Cosmographie in four bookes : containing the chorographie and historie of the whole vvorld, and all the principall kingdomes, provinces, seas and isles thereof / by Peter Heylyn.

OF NOVA HISPANIA.

NOVA HISPANIA is bounded on the East with a fair and large Arm of the Sea called the Bay of New Spain, and the Golf of Mexico; on the West with parts of Nova Gallicia, and Mare del Zur; on the North with the rest of New Gallicia, some part of Florida, and the Golf; on the South with Mare del Zur, or the South-sea onely. So called with relation to Spain in Europe, as the chief Province of that Empire in this New World; with reference to which the Kings of Spain call themselves R••ges Hispa∣niarum in the Plural number.

It extendeth from the 15. Degree of Latitude to the 26. exclusively, i. measuring it on the East-side by the Bay of Mexico to the North of Panuco; but six degrees less, measuring it on the West-side to the Port of Natividad, where it joyneth with Gallicia Nova. Or making our accompt by miles, it is in breadth from Panuco unto Mare del Zur, 200 Spanish leagues, or 600 Italian miles; but hardly half as much on the other side. The length hereof from the East point of Jucutan to the borders of Gallicia Nova, 1200 Italian miles, or 400 Leagues, which is just double to the breadth.

The air exceeding temperate, though situate wholly under the Torrid Zone: the heats thereof much qualified by those cooling blasts, which fan it from the Sea on three sides of it; and by those frequent showres which fall continually in June, July, and August, the hottest seasons of the year. Abundantly enriched with inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver, some of Brass and Iron; plenty of Coco-nuts, of which we have spoke before; great store of Cassia; such a wonderfull increase of Coccineel, that 5670 Arrobas of it (each Arroba containing 25 Bushels of our English measure) have been shipped for Europe in one year. Where by the way, this Coccineel groweth on a small tree or shrub having very thick leaves, which they call a Tuna, planted and ordered by them as the French do their Vines: out of the seed whereof ariseth a small worm at first no bigger then a Flea, and the greatest not much bigger then our common Lady-cows, which they much resemble; which feeding on the leaves, and overspreading all the ground in which they are, are gathered by the Natives twice a year, stifled with ashes or with water (but this last the best) dried to a powder in the shade, and so transported into Europe. Here is also great plenty of Wheat, Barley, Pulse of all sorts, and of all such Plants and Roots as we set in Gardens for the kitchin; Pomgranats, Orenges, Limons, Cittons, Malcotoons, Figs and Cherries, even to superfluitie; Apples and Pears in less abundance, few Grapes, and those few they have not fit for wine; Plenty of Maize, and other Plants unknown in Europe; Birds and Beasts, wild and tame of all sorts, and of each no scarcity. Net thus in all places of it, nor in all alike; but some in one, some in another, according to the constitution of the soil and air: which is so different in this Country, that in such parts hereof as are hot and dry, their Seed-time is in April or May, their Harvest in October; but in such places of it as are low and moyst, they sow their Corn in October, and reap in May: thus having two Harvests in a year, and yet but one.

The People more ingenious then the rest of the Salvages, exquisite at some Mechanick Arts, espe∣cially in the making of their Feather pictures; and so industrious withall, so patient both of thirst and hunger, that they will set at it an whole day without meat or drink, turning every Feather to the light, upwards, and downwards, every way, to see in which posture it will best fit the place intended to it. No better Gold smiths in the world, nor men more expert anywhere in refining Metals. Curious in painting upon Cotton whatsoever was presented to the eye. But yet so barbarous with∣all, that they thought the Gods were pleased with the blood of men, which sometimes they sacrificed unto them. So ignorant, that when they first saw the Spaniards on Horse back, they thought the horse and man to have been one creature; and would ask what the Horses said, when they heard them neigh: So careless of the worth of Gold, that they would part with great quantities of it for Knives, Glass-beads, little Bels, and such pe••it trifles. But whatsoever they once were, is not now material: the Spaniards having made such havock of this wretched people, that in 17 years they de∣stroyed above 6 millions of them; roasting some, plucking out the eyes of others, consuming them in their Mines, and mercilesly casting them amongst wild beasts where they were devoured. And as for those who do remain, besides their own natural ingeniosities, they have since learned the Civilities and Arts of Europe. What else concerns this soil and people, we shall shew more particularly, if we find it necessary, in their proper places.

Amongst the Rarities of this Country (though there be many Plants in it of a singular nature) I reckon that which they call Magney, or Mete, said to be one of the principal: a Tree which they both plant and dress as we do our Vines. It hath on it 40 kind of Leaves fit for several uses: For when they be tender, they make of them Conserves, Paper, Flax, Mantles, Mats, Shooes, Girdles, and Cordage; upon them there grow certain Prickles, so strong and sharp, that the People use them in stead of Sawes. From the top of the Tree cometh a Juyce like Syrrup; which if you seeth it, will be∣come Honey; if purified, Sugar; they may make also wine and vinegar of it. The Bark of it roasted maketh a good Plaister for hurts and sores; and from the highest of the Boughs comes a kind of Gum••, a soveraign Antidote against Poisons.

Nor is it less a Rarity, though less usefull to the good of Mankind (except it be to keep them in continual mind of the Fires of Hell) that they have a Mountain in this Country called Propocampeche (situate in the Province of Mexico) which vomiteth Flames of Fire like Aetna: and another in the Province of Guaxaca, which sendeth forth two burning streams, the one of Red Pitch, and the other of Black; a fit resemblance of those Fountains of Fire and Brimstone. Though they have many other Mountains, yet these most memorable. And as for Rivers, though very well provided of that watrie commodity, yet here are none remarkable for length or greatness, but Panuco only, of which more presently. The want thereof supplied by some famous Lakes, and the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Mexico. Amongst the Lakes, the principal are those of Mexico (whereof more anon) and that of Chapala, bordering upon Gallicia Nova, which for its greatness hath the name of Mare Chapalicum, out of which there is made yearly great abundance of Salt. But that which is of greatest beauty is the Golf of Mexico, the greatest and goodliest of the World: in form completely Circular, in compass no less then 900 miles, environed with the main Land, the Peninsulas of Florida and Jucutan, and the Isle of Cuba: two onely Passages in and out, and both well fortified; the one betwixt the Point of Jucutan and the Isle of Cuba, where the Tide with a violent current entreth; the other betwixt the said Iland and the Cape of Florida, where it makes as violent an exit: the Sea so headie in the middest, and yet safe enough, that ships are not to sail in it directly forwards, but must bend either towards the North or South, as their journey lieth, Upon this Golf the King of Spain hath alwayes some ships in readiness; by which he more assureth his Estates in this part of America, then by all his Garrisons.

It comprehendeth the Provinces of 1 Panuco, 2 Mexicana, 3 Mechoacan, 4 Tlascala, 5 Gua∣x••••a, 6 Chiapa, 7 Jucutan. Some others of less note, but reduced to these.

1 PANUCO, the most Northern Province of all New Spain, by some called Guastecan, is bounded on the ••ast with the Golf of Mexico; on the West with Vxitipa, a member of the Province of Zacate∣••••••IN New Gallicia; on the North with Florida, and some Countries not yet discovered, from which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the River of Palms; on the Southwest with Mechuacan, and on the South with Mexicana. So called from Panuco the chief River of it, which rising out of the hils of Tepecsuan, bordering upon Cinoloa and Couliacan; and dividing New Biseay from the Province of Zacatecas, passeth thorow the middle of this Country, and so at last into the Golf.

The length hereof is reckoned to be 50 leagues, and the breadth as much. Divided into three pro∣vinces: That towards Mexicana, called A••••tuxetlan, of a fruitful soil, and not without some Mines of Gold; once very populous, till in the year 1522. dispeopled in a manner by Ferdinando Cortez in his war against them. The other called Chila, less fruitful, but possibly for want of People to im∣prove the Land: for being formerly of a stout couragious nature, and trusting overmuch to their ••ens and Fastnesses, they put the Spaniards to such trouble when they warred upon them, that the Conquerours to secure themselves from all future dangers, endeavoured to root them out and de∣stroy them utterly. The third lieth towards the River of Palmes, inclined to barrenness, and un∣pleasant; but the name I find not.

Chief Towns hereof at the coming of the Spaniards hither, 1 Las Caxas, 2 Yxicuyan, 3 Nacha∣patan, 4. Taquinite, 5 Tuzeteco, desolate and laid waste by the cruel Spaniards. Of most note now, 6 Tan••hipa, and 7 Tameclipa, two small Burroughs in the Province of the River of Palmes (for so I call it) inhabited by the Natives only. 8 S. Kallap, another small Town, but in the Province of Chila, inhabited by a few Christians, with a Convent of Augustinian Friers; sacked by the Savages in the year 1571. 9 Tamp••••e, or S.Lewis de Tampice, a Colonie of the Spaniards, situate on the North banks or the River Panuco, and at the very mouth thereof, where it hath a very large Haven, but so barred with sands, that no ship of great burden can make use of it; the River otherwise so deep, that Vessels of 500 tun might sail 60 leagues at least in it against the stream. 10 S.Stevaen del Puerto, on the Southern side of that River, in the Latitude of 23. about 65 Leagues on the North of Mexico, from the Sea eight leagues; now the Metropolis, and town of greatest trade in all this Country. Built by Ferdinando Cortez in the place where formerly had stood Panuco, once the chief City of the Province, but by him destroyed. Opposite hereunto on the other side of the River, lie great store of Salt-pits, out of which the people of this town raise their greatest profit. 11 S. Jago de los Valles, or S. James in the Vallies, 25 leagues Westward (but inclining to the South withall) from S. Scevan del Puerto; situate in an open Country, and therefore fenced about with a Wall of Earth: to the In∣habitants whereof (all Spaniards, as in that before) the King of Spain hath granted many fair possessions, to defend those parts (then being the borders of his Estates) against the Salvages.

This Country first attempted by Francisco Garaio, but the conquest of it finished by Cortez, as be∣fore is said: each striving, as it seemeth, who should most deface it, and be enrolled for the greatest Man-slayer of the two. But having carried on the course of their Victories almost as far as to the River of Palms, they desisted there; either because already glutted with humane blood, or that the con∣quest of those parts would not quit the charge. Insomuch as in all that Country from the River of Palms to the Cape of Florida, though lying all along on the Golf of Mexico, the Spaniards have not one foot of Ground: secure enough, because it lieth all along that Golf, that no other Nation can possess it.

2. MECHV AC AN hath on the North-east Panuco, on the East Mexicana, on the South part of Tlascala, on the West the main Ocean, and on the North the Province of Xalisco in New Gallicia. So called from the abundance of Fish which their Lakes and Rivers did afford them; the word in their own language signifying Locum Piscosum, or a Country of Fish.

The breadth hereof on the Sea-coasts is 80 Leagues, in the borders towards Mexicana, but sixty only. The length I finde not yet agreed on. Blest with an Aire so sound and sweet that sick Folk come hither out of other Countries, to recover their health: Well stored with Rivers, some Lakes, innumerable Springs of running water, and here and there some hot Bathes issuing from the Rocks. The Soil so plentifully productive of all sorts of grain (even to admiration) that in some parts hereof four Measures of Seed have brought forth 600 Measures of the same grain, in the following Harvest. Well VVooded, and by reason of its Springs and Rivers, full of excellent Pastures; and yet not yielding unto any part of all America, for Medecinal Herbs and Plants of very Soveraign Na∣ture for the good of Mankinde. It affordeth also store of Amber, Mulberry Trees, Silk, Wax, Honey, and such other things, as chiefly serve for Pomp and pleasure.

The People tall of stature, but strong and Active: of a good wit, and skilled in many excellent Manufactures. They speak four Languages of their own; but that most generally used, is by the Spa∣niards called the Tarascuan Tongue; which though it be an elegant and copious Language, yet most of them speak the Spanish also. More pliant to the Manners and Apparell of that Nation, then the rest of New Spain (the Mexicans excepted only) and so inclinable to the Gospel; that they are almost all gained from their old Idolatries. Insomuch that the whole Country being divided into 50 Parishes; every Parish hath its several Priests and inferiour Ministers, who in the Language of the place do in∣struct the People, in which they Preach to them, and hear their Confessions: besides many Convents of Dominicans and Augustine Friers.

It containeth in it upwards of 150 Towns or Burroughs, besides scattering Villages; 90 of which have Free Schools in them, and almost every one a Spittle for relief of the Sick. The principal thereof, 1 Zinzoutza, the seat of the old Kings of Mechuachan; in the first times of Christianity in this Coun∣try, made a Bishops See, till removed to Pascuar. The first Bishop Vasquez de Quiroga. 2 Pascuar, of no great note at present, but that the Bishops See was removed thither, because neerer to Mex∣ico, from which distant 47 Leagues. 3 Valladolit, now the chief City of this Province, and the Bishops See, removed hither from Pascuar, and here finally setled in a fair Cathedral, Anno 1544. situate neer, a large Lake (said to be bigger then that of Mexico) which doth not only afford the City great store of Fish, but yeildeth them the opportunity of severall pleasures which they take in Boats upon the Water. The Lake and Citie by the Natives called Gnayangareo. 4 S.Michaels, in the way from Mexico (from which distant about 40 Leagues) to the silver Mines of Zacatecas. First built by Lewis de Velasco, then Vice-Roy of Mexico, to defend the People of this Province, from the Chichamechas, a barbarous and hitherto an unconquered People who terribly molest the Nations upon whom they border. 5 S. Philips, built at the same time by the said Velasco 6 Conception de Salaya, seventeen Leagues from Valladolit, 35 from Mexico; of the foun∣dation of Martin Enriquez the Vice-Roy, An. 1570. to be a Stage for Travellers, in their journeys Northwards. 7 Guaxanato, bordering on Panuco, and not far from S. Jago de Los Valles, rich in Mines of Silver. Then on the Sea, we have 8 Acatlan, on the borders of New Gallicia, two miles from the Ocean; A Town of not above 30 houses, with a little Church; but neighboured by a large and safe Road for shipping (by the Spaniards called Malacca) which makes it seldom without the company of Saylers 9 Natividad, (or Portus Nativitatis) a noted and convenient Haven, from whence they commonly set sail to the Philippine Ilands; pillaged and burnt by Captain Cavendish in his Cir∣cumnavigation of the VVorld. 10 S. Jago (or S. Jago de Buena Speranza) a little on the South of Natividad; the shores whereof are said to be full of Pearls. 11 Colima ten Leagues from the Sea, but more South then the other, built in the year 1522 by Gonsalvo de Sandovall. 12 Zacatula, by the Spani∣ards called Conception, situate on the Banks of a large (but nameless) River, which rising about the City of Tlascala, passeth by this Town, and thence with two open mouths runneth into the Sea.

This Province, at the coming of the Spaniards hither, was a distinct Kingdom of it self, not subject nor subordinate to the Kings of Mexico, as were most of the Princes of these parts: the Frontires of the Kingdom fenced with stakes of wood, like a Palizado, to hinder any sudden incuision of the Mexi∣can Forces. The last King called Tangayvan Bimbicha, submitted of his own accord to Cortez, An. 1522. and willingly offred himself to Baptism. But the Spaniards were not pleased with either, because deprived thereby of the spoil of the Country. But at last Nonnez de Guzman, then President of the Courts of Justice in Mexico, picked a quarrell with him, accused him falsly (as is said by the very Spa∣niards) of some practises against his King; burnt him alive with most barbarous and unheard of cruelty, and so confiscated his estate.

3. Mexicana, is bounded on the East with the Golf of New Spain, on the VVest with Mechu∣achan: on the North with Panuco and some part of Nova Gallicia; on the South with Tlascala, and part of the Southern Sea; so called from Mexico, the chief City not of this Province only but of all America.

It is in breadth from North to South, measuring by the Bay of Mexico, 130 Leagues; thence grow∣ing narrower in the midland parts hardly above sixty; and on the shores of Mare del Zur, not above seventeen. The length hereof extendeth from one Sea to the other, that is to say, from the point of Lobos in the Province of Papantla, on the Golf of Mexico, to the Haven of Acapulco; on the Sou∣thern Ocean: but the determinate number of miles I do nowhere finde. But measuring it from 17 de∣grees

and an half of Latitude, unto the 22. and allowing something for the slope; we may conclude it to be much of the length, as it is breadth, that is to say about 130 Leagues.

The Country is inferiour to Peru in the plenty and purity of Gold and Silver, but far exceeding it both in the Mechanical and ingenious Arts which are here professed, and in the abundance of fruits and cattel▪ of which last here is such store, that many a private man hath 40000 Kine and Oxen to him∣self. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is here also in great plenty; that only, which is drawn out of the Lake whereon Mexico standeth, being reported worth 20000 Crowns yeerly, to the Kings Exchequer. The People for the most part wittie and industrious, full of valour and courage; good Handicrafts-men, if they stoop so low as to Trades and Manufactures; rich Merchants if they give themselves to more gainfull traffick; And hardy Souldiers, if trained up and employed in service. Their ancient Arms were Slings, and Ar∣rows, since the coming of the Spaniards practised on the Harcubuize. In a word, what was said before of New Spain in general, as to the soil and People of it, is most appliable to this.

Chief Rivers hereof, 1 Los Yopes, which parteth this Province from that of Tlascala. 2 Citala, and 3 Mitla, both running Eastward towards the Gulf. 4 Papagaio, in the way from Mexico to Acapulco; with a fair bridge over it. 5 Las Balsas of a violent course, and in bigness equal unto Tagus in Spain; passable only by a bridge made of Ra••ts and Reeds, not very strongly joyned together. 6. The River of S. Francis, both large and swift, but in some parts fordable. Mountains of note I finde not any which require a more particular consideration; and so pass them over.

Towns of most note in it, 1 Mexico, the seat of an Archbishop, and of the Spanish Vice-Roy, who hath the power to make Laws and Ordinances, to give directions and determine controversies; unless it be in such great causes which are thought fit to be referred to the Councel of Spain. This City was first situate in the Lakes and Ilands, like Venice, everywhere interlaced with the pleasant currents of fresh, and sea-waters; and carrying a face of more civil government then any of America; though nothing, if compared with Europe. But the Town being destroyed by Cortez, it was built afterwards on the firm Land, on the Edge of the Lake, and bordering on a large and spacious Plain. The Plain on which it bordereth, is said to be 70 Leagues in compass, environed with high hills, on the tops whereof the snow lyeth continually. In the middle of which ••lain are two great Lakes, the least of them fourty miles in circuit, the one Salt and the other fresh, each of them alternately ebbing and flowing up into the other. On the Banks, of the Salt Lake standeth the City of Mexico with many other goodly Towns, and stately houses: on which Lake also, 50000 Wherries are continually plying. The Town in compass six miles, and containeth 6000 houses of Spaniards, and 60000 of Indians. It is a by-word, that at Mexico there are four fair things, viz. The Women, the Apparell, the Horses, and the Streets. Here is also a ••rinting-house, an Vniversity and a Mint; the Cathedral Church, ten Convents of Nuns, several houses of Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and other Religious Orders some Colledges, many Spitles and Hospitals, and other publick buildings of great State and beauty. By the Natives it was anciently called Temistatan, the name of Mexico being given on a new occasion, of which more hereafter: most miserably endammaged by the breaking in of the waters, Anno 1629. which swelled so high that they not only overwhelmed the meaner houses, but the Vice-Roys Palace; drowned many thousands of the People, and destroyed the houshold 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the rest. Occasioned by the avarice of the Kings Ministers, who had inverted the money to their private use which should have fortified the Banks. 2 Tezcuco, situate on the same Lake, but six Leagues from Mexico; heretofore twice as big as Sevil; and for the beauty of the streets, and elegancie of the houses not inferiour to any. Served with fresh water from the hills, brought in Pipes and Conduits, though seated on the brink of a Salt Lake. 3 Quit∣lavaca, built wholly in the Lake like Venice, and therefore by the Spaniards called Venezuela: a City of 2000 housholds: the way unto it over a Cawsey made of fl••nts; half a League long, and about twenty spans in breadth. 4. Vztacpalapa, half in the Lake, and half without, with many Ponds of fresh wa∣ter, and a beautifull Fountain; A City of 10000 Housholds, six Leagues from Tezcuco, and two from Mexico. 5 Mexicaltzingo▪ a ••urrough of 4000, and 6 Cuyccan, one of 6000 Families, both upon the Lake: beautified in the times of their Paganism with many Temples, so gorgeously set out to the eye, that afar off they seemed of silver, most of them now converted into Monasteries and Religious hou∣ses. 7 Chulula, the fairest of all the Lake, scarce excepting Mexico, with which it anciently contend∣ed both for state and bigness: said to contain 20000 Families, and to be beautified with so many Temples▪ that their Turrets equalled the number of the days of the yeer. The People so addicted un∣to their Idolatries, and so barbarous in their bloody and beastly Sacrifices, that no sewer then 6000 In∣fants of both Sexes were yeerly murdered on their Altars. 8 Mestitlan, seated on an high hill, begirt about with most pleasant Groves and shady VVoods: A Town of about 30000 Inhabitants, the Vil∣lages about the hill being reckoned in;situate 14 Leagues, or two days journey from Mexico, in the way to the Province of Panuco; the high way on both sides set with fruitfull Trees, to the great comfort and refreshment of the way-faring man. 9 Clantinolleper, twenty Leagues from Mestitlan, a Manour to which 40000 of the Natives do owe suit, and service. 10 Autepeque, on the South of the City of Mexico, at the foot of the Mountain Propopampeche; a Town belonging to the Marquis of Valla, and seated in the most delicious place of all New Spain. 11 Acachicha, on the North-east of Mexico, be∣twixt it and the Golf, bordering on the Province of Pepantla. 12 Acapulco, an Haven Town of the South-sea, situate on a safe and capacious Bay; at the entrance of it a League broad, and in the body of it full of convenient Stations and Docks for shipping: so that it is accompted the safest Haven of all those Seas. At the bottom of it towards the vvest, stands the Town and Castle, the Castle oppor∣tunely seated on a little fore-land both to command the Town, and secure the Port; well walled and

fortified with four very strong Bulwarks, on which are planted good store of Ordinance; the Garrison consisting ordinarily of 400 Souldiers: strengthened the rather in regard of the usual entercourse which is betwixt this Port and the Philippine Ilands.

The Original Inhabitants of this Country (as far at least as their Records are able to reach) were the Chichimecas, now the most rude and barbarous Savages of all these parts; together with the Ottomies, somewhat more civil then the rest, but yet rude enough. By these possessed till about the year 902. as it is conjectured from their Annals, when vanquished and disseized by some new come••s, whom they called by one name Navatlacos; issuing as it is conceived from those parts of Gallicia Nova, which are now called Nova Mexicana, An. 720. or thereabouts, but lingring in their march and wasting al the Countries as they lay before them. Of these there were seven Tribes in all, i.e. the Sachimilci, the Chalcae, the Tepanecae, the Culvae, the Tlafluici, the Tlascaltecae, all of them setled in these parts▪ and the five first about the Lake, before the coming in of the 7 Tribe, which was that of the Mexicans, so called from Mexi their chief Captain; who much delighted with the situation and conveniences of Temistitan then a ruined town, caused it to be rebuilt, and beautified by the name of Mexico. This town from that time forwards was reputed the head-City of their Common-wealth; the six Tribes governing in common, or the Chiefs rather of those Tribes in the names of the whole, after an Aristocratical manner. But weary at the last of this equal power, which the prevalencie of some Tribes had made very unequal, the Mexicans, one of the weakest of the Tribes, oppressed by the rest, resolved to separate themselves, and to commit the ordering of their affairs to a King of their own: at first elected by themselves; but afterwards when they had conquered most of the other Tribes, the choice intrusted unto six, one for every Tribe, (the Tlascalt••cae which was the seventh of their Tribes, and the Founders of Tlascala, go∣verning themselves long before, as a State apart) who in their choice had an especial eye on those which were strong and active, and fit for military employments; the people holding it a commendable meri∣torious act to kill their Kings, if once they were reputed Cowards. The Politie and Institutes of this Mexican Kingdom, I forbear to write of, further then as they lie before me in the way of their Story, digested by the government and succession of their several Kings, whose names and actions do occurre in the following Catalogue, of

The Kings of Mexico.

• ...A. Ch.
• 1322. 1 Acamapitzli, Nephew to the King of Couliacan, but of the Mexican blood by the Fathers side, elected for the first King; who joyned Con∣liacan and Tonganeam unto his E∣state, and setled that kingdom at his death in the way of Election.
• 1373. 2 Vitzovitzli, son of Acamapitzli, sub∣dued the Tribe of the Suchimilchi, and others of the neighbouring Na∣tions.
• 1394. 3 Huizilihuiel son of Vitzilovitli, con∣quered the Tribes of the Chalcae and Culvae, with many other Nations of the old Inhabitants.
• 1415. 4 Chimal Pupuca, son of Huizilihuiel, won the Town of Tequixsuiac, and reduced the rebellious Chalcae under his command.
• 1425. 5 Iscoalt brother of Huizilihuiel, by the valour of his Cousin Tlacaellec, freed himself from the yoke of the Tepa∣necae, to whom the Mexicans had before been Tributaries; and added their dominions unto his estate, con∣quering all the Nations round about him. After whose death the Electors by a joynt consent chose Tlacaellec for their King, as a man of whose vertue they had formerly made trial. But he very nobly refused it, saying, that it was more convenient for the Commonwealth, that another should be King, and that he should execute that which was for the necessity of the State, than to lay the whole bur∣den upon his back: and that without being King, he would not leave to labour for the publick, as well as if he were. Upon this generous refusal they made choice of Motecumo the first.
• 1438. 6 Motecumo, one of the Brothers of Chimalpupuca, brought in the custom of using no other Sacrifices at their Coronations, but of such Prisoners as the new King should first take in the wars. By the valour and good fortune of Tlacaellec, he subdued so many of the Nations (whose names I hold unnecessary to be here re∣peated) that he extended his estate from one Sea to the other.
• 1467. 7 Axayacaci, the Nephew of Ischoalt by his son Tecozomoeliqueto, enlar∣ged his Empire by the conquest of Tetentepeque, 200 miles from Mexi∣co, to fit himself with Sacrifices for his Coronation; and brought the Lord of Tlatelulco who rebelled a∣gainst him, to so hard a streit, that he was forced to break his neck from the top of a Temple.
• 1479. 8 Ticoicatzi, the son of Azayacaci, added twelve Cities, with their Territories, to the Mexican Em∣pire.
• 1484. 9 Abuczozin, brother of Ticoicatzi, extended his borders to Guatimala, repaired or rebuilt a great part of

• ... Mexico, and brought thither a chan∣nel of fresh water.
• 1502. 10 Motecuma II. Son of Axaacaci, before his Coronation conquered 44 Cities. He ordained that no Ple∣beian should bear any Office in his Court, and in the 18. year of his Reign was subdued by Cortez.

As for this Cortez, to whom the Spaniards stand indebted for the Kingdom of Mexico, he was born in M••deline▪ a Town of Estremaduram, 1485. and in the nineteenth yeer of his Age, employed him∣self in the Trade and business of America, for the improvement of his Fortunes, Anno 1511. he went as Clark unto the Treasurer for the Isle of Cuba, where he husbanded his Affairs so well, by carrying 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Sheep and Mares, and bringing Gold for them in Exchange, that in short time he was able to put in 2000 Castellins for his stock as Partner with Andrew de Duero, a wealthy Merchant. Grown richer, he was taken to be Partner with James Velasques in the Discovery of Tabasco, and the parts neer Jucutan, An. 1518. And now resolved to venture all his stock both of friends and money, he fur∣nished himself of eleven Ships, and with 550 men set sa••l from Spain, and arrived at the Iland of Acu∣samill (now called Santa Crux) and failing up the River of Tabasco, sacked the Town of Potonchon, the Inhabitants refusing to ••ell him victual. After this by the help of his Horse and Ordinance he dis∣comfi••ed 40000 of the naked Savages, gathered together to revenge themselves for the sack of that Town; and received the King thereof in vassallage to the Crown of Spain. Being told that Westward he should meet with some Mines of Gold, he turned his course for the Haven of S. John de Vlloa, where landing he was entertained by Tendilli, Governour of the Town and Country for the King of Mexico, who understanding of his coming, and that he was the Servant of so great an Emperour (of which Tendilla had informed him by especial Messengers) he sent him many rich Presents both of Gold and Silver. Inflamed at the sight hereof, he resolved to go unto the place where such Treasures were; took possession of the Country in the name of Charles the fift King of Spain and Emperour; and build∣ing there the Town de la vera Crux, left in it 150 of his men. Attended by no more then 400 Foot, 15 Horse, and six pieces of Ordnance, he pursued his Enterprize, by practise gained unto him those of Z••mpoallan, and Tlascalla, whom he understood to be ill-affected to Motecuma: assisted with whose Forces he passed on for Mexico, sacked the Town of Chololla (a Town of 40000 housholds) in his ma••ch, he was kindly received into Mexico by the frighted King▪ whom he caused to acknowledge him∣self a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to Spain, and to present him in the name of a Tribute with so much Treasure as amounted to 160000 Castellins of Gold. A quarrell growing not long after, Motecuma the unhappy King was by one of his own Subjects killed in the Tumult, and the Spaniards driven out of the Town. But aided with the whole Forces of the Tlascalans, and a recruit of more Spaniards (sent thither on a Design against him) he made up an Army of 100000 Savages, 900 Spanish Foot, 80 Horse, 17 pieces of Ord∣nance: and having with great diligence made ready a Navie of 13 Galliots, and 6000 Canons or Boats; la••d siege unto the City both by Sea and Land. After a Siege of three moneths, the City is taken, sacked and burnt, August 13. 1521. But afterwards rebuilt more beautifully then it was before. Thus fell this mighty Kingdom into the hands of the Spaniards by the valour and good fortune of Cortez, a private Adventurer, endowed for that good Service by Charles the fift with the Town and Territory of Te∣coan••peque, in the Province of Guaxaca, and many other fair estates in the Province of Mexico, and dignified with the title of Marquels of Valla.

As for the Kings of Mexico, they are said to have worn a Crown resembling that which is now used by the Dukes of Venice. His Co••••nation held with great pomp, but most bloody Sacrifices. His Revenues thought to be almost infinite, raised out of all Commodities and paid in kinde, whether Na∣tural or Artificial only, the King participating of the fruits of all mens Labour, and sharing with them in their wealth; some paying in Cups full of powder of Gold of two handfuls a piece; some Diadems, and Beads of Gold; ••••ates of Gold of three quarters of a yard long, and four fingers broad; Tur∣••••sse•• stones, Golden Targets, rich Feather-Pictures, &c. Not to say any thing of matters of inferior value: all which in such a wealthy and large estate, must needs afford him a Revenue equall to the grea∣test Monarch. And for the incouragement of his Souldiers and Men of VVar, here were ordained three Orders of Knighthood, (or at least such distinctions of personall merit, as had resem∣blance to such Orders) the first distinguished by a Red Ribband, the second called the Lyon or Tiger Knight, and the third the Gray Knight: all priviledged amongst other things to be clothed in Cotton, wear Breeches, to adorn themselves with gold and silver, and to have Vessell gilt or painted: high points, and not permitted unto any else. But it is time that I proceed to the rest of the Provinces.

4. TLASCALA lieth betwixt Mexicana and Guaxaca, extended from one Sea to the other. The length here of from Sea to Sea an hundred Leagues; the breadth along the shores of the Gulf reckoned 80 Leagues, on the South Sea not above eighteen. So called from the abundance of Maize which they make their bread of; the word in that Language signifying Lecum panis, or the place of Bread, the same with Bethlehem in the Hebrew.

The Country very plentifull both of Corn and Cattell, full of rich Pastures, and wonderfully stored with Maize: Level and plain except towards the Sea, where occurreth a large chain of craggie Moun∣tains; The richer in the fruits of Nature for those fair and pleasant Rivers wherewith it is watered; the principal of which 1. Rio de Grijalva, so called from John de Grijalva, who first discovered it; em∣ployed herein by James Velasques, the advancer of Cortez. 2 Rio de Zempoall so called from the Town of Zempoalian about which it riseth. 3 Zahuate, which makes its way thorow the chain of Mountains be∣fore mentioned, and falleth with the former into the Golf. 4 Rio de Zacatula, a River of the longest

course in all this Province; rising neer Tlascala, and falling many Leagues off into Mare del Zur. The People much of the same nature with those of Mexico, though upon jealousies of State their most bit∣ter enemies; of which the Spaniards made good use to advance their Conquests on that Kingdom.

Places of most importance in it, 1 Tlascala it self, which gives name to the Province: in former times governed after the form of a Commonwealth, according to the Democratical Models. Situate on a little Hill betwixt two Rivers; and in the middle of a large, but pleasant Plain, 60 miles in compass. So populous at the coming of the Spaniards hither, that it contained 300000 Inhabitants, now scarce 50000. It had four Streets (or rather Quarters) each of them governed by a Captain in time of war: and in the middest a Market•• place so fair and spacious, that 30000 persons might assemble in it, to buy and sell, or for any other business. 2 Puebba de los Angelos, (the City of Angels) but most commonly Angelos: built by Sebastian Ramir••z, An. 1531. in the way from Vera Crux to the City of Mexico, from which last 22 leagues distant. A Bishops See, and thought to contain in it 1500 families. 3 Zempoallan, on the River so named, the Inhabitants whereof did great service to Ferdinando Cortez in his conquest of Mexico. 4 Napuluca; of great resort for a Fair of Cattel; and such a kind of Court for ordering the trade thereof, as we call the Pie powders. 5 Guaxocingo, a pleasant and well•• peopled town, situate at the foot of the burning Mountain before mentioned, by the ashes and embers whereof the fields are many times annoied. 6 Segura, or Segura de la Frontera in the Region of Tepeac, built by Cortez the next year after the conquest of Mexico, with fair streets and handsome houses, by whom peopled with Spaniards. 7 Vera Crux, the first town built in this Country by the said Cortez, now a Bishops See: situate neer unto the Gulf, and a great thorow-fare from thence to the City of Mexico, from which distant about 60 leagues. 8 S. John de Vllua, the most noted Port of all this Province; fenced with a Peer against the fury both of winds and sea, defended naturally by Rocks and Quicksands lying before it, and by two Bulwarks well fortified and manned on both sides of the entrance. 9 Medellin, built by Cortez An. 1525. and planted with Spaniards: so called in memory of a town of the same name in Estremadara, in which he was born: situate on the banks of the River Almeria.

The Tlalscallans were originally one of the seven Tribes which drave the Chichimecas out of their possessions: and either finding no room left for them on the Banks of the Lake, or else willing to subsist alone, withdrew themselves from the rest, founded the City of Tlascala, and there erected a Democratical Estate. Stomacked for this by the other Tribes, and many times invaded by those of Me∣xico, after they had subdued the rest: they still maintained themselves against all attempts; and in the end assisted Cortez in the destruction of that Kingdom they so deadly hated. Privileged for that reason by the Spaniards, and exempted from all kind of tribute (except it be an handfull of Wheat for every person) and suffered to live under his protection in the former Government. The Province given us by this name, said to contain 200 good Towns and Burroughs, 1000 Villages and upwards, and in them 150000 of the Natives, besides Spanish Colonies. Distributed into 36 Classes or Rural D••anries for Ecclesiastical Government, in which are thought to be 30 Convents and Religious Houses.

5 GVAXATA is bounded on the West with Tlascala, on the East with Jucutan and Chiap•• one of the Provinces of Guatimala, on the North with the Bay of Mexico, and on the South with Mare del Zur. Extended on the South-sea to the length of an hundred miles, but on the Bay to fifty only: in breadth from sea to sea where it bordereth on Tlascala, 120 leagues; not above 60 where it confineth on Chiapa. So called from Guaxata once the chief town of these parts, now named Antequera.

The Air heteof very ••ound and sweet, and the Soil as fruitfull: plentifull not only of those commo∣dities which are common with the other Provinces of this Country; but of such quantities of Silks, and store of Mulberries, that if the Natives paid their Tithes as the Spaniards do, that very Revenue would suffice to endow five Bishopricks, as good as that which is there already: scarce any River of this Country, but hath Sands of Gold: such plenty of Coccinele (a rich grain used in dying Scarlets, of which before) as also of Cassia, Gold, Silver, and other metals, that if the people did but adde some industry to the wealth of the Country, they might be the richest men in all America. But being naturally sl••••h∣full, and impatient of labour, they lose all opportunities of gathering riches, and live but from hand to mouth, as we use to say. Docile enough, and so indulgent unto those who take pains to teach them, that here are reckoned 120 Convents of Dominican Friers, besides other Schools; these last conceived the greater number

It is subdivided into many particular Provinces (we may call them Wapentakes or Hundreds) as 1 Mi∣steca, 2 Tutopeque, 3 Zapoteca, 4 Guazacoalco, 5 Gueztaxatla, and 6 the Vale of Guaxata; this last most memorable, in that it gave the title of Marquesso del Valle to the famous Cortez. Towns of most observation. 1 Teozopotlan, once the chief town of Zapoteca, and the seat of their King. 2 Cuert∣lavaca, of great note for a Labyrinth not far off, hewn out of the Rock, but by whom none knoweth. 3 Antequera, in the Vallie of Guaxata, a stately City, and beautified with a fair Cathedral, as that with Marble-pillars of great height and thickness. 4 S. Illifonso in the Province of Zapoteca. 5 S. Jago in the Valley of Nexapa, seated upon a lofty hill. 6 Del Spiritu Santo, distant about three leagues from the shores of the Golf, in the Province of Guazacoalco; the foundation of Gonsalvo de Sandoval, A. 15••6. 7 Aguatulco, or Guatulco, a noted and convenient Port on the South-sea; much used by those which trade from Peru to Mexico, and from Mexico to any Port of the Southern seas. By consequence rich, and therefore plundered to the purpose both by Drake, and Cavendish, in their voyages about the world. 8 Tacoantepeque a Port of the same Sea also, but of far less note. Burroughs and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in all 650.

inhabited by 150000 of the Natives liable to tribute, besides women and persons under age, not reckon∣ing the Spaniards in the number.

6 JVCVTAN, environed on three parts by the Sea like a Demi-Iland, is fastened to the Continent only where it meets with Guaxaca; the furthest point of it opposite to the Isle of Cuba. Discovered first by Fernandes de Cordova, employed therein by Don Christopher Morante, An 1517▪ and called Jucutan, not as some conceit it, from Joctan the son of Heber, who they think came out of the East, where the ••cripture placeth him (Gen. 10. 30.) to inhabit here; but from Jucutan, which in the language of the Country signifieth, What say you? For when the Spaniards at their first coming hither asked the name of the place, the Savages not understanding what they meant, replied Jucutan, that is, what say you? whereupon the Spaniards always after called it by this name.

The compass of it, taking the Province of Tabasco into the accompt, is said to be 900 miles, or 300 leagues. The Air hot, and the Country destitute of Rivers; not otherwise provided of water but by pits and trenches, which abundantly supply that want. Sufficiently barren, the soile not bearing Wheat, or any Europaean fruits, nor many of the growth of America in other places. Nor have they Mines of Gold or Silver, or any other Metal, to enrich the people: who must either live by trades and labour, or else beg their bread. Nothing remarkable in the Country, but that here seemed to be some remnants of Christianity, at the Spaniards first coming hither: the people constantly observing a kind of Baptism, which they call in their own language a second birth, expressing by that word a Regeneration; not suffering any one to marry untill so initiated. And possible enough it is, that this may be the Country upon which Madoc ap Owen fell; who though he might by some good fortune be brought back to Wales, yet that he should make any such second voyage hither, as is said in their Chronicles, I by no means grant.

Towns of most observation in it, 1 Merida, almost in the n••vel of it, situate in the 20 degree of Lati∣tude, the ordinary seat of the Governour▪ and the ••ee of a Bishop: distant from the Sea on each side about twelve leagues; and called snap Town of that name in Spain, with which it is thought to have some resemblance 2 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ 30 leagues from Merida, beautified with a most sumptuous Mo∣nastery of Franciscan ••riers. 3 Campeche (or S. Francisco, as the Spaniards call it) situate on the shore of the Golf; A town when first known to the Spaniards of 3000 houses, and beautified with such mo∣numents of art and industrie, as shewed that there was some what in this people which was not barbarous. since that not more observable, then for being suddenly surprized by Parker an English Captain, A 1596. who carried away with him the Governour, the wealth of the town, and many prisoners, besides a great ship full of gold, silver, and other the like precious commodities, designed for the King of Spains own use. 4 Tabasco, situate in the best part of this Country, so different from all the rest, that it is made by some a distinct province from it. By the Spaniards called Valla de Nuestra Sennora de la Victoria, most com∣monly Victoria only; and that in memory of the first fortunate victory which Cortez had upon this people, arming themselves against him for the sacking of Pontonchan. 5 Pontonchan, sacked by Cortez for denying to supply him with victual. 6 Salamanca, so called with reference to a town of that name in Spain.

Along the Coast of this Country lie many Ilands, viz. 1 La Zarza, 2 Desconoscida, 3 Triangulus, 4 Vermeia, 5 Los Negrillos, 6 Los Alacranes, all within the Golf. Without it. 7 Zaratan, 8 Pant••ia, 9 Lamanay, 10 De Mucheres, or the Isle of Women; 11 Cozamul, by some called Acusamil. This last the biggest, as 15 leagues long, 5 broad; and the most remarkable, as being the usual way which the Spaniards travelled in their discoveries of this Country from the Isle of Cuba. For here first landed Fer∣nando de Corduba, An. 1517. who passing over to Jucutan (but four leagues distant) brought back no∣thing but stripes. Here the next year arrived John de Grijalva, in the same pursuit; who passing by Jucutan to the Province of Guaxata, left his name behind him to a River. And finally here landed the most fortunate Cortez, who coasting about the Demi Iland, landed neer Tabasco, and there first han∣selled his good fortune with a notable victory. Yet neither the Iland nor Peninsula discovered per∣fectly, till the year 1527. when both subdued by Francisco de Monteio, to the Crown of Spain. The Iland now called Santa Crux.