geta, torum; Taenarus, ri, a hill in Laconia, make's Tae∣nera, rorum; Massicus, ci, a hill in Italie, make's Mas∣sica, corum; Gargarus, ri, a top of Ida, make's Gargara, rorum.

6. Masculines singular, and masculine and neu∣ters in the plural; Sibilus, li, an hissing, make's sibi∣li, & sibila, lorum; jocus, ci, a jest, make's joci, & joca, corum; locus, ci, a place, make's loci, & loca, corum; Avernus, ni, a lake in Campania, make's Averni, & Averna, norum.

Chap. 19. Of Heteroclits that want Case.

2. Defective in Case.

2. THose Heteroclits which follow are defective in Case, or Number.

1. Aptotes are such as varie no case; as, Fas; right; nîl, nothing; nihil, nothing; instar, like; such as end in u and i; as, cornu, a horn; genu, a k••••e; gummi, gum; frugi, thristie; Likewise Tempe, a plea∣sant field; tot, so manie; quot, how manie; and all nouns of number from three to an hundred.

2. A Monoptote is a noun of one onely case; as, Noctu, by night; natu, by birth; jussu, by bidding; injussu, without bidding; astu, by craft; promtu, in readiness; permissu, by sufferance; but wee read astus in the Accusative case plural, and inficias a ve∣nial, which vvord is onely found.

3. Those are Diptotes vvhich have tvvo cases one∣ly, as, Nom. fors, Abl. forte, hap; Gen. spontis, Abl. sponte, of one's own accord; Nom. plus, Gen. pluris, more; Gen. repetundarum, of briberie, Abl. repetundis; Gen. jugeris, of an acre; Abl. jugere; Gen. verberis, of a stroke, Abl. verbere; Nom. suppetiae, ard; Acc. sup∣petias; Nom. tantundem, so much, Gen. tantidem; Gen. impetis, violence, Abl. impete; Acc. vicem, a turn, Abl. vice; vvhereof verberis, vicem, plus, and jugeris have all their cases in the plural number.

4. Those are Triptotes vvhich have three cases onely; as, Gen. precis, Acc. precem, Abl. prece, praier; Gen. opis, Acc. opem, Abl. ope, help; vis, force, vvan∣teth no case except the Dative. And these have all their cases in the plural number.

5. Relatives; as, qui, which; Interrogatives; as, ecquis, who; Distributives; as, nullus, none; neuter, neither, and omnis, all.

Indefinites; as, quilibet, anie one; alter, another, want the Vocative case, and all Pronouns, except Noster, ours, nostras, on our side; meus, mine; tu, thou.

Chap. 20. Of Heteroclits that want Number.

Defective in the singu∣lar number. And Plural.

1. ALl Proper Names, having a restreining na∣ture, do want the plural number; as, Mars, tis, Mars; Cato, tonis, Cato; Gallia, liae, France; Roma, mae, Rome; Ida, dae, an hill near Troie; Tagus, gi, the river Taio in Spain; Laelaps, pis, a dog's name; Parnassus, si, a hill in Phocis; Bucephalus, li, Alexan∣der's hors. Add to these, the names of Corn; as, Triticum, wheat. Things sold by Weight; as, Lana, wooll; Of Herbs; as, salvia, sage; Of Liquors; as, Cer∣visia, beer; Of Metals; as, aurum, gold; wherein observ the opinion of Autors, for somtimes they keep, somtimes they reject the plural number.

2. Hordeam, dei, barlie; far, ris, bread-corn; mel, lis, honie; mulsum, si, wine mingled with honie; de∣frutum. ti, wine bosted to the half, and thus, thuris, frankincens, have onely the three like cases in the plural number.

3. These Masculines want the plural number; He∣sperus, ri, the evening star; vesper, ris, the evening; pontus, ti, the sea; limus, mi, mud; fimus, mi, dung; penus, ni, vel ûs, victuals; sanguis, guinis, blood; aether, ris, the skie; and nemo, no bodie; but nemo want's the Genitive and Vocative singular, as well as the plu∣ral number.

4. These Feminines have seldom the plural num∣ber; Pubes, bis, ripeness of age, salus, lútis, health; talio, ónis, like for like; indoles, lis, towardliness; tussis. sis, the cough;

pix, cis, pitch; humus, mi, the ground; lues, is, the murrain; sitis, tis, thirst; fuga, gae, flight; quies, étis, rest; cholera, rae, choler; fames, mis, hunger; bilis, lis, choler; senecta, ctae, old age; juventus, tútis, youth; But soboles, lis, an offspring; labes, bis, a spot; and all nouns of the fifth Declension will have three like cases in the plural number, except, res, rei, a thing; species, ciéi, a kinde; facies, ciéi; a face; acies, ciéi, an edg; and dies, diëi, a daie; which words are whole in the plural number. To these they are wont to add manie Feminines; as. Stultitia, tiae, foolishness; invidia, diae, envie; sapientia; tiae, wisdom; desidia, diae, floth; and a manie vvords of like sort, vvhich read∣ing afford's: and these somtimes, but very seldom, have the plural number.

5. These Neuters have not the plural number; Delicium, cii, one's delight; senium, nii, old age; le∣thum, thi, death; coenum, ni, dirt; salum, li, the salt sea; barathrum, thri, hell; virus, poison; vitrum, tri, glass; viscum, sci, bird-lime; penum, ni, provision; justitium, tii, vacation time; nihilum, li, nothing; ver, veris, the spring; lac, ctis, milk; gluten, tinis, giue; halec, lécis, an herring; gelu, frost; solium, lii, a throne; jubar, baris, the sun-beam. Here also you may put manie such like, vvhich you shall meet vvith as you read.

6, These masculines have onely the plural num∣ber; Manes, nium. spirits; majores, rum, Ancestors; cancelli, lorum, a lattice; liberi, rorum, children; an∣tes, tium, the first rank of vines; menses, sium, wo∣men's flowers; lemures, rum, hobgoblins; fasti, sto∣rum, a Register-book; minores, rum, posteritie; natales, lium, one's stock; penates, tium, houshold gods; and names of places; as, Gabii, biorum; Locri, erorum; and vvhatsoëver the like you read any vvhere.

7. These are of the Feminine gender and plural Number;

Exuviae, arum, an Adder's slough; phalerae, rarum, hors-trappings; Nom. grates, Acc. grates, thanks; manubiae; arum, spoil; Idus, duum, the Ides of months, antiae, arum, fore-locks; induciae, arum, truce; insidiae, arum, lying in wait; minae, arum, threatnings; excu∣biae, arum, watch and ward; Nonae, arum, the Nones of a month; nugae, garum, trifles; tricae, carum, gew∣gaws; Calendae, arum, the first daie of the month; quisquiliae, arum, sweepings; thermae, marum, hot bathes; cunae, narum, a tradle; dirae, rarum, cursing; exequiae, arum, rites at funerals; inseriae, arum, sacri∣fices to the infernal spirits; feriae, arum, holidaies; primitiae, arum, the first fruits; plagae, arum, hunter's nets; valvae, varum, double, or two-leav'd doors; divitiae, arum, riches; nuptiae, arum, a wedding; lactes, ctium, the smal guts. To these may bee added The∣bae, barum, Thebes; Athenae, narum, Athens in Greece; of vvhich sort you may finde manie names of places.

8. These Neuters have seldom the singular num∣ber; Moenia, ium, iorum, the walls of a Town; tesqua, squorum, rough places; praecordia, orum, the midriff; lustra, strorum, dens of wilde-beasts; arma, morum, weapons; mapalia, liorum, cottages; bellaria, riorum, juneates; munia, niorum, an office; castra, orum, tents, justa, storum, Rites at funerals; sponsalia, liorum, be∣trothing; rostra, strorum, a pulpit; crepundia, orum, a rattle; cunabula, lorum, a cradle; exta, torum, the en∣trafls of beasts; effata, torum, a Soothsayer's mutter∣ings. To these may bee added the Heathenish Festi∣val names; as, Bacchanalia, liorum, a Feast to Bac∣chus; and if you shall read more, you may put them under this Rule.

Chap. 21. Of redundant or abounding Heteroclits.

3. Redundant.

1. THese nouns (as it vvere) have too much, follow∣ing divers forms; for they varie both their gen∣der, and termination; viz. Tonitrus, & tonitru, thun∣der; clypeus, pei, & clypeum, pei, a buckler; baculus, li, & baculum, li, & bacillum, li, a staff; sensus, sùs, a sens, & sensum, si, a conceit, or meaning; tignus, ni, & tigmim, ni, a rafter; tapétum, ti, tapéte, tis, & tapes, pétis, tape∣strie; punctus, cti, & punctum, cti, a point; sinápi, & si∣nápis, pis, mustard; sinus, ni, & sinum, ni a milk-vessel; menda, dae, & mendum, di, a fault; viscus, sci, & viscum, sci, bird-lime; cornu, & cornum, ni, an horn, and cornus, nûs, the wing of an Armie; (as Lucane saith) even∣tus, tûs, & eventum, ti, an hap; and a thousand such, vvhich reading vvill afford thee.

2. Som Greek vvords do make a nevv Latine vvord in their Accusative case: as, Panther, théris, make's Panthéra, rae, a Panther; crater, téris, make's cratéra, rae, a goblet; cassis, sidis, make's cassida, dae, an helmet; aether, theris, make's aethera, rae, the skie.

3. In these nouns the Nominative cafe is divers, but the sens and gender are all one; viz. Gibbus, bi, & gibber, bĕris, a bunth, or swelling; cucumis, mis, & cucumer, mĕris, a cucumber; stipis, pis, & stips, pis, wa∣ges; cinis, nĕris, & ciner, nĕris, ashes; vomis, mĕris, & vomer, mĕris, a plowshare; scobis, bis, & scobs, bis, saw∣dust; pulvis, vĕris, & pulver, vĕris, dust; pubes, bis, & puber, bĕris, ripeness of age. Add hereunto nouns ending in or, and os; as, Honor, nôris, & honor, nôris, honor; labor, bóris, & labos, bóris, labor; arbor, bŏris, & arbos, bŏris, a tree; odor, dóris, & odos, dóris, savor;

Also apes, pis, & apis, pis, a bee; plebs, bis, & plebis, bis, the common people. There bee also manie nouns com∣ing from the Greeks, having this double manner; as, Delphin, phinis, & Delphinus, phini, a Dolphin; Ele∣phas, phantis, & Elephantus, ti, an Elephant; Congrus, gri, & Conger, gri, a Conger Eel; Meleagrus, gri, & Meleager, gri; Teucrus, cri, & Teucer, cri. And hitherto you shall refer all such as these, which your reading af∣fordeth.

2. These nouns are both of the second and fourth Declension; viz. Laurus, ri, & rûs, a Baie tree; quer∣cus, ci, & cûs, an Oak; pinus, ni, & nûs, a Pine tree; ficus, ci & cûs, a fig, or a fig-tree; colus, li, & lûs, a dis∣staff; penus, ni, & nûs, provision; cernus, ni, & nûs, a dog-tree; lacus, ci, & cûs, a lake; and domus, mi, & mûs, an hous, or home. Though these bee not thus found in everie case, you shall read also more then these, which you may well leav to old Autors.

When you decline Domus, omit the cases ending in me, mu, mi, and mis.

5. Manie Adjectives also do abound, but especi∣ally such as com of these Substantives; Arma, morum, Arms; jugum, gi, a yoke; nervus, vi, a s••new; somnus, ni, sleep; clivus, vi, a side of an hill; animus, mi, a minde; limus mi, mud; fraenum, ni, a bridie; cera, rae, wax; bacillum, li, a staff; of which Substantives you may make Adjectives in us and is; as of Arma, is made inermus and inermis, unweaponed; Hilarus, merrie, is seldom used, but hilaris is well known to bee used.

Chap. 22. Of the Kindes of Nouns.

Nouns are, 1. Primitive. 2. Derivative.

1. THese Nouns which follow, and such like bee Primitives; viz.

1. A noun Collective, which signifieth a multi∣tude in the singular number; as, Turba, a tout; grex, a flock.

2. Fictitious, which is feigned of the sound; as, Sibilus, an hissing; tintinnabulum, a tinckling.

3. Interrogatives, vvhich vvee use in asking; as, Quot, how manie? qualis, what an one?

4. Redditive, vvhich give's ansvver to the Interro∣gative; as, Tot, so manie; talis, such an one.

And these tvvo do somtimes turn into	Indefinites, vvhich do not define a certain thing.
Relatives, vvhich are referred to the vvord aforegoing; as, Talis erat, qualem nunquam vidi: Hee was such an one as I never saw.

5. Numeral, vvhich signifie's a number on anie fashion, vvhose kindes are also manie, viz.

1. Cardinal, from vvhich numerals proceed; as, Ʋnus, one; duo, two.

2. Ordinal, vvhich denote's an order; as, primus, the first; secundus, the second.

3. Distributive, vvhich divide's the vvhole into parts; as, Singuli, several; bini, two and two.

4. Partitives, vvhich signifieth either manie seve∣rally; as, Quisque, everie one; uterque, both: or one of manie; as, Alter, one of the two; aliquis, som one.

5. Ʋniversal, vvhich signifie's a thing universally; as, Omnis, all; nullus, none.

6. Particular, vvhich signifieth part of the univer∣sal; as. Quidam, one; aliquis, som bodie.

7. Multiplicative, which signifieth the multiplici∣tie of a thing; as, Simplex, single; duplex, double.

8. Proportional, which signifieth proportion; as, Simplum, a single part; duplum a double part.

9. Temporal, which signifieth time, as, Binus, two years old; trinus, three years old: and biennis, of two year's standing; triennis, of three years stand∣ing, or continuante.

10. Ponderal, which signifieth the weight of a thing; as, Binarius, of two pound weight; ternarius, three pound weight.

II. Derivatives are also of manie sorts, whereof these bee the chief.

1. Verbal, which is derived of a Verb; as, Lectio, xeading; flexilis, flexible.

2. Patrial, which signifieth the Countrie; as, Lon∣dinensis, a Londoner.

3. Gentile, which betokeneth the Nation, Side, or Sect; as, Graecus, a Greek; Ciceroniánus, one of Cice∣cero's side; Christiánus, a Christian, or a follower of Christ.

4. Patronymic, which is derived either from the Father, or som other person of the familie; as, Aeaci∣des, the son of Aeacus.

5. Patrony∣mic nouns end in	des,	as	Latoïdes, the son of Latona.	Mascu∣lines.
ion,	Iapetion, the son of Iapetus.
as,	as	Ilias, the daughter of Ilia.	Femi∣nines.
is,	Meneláis, the wife of Menelaüs.
ne,	Nerine, the daugh∣ter of Nereus.

6. Diminutive, which lesseneth the signification of its Primitive; as, Stultulus, a little fool; lapillulus, a little stone.

7. Possessive, which signifieth owing, or Possessi∣on; as, Regius, the King's, or, of the King; pater∣nus, the father's, or, of a father.

8. Denominative, which hath its name from ano∣ther, vvhich differeth from it in termination onely; as, Justitia, justice, of justus, just.

9. Material, vvhich signifieth matter; as, Aureus, golden.

10. Local, vvhich denote's a place; as, Hortensis, of the garden; agrestis, of the field.

11. Participial, vvhich is made of a participle, as, Sapiens, wise.

12. Adverbial, vvhich is derived of an Adverb; as, Crastinus, of tomorrow: And here vvee must diligent∣ly observ,

1. All vvords vvhose original is unknovvn or un∣certain, may bee accounted Primitives in the Latine tongue; yea, though they flovv from another Lan∣guage; as, Ego, musa.

2. Lest you bee bee ridiculous in finding the be∣ginnings of vvords, you may observ diligently the terminations vvhich com to the Primitives; as of Amo, I love, is made amator, a lover; amicus, a friend; amabilis, lovely, &c.

Chap. 23. Of a Pronoun.

A Pron••n is put for a Noun. There bee fif∣teen Pronouns. Whereof som bee Primitive. And som Derivative. Pronouns have four Declen∣sions. Of the First are Ego, tu, sui. Of the second Ille, ipse, iste. Hic, i••. OF the third, Meus, tuus, su∣us, noster, ve∣ster, cujus. Of the Fourth, Nostras, ve∣stras, cujas. Of the Com∣position of Pronouns.

A Pronoun is a Part of Speech put for a Noun, and supplying its stead.

There bee fifteen Pronouns; Ego, I, tu, thou, suî, of himself, ille, hee, ipse, himself, iste, yond, hic, this is it, meus, mine, tuus, thine, suus, his own, noster, ours, vester, yours, nostras, our countrie-men, vostras, yours.

To which may bee added, Qui, which; quis, who; cujus, whose; cujas, whose countrie-man.

And som of these bee called	Pronoun Substantives, viz. Ego, tu, suî, which are referr'd to three genders, without varying their termination.
Pronoun Adjectives, viz. all the rest which bee varied by three genders; as, Meus, mea, meum.

According to their Species, Pro∣nouns are called	1. Primitives, which are the first words; as, Ego, tu, suî, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, and qui.
and these bee call'd	Demonstratives, which are used in shewing a thing not spoken of be∣fore; as, Ego, tu, suî, ille, ipse; hic, is.
Relatives, which wee use in rehears∣ing a thing that was spoken of be∣fore; as, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, and qui.
2. Derivatives, are such as are derived of their Primitives; as, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, cujus, cujas, are derived from the Genitive cases of their Primitives, Meî, tuî, sui, nosirî, vestrî, nostrûm, vestrûm, and quis, from the Nominative qui.

Of these som are

Possessives, which signifie owing or possession; as, Meus, tuus, suus, noster vester.

Gentiles, which signifie belonging to Countries, or Nations, to Sects or Factions; as, nostras, vestras, and cujas, which were once used as Nouns in átis, and áte.

Finites, which define, or set out a certain person; as, Ego, tu.

Indefinites, which do not define a certain person; as, Qui, cujus.

Reciprocals, which betake themselvs to the same third person which went before it; as, Suî, suus.

Peter intreateth thou wouldst not forsake him.

Everie man spareth his own Errors. Everie man is drawn of his own pleasure.

There bee four Declensions of Pronouns.

The Genitive case singular of the first Declension endeth in i: of the Second in ius, or jus: of the Third in i, ae, i: of the Fourth in atis.

Ego, tu, suî, bee of the first Declension, and are, thus declined.

Singulariter	Nom.	Ego, I.	Pluraliter	Nom.	Nos, wee.
Gen.	Meî, of mee.	Gen.	Nostrûm, nostrî, of us.
Dat.	Mihi, to mee.	Dat.	Nobis, to us.
Acc.	Me, mee.	Acc.	Nos, us.
Voc.		Voc.
Abl.	à Me, from mee	Abl.	Nobis, from us.
Singulariter	Nom.	Tu, thou.	Pluraliter	Nom.	Vos, yee.
Gen.	Tuî, of thee.	Gen.	Vestrûm, vestrî, of you.
Dat.	Tibi, to thee.	Dat.	Vobis, to you.
Acc.	Te, thee.	Acc.	Vos, you.
Voc.	, thou.	Voc.	Vos, yee.
Abl.	à Te, from thee.	Abl	Vobis, from you.

Sing. & Plur.	Gen.	Suî, of himself, or	But it want's the Nominat. and Vo∣cative cases in both Numbers.
Dat.	Sibi. themselvs.
Acc.	Se.
Abl.	Se.

Ille, ipse, iste, hic is, qui, and quis bee of the second Declension and bee thus declined.

Singulariter	Nom.	Iste, ista, istud.	Pluraliter	Nom.	Isti, istae, ista.
Gen.	Istius.	Gen.	Istorum, istarum, istorum.
Dat.	Isti.	Dat.	Istis.
Acc.	Istum, istam, istud.	Acc.	Istos, istas, istas.
Voc.		Voc.
Abl.	Isto, istâ, isto.	Abl.	Istis.

Ille and ipse are declined like iste, saving that ipse in the Neuter Gender, in the Nominative and the Accusative case singular maketh ipsum.

Hic is declined as is aforesaid in the Articles, pag. 7.

Singulariter	Nom,	Is, ea, id.	Pluraliter	Nom.	Ii, eae, ea.
Gen.	Ejus.	Gen.	Eorum, earum, eo∣rum
Dat.	Ei.	Dat.	Iis, vel eis.
Acc.	Eum, eam, id.	Acc.	Eos, eas, ea.
Voc.		Voc.
Abl.	Eo, eâ eo.	Abl.	Iis, vel eis.

So also is the Compound of is and demum decli∣ned.	Sing.	Nom.	Idem, eadem, idem.
Gen.	Ejusdem.
Dat.	Eidem.
Acc.	Eundem, eandem, idem.

Singulariter	Nom.	Qui, quae, quod.		Pluraliter	Nom.	Qui, quae, quae.
Gen.	Cujus.		Gen.	Quorum, quarum, quorū.
Dat.	Cui.		Dat.	Quibus, vel queis.
Acc.	Quem, quam, quod.		Acc.	Quos, quas, quae.
Voc.			Voc.
Abl.	Quo,	quâ, quo,	Abl.	Quibus,
Quî,	Queis.

After this manner also is declined Quis, quae, quid.

But its Com∣pound thus:	Nom.	Quisquis, quicquid.
Acc.	Quicquid.
Abl.	Quoquo, quaqua, quoquo.

Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, & cujus bee of the third Declension, and are declined like Adjectives of three Terminations on this manner.

Nominativo	Meus, mea, meum.	Genitivo	Mei, meae, mei.	And so in the other cases.
Tuus, tua, tuum.	Tui, tuae, tui.
Suus, sua, suum.	Sui, suae; sui,
Noster, nostra, nostrum.	Nostri, nostrae, nostri.
Vester, vestra, vestrum.	Vestri, vestrae, vestri.
Cujus, cuja, cujum.

But Meus hath Mi, mea, meum, in the Vocative case singular.

Nostras, vestras, and cujas, bee of the fourth De∣clension, and are declined like Adjectives of three Articles.

As,	Nom.	Nostras,	Gen.	Nostratis.	&c.
Vestras,	Vestratis.
Cujas,	Cujatis.

Pronouns are Compounded,

1. Among themselvs; as; Ego-ipse, mei-ipsius, mihi-ipsi. istic, & illic.

Istic and illic bee thus declined,	Nom.	Istic, istaec, istoc, vel istuc.
Acc.	Istinc, istanc, istoc, vel istuc.
Abl.	Istoc, istac, istoc.

Plur. Nom. & Acc. Istaec.

2. With Nouns; as, Aliquis, bujusmodi.

3. With Verbs; as, Quivis, quilibet.

4. With Adverbs; as, Nequis:

So also	Eccum, Eccam,	of ecce and is.	Ellum, Ellam,
Eccos, Eccas,	Ellos, Ellas, of ecce and ille.

5. With a Conjunction; as, Quisnam, siquis.

6. With a Preposition; as, Mecum, nobiscum.

7. With Syllabical additions; met, te, pte, ce, cine, of which met is added to the first and second per∣son; as, Egomet, tuimet: also wee saie sibimet and se∣met, but wee do not saie tumet, lest it should seem a Verb of tumeo, to swel.

Te is added onely to tu and te; as, Tute, tete.

Pte is added to these Ablatives Feminine; Meâ, tuâ, suâ, nostrâ, vestrâ; as, Meâpte, tuâpte, suâpte, no∣strâple, vestrâpte; and somtimes to their Masculines and Neuters; as, Meopte labore, suopte jumento.

Ce is added to all cases of these Pronouns, Hic, ille, iste, as oft as they end in s; as, Hujusce, hosce, hisce; wee saie also, hicce, huncce, and ejusce, and somtimes hice is read.

Cine is put to the Nominative and Accusative of

Hic; as, Hiccine, haeccine, hoccine; Hunccine, hanccine, hoccine, &c.

Quis and qui are compounded on this manner;

Quis in composition is set after these particles, viz.

En,	as	Ecquis, whāt one.
Ne,	Nequis, no one.
Alius,	Aliquis, som one.
Num,	Nunquis, whether anie one.
Si,	Siquis, if anie one.

And these in the Feminine gender singular, and in the Neuter plural make qua, not quae; as, Siqua mu∣lier, If anie woman. Nequa flagitia, Not anie vil∣lanie. But Ecquis make's ecqua and ecquae in the Fe∣minine gender.

Quis in composition is set before these particles, viz.

Nam,	as	Quisnam.	And these everie where keep quae; as, Quaenam do∣ctrina, what learning. quaecunque negotia, what∣soever business.
Piam,	Quispiam.
Putas,	Quisputas.
Quam,	Quisquam.
Que,	Quisque.

Qui in composition is set before these particles, viz.

Dam.	as	Quidam, a certain one.
Vis,	Quivis, who you will.
Libet,	Quilibet, who that will.
Cunque,	Quicunque, whosoever.

Chap. 24. Of a Verb and its Kindes.

III. A Verb signifieth to bee, to do, or to suffer. It is Personal, or, Imperso∣nal. There be∣long to a Verb five Kindes, Active. Passive. Neuter. Deponent. Commune. Four Moods. Indicative. Imperative. Subjunctive Infinitive, To which belong The Ge∣runds, Di, do, dum. And the Su¦pines, Um & u. Five Ten∣ses, Present. Imperfect. Preterper∣fect. Preterplu∣perfect. Future. Four Con∣jugations: whereof the First hath a long. Second e long. Third e long. Fourh hath i long be∣fore re and ris.

AVERB is a part of Speech which signifieth, to bee, to do, or to suffer; as, Sum, I am; Amo, I love; Amor, I am loved.

A Verb is first divided into	Personal, which is distinguished by three Per∣sons in both Numbers; as, Singul. Amo, I love; Amas, then lovest; Amat, hee loveth. Plur. Amamus, wee love; Amatis, yee love; Amant, they love.
Impersonal, which hath no certain significati∣on of Person or Number, unless it bee by means of an oblique case; as, Oportet me, It behooveth mee; oportet te, it behooveth thee, statur à me, it is stood of mee, or I stand; statur à te, it is stood of thee, or thou standest.

There belong to a Verb, I. Kinde. II. Mood. III. Tens. IV. Conjugation.

I. There bee five Kindes of Verbs.

1. Active, which signifieth to do, and endeth in o, and by taking to it r may make a Passive; as, Amo, I love.

2. Passive, which signifieth to suffer, and endeth in or, and by taking away r it may bee an Active; as Amor, I am loved.

3. A Neuter endeth in o or m, and cannot take r to make it a Passive; as, Curro, I run; Sum, I am.

There bee three kindes of Neuters, according to their signification.

Substantive, which signifieth the Beeing of a thing; as, Sum, I am.

Absolute, which by it self maketh up the sens; as, dormio, I ••••eep.

Transitive, whose action passeth into a thing of near signification; as, Curro stadium, I tun a race.

4. A Deponent endeth in or, and hath either the Active signification, as, Loquor verbum, I speak a word; or the Neuter; as, Glorior, I boast.

5. A Commune endeth in or, and hath both the Active, and Passive signification; as, Osculor, I kiss, or am kissed.

II. There bee four Moods.

1. The Indicative simply sheweth a thing, or ask∣eth a question; as, Ego amo, I love; Amas tu, lovest thou.

2. The Imperative biddeth or intreateth; as, Ama tu, do thou love; Da mihi, give mee.

3. The Subjunctive is joined with another Verb in the same sentence; as, Cùm amarem, eram miser, when I loved, I was a wretch.

And this mood is called the Optative, when it is used in wishing; and the Potential when it is constru∣ed by may, can, would, or ought.

4. The Infinitive doth not define a certain person, or number; as Amare, to love. And to this mood belong three Gerunds, which have their case or en∣ding of a Noun, their signification of a Verb.

Di,	as	Amandi, of loving, or beeing loved.
Do,	Amando, in loving, or beeing loved.
Dum,	Amandum, to love, or to bee loved.

Two Supines, whereof	The first endeth in um, and signifi∣eth Actively; as, Amatum, to love.
The later endeth in u, and signifi∣eth Passively; as, Amatu, to bee loved.

III. Verbs have five Tenses.

1. The Present tens which speaketh of the time present, and signifie's now to do, or to bee don; as, Amo, I love.

2. The Preterimperfect tens speaketh of the time not yet perfectly past; and signifieth a thing to bee don, but not yet finished; as, Amabam, I loved, or I did love.

3. The Preterperfect tens speaketh of the time perfectly past, and signifieth a thing to bee now fi∣nished; as, Amavi, I have loved.

4. The Preterpluperfect tens speaketh of the time more then perfectly past, and signifieth a thing to bee long since finished; as, Amaveram, I had loved.

5. The Future tens speaketh of the time to com, and signifieth somthing to bee don for the future; as, Amabo, I will love.

The Future tens of the Subjunctive mood is cal∣led Exact; becaus it hath the signification both of the Preter tens, and Future tens together; as, Cùm Amavero, when I shall have loved.

IV. Conjugation is the Varying of a Verb by Moods and Tenses.

Verbs have four Conjugations, which are known one from another by certain tokens, or characteristi∣cal letters.

1. The first Conjugation hath a long before re and ris; as, Amáre, amáris.
2. The second Conjugation hath e long before re and ris; as, Docére, docéris.	* In the Infini∣tive Mood Pre∣sent tens of Verbs in o.
3. The third Conjugatjon hath e short before re and ris; as, Légĕre, légĕris.	And in the se∣cond person sin∣gular of the In∣dicative mood Present tens of Verbs in or.
4. The fourth Conjugation hath i long before re and ris; as Audire, audiris.

Chap. 27. Of the Form of the first Conjugation.

Verba in (o) primae Conjugationis va∣riantur sicut Amo.

Verbs in (o) of the first Conju∣gation bee vari∣ed like Amo, &c.

Amo, amas, amávi, amáre, amátum.

Verba in (or) primae Con∣jugationis variantur si¦cut Amor.

Verbs in (or) of the first Conjugation bee varied like A∣mor.

• A••on
• amáris, amáre,
• amá∣tus sum amá∣tus fui,
• amávi

The Indicative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	AMo	I love.		Amor,	I am loved.
2	Amas	thou lovest.		Amáris,	thou art loved.
3	Amat,	hee loveth.		Amate,	hee is loved.
						Amatur,
Plur.	1	Amamus,	Wee love.
2	Amatis,	yee love.		Amámur,	Wee are loved.
3	Amant,	they love.		Amamini,	yee are loved
							Amantur,	they are loved.
Preterimperf.	Sing.	1	Amábam,	I did	love.		Amabar,	I was loved.
2	Amabas,	thou didst		Amabáris,	thou walt loved.
3	Amabat,	hee did		Amabare,	bee was loved.
					Amabatur,
Plur.	1	Amabámis	Wee did		Amabámur,	Wee wereloved.
2	Amabatis,	yee did		Amabamini,	yee were loved.
3	Amabant,	they did		Amabantur,	they were loved.
					loved.	Amatus	sum,	I have	been loved.
Preterperf.	Sing.	1	Amávi,	I have	fui,
			es,	thou hast
2	Amavisti,	thou hast	fuisti,
			est,	bee hath
3	Amavit,	hee hath	fuit,
				Amati	sumus,	Wee have
Plur.	1	Amavimus,	Wee have	fuimus,
			estis,	yee have
2	Amavistis,	yee have	fuistis,
			sunt,	they have
3	Amavérŭt	they have	fuérunt,
		Amavere				fuére.

Preterpluperfect.	Sing.	1	Amaveram,	I had	loved.	Amatus	eram	I had	been loved.
			fueram,
2	Amaveras,	thou hadst	eras	thou hadst
			fueras,
3	Amaverat,	hee had	erat	hee had
			fuerat,
Plur.	1	Amave••ámtis,	Wee had	Ama••i	eramus	Wee had
			fueramus
2	Amaveratis,	yee had	eratis	yee had
			fueratis,
3	Amaverant,	they had	erant	they had
			fuerant,
Future.	Sing.	1	Amábo,	I shall	love.	Amabor,	I shall
2	Amabis,	thou shalt	Amáberis	thou shalt	bee loved.
			Amábere,
3	Amabit,	hee shall	Amabitur,	hee shall
Plur.	1	Amabimus,	Wee shall	Amabimur,	Wee shall
2	Amabitis,	yee shall	Amabimini,	yee shall
3	Amabunt,	they shall	Amabuntur.	they shall

The Imperative Mood hath one onely Tens, viz. the Present Tens.

Present tens.	Sing.	2	Ama,	Love thou,	Amáre,	Bee thou loved.
Amato,	Amator,
3	Amet,	let him love.	Ametur,	let him bee loved.
Amato.	Amator,
	1	Amemus,	Let us love.	Amemur,	Let us bee loved.
Plur.	2	Amate,	love yee	Amamini,	hee yee loved.
Amatote,	Amaminor,
3	Ament,	let them love.	Amentur,	bee they loved.
Amanto,	Amantor,

The Subjunctive Mood.

Present tens.	Plur. 1 Sing.	1	Cùm	Amem,	when	I love.	Amer,	I am	loved.
2	Ames,	thou lovest.	Améris	thou art
3	Amet,	hee loveth.	Amére,
			Ametur,	hee is
1	Amemus,	Wee love.	Amemur,	Wee are
2	Ametis,	yee love.	Amemini,	yee are
3	Ament.	they love.	Amentur.	they are
Imperfect.	Plur. 1 Sing.	1	Cùm	Amarem,	when	I loved.	Amarer,	I was	loved.
2	Amares,	thou lovedst	Amaréris	thou wast
3	Amaret,	hee loved.	Amarerc,
			Amaretur,	hee was
1	Amaremus,	Wee loved.	Amarémur,	We were
2	Amaretis,	yee loved.	Amaremint,	yee were
3	Amarent.	they loved.	Amarentur.	they were
Preterperfect	Plur. 1 Sing.	1	Amaverim,	I have	loved.	Amatus	sim	I have	been loved.
			fuerim,
2	Amaveris,	thou hast	sis	thou hast
			fueris
3	Amaverit,	hee hath	sit	hee hath
			fuerit,
1	Amaverimus	Wee have	Amati	simus	Wee have
			fuérimus
2	Amaveritis	yee have	sitis	yee have
			fueritis,
3	Amaverint.	they have	sint	they have
			fuerint,
Preterpluperfect.	Plur. Sing.	1	Amavissem,	I had	loved.	Amatus	essem	I had	been loved.
			fuissem,
2	Amavisses,	thou hadst	esses	thou hadst
			fuisses,
3	Amavisset,	hee had	esset	hee had
			fuisset,
1	Amavissemus	Wee had	Ama••i	essemus	Wee had
			fuissemus
2	Amavissetis	yee had	essetis	yee had
			fuissetis,
3	Amavissent.	they had	essent	they had
			fuissent,

Future.	Plur. 1 Sing.	1	Amavero,	I shall	love.	Amatus	ero	I shall	bee loved.
			fúero,
2	Amaveris,	thou shalt	eris	thou shalt
			fueris,
3	Amaverit,	hee shall	erit	hee shall
			fuerit,
1	Amaverimus	Wee shall	Amati	erimus	Wee shall
			furimus
2	Amaveritis,	yee shall	erius	yee shall
			fueritis,
3	Amaverint.	they shall	erint	they shall
			fuerint

The Infinitive Mood.

Present and Imperfect tens.	Amáre,	to love.	Amari,	to be loved:
Preterperf. and Preterplup.	Amavisse,	to have or had loved.	Amatum esse vel fuisse	to have or had been loved.
The Future tens.	Amatu. rum esse	to love hereafter	Amatum iri vel	to bee loved hereafter.
Amandum esse

Gerunds.

Amandi,	of loving.	of beeing loved.
Amando,	in loving.	in beeing loved.
Amandum,	to love.	to bee loved.

Supines.

Amatum, to love.

Amatu, to bee loved.

Participles.

Of the Pre∣sent tens.	Amans,	loving.	Of the Pre∣ter tens.	Amatus,	loved.
Of the Fu∣ture in rus.	Amatu∣rus,	about to love.	Of the Fu∣ture in dus.	Aman∣dus,	to bee loved.

Chap. 28 Of the form of the Second Conjugation.

verba in (o) secun∣dae Conjugatio∣nis formantur si¦cut Doceo.

Verbs in (o) of the second Conjuga∣tion bee formed like Doceo.

Doceo, doces, docui, docére, doctum.

Verba in (or) se∣cundae Conjuga¦tionis formantur sicut Doceor.

Verbs in (or) of the second Conjuga∣tion bee formed like Doceor.

• Doceor
• docé••is docé••e
• do∣ctus sum do∣ctus fui
• docéri

The Indicative Mood.

Present tens.	sing.	1	Dóceo,	I teach.		Doceor,		I am taught.
2	Doces,	thou teachest.		Docéris,		thou art taught.
3	Docet,	hee teacheth.		Docere,
					Docetur,		hee is taught.
Plur.	1	Docemus,	Wee teach.		Docemur,		Wee are taught.
2	Docetis,	yee teach.		Docemini		yee are taught.
3	Docent,	they teach.		Docentur,		they are taught.
Imperfect.	sing	1	Docebam,	I did	teach.	Docebar,		I was taught.
2	Docebas,	thou didst	Docebáris.		thou wert taught.
3	Docebat,	hee did	Docebare,
				Docebatur,		hee was taught.
Plur.		Docebamus,	Wee did	Docebámur,		Wee were taught.
	Docebatis,	yee did,	Docehámini,		yee were taught.
	Docebant,	they did	Docebantur.		they were taught.
Preterperf.	Sing.	1	Docui,	I have	taught.	Doctus	sum,	I have	been taught.
			fui,
2	Docuisti,	thou hast	es.	thou hast
			fuisti,
3	Docuit,	hee hath	est,	hee hath
			fuit,
Plur.	1	Docuimus,	Wee have	Docti	sumus,	Wee have
			fuimus
2	Docuistis,	yee have	estis,	yee have
			fuistis,
			sunt,
3	Docuérunt	they have	fuerunt	they have
	Doeuere,		fuere,

Preterpluperf.	Sing.	1	Docueram,	I had	taught	Doctus	eram		been-taught.
			fueram,	I had
2	Docueras,	thou hadst	eras
			fueras,	thou hadst
3	Docuera••,	hee had	erat,
			fuerat,	hee had
Plur.	1	Docuerámus	Wee had	Docti	eramus
			fueramus	Wee had
2	Docueratis,	yee had	eratis
			fueratis,	yee had
3	Docuerant.	they had	erant
			fuerant,	they had
Future.	Sing.	1	Docého,	I will	teach.	Docebor,	I will bee taught.
2	Docehis,	thou wilt	Doceberis
3	Docebit,	hee will	Docebere,	thou wilt bee taught.
				Docebitur,	hee will bee taught.
Plur.	1	Docehimus,	Wee will	Docebimur,	Wee will bee taught.
2	Docebitis,	yee will	Docehimini,	yee will bee taught.
3	Docehunt,	they will	Docebuntur,	they will bee taught.

The Imperative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	2	Doce	Teach thou.	Docére	Bee thou	taught.
	Doceto,		Docetor,
3	Doceat	let him teach.	Doceatur	let him bee
	Doceto,		Docetor,
	1	Doceamus,	let us teach.	Doceamur,	let us bee
Plur.	2	Docete		Docemmi
	Docetote,	teach yee.	Doceminor	bee yee
3	Doceant		Doceantus
	Docento.	let them teach.	Docentor,	let them bee

The Subjunctive Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	Cum	Doceam,	when	I teach.	Docear,	I am	tauhgt.
2	Doceas,	thou teachest.	Docearis
			Doceare,
3	Doceat,	hee teacheth.	Doceatur,	hee is
Plur.	1	Doceamus,	Wee teach.	Doceamur,	Wee are
2	Doceatis,	yee teach.	Doceamini,	yee are
3	Doceant	they teach.	Doceantur,	they are

Imperfect.	Plur. Sing.	1	Cùm	Docérem,	when	I did	teach.	Docérer,	I was	taught.
2	Doceres,	thou didst	Docereris	thou wert
3	Doceret,	hee did	Docerere
			Doceretur,	hee was
1	Docerémus	Wee did	Doceremur	Wee were
2	Doceretis,	yee did,	Doceremini	yee were
3	Docereat.	they did	Docerentur	they were
Preterperf.	Plur. Sing.	1	Docuerim,	I have	taught.	Doctus	sim	I have	been taught.
			fuerim,
2	Docueris	thou hast	sis	thou hast
			fueris,
3	Docuerit,	hee hath	sit	hee hath
			fuerit,
1	Docuérimus,	Wee have	Docti	simus,	Wee have
			fuérimus,
2	Docueritis,	yee have	sitis	yee have
			fuéritis,
3	Docuerint,	they have	sint	they have
			fuerint,
Preterpluperf	Plur. Sing.	1	Docuissem,	I had	taught	Doctus	essem	I had	been taught.
			fuissem,
2	Docuisses,	thou hadst	esses	thou hadst
			fuisses,
3	Docuisset,	hee had	esset	hee had
			fuisset,
1	Docuissemus	Wee had	Docti	essemus	Wee had
			fuissemus
2	Docuissetis,	yee had	essetis	yee had
			fuissetis,
3	Docuissent.	they had	essent	they had
			fuissent.

Future.	Plur. Sing.	1	Docuero,	I will	teach.	Doctus	ero	I shall	bee taught.
			fuero,
2	Docueris,	thou wilt	eris	thou shalt.
			fueris,
3	Docuerit,	hee will	erit	hee shall
			fuerit,
1	Docuérimus	Wee will	Docti	erimus	Wee will
			fuerimus
2	Docueritis,	yee will	eritis	yee shall
			fueritis,
3	Docuerint.	they will	erint	they shall
			fuerint.

The Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterim∣perf. tens.	Docére,	to teach.	Doceri	to bee taught.
Preterperf. and Preterplup.	Docuisse,	to have or had taught.	Doctum esse vel fuisse.	to have or had been taught.
Future.	Docturum esse	to teach hereafter.	Doctum iri vel	to bee taught hereafter.
			Docendum esse

Gerunds.

• ...Docendi, of teaching, or of beeing taught.
• ...Docendo, in teaching, or of beeing taught.
• ...Docendum, to teach, or to bee taught.

Supines.

Doctum, to teach.

Doctu, to bee taught.

Participles.

Of the Pre∣sent tens	Docens,	teach∣ing	Of the Pre∣ter tens.	Doctus,	taught.
Of the Fu∣ture in rus.	Doctu∣rus,	about to teach.	Of the Fu∣ture in dus.	Docen∣dus,	to bee taught.

Chap. 29. Of the form of the third Conjugation.

Verba in (o) tertiae Conjugation is formantur sicut Lego.

Verbs in (o) of the third Conjuga∣tion bee formed like Lego.

Lego, legis, legi, legĕre, lectum.

Verba in (or) ter tiae Conjugatio∣nis formantur si∣cut Lego.

Verbs in (or) of the third Conju∣gation bee form∣ed like Legor.

• Legor,
• legĕris legĕ••e,
• lectas sum lectas fui,
• legi.

The Indicative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	LEgo,	I read.		Legor,	I am read.
2	Legis,	thou readest.		Legeris	thou art read.
3	Legit,	hee readeth.		Legere,
					Legitur	hee is read.
Plur.	1	Legimus,	Wee read.		Legimur,	Wee are read.
2	Legitis,	yee read.		Legitini,	yee are read.
3	Legunt.	they read.		Leguntu••.	they are read.
Imperfect.	Sing.	1	Legébam,	I did read.		Legebar,	I was read.
2	Legèbas,	thou readst.		Legeharis,	thou wast read.
3	Legebat,	hee did read.		Legebare,
					Legebatur,	hee was read.
Plur.	1	Legebámus,	Wee did	read.	Legebamur,	Wee were read.
2	Legebatis,	yee did	egebanum,	yee were read.
3	Legebant.	they did	Legebantur,	they were read.
Preterperfect.	Sing.				read.	Lectus	sum	I have	been read.
1	Legi,	I have	fui,
			es	thou hast
2	Legisti,	thou hast	fuisti,
			e••t	hee hath
3	Legit,	hee hath	fuit,
••lur.				Lecti	sumus,	Wee have
1	Legimus,	I have	fuimus,
			sitis,	yee have
2	Legistis,	yee have	fuistis,
			sunt	they have
3	Legérunt,	they have	fuérunt,
	Legere.		fuere.

Preterplup.	Sing.	1	Legeram,	I had	read.	Lectus	eram	I had	been read.
			fueram,
2	Legeras,	thou hadst	eras	thou hadst
			fueras,
3	Legerat,	hee had	erat	hee had
			fuerat,
••lur.	1	Legerámus,	Wee had	Lecti	eramus	Wee had
			fueramus
2	Legeratis,	yee had	eratis	yee had
			fueratis,
4	Legerant.	they had	erant	they had
			fuerant.
Future.	Sing	1	Legam,	I will	read.	Legar,		I shall	bee read.
2	Leges,	thou wilt	Legeris		thou shalt
3	Leger,	hee will	Legere,
				Legetur,		hee shall
Plur.	1	Legémus,	Wee will	Legemur,		Wee shall
2	Leget••s,	yee will	Legemin••,		yee shall
3	Leg••a••.	they will	Legentur.		they shall

The Imperative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	2	Lege	Read thou	Legere	Bee thou	read.
Legito,	Legitor,
3	Legat	let him read.	Legatur	let him bee
Legito,	Legitor,
	1	Legamus,	let us read.	Legamur,	let us bee
Plur.	2	Legite	read yee.	Legimini	bee yee
Leguote,	Legiminor,
3	Legant	let them read.	Legantur,	let them bee
Legunto.	Leguntor,

The Subjunctive Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	Cùm	Legam,	when	I read.	Legar,	I am	read.
2	Legas,	thou readest.	Legaris,	thou art
3	Legat,	hee readeth.	Legare,
				Legatur,	hee is
Plur.	1	Legàmus,	Wee read.	Legamur,	Wee are
2	Legatis	yee read.	Legamini,	yee are
3	Legant.	they read.	Legantur.	they are

Imperfect.	Sing.	1	Cùm	Legerem,	when	I did	read.	Legerer,	I was	read.
2	Legeres,	thou didst	Legeréris,	thou wast
3	Legeret,	hee did	Legerere,	hee was
				Legeretur,
Plut.	1	Legerémus,	Wee did	Legerémur,	Wee were
2	Legeretis,	yee did	Legeremini,	yee were
3	Legerent.	they did	Legerentur,	they were
Preterperfect.	Sing.	1	Legerim,	I have	read.	Lectus	sim	I have	been read.
			fuerim,
2	Legeris,	thou hast	sis	thou hast
			fueris,
3	Legerit,	hee hath	sit	hee hath
			fuerit,
Plur.	1	Legérimus,	Wee have	Lecti.	simus	Wee have
			fuerimus,
2	Legeritis,	yee have	sitis	yee have
			fueritis,
3	Legerint,	they have	sint	they have
			fuerint,
Preterplup.	Sing.	1	Legissem,	I had	read.	Lectus	essem	I had	been read.
			fuissem,
2	Legisses,	thou hadst	esses	thou hadst
			fuisse,
3	Legisset,	hee had	esset	hee had
			fuisset.
Plur.	1	Legissemus	Wee had	Lectit	essemus	Wee had
			fuissemus
2	Legissetis	yee had	essetis	yee had
			fuissetis,
3	Legissent,	they had	essent	they had
			fuissent.
Future tens.	Sing.	1	Legero,	I shall	read.	Lectus	ero	I	shall bee read.
			fuero,
2	Legeris,	thou shalt	eris	thou
			fueris,
3	Legerit.	hee shall	erit	hee
			fuerit,
Plur.	1	Legerimus,	Wee shall	Lecti	erinius	Wee
			fuerimus
2	Legeritis,	yee shall	eritis	yee
			fueritis,
4	Legerint.	they shall	erint	they
			fuerint.

The Infinitive Mood.

Present and Imperfect tens.	Legere,	to read.	Legi,	to bee read.
Preterperf. and Preterplup.	Legiss,	to have or had read.	Lectum esse vel fuisse,	to have or had been read.
Future.	Lecturum esse	to read hereafter.	Lectum iri vel legendum esse,	to bee read hereafter.

Gerunds.

• ...Legendi, of reading, or of beeing read.
• ...Legendo, in reading, or of heeing read.
• ...Legendum, to read, or to bee read.

Supines.

Lectum, to read.

Lectu, to bee read.

Participles.

Of the Pre∣sent tens.	Legens,	reading.	Of the Preter tens.	Lectus,	read.
Of the Fu∣ture in rus.	Lecturus,	to read.	Of the Future in dus	Lecturus,	to bee read.

Chap. 30. Of the Form of the fourth Conjugation.

Verba in (o) quar∣tae Conjugationis variantur sicut Audio.

Verbs in (o) of the fourth Conjuga∣tion bee varied like Audio.

Audio, audis, audivi, audi••e, auditum,

Verba in (or) quar∣tae Conjugationis variantur sicut Audior.

Verbs in (or) of the fourth Conjuga¦tion bee varied like Audior.

• Audior
• audi••••s audi••e,
• audi∣tus sum audi∣tus fui,
• au∣di••i

The Indicative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	AƲdio,	I hear.	Audior,	I am heard.
2	Audis	thou hearest.	Audiris,	thou art heard
			Audior,
3	Audit,	hee heareth.	Auditur,	hee is heard.
Plur.	1	Audimus,	Wee hear.	Audimur,	Wee are heard.
2	Auditis,	yee hear.	Audimini,	yee are heard.
3	Audiunt.	they hear.	Audiuntur.	they are heard.
Preterimperf.	Sing.	1	Audiebam,	I did	hear.	Audiebar,	I was	heard.
2	Audiebas,	thou didst	Audiebaris	thou wast
			Audiebare,
3	Audiebat,	hee did	Audiebatur,	hee was
Plur.	1	Audiebamus	Wee did	Audiebámur,	Wee were
2	Audiebatis,	yee did	Audiebamim	yee were
3	Audiebant	they did	Audiebantur	they were
Preterperf.	Sing.	1	Audivi,	I have	heard.	Auditus.	sum,	I have	been heard.
			fui,
2	Audivisti,	thou hast	es,	thou hast
			fuisti,
3	Audivit,	hee hath	est,	hee hath
			fuit,
Plur.	1	Audivimus,	Wee have	Auditi	sumus,	Wee have
			fuimus,
2	Audivistis,	yee have	estis,	yee have
			fuistis,
3	Audivérunt	they have	sunt,	they have
	Audivere		f••érunt,
			fuére.

Preterpluperf.	Sing.	1	Audiveram,	I had	heard	Auditus	eram	I had	been heard.
			fueram,
2	Audiveras,	thou hadst	eras	thou hadst
			fueras,
3	Audiverat,	hee had	erat	hee had
			fuerat,
Plur.	1	Audiveramus	Wee had	Auditi	eramus	Wee had
			fueramus
2	Audiveratis,	yee had	eratis	yee had
			fueraits,
3	Audiverant,	they had	erant	they had
			fuerant.
Future.	Sing.	1	Audiam,	I shall	hear.	Audi••r,	I shall bee heard.
2	Audies,	thou shalt	Audieris,	thou shalt bee heard.
			Audiere,
3	Audiet,	hee shall	Audietur,	hee shall bee heard.
Plur.	1	Audiemus	Wee shall	Audiemur,	Wee shall bee heard.
2	Audietis,	yee shall	Audiemini,	yee shall bee heard.
3	Audient.	they shall	Audientur.	they shall bee heard.

The Imperative Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	2	Audi	Hear thou.	Audire,	Bee thou heard.
	Audito,		Auditor,
3	Audiat	let him hear.	Audiator	let him bee heard.
	Audito.		Auditor,
Plur.	1	Audiamus,	let us hear.	Audiamur,	let us bee heard.
	Audite		Audimini
2	Auditote,	hear yee.	Audiminor	bee yee heard.
	Audiant		Audiantor
3	Audiunte,	let them hear.	Audiuntor.	let them bee heard.

The Subjunctive Mood.

Present tens.	Sing.	1	Cùm	Audiam,	when	I hear.	Audiar,	I am	heard.
2	Audias,	thou hearest.	Audiaris	thou art
			Audiare,
3	Audiat,	hee heareth.	Audiatur,	hee is
Plur.	1	Audiamus	Wee hear.	Audiamur,	Wee are
2	Audiatis,	yee hear.	Audiamini	yee are
3	Audiant.	they hear.	Audiantur.	they are

Preterimperf.	Sing.	1	Cúm	Audiem,	when	I heard.	Audirer,	I was	heard.
2	Audires,	thou heardest.	Audireris	thou wast
3	Audiret.	hee heard.	Audirere
				Audiretur,	hee was
Plur.	1	Audirémus	Wee heard.	Audiremur,	Wee were
2	Audiretis,	yee heard.	Audiremini	yee were
3	Audirent.	they heard.	Audirentur	they were
Preterperf.	Sing.	1	Audiverim,	I have	heard.	Auditus.	sim	I have	been heard.
fuerim,
2	Audiveris,	thou hast	sis	thou hast
fueris,
3	Audiverit,	hee hath	sit	hee hath
fuerit,
Plur.	1	Audivérimus	Wee have	Auditi	simus	Wee have
fuerimus
2	Audivéritis.	yee have	sitis	yee have
fuéritis
3	Audiverint,	they have	sint	they have
fuerint.
Preterpluperf.	Sing.	1	Audivissem,	I had	heard	Auditus.	essem	I had	been heard.
fuissem
2	Audivisses,	thou hadst	esses	thou hadst
fuisses,
3	Audivisset,	hee had	esset	hee had
fuisset,
Plur.	1	Audivissémus	Wee had	Auditi	essemus	Wee had
fuissemus
2	Audivissetis,	yee had	essetis	yee had
fuissetis,
3	Audivissent,	they had	essent	they had
fuissent.
Future.	Sing.	1	Audivero,	I shall	hear.	Auditus	ero	I shall	bee heard.
fuero,
2	Audiveris,	thou shalt	eris	thou shalt
fueris,
3	Audiverit,	hee shall	erit	hee shall
fuerit,
Plur.	1	Audiverimus	Wee shalt	Auditi	erimus	Wee shal
fuerimus
2	Audiveritis	yee shall	eritis	yee shall
fueritis,
3	Audiverint.	they shall	erint	they shall
fuerint

The Infinitive Mood.

Present and Imperfect tens.	Audire,	to hear.	Audiri,	to bee heard.
Preterperf. and Preterplup.	Audivisse,	to have heard.	Auditum esse vel fuisse,	to have or had been heard.
Future.	Auditurum esse	to hear	Auditum iri vel	to be heard
hereafter.	Audiendum esse,	hereafter.

Gerunds.

• ...Audiendi, of hearing, or of beeing heard.
• ...Audiendo, in hearing, or of beeing heard.
• ...Audiendum, to hear, or to bee heard.

Supines.

Auditum, to hear,

Auditu, to bee heard.

Participles.

Of the Present tens.	Audiens, hearing.
Future in rus.	Auditurus, to hear.
Of the Preter tens.	Auditus, heard.
Future in dus.	Audiendus, to bee heard.

As in Praesenti. OR, WILLIAM LILIE'S Rules of the Preterperfect tenses and Supines of Verbs.

Chap. 21. Of the Preterperfect tenses and Supines of Verbs.

As in prae∣senti con∣tein's Rules of the Preter ten∣ses of Sim∣ple Verbs. 1. In the first Conjugati∣on As, maketh avi. 1. In the se∣cond Es make's ui. In the Third, Bo make's bi. Co, ci. Do, di. Go, xi. Ho, xi. Lo, ui. Mo, ui. No, vi. Po, psi. Quo, qui. Ro, vi. So, sivi. Sco, vi. To, ti. Ecto, exi. Vo, vi. Xo, xui. Cio, ci. Dio, di. Gio, gi Pio, pi. Rio, ri. Tio, ssi. Uo, ui. In the Fourth is make's ui.

I. AS in the Present tens, make's the Preterper∣fect tens in avi; as, No, nas, to swim, navi; vocito, vocitas, to call often, vocitavi. Except 1. Lavo; lavi, to wash; juvo, juvi, to help; nexo, nexui, to knit; seco, secui, to cut; neco, necui, to kill; mico, mi∣cui, to shine; plico, plicui, to fold; frico, fricui, to rub; domo, domui, to tame; tono, tonui, to thunder; sono, sonui, to sound; crepo, crepui, to crack; veto, vetui, to forbid; cubo, cubui, to lie down; which seldom make's avi. 2. Do; das to give, will make dedi; and sto, stas, to stand, steti.

ES in the Present tens, make's the Preterperfect tens in ui; as, Nigreo, nigres, nigrui, to wax black; jubeo, jubes, jussi, to bid; sorbeo, sorbui, & sorpsi, to sup; mulceo, mulsi to asswage; luceo, luxi, to shine; sedeo, sedi, to sit; video, vidi, to see; prandeo, prandi, to dine; strideo, stridi, to make a nois; suadeo, suasi, to persuade; rideo, risi, to laugh; and ardeo, arsi, to burn.

2. The first syllable is doubled in these four fol∣lowing; viz. Pendeo pependi to hang; mordeo, momordi, to bite.

Spondeo, spospondi, to promise; tondeo, totondi, to clip or shear.

3. If l or r stand next before geo, geo is turned into si; as, Ʋrgeo, ursi, to urge; mulgeo, mulsi, & mul∣xi, to milk; frigeo, frixi, to bee cold; lugeo, luxi, to lament; augeo, & auxi, to encreas.

4. Fleo, fles, to weep, make's flevi; leo, les, to be∣smear, levi, and its compound delco, make's delevi, to blot out; pleo, ples, to fill, make's plevi. 5. Neo, nes, to spin, nevi; maneo, to tarrie, make's mansi. 6. Tor∣queo, to wrest, torsi, 7. And haereo, to stick, haesi.

8. Veo is made vi; as, Ferveo, fervi, to bee hot; but niveo, to wink, and its compound conniveo to close and open the eies, make's nivi & nixi; cieo, to trouble, make's civi; and vieo, to binde, vievi.

III. THe third Conjugation will form the Preter∣perfect tens, as is plain here. Bo is made bi; as, Lambo, lambi, to lick. Except 1. Scribo, scripsi, to write; nubo, nupsi, to bee married to a man; and cum∣bo, cubui, to lie down.

Co is made ci; as Vinco vici to overcom. But 1. Par∣co make's peperci, & parsi, to spare; dico, dixi, to saie; and duco, duxi, to lead.

Do is made di; as, mando mandi, to eat; but scindo, to cut, make's scidi; findo, fidi, to cleav; fundo, sudi, to powr out; tundo, tutudi, to knock; pendo pepen∣di, to weigh; tendo, tetendi, to stretch; pedo pepédi, to fart, cado, cecĭdi, to fall; caedo, cecidi, to beat; cedo, cessi, to give place; vado, to go away; rado, to shave; laedo, to hurt; ludo, to plaie; divido, to divide; trudo, to thrust; claudo, to shut; plaudo, to clap hands; rodo, to gnaw, change alwaies do into si.

Go is made xi; as, jungo, to join, junxi; but r be∣fore go make's si; as, spargo, sparsi, to sprinkle; lego, to read make's legi; and ago, to do, egi; tango,

tetigi, to touch; pungo to prick, make's punxi & pupugi; frango, fregi, to break; pango, pepigi, to make a bar∣gain; pango pegi, to join; pango, panxi, to sing.

Ho is made xi; as, Traho, traxi, to draw; and veho, vexi, to carrie.

Lo is made ui; as, Colo, colui, to till; but Psallo, to sing, and sallo, to salt, make salli: vello, to pluck up, make's velli and vulsi; falle, to deceiv, make's fefel∣li; cello to break, ceculi; and pello, to drive away, pe∣puli.

Mo is made ui; as, Vomo, vomui, to vomit: but emo, make's eini, to buie; como, compsi, to comb; promo, prompsi, to draw; demo, dempsi, to take away; sum̄o, sumpsi, to take; premo, pressi, to press.

No is made vi; as, sino, sivi, to suffer. Except Te∣mno, tempsi, to despise; sterno, stravi, to strew; sperno, sprevi, to despise; lino, levi, lini, & livi to dawb; cerno, crevi, to discern. Gigno, make's genui, to beget; pono, posui, to put; cano, cecini, to sing.

Po is made psi; as, scalpo, scalpsi, to scratch; rum∣po, rupi, to break; strepo, strepui to make a nois; cre∣po, crepui, to track.

Quo is made qui; as, linquo, liqui, to leav. Except coquo, coxi, to boil.

Ro is made vi; as, sero, to plant or sow, make's sevi, which changing the signification, rather ma∣keth serui; verro, to brush, verri, & versi; uro ussi, to burn; gero, gessi, to act, or beat; quaero, quaesivi, to seek; tero, trivi, to weat; curro, cucurri, to run.

So will make sivi; as, accerso, to go to call, arcesso to go to call, incesso, to revile, and lacesso, sivi, to pro∣voke. Except capesso, to offer to take, which make's capessi, & capessivi; facesso, to go about to do, and viso, to visit, make's visi: but pinso, to bake, will have pinsui.

Sco is made vi; as pasco, pavi to feed; but posco, will have poposci, to require.

Disco, didici, to learn, and quinisco, quexi, to nod with the head.

To is made ti; as, verto, verti, to turn; Sisto, stiti, to make to stand; but mitto, make's misi, to send; peto, will form petivi, to ask; sterto, stertui, to snort; meto, messui, to mow.

Ecto is made exi; as, flecto, flexi, to bend; but pecto, to comb, make's pexi, and pexui; and necto, to knit, nexi, and nexui.

Vo is made vi; as, volvo, volvi, to roll over; Ex∣cept vivo, vixi, to live. Nexo, make's nexui to knit; and texo, texui, to weav.

Cio is made ci; as, facio feci, to make; jacio, jeci, to cast: but lacio, to allure, make's lexi; and specio, to behold, spexi.

Dio is made di; as, fodio, to dig, make's fodi.

Gio is made gi; as, fugio, fugi, to avoid.

Pio is made pi; as, capio cepi, to take: Except cu∣pio cupivi, to desire; and rapio rapui, to snatch; and sapio sapui, or sapivi, to bee wise.

Rio is made ri; as, pario peperi, to bring forth.

Tio is made ssi; as, quatio quassi, to shake; which Preterperfect tens is seldom used.

Ʋo is made ui; as, statuo statui, to appoint; but pluo, to rain, make's pluvi, and plui; struo struxi, to build; fluo, fluxi, to flow.

IV. THe fourth Conjugation make's is in the pre∣sent tens, and ivi in the preterperfect tens; as, scio scis scivi, to know. Except venio veni, to com; cambio campsi, to exchange; raucio rausi, to bee hoars; farcio farsi, to stuff; sarcio sarsi, to patch; sepio sepsi, to hedg; sentio sensi, to perceiv; fulcio fulsi, to under∣prop; haurio hausi, to draw; sancio sanxi, to e∣stablish; vincio vinxi to binde; saii•• salui, to leap, and amicio amicui, to cloath. Wee seldom use, Cam∣bivi, haurivi, amicivi, &c.

Chap. 32. Of the Preterperfect tenses of Compound Verbs.

The Simpl and Com∣pound verbs have the same Pre∣terperfect tens. Except, 1. Words that double the first syl∣labl, 2. Plico. 3. Oleo. 4. Pungo. 5. Do, & Sto. 6. Verbs chāging the first vowel into e. 6. Verbs change the first vowel into e. 7. Pasco, 8. Verbs that change the first vowel into a. 9. Placeo. 10. Pango. 11. Maneo. 12 Scalpo. calco, salto, 13. Claudo, quatio, lavo 14. Verbs that change the first vowel of the Present tens into i, but not of the Preter tens. 15. Facio. 16. Lego.

THe Simple and the Compound Verb have the same Preterperfect tens; as, Docui, I have taught; edocui, I have fully taught. but

1. The syllable which the Simple verb doubleth, is not alwaies doubled in the Compound, except in these three, praecurro, to run before; excurro, to run out; and repungo to prick again; and in the Com∣pounds of Do to give; disco to learn; sto to stand; and posco to require.

2. Plico compounded with sub or a Noun, will have plicavi; as, supplico, to supplie; multiplico, to multi∣plie; but applico, to applie; complico, to fold up; re∣plico, to replie, will end in ui, or avi.

3. Though Oleo, to smell, make's olui, yet its compounds make rather olevi: but Redoleo, to smel strong, and suboleo, to smel a little, are formed like the simple Verb.

4. All the compounds of Pungo, to prick, make punxi; but repungo, to prick again, make's repupugi, and repunxi.

5. The Compounds of Do, when they are of the third Conjugation, make didi; as Credo, to believ; edo, to set forth; dedo, to yield; reddo, to restore; perdo, to destorie; abdo, to hide; obdo, to set against; condo, to bnild; indo, to put in; trado, to deliver; prodo, to betraie; vendo, to sell: But Abscondo, to hide, make's Abscondi..

The Compounds of Sto, to stand, make stiti.

6. These Simple Verbs beeing compounded do change the first vowel of the Present tens, and Pre∣terperfect tens, and so of all other tenses into e, viz.

Damno, to condemn; lacto, to give suck; sacro, to de∣dicate; fallo, to deceiv; arceo, to drive away; tracto, to handle; fatiscor, to bee wearie; partio, to divide; scando, to climb; spargo, to sprinkle; and pario, to bring forth young, whereof two Compounds, Com∣perio, to finde out by search, and reperio, to finde by chance, do make peri, and all the rest perui; as, aperio to open; operio, to cober.

7. These two compounds of Pasco, viz. compesco, to pasture together, and dispesco, to drive from pa∣sture, will have pescui, the rest will have pavi; as, epasco, to cat up.

8. These Verbs beeing compounded do change the first vowel every where into i, viz. habeo, to have, lateo, to lie hid, salio, to leap; statuo, to ap∣point; cado, to fall; laedo, to hurt; pango pegi, to join; cano, to sing, quaero, to seek; caedo cecidi, to beat; tango, to touch; egeo, to want; teneo, to hold; taceo, to keep silence; sapio, to bee wise; and rapio, to snatch; as, rapio rapui, make's eripio eripui: but the Compounds of Cano, make the Preterperfect tens in ui; as, concino to agree in one tune, concinui.

9. So of Placeo cometh displiceo to displeas: but complaceo to like well, and perplaceo to pleas through∣ly; do follow the simple Verb.

10. These four Compounds of pango to join, do keep a, viz. Depango to fasten down; oppango to fa∣sten to; circumpango to fasten about; and repango, to dis-join.

11. These four Compounds of Maneo mansi, to tarrie, do make minui, viz. Praemineo, to excel others, cmineo, to appear before others; promineo, to hang out in sight, and immineo, to hang over: but the rest follow the simple Verb.

12. The Compounds of scalpo, to scratch; calco, to tread; salto, to dance, change a into u; as, exscul∣po,

to carv; inculco, to inculcate, and resulto, to re∣bound.

13. The Compounds of Claudo to shut, quatio to shake, lavo to wash, do cast away a; as, occludo to shut fast, excludo to shut out, of claudo. Percutio to smite, and excutio to shake off, of quatio. Proluo, is, lui, to wash much; diluo, is lui, to purge with washing. of lavo.

14. These Verbs beeing compounded, change the first vowel of the Present tens (into i) but not of the Preter perfect tens, viz. Ago to do, emo to buie, sedeo to sit, rego to rule, frango to break, capio, to take, jacio to cast, lacio to allute, specio to behold, premo, to press: as of frango is made refringo refregi to break open; of capio, incipio incepi to begin: but perago to finish satago to bee busie about a thing, coëmo to vnie together, do follow their simple Verb. And of ago, dego to live, make's degi, and cogo to compel, coëgi: as also of rego, pergo to go forward, make's perrexi, and surgo to arise, surrexi, the middle syllable of the Pre∣sent tens beeing taken away.

15. Facio changeth nothing unless it have a Pre∣position before it; as, Olfacio to smel, calfacio to make hot, and inficio to infect.

16. The compounds of Lego, with re, se, per, prae, sub, trans, keep the vowel of the Present tens, the rest change it into i; of which Intelligo to understand, diligo to love, negligo to neglect, make lexi, and all the rest make legi.

Chap. 33. Of the Supines of Simple Verbs.

The Supine is formed of the Pre∣ter tens, Bi make's tum. Ci, ctum. Di, sum. The syllabl is not dou∣bled in the Supines. Gi, ctum. Li, sum.

Mi,	tum.
Ni,
Pi,
Qi,

Ri, sum. Si, sum. Psi tum. Ti tum. Vi tum. Ʋi itum, utum. Sum. Xi ctum.

NOw learn to form the Supine from the Pre∣terperfect tens thus: Bi, maketh tum; as, Bibi bibitum to drink,

Ci is made ctum, as vici victum to overcom, ici ictum to smite, feci factum to do, jeci jactum to cast.

Di is made sum, as vidi visum to see: but som do double ss; as pandi passum to lay open, sedi sessum to sit, scidi scissum to cut, fidi fissum to cleav, fodi fossum to dig.

And here also you may observ, that the syllable which is doubled in the Preterperfect tens, is not doubled in the Supines, as totondi to clip, make's ton∣sum; cecidi to beat, caesum; cécidi to fall, casum; te∣tendi to stretch, tensum, and tentum; tutudi to knock, tunsum; pepédi to fart, peditum: to which add dedi, which maketh datum.

Gi is made ctum, as, legi to read, lectum; pegi to join, and pepigi to make a bargain, pactum; fregi to break, fractum; tetigi to touch, tactum; egi to do, actum; pupugi to prick, punctum, and fugi to avoid fugitum.

Li is made sum, as salli to season with salt, salsum; pepuli to drive away, make's pulsum; ceculi to break, culsum; fefelli to deceiv, falsum; velli to pluck up, vulsum, and tuli to suffer, latum.

Mi, ni, pi, qui, are made tum, as emi emptum to buie, veni ventum to com, cecini cantum to sing, cepi captum, to take, coepio coeptum to begin, rupi ruptum to break, liqui lictum to leav.

Ri is made sum, as verri versum to brush: except peperi partum to bring forth.

Si is made sum, as visi visum to visit; yet misi ma∣keth

missum to send, with a double ss: except fulsi fultum to underprop hausi haustum to draw, sarsi sartum to patch, farsi fartum to stuff, ussi ustum to burn, gessi gestum to bear, torsi tortum or torsum to wrest, indul∣si indultum or indulsum to pamper.

Psi is made tum, as scripsi scriptum to write; ex∣cept campsi campsum, to exchange.

Ti is made tum, as steti to stand, and stiti to make to stand, make statum; except verti versum to turn.

Vi is made tum, as flavi flatum to blow; except pa∣vi pastum to feed, lavi lotum lautum or lavatum to wash, potavi potum & potatum to drink, favi fautum to favor, cavi cautum to beware, sevi satum to sow, livi or lini litum to dawb, solvi solutum to loos, volvi volutum to rowl, singultivi singultum to sob, venivi venum to bee sold, sepelivi sepultum to burie.

Ʋi make's itum, as domui domitum to tame: ex∣cept everie verb in uo, becaus ui will alwaies make utum, as exui exutum to put off; but rui make's ruitum to rush; so secui sectum to cut, necui nectum to kill, fricui frictum to rub, miscui mistum to mingle, amicui amictum to clothe, torrui tostum to rost, docui doctum to teach, tenui tentum to hold, consului consul∣tum to consult, alui altum or alitum to nourish, salui saltum to leap, colui cultum to worship, occului occultum to hide, pinsui pistum to bake, rapui raptum to snatch, serui sertum to put to, texui textum to weav. But these change ui into sum, for censeo to think ma∣keth censum, cellui celsum to break, messui messum to mow, nexui nexum to knit, pexui pexum, to comb, pa∣tui passum to lie open, carui cassum & caritum, to want.

Xi is made sum, as vinxi victum to binde: but five lose n, viz. finxi fictum to feign, minxi mictum to piss, pinxi pictum to paint, strinxi strictum to tie, rinxi rictum to grin.

And these xi into xum, Flexi flexum to bend, plexi plexum to punish, fixi fixum to fasten, fluxi fluxum to flow.

Chap. 34. Of the Supines of Compound verbs and of the Preterperfect tens of verbs in Or.

The Com∣pound su∣pine is for∣medlike the Simple. Verbs in or make their Preterperf. tens of the latter supine by putting to s and sum vel fui.

EVerie Compound Supine is formed as the Sim∣ple, though there remain not alwaies the same syllable in both.

The compound of tunsum to kneck, n beeing taken away, make's tusum, and of ruitum to rush, is made rutum, i beeing taken away, and so of saltum to leap, is made sultum.

When sero maketh satum, its compounds make situm.

These Supines captum to take, factum to do, jactum to cast, raptum to snatch, cantum to sing, partum, to bring forth, sparsum to sprinkle, carptum to crop and fartum to stuff, change a into e.

The verb edo to eat, when it is compounded ma∣keth not estum, but esum, onely comedo to eat up ma∣keth both.

Of nosco to know, cognitum to know, and agnitum to acknowledg, are onely used, the rest of its com∣pounds make notum, for noscitum is of no use.

II. VErbs in or take their Preterperfect tens from the later Supine, by changing u into us, ad∣ding sum vel fui; as of lectu is made lectus sum vel fui. But of these verbs, somtimes a Deponent, som∣times a Commune is to bee noted; for labor to slide, make's lapsus sum, patior to suffer, make's passus sum, and its compounds compatior to suffer together, com∣passus sum,

perpetior to suffer throughly perpessus sum, fateor to confess, make's fassus sum, and its compounds, as con∣fiteor to confess confessus sum, diffiteor to denie, diffes∣sus sum, gradior to go by steps, make's gressus sum, and so its compounds, as digredior to digress, digressus sum, fatiscor to bee wearie make's fessus sum, metior to mea∣sure mensus sum, utor to use usus sum; ordior or weav make's orditus, ordior to begin orsus, nitor to endeavor nisus or nixus sum, ulciscor to revenge ultus sum, irascor to bee angrie make's iratus sum, reor to suppose ratus sum, obliviscor to forget oblitus sum, fruor to enjoie fructus or fruitus sum, misereor to pitie misertus sum; tuor and tueor to see make not tutus but tuitus sum, though both have tutum and tuitum in the Supine; loquor to speak make's loquutus sum, sequor to follow sequutus sum, experior to trie expertus sum, paciscor to make a bargain pactus sum, nanciscor to get nactus sum, apiscor to get, which is an old verb, make's aptus sum. whence adipiscor to obtain adeptus, queror to complain questus sum, proficiscor to go on a journie profectus sum, expergiscor to awake experrectus sum, comminiscor to feign commentus sum, nascor to bee born natus sum, morior to die mortuus sum, orior to arise make's ortus sum.

Chap. 35. Of certain verbs Irregular, or going out of the common rules of con∣jugating.

Verbs irre∣gular are 1. Redun∣dant, ha∣ving a Pre∣ter tens of the Active and of the Passive voice. 2. Variant, as Neuter∣passives. and Such as bor¦row their Preterper∣fect tens. 3. Defective 1. In the Preter tens. 2. In the Supine.

THese verbs have a Preterperfect tens both of the Active and Passive voice, as coeno to sup make's coenavi and coenatus sum, juro to swear juravi and jura∣tus, poto to drink potavi and potus, titubo to stumble titubavi or titubatus,.

So also careo to want make's carui and cassus sum, prandeo to dine, prandi, and pransus, pateo to lie open patui & passus, placeo to pleas placui and placitus, suesco to accustom suevi and suetus, veneo to bee sold venivi and venditus sum, nubo to bee married to a man nupsi and nupta sum, mereor to deserv merui and meritus sum: to these add, libet it listeth libuit and libitum est vel fuit, licet it is lawful licuit, and licitum est vel fuit, taedet it irketh taeduit, and pertaesum est vel fuit, pudet it ashameth puduit, and puditum est vel fuit, and piget it irketh which make's piguit and pigitum est vel fuit.

NEuter-passives are thus formed: viz. like neu∣ters in the present tens, and passives in the pre∣ter tens; Gaudeo to rejoice gavisus sum vel fui, fido to trust fisus sum vel fui, audeo to bee bold ausus sum vel fui, fio to bee made or don factus sum vel fui, soleo to bee wont solitus sum vel fui, moereo to bee sad moestus sum vel fui, But PHOCAS taketh moestus for a noun Adjective.

SOm verbs borrow their preterperfect tens from another verb; as a verb Inceptive ending in sco, standing for the primitive verb, will have the preter∣perfect tens of the primitive verb, thus; tepesco to begin to bee warm make's tepui of tepeo to bee warm, fervesco to begin to bee hot make's fervi of ferveo to bee hot, cerno to see will have vidi of video to see, quatio to shake concussi of concutio to shake, ferio to smite percussi of percutio to smite, meio to piss will have min∣xi of mingo to piss, sido to settle sedi of sedo to sit, tollo to lift up will have Justuli of suffero to bear, sum I am will have fui of fuo to bee, fero to bear tuli of tulo to bear, sisto to make to stand steti of sto to stand, furo to bee mad insanivi of insanio to bee mad.

So also vescor to eat will have its preterperfect tens from pascor to bee fed, medeor to heal from medicor to heal, liquor to bee melted from liquefio to bee melted, reminiscor to remember from recordor to call to minde.

THese verbs want the preterperfect tens: vergo to bend or look towards, ambigo to doubt, glisco to grow or encreas, fatisco to chink, polleo to bee able, nideo to shine: to these add puerasco to begin to bee a childe; and passives whose actives want the Supines, as metuor to bee feared, timeor to bee feared; and all Desideratives except parturio to strive to bring forth, and esurio to begin to bee hungrie, or to de∣sire to eat (with a few others) which have the pre∣terperfect tens.

THese verbs seldom or never have the Supine: Lambo to lick, mico to shine, rudo to braie, scabo to claw, parco to spare, dispesco to drive from pasture, posco to require, disco to learn, compesco to pasture to∣gether, quinisco to nod, dego to live, ango to vex, sugo to suck, lingo to lick, ningo to snow, satago to bee bu∣sie about a thing, psallo to sing, volo to will, nolo to bee unwilling, malo to bee more willing, tremo to tremble, strideo to make a nois, strido to make a nois, flaveo to bee yellow, liveo to bee black and blew, aveo to cobet, paveo to fear, conniveo to wink, ferveo to bee hot. The Compounds of nuo to nod, as renuo to re∣fuse: the compounds of cado to fall, as incido to fall into; Except occido to fall down occasum, and recido recasum to fall back: respuo to refuse, linquo to leav, luo to punish, metuo to fear, cluo to glister, frigeo to bee cold, calvo to bee baid, sterto to snort, timeo to fear, luceo to shine, arceo to drive away, whose com∣pounds make ercitum: the compounds of gruo to crie like a Crane, as ingruo to invade.

And all verbs Neuters of the second Conjugation that end in ui; except oleo to smell, doleo to griev, placeo to pleas, taceo to hold one's peace, pareo to o∣beie, careo to want, noceo to hurt, pateo to lie open, la∣teo to lie bid, va'eo to bee able, caleo to bee warm, which will have the Supines.

Chap. 36. Of verbs that want certain Moods and Tenses.

3. Incer∣tain Moods and tenses, as, Aïo. Ausim. Duim. Saive. Ave. Cedo. Faxo. Forem. Quaeso. Infit. Defit. Confieri. Inquam. Odi. Cepi. Memini. Dor. For. Sci. Eo & queo. Orior. Morior. Volo. Nolo. Malo. Fero. Feror. Edo. Sum.

THese verbs (more usually) are called Defectives which want certain Moods and Tenses, viz.

Indicative Mood Present tens, Aïo I saie, or quoth I; Aïs thou saiest; Aït hee saith, or quoth hee, Plur. Aïunt they saie.

Imperfect. Aïebam I did saie, hath all persons in both numbers.

Imperativus, Aï saie thou?

Subjunct. Present, Aïas thou maiest saie, Aïat hee may saie. Plur. Aïamus wee may saie, Aïant, they may saie.

Participium Praesens, Aïens saying.

Subjunct praesens. Ausim I dare, Ausis thou darest, Ausit hee dare. Plur. Ausint they dare.

So also Duim I give, Duis thou givest, Duit hee giveth. Plur. Duint they give.

For the Antients exprest the Subjunctive Mood in im, hence wee read creduim for eredam.

Indicat. Futur. Salvebis thou shalt greet, or bid God speed.

Imperat. Salve salveto greet you well. Plur. Salvete salvetote greet yee well.

Infinitive, Salvere to greet well.

Imperative, Ave Aveto hall thou. Plur. Avete A∣vetote hall yee.

Infinit. Avére, to bid one hall.

Imperat. Cedo reach mee. Plur. Cedite, antiently Cette reach yee.

Indic. & Subjunct, Futur. Faxo vel Faxim I will bring to pass, Faxis thou wilt make, Faxit hee will make. Plur. Faxint, they will make.

Subiunct. Forem I should, or might bee, Fores thou shouldest, or might bee, Foret hee should or might bee. Plur. Forent they might bee.

Infinit. Futur. Fore to bee.

Indic. Praesens, Quaeso, I praie. Plur. Quaesumus wee praie.

Indic. Praesens, Infit hee saith. Plur. Infiunt they saie. And Defit it is wanting, Defiet it will bee wanting, Defiat let it bee wanting, as also defieri to bee wanting, Confieri to bee don at once.

Indicat. Praesens, Inquio vel Inquam, I saie, Inquis thou saiest, Inquit hee saith. Plur. Inquiunt they saie.

Perfectum, Inquisti thou hast said, Inquit, hee hath said.

Futurum, Inquies thou shalt saie, Inquiet hee shall saie. Plur. Inquietis yee shall saie, Inquient they shall saie.

Imperat. Inque, Inquito saie thou. Subjunct. praes. Inquiat hee may saie. Particip. praesens, Inquiens saying.

Odi I hate, coepi I begin, memini I remember, have onely those tenses which are formed of the Pretertens, viz. those that end in ram, rim, ssem, ro, and sse, save that memini hath in the Imperative mood singular Memento remember thou, mementote remem∣ber yee.

These simple verbs For, dor, fer, der, are not found in the first person singular of the Present tens, but (almost) in all the rest.

Dic, duc, fer, fac, are cut off by Apocope.

Sci of scio to know is not in use, nor solebo of soleo to bee wont, nor fuo to bee, an old verb.

Eo I go, and queo I am able, make their Preter∣imperfect tens ibam and quibam, and their Future ibo and quibo.

Orior oreris to arise, hath oriri in the Infinitive mood, and morior maketh mori and moriri.

Volo I will, nolo I will not, malo I had rather, fero I bear, feror I am born. and edo to eat, have commonly a Syncope in manie tenses; as Volo, vis, vult. Vultis. Nolo, nonvis, nonvult. Nolumus. Malo, mavis, mavult. Malumus. Fero, fers, fert. Feror, ferris vel ferre, fertur. Edo, edis vel es, edit vel est, &c. of which volo and malo want the Imperative mood. Nolo make's in the Imperative mood Noli nolito do not thou. plur. Nolite nolitote do not yee.

Sum with its compounds want's the Gerunds, Supines, and Participles of the Present tens, save that absens, praesens com of absum, praesum; for futu∣rus is of fui, which was once the preter tens of the obsolete verb fuo. Possum want's the Imperative mood.

Chap. 32. Of Forming the verb Sum.

The verb Sum hath a manner of declining which belong's onely to its self.	Verbum Sum peculiarem Con∣jugandi rationem sibi postu∣lat.
Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus.	Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus.

The Indicative Mood.	The Subjunctive Mood.
Present tens.	Sing	1	Sum, possum,	I am		Cùm	Sim, Possim,	when	I am.
2	Es,	thou art.		Sis,	thou art.
3	Est,	hee is		Sit,	hee is.
Plur.	1	Sumus,	Wee are		Simus,	Wee are.
2	Estis,	yee are.		Sitis,	yee are.
3	Sunt.	they are.		Sim.	they are.
Imperfect.	Sing.	1	Eram, poteram,	I was.		Cùm	Essem, possem	when	I was.
2	Eras,	thou wast.		Esses,	thou wert
3	Erat,	hee was.		Esset,	hee was.
Plur.	1	Eramus,	Wee were.		Essemus,	Wee were.
2	Eratis.	yee were.		Essetis,	yee were.
3	Erant.	they were.		Essent.	they were.
Preter tens.	Sing.	1	Fui, Potui,	I have	been.	Cùm	Fuerim, potue∣rum,	when	I have	been.
2	Fuisti,	thou hast	Fueris,	thou hast
3	Fuit,	hee hath	Fuerit,	hee hath
		Fuimus,	Wee have
Plur.	1	Fuistis,	Fuerimus,	Wee have
2	Fuérunt,	yee have	Fueritis,	yee have
3	Fuére.	they have	Fuerint.	they have

Preterplup.	Sing.	1	Fueram. po∣tueram	I had	been.	Cùm	Fuissem. potu∣issem,	when	I had	been.
2	Fueras,	thou hadst	Fuisses,	thou hadst
3	Fuerat,	hee had	Fuisset,	hee had
Plur.	1	Fueramus,	Wee had	Fuissemus,	Wee had
2	Fueratis,	yee had	Fuissetis,	yee had
3	Fuerant.	they had	Fuissent.	they had
Future.	Sing.	1	Ero. Pote¦ro,	thou shalt	bee.	Cùm	Fuero. potue∣ro,	when	I shall	bee.
2	Eris,	I shall	Fueris,	thou shalt
3	Erit,	hee shall	Fuerit,	hee shall
Plur.	1	Frimus,	Wee shall	Fuerimus,	Wee shall
2	Eritis,	yee shall	Fueritis,	yee shall
3	Erunt.	they shall	Fuerint.	they shall

The Imperative Mood.	The Infinitive Mood.
Present tens.	Sing.	2	Sis, es, esto,	Bee thou	Present and Imperfect.	Esse,	to bee.
3	Sit, esto,	bee hee.
1	Simus,	Bee wee.	Perfect and Preterplup.	Fuisse,	to have or had been.
Plur.	2	Sitis, este, estote,	bee yee.
3	Sint, sunto,	bee they.	Future	Futurum esse	to bee here∣after.
So likewise are its com∣pounds declined, Absum to bee absent, Desum to bee wanting Praesum to bee before, Obsum to bee against; but Prosum to pro∣fit, take's d between two vow∣els, and Possum to bee able, (of potis able, and sum to bee) som∣times keep's t, and sometimes changeth it into s before s.	Sic variantur & ejus com, posita, Absum, desum, praesum∣obsum; prosum recipit d inter duas vocales, & Possum (à potis & sum) quandoque re∣tinet t, quandoque mutat in s ante s.

Cap. 38. Of Verbs Impersonals and Derivatives.

Imperso∣nals bee de∣clined in the third person one∣ly. And they bee of the Active voice. Verbs De∣rivatives are 1. Inchoa∣tives. 2. Frequen∣tatives. 3. Desidera∣tives. 4. Diminu∣tives. 5. Imita∣tives. 6. Appara∣tives. 7. Denomi∣natives.

IMpersonals bee declined throughout all Moods and tenses in the voice of the third person singu∣lar onely.

And they bee either	1. Of the Active voice which end in t; as Decet it becommeth, decebat, decuit, decuerat, decebit. Deceat, deceret, decuerit, decere.
2. Of the passive voice, which end in tur; as, Studetur it is studied, studebatur; studitum est vel fuit., studitum erat vel fuerat, studebitur, stu∣deatur, studeretur, studitum sit vel fuerit, studitum esset vel fuisset, studitum erit vel fuerit, studeri.

Impersonals want (for the most part) Gerunds, Supines, and Participles.

The Participles by which wee express the preter tens are put Substantively in the Neuter gender.

Impersonals of the Active voice are these eleven, which (almost) alwaies remain Impersonals; viz. Decet it becommeth, Libet it listeth, Licet it is lawful, Liquet it is cleer, (whose Preter tens is not exstant) lubet it listeth, miseret it pitieth, oportet it behooveth, poenitet it repenteth, piget it irketh, pudet it ashameth, and taedet it irketh, which are also somtimes found in the third person plural, as decent, oportent, pudent.

To these are reckoned som personals (which are found absolutely in the third person without a no∣minative case, having an Infinitive mood presently after them). Such are,

In the first Conjugation, delectat it delighteth, ju∣vat it helpeth, praestat it is better, restat it remaineth, stat; it is resolved on, constat, it is manifest, vacat I am at leisure.

In the Second, apparet it appeareth, attinet it be∣longeth, debet it ought, patet it is evident, place it pleaseth, solet it is wont.

In the Third, Accidit, it befalleth, coepit it begin∣neth, conducit it belongeth to, contingit it hapneth, de∣sinit it ceaseth, incipit it beginneth, sufficit it suffi∣ceth.

In the Fourth, Convenit it agree'th, evenit it fall's out, expedit it is expedient.

Among the irregular verbs, est it is, interest it con∣cerneth, prodest it doth profit, potest it may, fit it is don, refert it concerneth.

Likewise verbs of an exempt power (i. e. that signifie an action not of anie humane power) com near the nature of Impersonals, as Fulgurat it light∣neth, pluit it raineth, lucescit it waxeth light.

2. Impërsonals of the Passive voice haue no certain number, becaus they com of all verbs Actives, and som Neuters, as, Legitur it is read, curritur it is run.

Lastly no verb (almost) is so far a personal, as that it cannot take upon it the form of an Impersonal, and som Impersonals turn again som∣times into Personals.

A verb Impersonal may indifferently bee taken to bee of anie person in both numbers, viz. by rea∣son of an oblique case adjoined; as, me oportet I must, te oportet thou must, illum oportet hee must. Opor∣tet nos, wee must, oportet vos yee must, oportet illos they must. Statur à me I stand, statur à te thou standest, statur ab illo hee standeth. Statur à nobis wee stand. statur à vobis yee stand, statur ab illis they stand.

Derivative verbs are verie often used for their Primitives, as Timesco for timeo to fear, hisco for hi to gape.

There bee five kindes of Derivatives, verbs.

1. Inchoätives, or Augmentatives, which signifie

beginning or augmentation, and end in sco; as, Lu∣cesco to begin to bee light, Ardesco to bee hotter and hotter.

2. Frequentatives, which signifie a certain assidu∣itie or endeavor; and end in to, so, xo, or tor; as, Visito to visit often, Viso to go to see, nexo to tie of∣ten, sector to endeavor to follow.

3. Desideratives, or Meditatives which signifie a certain desire or strift, and end in urio; as, Lecturio to strive to read, coenaturio to desire a supper.

4. Diminutives, which signifie the lessening of its Primitive, and end in lo or sso; as, Sorbillo to sup often, pitisso to sipple or sup a little.

5. Imitatives, which signifie imitation, and end in isso, and in or; as, Patrisso to resemble a father, vul∣pinor to plaie the Fox.

6. Hitherto belong also Apparatives, which signifie a preparation to, and end in co; as, Vellico to pluck, fodico to dig.

7. As also Denominatives, which com from nouns, and have no proper appellation; as, Lignor to purvey wood, rusticor to live in the Countrie.

Chap. 39. Of a Participle.

A Partici∣ple taketh part of a Noun and part of a Verb. There bee four kindes of Partici∣ples. 1. Of the Present tens. 2. Of the Preter tens. 3. Of the Future in rus. 4. Of the Futurr in dus. How Par∣ticiples are formed. Of what verbs they com, Nouns Par∣ticipials. Participles of the Pre∣sent tens be declined like Felix. of other tenses like Bonus.

APARTICIPLE is a part of Speech de∣rived of a Verb, which taketh part of a Noun as well as of Verb; as Amans loving. A Participle hath from a Noun, gender, case, and declension; from a Verb, tens and signification; from both these, number, and figure.

According to tens there bee four kindes of Parti∣ciples.

1. A Participle of the Present tens hath the signi∣fication of the Present tens, and endeth in ans, ens, and iens; as, Amans, docens, legens, audiens.

But iens of eo is seldom read in the Nominative case, but euntis &c. in the oblique cases. But its com∣pounds have the Nominative case in iens, and the Genitive in euntis; except Ambiens, ambientis.

2. A Participle of the Preter tens signifieth the time past, and endeth in tus, sus, xus, as Amatus loved, visus seen, nexus knit; and one in uus, as Mortuus dead.

3. A Participle of the future in Rus hath the si∣gnification of the Future tens of its Infinitive mood Active; as, Amaturus to love, Docturus about to teach.

4. A Participle of the Future in Dus hath the si∣gnification of the Future tens of the Infinitive Pas∣sive; as, Amandus to bee loved hereafter.

The Participle of the Present tens is formed of the Preterimperfect tens by changing the last syllable into ns; as of Amabam, amans.

The Participle of the Preter tens is formed of the later Supine by putting to s; as of Amatu, amatus.

The participle of the Future in rus is formed of the later Supine by puting to rus; as of Amatu, amaturus.

The participle of the Future in dus is formed of the Genitive case of the participle of the present tens by changing tis into dus; as of Amantis, aman∣dus.

These participles are derived of their verbs be∣sides the common rule; Pariturus about to bring forth, nasciturus to bee born, soniturus to sound, ar∣guiturus to reprove, moriturus to die, luiturus that shal pale or suffer punishment, nosciturus to know, osurus to hate, futurus to bee, oriturus to arise.

These bee like participles but are derived of Nouns, Tunicatus coated, togatus gowned, persona∣tus personated, larvatus marked, &c.

From Actives and Neuters which have the Su∣pines com two Participles, one of the present tens, and the other of the Future in rus; as of Amo, amans amaturus, of Curro, currens cursurus.

But of som Neuters are found also Participles in dus, as Dubitandus to bee doubted, vigilandus to bee watched, carendus to bee wanted, dolendus to bee grieved. And of these which make their preterper∣fect tens in manner of passives, is made also a parti∣ciple of the preter tens; as gaudeo gavisus glad, juro juratus sworn: so likewise from Impersonals in tur; as of Aratur aratus plowed.

Of Verbs Passives com two participles, one of the preter tens, the other of the Future in dus; as of Amor cometh Amatus, amandus.

Of Verbs Deponent com three participles, viz. of the present tens, preter tens, and of the Future in rus, as of Auxilior to aid cometh auxilians, auxilia∣tus, auxiliaturus.

To manie also belongeth a participle in dus, espe∣cially to such as govern an Accusative case, as of Loquor to speak, cometh Loquens, loquuturus, loquutus, loquendus.

Of Verbs Commune com four participles, as of Largior to bestow or bee bestowed, cometh Largiens, largiturus, largitus, largiendus.

There bee no participles exstant from verbs Im∣personals, except Poenitens repenting, decens be∣comming, libens & lubens willing, pertaesus irking, poenitendus to bee repented, pudens shaming, pudendus to bee ashamed, pigendus to bee irked.

Participles are turned into nouns Participials.

1. When they govern another case then their verb doth govern; as, Amans pecuniae loving of manie.

2. When they are compounded with words which their verbs will not bee compounded withal; as,

Infans an infant, Indoctus unskilful.

3. When they bee compared; as, Amans loving. Amantior more loving, Amantissimus verie loving.

4. When they signifie no time; as, Sapiens wise, Sponsa a bride.

Participles of the Present tens verie often becom Substantives, somtimes of the Masculine gender; as, Oriens the East: somtimes of the Feminine; as, Consonans a Consonant: somtimes of the Neuter; as, Accidens an accident: somtimes of the Common of three; as, Appetens greedie of.

Participles of the Present tens are declined with three Articles; as, Hic, haec, & hoc Amans, like Felix.

Participles of other tenses are declined with three terminations; as, Amatus, ta, tum; Amaturus, ra, rum, Amandus, da, dum, like Bonus.

Chap. 40 Of an Adverb.

V. An Adverb explaineth a Verb. There bee 33 kindes of Adverbs.

AN ADVERB is a part of Speech added to other words (but especially to the Verb) to declare and perfect their sens and signification.

The Significations of Adverbs are manie, whose varietie must bee gathered out of the Circumstan∣ces of the Verbs.

According to their signification som are called Adverbs of	Place, and sig∣nifie	In a Place; as, Hic here, Illic there.
To a Place; as, Huc hither, Illuc thither.
From a Place; as, Hinc hence, Illinc thence.
By a Place; as, Hac this waie, Illac that waie.
Time; as, Nunc now, tunc then, hodie to date; usque until, or as far as, is both of Time and Place.
Number; as, Semel once, bis twice, ter thrice, iterum again.
Order; as, Indè after that, deni{que} lastly, demū lastly.
Asking; as, Cur why, quare wherefore, unde whence.
Calling; as, Heus ho, ô eho so ho.
Affirming; as, Certè truly, nae truly, profectò scilicet yes.
Denying; as, Non not, haud not, minimè no.
Swearing; as, Pol by Apollo, aedipol by Apol∣lo's temple, hercle by Hercules.
Exhorting; as, Agè go to, sodes if you dare, sûltis if you will.
Granting; as, Licèt it may bee so, estò bee it so, sit sanè bee it indeed so.
Forbidding; at, Nè not, non not.
Flattering; as, Amabò prethee.
Wishing; as Ʋtinam would to God, ô si O that.
Gathering together; as, Simul together, unà in one, pariter alike.
Parting; as, Seorsim severally, gregatim by flocks, bifariam two waies.
Choosing; as, Potiùs rather, imò yea rather, satiùs better.
Excluding; as, Tantùm onely, modò onely, solùm onely.
Including or denying onely; as, Non modò not onely, non solùm not onely, nedum much less.

Diversitie; as, Aliter otherwise, secus otherwise.

Propinquitie or Nearness; as, Obviàm meeting, praestò at hand.

Intending or Increasing; as, Valdè very, nimis too, funditus utterly, omnino altogether.

Remitting or diminishing; as, Vix scarce, aegrè hardly, paulatim by little and little, pedetentim foot by foot.

Restraining; as, Quatenus as for as, quoad as much concerneth, in-quantum in as much as.

Of a thing not finished; as, Penè almost, ferme in a manner.

Explaining; as Putà suppose, utpote as, nimirum to wit, id est that is, videlicet to wit, quasi dicat as if one should saie.

Doubting; as, Forsan perhaps, forsitan perhaps so, fortassis if it bee so.

Chance; as, Fortè as it fall's out, fortuitò by chance, fortè-fortunâ by fortune.

Shewing; as, En lo, ecce behold, sic thus, ità so.

Likeness; as, Sic so, sicut as, ceu as, tanquam as, ita as.

Quantitie; as, Parùm a little, minimè very little, satis enough, abunde in abundance.

Qualitie; as, Bene well, malè ill, and such as end in e, and com of Adjectives of three termina∣tions; as, Doctè learnedly, Pulcrè bravely; al∣so such as end in er, and com of Adjectives of three Articles; as, graviter heavily, feliciter happily.

Comparing; as, Tam as well, quàm as, minùs less, aequè as well as, magis atque rather then.

Adverbs derived of Adjectives are compared like Adjectives, and differ onely in termination; as, Do∣ctè learnedly, doctiùs more learnedly, doctissimè most learnedly; fortiter strongly, fortiùs more strongly, for∣tissimè most strongly.

Likewise Bene well, meliùs better, optimè very well; Saepe often, saepius more often, saepissimè very often; nuper lately, nuperrimè very lately with ma∣nie others.

Somtimes Adjectives of the Neuter Gender, take upon them the nature of Adverbs, in imitation of the Greeks; as, Recèns for recenter newly, Torvùm for torvè frowningly.

Chap. 41. Of a Conjunction.

VI. A Conjun∣ction con∣joineth words and sentences. Its kindes according to significa∣tion are 17. According to its Or∣der four.

A CONjUNCTION is a part of Speech which fitly joineth words and sentences toge∣ther.

According to their signification som bee	Copulatives, which couple both the sens and the words; as, Et and, que and, nec nor.
Suspensives, which staie the speech, or make another thing to bee exspected; as, Cùm both, tum both, & both, vel either, nec nei∣ther.
Disjunctives, which sever the sens and couple the words; as, Aut or, sive or, vel or.
Causals, which give the reason of the former sentence; as, Nam for, enim for, quia becaus.
Discretives, which make a difference; as, Sed but, verò but, at but.
Conditionals, which implie a condition; as, Si if, sin but if, nisi except, dum so that.
Exceptives, which except some thing; as, Ni unless, nisi except, quin but, alioquin otherwise.
Interrogatives, which ask a question; as, Nè whether, an whether, utrùm whether.
Dubitatives, which propound a doubt; as, An whether or no, num whether or no, nunquid what.
Rationals, or Illatives, which infer the conclu∣sion

from the reason set down; as, Ergò there∣fore, ideo therefore, itaque therefore.

Continuatives, which continue the members of a speech in order; as, Deinde after, porrò fur∣thermore, proinde thereupon, insuper moreover.

Concessives, or Adversatives, which grant som∣what which the following sentence may op∣pose; as Etsi although, quanquam although, licèt though, tametsi although, quamvis al∣though.

Redditives to the same, which beeing referred to their Concessives, make a sentence divers from the former; as Tamen yet, attamen but yet, verùm but, veruntamen yet notwithstanding.

Electives, which shew the former member of the sentence to bee preferred; as, Quàm as, ac as, atque as.

Diminutives, which lessen the sens; as, saltem at least, vel even.

Expletives, or Completives, which fill up a sen∣tence for ornament's sake; as, Quidem, in∣deed, autem and, scilicet forsooth, enimvero truly.

Conjunctions adverbial, or Adverbs conjun∣ctive, which with a very little difference are discerned from Adverbs; as, Quando when, or seeing that, proinde therefore, or then.

According to their Order som bee	Prepositives, which are set in the beginning of sentences; as, Nam for, quare, wherefore, at but.
Subjunctives, or Postpositives, which have the second, third, or fourth place in a claus, as, Quidem indeed, quoque also, verò indeed, enim for.
Commons, which may indifferently bee set be∣fore or after; as, Ergò therefore, igitur there∣fore, itaque therefore, sed but.

Encliticals, or Inclinatives, which are annexed to the former word, and incline or turn back their accent into the last syllable of it; as, Que, nè, ve, dum, sis, nam.

Chap. 42. Of a Preposition.

VII. A Preposi∣tion is set before other words. There bee 54 Prepo∣sitions, som of which are 1 Separable. 2. Others Inseparable

A PREPOSITION is a part of Speech which is set before other words,

either in	Apposition; as, Ad scholam to the school.
Composition; as, Advenio to com to.

Prepositions are either	1. Separable.
Or,
2. Inseparable.

Separable Prepositions are used both in and out of Composition; of whose regiment wee shall treat, LIB. 3. CAP. 8.

For thirtie one of these govern an Accusative case, viz.

Ad to.		Erga towards.	Praeter besides.
Apud at.		Extra without.	Propter becaus of.
Adversùs	against.	Infra below.	Secundùm accor∣ding to.
Adversùm	Inter between.
Ante before.		Intra within.	Secus by.
Cis	on this side.	Juxta by.	Supra above.
Citra	Ob for.	Trans beyond.
Circum	about.	Penès in the power.	Versùs towards.
Circa	Per by.	Ʋltra beyond.
Circiter	Ponè behinde.
Contra against.		Post after.

• Which som have comprised in these four Verses.
  • ...Ad, penès, adversùs, cis, citra, circiter, extra,
  • ...Erga, apud, ante, secus, trans, supra, versùs, ob, intra,

• ...
  • ...Ʋltra, post, praeter, propter, prope, ponè, secundùm,
  • Per, circum, circa, contra, juxta, inter, & intra,
• And twelv govern an Ablative case, viz. A, ab, abs, from; absque without, coram before, cum with, de, è, ex of, prae before, pro for, sine without.

Five govern both these cases; viz. Clam privily, in in, sub, & subter under, super above; onely tenus up to, will have an Ablative case singular, and Ge∣nitive plural.

Inseparable Prepositions are such as are never found without Composition, viz.

Am,	as	Ambio, to go about.
Di,	Diduco, to go aside.
Dis,	Distraho, to distract
Re,	as	Recipio to recciv.
Se,	Sepono to set aside.
Con,	Convivo to live toge∣ther.
Ve,	Vesanus outragious.

The signification of Prepositions is not so much to bee learned by rules, as by daily use of reading and writing.

Som Prepositions are wont to bee set after their cases; viz. Cum, as quibuscum with whom; tenus, as pube tenus up to the thin; versùs, as Londinum versùs towards London; to which usque may bee added, as ad Orientem usque as far as the East.

Prepositions when they bee put without a case becom Adverbs; as, Coràm laudare, clàm vituperare, to prais one in presence, and disprais privily.

Som Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions ac∣cording to their several signification are judged som∣times Prepositions, somtimes Adverbs, and somtimes Conjunctions.

Som Prepositions do make Adjectives of the Com∣parative and Superlative degree, as in Chap. 17. l2.

Chap. 43. Of an Interjection.

VIII. An Interje∣ction is put in amongst other words.

AN Interjection is a part of Speech interposed among others, which signifieth a passion of the minde suddenly breaking forth.

There bee so manie Interjections then as there are motions of a troubled minde, viz. of

• Rejoicing; as, Evax hey brave, vah how, io O fine.
• Sorrowing; as, Heu alas, hei, hoi welladay, ô, oh ah.
• Dreading; as, Atat out alas.
• Marvelling; as, Papae O strange!
• Disdaining; as, Hem oh, vah away with it.
• Shunning; as, Apage abant, apagite bee gon.
• Calling; as, Eho, how, ho, io so ho.
• Praising; as, Euge weldon, eja aha.
• Scorning; as, Hui whoo.
• Exclaiming; as, Proh O.
• Cursing; as, Malùm a mischief, vae malùm wo with a mischief.
• Disliking; as, Phy out upon it.
• Threatning; as, Vae wo.
• Laughing; as, Ha, ha, he.
• Silence; as, Au 'st, whisht, Pax peace.

Somtimes Nouns, Verbs, and other words are put into a Speech in manner of Interjections; as, Infan∣dùm not to bee spoken, Amabò of all loves, or as thou lovest mee, Malùm a mischief, mirabile dictu wonderful to bee said. &c.

LIB. III. OF SYNTAX.

Syntax teacheth the due joining of words, By rules,

SYNTAX, or Construction, is the third part of Grammar, which teacheth the due joining of words together.

And that is the due joining of words which the most approved among the antients have used both in writing and speaking.

There bee two parts of Syntax,	Concordance, &	CHAP. 1
Government,	CHAP. 2.

Chap. 1. Of Concordance.

1. Of Con∣cordance.

COncordance is the construction of words accord∣ing to their agreement in som of the things that belong unto them.

There bee three Concords,	The first between the Nominative case and the Verb. §. I.
The second between the Substan∣tive and the Adjective. §. II.
The third between the Antece∣dent and the Relative. §. III.
To which may bee added the Rules	Of the case of the Relative. §. IV.
Of the word that asketh, and the word that answereth to the que∣stion. §. V.

§. I. The Rule of the first Concord.

A Verb Personal agreeth with its Nominative case in Number and Person; as,

• The Master readeth, and yee neglect.
• Whil'st the cat sleepeth, the mice dance.

1. Obs. The Nominative case of the first or second person is very seldom set down; as,

Without God (wee) can do nothing.

1. Exc. Unless it bee for differencing sake, i. e. when wee signifie several emploinients; as,

Thou plaiest, I ply my book.

2. Exc. Or for Emphasis sake, i. e. when wee mean more then wee speak expresly; as,

Thou art our Patron, thou art our Father, if thou forsakest us, wee are undon.

2. Obs. The Verb Substantive is very often under∣stood; as, There (is) no safetie in War.

Such a Master, such a man.

3. Obs. Oft-times other Verbs (also) are understood; as, (* To prick out) the raven's eies.

The sow († will return) to the mire.

§. II. The Rule of the second Concord.

THe Adjective agreeth with its Substantive in case, gender, and number; as,

True faith is a rare bird in the earth, and verie like to a black swan.

An hastie bitch bringeth forth blinde whelps.

1. Obs. An Adjective put like a Substantive doth supply the place of a Substantive; as,

• A learned poor man is better then an unlearned rich man.
• All evil things are to bee avoided.
• A good man is a common good.

§. III. The Rule of the third Concord.

3. The third.

THe Relative (qui) agreeth with its Antece∣dent in gender, number, and person; as,

• The man is wise that speaketh few words.
• The first hour that gave life, took from it.
• The burden is made light, which is well born.

N. B. The Antecedent (most commonly) is a word that goeth before the Relative, and is rehearsed again of the Relative.

The Nominative case, the Substantive, and the An∣tecedent bee called Supposites, becaus in Concor∣dance they bee (as it were) put under the Verb, Ad∣jective, and Relative (which also by som are called Apposites) and bear them up. hence

1. Obs. In speeches which belong onely to men, the Supposite is often understood; as,

• Thus (men) say commonly.
• Good (boies) learn diligently.
• A good (woman) com of good parents.
• Hee) that maketh too much hast, dispatcheth too late.
• (Things) which hurt us teach us.

2. Obs. Somtimes a whole claus, a member of a sentence, a Verb of the Infinitive mood, an Adverb with a Genitive case, or a word put for it self, do supplie the place of Supposites; as,

• To-have-faithfully-learned-the-Liberal-Arts, doth qua∣lifie men's manners.
• To-rise-early is verie wholsom.
• Part of the ensigns are burnt.
• I-came-in-season, which is the chiefest of all things.
• Farewel beeing often said, I again spake manie words.

3. Obs. The Supposite somtimes agreeth with the Verb, or Adjective, or Relative in sens rather then words, as;

• A companie rush. Both are deluded, or mocked.
• ...An armed Nation fight.
• Where is that rogue that hath undon mee?

4. Obs. A Verb, Adjective, or Relative set between two Supposites of divers numbers or genders may agree with either of them. as.

• The falling out of lovers is the renewing of love.
• Povertie seemed a great burden.
• A living-creature full of reason, whom wee call a man.
• A bird which is called a sparrow.
• The Citie Lutetia which wee call Paris.

5. Obs. Many Supposites Singular having a Con∣junction Copulative between them, wil have a Verb, Adjective, or Relative plural, and these will agree with the more worthie supposite: as.

• I and thou, who plie our books diligently are in safetie.
• Thou and hee, who sit so negligent, take heed you bee not whipt.

N. B. The worthiness of a Supposite is considered according to its	1 Gender; or,
2 Person.

1 The first Person is more worthie then the Second, or third, & the second more worthie then the third.

2. The Masculine Gender is more worthie then the Feminine, or Neuter; and the feminine is more worthie then the Neuter.

Excep. But in things not apparent to have life the Neuter Gender is more worthie, as,

• The Bows and the Arrows are good.
• Thy rod and thy staff, (these) have comforted mee.

6. Obs. When the Verb or Adjective answereth to manie supposites it agreeth expressly with that which is nearest to it, and with the rest by supplying it, as,

• Thou liest where I (lie,) thou suppest when wee (sup).
• The husband and the wife is angrie.

Exc. Yet when there is a comparison or likeness, the Verb or Adjective agreeth with the Supposite which is further from it; as,

• I write better then thou (writest).
• God's law is sweet, as honie (is sweet).

7. Obs. A Pronoun Primitive seem's to bee inclu∣ded or understood in a Possessive, and therefore the Relative or Adjective do oft agree with such a Pri∣mitive; as,

• It concerneth not mee, who am the eldest.
• Seeing no bodie readeth my writings fearing to re∣cite them publickly.

§. IV The Rule concerning the case of the Relative.

To which add, 4. The case of the Re-lative.

WHen there cometh no Nominative case between the Relative and the Verb, the Relative shall bee the Nominative case to the verb; as,

Hee that bewareth not afore, shall bee sorrie after∣ward. That which (is) rare, (is) dear.

Hee may easily finde a stick, who desire's to beat a dog.

But if there doth com a Nominative case between the Relative and the Verb, the Relative shall bee governed of the Verb, or of som other word in the same sentence; as,

• Oft-times thou maist conquer by patience, whom thou canst not conquer by force.
• If (thou) canst not do what (thou) wouldest; will that, which (thou) maiest do.
• Whose shadow I reverence.
• Like to whom I have not seen.

1. Obs. As the Relative may bee the Nominative case to the Verb, so it may bee the Substantive to an Adjective; as,

• Hee that rejoiceth at other men's evils is twice wretched.
• Happie is hee, whom other men's harms make warie.

2. Obs. Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites do follow the rule of the Relative, which evermore go before the Verb, like as the Relative doth; as,

What an one was hee? Hee was such an one as I never saw.

§. V. The rule of the Question and Answer.

5: Of the Question and Answer.

WHen a question is asked, the answer must bee made by the same case and tens that the question is asked by; as,

What do yee? Wee plie our books.

Who is rich? Hee that desireth nothing. Who is poor? The covetous man. What is now adoing in England? They consult about Religion.

1. Obs. This rule faileth when the divers nature of words requireth divers cases; viz.

1. When a question is made by Cujus, ja, jum; as, Whose cattle are these? Egon's.

2. Or by a word that may govern divers cases; as,

• Is hee accused of theft? or of murder? Of both.
• ...What cost it? A pennie.

3. When one may answer by a Possessive; as,

• Whose book is this? Mine.
• Whose hous is this? My Father's.

Chap. 2. Of the Government of Nouns.

2. Of Con∣struction. 1. Of Nouns.

GOvernment is the Construction of words, accor∣ding to which everie aforegoing word govern∣eth a certain case or mood of the word which fol∣loweth it.

Government is	Of Nouns, Chap. 2.
Of Pronouns, Chap. 3.
Of Verbs, Chap. 4.
Of Participles, Chap. 5.
Of Adverbs, Chap. 6.
Of Conjunctions, Chap. 7.
Of Prepositions, Chap. 8.
Of Interjections, Chap. 9.

For all parts of Speech govern cases except a Conjunction, which yet will have certain moods and tenses.

Nouns govern four cases:	A Genitive, §. VI.
A Dative, §. VII.
An Accusative, §. VIII.
An Ablative, §. IX.

§. VI. The rule of Nouns governing a Genitive case.

6. With a Genitive case.

THese are they that govern a Genitive case.

I. Substantives: For when two Substantives com together betokening divers things, the later shall bee the Genitive case; as,

• The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.
• God's word remaineth for ever.

1. Obs. But if two or more Substantives belong to one thing, they shall bee put in the same case; as,

• My father beeing a man loveth mee a childe.
• Mark Tullie Cicero the Prince of Orators.

2. Obs. The Genitive case of the owner is often changed into an Adjective Possessive; as,

• My father's hous.
• My master's son.

3. Obs. The former Substantive is somtimes under∣stood by an Ellipsis or defect of a word; as,

• To * 1.1 St Marie's.
• I saw this man's † 1.2 Byrrhia.
• The third * 1.3 of the Kalends.

4. An Adiective of the Neuter gender beeing put for a Substantive will have a Genitive case; as,

• As much monie as any man keep's in his chest, so much credit hee hath.
• Wee do not see that (end) of the wallet which is on the back.

So also will others after the Greek fashion; as,

• Black wooll will take no die.
• Sneaking dogs clap the tail under the bellie.

5. Words importing anie qualitie to the prais or disprais of a thing, coming after a Noun or Verb Substantive, shall bee put in the Ablative or Geni∣tive case; as,

• A childe of an ingenuous look, and ingenuous blush.
• Everie basest fellow is of a most lavish tongue.

6. Opus and Ʋsus when they bee Latine for need, will have an Ablative case; as,

• What need words?
• Hee hath need of twentie pounds.

But Opus necessarie, admit's of divers cases; as,

• A guide is necessarie for us.
• Get such things as are necessarie for you.

II. Adjectives that signifie desire, knowledg, re∣membrance, care, fear, or such like passion of the minde; as, The nature of man is eager of news.

• The minde is foresighted of that which is to com.
• Live mindeful of death. Fearful of a storm.
• ...Ignorant of learning.

III. Adjectives derived of Verbs that end in ax; as, Virtue is an abandoner of vices.

Time is a consumer of things.

IV. Nouns Partitives; as, Som of you.

Take whether of these thou wilt.

V. Nouns beeing put partitively; viz. having after them this english of or among; such as are,

1. Certain Interrogatives; as, Which of the bre∣thren? Is there anie among men so miserable as I am.

2. Certain nouns of Number; viz. Cardinals and Ordinals; as, Four of the Judges.

It is not yet apparent who was the eighth of the wise men.

3. Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree; as,

Of the hands the right is the stronger.

The middle finger is the longest among the fingers.

1. Obs. Yet these in another sens will have an Ab∣lative case; as,

The first from Hercules. The third from Aeneas.

2. And in another sens a Dative; as,

Second to none in godliness.

3. They are used also with the Prepositions by which their Genitive case is explained; as,

One of you is a god. One alone of a great manie.

The chief amongst all.

VI. Besides a great companie of other Adjectives, (viz. Compos, reus, exsors, particeps, and the like) which may better bee learned by frequent reading; as,

Able to perform his vow. Accused of theft. Exempted from all fault. Partaking of his counsel.

Touching which see LINACER'S or DISPAU∣TER'S Grammars.

§. VII. The rule of Nouns governing a Dative case.

7. A Dative.

THese govern a Dative case.

I. Adjectives that betoken

1. Profit or Disprofit; as,

• O bee good and favorable to thine own.
• ...Fit for the Countrie, profitable for the field.
• A rout grievous to the peace, and enemie to gentle rest.

2. Likeness or Unlikeness; as,

• A Poët is verie near to an Orator. Equal to Hector.
• ...Disagreeing to the truth.

3. Pleasure; as, Pleasant to all persons.

4. Submitting; as, Beseeching his father.

5. Belonging to anie thing; as,

• Idleness will bee troublesom to thee.
• There is no waie unpassable for virtue.

6. Hitherto are referred nouns compounded with Con; as, Cognatus mihi, a kin to mee.

1. Obs. Yet som of these which signifie Likeness may have a Genitive case; as,

• Thou art like thy Master.
• Hee was equal to this man. Partaker of the roguerie.

2. Obs. Communis, alienus, immunis, proprius, conscius, and superstes will have divers cases; as,

• ...Common to all living creatures.
• Death is common to all men.
• This is common betwixt mee and thee.
• ...Ʋnmeet for the purpose. Far from ambition.
• Estranged from Scevola's studies.
• ...Free from this evil. Free to all.
• Wee are free from those evils.
• It's proper to fools. Proper to mee.
• I am guiltie to my self of no fault.

• Hee was privie to the prank.
• Hee outlived his honor.
• That surviveth other things.

3. Obs. Natus, commodus, incommodus, utilis, inutilis, vehemens, aptus, ineptus, par, aequalis, will have som∣times an Accusative case with a Preposition; as,

• Born to glorie. Shoos fit for the feet.
• A man good of no side.
• Virtues are equal and even amongst themselvs.

II. Nouns Adjectives derived of Verbs, and of the Passive signification in bilis; as,

• Hee is dead, beeing to bee lamented of all good men.
• And more to bee lamented by none then thee.

§. VIII. The Rule of Nouns that govern an Accusative case.

ADjectives govern an Accusative which signifie the measure of length, bredth, or thickness of anie thing; as, A foot high. An hand broad.

Three fingers thick. Seven foot long.

But they som∣times also govern	A Genitive case; as, Borders ten foot broad.
An Ablative; as, A Well three foot wide.

§. IX. The Rule of Nouns governing an Ablative case.

I. THese govern an Ablative case.

1 Nouns, and Adverbs of the Comparative degree having then, by, or in after them; as,

• Silver is baser then gold, and gold then virtue.
• No Theatre to truth is greater then Conscience.
• ...Higher by a foot. To excel in strength.

1. Obs. Tantò, quantò, multò, paulò, nimiò, eò, quò, hoc, aetate, natu, are joined to both degrees of compari∣son; as,

• Hee is far more skilful then the rest, but not much better.
• By how much one is less learned, by so much hee is more impudent. The greatest in age, i. e. The eldest.
• The less by birth, i. e. The youngest.

II. These Adjectives dignus, indignus, praeditus, captus, contentus, extorris, fretus; as,

• Thou art worthie of hatred.
• Ʋnbefitting the gravitie of a wiseman.
• Endued with everie virtue. Deprived of eies.
• Get thee hence, content with thy condition.
• Banished from his own hous. Trusting to thy clemencie.

1. Obs. But dignus, and indignus will have somtimes a Genitive case; as, A warfare worth thy labor.

Not unworthie of his great Ancestors.

III. Nouns of Diversitie will have an Ablative case with a Preposition; as, Another thing from this. Another man from him.

And somtimes a Dative, as, Different from this thing.

IV. Adjectives and Verbs that signifie plentie or want will have an Ablative, and somtimes a Geni∣tive case; as, Love is verie full both of honie and gall.

• Love is a thing full of thoughtsom fear.
• ...Thou aboundest in love. Thou wantest virtue.
• ...Rich in white cattle. Rich in grounds.
• ...Void of guile. Blessed with grace.
• Go on or increas in virtue. Ʋpright in life.

1: Obs. Som of these will have also an Ablative case with a Preposition; as, Void of anger.

V. Anie Adjective or Verb wil have an Ablative case,

1. Of the Instrument; as, Stout at the sword.

Better at Oars. JESUS vanquished the Devil, not with arms, but with death.

2. Of the Caus; as, Pale with anger. Wors for too much libertie.

3. Of the Circumstance or manner of doing of the thing; as,

• An envious man groweth lean at the prosperitie of another. By name a Grammarian, but indeed a Bar∣barian. A Trojane by birth, a Syrian by nation.
• Crooked old age wil com by and by with a stil pace

1. Obs: But somtimes the Ablative case of the caus or manner of doing will have a Preposition, as,

• ...Ʋnprovided of monie.
• Hee used the man with a great deal of courtesie.

VI. Adjectives and Verbs of buying and selling will have an Ablative case of the price, as,

• ...Cheap at twentie pounds. Dear at a farthing.
• ...Not to bee sold for pearls, or purple, or gold.
• That victorie cost much blood, and manie wounds.
• Hee taught for wages. Wheat is sold at a low rate.
• ...To hire for a pennie. To let for a shilling.
• ...Hee live's at ten pounds rent.

1. Obs. Yet these words, when they are without Substantives, are put after Verbs in the Genitive case; viz. Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, as,

• I sell not for more then others, but for less.
• Things are so much worth as they may be sold for.

N. B. A Noun or Pronoun Substantive, joined with a Participle, expressed or understood, and ha∣ving no other word whereof it may bee governed, shall bee put in the Ablative case absolute; as,

• The King coming the enemies ran away i, e. When
• the King com's. I beeing Captain.
• And it may bee resolved by whilst, when, if, &c.

VII. Adjectives, and Verbs Passives and Neuters that signifie som propertie or passion, will have an Accusative case, or Ablative, signifying the part or place wherein the propertie or passion is; as,

• Hee is diseased in his feet. Hee is sick in minde rather then in bodie.
• Hee hath red hair. Red-haired.

1. Obs. But the part affected is somtimes put in the Genitive case; as, O thou! that hast an happie wit.

Thou troublest thy self in minde.

2. Obs. These bee Greek phrases:

Merrie as concerning other things. Like in other things. Like him both in speech and color.

Chap. 3. Of the government of Pronouns.

2. Of Pro∣nouns.

THese Genitive cases of the Primitives Meî, tuî, suî, nostrî and vestrî bee used when suffering or passi∣on is signified, but Meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester bee used when action or possession is signified, as, Part of thee. Thy part. The image of us. Our image. The love of himself. His own love. (i. e.) of mee.

1. Obs. Possessives are somtimes put for Primitives, as, Hee did it for my sake.

2. Obs: Nostrûm and vestrûm bee used after distribu∣tives, Partitives, Comparatives and Superlatives, as, Som of you. The bigger of you. The eldest of us.

3. Obs: Meus, tuus, suus, noster vester, will have cer∣tain genitive cases after them, viz. Ipsius, solius, unius duorum, trium, &c. omnium, plurium, paucorum, and the genitives of participles which are referred to the Primitive understood in the Possessive, as,

• Thou shalt guess out of thine own minde.
• Thou hast seen the eies of mee weeping.

II. Ipse and idem may bee joined to all persons.

• I my self will see. Thou thy self go on to do it.
• ...Plato himself said. Hee himself did it.

Idem governeth somtimes a Dative case, as,

• Hee that saveth a man against his will, doth the same as hee that kil's him.
• But more commonly an Ablative case with a Pre∣position, as. The same with it.

III. Ille noteth the eminencie or worth of a thing; and Iste the baseness or contempt of it, as, That brave Alexander the great. That mean fellow.

Hic is for the most part referred to the later Ante∣cedent, and the nearer to its self; ille to the former, and the further from it, as,

• The husbandman's aim is contrarie to the shepard's;
• hee look's for profit from his land; and hee from his stock of cattle.

Chap. 4. Of the government of Verbs.

VErbs go vern a	Nominative	Case,	§. X.
Genitive	§. XI.
Dative	§. XII.
Accusative	§. XIII.
Ablative	§. XIV.

To which also belong the Rules	Of such as have a divers constru∣ction. §. XV.
Of the Infinitive mood, of the Ge∣runds, and Supines. §. XVI.
Of time, space and place. §. XVII.
Of Verbs Impersonals. §. XVIII.

§. X. The Rule of Verbs governing a Nominative Case.

3. Of Verbs with 1. A Nomi∣native.

VErbs Substantives, certain passives, and Verbs of gesture will have a Nominative case after them as well as before them, as,

• God is the chiefest good.
• Faith is accounted the foundation of our Religion.
• An evil sheapherd sleepeth void of care.
• Hee will becom a learned man.

1. Obs: All manner of Verbs (almost) will have after them a Nominative case of the Noun Ad∣jective, that agreeth with the Nominative case of the Verb, in case, Gender. & Number, as,

• ...The earth remaineth unmoveable. I write very seldom.
• ...Good boies learn diligently. I speak often.

§. XI. The Rule of Ʋerbs governing a Genitive Case.

2. A Geni∣tive.

THese Verbs govern a Genitive case:

I. Sum, when it betokeneth possession, or, otherwise perteining to a thing, as a propertie or dutie, as, This hous is my father's hous.

• It is (the dutie) of a young man to reverence his elders.
• It is the propertie of a good sheapherd to shear his sheep, not to pill them.

1. Obs: But som Adjectives as meum, tuum, huma∣num, &c. are put in the Nominative case where officium or munus (a dutie) seem's to bee understood, as, by an Ellipsis.

• It is not my dutie to speak against the Autoritie of the Senate.
• It is incident to a man to bee angrie. It is a beastlie part to rage.
• It is a Kinglie part to do well.

II. Verbs that betoken to esteem or regard, as,

• Honestie is reckoned little worth.
• Monie is every where much regarded:
• I care not this for thee, who valuest mee but an hair.

• ...I take it in good part.

1. Obs. But aestimo will have an Ablative case; as,

• Virtue is much to bee esteemed.
• Hee valued it at three-pence.

2. Obs. Valeo will have a Genitive, an Accusative, or an Ablative case; as, It is so much worth.

It is worth two farthings.

3. Obs. Wee say also, I account, or esteem it as nothing.

III. Verbs of accusing, condemning, warning, or acquitting, will have a Genitive case of the crime or punishment; as, It behooveth him to look to himself, that accuseth another of dishonestie.

They condemned most innocent Socrates to lose his life.

• Hee admonished mee of a mistake.
• Hee is acquitted of theft.

1. Obs. And this Genitive case is turned somtimes into an ablative, either with, or without a prepo∣sition; as, I will condemn thee of the same fault.

• Is hee accused of theft, or dishonestie? Of both.
• I thought that thou wert to bee admonished of that matter.

IV. Satago, misereor, and miseresco; as,

• ...Hee is busie about his own matters. Pitie the pains.
• ...Pitie thine own stock.

1. Obs. But misereor and miseresco, are somtimes read with a Dative case; as,

Pitie this man. Have compassion on the bad.

V. Reminiscor, obliviscor, and memini; as,

• Hee remembreth his promise. It is the propertie of fools to see other men's faults and forget their own.
• I will make thee to remember mee alwaies.

1. Obs. And these will have also an Accusative case; as, I remember my lesson. I forget the song.

VI. Som also, after the manner of the Greeks, will have a Genitive case; as,

• ...Ceastheir womanish complaints.

• It is time to give over the fight.
• Hee is worthy of all mischief, that blusheth at his Fortune.

§. XII. Of Verbs governing a Dative case.

3. Dative.

ALl manner of Verbs put acquisitively, i. e. which are known commonly by these tokens to or for after them will have a Dative case, as,

• I have it for this man and not for thee.
• I sleep not to all men. Neither is there sowing nor mowing for mee there.
• And to this rule do also belong Verbs that beto∣ken,

1. To profit or disprofit, as,

• It cannot profit or disprofit mee.
• Hee hurteth the good, who spareth the bad.

2. To compare, as,

• To compare great things with small.
• Hee made himself equal to his Brother.

1. Obs: But these will have somtimes an Accusa∣tive or an Ablative case with a Preposition, as,

• If hee bee compared to him hee is nothing.
• I compare Virgil with Homer.

3. To give or to restore, as,

• Fortune hath given too much to manie, enough to none.
• Hee is ungrateful that requite's not a favor to him that deserveth it.

4. To promise or paie, as,

• I promise thee these things.
• Hee hath paied the debt unto mee.

5. To command or to shew, as,

• Monie hoarded up commandeth or serveth everieibodie.
• Take heed oftimes, what thou saiest of anie bodie, and to whom.

6. To trust, as, Beleiv not a woman, no though shee seem dead. I commit this to thy trust.

7. To Obey, or to bee against; as,

• A dutiful son alwaies obeieth his father.
• Fortune resisteth sluggish praiers.

8. To threaten or to bee angrie with; as,

• Hee threatned death to them both.
• ...I am angrie with thee.

9. Sum, with its Compounds, except possum; as,

• Hee is a father to the citie, and a husband to the citie.
• Manie things are wanting to them that desire manie things.

1. Obs. Likewise Sum and Suppetit signifying to have; as,

• Everie man hath his own liking.
• Wee have mellow apples.
• Hee is not poor, who hath the use of things.

2. Obs. Sum, with manie others will have a dou∣ble Dative case; as,

• The sea is a destruction to greedie seamen.
• A godlie King is an ornament to the Common-wealth.
• Thou hopest it will bee a prais to thee, which thou im∣putest as a fault to mee.

13. Verbs compounded with the Adverbs, Satis, bene, malè, and the Prepositions, Prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, in, and inter; as,

• Hee hath don good to manie, hee hath don ill to none.
• I prefer no man before thee.
• A new relator addeth somthing to things hee hath heard.

1. Obs. A few of these somtimes change their Da∣tive case into another case; as;

• One man excell's another in wit.
• I forbid thee fire und water.

2. Obs. But Praeeo, praecedo, praecurro, with som other Compounds of prae, will have rather an Accusative case; as, Thou shalt go before mee.

3. Obs. There is oft-times a Pleonasm or redun∣dance of the Dative cases, Mihi, tibi, sibi; as,

I Slaie this man with his own sword.

N. B. Somtimes a Dative case is put figuratively in stead of an Accusative or Ablative with a Preposi∣tion: and of som it is called the eighth case; as,

The crie goeth unto heaven. Keep the heat from the cattle.

§. XIII. The rule of Verbs governing an Accusative case.

4. Accusa∣tive.

VErbs Transitives, are all such as have after them an Accusative case of the doer or sufferer as, Fear God. Honor the King.

• It's a son's dutie to reverence his parents.
• The fierce lioness followeth the wolf, and the wolf the kid.

1. Obs. Verbs absolute may have an Accusative case of their own signification, and somtimes an Abla∣tive; as, I live a life. To live a life long.

Thou sleepest Endimion's sleep. They rejoiced with exceeding great joy. To go a long waie. To go the right waie. Hee died a sudden death.

2. Obs. Som verbs will have an Accusative case figu∣ratively; as, Hee smell's like a goat. The voice sound's like a man. Hee offend's in the same thing.

They counterfeit sober men, and live riotously.

3. Verbs of Asking, teaching, and arraying, will have two Accusative cases, one of the Person, and another of the Thing; as,

• Do thou onely ask God leav..
• Hunger teacheth a man manie things.
• Hee put on his shooes which hee had first put off.

4. But som of these somtimes change the one Ac∣cusative case into the Dative or Ablative, with, or without a Preposition; as, I put on thy coat, or,

I put thy coat on thee. Hee informeth the Senate of his journie. Let us intreat leav of him.

§. XIV. The rule of Verbs governing an Ablative case.

5. Ablative

THese govern an Ablative case.	Concerning which wee have spoken afore in the Regiment of Nouns.
I. All Verbs, so that the Abla∣tive case bee
1. Of the Instrument.
2. Of the Caus.
3. Of the Manner of doing.
II. Verbs of Price.
III. Verbs that signifie som propertie or passion:
IV. Verbs of plentie or scarceness.

V. Som certain Deponents and Neuters, viz.

Fungor,	as	They that would get true glorie, must discharge the duties of Justice.
Fruor,	It is the best to make use of another's madness.
Ʋtor,	It helpeth in a bad matter, if thou canst use a good courage.
Vescor,	I eat flesh.
Nitor,	I trust to my strength. It becommeth one to relie on his virtue, not his blood.
Dignor,	I think not my self worthie of such ho∣nor.
Prosequor	I pursue thee with love, i. e. I love thee.
Muto,	Hee changeth square things for round.
Munero,	Hee rewarded him with the fellowship of his Kingdom.

Supersedeo,	Wee must leav off the multitude of examples.
Communico,	I will give thee allowance at my table.
Afficio,	I affect thee with joie, or, I make thee glad, with som few others.

VI. Verbs of Comparing or exceeding; as,

• I prefer this man by manie degrees.
• Hee is beyond him but a little space.
• It is unseemly to bee overcom in virtue by those whom thou excellest in eminencie of place.

7. Verbs that betoken Receiving, distance, or ta∣king away, will have an Ablative case with a Pre∣position; as, I heard it of a manie. It is far distant from us. I delivered thee from the evils.

1. Obs. And this Ablative may bee turned into the Dative; as, Hee took his life from him.

VIII. Mereor will have an Ablative case with the Preposition De; as, Thou never deservedst well of mee.

Cataline deserved very ill of the Common-wealth.

IX. Verbs Passives will have after them an Abla∣tive case with a Preposition, and somtimes a Dative; as, Virgil is read of mee. A boar is oft-times held by a little dog. Honest things, not hidden things are desired of good men.

1. Obs. The other cases remain in the Passives which belonged to their Actives; as,

• Thou are accused by mee of theft.
• ...Thou shalt bee made a mocking-stock.

2. Obs. Vapulo, vaeneo, liceo, exulo, and fio do follow the construction of Passives, i. e. they govern an Ablative case with a Preposition, or a Dative; as,

• Thou shalt bee whipt by the master. I had rather bee spoiled by a citizen, then sold by an enemie.
• What will becom of him? Virtue is cheapned by all at a low rate. Why is Philosophie banished from banquets.

§. XV. The rule of Verbs having divers Constructions.

With a di∣vers Con∣struction.

I. The same verb may have divers cases in a se∣veral respect or consideration, as,

Hee gave mee his garment for a pawn, Thou beeing present, with his own hand.

II. These Verbs have a divers construction

• 1. In the same signification, a.,
  • ...1. I flatter thee.
  • ...2. Hee bespotted mee.
  • ...3. I hearken to thee.
  • ...4. I agree with thee.
  • ...5. I dissent from thee.
  • ...6. I bestow a book on thee.
  • ...7. I mock thee.
  • ...8. I bestow my means on thee.
  • ...9. I put on thy coat.
  • ...10. Hee spread his cloak on the hors.
  • ...11. I forbid thee this thing.
  • ...12. I cure
    • ...my son
    • ...that diseas.
  • ...13. I moderate my affection.
  • ...14. I deprave thee.
  • ...15. I tarrie for thee.
  • ...16. I forbid thee the hous.
  • ...17. I go into the hous.
• 2. In different signification, as,
  • ...1.

    I assent	to thee.
    Icom

  • ...2.

    I envie	thee.
    I imitate

  • ...3.

    I obeie	thee.
    I hear

• ...
  • ...4.
    • ...I see to thee.
    • I avoid thee.
    • I make a caution, or I am careful for thee.
  • ...5.
    • ...I give place to thee.
    • ...I go out of the Citie.
    • ...Give mee a book.
  • ...6.
    • I advise, or look to thee.
    • ...I ask advice of thee.
    • ...I resolv concerning thee.
  • ...7.
    • ...It hapneth to mee.
    • ...It toucheth mee.
  • ...8.
    • ...I favor thee.
    • ...I desire thee.
  • ...9.
    • ...It is wanting to mee.
    • ...Hee faileth mee.
    • ...Hee revolteth from mee.
  • ...10.
    • I give, or send
    • ...letters to thee
      • ...to carrie to
      • ...one. to read.
  • ...11.
    • ...I lend thee on usurie.
    • ...I borrow of thee on usurie
  • ...12.
    • ...I am sick of a Fever.
    • ...I take pains for the publick safetie.
  • ...13.
    • ...I am careful for thee.
    • ...I am affraid of thee.
  • ...14.
    • ...I remember thee.
    • ...I spake of thee.
  • ...15.
    • ...I conquer the citie.
    • ...I obtein my desire.
  • ...16.
    • ...I promise you.
    • ...I entertain you.
    • ...I betake my self home.
  • ...17.
    • ...I report it to you.
    • ...I propound it to you.
  • ...18.
    • ...I refuse a gift.
    • ...I declare him Consul.
  • ...19.
    • ...I paie thee.
    • ...I free thee.

• ...
  • ...20.
    • ...I endeavor this.
    • ...I desire this.
  • ...22.
    • ...I labor about trifles.
    • ...I have leasure for trifles.
    • ...I am void of blame.
    • ...The place is emptie.

Use will teach the rest.

§. XVI. The Rule of the Infinitive mood.

Of the In∣finitive mood.

VErbs of the Infinitive mood are put after Verbs or Adjectives, as,

• Ponticus wilt thou bee made rich? Thou must de∣sire nothing.
• And hee was worthyto be loved.
• Bold to endure all things. Enduring to bee called.

1. Obs. They have an Accusative case before them in stead of a Nominative as, I bid thee to go hence.

I bid thee bee in good health.

Which may bee resolved by that, as; I bid that thou go hence. I am glad that thou art in good health.

2. Obs. They have like cases before and after them; as, An Hypocrite desireth to seem just.

Nature hath granted to all men to bee happie, If anie knew how to use it.

3. Obs. They are somtimes put absolutely by an Ellipsis, as,

That these villanies should bee committed. i. e. It is fit.

The Lamb trembled. i. e. Begun to tremble.

§. XVII. The Rule of the Gerunds.

Of the Ge¦runds. Di. Do. Dum.

GErunds and Supines will have such a case as the Verbs that they com of, as,

Wee must use age. To hear a sermon.

And they are as it were Nouns of both Numbers

These in	Di	of the	Genitive	Case
Dum	Accusative
Do	Ablative

as,	An occasion of studying.
Fit to studie.
Wearie with studying.

Hence is it that,

1. The Gerund Di may bee used after certain Sub∣stantives and Adjectives; as,

• There is no place for telling.
• The wicked love of having.
• ...Certain of going. Skilful in darting.
• ...For the caus of seeing them. Leav of snatching apples.

1. The Infinitive mood is somtimes put in stead of this Gerund; as, Skilful to heal.

2. Gerunds in Do bee used with one of these Pre∣popositions; A, ab, abs, de, è, ex, cum, in pro; as,

• Idle boies are quickly frighted from learning.
• The manner of right writing is joined with speaking.

Obs. Somtimes they are used without a Prepositi∣on; as, Wee learn by teaching.

3. The Gerund in Dum is used after one of these Prepositions, Inter, ante, ad, ob, propter; as,

• In supper while bee merrie.
• Christ died to redeem us.

1. Obs. When you have this English must or ought it may bee put in the Gerund in Dum, with the Verb est, and a Dative case expressed or understood; as,

I must go hence. Wee ought to praie that there may bee a sound minde in a sound bodie.

N. B. Gerunds are often turned into Participials in Dus, which agree with their Substantives; as,

• In reading old Autors thou shalt profit.

• It it the next to theft to bee drawn on by a re∣ward to accuse men.

§. XVIII The Rule of Supines.

Of the Su∣pines.

Um.

THe first Supine is put after Verbs, and Partici∣ples that betoken moving to a place; as,

They com to look on. Why goest thou about to undo thy self.

1 Obs. But these have a motion scarce discernable; I set to sale. I bestow my daughter to bee married.

2. The Poëts saie, I go to visit. I go to see.

3. This Supine is put absolutely with the Verb est; It is don.

II. The later Supine is put after Nouns Adjectives; U. as, Easie to bee don. Ʋnhonest to bee spoken.

§. XIX. The Rule of Time.

Of Time.

NOuns are commonly used,

1. In the Ablative case, which betoken part of Time; i. e. with answer to when; as,

• No man is wise at all hours.
• Thou wakest in the night, and sleepest in the daie.

2. In the Accusative case, which signifie continu∣al term of Time, without ceasing or intermission; i. e. with answer to the question how long? as,

• Thou sleepest the whole winter.
• Black Pluto's gate lieth open night and day.

1. Somtimes a Preposition is added; as,

Three months agoe. About three years. In a few daies. For a daie. About that age. About that time.

§. XX. The Rule of space or distance of place.

Of Space.

NOuns that betoken space between place and place bee commonly put in the Accusative case, and somtimes in the Ablative, as,

• Depart not a foot-breadth from a good conscience.
• They are not manie paces one from another.

§. XXI. The Rule of Nouns of place.

Of Place.

NOuns of place, when they follow a Verb that signifieth action or motion,

1. In a place, to a place, from a place, or by a place (if they: bee nouns Appellatives or proper names of great places viz. Regions &c.) bee put with a Pre∣position, as, Hee is in the market.

• I live in England. Hee went hence to the Church.
• Hee came through France into Italie.
• Hee is gon out of the town.

1. Obs. But somtimes the Preposition is under∣stood; as, Hee went to Italie.

2. In a place or at a place (if they bee proper names of cities or towns) of the first or second declension and the Singular Number bee put in the Genitive case; But of the third Declension or Plu∣ral number onely in the Ablative; as,

• What should I do at Rome?
• Hee lived at London. Hee was born at Athens.
• I beeing unconstant love Tibur at Rome, and Rome at Tibur.

3. To a place (if they bee proper names) are put in the Accusative case, as,

• I go to London to buie wares.

• I went to Cambridg.

IV. From a place or by a place (if they bee pro∣per names) are put in the Ablative case; as,

• Hee went by London to Cambridge.
• Hee went from London.

Ohs. Humus, militia, bellum, domus, and rus do fol∣low the Rules of Proper Names of Cities or Towns as, Wee live together at home, and in the wars.

• Hee was brought up in the Countrie.
• I will go into the countrie. Go home.
• Hee is returned out of the Countrie.
• Hee is newly gon from home.

§. XXII. The Rule of the government of Impersonals.

Of Imper∣sonals. 1 Active. 2. Passives.

I. IMpersonals of the Active voice govern,

1. A Genitive case, viz. Interest; refert, and est for interest; as, It concerneth all men to do well.

It much concerneth a Christian Common-wealth, that the Bishops bee learned and pious.

1. Obs. Except these Ablative cases, Meâ, tuâ, suâ, nostrâ, vestrâ, and Cuiâ, as,

• ...It is expedient to thee to know thy self.
• ...It little concerneth you.

II. A Dative, viz. Accidit, certum est, contingit, con∣stat, confert, &c. which bee put acquisitively; as,

It is better for mee to die manfully, then to live with disgrace. I am resolved to run all hazards.

III. An Accusative 1. Onely, viz. Juvat, decet, delectat, oportet, as, It becometh not men to scold like women.

2. With the Preposition Ad, viz. Attinet, pertinet, spectat, as, It belongeth to thee. It belongeth to all men to live well.

3. With a Genitive viz. Poenitet, taedet, miseret, mi∣serescit, pudet, piget; as,

• ...It repenteth everie one of his own estate.
• ...It irketh mee of my life.

II. Impersonals of the Passive voice have such cases as other Verbs Passives have; as,

• Neither is there sowing nor mowing there for mee.
• ...Hee is gon to Athens. They slept all night.
• The enemies fought stoutly.

1. Obs. Yet manie times the case is not expressed; as, What do they in the School? They plie their books.

Chap. 5. Of the Government of Participles.

5. Of Par∣ticiples.

PArticiples govern such cases as the Verbs that they com of; as, Like to enjoie his friends.

Taking order for thee. Called the seven wise men.

1 Obs. But when they bee changed into Nouns they will have a Genitive case; as,

Greedie of another man's goods. Most desirous of thee.

2. Participials in Dus will have a Dative case; as,

Hee is to bee earnestly entreated by mee.

3. Exosus, and perosus having the Active significa∣tion will have an Accusative case; as,

Hating crueltie.

But having the Passive, a Dative; as,

Hated of God and good men.

4. Pertaesus will have a Genitive or an Accusative case; as, Wearie of wedlock. Wearie of his sluggish∣ness.

5. Natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creätus, ortus, editus, will have an Ablative case; as,

• ...O thou that art born of a Goddess!
• ...A good woman com of good parents.
• ...Of what blood is hee com?

Chap. 6. Of the Government of Adverbs.

6. Adverbs. 1. With Case.

§. I. Of Adverbs which govern cases.

ADverbs govern,

1. A Nominative case, viz. En see, and Ecce behold, beeing adverbs of Shewing; as,

Behold Priam. Lo two Altars.

1 Obs. But beeing Adverbs of upbraiding they will have an Accusative; as,

See his habit or fashion. Look thou the other fellow.

2. A Genitive, viz. Adverbs of quantitie, time, and place, as, In what Countrie. To what land. At that time. An abundance of tales. Words enough. Part of the men.

1. Obs. So also Ergò for Caussâ; as, For his sake.

2 Obs. Pridie the day before, and postridie the daie after, will have a Genitive or an Accusative case; as, The daie before that daie. The daie after the Kalends.

3 Obs. Minimè gentium in no wise, is a proper phrase, or manner of speech.

3 A Dative, viz. such as bee derived of Nouns that govern a Dative case; as, Hee came to meet him. Hee singeth like him. Hee liveth unprofitably to himself.

1 Obs. These Datives bee used Adverbially, Tem∣pori betime, luci by day, vesperi at even; as,

• Wee must rise betime. Wee must go to bed at even.
• Wee must take pains by daie.

4. An Accusative case of the Preposition they bee com of; as, Nearer the citie. Next to Spain.

N. B. Plùs, minùs, ampliùs, will have a Nominative, a Genitive, a Dative, and an Ablative case; as,

• Above three hundred waggons. Above 50 men. Above half a mile. More then that.

§. II. Of Adverbs which govern moods.

With a Mood.

UBi when, post quam after that, cùm when, do govern an Indicative; as, When I shall sacrifice an heifer for my fruits, com thou.

Or Subjunctive; as, When I sung of Kings, and wars, Apollo snatcht mee by the ear.

Donec until, govern's an Indicative; as,

Ʋntil hee bad to fold the sheep and count them.

Or Subjunctive; as, Ʋntil that water, which thou hast put in, bee boiled.

Donec as long as, an Indicative; as,

As long as I was safe.

Dum whilst, or as long as, govern's an Indicative; as, Whil'st the maid is making readie.

As long as thou doest what befitteth thee.

Dum so that, or until, doth govern a Subjunctive; as, So that I may profit thee. Ʋntil the third Summer shall see him reigning in Italie.

Quoad as long as, govern's an Indicative; as,

As long as thou exspectest thy Chamber-fellow.

Or Subjunctive; as, As long as I could.

Quoad until, doth govern a Subjunctive; as,

I will keep all things safe till the Armie bee sent hither.

Simulac & simulatque as soon as, do govern an In∣dicative; as, As soon as hee was able to abide war.

Or a Subjunctive; as, As soon as his age waxed ripe.

Quemadmodum as, ut as, utcunque as, sicut as, do go∣vern an Indicative; as, As thou salutest, so shalt thou bee saluted again.

Or a Subjunctive; as, As thou shalt sow, so shalt thou reap.

Ʋt after that, doth govern an Indicative; as, After that they came into the citie.

Quasi as, ceu as, tanquam as, Perinde acsi like as, Haud secus acsi no otherwise, then as, do govern a Subjun∣ctive; as,

As though wee knew not our selvs among our selvs.

And these also couple like cases; as,

• I knew the man even as thy self.
• Hee smileth on mee as on a friend.

Nè not, an Adverb of Forbidding, doth govern an Imperative; as, Bee not so wroth.

Or a Subjunctive; as, This is a great knave, do not fear him.

Chap. 7. Of the Government of Conjunctions.

Of Con∣junctions which do couple.

§. I. Of Conjunctions which do couple Words.

COnjunctions Copulatives & disjunctives, and these four quàm, nisi, praeterquam, an, do couple like cases, and most commonly like moods and tenses; as, The night, and love, and wine do perswade no moderate thing.

• Hee is younger then thou art.
• Hee pleaseth no bodie but himself.
• Peter and John did praie and preach in the Temple.

1. Obs. But oftentimes som particular reason of words, require divers cases, moods and tenses; as,

• I bought a book for an hundred asses and more.
• ...I lived at Rome, and at Ʋenice.
• I gave them thanks, and will do so whil'st I live.

2. Obs. Cùm and tum, and tum beeing doubled, will couple like cases; as,

Hee embraceth all learned men, but especially Mar∣cellus. Hee hateth both learning and virtue.

§. I. Of Conjunctions which govern moods.

Govern Moods.

ETsi although, tametsi although, etiamsi although, quanquam although, in the beginning of a Speech govern an Indicative; as,

Though no news was brought.

But in the middle of a Speech a Subjunctive; as, Thou blamestimee though thou hast don it thy self.

Quamvis although, licèt although, commonly do govern a Subjunctive; as,

Though thou comest thy self.

Ni except, nisi unless, si if, siquidem if so bee, quòd that, quia becaus, quàm then, postquam after, posteaquam after that, ubi for postquam, nunquam never, priusquam before that, do

govern	An Indicative, or,	as,	I am glad that thou
Subjunctive,	art returned safe.

Si if, doth govern an Indicative; as,

If thou beest well, it is well.

Or a Subjunctive; as, If thou shalt denie, thou shalt bee whipt.

Si used for quamvis though, a Subjunctive; as,

No not though shee intreat.

Quando seeing that, quandoquidem seeing that, quoniam becaus, do govern an Indicative; as,

Saie on, seeing that wee sit together on the soft grass.

Quippe becaus, doth govern an Indicative; as,

Becaus hee is sick.

Qüippe qui as hee that, doth govern an Indicative, or Subjunctive; as,

As hee hath twise forsworn himself.

Qui, when quippe is understood, signifying a Caus, a Subjunctive; as,

Thou art a fool to believ this fellow, i. e. becaus you believ.

Cùm for quamvis although, quandoquidem seeing that, quoniam becaus, govern a Subjunctive; as,

Seeing thou art fit.

Nè, an, num, whether, of Asking, will have an In∣dicative; as, Whether is hee alive, or no?

Of Doubting, a Subjunctive; as,

See whether hee bee returned?

Ʋt to the end that, for nè non lest not, for quanquam although, and utpote becaus, govern's a Subjunctive; as, To the end that hee might bee with you.

• I am affraid hee cannot withstand it.
• Though all things fall out as I would.
• Becaus thou hast deceived mee so oft.

Ʋt for postquam after that, quemadmodum even as, si∣cut as, or used in asking, will have an Indicative; as, After that I went from the citie.

• Go on to do as thou dost.
• Like as is his madness. How doth hee?

Chap. 8. Of the government of Prepositions.

8. Of Pre∣positions.

• I. THirtie Prepositions govern an Accusative case viz.
  • ...1. To the Church.
  • ...2. At the market.
  • ...3. Before death.
  • ...4. Against two.
  • ...5. Towards thee.
  • ...6. On this side Thames.
  • ...7. On this side the River.
  • ...8. About the town.
  • ...9. About the hill.
  • ...10. About two thousand.
  • ...11. Against the prick.
  • ...12. Towards the people.
  • ...13. Without the hous.
  • ...14. Betwixt the cup and the lip.
  • ...15. Within the hous.
  • ...16. Below all men.
  • ...17. By the well.
  • ...18. For a reward.
  • ...19. In his power.
  • ...20. Through the plain fields.
  • ...21. Behind the back.

• ...
  • ...22. After death.
  • ...23. Besides the cottage.
  • ...24. For my Neighbor.
  • ...25. According to Aristotle.
  • ...26. By the water courses.
  • ...27. Above his capacitie.
  • ...28. Beyond the Alps.
  • ...29. Towards London.
  • ...30. Beyond the Indians.
• II. And twelv govern an Ablative case;
  • ...1. From God.
  • ...2. From an enemie.
  • ...3. Of any bodie.
  • ...4. Without monie.
  • ...5. Before the master.
  • ...6. With loss.
  • ...7. Concerning trifles.
  • ...8. Out of a well.
  • ...9. From an high rock.
  • ...10. Before all things.
  • ...11. Without bread.
  • ...12. For the poor.
• III. Five govern an Accusative and an Ablative case.
  • ...1. Privie to his father.
  • ...2
    • ...Into the hous.
    • ...In the hous.
  • ...3.
    • ...A little before night.
    • ...In the night.
  • ...4. Ʋpon a stone.
  • ...5. Ʋnder the earth.

To which you may add tenùs, up to, as,

• ...Ʋp to the privie parts.
• ...Ʋp to the breast. Ʋp to the ears.

1. Obs. A Preposition is often understood as,

• I exspect to daie, or at the furthest (to) morrow.
• Hee appeared (in) the shape of a man.

2. Obs. And oftimes it is more then needs; as, Abstein from vices. I will call my friend to this matter.

3. Obs. A Preposition in composition doth som∣times govern the same case, which it governed bee∣ing without composition, as,

I pass by thee unsaluted. I leav my office.

4. Obs. These seem to bee singular expressions, as,

• To go out of the doors.
• To prevent the windes in running.

Chap. 9. Of the government of Interjections.

9. Interje∣ctions.

CErtain Interjections govern cases, viz.

1. O of Exclamation, a Nominative, Accusa∣tive, and vocative; as,

O gladsom daie! O happie husbandmen! O prettie boie! But of calling, a Vocative only as,

Com hither ô Galatéa!

2. Heus, and ohe, a Vocative; as, O Syrus! Ho little book!

3. Pro and proh, ah and vah, an Accusative and Vo∣cative; as, O the faith of God and man!

O holy Jupiter! Ah mee poor man! Ah the incon∣stancie! Alas unhappie maid! Oh you villain!

4. Heu, a Nominative, Dative, and Accusative; as,

Alas the godliness. O the hated stock.

Alas for mee poor man.

5. Hem and apage an Accusative; as, Fie upon craft. See Davus for you. Away with such comple∣ments.

6. Hei and vae a Dative; as, Wo is mee.

Wo bee to thee.

1. Obs. Interjections are often put without a case; as, Alas, I am affraid. What madnes, (with a mis∣chief?

2. Obs. And they are often understood, as;

(O) mee poor wretch. (O) the base prank.

I think you wonder, Sirs.

Chap. 10. Of the Figures of a word.

OF Figures. 1. Of a Word.

FIgure is a kinde of speaking on som new fashion, or the altering of a word or speech from the usual manner of speaking, and that also by autoritie of good writers.

Figure is of two sorts,	1. Of a Word:	which belong's to	Etymologie.
2. Of Construction:	Syntaxis.

A Figure of a Word is that which anie waie changeth the form of a word, and these bee its chief kindes.

1 Prosthesis, is the putting a letter or syllable to the beginning of a word; as Gnatus for natus, tetuli for tuli.

2. Aphaeresis, is the taking a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; as, Ruit for Eruit, temnere for contemnere.

3. Epenthesis, is the putting of a letter or syllable in∣to the middle of a word; as, Relligio for religio, Indu∣perator for Imperator.

4. Syncope, is the taking a letter or syllable from the middle of a word, as, Abiît for abivit, dîxti for dixisti.

5. Paragoge, is the putting of a letter or syllable to the end of a word; as, Dicier for dici, emorier for e∣mori.

6. Apocope, is the taking of a letter or syllable from the end of a word; as, Ingenî for ingenii.

7. Diaeresis, is the dividing of one syllable into two; as, Auläi for aulae, evolüisse for evolvisse.

8. Synaeresis, is the contracting of two vowels into one syllable, which belong to two divers syllables; as, Thesei for Thesei. vêmens for vehemens.

9. Metathesis is the mis-placing of a letter or syl∣lable; as, pistris for pristis a long ship.

10. Antithesis, or Antistoechon is the putting of a letter for a letter; as, Olli for illi.

11. Tmesis, is the parting of a compound word be∣twixt the parts whereof another is put; as, Quae mihi cunque placent, What things soever pleas mee.

12. Enallage, is the putting of the Parts of Speech, or their Accidents one for another; as, The people beeing as King. i. e. ruling all abroad. Agnus trepida∣re for trepidabat, The Lamb did tremble.

13. Archaismus, is an old fashion of speaking, which is now out of use; as, Valdè tonit for tonuit, It thun∣dred exceedingly. Tam nulli consilii, So void of coun∣sel. Operam abuti, To bestow his labor to a wrong end.

14. Metaplasinus, is anie change (at all) in a word; as, Agreste for agresti.

Chap 11. Of the Figures of Construction.

2. Of Con∣struction.

A Figure of construction is that which anie waie changeth the frame of a Speech. Its kindes are

1. Apposition, is the putting together of two or more Substantives in the same case; as, The river Rhine. The citie Athens. M T. C.

And it is either to	1. Restrain generalitie; as, A living crea∣ture, an hors.
2. Take away Equivocation; as, The dog-star.
3. To attribute a propertie to one; as, Erasmus a man of most exact judg∣ment.

2. Syilepsis, is the comprehending of the more unworthie gender or person under the more wor∣thie; as, I and my brother are white. Mars and Ve∣nus, both beeing naked, lie tied fast together in the snares.

3. Prolepsis, is a brief expression of things; as,

Two Eagles flew, this from the East, that from the West. The people live, som in want, som in delights.

Bear yee one another's burdens. Let both of us take an equal share.

4. Zeugma, is the bringing back of one Verb or Adjective to divers Supposites, to one expresly, and to the other by supplying it; as,

• John was a Fisher, and Peter.
• The husband and the wife is angrie.

5. Synthesis, is a Speech which agreeth in sens, though not in words; as, Wee are both hurt.

A brood goos. Two thousand slain.

6. Antiptôsis, is the putting one case for another; as,

All kinde of elegancie. Are yee autors of it.

7. Synecdoche, is when that which belong's to a part is spoken of the whole; as,

A Blackmoor having white teeth. Wounded in the forehead. Flowers that have the names of Kings written on them.

8. Elleipsis, is the want of a word in a Speech; as,

I (thought) presently with my self. I remember that I saw.

9. Pleonasmus, is the abounding of a word in a Speech beyond anie necessitie of it; as,

I saw it with these eies. I slaughtered him with his own sword.

10. Asyndeton, is the want of Conjunctions in a Speech; as, It shall bee don will thou, nill thou.

Eat, drink, plaie.

11. Polysyndeten, is an over-plus of Conjunctions in a Speech; as,

Sleep, and wine, and good chear, and whores, and haths, do weaken men's bodies and mindes.

12. Anastrophe, is when a Preposition is set before its case; as,

The command is in thy power.

13. Synchysis, is a confused order of words; as,

For¹ it is bad² for such as have³ blear'd-eies and⁴ raw⁵ sto∣macks to⁶ plaie at ball⁷.

14. Hypallage, is a placing of words contrariwise; as,

To commit the South-windes to the ships.

15. Hellenifmus, is a going from the Latine use to imitate the Greeks; as,

Do not fight against two.

The rest which belong rather to the handsoming then the making of a Speech, are to bee sought for among the Rhetoricians.

LIB. IV. OF PROSODIE.

IV. Prosodie, treateth of

PROSODIE is the fourth part of Grammar, which teacheth the right pronuntiation of words.

A right pronuntiation is that which observeth in everie word, the Spirit, Tone, and Time of the Syl∣lables.

Prosodia there∣fore treateth	1. Of the Spirits.	Chap. 1.
2. Of the Tones or Accents.
3. Of the Time or Quantitie of Syl∣lables, Chap. 2. 3.

Chap. 1. Of Spirits and Tones, or Accents.

1. Spirits. 2. Tones.

1. A Spirit is the manner of uttering a syllable with a breath.

And it is	Sharp, with which a syllable is sharply ut∣tered; as, Hamus, homo.
Gentle, or flat, with which a syllable is gent∣ly pronounced; as, Amo, omnis.

2. A Tone, or Accent is the manner of pronouncing a syllable by lifting it up, or letting it down; as, Probitátem, vituperáre.

There bee three sorts of Accents,	1. An Acute, which sharpneth or lifteth up a syllable, and is marked with a thwart stroke ascending towards the right hand (').
2. A Grave, which flattteth or letteth down a syllable, and is marked with a thwart stroke descending towards the right hand (`).

3. A Circumflect, which uttereth a syl∣lable with a longer staie, lifting it up as the Acute, and letting it down as the Grave Accent, and it is marked with a figure made of an acute and grave ().

There bee three Rules of Tones or Accents.

1. A word of one syllable, beeing short or long by Position, hath an Acute Accent; as, Mél, párs, but if it bee long by Nature, it is Circumflected; as, Spês, flôs.

2. In a word of two syllables, if the first bee long by Nature, and the later short, the first is Circum∣flected; as, Lûna, mûsa; but otherwise it hath an Acute; as, Bónus, Déus, sólers.

3. A word of manie syllables, having the last syl∣lable save one long, when a long syllable followeth, it hath an acute in the last syllable save one; as, Li∣bértas; but when a short syllable followeth, it hath a Circumflect in the last syllable save one; as, Amâre, Românus.

But if it have the last syllable save one short, the syllable before the last save one will have an acute accent; as, Dóminus, Póntifex.

The rest of the syllables in words of manie syl∣lables, have grave accents (though not marked) as, Celebérrimus.

1 Obs. The Compounds of Facio have an acute in the last syllable save one; as, Benefácis, malefácis.

2 Obs. The Compounds of Fis, fit, have an acute in the last syllable; as, Calefit, benefit.

3 Obs. Grammarians do often confound a Circum∣flect with an acute, becaus it is scarce differenced from it in pronuntiation.

There bee five things which alter the rules of the Accents.

I. Difference, for which sake

1. Som words are Circumflected in the last syl∣lable, as the Ablative case of the first Declension Musâ, whereby it may differ from the Nominative and Vocative Musa. Thus ergô for caussâ differ's from ergò the Conjunction.

2. Som have an acute accent in the last syllable, as manie Adverbs, to difference them from other parts of Speech; viz. Ʋnà, aliquà, putà, ponè, &c. which in the end of a sentence have an acute accent, but in the beginning or middle thereof a grave accent.

3. Som have an acute in the syllable before the last syllable save one; as, Déinde, déorsum, quinimo, intereáloci, nihilóminus, quátenus &c. when they are not several words; as are Intérea loci, nihilo minus, pú∣be ténus, &c.

N. B. An accent is now seldom marked, except for difference sake, for then it is noted not onely in the last syllable, but also in the last syllable save one, and in that which is before the last save one; as, óccido, occido.

II. Transposition, or mis-placing words. For when Prepositions bee set after their cases, they have a grave accent, as, Transtra pèr & remos. Te penès im∣perium.

III. Attraction, when the last syllable of the word going before doth draw unto it the accent of the Inclinative Conjunction; as, Lumináque laurúsque Dei.

But when there is an apparent Composition, the accent is not altered; as, itaque, úndique, hiccine.

IV. Concision, when words are cut off by Syncope, or Apocope, for then they keep the accent of the whole word; as, Virgili for Virgilii, Arpinâs for Arpinâtis. So also hûc, illûc, for hûcce, illûcce, and the Com∣pounds of dic, duc, fac, as, benedic, reduc, benefac.

V. The Idiome, or the proprietie of the language: For Greek words, if they com whole to the Latines, (i. e. if they bee expressed with the very same let∣ters) they keep their own accent; as, Metamórphosis, Orthographia.

But if they becom altogether Latine, they keep the Latine accent; as, Geórgica, Philosóphia, Idólum.

N. B. If the proper accent of a strange word bee unknown, it will bee most safe to pronounce it ac∣cording to the Latine accent.

2. Those syllables which are common are pro∣nounced short in Prose, i. e. where a mute and a li∣quid do follow a short vowel; as, Célebris, Cáthedra; otherwise they are pronounced long; as, Ʋnius, il∣lius, ubique.

3. An Interrogation doth alter the accent; as, Siccine aïs Parmenó?

Chap. 2. Of the Quantitie of the First and Middle Syllables.

3. Time or quantitie. Of the first. Middle.

TIme or Quantitie is the measure of pronouncing a Syllable, or the space of tuning a Vowel, whereby wee measure how long it is in pronoun∣cing.

According to time or quan∣tie, a syllable is said to bee	Short, which hath one time, or which is quickly pronounced; as, pĭŭs, whose time is thus marked (˘).
Long, which hath two times, or which hath the space of two short times; as, Aūdīre, whose long time is thus marked (¯).

According to the order wch they have in words, Sylla∣bles are nam'd	First,	which have the	first	place in a word.
Middle,	middle
Last,	last

The quantitie of the first sylla∣bles is known eight manner of waies: by	I. Position.
II. A Vowel before a vowel.
III. A Diphthong.
IV. Derivation.
V. Composition.
VI. Preposition.
VII. Rule.
VIII. Example, or Autoritie.

But the Middle Syllables have besides these a par∣ticular waie of beeing known, which you maysee IX

I. According to Position,

1. A Vowel set before two Consonants, or a dou∣ble consonant in the same word, is long; as, Vēntus, āxis, patrīzo. But the Compounds of jugum make i short; as, Bĭjugus.

2. And if a Consonant doth close the foregoing word, and the word following beginneth with a consonant, the vowel foregoing shall bee long; as,

Majōr sūm quām cui pōssīt fōrtuna nocere.

3. A short vowel in the end of a word, when the word following beginneth with two consonants, somtimes, but seldom is made long; as,

Occultā spolia, & plures de pace triumphos.

4. A short vowel before a mute, with a liquid following is common, i. e. long or short; as,

Et primo volŭcri similis, mox vera volūcris.

But a long vowel is not changed; as, Arātrum, Simulācrum.

II. A Vowel before another in the same word is short; as, Dĕus. nĭhil.

But 1. Genitive cases in ius, make the last sylla∣ble save one common; as, Ʋnius, illius. Except that i in alterĭus is alwaies short, and in alīus al∣waies long.

2. In the fifth Declension e betwixt a double i is long; as, Faciēi.

3. Fi in Fio is everie where long, but where e and r follow it both together; as,

Omnia jam fient, fĭeri quae posse negabas.

4. Ohe hath the first syllable doubtful; ēheu al∣waies long.

5. A Vowel before another in Greek words is long; as, Dicite Pīerides; and in Possessives; as, Aenēia nutrix.

But the quantitie of Greek syllables is better to bee found from the Greeks.

6. In forrain words the quantitie is doubtful; as, Michaël, Abraham.

III. Everie Diphthong is long; as, Aūrum, Musae. And syllables that are Contracted; as, Cōgo, nil.

But prae before a vowel is often made short; as, Ver prāit aesatem; and but seldom long; as, Domino praēiret Arion. ae in Maeotis is doubtful.

IV. Derivatives have the same quantitie that their Primitives have; as, ămator of ämo. Yet there bee excepted,

1. Som which are long, and are derived from them that bee short, viz.

Vox, vōcis,	of	Vŏco.
Lex, lēgis,	Lĕgo.
Rex, rēgis,	Rĕgo.
Sēdes.	Sĕdeo.
Junior,	Jŭvenis.
Hūmanus,	Hŏmo.
Jūcundus,	Jŭvo.
Vōmer,	Vŏmo:
Lāterna,	Lăteo.
Tēgula,	Tĕgo.
Mācero,	Măcer.
Pēnuria,	Pĕnus.

2. Som that are short, and are derived of them that are long, viz.

Dux, dŭcis,	of	Dūco.
Dĭcax,	Dīco.
Fĭdes,	Fīo.
ărena, ărista,	āreo.
Pŏsui,	Pōno.
Gĕnui,	Gīgno.
Frăgor,	of	Frāngo.
Frăgilis
Nŏto, tas,	Nōtu.
Năto, tas	Nātu.
Dĭsertus,	Dīssero.
Sŏpor,	Sōpio.

And som others of both sorts.

V. Compound words have the quantitie of the Sim∣ple; as, Pŏtens, impŏtens. Sōlor, consōlor.

1. Except	Innŭba,	of Nūbo.	Cognĭtum,	of Nōtum.
Pronŭba.	Agnĭtum,
Dejĕro,	of jūro.	Restĭturus,	of Stāturus.
Pejĕro,	Perstĭturns,

2. Also the Compounds of Dīco, that end in dĭcus; as, Maledĭcus.

3. Ambĭtus the Noun hath i short, Ambītus the Participle hath i long.

4. Idem in the Masculine gender hath i long, in the Neuter i short.

5. In words that are Compounded

1. With Verbs, the former part ending in e is short; as, Valedico.

2. With Particles, bi, tri, tre, du, the same are short; as, Bĭceps, trĭceps, trĕcenti, dŭcenti.

3. With Nouns, the former part ending in i, y, u, is short, as, Tardĭgradus, Polydorus, cornŭpeta. Ex∣cept quivis and som others.

6. These words make long the last syllable of their simples, which is common, viz. ubîque, ubīlibet, ibīdem, quandō{que}, quandōcunque, but do in quandŏquidem is short.

VI. Of the Prepositions,

1. A, de, è, se, prae, and those that end in (a) are long, except a vowel follow; as, Ʋnda dĕhiscens.

2. Pro the Latine syllable is long, except in these

words, Prŏcella, prŏfugus, prŏtervus, prŏnepos, proneptis, prŏfanus, prŏfiteor, prŏfundus, prŏficiscor, prŏfari, prŏparo, prŏfugio, prŏfectò, prŏpello, prŏpulso. But

1.	Propago, gas, and	have pro doubtful.
Propago, gĭnis,

2. Pro the Greek syllable is short; as, Prŏpheta, prŏlogus, Prŏmetheus, &c. but in propino it is doubtful.

3. Di is long except in Dĭrimo, and dĭsertus.

4. The rest of the Prepositions bee short, if positi∣on do not hinder, for re in resert it is good, com∣eth of res, and is therefore long.

VII. There bee two Rules,	1. Of Preterperfect tenses and Supines of two syllables.
2. Of Preterperfect tenses that double the first syllable.

1. Every preterperfect tens & supine of two syllabls hath the first syllable long, as, Lēgi, ēmi, mōtum, lātum. Except

1. Six preterperfect tenses; Fĭdi, bĭbi, dĕdi, scĭdi, tŭli, stĕti.

2. Nine supines; Dătum, sătum, cĭtum, (of cieo) ĭtum, lĭtum, quĭtum, sĭtum, rătum, rŭtum.

2. Preterperfect tenses that double the first syl∣lable of their Present tens, have their first syllable short; as, Pēpendi, mŏmordi, spŏspondi.

VIII. The quantitie of such syllables as com not under the rules aforegoing is to bee known by the Example and Autoritie of Poëts; and this is the most certain and most general waie,

1. Becaus everie rule resteth upon the autoritie of the Antient.

2. Becaus the quantitie of manie syllables is not known but by examples.

1. These words have their first syllable common,

viz. Britannus, Bithynus, Cacus, Cofyra, Crathys, Creti∣cus, Curetes, Fidene, Gradivus, Hinulus, Hymen, Italus, liquor, liquidus, Lycas, Orion, Pachinus, palatium, Pelion, Pyrene, rud••, Sychaeus, &c.

2. And these their middle; Batavus, connubium, ficedula, malea, Pharsalia, Sidonius, &c.

IX. Middle syllables are partly known the same waie that the first, and partly 1. by the increas of the Genitive case, and 2. the Analogie of the Conjugation.

1. The increas of the Genitive case is, when a Noun hath more syllables in the Genitive case singular, then it had in the Nominative, and according to it, the last syllable save one of Nouns increasing

1. Sharp, is long.

2. Flat, is short.

2. The Analogie of Conjugation is, when Verbs fol∣low their common Rule of Conjugating, and ac∣cording to this

a	the character or note of the	First	Conjuga∣tion is	long.
e	Second	long.
e	Third	short.
i	Fourth	long.

But in Do and its Compounds, when they are of this Conjugation, a is short; as in dămus circumdă∣mus, dăbis circundăbis, dăre circundăre.

The Syllables rimus and ritis in the Preterperfect tens of the Subjunctive mood are short; as, Amave∣rĭmus, amaverĭtis; but long in the Future tens; as, Amaverīmus, amaverītis.

Latine Adjectives in inus make (i) long; as, Clan∣destīnus, mediastīnus. Except these following, Diutĭ∣nus, crastĭnus, pristĭnus, perendĭnus, hornotĭnus, serotĭnus Oleagĭnus, fagĭnus, cedrĭnus, carbasĭnus, and others that signifie matter, or that are made of the mines of me∣tals, and end in inus; as, Chrystallĭnus, myrrhĭnus, &c. which are derived of Greek Nouns?

Chap. 3. Of the quantitie of the last syllables.

And last Syllables.

THe last Syllables are reckoned according to the order of the letters with which words do end, thus,

Words that end in	A	are long; as, Amā, contrā, ergā.
	Except,
	1. Pută, ită, quiă, ejă.
	2. Likewise all cases in a, besides Voca∣tives in a, of Greek Nouns in as; as, ô Ae∣neā, and the Ablative case of the first De∣clension; as, Musâ.
	3. Numerals in ginta, which have a com∣mon; as, Triginta, quadraginta.
B	are short; as, ăb.
	Except,
	1. Hebrew words; as, Jacōb.
C	are long; as, āc, sīc, and hīc the Adverb.
	Except,
	1. Lăc, nĕc, donĕc, which are short.
	2. Fac, and the Pronoun hic are common, as also its Neuter Gender hoc, so that it bee not of the Ablative case.
D	are short; as, ăd.
	1. Except Hebrew words; as, Davīd.
E	are short; as, Marĕ, penĕ, legĕ, scribĕ.
	Except,
	1. Nouns of the Fift Declension in e; as, Fidē, diē, rē, with the Adverbs that com of them; as, Hodiē, quarē.
	2. Fame, now of the Third Declension, here∣tofore of the Fifth.

	3. The second person singular of the Im∣perative mood, of the Active voice, of the second Conjugation; as, Docē, movē, manē.
	But e in Cave, vide, salve, and vale is som∣times short.
	4. Monosyllables in e; as, Mē, tē, cē, ex∣cept quĕ, nĕ, vĕ, the Inclinative Conjuncti∣ons.
	5. Adverbs in e derived of Adjectives; as, Doctē, valdē, and fermē, ferē: yet benĕ and malĕ are short.
	6. Words that in Greek are writ with an Eta, or e long; as, Anchisē, cetē, tempē.
I	are long; as, Domini, amavī.
	Except,
	1. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi, uti for ut, and cui a word of two syllables, which are com∣mon.
	2. Nisĭ, and quasĭ which are short, as are also the Vocative cases of Greek Nouns, whose Genitive singular endeth in os; as, Palladĭ, Daphnĭ.
L	are short; as, Animăl, mĕl.
	Except
	1. Sāl and Sōl.
	2. Hebrew words which are writ in Greek with a long vowel; as, Michaēl.
N	are long; as, Paeān, Hymēn, nōn.
	Except
	1. Forsăn, forsităn, ăn, tamĕn, attamĕn, verun∣tamĕn.
	2. Words cut off by an Apocope; as, Mén', vidén'.
	3. In with its Compounds; as, Exĭn, subĭn. &c.
	4. Nouns ending in en, whose Genitive case singular hath ĭnis short; as, Garmĕn, pectĕn, tibicĕn.

	5. Greek Nouns in on by little o; as, Ili∣ŏn, Peliŏn, Caucasŏn.
	6. Greek Nouns in in, yn, and an, whose Nominative case is short; as, Alexĭn, Ity̆n, Maiăn.
O	are common; as, Amo, porrò, docende.
	Except
	1. Oblique cases in o which are alwaies made long; as, Dominō, servō.
	2. Adverbs derived of Adjectives; as, Tan∣tō, falsō, &c. But Sedulò, crebrè, and mutuò are common, rather to bee made long.
	3. Monosyllables in o are long; as, dō, stŏ, and ergō for caussâ.
	4. Ambo, duo, ego, homo, citò, modò with its compounds are seldom read long.
	5. Greek words in o are long; as, Sappho, unless they com of Nominative cases in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from which (n) is taken away; as, Leo, Plato, which for the most part are short.
R	are short; as, Caesăr, torcúlăr, pĕr, diciĕr.
	Except
	1. Fār, lār, nār, vēr, fūr, cūr, and pār with its compounds. Cor is once read long in Ovid.
	2. Greek words that end in er with e long; as, Aēr, cratēr, except patĕr, matĕr.
S	have termination answerable to the number of vowels.
as	are long; as, Amās, musās.
	Except
	1. Greek nouns, whose Genitive case singu∣lar endeth in dos; as, Archăs, Pallăs.
	2. The Acusatives plural of Nouns encreas∣ing; as, Heroăs, Phillidäs.
es	are long; as, Anchisēs, sedēs, docēs.

	Except
	1. Nouns in es of the Third Declension that encreas short; as, Milĕs, divĕs. But of these, Cerēs, abiēs, ariēs, pariēs, and pēs, with its Compounds are long.
	2. Es of sum, with its Compounds, potĕs, a∣dĕs, prodĕs, obĕs, and penĕs the Preposition are short.
	3 Neuters singular, and Nominatives plu∣ral of Greek Nouns that end in es not eis; as, Cacoéthĕs, Cyclopĕs.
is	are short; as, Parĭs, panĭs, tristīs,
	Except
	1. Oblique cases plural in is; as Musīs, do∣minīs, and quēīs for quibus.
	2. Words that make long the last syllable save one of the Genitive case increasing; as, Samnīs, nitis.
	3. Which are made in is of the Diphthong eis; as, Omnīs, Simoīs.
	4. All Monosyllables; as, Vis, līs, besides ĭs, bĭs, and quĭs.
	5. Velīs with its Compounds, malīs, nolīs, and ausīs faxīs.
	6. The second persons singular of the In∣dicative mood present tens of the fourth Conjugation; as, Audīs, dormīs.
	7. The second persons of the Future tens of the Subjunctive mood, which are com∣mon; as, dederis, amaveris.
os	are long; as Herōs, honōs, dominōs.
	Except
	1. Compŏs, impŏs, and ŏs ossis.
	2. Greek Nouns with little o; as, Delŏs, Palladŏs.
us	are short; as, Famulŭs, tempŭs.

	Except
	1. The Nominative cases of Nouns that increas long; as, Virtūs, salūs.
	2. The Genitive cases singular, the Nomina∣tives, the Vocatives and Accusatives plural of the fourth Declension; as, hujus manūs, hae manūs, has manūs, ô manūs.
	3. Monosyllables in us; as, pūs, crūs.
	4. Words which are writ in Greek with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; as, Panthūs, Cliūs.
	And the name Jesūs to bee reverenced of of all good men.
u	are long; as, Manū, genū.
y	and ys are short as, Moly̆, Tiphy̆s.
	The last syllable in everie Vers is common, i. e it may bee either long or short.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Church.
• † 1.2

  Servant.
• * 1.3

  Daie.