Cosmographie in four bookes : containing the chorographie and historie of the whole vvorld, and all the principall kingdomes, provinces, seas and isles thereof / by Peter Heylyn.

11 The Kingdom of PORTVGAL.

THe Kingdom of PORTVGAL containeth 1 Portugal it self; 2 Algarve, or Regnum Al∣garbiorum; and 3 the Terceras or Isles of Azores: these last not reckoned parts of Spain by any of our Writers either old or new; but made by us a part hereof, because situate over against Portugal, one of the first additions which was made unto it on the Ocean; and finally, because I know not under what other head to reduce them better.

And first for PORTUGAL it self, it is bounded on the North, with the Rivers Minio and Avia, which part it from Gallïcia; on the South, with Algarve; on the West, with the Atlan∣tick Ocean; and on the East, with the two Castiles and Extremadura; from which divided by a line drawn from Ribadania, standing on the Avia, to Badaios, on the Anas or Guadiana. Exten∣ded on the Sea-coast from North to South 400 miles; the bredth of it in the broadest place (not taking in the Ilands into this Accompt) 100 miles, in the narrowest 80, the whole circumference 879 miles, and in that compass 1460 Parishes.

It was first called Lusitania from the Lusitani, the chief Inhabitants thereof, and took the name of Portugal, either from the Haven or Port of Cale, now called Caia, sometimes a very rich and flourishing Emporie, or rather from the Haven Town of Porto, at the mouth of Duerus, where the Galls (or the French rather) used to land their Merchandise, which was therefore called Por∣tus Gallorum, and which Town was given in Dower with Teresa, the Daughter of Alfonso the sixth, to Henry of Lorain, vvith the title of Earl of Portugal. Whose Successors coming to be Kings, extended this name to all those Countries which they got from the Moores, as it con∣tinueth at this day.

The Air is very healthy, the Co••ntrey for the most part hilly and bare of Corn, supplied from France and other parts of the North; that which they have being as good as any in Europe, ••f not better. The soyl and people in all places not rich alike. For where the soyl is richest, as in the parts lying on the North of Duero, there the People are poorest, in regard of the great distance thereof from Lisbon, and so not benefited by the trading of that wealthy Citie. And where the soyl is poorest, there the People be richest, helping themselves by trade and manufactures, espe∣cially by making of Silks, and Salt, sufficient for themselves, and for other Countries. But where there is a defect of Corn, that defect is othervvise sufficiently recompensed vvith abundance of Honey, Wine, Oyl, Allom, Fruits, Fish, Salt, white Marble, and some Mines of Silver, &c.

The people are of a more plain and simple behaviour than the rest of Spain; and (if we be∣leeve the old Proverb) none of the wisest: For whereas the Spaniards are said to seem wise, and yet to be Fools; the French to seem Fools, and yet to be wise; the Italians both to seem wise and to be so; the Portugals are affirmed to be neither wise indeed, nor so much as to seem so. But little different from which is the Spanish by-word, which telleth us of the Portugals, that they are Pocos••y Locos, few and foolish; which others varie with the addition of another part of their Character; saying that they are Pocos, Sotos, y Devotos, few and foolish, but with∣all devout. They have great animosities (if it be not grown to an Antipathie) against the Casti∣lians, for bereaving them of their Kingdom and Liberty, though both of late recovered by them: but when most Fools, were counted for good Sea-faring men, and happy in the discoverie of for∣rain Nations.

Rivers it hath of all sorts, both great and small, almost 200. Those of most note, 1 Minius, full of red Lead, (from hence called Minium by the Latines) navigable with small Vessels 100 miles. 2 Lethes, now Lavada. 3 Muliadas, now Mondego. 4 Tagus. 5 Duerus, and 6 Anas; these three last common also to the rest of Spain: Anat, or Guadiana passing by Por∣iugal but for 7 Leagues only, Tagus for 18, and Duero for 80. None of them navigable for any long space by ships of burden; the Rivers of all Spain being generally swift of course, restrained within narrow Channels, banked on both sides with very steep Rocks, which make them incom∣modious for Navigation: Insomuch that it is reckoned for a great Prerogative of Tagus, and the Realm of Portugal, that this River is there navigable with great ships, 15 or 20 miles within the Continent. But here that want is somewhat tolerably supplied with 3 excellent Havens. 1 That of Lisbon upon ••agus, and 2 Porto on Duero, to the North of Lisbon, of which more anon; 3 of Setaval, South of Lisbon, situate on a Golf of 20 miles in length, and three in breadth; a place of principal importance to those parts of the Realm Rivers however of great fame, according to whose course the whole Countrey was divided by the Romans into Vlteriorem, lying be∣yond Duero North-wards; 2 Citeriorem, on the South of Tagus; and 3 Interamnem, betwixt both.

Principal Cities of this part, 1 Lisbon, seated upon Tagus, a famous Citie for traffick, the Portugals in all their Navigations setting sayl from hence. By the Latines called Olysippo, and Vlyssi••po, because as some say Vlysses built it. coming hither in the course of his ten yeers travel▪ a thing meerly fabulous, it being no where found, that Vlysses did ever see the Ocean. But like enough it is, that this Town being seated conveniently for Navigation, and inhabited by Sea-fa∣ring me••, might at the first be consecrated to the memory of so great a Traveller; as Athens being a place of L••arning was dedicated to Minerva, whom the Greeks call Athen••. It is in compass

seven miles, and containeth upwards of 30 Parishes, and in them 20000 houses,* 1.1 all of neat and elegant building, Turrets, and Towers it numbreth upon the wals about 76. Gates towards the Sea-shore 22. And towards the Continent, situate upon five small Hils, betw••xt which is a val∣ley which runs down to the River: on the highest Hill an ancient Castle, not strong, but by reason of the situation, serving now only for a Prison for men of quality; the entry of the River, being defended by the Castle of Cascais, and neerer to the Citie by the Fort of S. Iu••ians, and the Rock of Belem munitioned with 20. Peeces of Ordinance. This Citie heretofore was honoured with the Seat of the Kings, since of the Vice-Roys; an Arch-bishops See, the Staple of commo∣dities for all the Kingdom, and thought to be more worth than the whole Realm besides: said by some French Writers to be the best peopled Citie in Christendom, next unto Paris; aud by B••∣tero an Italian, made to be the 4th Mart Town of Europe; the other three being ••onstantinople, Paris, Mosco: in which they doe great wrong to London, as populous and well-traded as the best them all. 2 Santare••, on the Tagus, so called from S. Iren••, a Nun of Tomar, (a Mona∣sterie, in which the old Kings of Portugal did use to be crowned) here martyred by the Moores; by Ptolomie called Scabaliscus, then a Roman Colonie. 3 Si••tra, upon the main A••••lantick, at the end of the huge Mountains, called Montes Lunae; whither by reason of the cool refreshings from the Sea, and pleasure of the Woods adjoyning, the Kings of Portugal used to retire in the heats of Summer. 4 Conimbre, on both sides the River Mondego, pleasantly seated amongst Vineyards and Woods of Olives; a Bishops See, and an Vniversity; the Masters whereof made the Commentarie on most part of Aristotle, called from hence Schola Conimbricensis. Then on the North of the River Duero, betwixt that and Minio, are 5. Braga, by Ptolom••e called Bra∣caria Augusta, reckoned by Antonine for one of the four chief Cities in Spain; the Royal Seat when time was, of the Suevian Kings, and now the See of an Archbishop, contending for the Primacie with him of Toledo. 6 Porto, the Haven of the Galls, on the mouth of Duero. 7 Miranda, a Bishops See on the same River. 8 Bragance, the Duke whereof is so great a Prince, that it is thought a third part of the people of Portugal are his Vassals, and live on his Lands; the later Dukes, since the time of King Emanuel being withall of the Royal blood: two steps of main advantage to the Regal Throne, lately ascended and obtained by Iohn, Duke of Bragance, now called John the 4th. And finally on the South of Tagus, betwixt that and the Kingdom of Algarba, there is 9 Ebora, in the middest of a large and spacious Plain, an Arch∣bishops See, and an Vniversitie, this last of the foundation of King Henry the Cardinall. 10 Por∣tilegre a Bishops See. 11 Olivenca on the Guadiana. 12 Be••••, by Plinie called Pax••lulia.

2 The Kingdom of ALGARVE, lieth on the South of Portugal, from which divided by a line drawn from Ascorin on the western Sea, to Odechere a Castle on the Guadiana; on the East bounded by Andaluzia, on the West and South by the Main Atlantick. This the most wild and desart part of all this Kingdom; barren and drie; peopled with few Towns, nor those very populous; hilly and Mountainous withall, but yielding by the benefit of the Sea a great trade of fishing, of Tunny specially, whereof more caught upon this coast than in all the King∣dom.

The name it took from the Western situation of it, for so the word Algarve signifieth in the A∣rabick tongue. The utmost end of it called anciently Prom••ntorium Sacrum, now the Cape of S. Vincent, because the Bones of S. Vincent religiouslly preserved by the Christians, were here burnt and scatered about by the Moores. Places of most importance it in, 1 Silvis an Episcopall See. seated in the in-land parts. 2 Villanova, situate beyond the Cape. 3 Tavila, the Balsa, and 4 Faro, the Ossonoba of Ptolomie; both noted Ports on the Atlantick. 5 Lagos, an other Haven Town also.

This Country conquered by the Moores with the rest of Spain, and from them again recovered by the Kings of Leon, remained a Member of that Crown: till by Alfonso the tenth of that name in Leon, and the fift in Castile, it was given in dowrie with Beatrix his Daughter, to Al∣fonso the third of Portugal. From which mariage issued Dionysius or Denys King of Portugal, the first that ever used the title of Rex Algarbiorum, Anno 1274.

3 THE AZORES, are certain Islands lying in the Atlantick Ocean, oposite to the City of Lisbon, from which distant but 250 Leagues. Situate betwixt the 38 and 40 degrees of the Northern Latitude, and one of them in the first Longitude, which is commonly reckoned from these Islands; as being the most Western part of the World, before the discoverie of Ame∣rica.

They were thus called from the multitude of Gos-hawkes which were found there in the begining (the word Azor in the Spanish tongue signifying a Gos-hawke) though at this time there are none of them to be found. Called allso the Flemish Islands, because first discovered by the Flemings, and the great numbers of them in the Isle of Faial (one of the chief of all the pack) where there are yet some Fawilies which resemble the Flemings both in their complexion and habit; and not far from the place of their abode a Torrent, which the Spaniards call Riberados Flamengos, or the River of Flemings. They are also called the Terceras from Tercera the chief Isle among them.

The Air of those Islands is generally good and subject unto few diseases, except that which the Portugals call the Blood, being an impostumation of the blood breaking out at the Eys or other parts of the Body. Some other inconveniences they are subject to, proceeding from the humidity of

the place,* 1.2 the great winds and stormes, of such a violent and strange kind of working, that barres of Iron as big as a mans arm, have in six years been worn as little as a Straw. All of them well stored with Flesh, Fish, and other things necessary, except Salt and Oyl, with which they are furnished out of Portugal. Wines they have also for their own use, but not to be transported far, because of their weakness: for which cause also, the richer men provide themselves of Canarie Wines, or those of the Iland of Madera. Of like nature is their Wheat, and other fruits, which hold not good above a year. All of them subject unto Earthquakes, and some to breathings out of fire; which continually sendeth forth fuming vapours. The chief commodities which they tran∣port unto other Countries, are Canarie birds for Ladies, Oad for the Diers, Ioyners-work which they sell to the Spaniards, and Beeves for the victualling of such Ships as come there to be victu∣alled.

The Inhabitants are generally Laborious, excellent husbands on their grounds, insomuch as they make Vines to grow out of Rocks; much given to Ioy nery, by which they make many prettie fan∣cies, much esteemed by the Spaniards; but not so expert at it as those of Nuremberg. They take great pains to teach their Cattell understanding; the Oxen being taught to know when their Ma∣ster calleth them. In other things they conform to the Portugals, both in their customes and apparell; but with some smattering of the Fleming, which Nation they affect above any other.

The Islands nine in number, and distinguished by the severall names of, 1 Tercera, 2 S. Mi∣chael, 3 Fayal, 4 Gratiosa, 5 S. George, 6. Pico, 7 Corvo, 8 Flores, and 9 S. Maries, of which S. Michaels and St. Maries lie next to Spain; Tercera on the North-West of those; (by consequence the third in order, whence it had the name;) S. Georges, Gratiosa, Pico, Fayal, on the West of that; and finally those of Corvo and Flores, neerest to America.

1 TERCERA, the chief of all the rest, 18 miles in compass, well stored with Peaches, Apples, Limons, Oringes: and for the Kitchin, with Turneps, Cabages, plenty of Pot-herbs, and as good Batato-rootes (which are the best food the people have) as any be in the World, but more esteemed in Portugal than they be in this Iland, by reason of their great abundance. Here is also great quantity of the best kind of Woad, (which from hence is called Iland-Woad) and a Plant about the height of a man, which beares no Fruit, but hath a Root as profitable as those that doe: out of which the People draw a thin and tender film, wherewith they fill their m••••••resses instead of Feathers. Fowl enough for the use of man, and yet none of prey. No Port of any safety in it but that of Angra; and that made safe by Art, and not by Nature: the whole begirt with Rocks, which stick out like a pointed Diamond, able to pierce the feet of any who shall venture over them. Places of most importance in it, 1 Praye, on the Sea side, well∣walled, but not very well peopled. 2 S. Barbara, 3 S. Sebastians, 4 Gualne, and 5 Villa nova, Burroughs of good note. 6 Angra, the chief not of this Iland only, but of all the nine; the Resi∣dence of the Governour, and an Archbishops See, who hath in it his Cathedrall Church. Seated on a convenient Bay made in the form of a Crescent, with two Promontories on each side (like the two horns of a half-Moon) bearing into the Sea; each fortified with a strong Castle for defence of the Haven, the Town it self also well-walled about, and environed with sharp Rocks on all sides. Both Town and Castles well garrisoned, and no less diligently guarded. This in regard of its great strength, and commodious Haven, is esteeemed the principall of these Ilands, and communi∣cates it's name unto all the rest: though neither neerest unto Spain, nor the greatest in compass.

2 S. MARIES, so called from the Saint (as S. Georges and S. Michaels are) unto which it is dedicated; is the most Southern of these Isles, and the next to Spain: twelve miles in circuit, in∣habited by Spaniards onely, and those much given unto the making of Earthen vessels. So natu∣rally fenced with Rocks, that it is, and may be easily kept by the Inhabitants, without the charge of a Garrison. The chief Town of it hath the name of St. Maries also, which it either giveth un∣to the Iland, or borroweth from it.

3 S. MICHAELS, directly North of S. Maries, from which little distant, the biggest in the whole pack, as being 20 miles in length, though the breadth not answerable: much subject unto Earth-quakes and fiery vapours. Of most note amongst our modern Geographers, who have remo∣ved hither the first Meridian (by which they divide the World into East and West) from the Ca∣n••ries or Fortunate Ilands, were it was fixed in the time of Ptolomie, and others of the antient Writers.

And this remove seems countenanced even by Nature it self, it being observed that the Com∣pass when it commeth under the Meridian drawn through this Isle, hath little or no Variation at all, but pointeth almost directly towards the North; whereas in all other places or less Meridians, East, and West, it pointeth not so directly North, but more or less to the North-east, or the North-west, which the Mariners call the Variation, or the North-easting and the North-westing of the Compass. And yet it is observed of late, that there is some more sensible variation of it in this Isle of S. Michael, than in that of Corvo: which therefore is conceived more fit for this first Me∣ridian.

The chief Town hereof, besides many Burroughs and lesser Hamlets, Punta del Gada, seated upon a dangerous Sea, and without any Port, yet more frequented by Strangers than the Port of Angra, because here they may goe in and out as they please, but not so in the other.

4 FAYALL, 17 or 18 miles in length, plentifully provided with all things necessary for the

life of man, and well furnished with Woad,* 1.3 for which commoditie much frequented by the Mer∣chants of England▪ The chief Town of it Dorta, defended with a Castle, and that guarded by Spa∣niaras; both Town and Iland taken by Sir Waelter Ra••e••h, Anno 1597. This Action was called the Iland-Voyage, undertaken as well to divert the War which the Spaniards thr••atned to bring to our own doors; as by seizing some of these Ilands to intercept the Spanish Fleets in their return, and to hinder them in their setting out: by which means, wanting their Indian gold, they might be brought to better terms with their neighbour Nations. And though the English were not able to hold it long. yet it was said, that the bootie got in this Expedition, amounted to 400000 Crowns, besides the honour of beating the Spaniard upon his own ground. It took this name from its abundance of Beeches.

5 GRATIOSA, not above five or six Leagues in compass; but so well furnished with fruits, that they send much yearly to Tercera; inhabited by Portugals onely, but so poor, that they are not able to bear the charge of a Garrison. The chief Town of it called La Plaia.

6 S. GEORGES, twelve miles long, about three in bredth, mountainous and full of Forests, but those Forests so well stored with Cedars, that they use them many times for shipping, and some∣times for Fewell. The chief Town of it called S. Georges, as the Iland is.

7 PICO, lyeth on the South of the Isle of S. George, and took this name from an high Hill in the form of a Pyramid, which the Portugals generally call a Pick, or Pico. Replenished with fruits, some Cedars, and a Tree called Teixo, of great bulk, and as much beauty: the wood thereof ex∣ceeding hard, red within and waved; so admirably beautifull that it is allowed onely to the Kings Officers, the other Subjects being interdicted the use of it (but on speciall licence) by a publick Edict. In bigness it is second onely unto that of S. Michael, if not equall to it; hardly so much in length, but of greater bredth. The chief Towns of it, 1 S. Sebastians, 2 Callo••a de Nesquin, both upon the Sea, and in the East parts of the Iland.

8 FLORES, directly East from Fayall, so called from its abundance of Flowers, (as Gratiosa from the like flourishing Verdure of it) is in compass not above 8 miles, but plentifully furnished with Cattel and good grounds to feed them. The chief Town of it, Santa Crux. The Isle (though small,) yet twice as big as the Isle of 9 CORVO, so called from it's abundance of Crowes, situate on the North hereof, and but little distant: both very unsafe, and both most miserably poor, by reason of the many Pyrates which lie betwixt them, to intercept such ships as trade towards Ame∣rica. But this, though much smaller than the others, may in time be ofmore esteem than any of them: in regard it is conceived to be the most naturall place for the first Meridian; as before was noted: the Needle here pointing directly to the North, without Variation. Which whether it proceed from some secret inclination of the Loadstone to the part of the World, more in this place than any other; or that being situate betwixt the two great Continents of Europe and America, it is drawn equally towards both, by the magneticall vertue of the Earth it self: I leave to be disputed by more able judgements.

These Ilands were first discovered and subdued by the Portugals, under the conduct, or by the direction of Prince Henry, Sonne of John the first, who first made the Portugals in love with the Seas. And they were also the last members of the Crown of Portugal which held out for Don An∣tonio the Bastard, against Philip the second of Castile; against whom the Iland of Terce••a was for a while gallantly defended by Emanuel de Silva, with the help of the French; but taken at the last by the Marquess of Santa Cruz, and the French, after promise of life, cruelly murdered in cold blood. After which, garrisoned at the first by none but Por••ugals. But upon some commotion hapning in that Kingdom, it was thought fit, on some reason of State, to make sure of the best I∣lands by Spanish Garrisons; which accordingly were put into the Castles of Angra, in Tercera; and the Towns of Punta del Gada, in S. Michaels; and Dorta, in Fayall. And to say truth, the Spa∣niards had good reason to be carefull of them, these Ilands being of such importance as without them the Navigation of the Indies, Aethiopia, Brasil, and New Spain, could not be continued: be∣cause the Fleets which come from those Countries to Lisbon or Sevill, must in a manner of necessi∣ty touch upon some of them, as well in following their course if they come from the West, as in re∣covering such winds as are usefull to them, if they come from ••he East.

But to return again to the main Land of Portug••l; know, that the antient Inhabitants of it were the Lusitani, dwelling betwixt Tagus and Duerus, the old Lusitania being bounded within those Rivers; the Celtici and Turditani, who took up also some part of Betica, dwelling on the South of Tagus; and the Gallaici B••acarii (so called to difference them from the Galla••ci Lucenses who pos∣sessed Gallicia) on the North of Duerus. Subjected first unto the Romans, by whom accompted one of the three parts of Spain. In the declining of their Empire conquered by the Alani, and from them taken by the Suevians, who for a time made the Citie of Braga the Royall seat of their Kings. The Suevians lost it to the Gothes, and the Gothes to the Moores, as hath been shewn already in their severall stories. Recovered in part by the Kings of Leon; to whom that part continued subject, till given by Alphonso the sixt of Leon in dowrie with his Ba••le Daughter Terasa, to Henry of Loreine, whose vertue and good service merited no less reward, Anno 1099, who having fortu∣nately governed it by the title of an Earl for the space of 12 years, left his Sonne Alfonso, Heir both to his Fortunes and Vertues, honoured with the title of King of Portugal by the Soveraignes of Leon, for his most gallant demeanor shewn in the battell of Obrique, An. 1139. He had before the Assumption of the Regal Stile ruled 27 years with a great deal of honour; and he reigned here

〈…〉〈…〉, reverenced by his Friends,* 1.4 and ••eared by his Enemies, 〈…〉〈…〉 in the Chair of State was 72 years: a longer enjoying of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉 the first beginning of the Roman Monarchie. His Successors we shall 〈…〉〈…〉 Catalogue. But we must first tell you, as in other places of this Work, 〈…〉〈…〉 in the whole succession, are, 1 Henry of Loreine (whom some make a 〈…〉〈…〉) who coming into Spa••n to the Holy Wars, and deserving nobly in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, was honoured by Alfo••s•• the sixth, with his Daughter Terasa and the Town of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for her Dower, given to him with the title of Earl of Portugal. He extended his Estate as far 〈…〉〈…〉 on the South of the River Duero; that River being before that time the utmost bound of it that way. 2. Alfonso the first King, who took Lisbon from the Moores, Anno 12.▪ 7 and made it the Seat of his Kingdom, which he extended South-ward as far as Algarve, 3. Al∣foso the 3d, who partly by Conquest, and partly by Mariage, added Algarve to his Estate, get∣•••••• it by the Sword, and confirming it to him by the Bed. 4 Alfonso the 4th, confederate with 〈…〉〈…〉 name in Castil•• against Alboacen the Mir••momolin of Africk, at the fight 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the River ••alado, not ••ar from Ta••iff••; where they discomfited the vast Army of Moores, con∣si••••ing of 470••00 Horse and 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 5 Iohn the first, the base Sonne of Pedro the first, setting aside the Lady 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Queen of Castile, the Daughter o•• Ferdin••nd the first, and the lawfull Chil∣dren of his ••ather, being many in number: by force and colour of Election obtained the King∣dom. ••ortified it by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mariage with the Lady ••••••lip, Daughter of Iohn of Gaunt Duke of 〈◊〉〈◊〉; a strong Competitor at that time for the Crown of Castile: on which Relation, this King, the four Kings next succe••••ing, and two of this Kings younger Sonnes, were made Knights of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 6 Henry, Duke of V••s••o (V••sontium the Latines call it) the second Sonne of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the first, created Knight of the Ga••ter by King Henry the sixth, Anno 1444. By whose in couragement and example the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 began to be affected to forrain Voyages: discove∣r••ng in his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, (and for the most part under his Conduct also) the Ilands of Azores, Made∣r••, Holy-P••rt, those 〈…〉〈…〉 Ver••e, and a great part of the Coast of Africk, as far as Guinea. He died An. 14••. ••7 Alfonso the fi••th, who warring on the Moores in Africk, took from them the 〈…〉〈…〉 Alcas••••, & A••zilla. 8 Iohn the 2d, under whose reign the Portugols fully 〈…〉〈…〉 in G••nea and the Realms of Congo, discovering all the Coasts and Isles of Africk, (not before discovered) as far as to the Cape of Good-hope, Anno 1487 planting, and fortifying as they 〈◊〉〈◊〉: the whole Discoverie of Africk, the East-Indies, and Brasil, being perfected in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of King Ema••uel; under whom also they discom••ited great Armies of the Turks, and Sul∣•••••• 〈…〉〈…〉, bringing by Sea the riches of the East into the West. 9 Sebastian, the Grand-child 〈…〉〈…〉, Sonne of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, imbarking himself unadvisedly in the wars of Africk, lost his 〈…〉〈…〉 generally supposed) at the battel of Alcasar, in which three Kings fell in one day. 〈…〉〈…〉 are of opinion that he was not killed, but that for shame and sorrow 〈…〉〈…〉 home, wandring from one place to another, and at the last was found and avowed at 〈◊〉〈◊〉; thence carried to Naples, where he was kept three days in a dark Dungeon without any 〈…〉〈…〉 a knife and halter, brought into Spain by the Kings command, where at last he died. A man in whom so many circumstances met, to make up a truth, that the very Spaniards used to say, that either he vvas the true Sebastian, or else the Devil in his likeness. But vvhether true or not is not now materiall, death having put an end to that disputation; though the con∣troversie which ensued upon his death for the Crown of Portugal, be not yet decided. For though King 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the 2d of Spain succeeded next after Henry the Cardinal King (who only came upon the Stage that the Competitors might have time to declare their Titles) and claimed the Crown as eldest H••ir male, and neerest Kinsman to King Henry: yet all the World was not well satisfied in the Iustice and Equity of his demands. In the carrying on of which affairs he seem••d to deal very candidly to the eyes of men, not biassed by their proper Interess; offering to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his Title to a Disputation, professing that the Lawes of Portugal were more favoura∣ble to him, than the Law of Cast••le; and openly acknowledging, that if he should chance to die 〈…〉〈…〉 his eldest Sonne, as being a degree further off, would come behind some 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the 〈…〉〈…〉 to it, of whom himself had the precedence. But finding nothing done by Henry, and meaning to make sure work after his decease, (Antonio the Bastard having 〈…〉〈…〉, and taking on himself as King, by a popular and tumultuous Election) 〈…〉〈…〉 under the command of F••••di••nd de Tol••do Duke of Alva, and subdued all that stood 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Dutchess of Bragance, Daughter of Prince Edward, 〈…〉〈…〉 and pretensions to him: So entring by a mixt Title of descent and 〈…〉〈…〉 Thre••score yeers it was peaceably enjoyed by the Kings of Spain, when 〈…〉〈…〉 by a p••tent fa••tion appearing for Iohn Duke of Br••g••nce, descended from 〈…〉〈…〉 which brought so cunningly and successefully in his behalf, 〈…〉〈…〉 disseized of Portugal, than he heard of any plot or practice set on 〈…〉〈…〉. In which it is to be observed, that as King Philip the 2d, for the 〈…〉〈…〉 of this Crown, had embroyled the French, ingaging that King in a bloody w••r 〈…〉〈…〉 of that Kingdom, to make him sure enough from troubling him in his 〈…〉〈…〉: so the French Ministers had caused a Revolt in Catalog••e; to the end, that 〈…〉〈…〉 was busied in reducing that Province, the Portugals might have 〈…〉〈…〉 themselves from the power of the Spania••ds, whom the Antipathie betwixt the

Nations made less pleasing to them. Nor was it a partiall defection onely, or the loss of Portugal and no more;* 1.5 but a generall falling off of the whole estate, in Africk, Asia, America, in the Isles and Continents; the Accessories, (excepting only the Town of ••euta in Barbarie) going the same way as the Principall did. And here methinks that grave and deliberate Nation of the Spa••iards may be justly taxed for committing a greater Soloecism in point of State, than ever people did be∣fore them: in that having got the full and peaceable possession of the Crown of Portugal, and all the out-parts and Members of it, they continued all the Garrisons and strong holds of the whole Estate in the hands of the Natives. By means whereof, when Portugal it self fell off from the King of Spain, the Provinces and Plantations did the like, without any haesitancie: which, had some of the chief peeces in every Province, Factorie, and Plantation, been brought by little and litle (if not all at once) into the power of the Castilians, might have been easily prevented. Nor hath the Spaniard hitherto attempted any thing materiall for the recovery of that Kingdom: having been ever since so over-laid by the French in Catalog••e, Navarre, Biscay, Flanders, Artoys, and Italy, that he hath not had much leizure to attend that business. But leaving him and them to their own affairs; it is now time to represent you with a Catalogue of

The Kings of Portugal.

• 1139. 1 Alfonso, the second Earl, and first King of Portugal. 45.
• 1184. 2 Sancho, the Sonne of Alfonso. 28.
• 1212. 3 Alfonso II. Sonne of Sancho. 11.
• 1223. 4 Sancho II. Sonne of Alfonso the 2d. 34.
• 1257. 5 Alfonso III. Brother of Sancho the 2d. 22.
• 1279. 6 Denys, the Sonne of Alfonso the 3d. 48.
• 1325. 7 Alfonso IV. the Sonne of Denys. 32.
• 1357. 8 Pedro, the Sonne of Alfonso the 4th. 10.
• 1367. 9 Ferdinand, the Sonne of Pedro, the last King of the Lawfull issue of Henry of Loreine. 18.
• 1385. 10 John, the base Sonne of Pedro, of whom sufficiently before. 48.
• 1433. 11 Edward••, the Sonne of John, and of the Lady Philip of Lan∣caster. 5.
• 1438. 12 Alfonso V. the Sonne of Edw. 43.
• 1481. 13 John II. the Sonne of Alfonso the the fift. 14.
• 1495. 14 Emanuel, the Nephew of Ed∣ward, by his Sonne Ferdinand D. of Viseo. 26.
• 1521. 15 Iohn III. Sonne of Emanuel. 38.
• 1557. 16 Sebastian the Nephew of Iohn the 3d, by his Sonne Don Iohn; un∣fortunately slain in the fields of Africk. 21.
• 1578. 17 Henry the Cardinall, Sonne of King Emanuel 2. the last of the male issue of Henry of Lo∣reine.
• 1580. 18 Philip the second of Spain, Sonne of Charles King of Castile and Em∣perour, and of the Lady Marie his Wife, daughter of Emanuel. 18.
• 1598. 19 Philip II. of Portugal, and III. of S••ain. 23.
• 1621. 20 Philip III. of Portugal, and IV. of Spain. During his reign the Portugueze wearie of the Spa∣nish Government, chose for their King,
• 1636. 21 Iohn, Duke of Bragance, the IV. of that name, a Prince of great possessions, and of Royall race, who hitherto hath peaceably enjoyed it.

Now that we may the better see by what title both the Kings of Spain and the Dukes of Bragance claim the Crown of Portugal; and what other Pretenders there were to it on the death of Sebasti∣an: and what right as well Antonio the Bastard (but alleging a sentence of Legitimation) as the Princes of the House of Savoy did pretend unto it: we will lay down their Genealogies from King Emanuel, in this following Scheme.

Emanuel had these Children

• 1 Iohn, King of Portugal Iohn Prince of Portugal Sebastian, King of Portugal.
• 2 Henry the Cardinall, King of Portugal.
• 3 Lewis Don Antonio a Bastard. Christopher and o∣thers.
• 4 Edward 1 Mary, wedded to Alex∣ander Duke of Parma. Rainuccio Far∣nesis. 2 Catharine, maried to Iohn Duke of Bragance.
• 5 Mary, maried to Charles the fifth, King of Castile. Philip the II. King of Spain.
• 6 Beatrix maried to Charles Duke of Savoy.

By this it may appear how the claims are grounded; but whether title will prevail cannot now be told. Suffice it, that as the Royall line of Portugal did begin in an Henry, so it ended in an Henry also: the male line failing in the person of the Cardinall-King, and the Crown falling (on whomsoever it shall fasten) on the Heirs of the Females.

The principall Orders of Knighthood in this Kingdom are,* 1.6 1 Of Avis, so called from a Town of that name in Portugal, the seat thereof; founded by Sanctius or Sancho the first, in imitation of the Order of Alcantara, whose Green Cross they wear, but equall to it neither in power nor riches.

2 Of CHRIST, instituted by Denys King of Portugal, who conferred on them all the Lands and Possessions of the exautorated Templars, confirmed by Pope Iohn the 22th, Anno 1321. Their Robe is a Black Cassock under a White Surcoat, over which a Red Cross stroked in the midst with a a white line: their duty to expell the Moores out of Baetica, the next neighbour to Portugal; to which Crown they have added many gallant Countries in Asia, Africk, and Brasil, and so impro∣ved their own Estates, that all the Isles in the Atlantick doe belong to them; besides the rents of the Mine of S. George in Guinea, amounting to 100000 Ducats of yearly income.

The Armes are Argent, on five Escocheons Azure, as many Bezants in Saltier of the first, poin∣ted Sable, within a Border Gules, charged with seven Towers, Or. Which five Escocheons were given in memorie of the five Kings whom Alfonso the first King slew at the battell of Obrique, An. 1139. And so proceed we on to those Provinces which are under the government of Aragon, the third great bodie of this State.

Notes

• * 1.1

  AZORES.
• * 1.2

  AZORES.
• * 1.3

  AZORES.
• * 1.4

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.5

  Portugal.
• * 1.6

  Valentia.