Cosmographie in four bookes : containing the chorographie and historie of the whole vvorld, and all the principall kingdomes, provinces, seas and isles thereof / by Peter Heylyn.

OF ASIA.

ASIA is bounded on the West with the Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas, the Hellespont, Propontis, Thracian Bosphorus, and the Euxine Sea; the Palus Maeotis, the Rivers Tanais, and Duina; a line being drown from the first of the two said Rivers unto the other; by all which parted from Europe. On the North it hath the main Scythick Ocean; on the East the Streits of Aman (if such there be) the Indian Ocean, and Mare Del Zur, by which separated from A∣merica: on the South, the Mediterranean, or that part of it which is called the Carpathian, washing the shores of Anatolia; and the main Southern Ocean, pas∣sing along the Indian, Persian, and Arabian coasts: and finally, on the South-west the Red Sea or Bay of Arabia, by which parted from Africk. Environed on all sides with the Sea, or some Sea-like Rivers, except a narrow Isthmus in the South-west, which joynes it to Africk; and the space of ground (whatso∣ever it be) betwixt Duina, and Tanais, on the North-west, which unites it to Europe.

It took this name, as some will have it, from Asia, the daughter of Oceanus and Thetis, the wife of Japetus & (by him) mother to Prometheus: as others say from Asius the son of Atis, a King of Lydia, from whence that Conntrey first, afterwards all Ana••olia or Asia Minor, and finally, the whole Continent had the name of Asia. Others again (but more improbably) derive the name from Asius the Philosopher, who gave the Palladium unto the Trojans; in memory whereof that Countrey first, and after the whole Continent did re∣ceive this name. But these Originations being very uncertain, Bochartus (out of his great affection to the Punick or Phoenician language) will have it called so from Asi••, a Phanician word, signifying M••∣aium, or the middle: because Anatolia or the Lesser Asia, which gives name (as he conceiveth) to the Greater also, lieth in the middle, as it were betwixt some parts of Europe and Africa. And so farre the Conjecture doth find countenance from some antient writers, that Asia is said by Plinie to be inter Afri∣cam & Europan, to be betwixt Africa and Europe; by Mela, Medium nostris oequoribus excipt, to be embraced in the middle of two Seas (he meaneth Pontus Euxinus and the Mediterranean) and fi∣nally, by Eustathius (conceive them all of Anatolia or the Lesser Asia) 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to have a middle situation betwixt Europe and Africa. But by what name, and on what grounds soever it be called by the Greeks and Latines; it is otherwise, and with better reason called in holy Scriptures by the name of Semia; as being that portion of the world, wherein the whole posterity of Sem had their seates

and dwellings: If the observation of Maginus be of any weight.

It is situate East and West from the 52. to the 169 degree of Longitude: and North and South from the 82 degree of Latitude to the very Aequator; some onely of the Islands lying on the South of that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so that the longest Summers day in the Southern parts is but twelve houres onely; but in the most Northern parts hereof for almost four whole moneths together no night at all. And for a measurement by miles, it stretches in length 5200. and in bredth 4560. miles.

This Countrey hath heretofore been had in especiall honour, 1. For the Creation of man, who had his first making in this part of the world 2. Because in this part of it stood the garden of Eden, which he had for the first place of his habitation. 3. Because here flourished the four first great Monarchies of the Assyrian, Babylo∣nian••, M••d••s and Persians. 4. Because it was the Scene of almost all the memorable actions which are recorded by the pen-men of the holy Scriptures. 5. Because that here our Saviour CHRIST was bor••, here wrought he most divine miracles, and here accomplished the great work of our Redemption. 6. And finally because from hence all Nations of the World had their first beginning, on the dispersion which was made by the sonnes of Noal, after their vain attempt at Babel.

The chief Mountains of this great Continent, not limited within the bounds of any one Province (for of those we are to speak in their severall places) are 1. Mount Taurus, which having its beginning in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a Province of An••iol••••, passeth directly East-wards to the Indian Ocean: and reckoning in its severall wind ••gs, & turnings with its spurs and branches every way, is said to be 6250. miles long, and 357 m. broad. This Mountain, or rather Ridge of hils, divideth the Greater Asia (as the Aequator doth the World into North and South: memorable for three difficult passages from the one to the other, the first out of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into Ciliciae, called Pylae Ciliciae; the second out of Scythia or Tarterie, into Turcoma••••, called 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Portae; and the third out of Scythia into Persia, called Portae Caspia. Of which and of the whole course of this Mountain, more at large hereafter. 2. Imaus, which beginning neere the sheres of the Northern Ocean runneth directly towards the South; dividing the Greater Asia (as the Meridian doth the World) into East and West, and crossing Mount Taurus in right Angles, in or about the Longitude of 140. This on the North of Taurus hath no other name among the Latines, then Imaus onely: and by that name divide •• Scythia into Scythia intra Imaum, and Scythia extra Imaum: but by the Tartars is called Altay, by some writers Belgion. And on the South-side of that Mountain is known in Ptolomy by the name of B••••••go, extending from Mount Caucasus, or some other Branch of the Ta••rus to the Cape of C••mari in the Southern Ocean: supposed by some to be Mount Sephar mentioned, Gen. 10. v. 30. of which we shall say more also when we come into India.

The estate of Christianity in this vast Continent is in ill condition, discountenanced and oppressed, though no•• quite extinguished. For all the great Princes and Commanders of it being either Mahometans or Pa∣gans; the most that can be hoped for of the Christian Faith, is a toleration or connivence: and that not found but with an intermixture of such afflictions as commonly attend discountenanced and disgraced Re∣ligions. Yet is not Christianity so over-powered either by Mahomet ••nisme or Paganisme,, but that in A∣sia the Lesser, Syria, Palestine, and Armenia, a great part of the inhabitants do retain the Gospel, under their severall Pa••••••••chs and Metropolitans: differing in some few points from one another; but in many from the Church of Rome, with which they hold neither correspondency nor Communion. Nor want there many Christian Churches in the Empire of Persia, nor in those of Tartarie and the Indies, antiently planted in those Countreys; besides the late increase thereof in the Eastern Islands, by the diligent preaching of the J••suites and some late Factories there setled by the English and Hollanders: of all which I shall write in place convenient.

In reference to the Roman Empire, whose Dominion did not often extend beyound the River Euphrates, this Continent conteined onely three Dioceses or Juridicall Circuits; that is to say, the Diocese of Pon∣tus, Asia properly so called, and the Ortentall: which with the Dioceses of Thrace and Egypt, were under the command of the Praefec••us Praetorio Orient is; the greatest Officer of power and jurisdiction, next to the Emporours themselves in the Roman Monarchie. And these three Dioceses conteined in them to the number of thirty seven Provinces, viz. the Provinces of Bithynnia, 2. Helenopontus. 3. Pontus Polemoniacus. 4 Galatia Prim••. 5. Galatta Salutaris. 6. Honorius. 7. Paphlagonia. 8. Cappadocia prima. 9. Cappa∣〈◊〉〈◊〉. 10. Armema prima, and 11. Armenia secunda, conteined in the Diocese of Pontu••, and governed by the Vicarius or Lieutenant thereof: II. the Provinces of Pamphylia. 2. Lycia. 3. Car••••. 4. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 5. Lycaon••a. 6. Lyd••a. 7. Phrygia Pacatiana. 8. Phrygia Salutaris. 9. Asia specially so called. 10. Hellespont, and 11. the Isles of Anatolia. making up the Diocese of Asia: whereof the three last were governed by a peculiar Officer called the Proconsul of Asia, the others by the ordinary Lieutenant or Vicar••us. III. The Provinces of Isauria. 2. Cilicia prima. 3. Cilicia secunda. 4. Cyprus. 5. Pha∣nices. 6. Ph••••nices Labani. 7. Syria. 8. Syria Salutaris. 9. Palestina prima. 10. Palestina secunda. 11. Palestina Salutaris. 12. Euphratensis. 13. Osroene. 14. Mesopotamia, and 15. Arabia, con∣stituting the Diocese of the Orient, under the Comes Orientis. The rest of Asia subject unto the Parth•••• or Persian Kings, besides those of India (and of many Regions and Countreys not then discovered) was never conquered by the Roman••, and therefore not within the compasse of this distribution.

At this time A••ia stands divided amongst nine great Monarchs, that is to say, the Turke commanding all these parts and Provinces which antiently belonged to the Roman Empire: 2. The Persian, ruling in all the Provinces beyond Euphrate••, possessed by the Persian Kings in the time of Alexander the great, or the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the times of the Romans. 3. The Great Cham of Tartarie, commanding eve all the North part of Asia, an••iently known by the name of Seythia: 4. The King of China governing in that large and populous Countrey. 5. The King of Barma; whose dominion comprehends all or the greatest

part of India beyond the River of Ganges; and the Great Mogor, whose Empire is extended over all India on this side of that River. And some there be who in the descriptions of this great Continent follow this division. But for our parts for the better understanding of the Greek and the Roman stories and the estate of the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Monarchies, to which the holy Scriptures do so much relate: we shall consider it as divided into the Regions of 1. Anatolia, or Asia Minor. 2. Cyprus. 3. Syria. 4. Pa∣•••••••• 5. Arabia. 6. Chaldaea. 7. Assyria. 8. Mesopotamia. 9. Turconanian. 10. Media. 11. Per∣••••. 12. Tartaria. 13. China. 14. India, and 15. the Oriental Islands.

ANATOLIA or ASIA MINOR.

ANATOLIA or ASIA MINOR, is bounded on the East with the River Euphrates, by which parted from the greater Asia on the West with the Thracian Bosphorus, Propontis, Hellespont, and the Aegean Sea, by which parted from Europe: on the North with Pontus Euxinus, called also the Blak Sea, and Alare Maggiore, and on the South by the Rhodiar, Lydian, and Pamphylian Seas, se∣veral parts of the Mediterranean. So that this it is a demi-Island or Peninsula, environed on all sides with waters, excepting a small Isthmus or neck of land extending from the head of Euphrates to the Euxine Sea, by which joined to the rest of Asia.

It was antiently called Asia Minor, to difference it from the residue of this great Continent; afterwards Anatoli••, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from the more Eastward situation of it in respect of Greece; and now Natolia by the Turks, with little deviation from the former name. But here it is to be observed, that as this Lesser Asia was a part of the greater, and the Diocese of Asia a part of Asia the Lesse: so was Asia properly & specially so cal∣led, but a part only of the Asian Diocese; the Lydian Asia a part of Asia properly so called, and the Procon∣sular Asia but a part of that. The limits of Asia the Lesse and the several Provinces conteined in the Asian Diocese, have bin shewn already. And as for that part hereof which had the name of Asia properly and espe∣cially so called, it contained only the two Phrygia's both the Mysia's, Aeolis, Ionia, Lydia, and Caria: which falling unto the Romans by the last Will and Testament of Attalus the last King of Pergamus; were by them made into one Province, and called Asia, after the name of the whole Continent, this being as it were the earnest-penny, to make sure the rest. So witnesseth Strabe, where he saith, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Lib. 13. And for the Lydian Asia, that contained onely so much of the Roman or proper Asia, as antiently did belong to Lydia, that is to say, Lydia it self, together with Aeolis and Ionia, and some parts of the Greater Mysia adjoining to it. Which as it had ori∣ginally the name of Asia, from Asia a chief City of it neer the foot of mount Tmolw, which both Sui∣das and the Great Etymologist have taken notice of; before that name became to be communicated to the Greater Continent: so it reteined that name to it selfe in several, distinct both from the Greater and the Lesser Asia, as also from the Asia propria of Ptolomie, and others of the antient writers. And of this Asia only is it, which the Scriptures speake; both in the Book of the Acts, and the Revelation: the se∣ven Churches mentioned in the one being found in this Lydian Asia; and the passages in the other concern∣ing Asia, not to be understood of any but of this alone. For whereas it is said Acts XVI. That when they had gone throughout Phrygia and the Region of Galatia, and were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the Word in Asia, after they were come to Mysia they assayed to go into Bithynia, and came down to Troas: most clear it is, that neither Galatia nor Bithynia though Regions of the Lesser Asia, nor Phry∣gia, Mysia, or Troas, all Regions of the Proper Asia, were any part of that Asia which the Scripture speaks of. So also where it is affirmed that upon St. Pauls preaching and disputing for two years in Ephesi••, all they which dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord: Acts XIX. V. 10. It is not to be meant of any but the Lydian Asian, whereof Ephesus at that time was the principal City. So also Acts XIX. V. 22. 26. 31. and chapter XX. V. 18. Finally for the Proconsular Asia, which together with Hellespont and the Islet, made up a Government apart, exempt from the command of the Vicarus or Lieutenant of the Asian Diocesse, it contained onely Aeolis and Ionia with the South part of Lydia, or the Countreys lying about Ephesus. So witnesseth St. Hierome for the Christian writers, where he affirmes that although all the whole Peninsula have the name of the Lesser Asia; Specialiter ubi Ephesus Civitas est, Asia Vocatur, yet more particularly the parts adjoining unto Ephesus have the name of Asia. And this appeareth by the di∣stribution of the Provinces before laid down, where Lydia is reckoned for a Province of the Asian Diocese, distinct from the Proconsular Asia which we now insist on.

So having cleered our way in regard of the name proceed we next unto the Regions or place thus named, according to the notion in the largest latitude, extending from the Hellespont to the River Euphrates, and from the Euxine Sea to the Mediterranean. By which account it reacheth from the 51. to the 72. degree of Longitude, and from the 36. to the 45. degree of Latitude: the length hereof from the Hellespont to the River Euphrates, being estimated at 630. miles; the breadth from Sinus Issicus in Cilicia to the City of Trabezond, at 210. As for the situation of it in reference to the Heavenly bodies, it lieth almost in the same position with Italy, extending from the middle Parallel of the fourth Clime to the middle Parallell of the sixt: so that the longest summer day in the Southern parts, is about fourteen hours and a halfe; and one hour longer in those parts which ly most towards the North.

The temperature of the aire is exceeding sound, and the soile generally exceeding fruitfull; abounding in most excellent pastures, and antiently very plentiful of all fruites both for use and pleasure, as still it would be were it cultivated as in former times. Once very populous and replenished with goodly Cities, now in a manner waste and desolate, lamenting the destruction of 4000. Townes, some of them destroyed by Earth∣quakes,

quakes, (the falling sicknesse of most great Cities in the East) but most by warre; and have little now to boast of but the comodiousnesse of the Havens which are very many, though most of them but meanly traded, as in a Countrey ill manured; and of little manufactures.

The people antiently, especially those of Greek original, and the nations bordering on the Euxine, were very warlike and industrious: the rest, especially the Lydians and those of the greater Phrygia, as idle and effiminate, wholly addicted to their pleasures. All of them at this time affected with the same disease; in∣somuch that the larkge; (unlesse compelled thereto by extreame necessities) never inroll their Children in the number of santatres. The greatest part of them generally professe the Christian faith; but overpowered by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is here most prevalent: all followers of the Church of Greece, and subject all (except those of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Ciliers,) to the Patriarch of Constantinople. And as they are of the Commu∣nion of that Church, so they retaine the Greek liturgies for Sacred Offices; not so well understood amongst them in former times, when it was more generally spoken there then it is at the present; now over-topped in most places by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Sclavons tongues. And though in former times by reason of the many Greek Colonies planted in this Countrey, the Conquest of it by Alexander the Great, and the subjection of it to the Syrian Kings of the Maccdon race, that language became generally understood amongst them: in somuch as three of the Greek Dialects, vix. the Dorick, the Iontar, and the Aeiolick, were spoken here: yet did it never so prevaile as to become the Vulgar language of the People, or to extinguish any of the Vul∣gar tongues: For it is said of Mubridues King of Pentus, that he understood two and twenty languages without any Interpreter; which were no other then the languages of so many Nations subject to himselfe, whose Dominion was contained for the most part within Asia Minor.

Principall Mountains of this Countrey are Hermione in Pontus, Argaeus in Capoadocia, Ida in the Les∣ser Phrygia, Clympus in Mysis, Tmolus in Lydic; Amamus in Cilicia, and finally Antetaurus and Scordisous in Armenia Minor. Out of which for the most part flowe the chief Rivers hereof, that is to say. 1. Iris,(now Casilmach) 2. Thermodor. 3. Halis. (now Ottomangruch) 4. Parthenius (now Dilop) 5. Sangarius, now Sangre, all of them falling into the Euxine Sea. 6. Ascanius. 7. Rhynda∣cus. 8. Aesapus. and 9. Granicus, passing into the Propontis. 10. Simoeis. 11. Scamander called also Xanthus, ending their short course in the Hellespont. 12. Caicus. 13. Hermus. 14. Caystrus, and 15. Maeander, loosing themselves in the Aegean. 16. Calbis. 17. Xanthus called also Lycus. 18. Limyrus. 19. Cataractes, dischannelling into the Medetirranian; and 20. Melas, adding to the waters of the great River Euphraues. Of most of which we shall speak more particularly in their several places.

In reference to the State of Rome, it contained the whole Diocesse of Pontue, except Armenia the Great∣er; the Asian Diocesse intirely without any exception; and the peculiar jurisdiction of the Proconsull of Asia; together with the Provinces of Isuria and Cilicia, parts of the Diocesse of the East. But because the names of many of those Provinces were of new invention, and some of them of as short continuance; we will consider it according as it stood divided antiently, and before the Romans had made any conquests in it, into the Provinces of 1. Bithynia. 2. Pontis. 3. Paphlagonia. 4. Galatia. 5. Cappadocia. 6. Armenia Minor; which (together with Armenia Major) made up though in other names, the Pon∣•••••••• 7. Phrygia Minor. 8. Phrygia Major. 9. Mysia the Greater and the Lesser. 10. AE∣elus 〈◊〉〈◊〉 11. Lydia. 12. Caria. 13. Lycia. 14. Lycgonia. 15. Pisidia. 16. Pamphilia. 17. the Province of the Rhodes, all comprehended under the command of the Vicarius and Proconsul of Asia. 18. Isauria. 19. Cilicia, parts of the Diocese of the East as before was said.

1. BITHYNIA.

BITHYNIA is bounded on the east with Pontus, and the River Sangarius; on the west with part of the Euxius, the Thracian Bosphorus, and part of the Propontis; on the North wholly with the Euxine; and on the South with Mysia and Phrygia Minor: Formerly called Bebrycia, afterwards Mygdonia, and at last Bithynia, and that as some say from Bithynius, once a King hereof; more proba∣bly from the Thrns, a people of Thrace, who passed over the Bosthorus and subdued it, called there∣fore by some writers Thracia Asiarica. So witnesseth the Poet Claudian saying,

Thyni Thraces erant, quae nunc Bithynia Fertur.

By Justin the Historian it is called by the name of Metapontus, by reason of its neighbourhood to the Euxme, and the Ponticks Region.

The Countrey naturally rich, and in those parts hereof which lie next the Bosphorus, opposite to Constax∣tinople, so plentifully enriched with fruitfull hills, and pleasant orchards, when kept by the more curious Christian, that it was thought not to be inferiour to the so much celebrated Tempe: now robbed of all those former beauties by the carclessenesse of the Turks, who affect neither art not sumptuositie in their re∣tirements and delights.

Chiese Rivers hereof are Phillis. 2. Sang trius now called Sangri, both falling into the Euxine Sea; this last arising from Mount Dindymus, in the furthest parts of Phrygia Major; and making two long reaches in his journey hither. 3. Aseanius, which rising also in Phrygia Major, but more neer the bor∣ders of this Countrey, falleth into the Propontis, making the Bay called Sinus Ascanius. Which with a lake in the same Countrey called Lacus Ascanius doth plainely manifest that the Bithynians are derived from Askenaz the Sonne of Gomer and grand-son of Japhet.

The principal Townes hereof are 1. Seutari over against the Haven of Constantinople, called antiently Chrysupolis for that there the Persians received their tribute from the other Cities of all these parts of Asia Minor. An ample Town, well garrisoned within, and surrounded round about with most pleasant Or∣chards,

and honoured with the neighbourhood of a Royall Seraglio. Not far off is a Tower called the Murder-Power, serving both for a Fort and watch-tower; and being furnished for defence with twenty pieces of Ordnance. 2. Caleedon on the same shore also, a Colonie of the Megarenses, called blinde by the Oracle, for neglecting Byzantium and choosing the lesse convenie it place for their habitation. And yet did Constantine the Great resolve upon the same place also for his Regall Citie: but changed his resolutions on a kinde of miracle: it being observed that when his workmen began to draw the plat-forme, some Eagles con∣veyed away their lines to the other side of the Bosphorus, and let them fall directly upon Byzemtium. Me∣morable after that for the fourth Gener all Council there assembled by Command of the Emperour Martia∣nus, for repressing the heresie of Nestorius; in which were five hundred and thirty Bishops: now so decay∣ed that it can onely shew some few of the ruines of it: Scutari being risen on the fall thereof. 3. Nice∣media, so called from Nicomedes King of Bithynia (the son of Zipes, and grand child to that Bithynian King, who so valiantly defended his own and his Countreys liberty against Calantus, one of great Alexanders Captains,) by whom founded: Sitaute on the top of an hill, environed with a pleasant and delightfull Plain: honoured with the leate and residence of many of the Roman Emperors, when their affaires called them into the East, before the building of Constantinople; on that occasion made the Throne on which many of Gods Saints received the Crown of Martyrdome, especially in the persecution under Dioclesiar. In those tunes wealthy and of same, now much decayed, but notwithstanding well inhabited both by Greeks and Turks for the commodiousnesse of the fresh Springs which are thereabouts. 4. Libussa, betwixt Nico∣media and the River Ascanius, memorable for the death and Sepulture of the famous Anmball, who to prevent his being made Prisoner to the Romans when Prusius King of Bithynia intended unwor∣thily to betray him, here made away himself by poison. 5. Prusa, founded by another Prusiu, whose name it beareth; a large and wealthy City as most in Asia, honoured for a long time with the residence of the Turkish Kings till the removall of their seat to Adrianople by Mahomet the first; and still ennobled with the sepulture of the Princes of the Ottanan race, except the Emperours themselves. By the Turks called Bursu. 6. Nicae or Nicaea, by the Turks called Neichia, but most commonly Isnichs, situate, caer the fennes of the River Ascanius, occasioned by the frequent overslowings of that River: by some af∣firmed to be the Metropolis of Bithynia; but I think Nicomedia hath more right to claime that honour. First named Antigonta from Antigonius the founder of it; and afterwards Nicaea by the name of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wife unto Lysimachus, both of them Captaines of the Great Alexander; which last had the happi∣nesse to survive the overthrow of the former, and was the longest liver of those great Commanders. Sufficiently famous both in Ecclesiasticall and Civill story for the first generall Councill there holden, by the appointment of Constantine the Great Anno 314. for settling the peace of the Church then miserably distracted by the Arian Heresie. The number of Bishops there assembled no more then 318. yet of such high esteem for learning and piety, that never Council hath been held in so great an Honour. Here was also held the Councel by the Emperesse Irene, for establishing the veneration of Images; that passing by the name of the Nicene Councel, the Acts thereof might be of greater reputation amongst ignorant men. In which it was decreed by such doubtfull Atguments, as Let us make man after our own Image, once mainly insisted on by a Legate of the Eastern Churches, that they should be reverenced and adored in as ample and religious manner, as the blessed Trinity it self. This City was also the Imperiall City of the Greek Emperours, af∣ter the taking of Constantinople by the Westem Christians; and there continued till the expulsion of the Lutines: Under these

Emperours of the GREEKS residing at NICE.

• A. CH.
• 1200. 1. Theodorus Lascaris son in law to Alexius Angelus the Usurper; upon the taking of Con∣stantinople by the Latines passed over into Asia, and fortifying the City of Nice made it the head City of his Kingdome, conteining Bithyuia, both the Phrygia's, both the Mysia's, Lydie, Aeclis and Ionia.
• 1223. 2 John surnamed Ducas, the husband of Irene daughter of Theodore Lasearis, succeeded his Father in law in the Empire; to which he added Pontus, most of the Isles of the Aegean, and not a few places of importance in Theace it self.
• 1256. 3. Theodorus II. the son of Ducas.
• 1259. 4. John II. the son of Theodore the second, an Infant of about six years old, supplanted first, and after cruelly deposed and deprived of right.
• 1259. 5. Michael Palaeologus, descended from the Imperiall family of the Conneni, first took up∣on him as Protectour of the Infant-Empe our, and afterwards as his assviate in the Empire: in which con∣firmed by many fortunate successes as well against the Latixes as some Greek Usurpers in Tlessaly and Pe∣liponesus, especially the taking of Constantinople; he deprived the young Emperour of his sight, made himself sole Emperour, and left it unto his posterity, who held it with a great deal of trouble and con∣tinuall disquiets, till the year 1452. when Conquered by Mahomet the Great, as before was said. But this recovery of Constantinople was the losse of Nice, taken not long after the removall of the Imperiall seate by Sultan Ottonar; Anno 1299. who presently thereupon took on himselfe the stile of King, from which before he had bstained.

As for the fortunes of Bithynia it self, I look upon the Bithynians as a Thracian people, whom both Strabo and Herodotus speak of as the founders of the name and Nation. Of such a King of theirs as Bithynius I finde some mention in my Authors; and possibly it might be he who had the leading of the Thrni, or Bithy∣xi, in this expedition: that being the name rather of his Nation, then his proper Family. But for the line of Kings which held out till the flourish of the Roman greatnesse, they begun to reign here some few geaerati∣ons

before the time of Philip and Alexander the Macedonians: by whom having other imployment, and lying out of the road towards Persia they were little troubled. (alantus one of Alexanders Captains, made an expedition into their Countrey, and was vanquished by them: and afterwards they had to do with one of the Lieutanants of Antigonus, (one of Alexanders greatest Princes) who though he humbled them for the present, yet got he neither title nor possession by it. And thus they held it out till the time of Prusias, so shuffling with the Macedonian and Syrian Kings, that betwixt both they still preserved their own estates. This Prusias, when the Romans became so considerable, as that no danger need be feared from Greece or Syria, peeced himself with them: and having aided them in their warres against Philip and Antiochus both, and most unworthily promised to deliver Anniball (who had fled to him for succour) unto their Embassadours, made all sure on this side. His Sonne and successour Nicomedes, being outed of his Kingdome by Muhridates King of Pontus, and restored again unto it by the power of the Romans, held it as their Fenditarie, as did Nicomedes his next Successour simamed Philometor: who dying without issue in the time of Augustus, gave his whole Kingdome to the Romans. By them, with the addition of that part of Pontus which lay next unto it, it was made a Province of their Empire, by the name of Pontus and Bithynta; continuing so till the division of that Empire into the Eastern and the Western; when falling to the share of the Constantinopolitans, and with them to the power of the Turkish Tyrants who do still pos∣sesse it.

2. PONTVS.

PONTUS is bounded on the East with Colchis, and Armenta; on the West with Bithynia and the River Sangarius; on the North with the Euxine Sea; and on the South with Phrygia Mayor; Paphlagonia; Galatia and Cappadocia. So that it taketh up the whole length of Anatolia or Asia Minor from Bithynia to the River Euphrates, which parts it from Armenia Major; but not of answer∣able breadth; and gives name to the Sea adjoining, a Ponto regione illi adjacente it a appellari, as Ortelius hath it; called from hence Pontus by the Latines, the adjunct of Euxinus comming on another occasion; which we have spoken of before. A Countrey of a large extent, and therefore divided by the Romans (when Masters of it) into these four parts, viz. Metapontus, or Pontus specially so called. 2. Pontus Galaticus. 3. Polemomacus; and 4. Pontus Cappadocius.

1. PONTUS specially so called or Metapontus bordering on Bithynia and bounded on the East with the River Parthemius which divided it from Paphlagonia; had for the Chief Cities thereof 1. Claudi∣apolis, so called in honor of Clausdius the Roman Emperor; as 2. Flaviopolis, in honor of Flavius Vespasianus; and 3. Fulipolis, in honor of the Julian family, all midland Towns 4. Diospolis, on the Euxine Sea, so called from a Temple consecrated to Jupiter, of great resort. 5. Heraclea, a Colonie of the Phocians, called for distin∣ctionssake, (there being many of that name) Heraeclea Pontit memorable of late times for being the seat or re∣sidence of a branch of the Imperial family of the Conent; when at the taking of Constantinople by the Western Christians, David & Alexius Comnexi fled into these parts: the first fixing here his Royal residence commanded over this part of Pontus and paphligonia; the other possessing himself of Cappadocia and Galatia, made Trabezond his Regall or Imperiall City. But these two Empires, though of the same date, were of differ∣ent destinies: that of Heraclea and Pontus being partly conquered by the Greek Emperours residing at Nice, and partly seized on by the Turks in the beginning and first fortunes of the Ottoman family; the other keeping up the Majesty and State of an Empire, till the year 1461. when subdued by Mahomet the Great. 6. Phillium, at the mouth or influx of the River Phillis, upon which it is seated. 7. Amastris, the far∣thest Town of this part towards the East, on the Sea-side also; once of great strength, but take by Lucul∣lus, together with Heracles, Sinope, Amisut, and other Townes, in the war against Mithridates the great King of Pontus.

2. Eastward of Pontus specially so called, or Metapontus, as Justin the historian call's it, lyeth PONTUS GALATICUS, so named because added to Galatia in the time of the Romans. The chief Cities whereof were 1. Sinope, pleasantly seated on a long point or Promontorie shooting into the main, remarkable in antient storie for the birth and sepulture of Muthridates before mentioned; and in the later times for being the chief seat of the Issendiars and noble Family of the Turkes, who had taken it with the rest of this tract from the Comneni, and held it till the same year in which the Empire of Trabe∣zond was subdued by Mahomet. First built by the Milesians, and continuing in a free estate, till taken by Pharatees a King of Pontus, and made the Metropolis of that Kingdome. 2. Castamona, the head City of the Principality of the Isfendiars before mentioned; preferred by them for strength and convenien∣cy of situation, before Heraclea, or Synope. 3. Themiseyra, now called Favagoria, seated on a spa∣cious plain neer unto the Sea, and antiently giving name to the Province adjoyning. 4. Amasia, the birth∣place of Strabo the Geographer, remarkable in the Ecclesiatical Histories for the Martyrdome of St. The∣odorus; and of late times for being the residence of the eldest Sonnes of the Grand Signeur, sent hither as soon as circumcised, never returning back again till the death of their Father. Accompted now amongst the Cities of Cappadocia, and the chief of that Province, a midland Town, as also is 5. Cabira, called afterward Dtopolis, memerable for the great defeat which Lucullus gave there unto Mithridates; more for the trick which Mithridues there put upon Lacullus. For being well acquainted with the covetous∣nesse of the Romans, he saw no better way to save himself and the rest of his forces after the defeate, then to scatter his treasures in the way which he was to take: that by that meanes his enemies might slacken the pursuite to collect the spoiles, and he preserve himself to another day: and so accordingly it proved. 6. Co∣niaus, to difference it from another of that name, called Comana Pontica; to which other being of Cap∣padociae,

or Armenia Minor, Mithridates came in safety by the trick aforesaid, and thence escaped unto Trgranes the Armenian King, with 2000. horse.

3. Eastward of Pontus Galaticus lieth Polemoniacus, so called by the Romans either from Polemomum a chief town of this tract, or from Polemo the last King hereof, after whose death this Kingdome came unto the Romans. Places of most importance in it, 1. Polemonium on the Sea-side, spoken of before. 2. Hermanassa, a Sea-town also, more in the land. 3. Neo-Coefarea, (now Nixaria) the Metropolis of Polemoniacus, when made a Province of it self. 4. Zela, enlarged by Pompey, and called Mega∣lopolis, by Constantine laid unto the Province of Helenopontus. 5. Sebaestia, so called in honour of Augustus, whom the Greeks called Sebastos; a place of great strength, and one of the first Townes in the Lesser Asia, which held out against Tamerlane; in revenge whereof when he had took it, he caused 12000. men women and children to be most cruelly buried alive in some hollow pits, which he had dagged for that purpose. Nigh to this City is Mount Stella, where Pompey gave Mithridates his fatal overthrow: where also Tamerlane with an Army of 800000 of his Tartars, encountred with Barazet the Turke, comming to the reliese of Sebastia, with an Armie of 500000 fighting men. The assue of which fight was this, that Bayazet having lost 200000. of his souldiers, was himself taken prison∣a, and carried by the insolent Conqueror in an iron cage, against the barres whereof he beat out his brains. 6. Barbanissa. 7. Megalossus. 8. Gozalvia, & c. not much observable in Story.

In this part of Pontus is the rise and fall of the River Thermodon, on the bankes whereof the Ama∣zones, a sort of Warlike women are said to dwell, so called, either quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they used to cut off their right pappes, that they might not be an impediment to their shooting: or from a and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 since pane, because they used not to eat bread; or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they used to live to∣gether. They were originally of Schythia, and accompanied their husbands to these parts, about the time of the Scythians first irruptions into Asia, in the time of Sesostris King of Egypt. The leaders of this people into Cappadocia, were Plinos and Scolpythus, two young men of a great house, whom a contrary action had banished. They held a great hand over the Themiscyrii, who inhabited this region, and the Nations round about them; At last they were by treachery all murdered. But their wives now doubly vexed, both with exile and widowhood; and extremity of grief and fear producing its usual effect, desperate∣resse: they set upon the Conquerors under the Conduct of Lampedo and Marpesia; and not onely over∣threw them, but also infinitely inlarged their Dominions.

The Amazon Queens.

1. Lampedo. Marpesia. First Queens of the Amazones in these parts.

2. Ortera.

3. Antiopa, whose sisters Hippolyte and Menalippe, challenged Hercules and Theseus to single com∣bate: and were at last hardly vanquished, to their eternal credits.

4. Penhesilea, who came with a troope of brave Viragoes, to the aid of Priamus King of Troy: she invented the Battaile axe, and was at last slaine by Pyrrhus, sonne to Achilles. Long after her death reign∣ed Thalestris; who came to Alexander being in Hyrcania, and plainly told him she came to be his bed-fellow; which done she returned; and at last by little and this Female Nation was extinct. They used in matters of copulation to go to their neighbouring men thrice in a year: if they brought forth males, they sent them to their fathers; if females, they kept them and trained them up in all discipline of war and courage. Of these more elsewhere.

4. the most Eastern part of Pontus, called CAPPADOCIUS, for that it bordered on that Province, and for a time was added to it by the Romans, extended from Polemoniacus to Colchis, and the Ri∣ver Euphrates, the utmost boundaries of this Countrey. Places of most consideration in it. 1. Pharnacia, built by Pharnaces a King of Pontus. 2. Cerasu, by Constantine laid unto the Province of Polemoniacus, from whence Cherries were brought first to Rome, Anno V. C. 680 called therefore Cerasa by the Latines. 3. Ischo∣polis, on the Euxine Sea, as the others are. And so is also 4. Trapezus, now Trabezond, the Imperial City of the Comneny, here raigning over Cappadocia, Galatia, and these parts; of Pontus. An Empire founded first by A∣lexins Comnenus (Nephew of the great Tyrant Andronicus Comnenus by his Son Emanuel) who at the ta∣king of Constant nopl: by the Western Christians fled unto these parts; which willingly submitted unto his command, Anno 1200. Here his posterity flourished in great prosperity, preserving the Majesty of the Empire in a better measure then the Constantinopilitans themselves till the time of David the last Emperour, in whose reign the City of Trabezond, and therewith all the whole dominion belonging to it, was taken by Maho∣met the Great; the poor Emperour ledde prisoner into Greece, and there cruelly murdered. A famous Em∣porie and specially for the trade of fish, caught by the People on the shores of the Euxine Sea; here salted, and from hence transported in great quantities, to Constantinople, Caffa, and other places. And for their better help herein, it is said that there is a Mountain not far from this City affording a black stone, which being beaten in a Mortar serves instead of salt, wherewith they season the fish, which they send abroad. A City honor∣ed heretofore with the residence of the Lord Deputies or Lieutenants of the Grecian Emperour, for defence of the outparts of the Euxine against the Persiant, and now the Station of such Gallies as are maintain∣ed by the Grand Siegnour, to scoure the coasts of the Black Sea, and secure their trade. More in the land stand. 5. Zephiriam. 6. Aza. 7. Cocalia. 8. Cordyle, and many others named in Ptolomy, but not else observable.

The antient Inhabitants of this Countrey were called LEUCOSYRI or White Syrians, governed by a race of Kings descended from the Royall house of Achemenes King of Persia. The first of them cal∣led

Mithridates, one of the seven Competitors for the Persian Kingdome, on the death of Camb••ses. But that honour failing on Darius (of which more hereafter) he seated himself in these remote parts of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the Ancestour of many great and purssant Princes, but none more memorable then one of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Regum Orientis post Alexandrum Aeagnum Maximus, the most potent King of all the East since the time of Alexander the great, as my Author hath it. A Prince of great abilities both in war and coun∣c••ll, and one who longer held it out against the Romans; then Pyrrhus, Anniball, and the great Kings of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Syria had done together. This was that famous Mithridates, who being once a friend and confederate of the Roman, took their part against Aristonious; who would not consent to the admission of the Romans unto Pergamus, according to the will of Attalus. Afterward, conceiving an ambitious hope to obtain the Monarchy of Asia; in one night he plotted and effected the death of all the Roman Soul∣diers dispersed in Anat••lia, being in number 150000: in like manner, as in after times the Engl••••••, taught perhaps by this example, murdered all the Danes then resident in England; and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 massacred all the French inhabiting Sicilia, as we have formerly declared. He dispossessed Nao∣mede; sonne to P••usias, King of Bithyma; Ar••obarzanes, King of Cappadocia; and Philomones, King of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of their estates; because they persisted faithful to his enemies of Rome. He excited the Grecians to rebell, possessed himself of Athens, and divers places of importance in Greece, Thrac•• and Asia; and allured all the Isles, except Rhodes, from their obedience to the Romans. And finally having disturbed their victories, and much shaken their estate, for the space of 40. years: he was with much ado vanquished by the valour and felicity of L. Sylla, Lucullus, and Pompey the Great; three of the great∣est Souldiers that ever the Roman Empire knew. Yet did not the Roman puissance so much pluck down his proud heart, as the rebellion of his son Pha••na••es, against him; which he no sooner heard, but he would have poisoned himself; but having formerly so used his bedie to a kind of poison allaied (which from h••s inventing of it, we now call Mithridate) that the venome could not work upon him; he flew himself. He is said to have been an excellent Scholler, and to have spoken perfectly the languages of 22. Nations; the languages of so many nations which were subject to him. But neither his learning nor his courage could preserve him from those common miseries, which ordinarily attend a falling greatnesse. And so ended this long and te∣dious war, exceeding troublesome to the Romans, but withall very beneficial. For under colour of giving aid to Mithridates, they took in Crete, Galatia, Colchis, Iberia, and both Armenia's: insomuch as it is truely said by L. Florus, totum pene Orientem & Septen trionem involvit, that in his ruines invol∣ved both the Eastand and North. But to proceed: after his death the Kingdome continued unto his post•• but 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the Romans, till the time of Nero, when Polemo the last King hereof dying with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 issue; it was comoned and divided into many parts, and laid unto the Provinces of Bithynia, Gal••••a, and Cappadocia onely that part of it which was called Polemen••••cus retaining the dignity of a Province di∣stinct and separate. And so it remained till the reign of Consean in•• the Great, who changing the names, lessening the bounds, and increasing the number of the Provinces, left onely the Province of Pontus, and Bithy••ia in the state he found it. And for the rest he cast it into two new Provinces, that towards the East, retaining the name, but not the bounds of the old Polemoniacus, wherein were the Cities of Trapezus, N••c-Caesarea, Cerasus, Comana Pontica, Palemonium, and Petroeorum Civitas, called afterwads Ju-〈◊〉〈◊〉; of which Ne••-Caesarea was the Metropolis. That towards the East, separated from the Province of Pontus and Bithynia by the River Parthemius, he caused to be called Hel••xopontu, by the name of his Mother; and thereunto assigned the Cities of Amasia the Metropolis of it, Ibora, Eu••haita, Zela, A••∣drapus, Aeg••um Chmacus, Sinope, Amisus, and Leontopolis. But this division held not long, both being united into one and called Hel••nopontus by Justintan; continuing after that a member of the Eastern Empire, till the comming of David and Alexius Comneni from Constantizopls, whereof the one reigned in Heraclea, and the other in Trabezond, as befores said. But their estates being overthrown, it remains wholly to the Turkes, who do now possesse it.

The Armes of the Emperours of Trabezond the greatest Princes of these parts till the Turkes subdued them, were Oz, an Eagle volant Gules.

3. PAPHLAGONIA.

PAPHLAGONIA is bounded on the East with the River Halys, by which parted from 〈◊〉〈◊〉; on the West by the Rivers Parthemius, which part it from the Province of Ponthus and 〈◊〉〈◊〉; on the North with that part of the Kingdome of Pontus which was named Galaticus; and on the South, with Phrygia Ma••or and Galatia. So called of Paphlago the Sonne of Phineus, estated in it by his Father who had newly conquered it.

The Countrey was but small, and of little power, and consequently the Cities were not very many, and of no great note. The principall of such as were, were 1. Gangra, observable for a Councill holden there in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 times, Anno 339. commonly called Synodus Gangrensis. 2. Conica, or Cinata, of so convenient a situation that it was entrenched and fortified by Mithridate, when he was master of this Countrey. 3. Pompe••opolis, raised out of the foundations of some lesser town, by Pompey the great, and by him so named. 4. Germanopolis. 5. Xo••na. 6. Anarapa, called afterwards Nava Claud opo∣••••••, to difference it from another City of that name in Pontus.

This Province though but small in circuite, was heretofore the seat of four different Nations, viz. 1. the ••word, of whom it is said, that they never waged warre on any enemy, but they faithfully certified them before-hand, of the time and place of their fight. 2. The Heptaco••etoe. 3. The Mossynoe••, both which were a people so beastly and shamelesse, that they used to performe the work of generation

publique; not knowing that Multa sunt honesta factu, qua sunt turpia visit: and 4. the Heneri, to whom the Venetians, as we have already said, do owe their first originall. The Kings which ruled in this Countrey derived themselves from Philomores, who ass••sted Priamus King of Troy in his defence against the Greeks: in memory of whom this Region for a while was called Philomenia. Applying themselves unto the times, they were alwaies favourable to the strongest, serving the Persian, and submitting to A∣lexander as he passed that way; and so maintained their estate without much molestation, till the time of Muthridates King of Pontus: who finding them firme unto the Romans, then growing to great power in the lesser Asia, deprived Philomenes then King hereof, and took the Kingdome to himselfe, fortifying the chiefe townes and places of it. Restored again unto his Kingdome by the power of the Romans, he gave it to them at his death. But the Countrey being very much wasted, and most of the Cities of it destroyed and desolated in the course of that warre; it was not thought worthy a particular care, and therefore laid unto Galatia. Not reckoned a distinct Province in the time of Saint Peter, who writing to the Jewes, disper∣sed in Pontus, Cappadocia, Galatia, Asia, and Bithynnia, take's no notice of this Paphl••gonia; nor was it otherwise esteemed then as a member of Galatia, in the time of Ptolomie. Afterwards it was joyned to Pontus by the Emperour Constantine: part of it after that, with some parts of Pontus and Bi∣thynnia, being made into a new Province by the Emperour Theodosias, and called Henorias, in honour of his sonne Honorius, whereof Claudiopolis, a Citie of Pontus, properly so called, was made the Metro∣polis. But by Justinian, the name of Honorius being abolished, and that of Paphlagonia revived again; the whole Countrey, as before limited, was governed by an Imperiall Officer, whom he called Froetor Justinianus: continuing under the command of the Constantinopolitans, till the taking of that Citie by the Latines. After which made a Member of the Empire of Trabe••ond till the conquest of it by the Turkes, by whom called Rom.

4. GALATIA.

GALATIA is bounded on the East with Cappadoais; on the West with the River Sangarius, and some part of Pontus specially so called, or Metapontus; on the North with Paphlagonia; on the South with Pamphylia. So called from the Gaules, who having ranged over Greece, passed into Asia, and brought a great part of it under their command: but being broken by Attalus King of Pergamus, and drove out of Mysia, and the Lesser phrygia, were at last confined to this Countrey. It was also called Gallo-Groecia, from that mixture of Gaules and Grecians, who uniting into one body when they came for Asia, were commonly called Gallo-groeci. By Suidas, Groeco-Galli, and the Countrey suitably Gra∣co-Gallia.

The Countrey very plentifull of all manner of fruites, even unto voluptuousnesse; and providently provi∣ded of the Stone called the Amethyst, which is said to preserve from drunkennesse the man that weareth it. The name doth signifie as much, derived from A privativum, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, ebrius, which commeth from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signifying wine.

The people had a custome in their publique funerals, to cast letters fairely written, into that last and fa∣tall fire wherein the dead body was to be bumed, supposing that their friends should read them in the other world. Much given to Sacrifices, in the number and frequency whereof they excelled all Nations: inso∣much that Athenoeus telleth us of one Ariamnes a rich Galatian, that he feasted the whole Nation for a year together with the Sacrifices of Buls, Sheep, Swine, and other provisions, boyled in great Caldrons made for that purpose, and distributed amongst them in Tents and Boothes erected for that entertain∣ment. A brave flash of a vain-glorious hospitality.

Rivers of note here are not any but what are common unto them with their neighbouring Nations, as Ha∣l••s, Sangarius, and some others. The Towns of most consideration in it were 1. An••yra on the banks of tae River Sangarius, the chief Citie of the Teclosages a Gallick Nation, and the Metropolis of the whole Countrey; memorable in Church-story for a Synod here held in the Primitive times, Anno 299. cal∣led Synodus Ancyrana; but of most note at the present for the making of Chamlets; now called Angauri. 2. Olenus. 3. Agrinama, Cities of the same people also. 4. Tavium, or Tanium (for I finde both names) the chiefe Citie of the Trocmi or Trogmi, where was a brazen statue of Juipter, whose temple there was a priviledged Sanctuary. 5. Androsia. 6. Phabarena, Cities of that nation also. 7. Ther∣mae, a Roman Colonie, so called of the hot Bathes there, the chief Citie of the Tolibosti, as Ptolomy, or Tolistobogi, as Strabo nameth them. 8. Talachbachora, belonging also to that people.

Besides the Nations above named, here dwelt also the Byceni and Proseliminitoe, who had also their peculiar Cities, mentioned by name in Ptolomie, but of little or no observation in the course of story. Of all which Nations, onely the Tectosags, were of Gallick originall; who with others of their Countrey∣men under the conduct of Belgius and Bremius, having ransacked Pannonia and Illyricum, fell at last into Macedon; where having tyrannized a while, and laid waste the Countrey, they were at last vanquished and expulsed by Antigonus Gonatas. After this overthrow under the conduct of Lammorius, and Lutoriut, they ferried over the Hellespont, and subdued almost all Asia Minor on this side the Taurus; employed there, by those petty Kings and States against one another: their reputation grown so great, that no Prince thought himself secure without their alliance, or able to make warre without their assistance. The very Switzers of that age; as mercenary, but more faithfull unto those that hired them. But being over rigo∣tous in compelling their neighbor Princes to become their Tributaries, and too severe in the exacting of their Tributes: they inforced Attalus King of Pergamus, by whose favour they had setled about the Hellespont, to become their enemy. Vanquished by him, they were constrained to contein themselves within the

bounds of this Province, which from them in the following times was called Galatia, and Gallograecia. Here for a while they kept their antient courage and estimation, molesting many times their neighbours, and sometimes setting themselves to hire in the wars of others: but in the end they lost both courage and esteem, and were Gaules onely in name, retaining little in them of their Ancestours valour. For as most plants and trees lose much of their vertue, being transplanted into another soile, so these men lost their native cour∣age, strength, and hardinesse, being weakened by the Asian pleasures and delicacies. For as Tully saith, for a man to be good in other places, is no mastery; but in Asia to lead a temperate life, is indeed praise∣worthy: So might one have said to the Gaules, that to be couragious and patient of travell amongst the mountains, was no whit to be admired; but to have continued so amidst the delights of Asia, had been indeed meritorious in them. But these men were so farre from assailing the Romans in the Capitol, that they lost their own Countrey to Malius a Roman General. A warre which Manlius undertook for no other cause, but that they had been aiding to Antiochus against the Romans: nor was there any me∣morable act performed herein, but that of Chiomena the Kings wife, who being ravished by one of the Ro∣man Captains, took her advantage whilest he busied himself in telling the money agreed on for her ransome, to cut off his head; which she presented to her husband. But Manlius got little honour by this successe, not being welcomed with a triumph, at his comming home, according to the Roman custome; because he undertook the warre of his own accord, without commission from the Senate. And yet the Senate was content to enjoy the fruites of it, keeping the Galatians as their Subjects, and the Kings their Feudataries. This happ'ned anno V. C. 564. After which time, I find Desotarus by consent of the Romans, to reign here as King: who siding with Pompey in his warre against Caesar, incurred the anger of the Victor; and had died for it, had not Tullie pleaded his cause and obtained his pardon. But he being dead, his Countrey in the time of Augustus was made a Province of the Empire; Lollius Paulinus being the first President or Governour of it: enlarged afterwards with the addition of Paphlagonia, and some part of Pontus, from whence called Galaticus. Reduced to its first bounds by the Emperour Constantine; and divided into two Provinces by Theodosius, the one called Galatia Prima; the other Salutaris, from its medicinall waters. Of both which Ancyra remained the Metropolis. In the falling of the Eastern Empire it was partly seised on by the Turks; not totally come into their hands, till the subverting of the Empire of Trabezone, upon which it depended. By the Turks at this day called Chianger.

5. CAPPADOCIA.

CAPPADOCIA is bounded on the East with Armenia Major, and some part of Ar∣menia Minor; on the West with Galatia; on the North with Pontus Polemoniacus, and Cap∣padocius; and on the South with Lycaonia, and the rest of Armenia Minor. So called of a River, as Pli∣nie telleth us, which runneth betwixt it and Galatia.

The Countrey very plentiful of wine, and most kind of fruits, rich in mines of Silver, Brasse, Iron, and Allom: affording also besides a mean sort of Alabaster, good store of Crystall, Jasper, and the O∣nyx stone. But the greatest wealth hereof is their breed of horses, infinite almost in numbers, and fit for any service they can be put to. And this is universal, in all parts of the Countrey, but not the other, there be∣ing some parts of it mountainous and very barren, especially about the spurres and branches of the Antitan∣rus: which is a chaine of hils thrusting out of the Taurus, and bending themselves unto the North, upon the edges of this Countrey and the two Armenia's. Here is also in this Countrey the mountain Argaeus, said to be of so great an height, that from one of the summits or tops thereof, a man of perspicacious eyes may discern the Euxine on the one hand, and the Mediterranean on the other.

The People of this Countrey in the time of the Romans were of ill report, so vicious and lewd of life, so monstrously addicted to all kind of wickednesse, that besides the share they had in the old Greek proverb, of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, they had some proverbs to themselves: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, a man of Cappadocia, and a Cappadocian Monster, being used proverbially, to signifie a man most extreamly wicked. The words so used by Gregory Nazianzen, speaking of Gregory or George, the Arian Patriarch of Alexandria, if either Suidas or Erasmus, two right learned Criticks, understand him rightly. And they made good the Proverb in the times of the Gospell: Gregory that bloody Butcher of Alexandria, Auxentius, Asterius, Eustathius, principal Patrons of the Arian, and that Arch-Heretick Eunomius, being all of this Countrey. Yet such is the influence of Christianity, where once entertained, that this lewd disposition of the Cappadocians was so corrected and restrained by it; that this Countrey afforded as many godly Prelates, and couragious Martyrs, as any other whatsoever. Highly commended for it by Nazianzen before remembred, who with Gregory Nyssen, and St. Basil, all learned and religious Bishops, were all Cappadocians. And amongst many Martyrs of great faith and constancy, St. George, a noble Coppadocian, Collonell or Tribune of souldiers under Dioclesian, more celebrated in the Churches both East and West, then any other Saints in all the Calender, the blessed Apostles and Evangelists excepted onely, & for that reason made Patron of the Order of the Garter by K. Ed. the 3. Finally, it is reported of these Cappadocians, that they were not onely morally wicked, but naturally venomous also: insomuch that if a Serpent did bite any of them, the mans blood was a poison to the snake and killed him.

Principal Rivers of this Countrey, were 1. Haly••, spoken of before, which had here its fountain and Originall; the end of Croesius Empire both in site and fate, the utmost bound of his dominions on that side; which purposing to passe over in his way to Media, which he intended to invade, he was encountred with and va••iquished by Cyrus the great King of Persia. 2. Iris, which ariseth in this Countrey also, and passing

thorough it and a part of Pontus, dischannelleth it self, as the other doth in the Euxine Sea.

Places of most observation in it, 1. Mazac••, beautified and enlarged by the Emperour Tiberius, after the uniting of this Province to the Roman Empire; and in honour of Augustus Caesar, by him called Caes∣rea: the Metropolis of Cappadocia, and the Episcopal See of renowned St. Basil. 2. Nyss••, the See of Gregory, surnamed Nyssenus, the brother of Basil. 3. Nazianzum, the Episcopal See of another Gregory, surnamed Nazianzenus: three men, which as for the piety of their conversation they were not equalled in those times; so for their admirable abilities in all kind of learning, nothing inferiour to the most c••ninent of the antient Grecians. 4. Tyana, the Metropolis of Cappadocia secunda, after the subdivi∣sion of it by the Emperour Valens. 5. Archelais, in the Praefecture of Garduacreta, so called from Ar∣che••ous a Cappadocian King, the founder or repairer of it. 6. Comana, for distinctions sake called Co∣mana Cappadocia, to difference it from another of that name in Pontus; by Ptolomie placed, I know not why, in Armenia Minor, as is also Nyssa before mentioned. Memorable in old times for a Tem∣ple consecrated to Bellon; whose Priests and other inferious Officers of both sexes, amounted in the time of Sivalo to 6000 and upwards; for maintenance of whom the Priests received the Revenue of the Regi∣on next adjoyning to it; in honour next unto the King, and commonly of the same kindred also. 7. Dio-Casarea; called formerly Cabira, as we find in Strabo. 8. Faustiopolis, so called in honour of Fau∣stin, wife of the Emperour Antoninus. 9. Andraca. 10. Phiara. 11. Salambria. 12. Cani∣pae, spoken of by Ptolomie, with many others as obscure, and not worth the naming. Of more note, though not found in the antient Writers, is 13. Erzirum, situate on the very confines of the Greater Armenia, for that cause made the Rendez-vous, or place of meeting for the Turkish Souldiers when there is any ex∣pedition in hand against the Persian; at which place also after the ending of the warre for the present year, they are disbanded and sent home to their several quarters. And 14. Pterium, not named in Prolo∣mi••, but memorable for the great battle fought in sight thereof between Croesus King of Lydia, and Cy∣rus of Persia; in which Croesus having lost the field, and with it his Kingdome, found the Oracle true, (though not in the sense which he expected) that Croesus passing over the River Halys, should overthrow a great estate, as indeed he did: but it was his own, and not the Persians.

That the Cappadocians are derived from Togarma, the Sonne of Gomer, hath been so fully proved alrea∣dy in our Generall Preface, that we shall not trouble our selves to repeat it here: Nor shall we need to say more in confuting of their opinion, who would fetch Capththorim out of Egypt from the rest of his brethren, to plant him in this Countrey, than hath there been said. Their fortunes in the former times I find little of: subjected by the Persian with the rest of Asia Minor, after the overthrow of Croesus, who before had given the law unto it; as to the Phrygians, Paphlagonians, Bithynians, Mysians, and others of the neighbouring Nations. By Cyrus given together with Atossa his Sister to Pharnaces a noble Persian, who had saved him from the fury of a ravenous Lion running upon him with full mouth, as he was a hunt∣ing. A noble loyalty, and no lesse royally rewarded. From him descended Ariarathes King hereof in the time of Alexander the Great, continuing stedfast in his duty to the Crown of Persia, when almost all the rest of the Kings of Asia yielded to the Enemy. Nor did Alexander call him to account in his march for Persia. But after his decease, Perdiccas having the command of the Army, set upon him, vanquish∣ed him, and most cruelly crucified him, together with as many of his kindred as could be found. One of his Sonnes, who fortunately had escaped this slaughter, spying his time, when the Maccdonians were at warres amongst themselves, recovered his estate again, and passed it over to his off-spring: continuing in his line, without any subjection, till the time of that Ariobarzanes, who by Mithridates was deprived of his dominion, as was told before. Restored again unto his Kingdome by the power of the Romans, he became their Homager, holding, as did his Successours, by their courtesie onely: Continuing yet in state of Kings, till the death of Archelaus the last King hereof. Who having angred Tiberius, for not attending on him when he lived at Rhodes, during the life-time of Augustus, as did others of the tributary States and Princes, was by him then possessed of the Empire, cited unto Rome under colour of projecting somewhat a∣gainst the State. Where the old Prince even spent with Age, the Cout, and some other diseases, had without question been condemned by the servile Senate: but that one of the Witnesses deposed, that he had said that if ever he went back into Cappadocia, Tiberius should find, quales sibi nervi essent, what a man he was. Which moved such a laughter in the Senate, the old King being neither able to sit nor stand, that he was dismissed: Tiberius thinking that he could not punish him more effectually, than to let him live. A favour which the old King construed to the best, and in the way of gratitude, bequeath∣ed his Kingdome at his death to the Empire of Rome. Being added to the Roman Empire, it was exceed∣ingly enlarged by the addition of the greatest part of the Kingdome of Pontus: and so it stood in the time of Ptolomy, who reckoneth Pontus Galaticus, Cappadocius, and Polemoniacus, as parts and members of this Province. Divided besides those into these eight Praefectures, that is to say, Clamaniensis, Sar∣guransene, Gardaocreta, Cilicia, Tyanidis, Lycaonia, Antiochiana, and Cataonia. But Pontus, Lycaonia, and Antiochiana (he meanes Pisidia as I take it) being made Provinces of themselves, by the Emperour Constantine: it returned unto its naturall bounds, and made one Province of the Empire, of which Caesarea, as is said before, was the Metropolitan: and so remained, till the Emperour Valens ae great Patron of the Arian faction, of purpose to despight St. Basil, who opposed that heresie, created ano∣ther Province out of it, called Cappadocia secunda, whereof the Metropolis was Tyana. After this it continued part of the Eastern Empire, till the erecting of the new Empire of Trabezond; together with which it fell unto the hands of the Turkes; by whom the whole Province with the addition of Pontus, is now called Amasia; after the name of that City, which the Beglerbeg of Anatolia honoureth with his residence; and is said to yield yearly to the Grand Seigneur 60000. Ducats.

6. ARMENIA MINOR.

ARMENIA MINOR is bounded on the East with Euphrates, which parteth is from Armenia Ma••or; on the South with Mount Taurus, which separates it from Cilicia; on the West and North with a long chain of hills called Mons Scordiscus, by some called Mons Amanus, by others Anti-••aurus, according to the change of places; by which divided from Cappadocia. Of the rea∣son of the name hereafter.

The Countrey of the same nature with Cappadocia, before described, in some parts over-grown with Mountains, by which and by the River Euphr••••es so inclosed and fenced, that it is difficult of entrance: in others pleasant and delightfull; well watered with sweet streams, and some fair Rivers issuing out of the Mountains, the principall whereof is Melas, so called from the blacknesse of the water thereof, which ••alleth into the Euphr••••es.

Divided in the time of the Romans into these four Regions, that is to say, Laviana, Aravena, Me∣••••ene, lying on the Euphrates; Mar•••••••• more within the land towards Cappadocia: each of which had their severall C••••ies, whose names are to be found in Ptolomie. The principall 1. Meliten••, the chief City of the Region so called, and the Metropolis of the lesser Armenia. Called afterwards Ma∣laxia, and now Suur: the territory thereof abounding in Oyle and Wine, not inferiour to the best of Greece. The City said by Onuphrius to be a Colonie of the Romans: much spoken of by Eusebius and other writers of Ec•• estiasticall story, for the piety of the Christians there inhabiting in the fiery times of Per∣〈◊〉〈◊〉 2. Nicopolis, and 3. Oro••••andus in the Mountain Countries; the former built by Pompey, in memory of his victory there obtained against the forces of Tigranes, King of Syria and both Armonia's. 4. Garnace, a well ••ortified town, mentioned by Tac••tus in the twelfth book of his Annals, and by him called Gorneas. 5. Cuous••n, and 6. Arabyssus, memorable for the exile of Saint Crrsostome, Patriarch of Constantin∣ple, confined unto these places by the power and malice of the Empresse Eudoxia, by whom hated for his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in points of faith; who dying afterwards at Comana of Cappadocia, was there interred.

This Countrey was once part of Cappadocia, till the Armenians by their incursions and Colonies pes∣sessed themselves of it, and gave unto it the name of Armenia Minor: continuing part of their estate till the warre of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 against the Romans. Who being discomfited by Lucullus, fled with two thousand h••rse to the Court of Tigranes the Armenian, who had married his daughter. By whom at first neglected, and not suffered to come into his presence; but afterwards on the apprehension of the common danger more esteemed and set by: insomuch that his royall entertainment there, and the refusall of Tigranes to yield him up when required by the Roman••: occasioned Lucullus to bring his forces into these parts, subduing all before him to the bankes of Euphrate: His victories being seconded by Pomper, and confirmed by Augustus, this Countrey was made a Province of the Roman Empire: the greater Arm••nia, lying on the other side of that River, though conquered also in that warre, not being taken into the accompt of the Roman Provinces, till the time of Traian; Augustus thinking it an high point of wisdome (as no doubt it was) not to extend the Empire beyond those bankes. After this it conti∣nued Roman, till the declining times of the Eastern Empire; when wasted by the Persians, and subdued by the Turkes; by whom called Genech, or as some say Pegia.

And so much of the Provinces of the Pontick Diocese lying within Anatolia, or Asia Minor; convert∣ed to the Christian faith by the two great Apostles of Jews and Gentles; as appeareth by Saint Paul's E∣pistle to the Galatians, and Saint Peter's to the S••rangers dispersed in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynnta.

7. ASIA PROPRIA.

COme we now to the ASIAN Diocese, and first to that part thereof which Ptolomie and others (for the reasons spoken of before) call Asia Propria. Antiently the most rich and flourishing part of all this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and so affirmed to be by Tullie, who telleth us that the tributes which the Romans had from other places, hardly sufficed to defray the publick charges for defence thereof. Asia vero tam opinia est & s••rul••s ut & ubert 〈◊〉〈◊〉 agrorum, & varictate fructuum, & magnitudine pastionis, & multitudine carum rerum quae exportentur, facile omnibus terris antecellit. But as for Asia (saith he) it is so fertile and so rich, that for the fruitfulnesse of the fields, variety of fruites, largenesse of pasture-grounds, and quan∣tity of commodities which were brought from thence; it very easily excelled all other Countreys. The fortunes of the severall Provinces we shall see anon. Brought under the command of the Persians, they continued subject to that Crown, for some generations: but at last taken from them by the Grecions, under the prosperous ensignes of victorious Alexander. After whose decease, the Empire being divided among his Captains, Asia, fell to the share of Antigonus; whose sonne Demetrius seized on the Kingdome of Macedonia: and left Asia to Seleucus Nicanor, King of Syria and the East, being also one of Alex∣ander's heires. The sixt from this Seleucus was Antiochus called the Great who waging warre with young Prolomy Philopaters, King of Eg••••t, committed by his father to the protection of the Romans; and otherwise pract••ing against their estate; provoked the Sen ite of Rome to send Scipio (sirnamed from his 〈◊〉〈◊〉 victories) A••••aticus against him: who compelled him to forsake Asia, which the Romans presently took into their possions. But finding it agreeable to the present estate of their Affaires (the Kingdome of Mac••∣denia standing in their way) to make further use of Eumene•• King of Pergamus, and the people of Rhodes, who had been aiding to them in the former warre; they gave unto Eumenes the Provinces of L••caonia,

Phrygia, Mysia, Ionia, Lydia, Lycia and Caria to the Rhodians: knowing full well, that they could easily take them back again, when they saw occasion. More hereof in the story of the Kings of Perga∣mus: on the decease of Artalus the last King thereof, these Provinces returning fully to the power of the Romans.

It contained only after the accompt of Cicero, the Provinces of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, Lydia, as he reck oneth them up in his Oration for Flaccus: computing the two Phrygia's for one Province only, and comprehending Aeolis and Ionia, under that of Lydia. But for our more punctuall and particular proceed∣ing in it, we will consider it as divided into 1. Phrygia Minor. 2. Phrygia Mayor. 3. Mysia. 4. Aeolis and Ionia,, or Asia more especially so called. 5. Lydia, and 6. Caria.

8. PHRYGIA MINOR.

PHRYGIA MINOR, is bounded on the East with Mysia, interposing betwixt it and the Greater Phrygia; on the West, with the Hellespont; on the North, with the Proponis; on the Sourh, with the Aegean Sea. Called Phrygia from Phryx a River in the Greater Phrygia; or as some say, from Phryxus, the sonne of Athamas King of Thebes; who flying from the treacherous snares of his Mo∣ther in law, did here seat himself. Minor was added to it to distinguish it from the other Phrygia, which being the bigger of the two had the name of Major. It was also called Phrygia Hellespontiaca, from its situation on that Streit: and Troas, from Troas the chief City of it; by which name it occurreth in the book of the Acts. It was called also Epictetus, but the reason of the name I finde not, except it came from the Epicteti, a People dwelling on the East parts of Bithynnia, and consequently neere this place.

Chief Rivers of it, 1. Scamander, on whose Bankes stood the renowned Citie of Troy, honoured by Hesiod with the title of Divine Scamander: in which the Virgins of this Countrey a litle before they were to be married used to bath themselves, and to say these words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, Take O Scamander my Virginity. Which opportunity, Cimon an Athenian taking, clapped a Coroner of Reeds upon his head, like a River-god, and so deflowred Callirhoe a noble Virgin, then be∣trothed to another: occasioning thereby the leaving off of this foolish custome. It was also called Xanthus by the Poets, Xanthúm{que} bibissent, as in Virgil; and watered a litle Region called Lycia, of which more anon. 2. Aesopus, parting this litle Region from the Lesser Mysia; the boundary of it on the North, as the Promontory called Lectium is the furthest point of it towards the South. 3. Simoeis, now cal∣led Simores, falling into the Hellespent not far from the Promontorie called Rhateuni (memorable for the Statue and Sepulchre of A ax): but rising out of Mount Ida, an hill of this Region, on which Paris (being by his Father exposed to the fury of wild Beasts) judged the controversy of the golden ball in favour of Venus; respecting neither the great riches of Juno, nor the divine wisdome of Pallas, but transported with a sensuall delight fatall in the end to the whole Countrey.

Cities of most observation in it, 1. Dard••num or 'Dardania, the Town and Patrimony of Aeneas. 2. Assus, mentioned Acts 20. v. 13. by Plinie called, Apollonia; who telleth us that the earth about it is of such a nature that it will consume a dead body in fourty daies. 3. Trajanopolis, whose name declareth its founder 4. Sigaeum the Port-town to Troy, neere a noted Promontory of the same name. 5. Troy, situate on the Ri∣ver Scamander, the beauty and glory of the East: called Ilium, and Pergamus for the reason to be shewn anon. A famons Town, from the people whereof, all Nations des••e to fetch their originall. The beau∣ty of it may be (as some write) yet seen in the ruines, which with a kind of majesty entertain the beholder: the walls of large circuit, consisting of a black hard stone cut four-square; some remnants of the Turrets which stood on the walls, and the fragments of great Marble Tombes and monuments of curious workman∣ship. But certainly these are not the ruines of that Ilium, which was destroyed by the Grecians, but 6. Troas or New Troy, built some four miles from the situation of the old, by Lysimachus, one of A∣lexanders Captains, who peopled it from the neighbouring Cities, and called it Alexandria, or Troas Alexandri, in honour of Alexander the Great who begun the work, but lived not to bring it to any per∣fection. In following times called Troas onely, and by that name mentioned Acts 20. v. 6. then the Metropolis of this Province, now a ruine onely, but every day made more ruinous then other by the Turks, who carry daily the stones and Pillars of it to Constantinople to adorn the houses of the Bassas. 7. Sca∣mandria, a strong piece, but of later foundation, cunningly surprized by Ottoman the first King or the Turkes, in the time of a funerall. Now concerning old Ilium, the buildings, glories, and fall of it, take this story with you.

The Kings of TROY.

• A. M.
• 2487. 1. Dardanus sonne to Corinthus King of Corinth, having killed his brother Jasius, fled into this Countrey, where he built this City, calling it Dardania; according to that verse of Virgil,

  Dardanus Iliacae primus pater urbis & autor. Both of Troy Town, and Trojan race Dardanus the first founder was.

• 2518. 2. Erichthonius, of whom litle memorable. 75.
• 2593. 3. Tros the sonne of Erichthonius, who so much beautified and enlarged the Citie of Dardania, that from thence-forth it was called Troja, and the people Troes. By supporting the unnatu∣rall malice of Saturn, against his sonne Jupiter, he lost his own sonne Ganimedes: who being taken prisoner by Jupiter, who carried the Eagle for his Ensigne, is by the Poets said

• to have been snatched up to Heaven by an Eagle. 60.
• 2653. 4. Ilus the sonne of Tros, who built the Regall Palace called Ilium; and did withall so enlarge the City, and added so much Omament and beauty to it, that it is frequently called Ilium, and the People Iliaci. The many Towers and Turrets of it, were of his erection, which being by the Greeks called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, occasioned the whole Cine to be called Pergamus. 54.
• 2707. 5. Laomedon, who new-built Troy: which afterwards Hercules and the Grecians (justly con∣ceiving displeasure against the treacherous King) twice took and defaced; Laomedon himself being slain the latter time. 36.
• 2743. 6. Priamus, who re-edified Troy; but giving leave to his sonne Paris to ravish Helena, wife to Meuelaus King of Sparta, forced the Greekes to renew their ancient quarrell: who aftee a ten years siege, forced the Town, having lost of their own men 860000. and killed 666000. of the Trojans, and their Associates, A. M. 2783.

So as that of Ovid was most true,

Iam seges estubi Troja fuit, resecanda{que}, falce, Luxuriat Phygio sanguine pinguis humus. Corne fit for sithes now growes where Troy once stood, And the soyle's fatted with the Phrygian bloud.

Concerning the taking of this Town, two things are to be considered First, whether rhe Grecians in these ten years lay continually before it, and it seemes they did not: but that rather they did beat up and down, wasting the Countrey. and robbing the Seas, for the first nine yeares; and in the tenth onely said a formall siege. This is the more probable, because that in the tenth year of the warre, Priam is recorded by Homer in the third of his Iliads, to have sat on a high Tower; and to have learned of Helen the names and qualities of the Greek Commanders: which he could not be thought ignorant of, if they had so long together layn in eye-reach. Secondly, by what means the Town was taken, and here we finde a difference. Eor some Historians tell us, that Aeneas and Antenor, being either weary of the warre, or discontented that it was not managed by their sole advice, or otherwise corrupted by the Grecians, betrayed it to the enemy: but this Virgil could not brook, as prejudiciall to his Aeneas; whom he intended to make the pattern of a compleat Prince. He therefore telleth us of a woodex-horse: wherein divers of the Greek Princes lay hidden, which by Sinon one of the Grecians, was brought to Troy-gates: and that the people desirous of that monument of the enemies flight, made a breach in their walls, that gate not being high enough to receive it. And that this fiction of Virgil might be grounded on history; it is thought by some, that over the Scaean Gate where the Greekes entered, was the portraiture of a large and stately horse: and by o∣thers, that the walls were battered by a wooden Engin called an Horse, as the Romans in after ages used a like Engine called a Ramme. Neither of which is much improbable: but with me perswade not the inte∣grity of Antenor or Aeneas, for whose sakes the fable of the wooden horse was first invented.

The Citie being thus destroyed, the Trojans who remained in the Country, when Aeneas and Antenor had forsaken it, began to think of some other place for their habitation: which having often shifted they fixed at last by advice of an Oracle, some four miles from the former; giving it the name of Ilium. A poor and sorry vil∣lage when Alexander came thither; who in the Temple of Minerva, (the onely one they had, and a meane one too) offered up his own shield and took down another, which he used after in his fights against the Persians: honouring it with gifts, and promising the people to rebuild and inlarge their City. But what he lived not to make good was performed by Lysimachus, who gave it the name of Alexandria, next called the Alexandrian Troas, at last Troas simply. A free City it continued till the warre of Mithri∣dates against the Romans; in the course whereof Fimbria a Roman Quaestor having feditiously slain the Consul Valerius Flaccus in Bithynia, and made himself Master of the Armie, being refused entrance here as a theese and a Rebell, besieged the City, and in the space of eleven daies took it. And when he boast∣ed that he had done as much in eleven daies as Agamemnon and the Greeks could do in as many yeers, one of the Ilians tartly answered, That they wanted an Hector to defend them. Afterwards Julius Caesar emulous of Alexanders attempts, and descended from Julus of Trojan race, restored them to their liberty, and inlar∣ged their territories: a Colonie, and an Vniversity of the Romans of no mean esteem. But time and war, and the barbaritie of the Turks, have brought it unto rubbish, as before was said.

In the distributing of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, this little Region, with that of Mysia Hel∣lespontiaca adjoining to it, made up the Province called by the name of Hellespontus, subject with Aeolis, Ionia, and the Asian Isles, to the exempt jurisdiction of the Proconsul of Asia. Following the fortunes of Constantinople till the taking of that City by the Latines, it became then subject to the Greek Emperours residing at Nice: conquered not long after by the Turks of the Selzuccian family. In the division of whose Empire on the death of the second Atadine, the whole Province of Hellespont, with part of the greater My∣sia, and Aeolis, adjoining to them, and some part of Lydia, were seized upon by Carasus a man of great power amongst the Turks; who here erected a small kingdome, called from him Carasia, or Carasi-illt: long since swallowed up by the Ottoman race, in the time of Orchanes, son of Ottoman, and the second King of that house.

9. PHRYGIA MAJOR.

PHRYGIA MAJOR is bounded on the East with Galitia; on the West with Mysia interposed betwixt it and the lesser Phrygia; on the North with Metapontus, or Pontus specially so called; on the South with Lyd••••. Called Phrygia for the reasons before laid down; the word Major

being added for distinctions sake, because the greater of the two.

The People of this Countrey were antiently more superstitious then the other Asians, as appeareth by the rites used in the Sacrifices of Cybele, and some other Godesses said to be also the Inventors of Augury, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kiddes of Divination. And yet for the most part men of after-wits, and all for had I wist; whence 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Proverb, Sero sapiuut Phryges, applyed to those who wanted forecast, and knew better to lament mis∣〈◊〉〈◊〉 then to keep them off; and used not to bethink themselves of what would follow till it was too 〈◊〉〈◊〉. A people noted for effeminacy and lightnesse of conversation: and for fear they should not of them∣selves be wanton enough, their very Musick was so fitted as to dispose them to laseiviousnesse. Where by the way, I find three sorts of Musick spoken of amongst the Antients: the first, that which Aristotle calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it setled and composed the affections; and Boëtius, the Lydian Musick, because much used by that people, before corrupted by long ease and ill example. It consisted principally of long notes or Spondee••; such as is that supposed to be which Elisha called for, Kings 1. chap. 3. v. 15. to invite the spirit of prophesie to him, and was played by David before Saul to drive away the ill spirit from him. And of this sort was the Church-Musick of the Primitive times, fitted to calme mens passions, and raise their devotions; ut per oblectamenta aurium (as Saint Augustine hath it) assurgat enimus ad pietat is affectum, that by the pleasure of the ears the passions might be calmed, and the soul inflamed with pious and devout affections. The second sort is that which Aristotle calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Active (as the other 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or merall) commending it before the other in the education of youth, because more stirring them to action; consisting of Dactyles, or one long note and two short ones, by him and Boëtius both cal∣led D••ri••n, as most peculiar to that people. The third and last by the Philosopher called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or ravishing, because it unhingeth the affections and stirreth men to lascivious gestures, and wanton thoughts; consisting of short notes or Tribrachies; Boëtius termes it Phrygian, as most in use amongst this loose and ungoverned nation; such as the French Musick in our age. A sort of Musick forbidden to be used by Aristotle but upon the Theatre, for contentation of the rude and unpolished people, by reason of that influence which it had upon mens behaviour. Mutatâ Musicâ (saith the Oratour) mutantur & mores; Cu∣randum ita{que} ut Musica quàm gravissima & sedatissima retineatur, that is to say, the change of Musick maketh an alteration of manners; care therefore to be taken in the Common-Wealth, that the Musick be composed and grave, and such onely used. But see how fane this fidling humour hath led me out of the way; I return again.

The Countrey very rich and pleasant, well watered with the River Sangarius and Marsyas. Of which the former hath its spring or fountain in this Countrey, but his fall in the Euxine; on the banks whereof standech the City Gordium, and many others of good note. The later was so called from one Marsyas, who striving with Apollo for prcheminence in Musick, was by him flead: which fact (say the Poets) was so lamented, that from the tears of the mourners grew this River. The chief Townes are 1. Gordior, the seat of Gordius, who from a plowman being raised and chosen King of this Kingdome; placed the furni∣ture of his waine and Oxen in the Temple of Apollo, tied in such a knot; that the Monarchy of the world was promised to him that could untie it: which when Alexander had tried and could not undo it, he cut it with his sword 2. Midaeium, the seat of Midas, son to this Gordiu••, who being not a little covetous, intreated of Bacchus, that what ever he touched should be turned into gold; which petition granted, he was almost starved, his very victuall turned into gold till he had repealed his wish; and af∣terward for preferring Pan's pipe before Apollo's Harpe, his head was adorned with a comely paire of As∣ses eares. 3. Colosse where dwelt the Colossians, to whom Saint Paul writ one of his Epistles. 4. Pesinus where the Goddesse Cybele being worshipped, was called Dea Pesinuncia. The Romans were once told by an Oracle, that they should be Lords of the world, if they could get this Goddesse into their possession. Hereupon they send to the Phrygians to demand it. The Phrygians willing to please a potent neighbour especially the Romans, being their Countrey-men, as descended from Aeneas and his Troians; granted their request, and the Goddesse is shipp'd away for Rome. But behold the unluckinesse of fortune. The Ship, Goddesse and all made a stand in Tiber; neither could it be advanced forward by force or art. It hapned that one of the Vestall Virgins named Claudia, being suspected of unchastity, resolved to put her self upon this experiment: and fastning her girdle to the ship prayed to the Goddesse, that if she were cause∣lessely suspected, the ship might be suffered to go forward; which was no sooner heard then granted, Claudia drawing the ship up the water to Rome; where I leave the people wondering at the miracle, as well they might. But to return unto the City, it stands in the borders of Galatia, and is by some made to be the City of Gordius, and the Gordian knot plac'd in it also; but neither rightly. Not far off stood the mountain Dindyme, overlooking the City, in which the Priests of Cybele had their usuall residence, thence called Dindymene. 5. Apamea, situate not far from the banks of Maeander, antiently a most flourishing Emporie; & the Metropolis of the whole Countrey, till Constantine divided it into the two Pro∣vinces of Salutaris, and Pacatiana: making 6. Synnada the Metropolis of the first. 7. Hi••rapolis, and 8. Laodicea, two noted Cities in those times, the principall of the other Province. 9. Juliopolis, and 10. Tiberiopolis, so called from the Emperours to whose honour dedicated. 11. Dorylaeum, &c. Not known unto the antient Writers, but of more note in modem stories, are 1. Sagnta, the habitati∣on of Etrogul, Father of Othoman the first King of the Turks. 2. Chara-chisar, by the Grecians cal∣led Melampyrgos or the Black Tower. 3. Billezuga. 4. Eineg••oll, places of consequence and impor∣tance taken by the said Ottoman from the Christians in the first rise of his fortunes.

As for the Phrycians, they descended (as was shewn before) from Gomer the eldest sonne of Japhet, and Ask••naz the eldest sonne of Gomer: of which, Gomer first placed himself in the mountainous Countreys of Albania; and afterwards in the more pleasant plaines of the Greater Phrygi••, where the City of Cimmeris

(the posterity of Gomer being generally called Cimmerians) did preserve his memory. And as for A••∣kenaz, he first took up his dwelling in the Lesser Phrygia, and the banks of the Hellespont, where was antiently a City and Territory called Ascania, some Isles adjoining called Insuloe Ascanioe, the name of Ascanius also very frequent in Troy it self. An antient people they were doubtlesse, esteemed the anti∣entest of the world by Psamniticus King of Egypt, upon this experiment. Desitous to inform himself to what Nation the priviledge of Antiquity did of right belong, he caused two Children to be kept in a fold, where they were suckled by goates; all mankind being prohibited upon very great penalties; to have re∣course to them. All the language which the children learned from their speechlesse nurses, was no more then Bec, which in the Phrygian language signifieth Bread, and being of no signification at all in any o∣ther which was then known to the Aegyptians, gave up the Verdict on their side. But other Nations of the world not yielding to this sentence, by a Writ of Errour, or an Ad meliùs inquirendum impannell'd a new Jurie; wherein it was pronounced on the Scythians side, Seytharum gens semper antiquissima. Where by the way, Goropius Becanus makes the like use of this experiment, to prove the High-Dutch to be the Original or Mother-tongue of the world: because Becker in that language signifieth, as with us a Baker, or a maker of Bread. In this Countrey reigned Niobe, who preferring her self before Latona, the mother of Phoebus and Diana, had her Children slain before her face by an unseen meanes, and was her self turned into a stone, as the Poets fable. Here also reigned Tantalus, who being rich, and wan∣ting wisdome to make use of it: is feigned to stand in hell up to the chin in water, and that too under a tree whose fruit toucheth his lips; yet both the one and the other flie from him, when he offereth at them Of which thus Ovid,

—Tibi Tantale nullae Deprenduntur aquae, quae{que} imminet, effugit arbor.

In English thus.

Thou canst not, Tantalus, those waters tast, The tree just at thy lippes, flies off as fast.

But this race of Kings being worn out by the tyranny of time or war, the Phrygians were made subject to the Kings of Lydia; continuing under their command till the conquest of Lydia by the Persians: with which they fell together to the Crown thereof, not made the stronger by the accession of effeminate Subjects. Gained from them by the sword of Alexander, they fell unto Antigonus one of his great Captains: and on his overthrow at the battell of Ipsus, to Seleucus the Conquerour, the first King of that race: follow∣ing the same fortune after that with the rest of Asia, till they came to be possessed by the Romans, and made a Province of that Empire. But Constantine laying to it the Greater Mysia made two Provinces of it: the one called Salutaris, from some miraculous cures there wrought by the Arck-Angel Michael, as was then generally believed: the other called Pacatiana, from Pacatianus, who in the time of the said Constantine was Praefect for the Praetorium of the East, and divers years before had began his honours with the Lieutenantship of Britain. In the declining of the Constantinopolitans it became a prey unto the Turkts of the Selzuccian Family; possessed by them till the death of Aladine the last King of that race: when seized upon together with the Greater Mysia, and those parts of Lydia which lay next unto it, by Aidin, a great Turkish Prince, and made a peculiar Kingdome, called by his name Aidinia, or Aidin∣Illi; extorted shortly from his heires by the house of Ottoman.

10. MYSIA.

INterposed betwixt the two Phrygia's lieth the Countrey of MYSIA, bounded on the East with Phrygia Major; on the West with Phrygia Minor, and the Aegean Sea; on the North with parts of Bithynia, Propontis, and the Hellespont; and on the South with part of Lydia, Aeolis, and the Aegean. So called from the Mysians, the Inhabitants of it.

Whether these Mysians were originally a Phrygian Nation, or some inter-lopers which thrust in after∣wards amongst them, I find not determined. Most probable it is they were naturall Phrygians; being as superstitious in the worship of their severall Deities, as any Phrygian of them all: and that they had this name given them by the Lydians, from the abundance of Beech-trees which grow amongst them, by them called Mysae. A people of so base and contemptible quality that it grew into a common proverb to call a fellow of no worth Mysiorum postremus.

The principall Mountain of this Countrey is that called Olympus, situate in the north-parts hereof border∣ing towards Bithyma: which as it is called Olympus Mysius, to difference it from Olympus in Greece; so the people of the Greater Mysia, where this Mountain is, are called Olympeni, to difference them from the Mysii or Masi of Europe. And as for Rivers, those of most note besides Aesopus, parting it from Troas, or the Lesser Phrvgia. are 1. Caicus, on whose bankes stand's the City of Pergamus, and from thence passeth into the Aegean Sea, at the Bay of Eloea, and 2. the famous River of Granicus, which hath his fountain in Mysia Major, and passing through Mysia Minor, falleth into the Propontis. A River memorable for the Victory which Alexander obtained on the bankes hereof, in his first essay against the Persians: by whom upon the first noyse of his preparations he was so slighted, that Darius King of Persia, gave command to his Leiutenants residing in Asia Minor, that they should take him alive, whip him with rods, and so convey him to his presence, A notoble example of pride and fall of the Persians. But Alexander soon taught them another lesson. For though the Persians were possessed of the higher bankes of the River, with an intent to stop his passage; yet he resolved to charge them in the face of their strength: knowing full well that if he could beat them on a place of so great advantage, he should not one∣ly

lessen them in point of reputation, but beget an opinion of himself that he was invincible. And so ac∣cordingly it proved, the Persians being vanquished by him, and all the Kingdomes and Provinces of this Asia submitting to him on the noyse of the Victory (as an Enemy not to be resisted upon equall termes) some few Townes excepted. And therefore it was wisely advised by Machiavell, that he who takes upon him to defend a passage, should with his ablest forces oppose the Assailant; because in all invasions where the Nations invaded have been beaten upon a great advantage of place, as defence of Rivers, Streets, and Mountaines; they do not onely dishearten their Souldiers from dealing afterwards on even ground with that enemy, but leave no hope unto their fellowes and partakers, of being succoured and defended by such weak Protectors. Which caution if the Persians Commanders had observed either here, or at Pylae Cilicia spo∣ken of hereafter; Alexander had not so easily subverted the Persian Monarchy. But the fatall period of it was now drawing on, and the men either naturally Cowards, or els prodigiously besotted.

It is divided commonly into Mysia Minor, or the Lesser Mysia, which lying on the West towards Troas and the Hellespont, is called sometimes Mysia Hellespontiaca; and joyned unto Troas by the Emperour Constantine, made up that Province which he called the Consular Hellespont: and Mysia Major, called from Olympus which was in it, Mysia Olympina, and the Inhabitants Olympeni; which joyned by that Em∣perour to the western parts of Phrygia Major, made up that Province which he caused to be called Phrygia Satutaris, for the reason formerly delivered.

Places of most observation in the Lesser Mysia, were 1. Abydus, standing on the narrowest of the Hel∣lespont, opposite unto Sestos in Thrace; first built by the Milesians with the consent of Gyges King of Lydia, to whom the Countrey then belonged. Memorable both in the antient and modern story. In antient story for the famous resolution of the Inhabitants, when besieged by Philip the Father of Perseus King of Macc∣dm. For being brought by him into some distresse, and hopelesse of good conditions from him, the young men of the Town who had bound themselves by oath to die rather then fall into his hands, set fire thereof, and barbarously slew themselves with as many of the women and children as could be met with. Which newes being brought to Philip, moved so litle compassion, that he said he would give the Abydeni three daies leisure to die; and therefore would not suffer any of his souldiers to enter the Town, then set open to him either to take the spoile thereof, or hinder this bloudy execution, till the three daies end. In Modern story no lesse memorable for the taking of it by the Turkes, in the reign of Orchanes the sonne of Ottoman, through the treason of the Governours daughter: who bewitched with the person and valour of Abdevachmen, a young Turkish Gallant, whom she had beheld from the Towers of the Castle, threw a letter to him as he drew neer the wall, wherein she manifested her affection, and promised to make him master of that fortresse, if he would perswade his Generall to raise the siege, and come with a strong party in the dead time of the night to receive it from her, which was done accordingly. The Town continuing ever since in the power of the Turkes, well fortified, and one of the two Castles spoken of before, which defend Constantinople on that side from all force by Sea. 2. Cyzicus, seated in the Propontis, in an Island of the same name also, but so neer the Continent that it joyned to it by two bridges. The Metropolis of the Consular Hellespont, by consequence an Arch-Bishops See in the prosperous times of Christianity; as were all other Cities in the Roman Empire, which were the Mother-Cities or Metropoles of their severall Provinces. A town of wonderfull strength and beauty, when first known to the Romans, called therefore by L. Florus, the Rome of Asia: who gives this character also of it, Cyzicum nobilis civit as, arce, moenibus, portu, turri∣busq, marmorets Asiatica plagoe littora illustrat, that is to say, that the noble City of Cyzicum by the excellency or the Walls, Bulworks Haven, and Towers of Marble, doth beautifie and illustrate the Shores of Asia. Honoured amongst many other goodly and magnificent buildings with a glorious Temple, the pillars whereof being four Cubits thick, and fifty Cubits high, were each of one entire stone onely; the whole fabrick all of polished Marble, every stone joyned unto the other with a line of Gold. In vain be∣sieged by Mithridates in the time of his warre, who lost before it by the sword, pestilence and famin no sewer then 300000 men; and yet could not force it. Afterwards ruined by an Earthquake, the falling Sicknesse of the East, as before is said, it could never be restored to its former luster: the very ruines of it daily made more ruinous by transporting the stones and Marbles to Constantinople, for the Embelishing of that City. 3. Lampsacus on the same Propontis, in which the beastly god Priapus was worshipped in as beastly a figure: quem non denudo (as wittily Lactantius scoffeth it) ne quid appareat risu dignum; supposed to be the same with the Syrian or Phanecian Baal, so often mentioned in the Scriptures. For this and on some other reasons, Alexander had conceived against it such an high displeasure when he was in A∣sia, that he resolved to raze it to the very ground. And seeing Anaximenes coming to him as an Ambassa∣dour from the Town to obtain his favour, commanded him to hold his peace, and sware as by way of pre∣vention that he would deny whatsoever he requested of him: whereupon Anaximenes intreated him to de∣stroy the City, which now for his oaths sake he could not do; and so this wicked City at that time escaped. 4. Parium, so called, as some say, from Parius, the sonne of Jason 2 Colonie at first of the Milesians, of the Romans afterwards: Troas and this, the onely two Roman Colonies in all the Province. By Homer called Adrastia: as Lampsacus in the same Author is called Pityusa. More in the Land. are 5. Scepscis. 6. Hieragerme, both mentioned by Ptolomy, but of more antiquity then fame.

Chief Cities in MYSIA MAJOR or OLYMPENA, are 1. Dainta, in the North-parts not far from Olympus. 2. Apolloma, near a large Lake sacred to Apollo, in the same parts also. 3. Paloe Scepsis, or Scepsis Vetus, on a Bay of the Aegean Sea, joining upon Troas, or the Lesser Phrygia. 4. A∣dramyttium mentioned, Acts 27. where Saint Paul took ship to go to Rome. 5. Antandrus on the same Sea also, now called Saint Dimitri, named at first Cimmeris from the Gomerites or Cimmeritans here inhabiting (which sheweth that Mysia antiently was a part of Phrygia) afterwards Edonis, and at last

Antandeus, either because built or repaired rather by the men of Andros, an Island of the Aegean, spoken of before amongst the Cyclades; or because the Grecians having taken Polydorus the son of Priam, from the King of Thrace, received this City for his ransome, or rather in exchange for him as the word doth intimate. 5. Protoselene, on the same coast also. More in the land. 6. Proepemissus. 7. Tro∣senopols. 8. Alydda, of which little memorable. 9. Pergamus, the Regal City of this tract, situ∣ate in a goodly plain on the banks of the River Cycus, of a small Town or fortresle made a stately Ci∣ty by the Kings hereof, and beautified with an excellent Library containing 200000. Volumes; for the writing or transcribing whereof, Parchment was here first invented, which from hence to this day is called Pergnmenum. Here also were those costly hangings first invented which we now call Tapestrie; by the Romans called first Aulaea, from Aula, signifying a Hall; the Hall of Attalus King hereof (by whom invented) being the first room furnished and adorned herewith. Here was born Galen the famous Physic∣an, living very healthfully to the age of 140 yearsthis health preserved to so great age, by these means spe∣cially. 1. Never eating or drinking his fill. 2. Never eating any thing that was rawe; 3. Alwates carrying about him some sweet perfumes. Finally, this was one of the seven Churches to which Saint John writ his Revelation. For though it were originally a City of Mysia, yet being near unto the bor∣ders of Lydia, it was reckoned as a City of the Lydian Asia; within the limits whereof those seven Chareche were all comprehended.

As for the Kings hereof which flourished here for some ages in such wealth and splendour, they came but from a poor and obscure original. The first of them one Sphiletaerus, an Eunuch, belonging to Antigo∣nus one of the Great Alexanders greatest Captaines; and after his death to Lysimachus King of Thrace, by whem trusted with his money and accompts. Fearing the furie of his Master then grown old and ty∣rannous, he seized on the Castle of Pergamus, and therein on 90000 talents, which he offered with his service unto Seleucus the first King of Syria. But both Lysimachus and Seleucus dying shortly after, he kept the money to himself, and reigned in this City as an absolute King: leaving the Kingdome at his death to his Brother Eumenes, no better man then a poor Carter, till raised by the fortunes of this Eunuch. Eumenes furnished with money though of no great territory, was able by the Gaules and o∣ther Mercinaries; not only to preserve himself against the Syrian Kings who laid claim to his City, but al∣so to enlarge his bounds as he saw occasion. But the main improvement of this Kingdome happ'ned in the dales of Eumenes the second, the sonne of Attalus, the brother and Successour of this Eumenes: who be∣ing useful to the Romans in their warres against Philip of Macedon, and Antiochus the Great, King of Swir, was liberally rewarded by them with the Provinces of Lydia, Phrygia, Aeolis, Ionia, Troas, and both the Mysia's; which they had taken from Antiochus in the end of that warre. The rest of the affaires hereof till it fell in fine unto the Romans, taken here in this short Catalogue of

The Kings of Pergamus.

• A. M.
• 3668. 1. Philetaerus, the first King of Pergamus, of whom before. 20.
• 3688. 2. Eumenes, Brother, or as some say, the Brothers sonne of Philetaerus, vanquished Antio∣chus sirnamed Hierax, in a fight neer Sardis, and awed Seleucus Callinicus, both Kings of Syria. 22.
• 3710. 3. Autalus Brother of Eumenes, restored Ariarathes the Cappadocian to his Kingdome, and discomsited the Gaules, compelling them to keep themselves within the Countrey since na∣med Galatia. A Confederate of the Romans, and by them much courted.
• 3754. 4. Eumenes II. Sonne of Attalus gratified by the Romans with the spoiles of Antiochus. He was an hereditary Enemie to the Kingdome of Macedon, which he laboured the Romans to destroy, as in fine they did; and thereby finding no more use of these Pergamon Kings, be∣gan to grow to lesse liking with them.
• 3782. 5. Attalus II. Brother of Eumenes, to whom the Kingdome was offered by the Romans in the life of his Brother then lesse gracious with them; but he most gallantly refused it, to the great indignation of the Roman Senate.
• 3792. 6. Fumene; III. Brother of Attalus the second, and Tutor or P••otectour to his Nephew Attalus, in whose minority he governed the estate as King.
• 3813. 7. Attalus III. Sonne of Attalus the second, succeeded on the death of his Uncle Eumenes, and having held the Kingdome but five years onely deceased without issue, & bequeathed it by his last Will unto the Romans. But before the Romans had possession of so great a Legacy, Aristonicus the base Sonne of Eumenes made himself master of Mindus, Colophon, Samos, and many other Towns and estates hereof. Against whom the Romans making warre were aided by the greatest part of the Asian Kings; not seeing their own danger and destruction to draw neer unto them, by letting such a potent neigh∣bour come amongst them to undo them all. But the Romans got little by this warre, though they had the better of it. For being now made masters of the riches and sweets of Asia, they took with them their vices also: growing thereby to great riot, and unparallelled luxurie: which overcame the rigour and severity of their former discipline, and made them apt for faction, and those bloody quarrels, which proved the ruine of their State. So truly was it said by Justine, Sic Asia facta Romanorum, cum opibus suis vitia quoque sua Roman transmisit. This Kingdome taking it in the largest extent thereof being thus subdued and setled as a Roman Province., had the name of Asia, according to the name of the Greater Concinent; by P••o••omie and others called Asiapropria: continuing, under the subjection of the Roman Emperours till the translating of the Imperiall seat unto Constantinople; as after that unto the Emperours

• of the East, till conquered piece-meal by the Turks of the Selznccian family. Which being ended in the person of Aladine the second, those parts hereof which lay next Troas, made up the Kingdome of Ca∣rasan, or Carasa-Illi, as those which had been laid to the Greater Phrygia; made up the Ardintant; both of them swallowed up long since by the Ottoman Kings, the Accessories running the same fortune as the Principalls did.

11. ASIA SPECIALIVS DICTA.

BEsides the Proper Asia spoken of before, containing all the Provinces of the Pergamon Kingdome, there was one part hereof, which antiently had the name of Asia, before it was communicated to the great∣er Continent, or this whole Peninsula. This for distinctions sake the Romans called the PROCON∣SULAR ASIA; because committed to the government of one of their Proconsuls (who had his resi∣dence in Ephesus the principall City of this Province) together with the Consular Hellespont, and the Pro∣vince of the Isles of Asia. This we have spoken of before, as also how the Countrey lying about Ephe∣sus, had more especially the name of Asia, then any other: so specially that Erasmus thereupon in∣ferreth that by Asia in the New Testament, (but more peculiarly in the Acts) is meant that part of Asia in which Ephesus standeth.

This being agreed on for the name, we shall bound it on the East with Lydia, whereof it was antiently a part; on the West, with the Aegean Sea; on the North, with Mysia; and on the South, with Caria. And having so bounded it, we shall divide it into the two Regions of AEOLIS and IONIA: that of Aeolis lying on the North, towards Mysix; as Ionia doth upon the South, towards Caria: posses∣sed both of them by Greek Nations, and of them so named.

Principall Towns in AEOLIS, are 1. Acarnea, over against the Isle of Lesbos, the Royall seat sometimes of the Tyrant Hermias, who being once a Scholler of Aristotles but unworthy of so good a Master, seized on this City, and here committed so great cruelties, that at last he was taken by the people, sowed in an Oxes hide, and so baited to death. 2. Pitane, on a little River so named, falling into Ca∣icus, not farre from the influx or fall thereof into the Aegean: in which Town they had an Art of making bricks which would swimme on the water. 3. Elaea, on the mouth of Caicus, the Port-Town to Per∣gamus. 4. Myrina, afterwards in honour of Augustus., called Sebastopolis. 5. Cene, by Strabo called Cane, by Mela, Cannae, not farre from a Promontorie of the same name. 6. Cuma, the prin∣cipal and greatest of all Aeolis, the birth-place of Ephorus a learned man of elder times, and the habi∣tation of Sibylla sirnamed Cumana, to difference her from Sibylla Cumaea, so named from Cumae, a City of the Realme of Naples. 7. Phocaea, a Colonie of the Athenians, so named from the multitudes of Sea-Calves (the Greeks call them Phocae) which thrust themselves a shore at the building of it. The peo∣ple hereof over-bundened by the Persians, and impatient of so great servitude as was laid upon them; forsook their Countrey, binding themselves by a fearful oath, never more to return unto it: and after ma∣ny and long wanderings came at last into Gaule, where they founded the famous City of Marseilles.

The Inhabitants of this little Region are by Josephus said to be descended of Elisha the Sonne of Javan, who therefore calleth them by the name of Elisaei. And it is possible enough that so it was: Elisha being planted in Greece where he gave name to Elis, one of the Provinces of Peloponesus; from whence some of his race in succeeding times might passe over into Asia, and possesse those coasts. For that they were a Greek people is confessed by all; the Aeolick dialect or phrase of speech, taking name from hence. Not otherwise much mentioned in the course of story, then as partakers of the same fortunes with the rest of their Asian Neighbours before related, and so not necessary to be now repeated.

IONIA, as a larger tract, requires a more particular & punctuall description. For here the River Lycus falleth into the Maeander, and here Maeander and Caystrus, two of the most famous Rivers of Asia Minor: (of which more hereafter) fall into the Aegean. Here is the renowned City of Ephesus, ho∣toured with one of the worlds seven wonders, the long abode of Saint Paul, and the death and sepulture of Saint John; the Promontory Trogyllium, with a little Isle adjoyning of the same name, mentioned Acts 20. v. 15.

Principall Cities of this tract, are 1. Myas, on an anne of the Sea, assigned together with Lampsacw, and Magnesia, by Actaxerxes to Themistocles; when being banished his own Countrey he fled to his great∣est Enemie for entertainment; and there met with more safety then Athens would, and more honour then it could afford him: So that he well might say (as he often did) Periissem nisi periissem. And on the o∣ther side, the King was so overjoyed at his comming to him, (as having now upon his side the man who had most hindered him in the conquest of Greece) that many times in his sleep he was heard to clap his hands and say, Habeo Themistoclem Atheniensem. In after-times, the water drawing further off, the soyle brought forth such an innumerable multitude of fleas, that the inhabitants were faine to forsake the City, and with their bagge and baggage to retire to Miletus: Nothing hereof being left but the name and memory in the time of Pausan••as. 2. Erythra, memorable for the habitation of one of the Sibyle, from hence called Sihrlla Erythroea; of which Prophetesses we shall speak more when we come to Africk. 3. Le∣bedus, of most note in the elder-times for those publick Plaics, which were here annually held in the ho∣nour of Bacchus. 4. Clazomene, situate in a small Ilet, neer unto the shore, of much esteem amongst the Romans for the wines there growing; and no lesse honoured by the Asianus for a beautiful Temple of Apollo seated neer unto it. 5. Priene, the birth-place of Bias, one of the seven Wise-men of Greece. 6 Ipsus, renowed for the great battel betwixt Antigonus and Seleucus, two of Alexanders chiefe Commanders; the Victory wherein falling to Seleucus, with the death of his Adversary, estated him in all the Con∣quests

of his Master, except Egypt onely. 7. Teos the birth-place of Anacreon that lascivious and drunk∣en Poet, hence sirnamed Te••us; the Ovid of the Grecians both for wit and wantonnesse: of both which it may well be doubted whether the smoothnesse of the verse, or the wantonnesse of their expressions be the more predominant. 8. Smyrna, a faire and antient City, on a Bay thence named the Bay of Smyrna: the greatest part whereof lay towards the Sea, but the fairest on the side of an hill overlooking the waters. Destroyed by the Lydians, it was re-edified by Antigonus and Lysimachus, two of Alexanders great Commanders; of good accompt in the time of the Romans, and one of the seven Asian Churches, to which Saint John inscribed his Revelation: Much traded and frequented to this very day especially for Chamlets, Grograines, and such stuffes; made for the most part at Ancyra the Chief Town of Galatia, and here vended to the forreign Merchant. For government of the trade whereof, and of other commodities of these parts, the English Merchants have an Officer called the Consul of Smyrna. In old time there was in it amongst others, a goodly Temple, dedicated unto Homer, said to be born in this City, and to have writ his Poems in a Cave hard by. 9. Colophon, most memorable for the Inhabitants of it, so skilled in horse-man-ship, that the side on which they served in warre was sure of Victory; whereupon Co∣lophonem addere, to put a good end to any businesse, grew into a Proverb. It was also another of those Cities, which so ambitiously contended for the birth of Homer; of which there were seven in all, as the old Verses tell us, saying

Septem urbes certant de stirpe insignis Homeri Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Athenae.

Whether Homer purposely concealed his Countrey, that all places might challenge him for theirs, I am not able to say. But sure I am that Paterculus speaketh it in the commendation of Hesiodus (the next Greek Poet after him in course of time) that he had specified his birth-place: Qui vitavit ne in id quod Homerus inciderit, patriam & parentes testatus est. 10. Ephesus, the Metropolis of the Roman Asia, and the seat of the Primat of the Asian Diocese: memorable in the purest times of Christianity, for being the Episcopall See of Timothy the Evangelist, the first Bishop hereof. 2ly In that Saint Paul directed to the people of it, one of his Epistles; and 3ly for the buriall of Saint John the Apostle, who by some learned men of the elder times, is said to have gone alive into his Grave, and that he is not dead but sleeping; building that thought upon that saying which went abroad among the Brethre••, that that Disciple should not die. John 21. v. 23. And no lesse memorable amongst the Gentiles for that snmptuous and magnificent Temple here consecrated to Diana: which for the largenesse, furniture, and workmanship of it, was accompted one of the Wonders of the World. The length thereof said to be 425. foot, 220. foot in breadth, supported with 127. Pillars of Marble, seventy foot in height, of which twenty seven were most curiously engraver, and all the rest of Marble polished. The modell of it contrived by one Ctesiphon, and that with so much art and curiosity of Architecture, that it took up two hundred years before it was finished. When finished it was fired seven times, the last time by Erastrotus, onely to get himself a name: which hap'ning on the same night inwhich Alexander the Great was born, gave occasion to that weighty but witty scoffe, that Diana (she was counted one of the Godesses of midwifery) could not attend the preservation of her Temple, being then busied at the birth of so great a Prince.

As for those Iones, or Ionians, they were no doubt the descendants of Javan the fourth sonne of Japhet, as hath been shewn before in our generall Preface: but whether they came hither out of Graecia, or passed from hence into that Countrey, hath been made a question. The Athenians boasting of themselves to be Aborigines, men growing as it were out of the Soile it selfe, without any Ancestors, report that those Ionians were a Colonie of their Plantation. But Hecataeus in Strabo doth affirm the contrary, Saying that the Athenians or Iones of Greece, came from those of Asia: for that Attica was antiently called Ionia, Plutarch in the life of Theseus doth declare expresly. Most probable it is, that Hecataeus was in the right; these parts of Asia lying so directly in the way from the vallyef Shinaar unto Greece, that Javan may very well be thought to leave some of his company here, when he ferried the rest over to the opposite Continent. I know Pansani as ignorant of their true antiquity, deriveth them from Ien the sonne of Xu∣thus and grandchild of Deucali••n: wherein he came so neer the truth, though he missed the men, that it was the grand-son of that man who escaped the flood, from whom both the Athenians, and those Ionians had their true Originall. In regard of which relations betwixt the Nations, the Athenians gave aide to those Ionians against the Persians, who on the overthrow given to Croesus, pretended to the Lordship or Domini∣on of Asia, and conquered them in the time of Cyrus, the first Persian Monarch. Upon which ground, and the sending of fresh aid to them upon their revolt in the time of Darius, that King first undertook the invasion of Greece.

After this yielding to the times they followed the fortune of the strongest, subject successively to the Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Constantinopolitans, and Turks; till the death of Aladine before mentioned: when both Aeolis and Ionia got a new name, and are now called Sarcan, from Sarachan a Turkish Captain, who on the death of that Aladine seized upon this Countrey, and erected here a petit Kingdome long since subdued by those of the race of Ottoman.

12. LYDIA.

LYDIA is bounded on the East with Phrygia Ma••or, and some part of Pisidia, from which separated by a branch of the Mountain Taurus; on the West, with Aeolis and Ionia, or Asia speci∣ally so called; on the North, with the Greater Mysia; on the South, with Caria. So called from Lud the Sonne of Sem, by some of whose posterity it was first inhabited. In the full Latitude and extent there∣of,

as antiently comprehended in Aeolis and Ionia, the adjoining Provinces, it made the Lydian Asia spoken of before; within the verge whereof all the seven Churches were contained, mentioned by Saint John in the Revelation.

The people of this Countrey are said to have been the first coyners of money, the first Hucksters and Ped∣le••s, and the first inventers of dice, ball, chesse, and the like games: necesity and hunger thereunto enforcing them, according to that of Persius, Ar••is Magister, ingenii{que} largitor venter. For being sorely vext with famine, in the time of Atis, one of the progenitors of Omphale; they devised these games; and every second day playing at them, beguiled their hungry bellies. Thus for 22 years, they continued playing and eating by turns: but then seeing that themselves were more fruitfull in getting and bearing children, then the s••ile in bringing forth sustenance to maintaine them: they sent a Colony into Italy under the con∣duct of Iyrrhenus, the Sonne of A••is, who planted in that Countrey, called at first Tyrrhenia, and afterward Tuscany.

This Countrey was also called Moeonia, and was thought to have been the native soile of Homer, in regard that Colophon and Smyrna, two of the seven contending Cities, and those which seem to have most colour for their claime, were antiently accounted as parts of Lydia, as was said before. Hence Homer hath the name of Moenides, and Moeonitus Vates: and in some Authors, Carmen Moeontum is used for Homers Poeticall abilities, as Carmine Moeonio consurgere, in Ovid. Bacchus is also called sometimes by the name of Moeonius, but for a very different reason; viz. because antiently there were no Trees in all this Countrey, but the Vine onely.

Principall Mountaines of this Countrey are 1. Sipylus, and 2. Tmolus; this last of most accompt in regard of the great fruitfulnesse of it, covered over with Vines, and yielding abundance of the best Saffron. Cinefe Rivers of it are 1. Hermus, which rising out of Phrygia Major, passeth onely by the skirts hereof, and so falleth into a fair Bay of the Aegean, opening towards the Isle of Clazomene. 2. Pactolus, which rising at the foot of mount Tmolus, falleth not long after into Hermus; famous amongst the Poets for its golden sands. 3. Caystrus, no lesse notable for the abundance of Swans, which swim thereon, whose fountain is in Phrygia Major also neer the borders hereof; and his fall in the Aegean also over against the Isle of Samos. 4. Maeander, which rising out of a branch of the Taurus in the furthest parts of the said Phrygia, towards Lycaonia, passeth by Magnesia, and endeth his course in the same Sea, neer the City of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. A River famous for its many turnings in and out, 600 at the least, as Prusaeus counteth them. Of which in generall thus the Poet

Quique recurvatis, ••lud it Maeander in undis. Maeander plaies his watry pranks, In his so many winding banks.

The Countrey by reason of these Rivers was exceeding fruitfull, abounding in all sorts both of wealth and pleasures, well cultivated and manured above ground, and under-neath inriched with prodigall veines of Gold and Silver, and some precious gemmes. Which made the people, after their overthrow by Cyrus, to become more sensuall and voluptuous and lesse sit for action, then any plot of their new Masters could have brought them to; had not the naturall delicacies of the Soyle it self, contributed to the advancement of their design. And yet before, they were sufficiently infamous for their luxury, and excesse of riot, when between in warres: so that it is a marvel they were able to prevaise on the neighbour Nations, and bring then under their command; as in the times of some of Croesus Predecessors it is said they did. Unlesse perhaps they did participate of the temper of Moecenas, the great favorite of Augustus Caesar, of whom Paereulus hath left this Character: ubires vigiliam exigeret erat sane insomnis, providens, & agendi 〈◊〉〈◊〉 simul ••e aliquidex negotio remitti possit, otio ac mossite penè ultra foeminam fluens. No man more vigilant then he in times of businesse, nor woman more effeminate in his times of leisure.

Principall Cities of this Countrey were 1. Sardis, on both sides of Pactolus, the seat Royall of Croe∣su•• and the Kings of Lydia; till the conquest of Lydia by the Persian. After which time, being taken by the Grecians it so startled Xerxes, that he commanded one of his Attendants, to say aloud every day whilest to was at dinner, that the Grecians had taken Sardis; continuing that Memento till it was recovered. Which course (I note this onely by the way) was commonly observed in the Parliaments of France, as long as Calice did remain in the hands of the English; and might be profitably revived till again recovered from the French. Overthrown by a most terrible Earth-quake, (to which disease most of these Asian Cities have been very much subject,) it was re-edified again at the cost of Tiberius; continuing long after the Metropolis of this Province, and one of the Seven Churches of the Lydian Asia, of which the holy Spirit took such speciall notice. The others (besides Pergamus, already mentioned in the Greater Mysia, and Ephesus, and Smyrna, in the Proper Asia) were 20 Philadelphia neer or on the banks of the River Caystrus the second City in accompt next to Sardis it selfe: and honoured with the dignity of a Metropolitan as appeareth by the Acts of the Constantinopolitan Council, where Eustathius Bishop hereof doth subscribe himselfe, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Bishop of the Metropolis of Philadelphia, in the Province of Lydia. 3. Thiatyra, honoured with the same privilege also, as appears by the constant Order observed as well in the Civill as Ecclesiasticall Catologues of the Cities belonging to this Province. The reason whereof (for otherwise it was contrary to the practise both of Church and State, to have in one Province more then one Metropolis) was the respect had to those severall Churches in regard of their primi∣tive antiquity, and the foundation of them by Saint John the Apostle, as it was generally believed. 4. Lariaicea, by Ptolomy placed amongst the Cities of this Province, as it stood in his time, and before: but afterwards laid by Constantine to the Greater Phrygia, and made the Metropolis thereof (which honour 〈◊〉〈◊〉 had before enjoyed) it being well observed by Strabo, that the Romans did not dispose of their

Provinces according to Nations; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but according to those districts or Circuits, in which they kept their Courts of justice. Next unto these, there were of especiall consideration, 5. Magnesia ad Maeandrum, so called because situate on that River, to difference it from 6. Magnesia penes Sipylum montem, another of the same name neer the hill Sipylus. The first asigned over to Themistocles together with Myus and Lampsacus, as was said before. The other memorable for the great battell fought neer unto it, betwixt Antiochus and the Romans: the losse whereof falling unto Antiochus, occasioned the losse of all his Asian Provinces on this side of Taurus and the payment of 15000 talents for the charge of the warre, besides some other hard conditions then impo∣sed upon him. 7. Alabanda, opposite to Magnesia on the other side of Maeander, the people whereof, immediatly on the overthrew of Antiochus, not onely sent Ambassadors to Rome to congratulate with them, as many other Nations did, but built a Temple to it, and appointed Anniversary Games to be celebra∣ted in the honour of that new-made Godesse. A thing more to be wondered at in the Roman Senate for recei∣ving, than in this poor people for bestowing on their City, so divine an honour. 8. Trallis, on the banks of Caystrus, to the Inhabitants whereof, Ignatius that Reverend Bishop, and godly Martyr, writ the E∣pistle ad Trallenses.

That the Lydians were derived from Lud the Sonne of Sem, is testified by the general consent of such antient writers, as treat of the dispersions of the Sonnes of Noah: to which opinion the nearnesse of the names of Lud, Ludin, and Lydi (or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as the Grecians call them) seems to give good countenance. Nor shall I here dispute it further, as a point unquestioned: the tale of Lydus, I know not what Noble∣man that should name this Countrey, being taken up amongst the Greeks for want of more certain truths. Once setled here, they grew up suddenly to a Kingdome; Amongst the Antient Kings whereof are num∣bered Manes as the first, Cotis, and Atis, and then Asius (from whom Lydia first, and after all the Continent, had the name of Asia) as his immediate Successors. After them I find mention of one Cam∣bletes, said by Athenaeus to be so great a Gourmandizer, that in his sleep he eat his wife; and finding her hand in his mouth next morning, slew himself for shame: and of another named Andramytes, as in∣famous for his filthy lusts as Cambletes for gluttony. But the race of these Kings ending in Omphale the Mistresse of Hercules, who made that valiant Champion spinne amongst her Damosels; the Heraclidae or posterity of Hercules succeeded next: of whom there is no constant and continued succession till the time of Ardisius the nineteenth in order of that line, who began his reign not long before the building of the City of Rome. Under his successors the affaires hereof so exceedingly prospered, especially under Haliattes the Father of Croesus, that Phrygia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Mysia, Caria, Aeolis, Doris, and Ionia, acknowledged themselves Vassalls to this Crown: conceived both in wealth and power to be e∣quall to the Aegyptian, Babylonian, or Median Kingdomes, till the Conquest of Syria and Aegypt, by Nabuchadnezzer, gave him the preheminence. But being come unto the height it received a fall in the person of Croesus the Successour of him who so much advanced it. The Kings hereof from the time of the said Ardisius, take in order following.

The Kings of Lydia.

• A. M.
• 3190. 1. Ardisius. 36.
• 3226. 2. Haliactes. 14.
• 3240. 3. Melos, who overcame the people of Sardis. 12.
• 3252. 4. Candaules, who shewing his wife naked to Gyges, was by him slain; who marying his wife, succeeded him in his Kingdome. The whole story is this. Candaules had to his wife a woman of unparallell'd beauty; And supposing the greatnesse of his happinesse, not to con∣sist so much in his own fruition, as the notice which others might take of it, intended to shew her in natures bravery to Gyges the master of his heards. Gyges at first disswaded him from an at∣tempt so foolish: but seeing no perswasion could prevaile, he condescended. When he had seen the naked Queen, and was ready to depart, Candanles cryed to him, Esto fidelis, Gyges: which words the Queen marking, and seeing the back of Gyges as he left the chamber, the next morning sent for him. When holding a poynyard in her hand, she gave him his choise, either presently to be slaine, or else to kill the King and take her to wife, with the Kingdome for her Dower. Of which two evils he made choice of that which he thought the best, and so killed Candaules.
• 5. Gyges the first of this new line, added Ionia to his other dominions. A Prince of so great wisdome, for the times he lived in, that all other Kings his neighbours sate as (it were) in the light to him; and he as in the dark to them: occasioning thereby the fiction of a Ring he had, by which made invisible, when and as often as he pleased.
• 3305. 6. Ardis II. the Sonne of Gyges. 37.
• 3342. 7. Sardiattes. 15.
• 3357. 8. Haliactes II. of whom before. 57.
• 3406. 9. Croesus the last King of Lydia, subdued Doris, and Aeolis; after which victories, he was overcome by Cyrus King of Persia: in which battell, a Sonne of Croesus who had been dumb from his cradle, seeing a Souldier ready to kill his father, suddenly broke out into these words, Rex est, cave ne occîdas. After this overthrow, and the captivity of Croe∣sus (one of the richest Kings that ever was of old) Lydia was made a Persian Province, A. M. 3420.

The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after this rebelled, but being again subdued, Cyrus bereaved them of all their horses of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dispoyled them of all their armour, and trained them up in all manner of loose and effeminate 〈◊〉〈◊〉 weakening by this means a powerful Nation, which before that time had not onely maintained its own liberty, but awed all the Provinces adjoining. After this they continued Persian till the Conquest of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by the Macedonians, in the division of whose spoiles they fell to the portion of Seleueus and the Kings of Syria: following the common fortune of the rest of this Asia, till they came under the power of the Romans. Made by them one of the Provinces of their Empire; it had the Lower Mysia, or Mysia Olympen•• annexed unto it: by means whereof the limits of each became so confounded, that the Towns and Cities of the one are many times ascribed to the other. In the falling of the Eastern Empire it was made (as all the rest of Anatolia) a prey to the Turks: that part of it which lieth next to Aeolis, subject to the Carausian Family; as the other part towards the Phrygia Major were to the Aidinian; of which before.

13. CARIA.

CARIA is bounded on the East, with Lycia; on the North, with Lydia and Ionia; on the West, with the Icarian or Aegean Sea; and on the South, with the Carpatian. So called from Cares the Sonne of Phoroneus King of Argos, once the Lord hereof; Who is said to have invented the Science of Divination by the flying of Birds, called Augury, though others ascribe it to the Phrygians.

In this Countrey is the Hill called Latmus, the dwelling or rather retiring place of Endymion, who being much addicted to the study of Astronomy, found out the changes and courses of the Moon, and is therefore by the Poets feigned to have been her Paramour. Others adde, that Jupiter hid him him in a cave under this Hill, and cast him into a dead sleep; (which notwithstanding, she descended sometimes to kiss him) whence came the old By-word, of Endymionis somnium dormit. Here is also in this Countrey the River Salmacis, said to inseeble all such as either drink of it, or bath in it: from whence the Poets raise their fiction of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus described by Ovid; and the Proverb of Salmacida spolia sine sanguine & sudore, mentioned by Tully in his book of Offices, and there used for effeminate and wan∣ton exercises.

Places of most note in it, 1. Miletus, not far from the hill Latmus, the birth-place of Thales one of the seven wife-men of Greece, from hence called Milesius, and the Mother of no fewer than 75. (or as Pliny faith of 80.) Colonies, dispersed in severall places of Greece and Asia; antiently honoured with the Oracle of Apollo surnamed Didymoeus, whose Temple being burnt by Xerxes, was again rebuilt by the ••Milisians, to so vast a greatness that it remained without roof, compassed about with a Grove, and dwelling houses, and sumptuously ser out with costly workmanship. This is that Mileties mentioned Acts XX. to which Saint Paul called together the Bishops of Ephesus, and other the adjoining Cities, ab Epheso & reliquis proximis Civitatibus, faith Saint Irenoeus the renowned Bishop of Lions, Lib. 3. cap. 14. Antiently it was called Lelegis and Anactoria. 2. Mindus, which being but a small Town, had so great Gates, that Diogenes the Cynick cryed out and said, Ye men of Mindus take heed that your Ci∣ty run not out at your Gates. 3. Heraclea ad Latmum, so called because situate at the foot of that Mountain, to difference it from many others of that name. 4. Borgylia, or Borgylos, as Plinie calleth it, where antiently Diana had another Temple, though not to be compared to that of Ephesus. 5. Mi∣lisa, in old times famous for two Temples sacred unto Jupiter; the way to which for 60 furlongs was paved with stone for the easier travelling of Pilgrims, and the better ordering of Procession; the principall of the Citizens serving there as Priests, which office they held unto their deaths. 7. Primassus, me∣morable for the Stratagem by which it was taken by Philip of Macedon, the Father of Perseus. Who meaning to force it by Maine, and finding the earth so stony that it would not work, commanded the Pyoneers notwithstanding to make a noise under the ground, and caused great mounts of rubbish to be raised secretly in the night at the mouth of the Mine, as if the work went very well forwards: At last he sent word unto the Towns-men, that two parts of their wall stood only upon wooden props, to which if he gave fire, they should find no mercy; which heard, the Citizens yielded up the Town unto him. So use∣full in the Art of warre is a piece of wit, that it prevailes sometimes more than Mines or Batteries.

In the South-west of this Province, thrusting it self into the Sea like a spacious Promontory, stands the Countrey of DORIS, so called of the Dores, a Greek people, who there inhabited. The prin∣cipal Cities whereof were, 1. Cnidus, not farre from a foreland or Promontory of the same name, fa∣mous of old times for the marble Image of Venus, called hence Dea Cnidia. 2. Cressa, a noted Haven∣Town in the time Ptolomy. 3. Halicarnassus (now called Nesi) the birth-place of Herodotus, and Dtonysius named hence Halicarnasseus; two famous Historians: and the seat-Royall of Artemisia Queen of the Carians, (called from hence sometimes the Queen of Harlicarnassus,) who in the honour of her husband Mausolus, built a stately monument, accounted one of the worlds seven wonders; of which thus Martiall, speaking of the Roman Amphitheatre erected by Domitian••

Aere nec vacuo pendentia Mausolaea Laudibus immodicis Cares ad astra ferant.

That is to say,

Mausolus tomb filling the empty Aire, Let not the Carians praise beyond compare.

That the Carians were so called from Cares the sonne of Phoroneus, King of Argos, hath been said

before. But Bochartus will rather have them so called from Car; which in the Phoenician language sig∣nifieth a Sheep or a Ram; with numerous flocks whereof they did once abound. And this may seem more probable, in regard that the Ionians, next neighbours to Caria, borrowing this word from the Phoenicians, called sheep by the name of Cara; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 faith Hesrchius, the old Gra∣marian. But from whomsoever they had their name, certain it is they were a very warlike people, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 morun pugnae{que} amans (saith Pomponius Mela) ut aliena etiam bella appeterent; who when they had no warres at home, would seek out for action. A little before the time of Xerxes, Mausolus reigned here, whose wife Artemisia (lately mentioned) aided that King in his undertakings against Greece. After∣wards in the time of Alexander the Great, we meet with Ada Queen hereof, who aided him against the Persians, adopting him for her Sonne and Successour. Subject after her decease to the Macedonians, it followed the same fortune with the rest of these Provinces till the defeat of Antiochus neer Magnesia; in the division of whose spoiles it was given to the Rhodians: incorporated not long after to the State of Rome, and made a Province of the Empire. Wrested from the Eastern Emperours by the Turkes of the Selzuccian Family; the greatest part hereof, on the death of Aladine 2d. was raised unto a petit Kingdome by the name of Mentesia, so called from Mendos (or Mindus) the chief City of it, the residue being laid to the Caraman Kingdome, both long ago subdued by the Ottoman Family: that of Mentesia by Ma∣home! surnamed the Great, who dispossessed Elias the last Prince thereof, Anno 1451.

LYCIA.

LYCIA is bounded on the East, with Pamphylia; on the West, with Caria; on the North, with parts of Lydia and Phrygia Major; on the Sauth, with the Mediterrenean Sea. Environed on three sides with the Mountain Taurus, which part it from the Countries above mentioned; by consequence na∣turally strong, aud not very accessible: the Sea, for the space of twenty miles shutting up the fourth. And here it is to be observed, that besides this, there was a litle Region of the same name, not far from Troy, not much observed by our Geographers either old or new: but mentioned sometimes by the Peets; as in Virgill Aeneid. 4. Qualis ubi hybernan Lyciam, Xanthique fluenta deserit, &c. which is meant plainly of the Phrygian or Trojan Lycia: the word hyberna being added because of its Northern situation in respect of this.

The People hereof were sometimes called Xanthi, from Xanthus the chief River hereof, which rising in two springs from the foot of mount Cadmus, passeth by a Town called Xanthus also, and falleth into the Sea. But generally they were called Lycii, and the Councrey Lycia, from Lycius the sonne of Pandion King of Athens; who either conquered them, or did some memorable Act amongst them, which deserved that honour.

The principall Mountain of this Countrey, and indeed of Asia, is the Mountain Taurus, which hath his beginning in this Province, extending Eastward to the great Orientall Ocean: of which somewhat hath been said already, and more is to be said hereafter, when these hils are grown unto the greatest. One of the branches of it, and the most notable in this Countrey, is that called Chimoera, vomiting flames of fire like Cicilian Aetna: the bottom whereof was infested with Serpents, the midle parts grazed upon by Goats, and the higher parts made dangerous by the dens of Lions. Hence by the Poets made a Monster, having the head of a Lion, the body of a Goat, and the taile of a Serpent; according unto that of Ovid in his Me∣tamorphosis.

Quoque Chimaera iugo mediis in partibns Hyrcum, Pectus & ora Leo, caudam Serpentis habebat.

In English thus,

Chimaera from a Goat her mid-parts takes From Lions head and breast, her tail from Snakes.

This dangerous Mountain was first planted and made habitable by the care of Bellerophou, a noble Greci∣an, who is therefore fabled by the Poets to have killed this Monster; employed upon this business by Jo∣bares the King of Lycia, to whom he had been sent by Proetus King of Argos who was jealous of him; and sent with letters to require that King to kill him. Whence came the saying, Bellerophontis liter as portare; applied to those, who were unawares imployed do carry letters tending to their own destruction: such as those carried by Vriah, to Joab the Generall, by command of David.

This Countrey was so populous, that antiently there were reckoned threescore Cities in it, of which six and thirty remained in the time of Saint Paul; now nothing left of them but the names and ruins. Those of chief note were, 1. Myra, the Metropolis of Lycia, when a Roman Province; by consequence an Arch∣Bishops See, when Christian. St. Nicholas one of the Bishops hereof in the primitive times, is said to have been a great Patron of Scholars: his festivall annually holden on the sixt of December, is celebrated in the Church of Rome with several pastimes; and still in some Schools here in England (as in that of Burford in the County of Oxon (where I had my breeding and my birth) for a feast and a play-day. Of this City there is mention Acts 27. v. 5. 2. Telmesus, the Inhabitants whereof were famous for South-saying, and accounted the first Interpreters of Dreams. 3. Patara, or Patras, (formerly called Sataros) beau∣tified with a fair Haven and many Temples; one of them dedicated to Apollo with an Oracle in it, for wealth and credit equall unto that of Delphos. 4. Phaselis, on the Sea-side also, a nest of Pirates in the times of the Reman greatness, by whom then haunted and enriched, as Algiers is now: but taken by Servilius, a Roman Captain, at such time as Powpey scowred the Seas. And unto the Pirates of this Town the former Ages were indebted, for the first invention of those swift Vessels, which the Romans cal∣led

a Phaselus, by the name of the Town; we may render it a Brigantine. 5. Cragus, with a Moun∣tain of the same name thrusting out eight points or Promontories neer to the Chimoera. 6. Rhodia, or Rho∣diopolis as Plinie calleth it, most probably the foundation of the neighbouring Rhodians. 7. Solyma, on the borders hereof towards Pisidia; the people of which were conquered and added unto Lycia by the sword of Bellerophon, whom Jobares, with a minde to kill him according to the request of Poetus, imployed in that service. 8. Corydalla, neer the Mountain called Masigrum, the Massycites of Plinie. 9. Poda∣lea, the chief Town of Mylias; as 11. OEnoanda is of OEbalia, two little Regions in this Countrey.

The Lycians were in former times a puissant people, extending their power upon the Seas, as far as Italy Subjected to the Persian not without great difficulty; the people with such obstinacy defending their liber∣ty, that some of them being besieged by Harpagus, Licutenant unto Cyrus the first Persian Monarch, they first burnt their wives, children, servants, and riches, in a common fire; and then made a furious sal∣ly upon the Enemy, by whom put all unto the sword. To Alexoender in his march this way towards Per∣sia, they submitted without any resistance. After whose death, they fell with the rest of these parts in∣to the hands of Seleucus. On the defeat of Antiochus at the battel of Magnesia, it was given to the Rhodians, for their assistance in that warre; but governed as a free estate by a Common Council of fourteen Senators, elected out of their principall Cities: over whom was one chief President or Prince of the Senate whom they called by the name of Lyciarchus. In these remained the sole power of imposing taxes, mak∣ing warre, and peace, appointing Justiciaries and inferiour Magistrates, and all things appertaining to the publick government. A shadow of which power they retained when brought under the Romans, and a sha∣dow onely: the Supreme power being no longer in the Senate of Lycia, but in that of Rome. Nor had their Ly∣ciarchus any thing but an empty name, and the vain privilege or ordering and disposing the publique games, wherein by his office he presided. When made a Province of the Empier, it had the same fortune as the others had till it fell into the power of the Turks: after the death of the second Aladine made a part of the Kingdome of Caramania; of which more anon.

15. LYCAONIA.

LYCAONIA is bounded on the East, with Armenia Minor, from which parted by a branch of the Mountain Taurus; on the West, with the Greater Phrygia; on the North, with Cappadocia; and on the South, with Pisidia. So called from the Lycaones a people of Lycia, or from the Lycaonians Inhabitants of Lycaonia a Town of Phrygia Major, who inlarging themselves into these parts, gave this name unto it. Either of which I should prefer before their conceit who derive it from Lycaon King of Arcadia, dispossessed by Jupiter of that Kingdome; or think that Lycaon was a King of this Countrey, and not of that.

Places of most note herein, 1. Iconium (now Cogni) the Metropolis hereof when a Roman Pro∣vince; a place of great strength and consequence, situated advantagiously in the Mountains for defence and sarety, and therefore chosen for the seat of the Turkish Kings in Lesser Asia, at such time as they were most distressed by the Western Christians; who under the command and presence of the Emperour Conrade did in vain besiege it; forced to depart thence with great loss both of men and honour. Afterwards made the Seat-Royall of the Aladine Kings, the former race being extingnished by the Tartars, and final∣ly of the Kings of the house of Caraman, whose Kingdome, called the Kingdome of Caramania, con∣tained all the South-parts of the Lesser Asia, that is to say, part of the Province of Caria, all Lycia, Pam∣phylia, Isauria, Cilicia, Pisidia, and this Lycaonia. 2. Lystra••, the birth place of Timothy the E∣vangelist, where Paul and Barnab as having miraculously healed a Cripple were adored as Gods, and not long after on the instigation of some Jews, which came down from Antioch and Iconium, most despiteful∣ly treated; Paul being stoned into the bargain, though it pleased God, to raise him to life again, Acts 14. v. 19, 20. Such was the divine pleasure of Almighty God, that he that did consent to the stoning of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr, and took charge of the Cloaths of his Executioners, should suffer in the same kind wherein he had-trespassed, and feel some smart remembrance of his former Actions. 3. Derbe, honoured by the preaching of the said Apostles. 4. Laranda, so called by Ptolomy, and still preserving its old name; the second place for reputation next unto Iconium. 5. Adopissus. 6. Paralais. 7. Canna. 8. Caratha, with others named by Ptolomy, but not els observable.

Nor indeed were the Lycaonians themselves, from whomsoever they descended, of any great note or ob∣servation in the former times: subject to Cappadocia when it was a Kingdome, and reckoned as part of it in the time of Ptolomy, when made a Province of the Empire. Dismembred from it by some of the fol∣lowing Emperours: either to create new Offices and preferments for some Court-favourite; or to satisfie the ambition of some Prelates, aspiring to the dignity of a Metropolitan; it was made a Province of it self. Tom from the Empire by the Turks, it was at first a member of the Selzuccian Kingdome, as afterwards of the Caramanian. Which last founded by Caraman a great Prince of the Turks, on the death of Aladine the second, the last King of the Selzuccian Family, was a great eye-sore unto those of the house of Ottoman, from the time of Amurath the first, who first warred upon it, to the reign of Boejazet the second, who in fine subverted it, Anno 1486. as shall be shewn hereafter when we come to Cicilia; the last of the Provinces of that Kingdome, in the course of this work.

16. PISIDIA.

PISIDIA, hath on the East, Armenia Minor; on the West, some parts of Lycia and Phry∣gia Ma••or; on the North, Lycaonia; on the South, Pamphylia, and some part of Cilicia; from which parted by the main body of Mount Taurus. So called from the Pisidoe, the Inhabirants of it; but the rea∣son of their name I find not amongst my Authors.

The Countrey small, but furnished with great plenty of all provisions, as appeareth by that passage of Livie, where speaking of the expedition of Marlius unto these parts, he telleth us that he came into the fields of Sagalassa (one of the Cities hereof) being of a rich soyl, and plentifull of all manner of fruit. Inde∣ventume est (saith he) in agrum Sagallassarum, uberem fertilem{que} omni genere frugum. But this to be understood onely of the plains and champain; the mountainous parts hereof, being (like others of that nature) poor and barren.

Towns of most observation in ir, 1. Antioch, the Metropolis hereof, when a Province of the Ro∣man Empire, called for distictions sake Antiochia Pisidioe, mention of which is made Acts 4. and of the Jews Synagogue therein, honoured by Saint Pauls preaching, the summe of whose divine Sermon is there repeated. Built by Seleucus the first King of Syria of the Macedon race, and by him so called in honour of his Father Antiochus. 2. Seleucia, the foundation of the same Seleucus, called also to distinguish it from others of that name, Seleucia Pisidioe. 3. Lysinnia, on the borders hereof towards Phrygia. 4. Selge a Colonie of the Lacedemonians. 5. Sagalassa, situate in the most fruitfull part of all this Coun∣trey, as appears by that of Livie before mentioned. 6. Cremna, which onely had the honour of a Roman Colonie. 7. Termessus strongly situate in the Straits of the Mounts; the hilly Countrey about which hath the name of Milyes. 8. Olbanassa. 9. Plutanessus, of which little me∣morable.

As for these Piside, they were originally descended of the Solymi, Inhabitants of the borders of Lycia. A valiant People, and so affirmed to be by Livie, who calleth them longé optimos bello. Nor did he speak it without cause, this small Nation holding out against the Persians, and not conquered by them, when their great neighbours were subdued. Against these, Cyrus the brother of Artaxerx Mn••∣mon King of Persia did pretend a quarrell, as if they had trespassed on the borders of his Province. Which though perhaps they had not done, yet this gave him good occasion to leavy an Army, pretending revenge on them; but intending to dispossess his brother of the Persian Monarchy: but Tisaphernes Lieutenant to the King in Asia, seeing greater preparations than were sufficient to oppose the weak Pisidians, made the King acquaint∣ed with his suspitions; who accordingly provided for resistance. The Army of Cyrus consisting of 12000 Grecians, and 100000 Persians: the Kings forces were no fewer than 900000 fighting men. They met at Cunaxa, not far from Babylon, where Cyrus lost both the victory and his life. The Grecians, who had made their side good, and stood in honourable terms of composition, being by Tisaphernes betrayed, lost the best of their company. The rest under the conduct of Xenophon, made safe retreat home in despight of 200000 men which followed at their heels. This Xenophon, was an agent in, and the historian of this expedition: by whose example the Spartans first, and after them the Macedonians, were encouraged to attempt the conquest of Persia. But to return to these Pisidians, they fell with others of their neighbours, under the power of the Macedonians, and were made part of the Dominion of Seleucus. Abandoned by Antiochus to the will of the Romans, and setled in obedience by the Military progress of Manlius, spo∣ken of before; they were in Prolomies time annexed to Pamphylia, as a part thereof. Afterwards made a distinct Province of it self, and so continued till those parts of the Eastern Empire were subdued by the Turks: first part of the Selzuccian, and Aladinian Kingdomes, after of the Kingdome of Cara∣mania; whereof more anon.

17. PAMPHYLIA.

PAMPHYLIA, is bounded on the East, with Isauria and Cilicia; and on the West, with Lycia, from which parted by a branch of the Taurus; on the North, with Pisidia, separated from it by the main body of that Mountain; and on the South, with the Mediterranean Sea, which in those parts which lie next to it is called Mare Pamphylium. The reason of the name I find not, unless we think with Metaphrastes that it was so named, quod ex omnibus gentibus conflata esset, because inhabited by a mixture of many Nations: for so Pamphylia in the Greek tongue doth expresly signifie. And probable enough it is, that lying neer unto the Sea with an open shore, opposite to Africk, neer Sy∣ria, and not far from Greece, severall Nations from those parts might repair unto it; and from thence the name.

The Countrey for the most part is very mountainous, over-run with the Branches of Mount Taurus; but those branches feed great store of Goats, of whose hair are made abundance of Chamlets and Grograines, not inferiour unto Silks for fineness. Towards the Sea, which for the space of a hun∣dred and fifty Miles coasts along this shore, more pleasant, populous and fruitfull; well watered, and as well planted. The principall Rivers hereof, being 1. Cataractus. 2. Cestrus, and 3. Eurymed••n;

Nigh to which last, Cimon the sonne of Hilliades, Captain Generall of the Athenian Army, overthrew in one day both the Sea and Land Forces of the Persians. The manner thus: Having by plain force bick their Navy, of which he took and sunk no fewer than forty Ships and three thousand Gallies, he stowed the Persian Vessels with his best men, attired in the habit, and wearing the Colours of the Persians in the tops of their Ships. In their approach the Camp was opened, and all prepared to entertain their victorious Countrey-men: but the Greeks once in suddenly put them to the sword, and took twenty thousand of them Prisoners.

Principall Cities of it, 1. A••talia, founded by Ptolomy Philadelpus King of Egypt, and for long time the greatest and most flourishing Citie of all this Province; well fenced, and seated very commodious∣ly for Trade, on a very fair Bay, now called Golfo di Sattalia, by the name of the Town but little alte∣red. And though the Romans did conferr the honour of the Metropolitan City upon Aspendus; yet still Artalia had the start in point of riches; and is to this day a wealthy and well traded Empory, the weal∣their for the fair Tapestries which are herein made. Of this Town their is mention Acts 14. v. 25. 2. Perge, famous in old times for a Temple of Diana, and the yearly festivals there held in honour of her; from hence called Diana Pergaea more famous in the fulness of time for Saint Paul's preaching in it, mentio-Acts 14. v. 25. 3. Side, renowned in times of Gentilism, for a Temple of Pallas. 4. Magydis, on the Sea-side, not far from Side. 5. Aspendus, an inland Town, but strongly situate; made the Metro∣polis of the Province in the time of the Romans; remarkable for the Fidlers or Musitians of it, who with one hand both held their Harps and plaid upon them, keeping the other free for more gainfull uses; whence the Proverb of Aspendus Citharista, an Aspendian Harper, by which they signified a Theef. The Town first founded by the Argines, the Colonie sent thither being led by Mopsus, from whom the Countrey hereabouts had the name of Mopsia. 6. Olbia, not far from Attalia. 7. Caracensium, and 8. Colobrassus, two of the Towns of that part hereof, which had the name of Cilicia aspera: as 9. Cretopolis, and 10. Menedemium, of that part which was called Carbalia.

Of these Pamphylians there is little to be said in point of story, but that they were for the most part on the suffering hand; subject from time to time to those mightier Princes, who would not let their neighburs rest in quiet by them. Being on the same side of Taurus, and of easie access, they be∣came first Vassals to the Syrtan, and after to the Persian Kings. When Alexander passed that way in his march towards Persia, he took in all the Sea-Towns of it: the whole brought under with the rest of the Asian Provinces, by Antig••nus first, after by Seleucus the great King of Syria. In the expiration of whose line, this People and their neighburs of Cilicia, being left to themselves, and tempted by Mitthridates to his faction, began to be troublesome on the Seas, and and proved notable Pirates; and were the first Authors or inventers of those great Ga••llies of a hun∣dred and forty or a hondred and sixty Oars a peece; which the Italians call from hence by the name of Pamphyli. But forced to leave this trade at last, being warred upon by the Romans with great forces both by Sea and Land (a fuller narrative whereof we shall have in Cilicia) in the conclu∣sion of that warre, they lost that liberty which so small a time they had enjoyed; and were made Vassals unto Rome. Afterwards made a Province of the Asian Diocese, they ran the same fortune with the rest, till subdued by the Turks: and at the death of Alidine, were seized on by Caraman, and so became a part of his Kingdome. Of which we shall hear more when we come to Cilicia. And so much for the Provinces of the Asian Diocese, (the Provinces of the Isles excepted whereof more anon) converted to the Christian faith by three great Apostles, but most especially by Saint Paul, of whose travels through most Cities and Regions of it there is such pregnant evidence in the book of the Acts. And that Saint Peter and Saint John had also their parts herein, appears by the Revelation of the one, and the first E∣pistle of the other: Paul planting, John and Peter watering; but God himself giving the increase. Pass we on next unto ISAURIA and CILICIA, which though Provinces of the Diocese, of the Orient, were parts of the Caramanian Kingdome: of which having taken a Survey, and so cleared our selve•• of this Peninsula, we will then sayl about such Islands as make up the remainder of the Asian Diocese.

18. ISAVRIA. CILCIA.

THese two, though distinct Provinces, I have joined together, because the first was onely a part of the last; Cilicia antiently comprehending both. The fourtunes of both being the same also in point of story.

ISAVRIA, a mountainous and hilly Province, seated on both sides of Taurus, hath on the East and South the rest of Cilicia, whereof antiently it was a part; on the North, Pisidia; on the West, Pamphylia. So called from Isaurus, the chief City of it, when first made known unto the Romans; which being taken by Servilius the Proconsnl, imployed by Pompey in that service, reduced the conquered Countrey under the command of Rome, and gave unto the Conquerour the surname of Isauricus.

The quality of the Soyl, and whole estate of this small Province, take thus from Ammianus Marcelli∣nus, who had seen these Countries. Ciliciae lateri dextro adnexa Isauria, uberi palmite viret, & frugi∣bus multis; quam mediam flumen navigabile Calicadnus interscindit, &c.

i. e. On the right hand of Cilicia lyeth Isauria, a Province of a wealthy soyl, plentifull of Vines and much other fruits, which the River Calecadnus parteth in the very middest. Beautified besides many Towns with two principall Cities. 1. Seleucia, founded by Seleucus: and 2. Claudiopolis, into which Claudius the Emperour

brought a Roman Colonie. For as touching 3. Isauria, heretofore a walled City, and of most esteem, it hath been long ago destroyed, as yielding too secure a refuge to the neighburing Rebels; insomuch that now there are scarce any visible tracts of its former greatness.

And not much after, Hae duae Provinciae bello quondam Piratico cateruis mixtae Praedonum, a Servilio Proconsule missae sub jugum, factae sunt ve∣ctigales; i e

These Provinces (Cilicia and this) heretofore in the Piraticall warre joyning with those Robbers, were brought under by Servilius the Procons••l, and made subject to the State of Rome.

And here we have in brief, the nature of the Countrey, the names of the chief Rivers, and the principall Cities, with so much of the story as relates to the first subjugation of it. What further doth concern it we shall hear in Cilicia, upon the which it did depend.

2. CILICIA is bounded on the East, with Syria, or rather that part thereof which is called Coma∣gena, separated from which part by a branch of the Mounta in Taurus, called Amanus; on the West, with Pamphylia; on the North, with Isauria, and Armenia Minor; on the South, with the Mediterranean, and Syria specially so called. It was thus named as the old tradition was, from (〈◊〉〈◊〉 the brother of Cadmus the Phoenician, a neer neighbour to it: but as Bochartus (of whose humour I have told you often) from Callukim, a Phoenician word signifying stones, quia lapidosa est Regio, because in some parts, especially in that which was called Cilicia Trachaea, or Cilicia Aspera, it was very stony. It is now called Caramania, as the last Province of the Caramanian Kingdome, which held out for those falling Princes, when the rest was conquerd by the Turks of the Ottoman race.

The Countrey said by Marcellinus, to be terra dives omnibus bonis, wealthy and fruitfull of all ne∣cessaries. Which Character holdeth good chiefly in the Eastern parts, which heretofore had the name of Cilicia Campestris; the western parts lying towards Pamphylia, formerly called Cilicia aspera, being rough and stony. But generally where the lands lie in severall, and are duly cultivated, it answereth to the former Character: being also very well watered, and having a fair and large Sea-coast, for the space of there hundred miles and upwards. Which notwithstanding, it is not much traded, and but meanly inhabited, a great part of the Countrey lying in large and common fields, to which none can lay any proper claim, and therefore planted onely with Goats and Sheep: out of which the Commoners on all sides raise good profit by cheese and butter, by their fleeces chiefly. Here is also a good breed of Horses, of which six hundred yearly are culled out for the speciall service of the Grand Signeur. But as they have some profitable and usefull creatures; so have they others as dangerous and hurtfull to them, especially those which the Vulgar Grecians call Squilachi, of a mixt making betwixt a Dog and a Wolf, which go in ttoops, and are so bold and theevish withall, as they use to set upon a man as he is a sleep, and leave him neither hat, cloak, nor fardell, nor anything they can conveniently get from him.

Chief Rivers hereof are, 1. Pyzamus, now called Malmistra, which rising on the North side of the Taurus, and forcing his passage through that Mountain, makes such a noise in falling down the precipices and rocks thereof, as resemblanceth at a great distance a clap of Thunder. 2. Orymagdus. 3. Cali∣cadnus spoken of before. 4. Cidnus, which riseth in the Anti-Taurus, a River of a violent course, and so cold a water, that as Pliny writes, it cureth the Gout: the waters of which proved very dangerous to Alex∣ander the Great, the coldness of them striking violently into his stomack; and deadly to Fredrick the first Emperour of the Germans, as he here bathed himself, the violence of the stream tripping up his heels, and he not able to recover was presenly drowned.

Of their chief hils I need add nothing, having already said that the Countrey is parted by Amanus from Syria; and by Taurus it self from Pisidia and Armenia Minor: not easie of entrance by the first, but very difficult by the last: the Streits thereof called Pyloe Cilicioe, or the Ports of Cilicia, being indeed so strait, and almost impassable, that had they been guarded or regarded by the Persians, as they should have been, the progress of Alexanders victoties might have ended there But Arsenes, who had the charge of them, durst not stand his ground, and so left them open to the Enemy: whom by those Ports he put into the possession of the Kingdome of Persia. With better faith, though no better fourtune did the Souldiers of Pesceninus Niger make good these Streits against the Emperour Severus: the Monarchy of the World ly∣ing a second time at stake, and to be tried for in this Cock-pit. For the Nigrians possessed of these Streits and entrances, couragiously withstood the Severian party, till at last a sudden tempest of rain and thunder continually darting in their faces, as if the very Heavens had been armed against them, they were fain to leave the passage, and therewith the victory, to the adverse faction; having sold that at the loss of 20000. of their own lives, which Alexander had the happiness or the hap to buy for nothing.

In the borders of this Countrey towards Pamphylia, lived a Tribe or Nation called the Soli, originally of Attica: but in long tract of time difused from converse and communication with their Countrey-men, they spake that language so corruptly, that from their barbarous manner of pronunciation, and as rude expression, came the word Soloecismus. Yet amonst these were born three men of eminent note, that is to say, Chry∣sippus the Philosopher, Philemon and Aratus the Poet; out of the writings of which last Saint Paul vouch∣safed to use this passage 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. for we are also his offspring, Acts 17. v. 28. That blessed Apostle thought himself never the worse Preacher, for being brought up in humane learning at the feet of Gamaliel: nor held it any disparagement to the influences of the Holy Ghost to make use of it in his Sermons, and divine discourses. And therefore to prevent those cavils which ignorance or misprision might chance to make in times succeeding, he hath thrice vouchsafed the words and testimony of the hea∣then writers; viz. of Epim••nides, T••tus 1. v. 12. of Menander, 1 Cor. 15. v. 33. and that of Aratus before mentioned. So lawfull is it in this kind for those of the spirituall Israel to rob the Aegyp∣tians; and to make this Hagar serviceable to their Mistress Sarah.

Principall Cities in this Province, 1. Soloe, the habitation of the Soli before remembred; by some said

to be built by Solon the Athenian; but generally affirmed to have been planted by those of Rhodes and Attica: mistakingly called Heliopolis, by Qu. Curtius, which is as much in Latine as Solis civitas, or the City of the Sunne. On the site hereof then decayed and ruinous (the Town having been destroyed by Tygranes the Armenian King in his late warres against the Romans) did Pompey build his City of Pom∣peropolis after his victory over the Pirates, who not onely lorded it over the Seas, and consequently obstru∣cted trade and merchandize, but wasted and spoiled the Villages of Italy it self. Pompey being Victor, and having inflicted exemplary punishment on the Ring-leaders, with the rest peopled this new Town, and the Countrey adjoining; allowing them competent possessions, lest want and necessity should again in∣force them to the like courses. An action truly commendable, and worthy so great a Captain, rather to take occasion of offending from the people, than after offence done to punish them. Hythlodoeus in the Utopia, somewhat bitterly, though perhaps not unjustly, inveigheth against the lawes of England, for ordaining death to be the punishment of theft, Cum multò potius providendum fuerit, uti aliquis esset proventus vitae; ne cuipiam sit tam dira furandi primùm, deinde pereundi necessitas. Where as (saith he) the lawes ought to make provision for putting men in to some orderly course of life, and not let them runne upon the necessity of stealing first, and then being hanged for it. 2. Tarsus, the birth-place of Saint Paul the Apostle, for that sufficiently famous, were there nothing else to commend it to consideration. But it was a Town withall of great note and consequence, the Metropolis first of all Cilicia, and after the division, of Cilicia Prima. The Inhabitants whereof had the privilege of Roman Citizens. Situate in a goodly plain on the banks of the Cydnus, and by some said to be the work of Sardanapalus the last King of Assyria; it being engraven on a Monument erected to him, that in one day he had built this Tarsus; and 3. Anchiala, another City of this Countrey, neer the Sea-side, and not farre from the Promonto∣ry Zephyrium. Of the same date (if the said Monument speak truth,) but neither of the same fortune nor continuance: that being utterly decayed, but Tarsus still remaining of great wealth and strength. Much spoken of in the wars of the Holy Land, and in the Stories of the Caramanian and Ottoman Kings. And thoughthe Tarsians to ingratiate themselves with Julius Coesar, would needs have their City called Julio∣polis; yet the old name survived the new, and it is to this day called Tersia or Terassa by the vulgar Greci∣ans; but Hamsa by the Turks, as Bellonius telleth us. 4. Adena, the Adana of Ptolomy, a large Town but unwalled, instead whereof defended by a very strong Castle. Situate in a fruitful soyl, both for wine and corn, wherewith the Town is alwaies furnished for the use of those that are to travell over the Taurus, who commonly take in here three daies provision. 5. Epiphania, the birth-place of George the Arian Bishop of Alexandria; thrust on the world of late by some learned men (but of more industry than judgement) for George the Cappadocian Martyr. 6. Mopsuestia, as famous, or infamous, rather for giving title to Theodorus Mopsuestenus, Bishop hereof, and a great Patron of the Nestorian Heresies, in the time of Saint Chrysostome. The City otherwise of good note, and of great consequence, in the course of the Roman warres, described at large by Ammianus Marcellinus. 7. Issus, upon a spacious Bay, called hence Sinus Issicus, neer the borders of Syria: memorable for the great battel here fought betwixt Alexander and an handful (in comparison) of his Macedonians, and that vast Army of Darius (himself there in person) consisting of 600000 undisciplined Asians, whereof so many lost their lives, that the dead bodies seemed to have buried the ground. For partly by the unskilfulness of the Commanders, who chose so ill a place to sight in that they could make no use of their mighty numbers, and partly by the effeminatness of the Asian Souldiers, unable to endure the charge, there fell that day no fewer than 200000 of the Persians, 40000 of them being taken Prisoners, amongst them the wives and daughters of Darius; and not above 100 of the Alexandrians, if Qu. Curtius be not partiall in relating the Story. A victorie which assured Alexander of his former purchases, and opened a way unto the rest: the Persian not being able to make head again till he had pierced into the bowels of their Empire, and ad∣ded Syria and Egypt to his former Conquests. Of so great consequence is one full Victory to the losing and getting of a Kingdome. This Town it self now called Aiazzo, and the great Bay on which it stand∣eth Golfo di Aiazzo. 8. Alexandria, built by command of the Conquerour neer the place of battel, commodiously for trade, as upon the Sea, but otherwise in a fenny and boggy soyl, which makes the air there to be very unwholesome to men not used to it; little now remaining, but a few houses on the Sea∣shore built of straw and mudd, hardly affording it the reputation of a sorry village; and would not long continue such, but that it is the neerest Haven to the Town of Aleppo (whereof more in Syria) which draw∣eth unto it the resort of some Christian Factors, whose houses are of clay and timber, but of them not ma∣ny. The Town at first called Alexandria, as before was said; diminished first to Alexandretta, now called Scanderone. 9. Nicopolis, another of Alexanders foundations, so named in memory of his great Victory before mentioned. 10. Amavarza, a City of great Antiquity in the time of Strabo, and the Metropolis of the Province of Cilicia Secunda. 11. Heraclea, mentioned by Bellonius, and by him placed in a fruitful and well cultivated plain, at the foot of mount Taurus, a fair and large Town as he reporteth it, and distant from Adana towards the North-west about three dayes journey. But I find no such Town in Strabo, or Ptolomy, or any other of the Antients. 12. Scandeloro, a City of Cilicia Aspe∣ra, or that part of Cilicia which lieth towards Pamphilia, heretofore with the adjoining territory govern∣ed as a State distinct, when all the rest of this Countrey was under the kings of Caramania: against whom the Prince hereof, being a Mahometan had preserved his liberties, by the assistance of the Knights of the Rhodes, and the King of Cyprus. And when the Caramanian Kingdome was subdued by Ba••azet; he made so good conditions for himself, that he had other lands and estates in the Lesser Asia, assigned to him in exchange for this, and so surrendred this to the will of the conquerour.

The first Inhabitants of this Countrey were of the Progenie of Tarshish the Son of Javan, by whom, or

some of his posterity, to preserve his memory, the City of Tarsus was first built; Increased in tract of time by some new Colonies out of the neighbouring parts of Syria, it followed for the most part the fortunes of it: successively together subject to the Assyrians, Persians, and Macedonians. In the declining for∣tunes of the house of Seleucus, they began to stand upon their own legs, and might have continued longer in so good a posture, had they not hearkned to ill Counsails. Tempted by Mithridates to join with him against the Romans; of whose greatnesse all the Eastern States were grown very jealous; and being natur∣ally good Sea-faring men, they began together with the Pamphylians, to infest the Seas. At first they ventured no further then the shores adjoining. But after emboldened with successe, and finding that the Romans were sufficiently embroiled in domestick troubles, and a sharpe warre with Mithridates, they fell upon the coasts of Greece, and in fine of Italy itself; Publius Servilius the Proconsull first imploi∣ed against them, gave them an overthrow at Sea: and following his good fortune set upon them in their Harbours and retiring places. In which pursuit he not only took from them Phaselis, a strong Town in Lycia, one of their Retreats, and others of their best and strongest Receptacles: but wasting the whole Countrey of Cilicia, fell upon Isaurus, the most defensible Town thereof, which he took and ransacked. No sooner was Servilius departed home but they broke out more violently then before; filling all the ••reeks and ports of the Eastern Seas with their Frigots, Brigantines, and other light Piraticall Vessels: inso∣much that Pompey himself thought it to be an action not unbecoming his greatness to undertake the warre against them. And he pursued it to such purpose, that having armed 500 sail of all sorts, and stored his ships with 130000 men, he set upon them all at once; and in the space of one sole moneth made an end of the warre. An action not sufficiently to be wondered at, if we consider either the speedinesse of it, done in so little time as a moneth; or the cheapnesse of the victory, purchased without the losse of one Romen Vessel; or finally the importance and consequence of it, the Pirates from that time not daring to infest the Seas, and all Cilicia subjected to the State of Rome. How they were afterwards disposed of hath been shewn already. After this they did very good service unto Pompey in his warre again Caesar; of whom thus Lucan, reckoning up his Allies and Aids,

At{que} Cilix justa nunc non Pirata, carinà. And the reformed Cilicians now No Pirates, in his fleet did row.

Nor were they pliant unto him onely, as unto their Conquerour, but generally so tame and tractable in the time of Cicero, one of the first Proconsuls or Lord Deputies which were sent to govern them, that he writ merrily to Rome, that he found all quiet in his Province; save that the Panthars (some of which one of his friends had prayed him to send to Rome for the adorning of his triumph) were for fear of him fled into Pamphylia. At the first conquest by the Romans it was divided only into Campestrem and Trachaeam, as was said before; of which Campestris was reduced immediately to the form of a Province. Aspera or Trachaea was a while continued under the Government of Kings, till the time of Vespasian, and then made a Province as the other. By the succeeding Emperours, on some reasons of State (if not those inti∣mated in Lycaonia) the number of Provinces being increased (though the bounds of the Empire were no larger than they had been formerly) the whole was divided into three: that is to say, Cilicia prima, taking up all Compestris wholly; Cilicia secunda, containing the Maritime parts of Cilicia Aspera; and Isau∣ria, taking up the mountai nous parts of this last division. Laid by the Emperour Constantine to the Dio∣cese of the Orient; and consequently subject in spiritual matters to the Patriarch of Antioch, where the Praefectus Praetorio Orientis had his usual residence. In the falling of the Eastern Empire, it was con∣quered hy the Saracens in the time of Muhaveas or Mnavi, the fixt Caliph. Continuing under their com∣mand till their declination, it was recovered by the Greek or Eastern Emperours, and from them conquered by the Turks in the course of their Victories. But the first race of Turkish Kings being worn out by the Tar∣tars, and the Aladinian Kings ending in Aladine the second; it was part of the new Kingdome of the Caramanians; continuing theirs till the destruction of that line by Bajazet the second, Anno 1486. by whom incorporated with the rest of the Ottoman Empire.

Thus having made our Progress over all the Provinces of the Lesser Asia, and shewn how every one of them was made subject to the Turkish Tyranny: we must next draw down the Succession of such Turkish Kings as have reigned herein, till it was wholly conquered by the Princes of the house of Ottoman. Con∣cerning which we are to know in the way of Preamble, that the Turks having made themselves Masters of the Kingdome of Persia, and following their successes into Syria also; fell to a breach amongst them∣selves. For making up whereof it was condescended unto by Axan, the then Persian Sultan, that Me∣loch and Ducat two of his discontented Kins-men, should be infeoffed in the Cities of Aleppo and Da∣mascus and their severall Territories; with whatsoever they could conquer from the Caleph of Egypt, pos∣sessed at that time of most part of Syria, and some of the adjoining Provinces. It was also then agreed upon, that a third but neerer Kinsman called Cutlu Moses, another of the Leaders of the opposite faction, should have leave to conquer for himself whatsoever he could win from the Christian Princes; And he ac∣cordingly being furnished with a competent Army, subdued the Provinces of Media and Armenia in the Greater Asia, with Cappadocia, Pontus, and Bithynia in Asia Minor. Which and the rest of their affairs take here in the ensuing Catologue of

The Turkish Kings in Asia Minor of the Selzuccian Family.

• 1075. 1. Cutlu Moses, Nephew to Trangolipix, the first Persian Sultan of the Turks, won Media, part of Armenia Major, Cappadocia, Pontus, and Bithynia.
• ...

• 2. Solyman, Son of Cutlu Moses, for a while dispossed of most of his estates by the Westren Christians, in their first passage towards the Holy Land.
• 3. Mahomet the Sonne of Solyman, recovered most of his estates in the Lesser Asia, but outed of them and subbued by
• 4. Musat, Sultan or Lord Deputy of Iconium, but of the same Selzuccian family, who was thereby possessed of all the Turkish Provinces in the Lesser Asia.
• 5. Calisastlan the Sonne of Musat, to whom his Father left Iconium with the adjacent Pro∣vinces, wrested Amasia, and Ancyra from his brother Jagupasan; Sebastia, and Caesare••, from his brother Dodune; which with their severall Territories were bequeathed unto them, by the will of their Father. He overthrow the Emp. Emanuel Comnenus, and united Phrygia to his Kingdome.
• 6. Reucratine, the third Son of Calisastlan, having dispossest his three brethren Masut, Cap∣patine, Caicosrhoes, of the estates left them by their Father; became sole Monarch of all the Turkish Provinces in the Lesser Asia. In the later end of whose reign, Occata the Tartarian Cham having driven the Turks out of Persia, many of them under the conduct of Aladine, a Prince of the same Selzuccian Family, joined themselves to their Countreymen here, with whose help they won Cilicia, from the Grecian Emperours, who in the reign of Calo-Johannes, (the Turks being then embroyled by the Western Christians) had not long before regained it: and after the decease of Reucratine, advanced him to the whole estate.

The Turkish Kings in Asia Minor of the race of Aladine.

• 7. Aladine, descended in direct line from Cussanes, the last Turkish Sultan in Persia, having with many of his Nation seated himself in Cilicia, first made Sebastia, one of the Cities thereof, his chief Seat or residence: Which after the death of Reucratine, he removed to I∣conium, as the antient Regall City of the former Kings.
• 8. Azalide, by some called Azadire, eldest Son of Aladine, wasted the most part of his reign in wars with his brother Jathatine; whom at last he forced into exile.
• 9. Jathatine, on the death of his brother possesseth the Kingdome; slain afterwards in single com∣bate by Theodorus Lascaris, Emp. of the Greeks at Nice.
• 10. Jathatine II. Son of the former, driven out of his Kingdome by the Tartars, and dyed in exile: the Turks becoming Tributaries and Vassals unto the Tartarian.
• 11. Masut and Cei-cubades of the same Selzuccian Family (but whether the Sons of the second Jathatine I am not able to say) substituted in his place, as Tributaries to the conquering Tartars.
• 12. Aladine II. Son of Cei-cubades, succeeded his Father in the Kingdome, but as Vassall and Leigeman to the Tartars. After whose death leaving no issue of his body, the great Princes of his Family, divided amongst them his Dominions. To Sarachan fell Aeolis, Ionia, and part of Ly∣dia; from him named Sarchan, Sarachan, or Saracha-Illi; to Aidin the rest of Lydia, Phrygia Major, and the greatest part of the Greater Mysia, from him called Aidinia, or Aidin-Illi; to Cara∣sus, the Lesser Phrygia, with the rest of Mysia; from him denominated Carasan, or Carasa-Illi. To the Family of the Isfendiars, the Cities of Heraclea, Sinote, and that part of Pontus, which lieth next to Bithynia. There were also lesser Toparchies or sub-divisions, from whence we find a Prince of Smyrna, a second of Amasia, a third of Amisus, a fourth of Scandcloro; besides many others. But the main body of the estate was seized by Caraman, who for his share had the whole Provinces of Lycia, Lycamia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, Isauria, Cilicia, with the Regall City of Iconium, the greatest part of Caria (the rest of it appertaining to the Prince of Men••esia) with part of Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor, and some Towns in Phrygia; continuing in his family for as many descents (as either of the formet had held before) in great power and lustre, under

The Turkish Kings in Asia Minor of the house of Caraman.

• 13. Caraman, the first raiser of this family, Contemporary with Ottoman the first King of that race.
• 14. Aladine Son of Caraman, and Son-in-Law of Amurath the first, of the house of Otto∣man, by whom subdued, but pardoned and restored unto his estate, on the humble entreats of his wife.
• 15. Aladine II. Son of the former, subdued by Bajazet the first, and hanged by Tertumases, one of Bajazets great Commanders.
• 16. Mahomet, Son of Aladine the second, recovered his Kingdome on the death of Bajazet, vanquished and led captive by the mighty Tamerlane. Afterwards warred upon and vanqui∣shed by Mahomet the Son of Bajazet, redeemed his peace, by yielding up unto him many of his principal Towns; and was finally slain at the siege of Attalia.
• 17. Ibrahim, the Son of Mahomet, and Son-in-Law of Amurath the second, against whom unadvisedly raising war, he was forced to submit and become his Tributary: after whose death, rebelling against Mahomet the Great, he was then also vanquished? and a reconcili∣ation made betwixt them.
• ...

• 18. Ibrahim II. by some called Pyramus, the Son of Ibrahim the first, supported Zemes bro∣ther of Bajazet the second in his warre against him: for which Bajazet having setled his af∣fairs, invaded and subdued the Kingdome of Caramanta, killed the unfortunate King in battel, and so united that Estate unto the rest of the Dominions of the house of O••toman. The strange successes of which house, from the first rising of it to these present times, shall be deferred till we come unto Turcomania, from whence this Nation first attempted and atchieved the conquest of Persia, and which only of all their large possessions doth retain any thing of their name. In the mean time we will survey the Islands of this Lesser Asia, and so procceed to their possessions in the Greater, as they ly before us.

19. The Province of the ASIAN ISLES.

THe Province of the ASIAN ISLES comprehendeth all the Islands in Asia Minor; from the mouth of the Hellespont to the Rhodes, reckoning that for one: united first into a Province by the Emperour Vespasian; next reckoned as a part of the Asian Diocese, and afterwards, together with the Province of the Hellespont, and that of Asia properly and specially so called, making up the peculiar or exempt jutisdiction of the Proconsul of Asia. Those of most consideration are, 1. Tenedos, 2. Les∣bos. 3. Chios. 4. Samos. 5. Coos. 6. Icaria. 7. Patmos. 8. Claros. 9. Caparthos. 10. Rhodes. Others of less note, having nothing memorable but their names, are scarce worth the naming.

1. TENEDOS, is situate at the mouth of the Hellestont, overagainst the noted Promontory called of old Sigeum (but now Cape Janizarie) a Promontory of Troas, or the Lesser Phrygia, from which distant not above five miles. The Isle it self in circuit no more then ten; swelling with a round Mountain towards the North, in other parts levell; in both producing as good wines as the best of Greece. It took name, as the generall tradition was, from Tenes the Son of Cycnus, King of a little City in the Lesser Phrygia, who being falsly accused by his Step-dame for solliciting her to that incestuous mixture which she had violently importuned, and he as piously refused, was by the command of his Father put into a chest, exposed to the mercy of the Sea, and here miraculously preserved. Here for a time he is said to reign with great commendation for his justice; and after wards going to the aid of the Trojans, to have been slain by the hand of Achilles; of whom therefore it was not lawful to make mention in any of the Sacrifices offered in the Temple hereof. But Bochartus casting off all this as an old wives fable, will have it so called from Tin-edum a Phoenician word, signifying Red clay, which the Potters made use of in their earthen vessels. A town it had of the same name with the Island, in which a Temple sacred to Apollo Sminthius; and 2. another called Asterion, situate neer a little River well stored with Crab-fish, whose shells were made in the form of an Axot Hatcher. From which Town as the Islanders have in some Authors the name of Asterii; so from the other circumstance they are said to have had the stamp of an Hatchet on their coin or money. Memorable for an old custome observed amongst them, which was, that at the back of the Judge there alwaies stood a man with an Ax advanced; as well to terrifie the Witnesses from giving false evi∣dence to the Judge, as the Judge from pronouncing a false sentence upon the evidence. Whence the Pro∣verb, Tenedia Securis. More memorable for the finall destruction of Troy, which was plotted here the Grecians withdrawing their forces hither, as if gone in earnest, but from hence setting sail again to surprise the Town, when they saw their plot had took effect. And so I leave it with that Character which the Poet gives it.

Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima famâ Insula, divesopum Priami dum Regna menebant. Nunc tantum finus, & statio male-sida carinis.

In English thus,

In sight of Troy an Island stands, well known, Call'd Tenedos; rich, and of great renown, Whilest Priams Kingdome flourished; now (they say) Grown a poor Road, for ships an unsafe Bay.

2. LESBOS, the largest of these Asian Isles, is distant from the main land of Troas about seven miles; 168 in compass: reckoned the seventh in bigness of the Mediterranean; which Aristotle in his Book de Mundo, ranketh in this Order following. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. That is to say, The most considerable of these, are Sicilie, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Euboea, Cyprus, and Lesbos. And though both Seylax in his Periplus, a nameless Poet in Eustathius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and others of the Antients, vary in ordering of the rest, according as their information or fancies led them: yet Leshos comes in the seventh place constantly, without change at all. Upon which ground Bochartus will have it called Lesbos from Esburith a Phoenician word, signifying seven: contracted first to Esbu, by leaving out the last syllable of it; and then by changing bu to bos, and prefixing L to the beginning. Far enough fet, and were it but as dearly bought, would be good for Ladies: this Island being reckoned in the seventh place for no other reason, but because it lay furthest off and most North from Sicilie, from whence they ordered their accompt; and not any mystery in the name thereof.

It had then the name from Lesbos the Chief City of it, as that from Lesbus the Son of Lapythus, who ma∣ried Methymna the Daughter of Macarius Prince hereof: from which Macarius, it had sometimes the name of Macaria; as that of Mitylene by which it is now commonly called, from Mitylene another of the daughters of the said Macarius. And that the memory of the whole family might be pre∣served

in this Island, Methymna also had a City called by her name, one of the principal of the Countrey.

The Countrey towards the Westand South reported to be mountainous and somewhat barren; the rest level and fruitful: plentiful of excellent corn, and abounding in delicious wines, compared by Athenaeus to Ambrosia, the liquor of the Gods, as the Poets fable; affording also plenty of sheep, and store of horses; these last couragious and strong, though but low of Stature. More memorable for the eminent persons which it hath produced, as 1. Sappho an Heroick woman, whose invention was the Sapphick verse, and therefore called the tenth Muse. 2. Pittacus, one of the seven Wisemen of Greece. 3. Theo∣phraitus, that notable Physician and Philosopher. 4. Alcaus, the successour of Orpheus in the excel∣lecy of Lyricall poesie; and 5. Arion, the Musician, who was so perfect on his Harp, that being cast into the Sea playing on that instrument, a Dolphin took him on his back, and wasted him safe as far as Corinth, where he related the whole story unto Periander, attested by the Mariners who had thrown him overboard. And though this be by some rejected as a poetical fiction; yet past all doubt, the man was not only an excellent Musician, but an eminent Poet, the first inventor of Tragedies, a chief Lyrick, and the Author of the verse called Dithyrambick.

Principal Towns herein, 1. Lesbos, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from whom (saith Stephanus) the whole Island had the name of Lesbos. 2. Methymna, so named from Methymna one of the daugh∣ters of Macarius, spoken of before. 3. Mitylene, so named from the other daughter, and wife of Lesbus: now the Chief City of the Island, seated on a Peninsula looking towards the main land, strong by nature, and fortifyed by Art: enjoying on either side a commodious Haven, that on the South most fit for Gal∣lies; the other capable of ships of burden. Beautified heretofore with magnificent buildings, and sweet∣ned with variety of delights and pleasures: little now left of it since subdued by the Turks, but a strong Castle manned with an able Garrison, and a well-stored Ars nall for Gallies, kept here in readiness to preserve those Seas from Pirates; with which much infested. But the two first long since decayed and grown out of knowledge, those of most note next Mitylene, are 4. Vasilica. 5. Theodori. 6. Castel-Gera: all of late daies, and therefore of no observation in point of Story.

The Island was first inhabited by the Pelasgians, conducted hither by Zanthus the Sonne of Triopus; whence named Pelasgia: afterwards by some Ionians and people of sundry nations planted here by Maca∣rius, (the father of Mitylene and Methymna) who by his prudence and the reputation of his justice, obtained a kind of Soveraignty over the neighbouring Islands. Lesbus the Sonne of Lapithus arriving here with his Family, married Methymna, and had the Island for her Dower; though Mitylene had the hap to have the predominant City, and the Island consequently called by her name. Made subject to the State of Athens, in the time of the Peloponnesian warre (when almost all Greece banded against that City) they revolted from it, and were so straitly besieged by Paches, an Athenian Captain, that they submitted unto mercy. The Generall sends to Athens to know what should be done with the Mitylenians; Answer was sent, that he should put them to the sword. But the Senate on the morrow after repenting of that cruell Decree, sent a countermand. These latter Messengers made no stay, but eating with one hand, and row∣ing with the other, came to Mitylene, just as Paches was reading the former Order; by this speed pre∣vented. So neer were these miserable people to a fatall destruction. Subdued by the Romans with the rest of Greece, they fell together with it to the Constantinopolitan Emperours: from whom taken, with Chios, Samos, Andros, and some other of these Isles, Anno 1124. by the State of Venice, upon a quarrel betwixt them and the Grecian Emperour. Confirmed unto that Signeury by the Emperour Baldwin, and all the rest of the Aegean added to their portion; those above-named were again recovered by the va∣lour and good fortune of John Ducas, the Greek Emperour, then residing at Nice. Afterwards in the year 1335. the Emperour Calo-Johannes gave it to Franciscus Catalusius, a Noble Gentleman of Ge••o; with one of his Sisters, for her Dower. By whose posterity enjoyed till the year 1462. when Mahomet the Great incensed against Dominicus Catalusius the then Lord hereof, for the murder of his elder Brother, a Vassall and Tributary of his Empire (those Princes paying to the Turk an annuall tribute of 4000 Du∣cats) but more for harbouring the Pirates of Spain and Italy; besieges him in Mitylene his principall City; which in 27 daies (for so long it held) he constrained to submit unto him, and therewith all the Island also. Some of the Chief families, being removed unto Constantinople, upon some reasons of State, the main body of the people were permitted to remain here to till the land; and so continue to this day, with some few Turks, inconsiderable for their strength or numhers, entermixed amongst them.

3. CHIOS, the next to Lesbos both in site and bigness, lyeth opposite to the shore of Ionia, from which distant not above four leagues, is in compass about 126 miles. So called, as some say, from Chione a fair Nymph hereof, much sought after by many Suters: as others say, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Greek word signifying Snow, wherewith the mountains of it are sometimes covered. And some again will have it take name from Chios the Chief City of it, which being built in the form of the Greek letter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, first got that name unto it self, and afterwards did communicate it to the whole Island. Isidore in his Origines gives another reason, and will have it called so from a Syriack word signifying Mastick, whereof there is plenty in this Isle. Chios insula (saith he) Syrâ linquâ appellatur, eo quod ibi Mastyx gignitur; Syri enim Mastychen Chion vocant. And were it so, that Chios in the Syriack did signifie Mastick, there could no better reason be assigned for the name: this Island being more furnished with that commodity, than any place in the world besides. A gumme it is growing out of the Lentisck tree, which in the moneths of July and August the Inhabitants force out of those trees by making with sharp instruments a deep incision into the the barks of them; one of which the juice dropping is afterwards hardned like a gumme, and in the Septem∣ber

following gathered. A Commodity with yieldeth yearly to the Inhabitants 18000 Sultanies, every Sultanie being valued at the rate of a Zochine of Venice: and therefore the felling of the Lentisck tree, at the time of the distilling of this precious juice, interdicted on the penalty of losing the right hand of him that doth it.

Other Commodities of this Island are Corn and Oyl in indifferent plenty, some quarries of most ex∣cellent Marble, a certain green earth like the rust of brass; some Silks, and Cotton-Wool, but shert in worth to those of Smyrna, and other places: Honey as good as any the world affordeth; and a vain of most delicious wines, those specially which grow on the Mountain Arvis, now called Amisea. Of which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 gives this commendation, In sumoia gloria fuere Thasium, Chiumque; ex Chio, quod Ar∣visium vocant. Of all wines (saith he) those of Thassus, and Chios, are of best esteem; and of these of Chios, the Arvisian. Strabo extolleth them in the Superlative degree, and calleth the wine here∣of, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, incomparably the best of Greece. And Plutarch, speaking of an E∣picurean or voluptuous liver, affirms that he conceived it the supreme felicity 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to lie with Thais, and drink th••se Arvisian wines. Here are also infinite store of Pa∣triges, of a red colour, kept tame, and fed in slocks like Geese, in the Streets and Greenswarths of their villages: some little Boy or Girl driving them to field, and calling them home again with a whistle when the night comes on.

The Island divided commonly into two parts, the Higher called Apanomera, lying towards the North and West, hilly, and rough, but intermixt with fruitful vales and pleasant Rivers: the Lower, opposit unto it, called Catamorea, swelled here and there with gentle hillocks, on which groweth the Lentisck. The whole inhabited by Greeks intennixt with Genoese, and (since their conquest by that people) some few Turks amongst them. Which mixture with the Genoese, tempereth the levity of the Greeks with it than gravity: the better sort of people both in apparrel and manners coming neer the Genoese, once the Lords of this Island: the common fort continuing their old Greek humour of mirth and jollity, (not sensible of the Turkish thraldome under which they suffer) with as much licenciousness as ever. And though this in∣termixture hath so corrupted their language, that neither the Greek nor the Italian be here rightly spoken, but a compound tongue made up of both: yet keep they their Religions still distinct and separate, as if they had never known another.

Here are reckoned in it six and thirty Towns and villages, the principall whereof are, I. S. Elias in the North. 2. Pigrine, in the midest hereof; and 3. Chios it self, now called Sio(as is all the Island) one of the seven Cities contending for the birth of Homer, whose Sepulchre they pretend to shew in an old Castle neer the Mount and Town of S. Elias(which were it his, would be a better argument for his buri∣all here, than it is for his birth.) The Town situate in the most pleasant and fruitfull part of the Countrey, to which both industry and Art have given great advantage: here being few houses without Orchards of excellent fruits, as Oringes, Limons, Pomegranats, Citrons, and a kind of Fig, much praised for their quick∣ness of tast by the antient Romans. It standeth on the East-side opposite to the Shores of Asia,stretched along the bottom of the Haven, and on the West-side backed with a rocky Mountain, upon which it former∣ly did stand. The Buildings ordinary, the Streets narrow, and the Haven every day decaying: though other∣wise secure once entred; and for directing of the entrance a Lantern advanced by the Genoese(when Lords hereof) to give light by night, and serve for a land-mark in the day. Fortified on the North-side by a large and strong Castle, environed with deep ditches, well furnished with munition, and a Turkish Garrison. And because the Island is on all parts accessible, not naturally fortified with rocks, and dangerous precipices, as many others; besides this Castle, they have all along the Coast small Watch-to••rs, which with smoke by day, and fire by night, give notice unto one another of such Vessels as they see approaching: the Guards about the Castle being so intent also about their charge, that every minute of the night there goeth a word about the walls to declare their vigilancie.

The Chians were at first a free people, governing themselves as a Commonwealth; and by reason of their many harbours, able to furnish out a Navy of 80 Sayl, which gave them the Lordship of those Seas; till ecclipsed by the Rhodians. Besieged by Philip the Father of Perseus, with his utmost power, who when he could not get it by force, proclamed freedome to the Slaves (of which here were many) and liberty to ma∣••y with their Masters wives, if they would rebell against their Masters. And when this policy would not do it, the Town being held out with greater heat of indignation, he gave over the siege. At last they be∣came subject to the Romans, with the rest of Greece, and followed punctually the same change of fortunes, as did those of Les••os; which we have spoken of before: till given by Andronicus Paloeologus, one of the last Greek Emperours, to the Justinians, a noble Genoesian Family, assistant to him in his wars. Under them it continued as tribut tries to the Turks (after the Turks had made themselves masters of Constantinople) to whom they annually paid eighteen thousand Ducats; till the year 1566. When Solyman the Magnifi∣cent picking a quarrell with them for some suspected correspondency with the Knights of Malta, commanded Pial, one of his greatest Bassas, to seize the Island. And he accordingly presenting himself before the City with a strong Fleet of eighty Gallies, did so astonish and amaze the Inhabitants of it, that without any other summons than the fight of his Navy, they surrendred themselves unto his disposing, upon Easter-day, being the same day he came before it. since that it hath continued Turkish, all save their Religion, en∣joyed by them with like liberty as in former times.

4. SAMOS, is on the South-east of Chios, distant about five miles from the shores of Ionia; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 eighty or eighty seven in compass; environed for the most part, especially on the North-west with in∣••••able but beautified with a fair and capacious Haven; of little use by reason of the Pirates 〈…〉〈…〉s. The soyl sufficiently enriched with most kind of fruits, abundantly plentifull 〈◊〉〈◊〉

Oly, and Olives, but of Vines altogether unfurnished which is the more to be admired in regard all the Islands and shores about it, produce them in so great a plenty. It stretcheth from the East to the West: and on the South part of it stood the City Samia, neer unto the Haven before spoken of. In former times po∣pulous, and well inhabited, as was the rest of the Iland; now wholly desolate in a manner, because of the Pi∣rates, and in most places very much over-grown with woods: becoming thereby very usefull to those publick enemies, who find here Timber enough for Shipping, and can upon the sudden put a ship to Sea, for pursuit of their Robberies. The chief commodity it affordeth besides those above, is a medicinall Earth, usefull for Chirurgery and Physick: of which in former times were those Vessels made, called Vasa Samia, in great request amongst the Romans.

Antiently it had the names of Dryusa, Anathemusa, Melamphylas, and Ciparissa: out-worn by that of Samos, which it still retaineth. Memorable in old times for the birth of Juno, of one of the Sibyls, hence called Samia; and finally of the wise-man Pythagoras (a wiser than any of the seven wise Ma∣sters, so renowned amongst them) who first brought Philosophy into Greece, and from thence into Italy. Once a free Common-wealth of no small esteem, the Institutes whereof are mentioned by Heraclides. in his Books of the severall Commonwealths then being: afterwards made subject to the Tyrant Polycrates, a man so fortunate that for a long time he never fell into any mischance. Fearing lest such a long calm would bring on a tempest, he let fall into the Sea a most precious Ring, by him deservedly esteemed; that so it might be said he had some mis-fortunes. Which after he had found again in the belly of a fish brought ac∣cidentally to his table, he was overcome by Orontes a Persian, and brought to a miserable death. Lea∣ving a notable example that fortune is certain in nothing but uncertainties; and like a Bee with a sharp sting, hath alwaies some misery following in the train of a long concatenation of felicity. From this time forwards it ran the same fortune with the rest of these Ilands; subject successively to the great Monarchies in former times, as of late times to the Venetians, Greeks, and Turks, who do now enjoy it.

5. ICARIA, (now called Niceria) lyeth not far from Samos, to the West-ward of it, nar∣row, but extended out in length; the whole compass seven and thirty miles: neighboured by two great Rocks, or little Ilands, of old called Melanthii, now the Fernaces; formidable at all times to Mariners, in the right especially. Meanly inhabited at the present, though abounding in pasturage, and yielding sufficiency of corn: Havenless, and therefore the less frequented, yet that defect supplyed by commodious Roads. In former times called Doliche, then Macris, after Ichsiaesa: which name it held till the flight of Daedalus out of Crete. Who justly fearing the anger of Minos, for being Pandar to his wife in her loves with Tau∣rus, secretly with Icarus his sonne, fled out of that Iland. And because he would be sure to out-strip the Rower; who pursued him, he added fails unto his Boat, which it is said he first invented. But Icarus, co∣ming after in another Bark, delighted with the new device, clapped on too much Canvass, and bearing too great a Sayl, was here cast away. Hence the new name both to this Iland, and the Seas adjoyning to it: and the occasion of the Fable of Daedalus putting wings upon his shoulders, when he fled from Crete; and of his sonnes flying too high, whereby the wax melted which his wings were fastned with, and so he perished in the water. Of which thus Ovid

Dum petít infirmis nimium sublimia pennis Icarus, Icariis nomina fecit aquis. In English thus, Whilst Icarus weak wings too high did soare, He fell, and gave name to th' Icarian shore.

6. PATMOS, now called Palmosa, is situate on the South of the other two; A little Iland, not above 30. miles in compass. Mounteinous, but indifferently fruitful, especially of wheat and pulse: of other commodities and fruits not so well provided. On one of these Mounteins stands a town of the s••me name with the Iland; having on the top thereof a Monasterie of Greek Caloiros; and on the bottom a fair haven (I mean in reference to the Iland). Fourty sail of Ships are said to belong unto it; by the trading whereof they bring in those provisions which the soyl affordeth not: the soyl about the town being so incomparably barren, that nothing groweth on or near it, but on such earth as is brought thither from o∣ther places. Unto this Iland (as to others in other parts of the world) did the Roman Emperours use to confine offenders. A punishment laid by Domitian on S. John the Divine, who in this place writ his ••••velation to the Churches of Asia. So much the Text affirmes for certain, as to the writing of it in this Iland. And the Inhabitants by tradition point unto an house on the North-side of the Town in which it was written; and nor far off, the Cave, where it was revealed. Both places equally honoured by the Greeks, and Latines. They also shew a dead mans hand, which they affirm to be his, the nayls whereof grow again as oft as cut. But the Turks (saith Maginus) claim it for the hand of one of their Prophets. Let them dispute the controversie, whilst we hast to

7. CLAROS, another Iland not far off, containing about forty miles in compass. Well sto∣••••d with commodious Harbours, but very mountainous, some of those hils of such an height, that from the tops thereof, the City of Ephesus in Ionia, though distant at least eighty miles, may be easily seen. It is ••••w called Calamo. Neighboured by Lero (of old called Ileron) a little Iland not above eighteen miles an circuit; but very populous, inhabited both by Greeks and Turks. and furnishing the neighbouring Coun∣••••es with some store of Aloes. Sacred in formertimes was Claros to Apollo; reckoned by him amongst his honours in his brags to Daphne: where he declares,

—Mihi Delphica teltus, Et Claros, et Tenedos, Pataraeaque Regia servic.

That is to say,

The folk of Delphos, Tenedos and Clare, And Royall Patara, my Vassals are.

8. COOS, COS, or COVS, for by all these names it was called of old, is situate over against Caria, in the very bottom of the Aegean, that is to say, in that part thereof which is called Mare Myrtoum, the Myrtoan Sea. A Sea so called, as some say, from one Myrtilus, the Coachman or C••ioteer of OEnomaus, who having betrayed his race with Pelops, and importunate for his reward, was by Pelops precipitated into this Sea. Plinie less probably conceiveth that it took name from Myrtos a little Iland not far from Euboea: a little to far off to extend its name to the shores of Caria. And there∣fore considering that Lydia antiently was called Myrtus, and that in those times Aeolis and Ionia lying on this Sea, were accompted but as parts thereof; I think we may resolve with more probability that it de∣rived this name from that Lydian Myrtus.

In this Sea stands the Isle of Coos, now called Lange, affording Saylers as they passe by a most beauti∣full prospect, lying for the most part flat and level, but swelling towards the East with some gracefull mountains, out of which issue many sweet and pleasant springs to refresh the Iland, which maketh it more than ordinarie fruitful. Productive of Cypress trees, Turpentine, and sundry others, both delight∣ful and medicinall, but most especially celebrated for those rich wines, which the Good Fellows of Rome so much loved to quaff, called Vinum Cos. It is in compasse 70 miles, having a Town of the same name, in the suburbs whereof Stomalimne stood, antiently the Temple of Aesculapius, famous, and rich with the offerings of those who having by his assistance (as they supposed) recovered health, came hi∣ther to make payment of their vowes, and express their gratitude. It is now fortified with a strong Castle, held by a Garrison of Turks: and besides this, two Villages onely in the Iland, and both inhabited by Greeks.

In elder times it had the name of Merope, Caria and Nymphoea, and at last of Coos. Memorable in being the Countrey of many famous men who were herein bota; viz. of Hippocrates, the Revivor of Physick, then almost decayed, who is hence called Hippocrates Cous. 2. Sinius, a Physician also; 3. Ariston, a Peripatetick Philosopher. 4. Philetas, as good an Oratour as a Poet. 5. Nicias, who for a time oppressed the liberty of this people, and 6. of Apelles the famous Painter, who to express his art in the picture of Venus, (rising naked out of the Sea) assembled together all the most beautifull wo∣man of this Iland, uniting in that piece their divided perfections. Which famous peece being afterwards hanged up in the Temple of Stomalimne, one of the principal of this Iland, was thence conveyed to Rome by Augustus, and their dedicated to Coesar, as the mother of the Julian Family: the Coans in regard hereof being eased of a great part of their annuall tributes. Not much less memorable for that fine thin stuffe (such as now called Tiffanies) so much in use amongst the Chief Ladies of Rome: which at once shewed them cloathed and naked. Perlucida utuntur veste, ita ut nudoe conspici possint, as my Author hath it. These they called Vestimenta Coa, and Vestes Coas, so often mentioned by the Poets, especially in their Amatoria; as Coa puellis Vestis, in Tibullus; Indue me Cois, in Propertius; Sive e••••t in Cois, saith the Poet Ovid. So in others also, too many, and too long to be added here. I passe to

9. CARPATHOS, situate on the South of Caria, in the Mediterranean, from this Iland, called here abouts the Carpathtan Sea. A rugged and unpleasing soil, full of difficult mountains, but those mountains stored with quarries of most excellent Marble. In circuit about 60 miles, extending more in length than breadth. Heretofore beautified with four Cities, and thence named Tetrapolis. But three of the four Cities are long since perished, that of Carpathos being still remaining, and still the princi∣pall of the Iland; both now called Scarpanto. Some other Towns it hath all along the shore, and every one of them furnished with some Port or Haven, but small, and for the most part very unsafe. Situate in the midle as it were betwixt Crete and Rhodes, it hath continued hitherto in the possession of the State of V••∣nice (if not taken from them very lately) to whom being given with other of the Ilands of these Grecian Seas, at the taking of Constantinople by the Western forces, it hath the fortune or felicity to continue theirs, when almost all the residue were subdued by the Turks. The people Greek, of the communion of that Church, notwithstanding their subjection to a State of Italy.

10. RHODES, situate in the Rhodian or Carpathian Sea, lyeth over against the coast of Lyria, in Asia Minor, from which distant about 20 miles. Formerly called Ophiusa, Asteria, Aethroea, Trinachia, Poeessa, Corymbia, Atabyria, and at last Macaria; it settled finally and fortunately in the name of Rhodes. So named by the Grecians from the abundance of Roses, which the soil produceth, Rhodos in that language signifying a Rose, the Isle of Roses, as it were: but as the Poets say, of Rhoda, a Nymph of these Seas, here deflowred by Apollo; or rather of Rhoda, one of the daughters of Apollo begat on Venus: For so one of them thus declareth;

Insula dicta Rhodos, de Sole et Cypride nata est. Rhoda, from whom this Isle took name, Of Venus and Apollo came.

The Iland 140 miles in compass, enriched with a most temperate air, and a fertile soyl, producing finuts in very great plenty, full of excellent pastures, adorned with trees which alwaies do continue gree•••• and in a word so blest with the gists nature, that it gave occasion to the fable of those Golden Shewers, which were once said to have fallen upon it. The wines hereof so excellent, and so rich of tast, that by the Romans they were used in their second courses, or reserved for the sacrifices of the Gods, as too good for morta••ls, as affirmed by Virgil in the Geor••icks. The cause of which perpetual flourishing, and continuall spring, is to be ascribed to the powerful influences of the Sun, so dearly cherishing this Island, or so much in

love with it, that it is constantly affirmed that no day passeth wherein he shineth not clearly on it, be the air in all other places never so much over-cast with Clouds, or obscured by mists. Fained for that cause to have been naturally a meer Marish, altogether unhabitable, if not covered with waters, till loved by Phoebus, anstcrected above the waves by his vigorous influences.

Of the People we shall speak anon; Look we in the mean time on the places of most observation. 1. Lindun (now Lindo a pety Town, but formerly of more esteem:) of note in those times for the Temple consecrated to Minerva, by Danaus King of Egypt, landing here when he fled out of that Kingdome. As also for the birth of Cares, the Architect of the huge Collossus, whereof more presently; but special∣ly for the nativity of Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece: the other six, being Solon of Ath••n••, Pertander of Corinth, Chilo of Sparta, Bias of Priene, Thales of Miletum, and Pittacus of Mi∣tylene. Seven men of whom the Grecians most immensely bragged, as if the World could neither afford them equals, or an equall number: for which derided handsomely by Lactanitius, an old Christian wri∣ter, who scoffe's their paucity, and calleth it a miserable and calamitous age, in quo septom Soli fuerunt qui hominum vocabula mererentur; in which there were no more than seven who deserved to be accompt∣ed men. 2. Rhodes, antiently, as now the chief City of it, the Iland from hence taking name, and for∣merly, as well as in later times, depending on the fortunes and strength hereof. No place in elder times held superiour to it, for the convenency of the Haven, magnificent buildings, delightfull Orchards, and other excellencies. Situate on the East part of the Isle, on the declining of an hill, and neer the Sea, where it enjoyeth a safe and commodious Haven: treble walled, fortified with thirteen Turrets, and five strong Bulwarks, besides divers Sconces, and other out-works: this Town, and Famagusta in the Isle of Cyprus, being conceived to be the two strongest holds in the Turkish Empire. In former times, one of the principall Universities of the Roman Empire; this Rhodes, Marseiles, Tarsus, Athens, and Alexandria, be∣ing reckoned the old Academies of the Monarchy. And to this Town, as a most noted place of Study, Ti∣berius (afterwards Emperour) did withdraw himself, when Augustus had declared his two Nephewes Lucius and Caius, for his Heires: pretending onely a desire to improve himself in the waies of literature; whereas the true cause was his envy at their preferment. Honoured in those times with that huge Collossus, one of the seven wonders of the World, made by Chares of Lindum before mentioned. Composed of Brass, in height seventy Cubits, every finger of it being as great as an ordinary man; and consecrated to the Sun, as the proper Deity of the Iland. Twelve years in making, and having stood but sixty six years, was pulled down in an instant by an Earthquake, which terribly shook the whole Iland. The Rhodians being forbid by an Oracle to erect it again (or possibly pretending such an Oracle to save that charge) yet held the brass and other materials of it (in a manner) sacred. Not medled with, nor sacriligiously purloined till Mnavias the Generall of Osmen, the Mahometan Caliph, finding in himself no such scruple of con∣science, (after he had subdued this Iland) made a prey hereof; loading nine hundred Camels with the ve∣ry brass of it. From this Colossus, was the Iland sometimes called Colossa, and the People Collossians: not those Colossians (as some have very vainly thought) to whom Sain Paul writ his Epistle, those being of Colosse, a Town of the Greater Phrigya, as hath there been noted. Here was also in this City antient∣ly a Temple of Bacchus, enriched with many presents both of Greeks and Romans; of both which People the Rhodians were then held in a fair esteem, but the God and the good Wines in greater. Towns of less note, are 3. Villanova. 4. Russicare, and some others, but as little memorable.

This Iland was first Peopled by Dodanim the sonne of Javan, and the Grand-child of Japhet, whom the Greeks call commonly but corruptly Rhodanim; mistaking the Hebrew letter Dalesh for that of Resh, letters so like as easily it might draw them to that mistake. Finding this Iland too narrow for him, he left here a Colony, and with the main body of his People passed into Greece, where he planted the Countrey of Epirus, as hath there been said. Those which staid here, being mistakingly called Rhodians (or called so by the Grecians, not looking with too curious eyes into their Antiquities, from the abundant of Roses here∣in growing) making the best use of their Haven, and other the advantages of their situation, became so ex∣pert in maritime affairs, that by Florus they are stiled Populus nauticus; and that not onely in the way of Trade and Marchandize, but of power and government: holding for many years the command of these Seas, and prescribing Lawes for the Regleiment of Navegation. Which being called the Rhodian Lawes, became the generall Rule for deciding marine causes, and ordering the Affaires of Sea, in all the parts and Provinces of the Roman Empire: and so continued till supplanted in these Westem parts by the Lawes of Oleron. Fearfull of falling under the Macedonians, they applied themselves unto the Romans; whom first they aided in their warres against Philip the Father of Perseus; and afterwards in that also against Antiochus. Re∣warded for this last service with Lycia and Caria, two of the Asian Provinces, which Antiochus was to leave on his composition; they became so faithfully affected to the State of Rome, that when all the other Ilands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, revalted to Mithridates King of Pontus: this onely ad∣hered unto the Romans. Proud either of their strength at Sea, or of those good Officers, they be∣gan to take upon them as Mediatours, and thought themselves fit men to advise their Masters. Crown troublesome by their frequent interpositions, and losing much of their esteem by such impertinencies: they be∣gan to grow jealous of the Romans, and incline to Perseus King of Macedon; whose Father they before opposed with their utmost power. A change which Perterculus expresseth with some admiration. Rhodij ipsi fidelissimi antea Romanis, dubià jam fide proniores in Regis partes visisunt, as his words there are. But yet they held for them against Mithridates, as before was said; and served their turn on all occasions; until insensibly they bretraied their liberty to the power of their friends; and of Confederates and Allaies, became their Vassals. Made by Vespasian into a Province with the rest of the Isles, the Governour or Pr∣sident of that Province fixing here his residence, as the chief of those Ilands: which gave the title of Me∣tropolitan

tropolitan to the Bishop of Rhodes. Under that Empire it continued, (or under that of Constantinople af∣ter the division) till the year 1124. when taken from the Grecians, by the State of Venice; again recovered by the Greeks, in the time of their Emperour John Ducas, then residing at Nice. Wonne from the Gre∣cians by the Turks, the Knights of Saint John of Hierusalem, being utterly driven out of Asia, possessed themselves of it, by the favour of Emanuel the then Emperour, who aided them in the conquest, Anno 1308. Afterwards proving bad neighbours to the Turkish tyrants, whom they ceased not to infest upon all occasions, they were many times in vain invaded: Mahomet the Great, famous for taking Constantinople and the Empire of Trabezond, spending some time before their City with both loss and shame. At the last 1522. it was again besieged by Solyman the Magnificent, Lilladamus Villerius being then Great Master: who did as much in defence hereof as policy and puissance could extend unto. But multitude in the end prevailed, and upon Christmas day, the Turk entred Rhodes as Conquerour; though possibly he might have said (as Pyrrhus once said of a like victory against the Romans) that such another victory would have quite undon him. Since that a Province of the Turks, by whom, and by some Jews banished out of Spain, the Ci∣ty of Rhodes is wholly inhabited: the Christians, which are licensed to dwell in the Countrey, and have leave to trade there in the day time, not suffered upon pain of death to stay there all night. And so we pass from the Ilands of the Asian Diocese, to the Isle of Cyprus, a neer neighbour unto Anatolia, but no member of it: the rest of that Diocese, and those Seas, as 11. Possidium. 12. Arcesine. 13 Bu∣gialos. 14. Minyas. 15. Sirne. 16. Cesi, and the rest, yielding but little matter of observation, besides their names.