Cosmographie in four bookes : containing the chorographie and historie of the whole vvorld, and all the principall kingdomes, provinces, seas and isles thereof / by Peter Heylyn.

OF PERV.

PERV is bounded on the East with that vast ridge of Mountains which they call the Andes; on the West with Mare del Zur, on the North with Popayan, an Appendix of the New Realm of Granada, on the South with Chile. So called from the River Peru, which being one of the first of note which the Spaniards met with in this Country, occasioned them to give that name to the whole.

It is in length from North to South 700 Leagues, but the breadth not equal. In some places 100 Leagues broad, in others 60. in the rest but 40. more or less accord∣ing to the windings of the Seas and Mountains. Divided commonly into three parts, all of so different a nature from one another, as if they were far distant both in site and soyl. These parts the Plains, the Hill Countries, and the Andes the Plains, extended on the Sea shore, in all places level without Hils; the Andes a continuall ridge of Mountains without any Vallies; the Sierra, or Hill-Countries composed of both. Each part stretched out from North to South, the whole length of the Country: the Plains from the Sea shore to the Hill-Countries, for the most part ten Leagues broad, in some places more; the Hill-Countries 20 Leagues in breadth where narrowest, and as much the Andes. In the Plains it never raineth, on the Andes continually in a manner; in the Hill-Countries Rain from September to April, after that fair weather. In the Hill Countries the Summer beginneth in April, and endeth in September; in the Plains their Summer beginneth in October, and endeth in April. So that a man may travel from Summer to Winter in one day; be frozen in the morning at his setting forth, and scorched with heat before he come to his journies end. Some other differences there are, as that the Andes are covered with VVoods and Forrests, whereas the Hill Countries are bare and naked; the Plains, where there are store of Ri∣vers, and the benefit of the Sea besides, sandy and dry, and in most places destitute both of Fruits and Corn; ••n some parts of the Hill Countries where there are no Rivers, and a Rain but seldom, plenty of Roots, Maize, Fruits, and all other necessaries. In the Plains there never bloweth any but the Souther∣ly wind, though it bring no rain with it; and in the Hils, winds from every Coast, and of every nature, some bringing Rain, some Snow, some claps of Thunder, and others fair weather at the heels of them. Insomuch that it is observed, that such of the Inhabitants of the Plains as go up to the Sierra, or Moun∣tains, do find such pains in the head and stomack, as fresh water souldiers when first Sea-sick.

Not to pursue these differences any further in the several parts, we will look upon the whole in gross▪ which we shall find but meanly furnished for the bigness, with those Commodities which so large a Coun∣try might afford: insomuch as many of the People live most on Roots, here being little VVheat, and not such quantities of Maize (the ordinary bread grain of the Americans) as to serve their multitudes. Nor find I that the Cattel of Europe have been either brought hither in any great numbers, or are grown to any great increase. Instead of which they have in their woods and pastures infinite numbers of beasts somewhat like wild Goats, (which they call Vicagues) and great store of a kind of sheep by them called Pacos, profitable both for fleece and burden; as big as a small breed of Horses, but in tast as pleasing as our Mutton, and no less nourishing. A Creature so well acquainted with its own abilities, that when he findeth himself over-loaded, no blows or violence shall make him move a foot forwards till his load be lessened; and of so cheap a dyet, that he is content with very little, and sometimes passeth three whole dayes without any water. The Camels of these parts, and not much unlike them.

This as it is by some accompted for a Creature proper to this Country only (though in that mistaken) so may it pass amongst the Rarities hereof: many of which it hath both in Beasts, and Plants, and in in∣animate bodies also. Amongst their Plants they have a Fig tree, the North part whereof looking towards the Mountains, bringeth forth its Fruits in the Summer only; the Southern part looking to the Sea, fruitful only in Winter. Some as deservedly do count the Coca for a wonder, the Leaves whereof being dryed, and formed into Lozenges, (or little Pellets) are exceeding useful in a journey. For melting in the mouth, they satisfie both hunger and thirst, and preserve a man in strength, and his spirits in vigour: and generally are esteemed of such soveraign use, that it is thought that 100000 Baskets full of the Leaves of this Tree are sold yearly at the Mines of Potosia only, each of which at the Markets of Cusco would yield 12. d. or 18. d a piece. Another Plant they tell us of, but I find no name for it, which if put into the hands of a sick person, will instantly discover whether he be like to live or die. For if on the pressing it in his hand he look merry and chearfull, it is an assured sign of his Recovery: as on the other side, of death, if sad and troubled. Amongst their Beasts, besides those spoken of before, they reckon that which they call the Huanacu: of which it is observed that the Males stand Centinel on the Mountains, while the Fe∣males are feeding in the Vallies: and if they see any men coming towards them, they set out their throws, to give their Females notice of some danger near: whom when they come up to them, they put in the front of the Retreat, interposing their own bodies betwixt them and their enemy. Nor want they Rarities of nature even in things inanimate: here being said to be a round Lake near the Mines of Po∣••••••i, whose water is so hot, though the Country be exceeding cold, that they who bathe themselves are

not able to endure the heats thereof if they go but a little from the Banks: there being in the midst thereof a boyling of above 20 foot square. A Lake which never doth decrease, though they have drawn a great stream from it to serve their Mettal-Mills.

More profitable though less rare, those Metals, which those Mills are made for; and not less profi∣table, one of those Vulgar Plants, I mean Tobacco, growing more abundantly here then in other Coun∣tries of America: for which cause, and the resemblance which it hath to Henbane, in form and quali∣ty, it is called the Henbane of Peru by Gerrad and some others of our Modern Herbalists. A Plant, which though in some respect being moderatly taken, it may be serviceable for Physick: yet besides the consumption of the purse, and impairing of our inward parts; the immodetate, vain, and phantastical abuse of this stinking weed, corrupteth the naturall sweetness of the breath, stupifieth the brain, and indeed is so prejudicial to the general esteem of our Country-men, that one faith of them, Anglorum corpora qui huic plantae tantopere indulgent, in Barbarorum naturam degenerasse videntur. The two chief Vertues ascribed unto it (pardon me I beseech you this short digression) are that it voideth Rheume, and is found to be a soveraign Antidote against Lues Venerea. that loathsom Disease of the French Pox: For this last, like enough it is, that so unclean a Disease may be helped with such an unsavory Medicine. But fot the second it may perhaps consist more in opinion, then truth or reality; the Rheume which it is said to void, being no more then what it breedeth at the present. We may as well conclude that Botled-Ale is good for the breaking of winde (which effect we finde commonly to follow on the drink∣ing of it) though indeed it be only the same winde which it self conveyed into the Stomack. But Tobacco is by few now taken as Medicinal; it is of late times grown a Good-fellow, and fallen from a Physitian to a Complement. An humour which had never spred so far amongst us, if the same means of preven∣tion had been used by the Christian Magistrates, as was by Morat Bassa among the Turks: who com∣manded a Pipe to be thrust thorow the Nose of a Turk whom he found taking Tobacco, and so to be carried in derision all about Constantinople. It is observed that the taking of Tobacco was first brought into England by the Marriners of Sir Francis Drake, An. 1585. And that it hapned not unfitly in the way of an Antidote to that immoderate use of drinking, which our Low Country Souldiers had brought out of the Netherlands much about that time, An. 1582. Before which time, the English of all Nor∣thern People were deemed to be most free from that Swinish Vice, wherein it is to be feared that they have much out-gone their Teachers, the Dutch. Certain it is, that it is taken so excessively by both these Nations, that I may justly say with a learned Fleming, Herbaeejus non dicam usus sed abusus, non modo in Anglia, sed in Belgio, & alibi, insanum in modum jam adolevit.

But the greatest riches of this Country is most out of sight hid in the Bowels of the earth, but found in those never decaying Mines of Gold and Silver; more eminently abounding in this one Province then in all America. For instance whereof we may take the Silver Mines of Potozi, discovered in the yeer 1545. the fift of which, payable into the Kings Exchequer, amounted in forty yeers to a 111 mil∣lions of Pezoes, every Pezo being valued at six shillings and six pence; and yet a third part of the whole was discharged of that payment. By this one we may guesse somewhat of the rest; as by the propor∣tion of one member the dimensions of the whole body may be probably a••med a••••; unless the riches of these Mines be beyond conjecture; of which it is affirmed by some knowing men, that they yield in many places more Gold then Earth. Upon which ground it is conceived by Arias Montanus, and some other very learned men, that this Peru is that land of Ophir to which Solomons Nav•• went for Gold, in∣duced thereunto by that Text of the Chron. lib. 2. cap, 3. ver. 6. That the Gold was the Gold of Paruaim. A fancy not of so sandy a foun••ation, as many others of that kinde, if Peru had been the old name of this Country, and not newly given it by the Spaniards. By means whereof not only Spain, but all Eu∣rope also is better furnished with gold and silver, then ever formerly. For in the first Ages of the VVorld our Ancestors the Britains (I must digress here once again) had no other money then Iron-rings, and Brass-rings, which they used for instruments of Exchange; and in the Roman Provinces, we read that the most usual Materials of their coyn, was most times Brass, and sometimes Leather. Corium forma publica percussum, as it is in Seneca Of which last sort we finde that Frederick the Emperour made use at the siege of Millain; and the English, in the time of the Barons VVars. And why not so? consider∣ing that no longer since in the year 1574▪ the Hollanders being then reduced to some extremities, made money of Past boord. But this hapneth only in Cases of necessity, the two Mettals of gold and silver having for many hundred years (though not in such abundance as in latter times) been the chief instru∣ments of Exchange and Bartery betwixt man and man, & questionless will so continue to the end of the VVorld. I know Sit Thomas More in the second ••ook of his Vtopia, preferreth Iron before Gold, because more necessary for all uses; Vt sine quo non magis quam sine igne atque aqua vivere Mortales queant: and that he giveth us there a Plot to bring gold and silver into contempt, telling us how the Vtopians use to employ those Metals, in making Chamber pots, and Vessels of more unclean necessi∣ties; eating and drinking for the most part in glass or earth. He telleth us also how they make chains and fetters of Gold, to hold in their rebellious slaves, and Malefactors; how they punish infamous per∣sons by putting Gold Rings upon their Fingers, Jewels of Gold in their ears, and chains of gold about their necks: how they adorn their little children with precious Jewels, which gayeties when they come to Age, and see them worn by none but such little children, they use to cast away of their own accord; as with us our elder Boys leave off without constraint their Babies, Cobnuts, and other Crepundia. He further telleth us how the Ambassadors of the Anemolii (a confederate State of the Vtopians) coming amongst them richly and gorgiously attired, were took for slaves, by reason of their Golden Chains, and the meanest of their Followers thought to be the Ambassadors: how the elder Boys derided the

Strangers for wearing jewels, as if they had been children still; and how the People laught at their chains of Gold, as being too weak to shackle such sturdy Fellows. Now though it pleased that wise State to have any Gold or Silver at all amongst them, it was not (as he telleth us) out of any esteem which themselves had of it, but therewith to provide themselves of Forreign aids, and pay their Armies, when the nec••ss••••es of their affairs, or other reason of State did require the same. How this device would sort with the humours of those People whom Lucian antiently did Fable, and some of later times more 〈◊〉〈◊〉 do fancy to have their dwelling in the Moon: I am not able to say, as having hitherto had no comm••••ce nor correspondence with the Inhabitants thereof: though possibly I may endeavour it in the end of this Book, and finde it to sort well enough with their condition. Certain I am this sublu∣nary World of ours will never brook it. And so I leave it▪ and look back again on the Mines of Peru: the extraordinary plenty of gold and silver which those and the rest of the New world, have furnished the old World withall, being conceived by many knowing and judicious men, to be the cause of the dearness of all commodities at the present times, compared unto the cheapness of the times foregoing: for where much is, there greater prices will be given, then in other places. And yet there want not some that add also other causes, of the high prizes of our days: viz. Monopolies, Combinations of Mer∣chan••s and Craf••••men; transportation of Grain, pleasure of great personages, the excess of private 〈…〉〈…〉 the like: but these last I rather ta••e to be con-causes, the first being indeed the principal. For, (a•• that excellent Sir Henry Savil, hath it in the end of his notes on Tacitus) the excessive abundance 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, things which consist meerly on the constitution of men, draweth necessarily 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, those things which nature requireth, to an higher rate in the Market. Captá ab Augusto Alexandra faith Orosius) Roma in tantum opibus ejus crevit, ut dupla majora quam antehac rerum ve∣nalium p••••tia statuerentur. As for that question, whether of the two Kingdoms be happier, that which suppl••••th it self with money, by Traffick and the works of Art; or that which is supplied by M••nes growing, as the gift of nature, I finde it by this tale in part resolved. Two Merchants depart∣ing from Spain to get gold, touched upon part of Barbary, where the one buyeth Moors to dig and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with; the other fraughteth his vessell with sheep: and being come to the Indies, the one finding Mines, set his slaves to work, and the other hapning in grassie ground, put his sheep to grazing. The Maves grown cold and hungry, call for food and cloathing; which the sheep-master by the increase of his stock had in great abundance•• so that what the one got in gold with ••oil, charges and hazard both of 〈…〉〈…〉 and health, he gladly gave unto the other in exchange or Bartery, for the continual supply of 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ Clothes, and other necessaries for himself and his servants. In the end the Mines being ex∣haust••d, and all the money thence arising exchanged with the Shepherd for such necessaries as his wants 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ home comes the Shepherd in great triumph, with abundance of wealth, his Companion b••••nging nothing with him but the Tale of his travels. But I dare not take upon me to determine this po••••t. Only I add, that the English and the Hollanders by the benefit of their Manufactures and conti∣nual Traffick, did in conclusion weary the late King of Spain, King Philip the second, and out-vied him as it were) in wealth and treasure; notwithstanding his many Mines of Gold and silver in Bar∣bary, India, Mexicana, Guinea, some in Spain and Italy, and these of Peruana which now we handle, and which have given occasion unto this Discourse or Digression rather.

It is now time to take a view of the People also, affirmed to be (for the most part) of great simpli∣city; yet some of them (those specially which lie neer the Aequator) to be great dissemblers, and never to discover their conceptions freely. Ignorant of Letters, but of good courage in the Wars, well s••illed in managing such weapons as they had been used to, and fearless of death; the rather prompted to this last by an old opinion held amongst them, that in the other world they shall eat, and drink, and make love to Women. And therefore commonly at the Funeral of any great person who was attended •••• in his life, they use to kill and bury with him one or more of his servants to wait upon him after death. in the manner or their living much like the Jews; but not in habit: conform therein to the other Sa∣••••ges, but that those cover their upper parts with some decent garment, and leave the other Members 〈◊〉〈◊〉. But this is only neer the Aequator; both Sexes elswhere wearing Mantles to their very Heels. habited in one fashion over all the Country, except the dressing of their heads, wherein scarce any one doth agree with another, but hath his fashion to himself. The Women less esteemed here then in other places, treated as Slaves, and sometimes cruelly beaten upon slight occasions: the men (as S. Paul saith of the ancient Gentiles) leaving the natural use of the woman, and burning in their lusts towards one another. For which it God delivered them into the hands of the Spaniards, they received that re∣compen••e which was meet.

Rivers of most note 1 S. Jago, on the borders towards Popayana; a River of a violent course, and so great a depth, that it is 180 Fathoms deep at the influx of it. 2. Tombez, opening into a fair and capa∣cious Bav, over against the Isle of Puna, on the further side of the Aequator; an Iland of twelve Leagues in compals, and exceeding fruitfull. 3 Guagaquil, of a longer course then any of the other two, and falling into Mare del Zur on the South of Tombez; over against the Isle of Lobos. No Iland after this of note upon all this Coast. If any come in our way which runneth towards the East, we shall meet with them in the view of the several Provinces; and so we shall of the Hills or Mountains which are most considerable; the Andes having been already touched on. Take we now notice of the great Lake of Titicaca, in which twelve Rivers are reported to lose themselves; in compass 80 Leagues, and usually Navigable with ships and barks. The waters of it not so salt as those of the sea, but so thick that no body can drink them; yet on the banks of it many habitations, as good as any in Peru. By a fair water course or River it passeth into a less Lake, which they call Aulaga, and thence most pro∣bably

findeth a way into the Sea, or else is swallowed in the Bowels of that thirsty earth; but the first more likely.

It is divided commonly into three Juridical Resorts, viz. of 1 Quito, 2 Lima, and 3 Charcos; each having under it many several and subordinate Provinces; too many and of too small note to be here considered. We will therefore look upon the chief, and of greatest reckoning, 1 Quito, 2 Los Quixos, 3 Lima, 4 Cusco, 5 Charcos, and 6 Collao; three on the Sea, and the other three in the midlands; to which the Ilands of it shall be joyned in the close of all.

1. QVITO is bounded on the North with Popayan, on the West with Mare del Zur; on the South with the Province of Lima, and on the East with that of Los Quixos. So named from Quito the chief Town and Province of the first division.

The soil as fertile and as fit for the fruits of Europe, as any other in Peru: well stored with Cattell, especially the Pacos or Peruvian sheep; and plentifully furnished both with Fish and Fowl. In many parts great store of Nitre, of which they make most approved good Gunpowder: and in some Rivers, especially that of S. Barbara, many veins of Gold. The people generally industrious, especially in the making of Cloth of Cotton, equal almost to silks for fineness; of constitution strong and healthy; but given to lying, drinking and such other vices: with which they are so much in love that though they are conceived to be apt of Learning, yet not without great difficulty brought to the Christian Faith, nor willingly reclaimed from their ancient Barbarism. Extreamly punished with the Pox, an hereditary disease amongst them; the very Girls and untouched Virgins so infected with it, that neither Tobacco, Guajacan, nor Sarsa parilla, all which this Country doth afford in a great abundance, is able to pre∣serve them from it.

Towns of most observation in it, 1 Carangues, a large and sumptuous Palace of the ancient Kings, so named because situate in the Territory of the Carangues, a barbarous, bloody, and man-eating peo∣ple; subdued by Guayanacapa, one of the mightiest of the Kings of Peru; from whom revolting, and withall killing many of his Ministers and Garrison-Souldiers, they were upon a second conquest brought to the banks of a great Lake into which 20000 of them being killed, were thrown. The Lake from thenceforth called Yaguarcoch•• or the Lake of blood. 2 Otavallu, another Palace of the Kings, but far inferiour to the other; yet giving name unto the Cantred in which it standeth. 3 Quito, the chief of this Resort, and once the Regal seat of its proper Kings (till made subject by Guayanacapa before mentioned) the ruines of whose Palace are now remaining. By the Spaniards it is called S. Francisco, built on the declivity of an Hill, not above 30 minutes from the Equinoctial, well fortified, and as well furnished with Ammunition: inhabited by about 500 Spaniards besides the Natives. The streets whereof strait and broad: the buildings decent: the principal of which, the Cathedral Church, the Courts of Justice, and two Convents of Dominican and Franciscan Friers. The Town and Territory much annoyed by a Flaming Mountain, or Vulcano; which in the year 1560 cast out such abundance of cinders, that if a rain had not hapned beyond expectation, had made great spoil upon the place. 4 Ta∣cunga fifteen Leagues from Quito; and 5 Rhiobamba in the Territory of the Purvasii 40 Leagues from that; each of them honoured with another of those ancient Palaces. 6 Thomebamba neighboured by another of the Kings Palaces, but more magnificent then the former; situate in the Country of the Canares: amongst whom anciently the Women tilled the Land, and did all without doors; whiles the Men staid at home and spun, and attended housewifry. 7 Cuenca 64 Leagues from Quito, on ano∣ther Road, situate in a Country full of Gold, Silver, Brass, Iron, and veins of Sulphur. 8 Loxa, sixteen Leagues southwards of Cuenca, situate in the fift Degree of Southern Latitude, and in a sweet and pleasant Valley called Guxibamba, between two fine Riverets. The Citizens well furnished with Horse and Armour, but not otherwise wealthy. 9 Zamora, twenty Leagues on the East of Loxa; and 10 Jaen, 35 from that: both situate in the Province of Quachimayo, and both so called in reference to two Ci∣ties of those names in Spain: Then on the Sea coasts, there are, 11 Portus Votus (Pucrto Veio as the Spaniards call it) not far from the Sea-side, but in so ill an Air that it is not very much frequented. Said to be one of the first Towns of this Country possessed by the Spaniards, who digged up hereabouts the bones of a monstrous Giant; whose Cheek-teeth were four fingers broad. 12 Mantu the Port Town to Porto Ve••o, from whence the trade is driven betwixt Panuma and Peru; the town it self situ∣ate in a rich vein of Emeralds. 13 Guayaquill, or S. Jago de Guayaquil, called also Gulata; seated at the bottom of an Arm of the Sea, neer the influx of the River Guayaquil; a noted and much frequent∣ed Empory. 14 Castro, a Colonie of Spaniards planted, An. 1568 in that part of this Country which they call Provincia de los Esmeraldos, bordering on Popayan. 15 S. Michael, by the old Natives called Piura, the first Colony which the Spaniards planted in Peru, but otherwise of no estimation. 16 Payta, a small Town, but neighboured by the safest and most frequented Haven of all this Country; as guarded from the winde by the Cape of S. Helens on the North, and Punta Piurina on the South; two eminent Promontories. The Town burnt An. 1587. by Capt. Cavendish; Who at the same time also pillaged the Isle of Puna, the most noted Iland of this Tract, situate in the Bay of Tombez, as was said before. Fruitfull of all things necessary to the life of man; Parats for pleasure, Sarzaparilla for his health. The people in preceding times so stout and Warlike that they maintained a long War with those of Tombez, till in the end composed by the mediation of the King of Peru (to whom the King here∣of (for a King it had) became an Homager; as since their embracing of the Gospel, to the Kings of Spain.

2 LOS QVIXOS, lieth on the East of Quito, and the west of El Dorada, (one of the Cantreds of Guiana, so called from its abundance of Gold) but little different in the nature of the soil and people from the Province of Quito, but that this is somewhat the more barren, and less stored with those rich metals which the Spaniards come for. The People have also a distinct tongue of their own, though they both understand and speak the Peruvian language.

Chief Towns hereof, 1 Baeza, built in the year 1559. (which was within two years of the first discovery of this Region) by Giles Ramirez de Avila; 18 leagues from Quito towards the East: now the seat of the Governour. 2 Archidona, 20 leagues on the South-east of Baeza. 3 Avila, on the North of Archidona; so called with reference to Ramirez de Avila before mentioned, or to a Town of that name in Spain. 4 Sevilla del Oro, a Colonie of the Spaniards, as the others are.

On the East of this Province lieth the Cantred of Canelam, inhabited by a blockish and ignorant People, and destitute of all things necessary for the comforts of life. Most mercilesly tormented, and cast to dogs to be devoured, by Pizarro, because they could not shew him the readiest way to some richer Country then their own; this being the most barren Region of that part of Peru which they call La Sierra, or the Hill-Countries. More Eastwards yet in that part which they call the Andes, he the Cantreds of the Bracomori, commonly called Juan de Salinas, by the name of the first Discoverer of it: A Country not inferior unto many for the quantity of Gold, superior to any for the pureness of it. Chief Towns of which, 1 Valladolit, 2 Loiola, by the Natives called Cumbinama; 3 S. Jago de las Montannas (or S. James of the Mountains) all Spanish Colonies; and all of the foundation of John de Salinis a Loiola, once the Pro-Praefect of the Province, by whom first thorowly subdued to the Crown of Spain.

3 LIMA, called also LOSREYES, is bounded on the North with Quito▪ on the South with Charcas, on the West with Mare del Zur, on the East with Collao and the Province of Cusco. So named from Lima or Los Reyes, the chief City of it. Extended from the 6. to the 16. Degree of Southern Latitude: or measuring it from the Promontorie del Aguja North, to Arequipa on the South, it reacheth to 250 leagues. The soil of the same nature with that of Quito, but more distributed into Vallies, and better peopled.

Ilaces of most observation, 1 Miraslores in the valley of Zanu, 110 leagues on the North of Lima, and about five leagues distant from the Sea, on which it hath an Haven belonging to it, called Chencepen. The Town well seated, and inhabited by a wealthy people, made such by the abundance of Sugar canes in the neighbouring Valley. 2 Truxillo, in the rich and flourishing Valley of Chimo, on the banks of a small, but pleasant River, and about two leagues from the sea; where it hath a large, but unsafe Haven, which they call El Azzecife de Trugillo. The Town it self situate in the 7. Degree and 30 minutes of Southern Latitude: well built and rich, one of the principal of Peru; inhabited by 1500 Spaniards besides the Natives and beautified with four Convents of several Orders. 3 La Parilla, in the valley of the Santa, in which it standeth, and by which it is furnished with a safe and convenient Road for ship∣ing 20 leagues Southwards of Truxillo, and neighboured by rich Mines of silver not long since dis∣covered. 4 Arnedo, seated amongst Vineyards in the Valley of Chancay, ten leagues North of ••ima. 5 Lima, by the Spaniards called Cividad de los Reyes, or the City of Kings, situate in the Valley of Lima, the most fruitful part of all Peru, in the Latitude of twelve Degrees and an half. Built with much art, for all the chief streets answer to the Market-place; scarce any private house which hath not water conveyed into it from the River; environed round about with sweet fields, and most pleasant gardens. The founder of it Francisco Pizarro, who laid the first stone on Twelf day (which the Spaniards call the Feas•• of Kings) whence it had the name, An. 1553. A Town of greater wealth then bigness, the Riches of Peru passing yearly thorow it: well housed, whether we respect the private or publike edifices: the Cat••edral Church, made after the the model of that of Sevil; the Convents of Religious Orders, the Courts of Justice•• and the Palaces of the Archbishop and Vice-Roy, being all fair and goodly buildings; the Ca••hedral Church so well endowed, that the Revenues of the Archbishop do amount yearly to 30000 Ducats, besides what belongeth to the Canons and other Ministers. 6 Collao, the Haven town to Lima, from which two leagues distant: a Town of 600 families, for the most part Sea men; every house having some Cellar in it for the stowage of Wine, Tobacco, Cables, Pitch, &c. for the use of Mariners; besides those, publike ware-houses for the several commodities which pass from Lima ••ither, or from hence to Lima. Unfortified till the year 1579. when sacked and spoiled of infinite treasures by Sir Francis Drake; since that time strengthened by two Bulwarks, and a wall of earth, with 30 peace of Brass Ordnance planted on the works. 7 Pachacama in the Valley so called, but ••oar leagues on the South of Lima: memorable for a Temple, in which Pizarro found above 900000 Duca••s of gold and silver, not reckoning in those infinite treasures which the souldiers had laid hands on before his coming. 8 Guarco, a Colonie of 300 Spaniards, sixteen leagues on the South of Pacha∣cama; environed with the best fields for Wheat in all Peru. 9 Valverde, in a Valley of the same name, so called from the perpetual greenness of it; best furnished with Vines, and those affording the best wines of all this Country. A large Town, consisting of 500 Spaniards, besides women and children, and other inhabitants of the Country: well traded, considering its distance from the Sea, Puerto Que∣mado the Haven to it being six leagues off; and beautified with a fair Church, an Hospital, three Frieries, and the handsomest women of these parts. Distant from Lima 35 leagues. 10 Castro Verreyna, in the Valley of Chocol••cocha, 60 leagues from Lima, enriched with Mines of the purest Silver, digged out of a dry and ••ar••en hill, alwayes covered with snow, and standing in so sharp an air, that the Spanish

women will not be delivered in it, but are carried further off to be brought to bed. From hence, as I conjecture, comes that vein of Tobacco, which our Good-fellows celebrate by the name of the right Ver∣reinas. 11 Arequipa in the Valley of Quilca, 120 leagues from Lima, a pleasing and delightfull town; which situate at the foot of a flaming mountain, (from which in the year 1600 it received much harm) enjoyeth a fresh and temperate Air, and a soil alwayes flourishing. The silver of Plata and Potosi passeth thorow this town, and is shipped for Panama, at an Haven belonging to it, situate on the mouth of the River. Chile (upon which Arequipa standeth) but d••stant from the town about 14 leagues. 12 Caxa∣malca, more within the land, but more towards the North; heretofore beautified with a Royal Palace of the Kings of Peru; memorable for the imprisonment and murder of Atabilaba, or Athnalpa, the last King of this Country, vanquished not far off by Francisco Pizarro. 13 Cachapoyaro, in the Cantred so called the best inhabited of any one Cantred of those parts, supposed to contain in it 20000 of the Na∣tural Inhabitants which pay duties to the Kings of Spain; and so esteemed for beautiful women, that from hence the Kings were antiently furnished with their Concubines. 14 Leon de Gua••uco, (the ad∣dition given it from the Province in which it standeth) a Colonie of Spaniards, rich, sweet, and very Pleasantly seated: beautified heretofore with a most magnificent Palace of the Kings; as now with some Religious houses, a College of Jesuites, and the dwellings of many of the Nobility. Many other midland Towns there are, but of no great note, and therefore purposely passed over.

4 CVSCO comprehendeth, as the chief, all those several Provinces of the Hill Countries, and the Andes, which lie Southwards of the Province or Cantred of Guanaco. Blest with a sweet and tem∣perate Air, not over scalded with the Sun, nor dulled with the distempers of the Evening mists: the Country full of fresh Rivers, notable good pasturage and great herds of Cattel; well stored with Coca which is gathered here in some abundance, and most excellent Venison.

Places of most repute in it, 1 Bombon, in the same Latitude with Lima; neighboured by a Lake called Laguna de Chinca cocha, ten leagues in compass, begirt about with pleasant hils, and built upon with many rich and as pleasant villages; out of which runneth the River Marannon, one of the greatest of these parts, supposed by the Inhabitants to end his course in the Mare del Noort. 2 Parcos, once beauti∣fied with a Regal Palace, seated on the top of a little hill, and begirt about with craggie mountains. 3 Guamanga, by the Spaniards called S. Juan de la Vittoria, situate under the 13 Degree of Southern Latitude, on the banks of a fresh and pleasing stream: well built, the houses being all of stone, and tiled or slatted; three Churches, one of them a Cathedral, besides divers Convents. 4 Bilcar, sup∣posed to be built in the very Center of Peru; where still remain the ruines of a sumptuous Palace. 5 Guancabelica, a new Town, or but newly raised into esteem, supposed to contain at the present 2000 Spaniards, and double that number of the Natives. Increased since the year 1566. from a beggerly Village to this greatness, by the Mines of Quick-silver then discovered: Mines of such Riches, that the Kings part out of them amounteth yearly to above 40000 Pezoes, which is about 130000▪ l. of our English money. And yet this is not all the benefit he receives from them neither; that Mineral being found so necessary for the purifying and speedy extraction of their Gold, that it is not said without cause by the Chymists, that Quick-silver gives the matter to Gold, and Sulphur the form. 6 CVSCO, in the Latitude of 13 Degrees and 30 minutes, about 130 leagues on the East of Lima; and situate in a rugged and unequal soil, begirt with Mountains; but on both sides of a pleasant and commodi••us River. Once the seat-royal of the Ingas or Peruvian Kings; who the more to beautifie this City, commanded every one of his Nobility to build here a Palace for their continual abode: still of most credit in this Country, both for beauty and bigness, and the multitudes of Inhabitants; here being thought to dwell 3000 Spaniards, and 10000 of the Natives, besides women and children. The Palace of the Kings advanced on a losty mountain, was held to be a work of so great magnificence, built of such huge and massie stones, that the Spaniards thought it to have been the work rather of devils then of men. Now miserably defaced, most of the stones being tumbled down to build private houses in the City; some of the Churches raised also by the ruines of it, and amongst them perhaps both the Bishops Palace and Cathedral, whose annual Rents are estimated at 20000 Ducats. Yet did not this vast Building yield more lustre to the City or Cusco, then a spacious Market-place; the Center in which those high∣wayes did meet together, which the Ingas had caused to be made cross the Kingdom, both for length and breadth, with most incredible charge and pains, for the use of their Subjects. Of which more here∣after. 7 S. Francisco de la Vittoria, at the foot of the Andes, a Spanish Colonie, and about 20 leagues from Cusco. 8 S. Juan del Oro, in the Valley of Caravayan, neighboured with rich Mines of the purest Gold, whence it had the name; a Colonie of Spaniards also. Beyond the Andes lie some Countries much samed for wealth; the discovery whereof hath often been attempted by the Spaniards, sometimes with loss, not seldom with some hopes of a better fortune, but hitherto without success.

5 COLLAO lieth on the South of those Provinces which we have comprehended under the name of Cusco; having on the West the rest of Lima, on the South Los Charchos, on the East those un∣known Countries beyond the Andes. Shut up on the East and West by two mountainous Ridges; which keeping in one main body till they come beyond the City of Cusco, do there divide them∣selves, and grow wider and wider, not to meet again.

The Country plain and full of Rivers; well stored with rich pastures, and those pastures with great herds of Cattel: barren of Corn, and not well furnished with Maize; instead whereof they make their bread of a Root called Popa, dried in the sun and bruised to powder; of which the Spaniards make

great gain at the Mines of Potosi. Yet notwithstanding this great want, it is thought to be the most populous part of all Peru; the soundness and temperature of the Air (which is here very much com∣mended) as much conducing to the populositie of a Country as the richness and plenties of the Soyl. The people also of a clearer and more solid judgement then the rest of Peru: and so well skilled in the ob∣servations of the course of the Moon, that the Spaniards at their coming hither, found the year distin∣guished into Moneths, weeks, dayes; for each of which they had a proper and significant name. The famous Lake of Titicaca is within this Province.

Places of greatest note in it, 1 Chuquinga, naturally strong and almost inaccessible, invironed either with unfordable waters, or impassable Mountains: one Causey only leading to it, which for the space of three Leagues, is said to be capable but of one at once. 2 Ayavire, enobled with many fair and cost∣ly buildings; specially with Monuments of the dead which exceed the rest both in cost and number: for that cause by the Spaniards called Las Sepulturas. The Inhabitants of this Tract much wasted by the Civil Wars which the Spaniards had amongst themselves. 3 Hatuncolla the Metropolis or chief Town of this Province, as the name doth signifie: not far from which the famous River Caravaya, famous for the abundance of Gold in the sands thereof, hath its first original. 4 Chiquita, a Colony of the Spaniards, on the banks of the Lake of Titicaca; a Town of so great trade and riches, that the Governour hereof is named immediatly by the King; his place being estimated at the worth of 50000 Ducats yeerly. 5 Tiaguanaco, at the mouth or out-let of that Lake; supposed to be the most ancient Burrough of Peru: now most remarkable for the ruines of certain great and stupendious buildings, some of the stones whereof are said to be 30 foot long, fifteen foot in breadth, and six in thickness: not to be brought thither without the help of Iron Engines (which this People had not till of late) but by some strange Arts. 5 Dela Paz, or Nuestra Sennora de la Paz, by the Spaniards called also Pueblo Neuvo, and by the Natives Chiquiabo, according to the name of the Cantred in which it stand∣eth, is situate at the ••oot of a little Mountain, by which defended from the injuries of winde and wea∣ther; but over-looking a large plain of great fertility, well watered, and well wooded both for fruits and fewell. 7 Chilane, 8 Acos, 9 Pomata, 10 Cepita; and others of as little note.

6. LOS CHARCAS on the North is bounded with Lima, and Collao; on the South with Chile; on the West with Mare del Zur; on the East with some Countries not yet well discovered, interposed betwixt it and the Province of Rio de la Plata. This also called by the name of Plata, according to the name of the chief City of it.

The Country extended in length from North to South, but 300 Leagues; but measuring by the Sea∣shores, above 400. Not very rich in corn or cattel, though in many places furnished with good Pasture∣grounds; but for the inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver, not to be equalled in Peru. Of these the principal those of Porco and Potosi, but these last the chief: out of which comes that mass of Silver, which yieldeth the King so much profit yeerly, as before was mentioned. The Mine 200 Fathoms deep, to which they do descend by Ladders made of raw Hides, 800 steps: some of the workmen not see∣ing the Sun many moneths together; many fall down with their loads of silver on their backs, pulling others after them; and many dying in the Works for want of Air. For the refining of this Silver there are 52 Engines or Silver Mills upon a River neer unto it; 22 more in the Valley of Tarapia not far off, besides many which they turn with horses. The Poets words never more literally verified then in these deep Mines; where speaking of the Iron-Age, he describes it thus;

Nectantum segetes, alimentaque debita dives Poscebatur humus; sed itum est in viscera terra; Quasque recondiderat, Stygiisque admoverat umbris, Fffodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum.

Which I finde thus rendred by George Sundys.

Nor with rich Earths just nourishments content, For treasure they her secret entrails rent. That powerfull evil, which all power invades, By her well hid, and wrapt in Stygian shades.

Places of most importance in it, 1 Plata, so called from the rich Mines of Silver, found in Mount Porco neer adjoyning, well emptied by the ancient Ingas, but searched into again by Francisco Pizarro, who (it is thought) might have raised hence 200000 Ducats of yeerly income, if hopes of greater at Potosi had not took him off. The town commodiously seated in a fruitfull soil, in the 19th. Degreee of Latitude, and 180 Leagues distant from the City of Cusco; honoured with the seat of the Gover∣nour, and the Courts of Justice; and beautified (besides many Religious houses) with a fair Cathedral; the See of the best endowed Bishoprick of all Peru; his Revenues being estimated at 80000 Ducats of yeerly Rents. By the Natives it is called Chuquisacay. 2 Oropesa, twenty Leagues from Plata, built by Don Francis de Toledo, when Vice-Roy here, in the rich and pleasant Valley called Cochabamba, An, 1565. 3 Potosi, neighboured by those wealthy Mines already mentioned. Discovered first in the year 1545▪ before which time this Town was but a sorry Village; now the best peopled and frequented in all the Province; said to be constantly inhabited by four or five thousand Spaniards, many more of the

Natives; not so few as 30000 Workmen appertaining to it, but lodged in the Villages adjoyning: besides the infinite resort of Merchants in pursuit of profit, and idle Gallants who come hither for their Lusts and Pleasures. Situate in the 21 degree and 40 Minutes of Southern Latitude, in a cold and very barren soil; yet plentifully furnished with all commodities, both for necessity and delight. For as the money is, so the Market always. 4 Misque, a small Town, but one which furnisheth Potosia, with good plenty of wine, as 5 Lagunilla, and 6 Tarixa, do with VVheat, Maize, Sugar, and choice of fruits. 7 Arica, the most noted Haven of this Country, in the Latitude of 19 Degrees, and 80 Leagues or thereabouts from the Mines of Potosia; the wealth whereof brought hither on the backs of their sheep, is here shipped for Lima; the truth hereof experienced by Sir Francis Drake, who seized here on three Spanish Ships, in one of which was 57 Bars of silver, each of them twenty pound weight apiece. Few other Towns, if any, upon all this coast, which is altogether Rockie, barren, and unfit for habitation; accordingly but little peopled, or not at all.

Come we now to the Peruvian story, which we shall sum up with as much brevity as we can: The People generally governed by the Chief of their Tribes, as in all Countries else where neither the Arms of Forreiners, nor the ambition of some few of the Natives, had not diminished any thing of those Natural Rights. Not subject to any one Supream till these latter times; the Ingas, or Monarchs of Peru growing unto their greatness but a little before their Fall. Their Territory at the first so small that it was not above five or six Leagues in compass; situate in that part of the Country where the City of Cusco now standeth. Opposed at their first incroachments by the Cannares, a valiant Nation, and likely to have had the better, if the Ingas had not helped themselves by a piece of wit: giving it out, that their Family had not only been the Seminary from which mankinde came; but the Authors of that Religion also which was then in use; particularly that the whole world having been destroyed by a Flood, except only seven (so far they hit upon the truth) which seven had hid themselves in a Cave cal∣led Paticambo; where having lived in safety till the fury of the waters had been asswaged, they came a∣broad at last and re-peopled the Country; that Viracocha the Creator, and great God of Nature had appeared to one of them, and taught him how, and with what rites he would be worshipped; which rites were afterwards received over all Peru. And finally that the same Viracocha had appeared lately to the chief of their Family; assuring him that he would aid him with invisible forces against all their enemies. This tale soon gained belief amongst those Barbarians; and that belief drew many to take part with the Ingas, by that aid victorious. This is supposed to have hapned 400 years before the Spaniards put an end to this flourishing Kingdom, which was in the year 1533. VVithin which time they had brought all this Country which we now call Peru, and many of the adjoyning Provinces under their Dominion. Their Kings were called Ingas, as the Aegyptians Pharaoh, the Tartars Cham; the word Inga signifying an Em∣perour, as Capa Ingas (by which they also sometimes called them) the only Emperours. Much reverenced by their Subjects and so faithfully served, that never any of their Subjects were found guilty of Treason. Nor wanted they good arts whereby to indeer their Subjects, and keep them out of leisure to soment new factions. The way of indeerment, by the fair and satisfactory distribution of the spoils gotten in the wars, whether Lands or Goods: all which they divided into three parts: allotting the first unto the service of the Gods; the second for the maintenance of the King, his Court, and Nobles; the third to the re∣lief of the common people. A distribution far more equal then that of Lycurgus, or the Lex Agraria of the Romans. But when there was no cause of wars, they kept the people busted in their Works of Mag∣nificence as building Palaces in every one of the Conquered Provinces, which served not only as Forts to assure the Conquest, but were employed as Store-houses to lay up Provisions, distributed amongst the people in times of dearth. But that which was the work as of great trouble, so of chiefest use, was the cross-wayes they made over all the Country, the one upon the Mountains, and the other on the Plains, extending 500 Leagues in length: a work to be preferred before any both of Rome and Aegypt. For they were forced to raise the ground in many places to the heighth of the Mountai••••, and lay the Moun∣tains level with the flattest Plains; to cut thorow some Rocks, and underprop others that were ruinous; to make even such wayes as were uneasie, and support the Precipices: and in the Plains to vanquish so many difficulties, as the uncertain foundation of a sandy Country must needs carry with it. Kept to these tasks, the people had no leisure to think of practises: yet well content to undergo them, in regard they saw it tended to the Publike Benefit. And for the Caciques (so they call the Nobility) the Inga did not only command them to reside in Cusco, to be assured of their persons: but caused them to send their Children to be brought up there; that they might serve as Hostages for the Fathers Lovalty. They or∣dered also that all such as repaired to Cusco the Imperial City, should be attired according to his own Country fashion; so to prevent those Leagues and Associations, which otherwise without any note or observation might be made amongst them. Many such Politike Institutions were by them devised, which had little of the Barbarous in them, and clearly shewed that there were other Nations which had Eyes in their Heads besides those of China. What else concerns the storie of them, offereth it self in the fol∣lowing Catalogue of