Cosmographie in four bookes : containing the chorographie and historie of the whole vvorld, and all the principall kingdomes, provinces, seas and isles thereof / by Peter Heylyn.

The ARCHDUKEDOME of AUSTRIA.

The Archdukedome of AVSTRIA reckoning in the incorporate Provinces and Members of it, is bounded on the East with Hungarie and a part of Sclavonia; on the West with Bavaria, and some parts of the Switzers and the Grisons; on the North with Bohemia and Moravia; and on the South with Histria, and some part of Friuly in Italie. Within which circuit are contained the feverall Provin∣ces of Austria, properly so called, Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tirol: the qualitie of the whole will be best discerned by the Survey of particulars.

The ancient Inhabitants of the whole were the Norici, of the Romans, parted into the lesser Tribes of Sevates, Alauni, Ambisontii, Ambilici, and Ambidrauni: subdued by Drusus, son in law to Augustus Caesar, and made a Province of the Empire. After by Constantine the Great, divided into Noricum Me∣diterraneum, comprehending the Countries of Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, and some parts of Tirol, with the Bishoprick or District of Saltsburg; of which Solyun was the Metropolis or Capitall Citie: and Noricum Ripense containing only Austria and those parts of Bavaria which lie Eastward of the River Inn, extended all along on the banks of the Danow. Known by no other names while possessed by the Romans; from whom being conquered by the Avares and other Nations; it gained those severall names and appellations specified before.

1 AVSTRIA, properly so called, hath on the East the Kingdome of Hungarie, from which parted by the River Rab; on the West, Bavaria; on the North the Bohemian Mountains towards the West, and on the other side the Teya, which separates it from Moravia; on the South, Stiria, or Stier∣marck, called by the Dutch, Ostenreich, and contractedly Oostrich, that is to say, the Eastern Kingdom (a part assuming to it self the name of the whole) this being the extreme Province of East-France, or the Eastern Kingdom of the French: in the barbarous Latine of those times called by the name of Austrasia, whence the modern Austria.

The air is generally very healthie, and the earth as fruitfull; yeilding a plentifull increase without help of compost, or other soiling; and of so easie a tillage to the husbandman, that on the North side of the Danow it is ploughed and managed by one horse only. Exceeding plentifull of grain, and abundant in wine, with which last it supplyeth the defects of Bavaria: great store of Saffron, some provision of salt: and at the foot of the Mountains not far from Haimbourg, some Ginger also. Nor wants it Mines of silver, in a large proportion. Divided by the River Danow into the Lower and the Higher: that lying on the North side of the River, towards Bohemia and Moravia, this on the South side towards Stiermark.

Places of most importance in the HIGHER AVSTRIA, are 1 Gmund, seated on a Lake cal∣led Gemunder See, bordering on Bavaria at the efflux of the river Draun, which ariseth out of it. 2 Lints, seated on the confluence of the said Draun, with the famous Danow, the Aredate of Ptolemie: A town before the late wars almost, wholly Protestant, but then being put into the hands of the Duke of Bavaria, began to warp a little to the other side. 3 Walkenstein on the Ens or Anisus, near the borders of Sti∣ermark. 4 Ens, on the fall of that river into the Danow; raised out of the ruines of Laureacum, some∣times the Metropolis of the Noricum Ripense, the Station at that time of the second Legion: afterwards an Archbishops See, made such in the first planting of Christianity amongst this people by S. Severine, anno 464. On the reviver whereof, suppressed by the Hunnes, Bojarians, and others of the barbarous Nations, by the diligence and preaching of S. Rupertus, the Metropolitan dignitie was fixt at Saltz∣burg. 5 Waidhoven, near the head of the river Ips. 6 Ips, seated at the influx of that river, and from thence denominated, the Gesodunum of Ptolemie and other ancients. 7 Newfull, on a great Lake so named. 8 Wels, on the main stream of the Danubius. 9 Haimburg, on the confluence thereof, and the river Marckh: Near to which at the foot of the Mountains now called Haimburgerberg (from the town adjoining) but anciently named Mons Cognamus, is some store of Ginger: a wonderfull great raritie

for these colder Countries.* 1.1 10 Newstat, first called so from the newnesse of it, being built of late. 11 Vienna, by the Dutch Wien, the principall of all these parts by Ptolemie called Juliobona, Vindebona by Antonine; the station in their times of the tenth Roman Legion, of whose being setled here there are many Monuments both within the City and without. Seated it is on the bankes of Danubius, well built both in regard of private and publike edifices: each private house having such store of cella∣rage for all occasions, that as much of the Citie seems to be under the ground, as is above it. The streets for the most part spacious, and all paved with stone, which makes them very clean and sweet in the midst of winter: fenced with a mighty wall, deep and precipitious ditches on all parts of it; and many Bulwarkes, Towers, and Ramparts, in all needfull places: the wals hereof first raised with some part of the money paid unto Leopold Duke of Austria, for the ransome of King Richard the first of England, taken prisoner by him as he passed homewards through this Countrey from the Holy Land. Esteemed at this day the strongest hold of Christendom against the Turkes, and proved experiment∣ally so to be in that most notable and famous repulse here given them, an. 1526. At what time 200000 of them under the conduct of Solyman the Magnificent besieged this City; but by the valour of Fre∣derick the second, Electour Palatine of the Rhene, and other German Princes gallantly resisted and compelled to retire, with the losse of 80000 souldiers. Nor doth the strength hereof so diminish the beauties of it, but that it is one of the goodliest townes in all the Empire, the residence for these last ages of the Emperours: made an Vniversity by the Emperour Frederick the second, revived, and much advanced by Albert Duke of Austria, anno 1356. Adorned with an Episcopall See, many magnificent Temples and stately Monasteries; but above all with a most sumptu••us and Princely Palace, wherein the Archdukes and Emperours use to keep their Courts; built by Ottacar, King of Bohemia, during the little time he was Duke of Austria. In the middle ages, as appeares by Otho Frisingensis, it was called Fabiana: but being ruined by the Hunnes, and again reedified, was first cal∣led Biana, (the first syllable omitted by mistake or negligence) from whence the Dutch Wien, and the Latine Vienna.

We should now take a view of the townes and Cities in the LOWER AVSTRIA, if there were any in it which were worth the looking after. The Countrey having never beene in the hands of the Romans, hath no town of any great antiquity, nor many new ones built or beautified by the Austrian Princes, since it came into their possession: the onely one of note being Crems or Cremia, on the left hand shoar of Danubius, going downe the water. 2. Rets, on the River ••ega bor∣dering on Moravia;; and 3. Freistat, at the foot of the Mountaines on the skirts of Bohemia. The old Inhabitants of this tract are supposed to be the Quadi, in that part which lyeth next to Bohe∣mia; the Marcomanni in those parts which are next Moravia: who intermingled with the Bo••i, and united with them into the name of Bojarians, wonne from the Romans the whole Province of the Second Rhaetia, and so much of Noricum, as lyeth betwixt the Inn and the Ens: leaving the rest to the Avares, who possessed that and the two Pannonia's, extorted also from the Romans in the fall of that great and mighty Empire.

But these Bojarians being conquered by Clovis the Great, and the Avares driven out of Pannonia by Char le magne; both Provinces became members of the French Empire, till the subduing of Pannonia by the Hungarians. To oppose whom, and keep in peace and safety these remoter parts, some Guar∣dians or Lords Marchers were appointed by the Kings and Emperours of Germany, with the title of Marquesses of Ostreich. At first Officiary onely, but at last hereditarie, made so by the Emperour Henry the first, who gave this Province to one Leopold, surnamed the Illustrious, the sonne of Henry Earle of Bamberg, of the house of Schwaben; and there withall the title of Marquesse, anno 980. This Marquisate was by Frederick Barbarossa raised to a Dukedome, 1158. Henry being the first Duke, whose brother Leopold took Richard the first of England, prisoner, in his returne from Palestine: for whose ransome hee had so much money, that with it he bought Stiermark together with the Counties of N••obourgh, and Liutz; and walled Vienna. His sonne Fredericus Leopoldus, was made King of Au∣stria, by the Emperour Frederick the second, anno 1225. Eleven yeares he co••tinued in this dignity, at the end of which hee was spoiled of his royall ornaments by the same hand, for denying his appearance at the Emperours summons, unto whom for some outrages, he had been complained of. Finally he died in the yeare 1246. leaving two daughters. His sister named Margaret was mar∣ryed unto Ottocar, sonne to Primislaus King of Bohemia: his eldest daughter, Gertrude, to the Mar∣quesse of Baden; and Agnes, the second unto Henry Duke of Carinthia. Ottocar pretending the right of his wife, tooke to him the Dukedome of Austria, which hee kept after the death of his wi••e, till the year 1228. in which he was vanquished and slaine by Rodolphus the Emperour. Rodolphus then gave it to Albertus his sonne, whose wife Elizabeth, was daughter to Meinhard Earl of T••••ol sonne of Duke Henry of Carinthia, and of Agnes daughter of Frederick Leopold: Margaret, the sister; and Gertrude, the other daughter of this Frederick, dying issuelesse. By this marriage Allert had the Dukedome of Austria, Stiria, and Carinthia, with the Earledomes of Tirol and Carniola. By whom it was first raised to the title of Arch-Duke, is not yet agreed. Some attribute it to Ro∣dolphus of Habspurg, at the investiture of his son Albert into these Estates, anno 1298. Others to Charles the fourth, advancing to that honour Rodolph the Ingenious; anno 1360. Some make it to be first given to Albert Duke hereof in the year 1430. and others post it lower to the marriage of Philip sonne of Maximilian of Austria and the Lady Mary of Burgundy, with Joan Princesse of Spain. But by whom soever given at first, it is now the constant and hereditary title of all this Family: the successive Princes whereof, from the first investiture, follow in the ensuing Catalogue of

The MARQESSES,* 1.2 DUKES, KINGS, and ARCH∣DUKES of AUSTRIA.

• 928 1 Leopold of Bamberg the first Marquesse.
• 988 2 Henry sonne of Leopold.
• 1014 3 Albert sonne of Henry, surnamed the Victorious.
• 1056 4 Ernestus sonne of Albert.
• 1075 5 Leopold II. sonne of Ernest, a companion of Godfrey of Bovillon.
• 1096 6 Leopold III. sonne of the second founder of the Abbey of Neubourg.
• 1136 7 Leopold IV. sonne of the third, by his halfe brother Conrade the third, the Emperour of the Germans made Duke of Bavaria.
• 1141 8 Henry II. brother of Leopold, Marquesse of Austria, and Duke of Bavaria; made the first Duke of Austria by Frederick Barbarossa, anno 1158. the whole countrey betwixt the Inn and the Ens, being added by the said Emperour unto his estate, on his relin∣quishing of Bavaria to the Duke of Saxony.
• 1177 9 Ludovick sonne of Henry, built Ens and Newstat; of great note in the warres of the Holy land.
• 1193 10 Leopold V. sonne of Ludovick, the irreconcileable enemie of our Richard the third, taken prisoner by him, in his passage homewards, and put unto a grievous ran∣some.
• 1230 11 Frederick the warlike, sonne of Leopold the fift, made King of Austria by the Emperour Fre∣derick the second, the last of the male issue of the house of Bamberg.
• 1246 12 Ottocar son to Wenceslaus King of Bohemia, pretending the right of Margaret his wife, si∣ster of Frederick, possessed himself of this Estate: adding thereto the Countries of Carinthia and Carniola, which he bought of Vlrick the last Princes thereof, but dis∣possessed of all by Rodolph of Habspurg.
• 1283 13 Albert II. sonne of Rodolph of Habspurg by his father made Duke of Austria, in right of Elizabeth his wife the lineall and direct heir of Agnes, daughter and heir of Frede∣rick King and Duke of Austria, after his fathers death chosen Emperour also.
• 1308 14 Rodolph the Ingenuous, his other brothers sharing with him in the estate.
• 1135 15 Albert surnamed the Short, the youngest and surviving brother of Rodolph, succeeded in the whole Estate; a great advancer of his house.
• 1358 16 Albert IV. sonne of Albert the Short.
• 1395 17 Albert V. sonne of Albert the fourth.
• 1404 18 Albert VI. sonne of Albert the fift, King of Hungary and Bohemia in right of Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir of Sigismund the King thereof.
• 1439 19 Lad••slaus sonne of Albert and Elizabeth, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Duke of Austria.
• 1457 20 Frederick II. on the death of Ladislaus without issue succeeded into the Dukedome of Austria, as the direct heir of Leopold the ninth, one of the younger sonnes of Albert the Short: chosen also Emperour.
• 1493 21 Maximilian sonne of Frederick enriched his house with the marriage of the heire of Bur∣gundy.
• 1519 22 Ferdinand Grandchilde to Maximilian by his sonne Philip King of Spain, and Archduke of Austria; succeeded his Grandfather in this Dukedome; King of Hungary, Bo∣hemia, and Emperour of Germany.
• 1565 23 Maximilian II. sonne of Ferdinand.
• 1577 24 Rodolphus III. sonne of Maximilian the second.
• 1••12 25 Matthias brother of Rodolphus.
• 1619 26 Ferdinand II. surnamed of Gratz, sonne of Charles Duke of Austria and Carinthia, the youngest sonne of Ferdinand the first the numerous Off-spring of Maximilian the second being all dead without issue; succeeded in the Estates of Austria, chosen Emperour also, King of Hungaria and Bohemia, &c.
• 27 Ferdinand III. sonne of Ferdinand the second, now living anno 1648. Archduke of Au∣stria, King of Hungaria and Bohemia, and Emperour of the Germans: Of whose estate and the Concomitants thereof, we shall say more, when we have took a view of the rest of the Provinces.

2. STIRIA, or STIERMARK, is bounded on the North with Austria, on the South with Carinthia; on the East with Hungary, and on the West with Carniola. Extended in length 110 miles, but in breadth not above 60, or thereabouts. The reason of the name we shall have anon.

Towns of most consequence, 1 Gratz, seated upon the River Mur, and the chief of the Province, from which the third branch of the house of Austria (since the time of Ferdinand the first) was cal∣led De Gratz, and had the Government of the Countrey for their part of that Patrimonie. A town once full of Protestants, and those so strong, that they could neither be forced out, nor hindered

from the free exercise of their Religion,* 1.3 till the year 1598, in which Margaret the late Queen of Spain, sister to the Archduke Ferdinand du Gratz, was by the Citizens solemnly entertained; with whom entered so many souldiers that the City was taken, and 14 Ministers of the Reformed Religion pre∣sently banished. 2 Rachelspurg, and 3 Pruck, both situate also on the Mur. 4 Stechaw, an Episcopall See seated on the Dra, or Dravus, a well known River, not far from the fall of the Mur into it. 5 Pe∣taw, the Paetovio of Antoninus, seated somewhat higher upon the Dravus. 6 Lamboch the Ovilabis of Antoninus, on the Dravus also. 7 Voitesperg, upon the River Kainach. 8 Cely, the Celeia of Pliny, not else observable. 9 Canisia, a well fortified place, and the strongest Bulwark of these parts against the Turk.

The whole Countrey mountainous and hilly, generally overspread with the spurs and branches of the neighbouring Alpes, and rich only in minerals; was antiently the habitation of the Taurisci (part of the Norici) from whom it took the name of Steirmark: the Germans calling that a Steir, which the Latines call Tauriscus, or a little Bullock. By which account Steir-mark, is nothing but the borders or Marches of the Taurisci, the utmost bounds of their possessions, as indeed it was: laid to Pannonia in the di∣stribution of the Roman Provinces, it was called Valeria, in honor of Valeria the daughter of Diocletian. But once dismembred from the Empire, it fell upon the name of Steir-mark, with reference to the Taurisci, spoken of before. First made an Earldom in the person of one Ottocarus advanced unto that ho∣nour by the Emperor Conrade the second. Leopold the fourth from this Ottocarus, (two other Ottocars in∣tervening) was made Marquesse of Stier-mark, and his sonne Ottocar the fourth was made Duke, by the Emperour Frederick Earbarossa.. But being without hope of issue, and infected with the un∣curable disease of the Leprosie, he sold this Countrey to Leopold the fift of Austria; bought with some part of that vast summe of money which he extorted for the ransome of King Richard the first, continued ever since in the possession of this potent Family: but so that it hath many times beene assigned over for the portion of the younger brethrens: as namely to Leopold the ninth of that name, one of the younger sonnes of Albert the short; Ernest the youngest sonne of that Leopold; and lastly to Charles the youngest sonne of Maximilian the second, called Charles of Gratz, father of Ferdinand the second, successour to Matthias in Austria it self, and all the rest of the Estates incorporate with it: not like to be so impolitickly dismembred from the chiefe of the house, as in former times.

2 CARINTHIA, by the Dutch called Karnten, is bounded on the East with Steir-mark and the River Levandt; on the West with the District of Saltzburg and the River Saltzach; on the North with Austria it selfe; and on the South with Carniola, and the River Dravus, which having its originall in the skirrs hereof passeth through these Austrian Provinces into Hungary, and falls at last into the Danow. The Countrey being situate in in the worst part of the Alpes, is generally poore and barren, except onely in minerals: extending all along the Dravus, for the length of 100 English miles, and 47 in breadth betwixt that River and the Mur by the which it is bounded.

Places of principall note in it are 1. St. Veit, or Sancti Viti, the chief town of the Countrey, situate at the meeting of the Glan and the Wunics, two small Rivers, adorned with a spacious market place, and a beautifull Conduit. 2 Vittach, seated on the Dravus in a pleasant valley, encompassed about with rocks; the houses hereof adorned on the outside with painted stories, very delightfull to behold. 3 Gurch, a small Town, but an Episcopall See. 4 Clagnfoot, on the Lake called Werd-Zee; a well fenced place, called antiently by the name of Claudia. 5. Wolsperg upon the Lavandt, so neer to Steir-mark that it is by some reckoned for a Town thereof. 6 Lavamundt on the same border, an Episcopall See; situate at the influx of that River into the Dravus. 7 Freisach, a town of much antiquity, seated on the Oleza. 8 Spittall, &c.

The strange and observable ceremonies, with which the Archdukes of Austria are acknowledged Dukes of Carinthia; take here out of Munster. In the meadowes adjoining to the Town of S. Veit, a certain countrey-man to whom that office of inheritance belongeth, sitteth on a Marble stone there be∣ing, holding in his right hand, a cow with a black calf; and in his left hand, a mare as lean as a rake. Then cometh the new Duke, attired in a plain rustick habit, his Courtiers attending him in their richest apparell: at whose approach, the Country-man above mentioned, demandeth, What hee is that so majestically cometh thitherward: and the people answer, that it is the future Duke. Hee againe asketh, whether he•• be a just Judge, and one that will maintaine the liberty of the countrey, and sincerity of the Religion: the people answer, he will: then he asketh, by what right he will displace him of his marble seat: to whom the Steward of the new Dukes house replyeth, hee shall give thee 60 pence in silver, the cattell now standing by thee, the cloathes which he hath at this time on, and thy house shall ever be free from taxe and tribute. This fellow upon this, taking the Duke by the hand, and bidding him to be a good Prince, giveth him a gentle cuffe on the eare, setting him on the marble stone, and taking away the cattell, de∣parteth. This done, the new Duke goeth to Saint Vites Church; and having done his devotions, putteth off his rustick weedes, and dresseth himself in clothes befitting a Prince: for such after their ceremonies he is acknowledged.

4. CARNIOLA, by the Dutch called Krain, is environed with Sclavonia, East: Friulo, West; Carinthia, North; and Ist••ia, South. The chief Towns are, 1 Newmarckt, 2 Esling, 3 Marsperg, Pogo∣nocke, and 5 Saxenfelt, all upon the Savus; which arising in this Countrey, runneth through the very middle of it, and after falleth into the Danow. 6 Laibach, seated on a small River of the same name, by Ptolemie called Pamportum, but by Pliny Nauportus: famous in old Mythologie for the trans∣port

of the ship called Argo,* 1.4 wherein Jason and his Comrades brought the Golden Fleece; who coming out of Pontus on the Euxine Sea, took their course up the Danow, so into the Savus, then into this town, hence carryed over land into the Adriatick, from thence sayling into Greece, where they first began the undertaking. 7 Goritz called antiently Noreja, or seated in the place where Noreja stood, is situate on the River Lisontio, an Italian water, which not far off falleth into the Adriatick. A town of so much note, that antiently it was an Earldome, and in the division of the Estate of Meinard Earl of Tirol (to whom it formerly belonged) it was given to Albert his second sonne, with the style and title of Earl of Goritz continuing in his house till the yeare 1500, when on the death of Leonard the last Earle hereof, it descended upon Maximilian the first, as next heire unto it.

The first Inhabitants of both these Provinces of Kruin, and Karnten, were the Carni, of Pliny and other Antients, who make them part of Venetia, the tenth Region of Italy: but afterwards in the distribution of the Roman Provinces cast into Noricum, and made a member of the Diocese of the Western Illyricum, but subject or subordinate rather to the Praefectus Praetorio of Italy. From them not onely the Alpes adjoining had the name of Carnicae; but these two Countries had the names by which now they goe. United of long time in the persons of the Dukes of Karnten, of whom the first mentioned upon good record was Henry sonne to Berchthold a Noble man of Bavaria, in the time of the Emperour Otho the third; by whom advanced unto this honour and estate; disposed of in suc∣ceeding times at the will of the Emperours, and given from one family unto another as their fancies served them. Not fixed in any house, till it came to Henry the sonne of Engelbert, President or Prefect of Histria: in which family it continued under this Henry and his brother Englebert, Ʋlric the first, Henry the second, Herman and Ʋlrick the second, the last Prince hereof: who being old and with∣out children sold his estate herein to Ostocar King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria: by whom these Countries were surrendred unto Rodolphus of Habspurg, on the conclusion of the peace which was made between them. And though Rodolphus gave Carinthia to Mainard Earl of Tirol, (in right of whose daughter Elizabeth, Albert the sonne of Rodolph was possessed of Austria) on the death of Henry the sonne of Mainard without issue male, it fell (according to the contract) unto Albert the Short eldest sonne of Albert and Grandchild of Rodolphus: continuing ever since in that family, though not alwayes in the chief house of the Dukes of Austria.

TIROLIS is bounded on the East with Friuly and Marca Trevigiana; on the West with the Grisons, and some part of Switzerland; on the North with Bavaria; and the South with Lombardie. Exten∣ded over the greatest part of the Alpes Rhaeticae, and some part of the Juliae: yet intermixt with many rich and fruitfull valleys, those specially which lye on the bankes of the Inn and the River of Adise. Nor are the hils so void of profit unto the Inhabitants, but that they afford good store of metals digged out of them; especially of Brasse and Silver, which last have yeelded to the Archduke 230000 Crowns yearly.

Towns of most note 1 Oenipus, or Inspruch, seated on the Inn or Oenus, which gave denomina∣tion to the second branch of the house of Austria, descended from Ferdinand, the second sonne of the Emperour Ferdinand: the house of Gratz issuing from Charles the third sonne of that Emper∣our. Most memorable for the hasty flight of Charles the fift, upon the news that Duke Maurice whom he had lately made Electour of Saxonie, was coming against him with his Forces: which so terrified him, that he fled away by torch-light, with some few of his followers, the residue of his Court (most of which were persons of great eminency) trudging in the dark on foot, with the Black Guard and the Skullerie: the Town being many times the Residence of the Dukes of Austria, who have here a very Royall and magnificent Palace. And to say truth, the town deserveth to be so honoured; amongst pleasant Meadows, spacious cornfields, and shady mountaines sweetly seated: the houses fairly built of stone, enriched by the Courts of Judicature here setled for all the Countrey, and provided of a gallant Armorie. 2 Trent (Tridentum it is called in Latine) situate in the confines of Germany and Italy; for which cause the Inhabitants speak both languages. Built on the bankes of the River Athesis or Adice; honoured with an Episcopall See, but made more fa∣mous by the Councell which was there begun by Pope Paul the third, anno 1545. against the Luthe∣rans: For 22 yeares together before their meeting, dashed by one Pope and intimated by another, advanced by Charles the fift upon worldly Policies, and for as worldly policies retarded by the Court of Rome for 18 years after this first Convention of it, at sundry times, assembled, suspended, and dissolved. And finally when fixed here seriously by Pope Pius the fourth, anno 1562. managed with so much art and cunning by the Papall partie, that nothing was determined among the Prelates, but what had formerly been resolved on, in the Roman Conclave, and certified accordingly by especiall Posts: occasioning that most bitter jest of one of the Hungarians Bishops who was present at it, that the Holy Ghost was sent unto them in a Cloak-bag from Rome. The effects of which Councell, so artificially carryed on by the strength of wit, I cannot better describe then in the words of the History of it, which are as followeth.

This Councell, desired and procured by godly men to re-unite the Church which began to be divided, hath so established the Schism, and made the parties so obstinate, that the discords are irreconcileable. And being managed by Princes for Reforma∣tion of Ecclesiasticall Discipline, hath caused the greatest deformation that ever was since Christianity did begin: and hoped for by the Bishops themselves to regain the Episcopall Authority, for the most part usurped by the Pope, hath made them lose it altogether, bringing them into greater servitude. On the contrary, feared and avoided by the See of Rome, as a potent meanes to moderate the exorbitant power thereof, mounted from small beginnings by divers degrees, to

an unlimitted excesse; it hath so established and confirmed the same over that part which remai∣ned subject unto it,* 1.5 that it was never so great, nor soundly rooted.

So far the words of the History. The next of note is, 3 Falkenstein, remarkable for mines of Brasse; as 4 Hal upon the Inn for Salt-witches; and 5 Schwas for the richer mines of Silver. 6. Malk, near the head of the River At••esis. 7 Pollen, upon the borders of Italy, by the people whereof called Folgiano, and Bolsano. 8 Tirol, an ancient Castle, the first seat of the Earls or Governours hereof, and giving name for that reason, to the Country adjoyning.

The Earls hereof, were at the first no other then Provinciall Officers; when made Proprietaries, I am yet to seek. The first of whom we have any certainty was Mainard, Earl of Tirol and Goritz, who dyed in the yeer 1258, leaving his Earldomes to that Mainard, who by Rodolfus Habspurgensis was en∣feoffed with the Dukedome of Karnten. But Henry the sonne of this last Mainard, dying without issue male, his daughter Margaret, by the consent of all her people, setled her estate therein on the sonnes of Albert, called the Short: continuing ever since in the house of Austria, though sometimes made the portion and inheritance of the younger Princes. By Ferdinand the first, it was given in A∣pennage to his 2^d son Ferdinand surnamed of Inspruch for that reason: who by marrying with Philippina a Burgers daughter of Augsburg, so displeased his Brethren, that to buy his peace of them, and enjoy his own content with her, it was finally agreed upon amongst them all, that Tirol should not de∣scend upon his Children of that venter. In pursuance whereof, after his decease, Tirol fell to the house of Gratz: his eldest son Charles being made Marquesse of Burgh, and Andrew his youngest Car∣dinall of Brixia.

The Armes of these Earls when distinct from the house of Austria, were Argent, an Eagle Sable, membred Or. Those of Carinthia, united for a time unto them (as before was noted) being Argent, three Lions Leopards Sable.

Thus have we seen by what means all these Provinces belonging unto severall Lords, became united and incorporated into one estate. Besides which, there was added to it by Rodolph of Habspurg, all the Vpper Elsats, the Castle and Territory of Hapspurg it self, with many fair Estates amongst the Switzers, by Albert the Short, the Country of Sungow, and by his sonnes the Advocateship of Friberg, or the Country of Brisgow. So that these Princes are undoubtedly the greatest for power and patri∣mony of any in Germany; and would be of a great revenue, if the ill neighbour-hood of the Turkes did not put them to continuall charges, and make the borders of the Country to be thinly planted, and not very thorowly manured. Howsoever, it is thought that they may yeild yeerly two millions of Crowns and upwards to the Arch-dukes Coffers.

The Armes of these Princes are Gules, a Fesse Argent, assumed by Marquesse Leopold at the siege of Acon, or Ptolemais in the Holy land; because his holy Armour being covered with blood, his Belt onely remained white. The Armes thereof in former times having been six larkes Or, in a field Azure, supposed to have been taken by the first Marquesses, because they possessed those six Provinces, for defence of which the tenth Legion called Alauda, had been fixed at Vienna.

And now we are to take our leave of the Roman Empire, which we shall meet withall no more till we come to Hungary; the Countries on the north side of Danubius, and the East side of the Rhene, being almost assoone abandoned, as conquered by them. So that in our survey of these northern Countries, we are not like to finde such matter of Antiquity as we had before, but must content our selves both with Towns and Villages of a later date, and a lesse continuance. In which we shall begin with those Countries which lie on the other side of Rhene, bordering on the Estates of Cleve∣land and the Bishop-electors; and ••o proceed on Eastward till we come to the furthest parts of Germany, and the confines of Hungary; afterwards turning to the North till we meet with Denmark, which is the next of all to be considered.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Austria.
• * 1.2

  Austria.
• * 1.3

  Stiria.
• * 1.4

  Carniola.
• * 1.5

  Tirol.