Archelogia philosophica nova, or, New principles of philosophy containing philosophy in general, metaphysicks or ontology, dynamilogy or a discourse of power, religio philosophi or natural theology, physicks or natural philosophy / by Gideon Harvey ...

The Contents of the Principles of PHILOSOPHY.

The FIRST PART. The First Book.

CHAP. I. Of matters preceding and following the nature of Philosophy.

• 1. THe derivation of Philosophy. pa. 1.
• 2. What it was first called, and why its name was changed. ibid.
• 3. The original of Philosophy. The first Inventers of it. p. 2.
• 4. What dispositions are required in a Philosopher. The difficulty in at∣taining to Philosophy. The plea∣sure arising from the possession of it. ib.
• 5. The esteem and worth of Philoso∣phy and Philosophers. p. 3.
• 6. The use and fruits reaped from Philosophy, and redounding in ge∣neral to every one: in particular, to a Divine, Civilian and Physitian. p. 4.

CHAP. II. Of the nature of Philosophy.

• 1. Whether Philosophy can be defi∣ned. p. 5.
• 2. Various definitions of Philosophy. How Plato did define it. The defi∣nition of Damascen. ib.
• 3. The Authors definition of it. That the Essence of God is as sensibly ap∣prehended as the essence of his Crea∣tures. p. 6.
• 4. What is implyed by Knowledge. 7.
• 5. The Subjectum circa quod, or Ob∣ject of Philosophy. p. 8.
• 6. The Subjectum inhesionis, or Sub∣ject wherein Philosophy is inhe∣rent. ib.

CAAP. III. Of Philosophers.

• 1. What a Philosopher is. Four pro∣perties necessary in a Philosopher. That nothing is more hatefull, and noysom than a man but half Learn∣ed. p. 8, 9.
• 2. The first Universities. The rise and number of Sects sprung from these Universities. The Fame of Socrates. p. 10.
• ...

• 3. What means Philosophers made use of to procure themselves a Re∣pute and Fame. p. 11.

CHAP. IV. Of the distribution of Philosophy in parts.

• 1. In what manner Philosophy con∣tains its subjected parts. p. 12.
• 2. How Objects move the Understan∣ding by their first and immediate Representation. ib.
• 3. That the Supreme and immediate Division of Philosophy, is into Pra∣ctick and Theorick Knowledge. 13.
• 4. An Objection against the Subdi∣division of Practick and Theorick Knowledge. ib.
• 5. How Knowledge is subdivided. ib.
• 6. That the Subdivision is adequate to all its Inferiour Parts. p. 14.
• 7. Why Practick and theoretick Phi∣losophy are not treated of separately, their Inferiour Parts are. ib.
• 8. That the Common Quadriparti∣tion of Philosophy is too strict. p. 15.

CHAP. V.

• 1. What Method is requisite in the Ordering of the particular Trea∣tises of the several parts of Phi∣losophy. p. 15.
• 2. What Order is observed in the placing of the General parts of Phi∣losophy. ib. p. 16.

The FIRST PART. The Second Book.

CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Metaphysicks.

• 1. OF the Etymology and Synonima's of Metaphysicks. p. 17.
• 2. The Authors Definition of Me∣taphysicks. That a Being is uni∣vocal to an objective and a real Being. p. 18.
• 3. The true formal and adequate Ob∣ject of Metaphysicks. p. 19.
• 4. Wherein Metaphysicks differ from Philosophy. ib.

CHAP. II. Of Precision.

• 1. What Precision is. p. 19.
• 2. That a real Precision is not proper∣ly a Precision. p. 20.
• 3. That Precision constitutes a Posi∣tive and Negative. ib.
• 4. The Difference of Precision. That all Precisions are formal. ib.

CHAP. III. The Manner of Precision.

• 1. How a more universal Being is

• precinded from its less universal Beings. p. 21.
• 2. How an universal Being is equally abstracted from an (Ens Rationis) Objective Being, and (Ens Reale) a real Being. ib.
• 3. How a common Concept is precin∣ded from a Substance and Acci∣dent. ib.

CHAP. IV. Of the Definition of a Being.

• 1. What the proper name of the Na∣ture of a Being is. The improba∣tion of several Definitions of a Be∣ing. p. 22.
• 2. Objections against the common De∣finition of a Being received by most late Philosophers. p. 23.
• 3. That there is no common Concept to a possible real Being, and an actu∣al real Being. ib.
• 4. That there is an univocal Concept to all immaterial and material, Ob∣jective and Real, Substantial and Accidental Beings. p. 24.
• 5. The Authors Definition of a Being. That our Knowledge is compara∣tively as perfect as Adams was. ib.

CHAP. V. Of the Formality of an Objective being.

• 1. The Authors Definition of a (Ens Rationis) Being of the Mind, or an Objective Being. Wherein a Re∣al Being differs and agrees with an Objective Being. p. 27.
• 2. The Proof of the fore-given Defi∣nition. That whatever we think, when we do not think upon a Real Being, is an Objective Being. That whatever we think or can think, when we do not think upon a Real Being, is like to a Real Being. p. 28.
• 3. Another Argument to prove the Formality of a mental Being to consist in likenessto a eral Being. 30.
• 4. The Division of an Objective Be∣ing. p. 31, 32.

CHAP. VI. Queries concerning a Real and an Objective Being.

• 1. Whether an Objective Being and a Real Being differ essentially one from the other. p. 33.
• 2. Whether a Rose in the winter is a real Being. ib.
• 3. If Impossibility be the Formality of an Objective Being. ib.
• 4. Whether the Ratio formalis of an Objective Being consists in a con∣junction of many Beings, which in that conjunction are impossible to exist really. p. 34.
• 5. That an Objective Being is not ex∣istent before it is understood. A Confutation of Smigl. ib. p. 35.
• 6. That an Objective Being is only proper to the understanding. p. 36.

CHAP. VII. The Manner of Forming an Obje∣ctive Being.

• 1. That all Formations of an Ens

• Rationis are single. That the Se∣cond Operation of the Understan∣ding, is the same in Specie with the first. A Division of an Ob∣jective Being into Single and Com∣plexe. p. 37, 38.
• 2. That a Non Ens cannot be known. Two acceptions of a Non Ens, p. 39.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Formality of a Real Being.

• 1. What a Real Being is according to the Author. The Derivation of res and aliquid. That it is very improper to call it a real Being. The Cause of that Denomina∣tion. p. 40.
• 2. That the Phansie is the immediate Subject of an Ens Reale. p 41.
• 3. That the Understanding is only the Mediate Subject of Real Be∣ings. ib.

CHAP. IX. Of the Division of a Being into Uni∣versal and Singular.

• 1. A Being is divisible into Univer∣versal and Singular. p. 42.
• 2. What an universal being is accor∣ding to the Author. ib.
• 3. What an universal Real being is. 43.
• 4. What an universal Objective be∣ing is. ib.

CHAP. X. Of universal and singular Beings.

• 1. That there are no Platonick Idea's That universal beings are not re∣ally different from their singulars. Wherein an universal is distin∣guisht from a singular. That singu∣lars being abolisht, universals thence abstracted, are also abolisht with them. p. 44.
• 2. That universal Beings are formal∣ly distinct from singulars. p. 45.
• 3. Singulars are primum cognita. p. 46.
• 4. Universals are notiora nobis. ib.

CHAP. XI. Of the Extream Division of a Being.

• 1. Another Division of a Being. p. 48.
• 2. What the greatest or most univer∣sal is. ib.
• 3. What the greater universal is. ib.
• 4. What a less universal is. ib.
• 5. What the least universal is. ib.
• 6. How the fore-mentioned Members are otherwise called. ib.

CHAP. XII. Of the Modes or Parts of a Being.

• 1. What a Mode is. Whence a Part is named a Part. Whence a Mode is termed a Mode. The Scotch Proverb verified. p. 49.
• 2. The Number and Kinds of Modes. What an Essence or a whole be∣ing is. p. 50.
• 3. That a Mode is the Summum Genus of all Beings, and their Parts. ib.
• ...

• 4. The vulgar Doctrine of Modes rejected. ib.
• 5. That a Substance is a Mode of a Being. p. 51.
• 6. That a Mode is an univocal Gen∣der to a Substance and an Acci∣dent. p. 52.
• 7. That a Substance is an Accident, and all Accidents are Substances, The difference between Subsistence and Substance. ib.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Attributes of a Being.

• 1. Why a property is so called. p. 53.
• 2. The Difference which Authors hold between Passion and Attri∣bute. ib.
• 3. That Passion and Attribute, as to their Names imply the same thing. ib.
• 4. That Attributes are really the same with their Essence. That all Attributes of a Being, as they are united, are the same with their Es∣sence or Being. p. 54.
• 5. That the Attributes are formally distinct from one another. ib.
• 6. That that, which we conceive be∣yond the Attributes of a Being, is nothing. ib.
• 7. What an Essence is. ib.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Kinds and Number of the Attributes of a Being.

• 1. Whence the Number of the Attri∣butes of a Being is taken. p. 55.
• 2. The Number of Attributes consti∣tuting a Being. ib.
• 3. All Attributes are convertible one with the other, and each of them, and all of them in union with an Es∣sence or Being. ib.
• 4. That all the Attributes of a Being are equall in Dignity and Evi∣dence. ib.
• 5. That the Order of Doctrine con∣cerning these Attributes is indiffe∣rent. ib.

CHAP. XV. Of Essence and Existence.

• 1. That Essence and Existence are generally received for Princi∣ples. p. 56.
• 2. That Essence is no Principle. ib.
• 3. That Existence is no Principle. ib.
• 4. That Existence is according to the opinion of the Author. p 57.
• 5. That Existence is intentionally distinct from Essence. ib.
• 6. That Essence is perfecter than Ex∣istence. ib.
• 7. That Existence is formally distinct from Substance. ib.

CHAP. XVI. Of Unity.

• 1. That Unity superaddes nothing Positive to a Being. p. 58.
• 2. What Unity is. That Unity pro∣perly and per se implies a Positive; accidently and improperly a Ne∣gative.

• What is formally imported by Unity. ib.
• 3. That Unity is illegally divided in unum per se, and unum per acci∣dens. ib.

CHAP. XVII. Of Truth.

• 1. Why Truth is called transcen∣dent. p. 59.
• 2. What Truth is. ib.
• 3. An Objection against the definition of Truth. That a Monster is a true being. That God although he is the remote efficient Cause of a Monster, neverthelesse cannot be said to be the Cause of evil. p. 60.
• 4. Austin's definition of Truth. p. 61.
• 5. That Fashood is not definable. How it may be described. ib.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Goodness.

• 1. What Goodness is. The Improba∣tion of several Definitions of Good∣ness. p. 62.
• 2. The Difference between Goodness and perfection. ib.
• 3. What evil is. ib.
• 4. What the absolute active End of Goodness is. ib.
• 5. That Goodness is improperly divi∣ded, in Essential, Accidental, and Integral Goodness. p. 63.
• 6. How Goodness is properly divi∣ded. ib.
• 7. That the Division of Good in Ho∣nest, Delectable, &c. doth belong to Ethicks. ib.

CHAP. XIX. Of Distinction.

• 1. The Authors description of Di∣stinction. That the privative sense of not being moved is a Note of Di∣stinction, whereby the understand∣ing distinguishes a Non Ens from an Ens. That the Positive sense of being moved in another manner, than another Ens moves the under∣standing, is a Note of Distinction between one Being and another. p. 63.
• 2. How Distinction is divided. What a real Distinction is. p. 64.
• 3. What a Modal difference is. ib.
• 4. That the vulgar description of a real Distinction is erroneous. ib.
• 5. That the terms of a Distinction be∣tween two or more real Beings, are requisite both or more to exist. p. 65.
• 6. That one term of Distinction al∣though in Existence, cannot be exally predicated of another not existent. Oviedo and Hurtado reamined. ib.
• 7. What a formal Distinction is à Parte actus, and how otherwise called. ib.
• 8. What a Distinctio Rationis is. How otherwise called. p. 67.

CHAP. XX. Of Subsistence.

• 1. What Subsistence is. What it is to

• be through it self, from it self, and in it self. p. 68.
• 2. That a Nature cannot be conser∣vated by God without Subsistence. That the Transubstantiation of Christs Body and Bloud into Bread and Wine, according to the suppo∣sition of the Papists, is impossible. Oviedo's Argument against this Position answered. ib.
• 3. The kinds of Subsistences. p. 69.
• 4. What Termination is. ib.
• 5. What Perfection is. ib.

CHAP. XXI. Of remaing modes of a Being.

• 1. What Quantity is. p. 70.
• 2. What the kinds of Quantity are. ib.
• 3. What Quality is. ib.
• 4. What Relation is. ib.
• 5. What Action is. ib.
• 6. What Paspon is. ib.
• 7. What Situation is. ib.
• 8. What Duration is. ib.

CHAP. XXII. Of Causes.

• 1. What a Cause is. That the Do∣ctrine of Causes belongeth to Meta∣physicks. p. 71.
• 2. Wherein a Cause and Principle differ. ib.
• 3. What an internal Cause is. What Matter is. ib.
• 4. What a Form is, and how it is divi∣ded. p. 72.
• 5. What an external Cause is. ib.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Kinds of Causes.

• 1. The Number of real Causes That a final Cause is no real Cause. The Causality of Matter and Form. p. 73.
• 2. The Division of an Efficient. p. 74.
• 3. That an Efficient is erroneously divided in a procreating and con∣servating Cause. ib.
• 4. That the Division of a Cause into Social and Solitary is illegal. ib.
• 5. That the Division of an efficient Cause into Internal and External is absurd. p. 75.
• 6. That all Forms are Material. 77.
• 7. That there are no assistent Forms. p. 78.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Theorems of Causes.

• 1. That a Cause and its Effects are co-existent. p. 78.
• 2. That there are but three Causes of every Natural Being. ib.
• 3. That there is but one Cause of every Being. ib.
• 4. That all Beings are constituted by one or more Causes. p. 79.
• 5. That all Causes are really univo∣cal. ib.
• 6. That all Natural Causes act ne∣cessarily. ib.
• 7. That the Soul of a Beast acteth ne∣cessarily. p. 80.
• 8. That all Matter hath a Form. That Matter is capable of many Forms. p. 81.

The FIRST PART. The Third Book.

CHAP. I. Of Powers, according to the Peripa∣teticks.

• 1. THe Opinion of the Peripateticks touching the Souls action. That according to the same Opinion, a Substance is said not to act imme∣diately through it self, but through superadded Powers. p. 85.
• 2. That a Substance acteth through as many different Powers, as it pro∣duceth different Acts. p. 86.
• 3. That the said Powers are really and formally distinct from the essence of the Soul. ib.
• 4. That Powers are concreated with the Soul, and do immediately ema∣nate from her Essence. p. 87.
• 5. That immaterial Powers are inhe∣rent in the Soul, as in their Agent; Material ones in the Matter, as in their Subject. ib.
• 6. That Powers are distinguisht by their Acts and Objects. The Au∣thors Intent in treating of the Fa∣culties of the Soul. ib.

CHAP. II. Of all the usual Acceptions of power.

• 1. The Etymology of Power. The Synonyma's of Power. p. 88.
• 2. The various Acceptions of pow∣er. ib.
• 3. What a Passive Natural Power, and a Supernatural Passive or Obe∣diential Power is. ib.
• 4. Various Divisions of Power. p. 89.

CHAP. III. Of the Nature of Power according to the Author.

• 1. The Analogal Concept of Power as it is common to all its Analo∣gata. p. 90.
• 2. Whether there be Real Powers. 91.
• 3. Certain Conclusions touching Pow∣ers. p. 93.
• 4. That all Substances act immedi∣ately through themselves. p. 95.
• 5. That a Peripatetick Power is a Non Ens Physicum. p. 97.
• 6. That all Powers are really Identi∣ficated with their Subject. ib.
• 7. That Powers are distinguisht mo∣dully from their Subject. p. 98.
• 8. How Powers are taken in the Ab∣stract. ib.
• 9. The Manner of the Remission and Intention of Powers. p. 99.
• 10. The Number of the Formal Acts caused by a singular Substance. ib.
• ...

• 11. The Number of the Formal Acts caused by an Organical Sub∣stance. p. 101.
• 12. The Solutions of several Doubts touching Powers. ib.
• 13. That all Creatures have an ab∣solute Power secundum quid of acting. p. 102.
• 14. In what sense Hippocrates and Galen apprehended Powers. ib.

The FIRST PART. The Fourth Book.

CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Natural Theology.

• 1. What Theology is. p. 1.
• 2. That Theosophy is a fitter name to signifie the same, which is here intended by Theology. That in knowing God we become Philoso∣phers. p. 2.
• 3. What a Habit is. ib.
• 4. What it is to live happily. That there is a mean or middle way of living, which is neither living in happiness, or living in mise∣ry. p. 3.
• 5. How Theology is divided. ib.
• 6. What Natural Theology is. What Supernatural Theology is. The first Doubts of a Natural man. ib.
• 7. The Dignity of Theology. p. 4.

CHAP. II. Of the end of Natural Theology.

• 1. Wherein Moral Philosopy differ∣eth from Natural Theology; and wherein it agreeth with it. That the Heathen Philosophers were no true Philosophers. Aristotle his dying words. Epicure his miserable death, after so pleasant a life. p. 5.
• 2. A Description of the greatest Hap∣piness. Queries touching the great∣est Happiness. p. 6.
• 3. Whether the greatest Happiness is the neerest and principal end of Theology. ib.
• 4. How the greatest Happeness is otherwise called. p. 7.

CHAP. III. Of GOOD.

• 1. What Good is. p. 7.
• 2. That Aristotle's Definition of Good is erroneous. ib. p. 8.
• 3. Diogenes his Definition of Good 9.
• 4. The Explanation of the Definition of Good. How the several kinds of Good differ from one another. ib.
• 5. What Moral Good is: what moral evil is. p. 10.
• ...

• 6. What Theologick Good and evil is. ib.

CHAP. IV. Of Moral Good and Moral Evil.

• 1. An Explanation of the Definition of Moral Good. What is under∣stood by a Natural State. The am∣biguity of the word Natural. p. 10.
• 2. What Moral Good it is, which doth respect the Body. What Mo∣ral Good it is, which respecteth the Soul. p. 11
• 3. An Explanation of the Defini∣tion of Moral Evil. That God doth not properly bend to his crea∣tures. p. 12.
• 4. The Distinction between these two predicates, to be Good, and to do Good. ib.
• 5. How Moral Good turns to Moral Evil. p. 13.
• 6. That Man, as he is in a neutral state, is in a middle state, between supernatural and preternatural. ib.

CHAP. V. Of Theologick Good, and Theolo∣gick Evil.

• 1. An Explanation of the Definition of Theologick Good. p. 14.
• 2. An Explication of the Definition of Theologick Evil. ib.
• 3. What honest, usefull and pleasant Good is. p. 15.
• 4. What Natural, Sensible and Mo∣ral Good is. ib.

CHAP. VI. Of the greatest and highest Good.

• 1. A further illustration of the great∣est Good. p. 16.
• 2. That the highest Good is the neerest end of Natural Theology. ib.
• 3. What the Summum Bonum is o∣therwise called. That the greatest Good is our last end. p. 17.
• 4. The inexpressible Joy, which the soul obtains in possessing the greatest Good. ib.
• 5. Two great benefits, which the soul receiveth from the Summum Bo∣num. p. 18.

CHAP. VII. Of the false Summum Bonum.

• 1. The Summum Bonum of the Epi∣cureans unfolded and rejected. p. 19.
• 2. That Wealth is a greater terment than a Summum Bonum. The Ri∣ches of Seneca. That we ought to follow his example. p. 20.
• 3. That to be taken up in merry dis∣courses is not the greatest happi∣ness. ib. p. 21.
• 4. That it is not the greatest happiness to be merry twice or thrice a week at a mans country house. p. 22.
• 5. That honour is not the greatest good. ib.
• 6. That swearing is no happiness. ib.
• 7. The Author's ground why he was compelled to make use of so light a style in this Chapter. p. 23.
• 8. That all these enumerated instances

• are highly to be embraced as good, but not as the greatest Good. That meat and drink are to be taken with temperance. ib.
• 9. That Riches are not absolutely to be rejected. p. 24.
• 10. That mutual converse is commen¦dable. ib.
• 11. That a constant society is necessary to man. ib.
• 12. That we ought to give honour to whom honour is due. p. 25.
• 13. That we ought not to refuse an Oath tendred by the Magistrate. ib.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Subject of Natural Theo∣logy.

• 1. Man consisting of Body and Soul is the adequate subject of Natural Theology. p. 26.
• 2. Reasons proving the Soul to be the original and principal subject of Theology. ib.
• 3. That the Understanding and Will are really and formally one. The confutation of the vulgar definition of will A full explication of the will, and the manner of its acting. What speculative and practical sig∣nifie. p. 27, &c.
• 4. What the will is in a large sense. p. 34
• 5. What the will is in a strict sense. ib.
• 6. An explanation upon the first de∣scription of will. p. 35.
• 7. The effects of the will. Whether appetibility doth not equally imply volibility, and appetibility in a strict sense. p. 36.
• 8. Whether mans appetite is distinct from his will. ib.

CHAP. XIX. Of Free-will by reason.

• 1. Wherein man doth most differ from Animals or Naturals. p. 38.
• 2. To what acts the freedom of man's will, in reference to its acting, doth extend. What the freedom of will is, quoad exercitium actus, and what Libertas Contradictionis is. ib.
• 3. What the second kind of freedom of will importeth. p. 39.
• 4. That the speculative understan∣ding in the act of speculation is practick. ib.
• 5. That the will is not constrained to will a good thing, although pre∣sent: but hath a power of reject∣ing it. ib.
• 6. That the will willeth evil for an evil end. That some men are worse than Devils. p. 40.
• 7. What the will's freedom is in speci∣fying its acts. ib.
• 8. What free-will is in refference to its faculty. ib.
• 9. Velten rejected for asserting that the will is not indifferent to each contrary. That the will is indifferent to each contradictory opposite. p. 41.
• 10. That the will is free to act, or not to act. p. 42.
• ...

• 11. That the will is free to act upon particular objects, whether good or evil. The state of the contro∣versie. ib
• 12. That man as he is in a natural and corrupt state hath a free-will of doing a moral good, or a moral evil act. ib.
• 13. That man hath not a free-will of doing a theologick good act imme∣diately through him self without an extraordinary concurrence of God with him. p. 43.
• 14. Man hath a free-will of doing a theologick good act with an extraor∣dinary concurrence of God with him. That he hath a free-will of election. ib.
• 15. That man, as be is in a natural state, hath a free-will, through him∣self, and without Gods extraordi∣nary concurrence, to procure Gods extraordinary concurrence and assi∣stance to him in his actions. That our being and conversation in it, and all our actions depend from the ordinary concurrence of God. Rea∣sons, why God did not conferre upon him an absolute power of acting without his ordinary concourse. The cause of man's fall. That that which is only morally good will prove theologick evil at last. ib. 44.
• 16. Arguments to prove a free-will in man. A reconciliation of the Cal∣vinists with the Arminians. That man hath a rement of theologick good surving in him. The state of the controversie. The division of it. 45, &c.

CHAP. X. Of Free-will from Scripture.

• 1. Objections from Scripture against man's free-will. p. 48.
• 2. An Answer to the said Objecti∣ons. p. 49.
• 3. Objections proving that moral good is evil. ib.
• 4. The first Objection answered. p 50.
• 5. The second Objection removed. ib.
• 6. Some other Texts produced against free-will in man. p 51.
• 7. The first Text reconciled. ib.
• 8. The second Objection removed 52.
• 9. Arguments deduced from faith. An answer to the said Argu∣ments. ib.
• 10. The first Argument drawn from Scripture, to prove man's free-will to good and evil. p. 53.
• 11. A second Argument proving the same. ib.
• 12. A third Argument. ib.
• 13. Many other Texts inferring the same. p. 54.
• 14. Texts proving a remnant of good in man. ib.
• 15. Texts proving that a natural man cannot do a theologick good act through himself, and being only assisted with the ordinary concurss of God. ib.
• 16. Scriptures inferring, that a super∣natural man hath no free-will to direct contraries, that is, to do theo∣logick good and evil. An answer to some Texts produced by Bellarmin, p. 55, 56.
• ...

• 17. Scripture proofs concluding, that the means, whereby God's extra∣ordinary concurrence is procured, is in man, and adheres to his free∣will. p. 57.
• 18. Whether man's actions performed with God's extraordinary assistance are to be taken for the actions of God, or of man. ib.
• 19. A reconciliation of the ninth to the Romans. The unfolding of Pre∣distination, or of God's eternal De∣cree. p. 58, &c.

CHAP. XI. Of the Command of the Will.

• 1. Whether the will can be forced. 64.
• 2. What elicited and imperated acts are. p. 65.
• 3. What command the will exre∣ciseth over the inferiour faculties. What a politick and despotick com∣mand is. ib.
• 4. That the irascible and appetitive faculty are under a politick obe∣dience to the will. p. 66.
• 5. That the locomotive faculty is not alwayes under a servile obedience to the will. ib.
• 6. That the will doth not command over the practick understanding. ib.

CHAP XII. Of Voluntary and Involuntary.

• 1. That the Understanding, as it is speculative and practick, is the in∣ternal principle of the ultimate and intermediate actions. That God or Angels are improperly said to be external principles. That God is the coefficient of man's actions. How Angels, whether good or evil, Wi∣zords and Witches concur to the specification of man's actions. p 67.
• 2. What a humane action is. p. 68.
• 3. That it is absurd to assert man to do a thing ignorantly. ib.
• 4. Whether evils of omission through ignorance are to be termed invo∣luntary. ib.
• 5. How humane actions are divi∣ded. p. 65, &c.

CHAP. XIII. Of Natural Faith.

• 1. That Faith is the sole means, through which we are to attain to our greatest good. What Faith is. The Definition confirmed by Ar∣guments deduced from reason. p. 70.
• 2. The two-fold object of Faith. A proof from reason, that God is the Creator of man. That God and Nature are one. p. 71.
• 3. An enquiry into the end of man's creation. p. 72.
• 4. That man doth know the summe of God's Law through the light of Nature. A summary enumeration of the Law of God, as it is imprinted upon every man's heart. ib. 73.
• 5. Moral virtues compared with the moral Law. A comprehension of all moral virtues. p. 74, 75.

CHAP. XIV. Of Man's Fall, and of Atheism.

• 1. A rational enquiry into man's pri∣mitive estate. The manner of man's fall. p. 76
• 2. Grounds, whence a man may ratio∣nally collect hopes for his restora∣tion. p. 77.
• 3. That Atheism is the worst of sins and that an Atheist is unable of performing the least good act. Wherein the goodness of an action doth consist. ib. 78.
• 4. A character of an Atheist. That confirmed Atheism is the onely sin against the holy Ghost. A full disco∣very of an Atheist. ib. 79.

CHAP. XV. Of the Means and Manner of Man's Escape and Restauration.

• 1. What is requisite for a man to con∣sider in order to his escape and re∣stitution. p. 83.
• 2. How a man may naturally find out a means tending to his restitu∣tion. ib.
• 3. The description of God's mercy. 84.
• 4. The explanation of the precedent description. p. 85.
• 5. The act, through which God's mer∣cy doth succour a natural soul in her contention. ib.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Light and Darknesse of Man's practick Understanding.

• 1. That Light and Darknesse are analogal to principles of Good and Evil. p. 86.
• 2. Queries concerning Light and Darknesse. ib.
• 3. The two kinds of Light. What the first Light is, and how it produceth the second Light. ib.
• 4. What the Habit of Light is. That the first Man acted without Ha∣bits. How a Habit is acquired. ib.
• 5. That the first Man acted through a natural disposition, and not through any Habits. p 87.

CHAP. XVII. Containing rational discoveries of Man's primitive and second estate.

• 1. That Man was created most per∣fect. A proof from reason, infer∣ring God to be a most rational spirit. p 88.
• 2. That Man by means of his first and second Light, understood all beings perfectly in their proper na∣tures as they were. p. 89
• 3. That the first man did not sleep during his incorrupt estate. ib.
• 4. That the first man did eat and drink. ib.
• 5. That the first man would have ge∣nerated in the same manner, and through the same parts, as he did afterwards, but without that shame and sinfull lust. That there were no co-Adamites. The absurdity of that blasphemous opinion touching prae-Adamites. ib.
• ...

• 6. That the first man was beyond danger of erring in any action pro∣ceeding from his soul. p. 90
• 7. A rational inquiry into the first sinne, and knowledg of the first Commandment. ib.
• 8. The manner of man's fall proved by reason. His punishment for the breach of the first Command∣ment. p. 91.
• 9. A further collection of man's pu∣punishment for his first sinne. That a present unavoidable temporal death was part of man's punish∣ment, and not a present unavoidable eternal death. ib.
• 10 That man after his fall was not become utterly evil. p. 92.
• 11. An enumeration of the relicts of Good in man. p. 93.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the manner of the Suppression, Extinction, Predominance and Triumph of the Habit of Good.

• 1. The repetition of some of the prin∣cipal principles of this Treatise. 94.
• 2. What it is that hindreth the Habit of Good. ib.
• 3. How the good Habit happens to be deaded, and overcome by the evil habit. How the good Habit hap∣pens to suppresse and vanquish the evil habit. ib.
• 4. That we are apt to incline most to those things that are forbid∣den. p. 95.
• 5. A proof inferring darkness to pro∣ceed from the prevalence of the cor∣poreal appetite. ib.
• 6. Why it is, that a man must neces∣sarily die. The ground detected up∣on which the Papists were induced to state a Purgatory. Their error rejected. p. 96.
• 7. That the propertion of these two Habits is various in every indivi∣dual subject. ib.

CHAP. XIX. Of Original Sinne.

• 1. How it is possible for two contrary Habits to inhere in one subject. 97.
• 2. The absurdities that follow this Assertion, viz. That the evil habit inheres in the soul perse. ib.
• 3. In what manner the Habit of good is taken to inhere per se in the soul. p. 98.
• 4. That God created every man theo∣logically good. Several Objections relating to the same assertion, an∣swered. ib.
• 5. How the soul partaketh of the guilt of Original Sinne. The opinion of the Synod of Rochel upon this mat∣ter. p. 99. &c.

CHAP. XX. Of the manner of Man's Multipli∣cation.

• 1. The state of the controversie. 101.
• 2. That the Rational Soul is not ge∣nerated, or produced by generation. That there are three kinds of pro∣ductions

• out of nothing. ib.
• 3. That the Soul is not propagated either from the Father or Mo∣ther. ib. 102.
• 4. That impious opinion concluding the Rational Soul to be generated tanquam ex traduce, confuted. 103.
• 5. An Objection against the Authors opinion answered. ib.
• 6. That the foetus before the advent of the Rational Soul is informated with a form analogal to a sentient form. p. 104.
• 7. That God is the remote cause of man's generation. ib.
• 8. That man doth generate man na∣turally and perse. ib.
• 9. The opinion of Austin, Jerome, and others upon this matter. p. 105.

CHAP. XXI. Of Practick Natural Faith.

• 1. What a man is to consider to pre∣vent his downfall. p. 207.
• 2. Man's danger and folly: the De∣vils policy. A certain means whereby to be delivered from this imminent danger. The whole my∣stery and summe of man's salva∣tion. ib. 108.
• 3. The main Question of this whole Treatise decided. p. 109.
• 4. Scripture proofs (accidentally proposed) inferring implicit faith in a natural man to be justify∣ing. ib.
• 5. The general Rules of Practick faith. p. 110
• 6. The occasion of man's fall briefly repeated. ib.
• 7. Fifteen Reasons against all pas∣sions. p. 111, 112.
• 8. Arguments against all bodily plea∣sures. p. 113.
• 9. The military discipline of a natu∣ral man, instructing him to warre against all his enemies that oppose him in his way to his greatest hap∣piness. p. 114, 115.
• 10. The greatest and most necessary rule of this military art. A scandal taken off from Physicians. p. 116.
• 11. Another great measure of the said Art. p. 117.
• 12. Whence a natural man is to expect assistance in case he is weakned by his enemies. p. 118.
• 13. Whether the soul expiring out of the body is to be an Angel, or for ever to abide without office. What the office of a separated soul is. 119.
• 14. How long she is to continue in of∣fice. The consummation and de∣scription of the change of the world. The resurrection proved by reason. The description of the second Para∣dise concluded by reason. ib.
• 15. To what objects the faculties of men, when possest of the second Pa∣radise, will extend. That they shall remember and know one another. That they shall eat and drink, that they shall not generate, that the same person, who redeemed man from his misery, shall reign over him in Paradise. p. 120, 121.

CHAP. XXII. Comprizing a brief account of the Religion of the Heathen Philoso∣phers.

• 1. Socrates his belief of God p. 122.
• 2. What God is according to Ho∣mer. p. 123.
• 3. What Plato thought God to be. ib.
• 4. Thales his saying of God. ib.
• 5. Instances proving the Heathens to have known Gods Attributes; par∣ticularly, that Thales believed God's Omniscience, and God's un∣changeable Decrees. ib
• 6. That Socrates asserted God's Om∣niscience, Omnipotence, his cre∣ating of the world in time, his Iustice and Mercy, God's Omni∣presence. ib.
• 7. The Articles of Plato's Faith, p. 124, 125.
• 8. Aristotle's Belief. p. 126.
• 9. Virgil's opinion of divine things. ib.
• 10. The divine Song of Orpheus. p. 127.
• 11. Trismegistus upon the Creation of the world. ib. 128.

Natural Philosophy. The SECOND PART. The First Book.

CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Natural Philoso∣phy.

• 1. THe Etymology and Synonima's of Natural Philosophy. p. 1.
• 2. The Definition of Natural Philo∣sophy. p. 2.
• 3. An Explanation of the said Defi∣nition, ib.
• 4. What a Natural Being is. ib.
• 5. What a Natural Essence is. ib.
• 6. What Nature is. ib.
• 7. The various Acceptions of Na∣ture. ib.

CHAP. II. Comprehending an Explanation of the Definition of a Natural Being.

• 1. What is meant by Disposition. p. 3.
• 2. An Objection against the Defini∣tion of a Natural Being answer∣ed. p. 4.
• 3. What it is to act according to Truth. ib.
• 4. That the Subject of this Science

• is more properly named a natural Being, than a natural Body. ib.
• 5. Aristotles Definition of Nature re∣jected by several Arguments. p. 5.
• 6. That Nature is a property of a na∣tural Being. p. 6.
• 7. The difference between Nature and Art. ib.
• 8. That Nature in respect to God a∣cteth constantly for an End. p. 7.
• 9. The Division of Nature. ib.

CHAP. III. Of the Principles of a Natural Being.

• 1. That Privation is no Principle of a Physical Generation, or of a Phy∣sical Being. That Union might be more properly termed a Principle, than Privation. p. 8.
• 2. The Principles of a Material Be∣ing stated by Pythagoras reje∣cted. p. 9.
• 3. That to treat of Matter and Form is more proper to Metaphysicks. 10.
• 4. That the Materia Prima of Ari∣stotle is a Non Ens. ib.
• 5. That the Chaos had a Form. p. 11.
• 6. The Authors Materia Prima. p. 12.
• 7. That it doth not appertain to Phy∣sicks to explain the nature of the first Matter. ib.
• 8. What the first Form of all natural Beings is. ib. 13.

CHAP. IV. Of the Nature and Essence of the Elements.

• 1. The nearest Definition of a Natu∣ral Being. p. 15.
• 2. The Definition of an Element That all Physical Definitions ought to be sensible. The proof of the Existence of the Elements, and of their Num∣ber. p. 16.
• 3. An Exposition of the Definition of an Element. Its Etymology and Honomony. p. 17.
• 4. What Distinction the Author makes between Principle, Cause, and Element. p 18.
• 5. What a Natural Cause is. That the Elements are no single real Beings. That they are treated of separately and singly Ratione only. ib.
• 6. That there are but three Natural Causes. Their Necessity proved in particular. ib.

CHAP. V. Of New Philosophy and the Au∣thors of it.

• 1. Helmontius his arrogance and vainglory. How, and wherein he re∣jected the Peripatetick Philosophy. His own Principles. p. 19, 20.
• 2. The Life and Death of the said Helmontius. p. 21.
• 3. A Confutation of all his Physical Principles in particular. p. 22.
• 4. Some few Arguments against Re∣nè des Cartes his Principles in general. p. 23, 24, 25.

CHAP. VI. Of the Material Principle of Natu∣ral Beings.

• 1. The Causes of the Elements. p. 26.
• 2. That the Elements are really com∣pounded natural beings. ib.
• 3. That Matter and Quantity are really identificated. ib.
• 4. What Quantity is. What its Ra∣tio formalis is. p. 27.
• 5. That in rebus quantis there is a maximum and a minimum Defini∣tum. p. 28.
• 6. Experimental Instances proving that there are actual Minima's, and that all natural beings do con∣sist out of them. p. 29.
• 7. The pursuit of the preceding In∣stances, inferring a Continuum to be constituted out of actual Indivi∣sibles. Some Geometrical Objections answered. p. 30.

CHAP. VII. Of the Natural Matter and Form of the Elements.

• 1. That the Elements are constituted out of minima's That they were at first created a maximum divisible into minima's. p. 31.
• 2. That, supposing there were a ma∣teria prima Aristotelica, yet it is absurd to essert her to have a Po∣tentia Essentialis, or Appetitus Formae. p. 32.
• 3. That the Natural Form is not e∣duced è Potentia Materiae. ib.
• 4. That the Actus of Local Motion is the Form of the Elements. ib.
• 5. The manner of knowing the first constitution of the Elements. That there was a Chaos. p. 33.
• 6. That there was conferred a distinct form upon every Element. Whether a Form is a Substance. 'Tis proved that it is not. ib. 34.

CHAP. VIII. Of the absolute and Respective Form of Earth, Water, Ayr, and Fire.

• 1. What Form it is the Author al∣lots to Earth. That driness is not the first quality of Earth. p. 35.
• 2. The respective form of Earth. 36.
• 3. That Coldness is not the first qua∣lity of Water. That water is not moyst naturally, neither doth it moysten. What it is to moysten. Why water acuated with spirits of Vitriol, Sulphur, or of Salt-peter, doth moysten and abate thirst more than when it is single. ib.
• 4. The form of Water. What Gravity is, and what Levity. What Density is. The form of water proved. Why water disperseth it self into drops. Why Sea-men cannot make Land upon the Cap-head, when they may upon the Top-Mast-head. Why the Stars do appear sooner to those in the East-Seas, than to others in the west. p. 37.
• 5. That water is thick but not dense. Whence it is that water is smooth.

• Why Ayr makes a bubble upon the water when it breaks forth. That the least Atome of Ayr cannot break through the water without raising a bubble. Why the same doth not hap∣pen to Earth. p. 38.
• 6. That Moysture is not the first qua∣lity of Ayr, neither doth the Ayr na∣turally moysten any body, but to the contrary dryeth it. p. 39.
• 7. The form of Ayr. What Tenuity is. Why Feathers, Cobwebs, and other light Bodies do expand them∣selves when thrown through the Ayr. Why Grease, Oyl, Wax, &c. do make Splatches when poured up∣on the ground. Why Gunpowder, Smoak, Breathes of living Crea∣tures, Vapours, Exhalations, Dust, &c. do diffuse themselves in that manner. Whence it is that the least breath moves and shakes the Ayr. The relative form of ayr. Why spi∣rits of wine mix easier and sooner with water, than one water with another. p. 40, 41.
• 8. The first quality of Fire. What Rarity is. Whence it is that a Torch or Candle spreads its Beams cir∣cularly, as appears at a distance. That Fire is rough: the cause of it. Fire's Relative nature. A compa∣ring of all the first qualities of the Elements one to the other. p. 42, 43.

CHAP. IX. Of the beginning of the World.

• 1. Whence the world had its begin∣ning. What the Chaos is. That the Chaos had a form. A Scripture Objection answered. That the Spi∣rit of God moving upon the face of the waters did informate the Chaos. p. 44.
• 2. That the Chaos consisted of the four Elements, is proved by Scri∣pture. The Etymology of Heaven. What Moses meant by Waters a∣bove the Waters. The Derivation of the Firmament. That the Ayr is comprehended under the Notion of waters in Gen. p. 45.
• 3. That the Elements were exactly mixt in the Chaos. That all the Elements consist of an equal num∣ber of Minima's. p 46.
• 4. That none but God alone can be ra∣tionally thought to be the Efficient of the Chaos. How this Action is expressed in Scripture. p 47.
• 5. What Creation is. Thom. Aq. his Definition of Creation disproved. Austins Observations of the Cre∣ation. p. 48.
• 6. That God is the Authour of the Creation, proved by the Testimonies of Scripture, of Holy men, and of Philosophers. p. 49.
• 7. An Explanation of the Definition of Creation. Whether Creation is an emanent or transient Action. Crea∣tion is either mediate or immediate. Scotus his Errour upon this point. The difference between 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Wherein mediate Creation differs from Generation. p. 50, 51.
• 8. Of the place, magnitude, tangible

• qualities, colour, temperament, time, figure, extent in figure, duration, quantity, and number of the Cha∣os. p. 52, 53, 54.

CHAP. X. Of the first Division of the Chaos.

• 1. Why the Chaos was broken. p. 55.
• 2. That the Chaos could never have wrought its own change through it self. The Efficient of its muta∣tion. p. 56.
• 3. The several Changes, which the Chaos underwent through its Dis∣ruption. The manner of the said Disruption. ib.
• 4. How Light was first produced out of the Chaos. What a Flame is. p. 58.
• 5. A perfect description of the first knock or division of the Chaos. By what means the Earth got the Cen∣ter, and how the waters, Ayr, and Fire got above it. Why a Squib turnes into so many whirles in the Ayr. ib.
• 6. The qualifications of the first Light of the Creation. A plain demon∣stration proving the circular mo∣tion of the Heavens, or of the Ele∣ment of fire to be natural, and of an Eval Duration. ib. 59

CHAP. XI. Of the second Division of the Chaos.

• 1. An Enarration of Effects befal∣ling the Elements through the se∣cond knock. The proportion of each of the Elements in their purity to the Peregrine Elements. p. 60.
• 2. The ground of the forementioned proportion of the Elements. 61, 62.
• 3. That fire and ayr constitute the Firmament. p. 63.
• 4. A grand Objection answered. ib. 64.

CHAP. XII. Of the Third Division of the Chaos.

• 1. The effects of the third knock. Why earth is heavier than water. Why water is more weighty near the top than towards the bottom. Why a man when he is drowned doth not go down to the bottom of the Ocean. Why a potch'd Egge doth commonly rest it self about the middle of the water in a Skillet. Why the middle parts of Salt-water are more saltish than the upper parts. p. 66, 67.
• 2. Whence the earth hapned to be thrust out into great protuberancies. How the earth arrived to be disposed to germination of Plants. A vast Grove pressed into the earth. p. 68.
• 3. The cause of the waters continual circular motion. ib. 69.
• 4. The cause of the rise of such a vari∣ety of Plants. p. 71.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Se∣venth Division of the Chaos.

• 1. An Enarration of the Effects of the fourth Division. That Nature created the first bodies of every Spe∣cies,

• ... the greatest is instanced in Bees, Fishes and Fowl. That all Species are derived from one indi∣viduum That Adam was the great∣est man that ever was since the Crea∣tion What those Glants were, which the Poets faigned. p. 72, 73, 74.
• 2. How the Sun and Moon were crea∣ted. That a Lioness is not more vi∣gorous than a Lion. p. 75.
• 3. How the Stars of the Firmament were created. p. 76.
• 4. How the durable Clouds of the Ayr were created. ib.
• 5. The Effects of the fifth Division. ib.
• 6. The Effects of the sixth Divi∣sion. ib.
• 7. The Effects of the last Division. ib.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Second and Third Absolute Qualities of the Elements.

• 1. What is understood by Second Qua∣lities. p 78.
• 2. What the Second Quality of Earth is. p. 79.
• 3. Aristotle's Definition of Density re∣jected. ib.
• 4. The Opinions of Philosophers touch∣ing the Nature of Density. p. 80.
• 5. The forementioned Opinions confu∣ted. p. 81.
• 6. The Description of Indivisibles ac∣cording to Democritus disproved. That all Figures are divisible ex∣cepting a Circular Minimum. That Strength united proveth strongest in around Figure: and why. ib. 82, 83.
• 7. What the Second Quality of Fire is. Cardan, Averrhoes, Zimara, Ari∣stotle, Tolet, and Zabarel their O∣pinions touching the Nature of Ra∣rity confuted. p. 84 85 86, 87.
• 8. The Second Quality of Water. Ari∣stotle, Joh. Grammat Tolet, Zaba∣rel and Barthol. their sence of Thickness and Thinness dispro∣ved. p. 88.
• 9. What the Second Quality of Ayr is. p. 89.
• 10. What is intended by third, fourth or fifth Qualities. An Enumerati∣on of the said Qualities. What Ob∣tuseness, Acuteness, Asperity, Le∣vor, Hardness, Rigidity, Softness, Solidity, Liquidity and Lentor are, and their kinds. ib. 90, 91, 92.

CHAP. XV. Of the Respective Qualities of the Eements; particularly of Fire, Earth, and Water.

• 1. What is meant by the Respective Qualities of the Elements. Why they are termed Second Quali∣ties. p. 93.
• 2. That heat is the second respective or accidental quality of fire. That fire is not burning hot within its own Region. That fire doth not burn un∣less it flames, is proved by an Expe∣riment through Aq. fort. ib.
• 3. That heat in fire is violently produ∣ced. The manner of the production of a Flame. What it is which we call hot, warm, or burning. How fire dis∣solves

• and consumes a body into ashes. p. 94.
• 4. That Heat is nothing else but a Multiplication, Condensation and Retention of the parts of fire. The degrees of Heat in fire, and how it cometh to be warm, hot, scorching hot, blistering hot, burning hot, and consuming hot. p. 95.
• 5. A way how to try the force of fire by Scales. Why fire doth not alwayes feel hot in the Ayr. ib. 96.
• 6. Plato and Scaliger their Opinion touching heat. p. 97.
• 7. The Parepatetick Description of Heat rejected. How fire separateth Silver from Gold, and Lead from Silver. p. 98.
• 8. What the second respective quality of Earth is. What Cold is The man∣ner of operation of Cold upon our T••••ct. p. 100.
• 9. The second respective quality of Wa∣ter. That Water cooles differently from Earth. ib.
• 10. Aristotle and Zabarel their waver∣ing Opinions touching Cold. That Earth is the primum frigi∣dum. ib. 101.

CHAP. XVI. Of the remaining Respective Quali∣lities of the Elements.

• 1. The second Respective Quality of the Ayr. That water cannot be re∣ally and essentially attenuated. The state of the Controversie. 102, 103.
• 2. That Ayr cannot be really and es∣sentially incrassated. Why a man whilest he is alive sinkes down into the water and is drowned, and af∣terwards is cast up again. That a woman is longer in sinking or drowning than a man. The great errour committed in trying of witches by casting them into the water. p. 104, 105, 106.
• 3. That a greater Condensation or Rarefaction is impossible in the Earth. p. 107.
• 4. In what sense the Author under∣stands and intends Rarefaction and Condensation throughout his Phi∣losophy. p. 108.
• 5. The third Respective Quality of Fire. What Driness is. The defi∣nition of Moysture. The third Re∣spective Qualities of water and Ayr. Aristotles description of Moy∣sture. That Water is the primum humidum. In what sense Ayr is termed dry, in what moyst. p. 109.

CHAP. XVII. Of Mixtion.

• 1. What Mixtion is. Three condi∣tions required in a Mixtion. p 110.
• 2. Whether Mixtion and the gene∣ration of a mixt body differ re∣ally. p. 111.
• 3. Aristotles definition of Mixtion examined. Whether the Elements remain entire in mixt bodies. 112.
• 4. That there is no such Intension or Remission of Qualities as the Peripateticks do apprehend. The

• Authors sense of Remission and In∣tention. p. 113.
• 5. That a Mixtion is erroneously di∣vided into a perfect and imperfect Mixtion. p. 114.

CHAP. XVIII. Of Temperament.

• 1. That Temperament is the form of Mixtion. That Temperament is a real and positive quality. p. 115.
• 2. The definition of a Temperament. Whether a Temperament is a single or manifold quality. Whether a complexion of qualities may be cal∣led one compounded quality. p. 116.
• 3. VVhether a Temperament be a fift quality. A Contradiction a∣mong Physitians touching Tempe∣rament. Whether the congress of the four qualities effects be one Temperament, or more. ib. 117.
• 4. That there is no such thing as a Distemper. What a substantial Change is. p. 118.
• 5. VVhat an alteration or accidental change is. That the differences of Temperament are as many as there are Minima's of the Elements ex∣cepting four. p. 119.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Division of Temperaments.

• 1. VVhat an equal and unequal Tem∣perament is. That there never was but one temperament ad pondus. That Adams Body was not tempered ad pondus. That neither Gold nor any Celestial bodies are tempered ad pondus. p. 120.
• 2. That all temperaments ad Justiriam are constantly in changing. That there are no two bodies in the world exactly agreeing to one another in temperature. p. 121.
• 3. The Latitude of temperaments. How the corruption of one body ever proves the generation of ano∣ther. p. 122.
• 4. That there is no such unequal tempe∣rament as is vulgarly imagined. That there is an equal temperament is proved against the vulgar opinion. That where Forms are equal, their matters must also be e∣qual. p. 123, 124.
• 5. VVhat a Distemper is That Galen intended by an unequal tempera∣ture. p. 125.
• 6. VVhen a man may be termed tempe∣rate. That bodies are said to be in∣temperate. ib. 126, 127.
• 7. The combination of the second Qua∣lities of the Elements in a tempera∣ture. Their Effects. p. 128.

CHAP. XX. Of Alteration, Coction, Decoction, Generation, Putrefaction, and Corruption.

• 1. VVhat Coction and Putrefaction is. The Difference between Putrefacti∣on and Corruption. p. 130.
• 2. The Authors Definition of Alterati∣on. The effects of Alteration. ib.
• ...

• 3. The Division of Alteration. p. 131.
• 4. That the first Qualities of the Pe∣ripateticks are not intended by the acquisition of new Qualities with∣out Matter. Wherein Alteration differs from Mixtion or Tempera∣ment. ib.
• 5. The Definition of Coction. Why a man was changed much more in his youth than when come to matu∣rity. p. 132, 133.
• 6. The Constitution of women. Which are the best and worst Constitutions in men. That heat is not the sole cause of Coction. p. 134, 135.
• 7. The kinds of Coction. What Ma∣turation, Elixation and Assation are. p. 136.
• 8. VVhat Decoction is, and the man∣ner of it. p. 137.
• 9. The definition of Putrefaction. 139
• 10. VVhat Generation imports in a large and strict acception. Whether the Seed of a Plant or Animal is essentially distinguisht from a young Plant or new born Animal. That heat is not the sole efficient in Gene∣ration. p. 139.
• 11. VVhether the innate heat is not in∣dued with a power of converting ad∣ventitious heat into its own nature. Whether the innate heat be Celestial or Elementary. p. 140, 141, 142.
• 12. The Definition of Corruption. Why the innate heat becomes oft more vigorous after violent Fea∣vers. Whether Life may be prolong∣ed to an eval duration. What the Catochization of a Flame is. By what means many pretend to pro∣long life. That the production of life to an eval duration is impossible. Whether our Dayes be determined. The ambiguity of Corruption. Whether Corruption be possible in the Elements. p. 143, to 149.

CHAP. XXI. Of Light.

• 1. VVhat Light is. The manner of the production of a Flame. p. 150.
• 2. The properties and effects of Light. p. 151.
• 3. That Light is an effect or conse∣quent of a Flame. Whence it hap∣pens that our Eyes strike fire when we hit our Foreheads against any hard Body. That Light is not a quality of fire alone. That Light is not fire rarefied. That where there is Light, there is not alwayes heat near to it. How Virginals and Or∣gans are made to play by them∣selves. p. 152, 153.
• 4. That Light is a continuous obdu∣ction of the Ayr. That Light is diffused to a far extent in an instant, and how. Why the whole tract of Air is not enlightned at once. p. 154, 155.
• 5. The manner of the Lights working upon the Eye-sight. That sight is actuated by reception, and not by emission. p. 156.
• 6. The reason of the difference between the extent of illumination and cale∣faction. That Light cannot be pre∣cipitated. ib.
• ...

• 7. That Light is not the mediate cause of all the Effects produced by the Stars. That Light hath only a pow∣er of acting immediately and per se upon the optick spirits. How the Air happens to burst through a sud∣den great light. That a sudden great Light may blind, kill, or cast a man into an Apoplexy. p. 157.
• 8. How Light renders all Objects visi∣ble. Why a peice of Money cast into a Basin filled with water appears bigger than it is. The causes of ap∣parent Colours. Why a great Object appears but small to one afar off. The difference between lux and lu∣men. What a Beam is. What a Splen∣dour is. That the Lights begot by the Stars, and other flames are not distinguished specie. How the Coe∣lum Empyreum is said to be Lu∣cid. p. 158, 159.

CHAP. XXII. Of Colours.

• 1. The Authors Definition of a Colour. That Light is a Colour. Aristotles Definition of colour examined. p. 160, 161, 162.
• 2. Scaligers Absurdities touching Co∣lours and Light. p. 163.
• 3. What colour Light is of; and why termed a single Colour. That Light doth not efficienter render an Ob∣ject visible. How a mixt Colour worketh upon the sight; and how it is conveyed to it. ib. 164.
• 4. The Causes of the variations of Mercury in its colour through each several preparation. p. 165.
• 5. That Colours are formally relations only to our sight. That a mixt colour is not an intentional quality. That besides the relation of colours there is an absolute foundation in their original Subjects. How the same fundamental colours act. p. 166.
• 6. That there are no apparent colours, but all are true. p. 167.
• 7. The Differences of colours. What co∣lour focal fire is of. The fundamen∣tal colours of mixt bodies. p. 168, 169, 170, 171.
• 8. What reflection of light is. What re∣fraction of colours is. Aristotles De∣finition of colour rejected. The Ef∣fects of a double reflection. The Rea∣sons of the variations of Colour in Apples held over the water and Looking-glasses. The variation of Illumination by various Glasses. p. 172.
• 9. The Division of Glasses. The cause of the variation of colour in a Prism. ib. 173, 174.
• 10. The Nature of Refraction. Why co∣lours are not refracted in the Eye. p. 175, 176.

CHAP. XXIII. Of Sounds.

• 1. The Definition of a Sound. That the Collision of two solid Bodies is not alwayes necessary for to raise a Sound. p. 177.
• 2. Whether a Sound be inherent in the

• Air, or in the body sounding. The manner of Production of a Sound. p. 178.
• 3. Whether a Sound is propagated through the water intentionally on∣ly. That a Sound may be made and heard under water. p. 179.
• 4. That a Sound is a real pluffing up of the Air. How a Sound is propa∣gated through the Air; and how far. Why a small Sound raised at one end of a Mast or Beam may be easily heard at the other end. Why the Noise of the treading of a Troop of Horse may be heard at a far distance. p. 180, 181, 182.
• 5. The difference between a Sound and a Light or Colour. That it is possible for a man to hear with his eyes, and see with his ears; likewise for other Creatures to hear and see by means of their feeding. p. 183, 184.
• 6. The difference of Sounds. Why the Sound of a Bell or Drum ceaseth as soon as you touch them with your singer. Why an empty Glass causes a greater Sound than if filled with water. p. 185, 186.
• 7. The reasons of Concords in Mu∣sick. p. 187.
• 8. The Causes of the variation of Sounds. Why celestial bodies, Rain and Hail do make but little noyse in the ayr. p. 188.
• 9. How Sounds are reflected. How intended and remitted. p. 189.
• 10. The manner of Refraction of Sounds. What an undulating Sound is. p. 190.
• 11. How a Voice is formed. p. 191, 192.

CHAP. XXIV. Of Tasts, Smels and Tangibles.

• 1. A definition of a Tast. The diffe∣rence between the Tasting and Hearing faculty. The manner of a Tasts action and passion. p. 193.
• 2. The differences of Tasts. Whether Tasts are not communicable through a medium. p. 194.
• 3. What a Smell is. The manner of a Sents action and passion. ib.
• 4. VVhether Sents be nutritive. How many have been kept alive without eating or drinking. How Sents re∣vive one in a swoon. The distance requisite in Sents from the faculty. That the Sent of excrements smell sweet to a Dog. How a Dog Sents a Bitch at a great distance. The man∣ner of a Dogs winding the Sent of a Hare. That Fishes do Sent by means of their Gills or Palate. p. 195, 196, 197.
• 5. The causes of a sweet Smell. Why most Beasts are pleased with the Smell of a Panther. What a stink∣ing Smell is. The other kinds of Sents. Whether the Plague gives a Smell, and whether perceptible by a man. Whether it be possible to poyson one by a Perfume of Gloves, or of a Letter. p. 198, 199.
• 6. What the Tact is, and the manner of its sensation. p. 200.
• 7. The differences of tangible quali∣ties. Whether Titillation be distin∣guisht

• from the ordinary tact. Whe∣ther man hath the most exquisite tact. ib.
• 8. What a tangible quality is The cau∣ses of pleasing Tangibles. Why a Kiss feels pleasing to ones lips. That a Dog takes delight in kissing. What Pain is, and its cause of Titillation. Why ones proper feeling doth not tickle, but anothers doth. p. 201, 202.

The SECOND PART. The Second Book.

CHAP. I. Of the Commerce of the Earth with the other Elements.

• 1. The Authors purpose touching his Method in the Preceding Book, and a further Explication of some terms made use of there. p. 204.
• 2. That the Earth is the Center of the world. Copernicus his Astronomy examined. p. 205, to 209.
• 3. The Earths Division into three Re∣gions, and their particular ex∣tent. p. 210.
• 4. What Bodies are generated in the third Region of the Earth; and the manner of their Production. That the Coldness of the Earth is the principal efficient of Stones and Mettals. How a Stone is generated in the Kidneyes and in the Bladder. A rare Instance of a Stone taken out of the Bladder. The generation of a Flint, Marble, Jaspis, Corneli∣an, Diamond, Ruby, Gold, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Silver. The places of Mines. p. 211, to 215.
• 5. Of the transmutation of Mettals. Whether Silver be transmutable in∣to Gold. Whether Gold may be ren∣dered potable. The Effects of the supposed Aurum potabile, and what it is. p. 215, 216.
• 6. Of earthy saltish Juices. The Gene∣ration of Common Salt, Salt-Gem∣me, Saltpeter, Allom, Salt-Armoni∣ack and Vitriol, and of their kinds. p. 217, 218.
• 7. Of earthy unctious Juices, viz. Sul∣phur, Arsenick, Amber, Naptha, Peteroyl, Asphaltos, Oyl of Earth, Sea-coal and Jeatstone; of their kinds and vertues. p. 219, 220.
• 8. Of the mean Juices of the Earth, viz. Mercury, Antimony, Marcasi∣ta, Cobaltum, Chalcitis, Misy and Sory. Whether any of these mean Juices are to be stated Principles of Mettals. p. 221, to 224.

CHAP. II. Of Stones and Earths.

• 1. A Description of the most Precious Stones. p. 224, 225.
• 2. A Description of the less Precious Stones that are engendred within Living Creatures. p. 226.
• 3. A Description of the less Precious Stones that are engendred without the Bodies of Living Creatures. p. 227, 228.
• 4. An Enumeration of common stones p. 229
• 5. A Disquisition upon the vertues of the forementioned stones. An Obser∣vation on the Effects of Powders composed out of Precious stones. whether the Tincture of an Eme∣rald is so admirable in a bloudy Flux. ib. 230, 231, 232.
• 6. A particular Examination of the vertues of a Bezoar stone, Piedra de Puerco, Pearles, &c. p. 233, to 237.
• 7. The Kinds of Earth, and their Vertues. p. 237, 238, 239

CHAP. III. Of the Loadstone.

• 1. The various names of the Loadstone, and its kinds. p. 240.
• 2. The Physical Essence of the Load∣stone. p. 241.
• 3. An enumeration of its Properties. p. 242.
• 4. The demonstration of the first Me∣chanick property of the Load∣stone. p. 243, 244, 245.
• 5. The demonstration of the other Me∣chanical properties. p. 246.
• 6. Of its nautical property. What is in∣tended by the Poles of the Load∣stone. p. 247, 248.
• 7. The division of the Loadstone into Circles. p. 249.
• 8. An enumeration of the nautical pro∣perties of the Magnete. p. 250.
• 9. A demonstration of the said nautical properties. p. 251, 252, 253.
• 10. The cause of the deviation of the Compass Needle. p. 254.
• 11. An Objection answered. p. 255.
• 12. Cartesius his Doctrine examined touching the Loadstone. p. 256, 257, 258.
• 13. The fabulous property of the Loadstone. p 259.

CHAP. IV. Of Life, and living Bodies.

• 1. What Life is. p. 260, 261, 262.
• 2. The Form of Life. Why Vegetables are generated no where but near to the Surface of the Earth. p. 263.
• 3. The properties of a Vital Form. p. 264, 265.
• 4. The definition of Nutrition, and the manner of it. Whether food is requi∣red to be like to the dissipated parts. p. 266.
• 5. What Accretion is, and the manner of it. p. 267, 268.
• 6. The manner of the generation of a Plant. p. 269, 270, 271.
• 7. The manner of the germination of

• a Plant. A delineation of all the parts of a Plant, p. 272, to 277.
• 8. What the Propagation of a Plant is, and the manner of it. p. 278, 279.

CHAP. V. Of the particular differences of Plants.

• 1. The differences of Roots and their vertues. p. 280.
• 2. The differences of Flowers. p. 281.
• 3. The differences of Leaves. p. 282.
• 4. The three cordial Vegetables. p. 283.
• 5. The three Cephalick Vegetables. ib.
• 6. The three Hepatick Vegetables. 284.
• 7. The three Splenick Vegetables. ib.
• 8. The three Pulmonick Vegetables. ib.
• 9. The three Stomachick Vegeta∣bles. ib.
• 10. The three Lithontropick Vege∣tables. p. 285.
• 11. The three Uterin Vegetables. ib.
• 12. The three Arthritick Vegeta∣bles. ib.
• 12. The specificks for the parts de∣stined for the continuation of the species. p. 286.
• 14. The description of some rare Plants. ib. 287.

CHAP. VI. Of Water in order to her commerce with the other Elements.

• 1. The etymology of water. That wa∣ter naturally is hard and consistent, and not fluid. p. 288.
• 2. The division of water. p. 289.
• 3. VVhat a Lake is. The strange ver∣tues of some Lakes. 290, 291, 292.
• 4. VVhat a Fountain is. The won∣derfull properties of some Foun∣tains. p. 293, to 295.
• 5. Of Physical Wells. p. 296. Of Baths. p. 297.
• 7. Of Rivers and their rare proper∣ties. ib. 298.
• 8. Of the chief Straits of the Sea. p. 299, 230.

CHAP. VII. Of the Circulation of the Ocean.

• 1. That the disburdening of the Ea∣stern Rivers into the Ocean, is not the cause of its Circulation; nei∣ther are the Sunne or Moon the principal causes of this motion. p. 301, 302.
• 2. The periodical course of the Ocean. The causes of the high and low wa∣ters of the Ocean. p. 303, 304, 305.
• 3. How it is possible that the Ocean should move so swiftly as in 12 hours and somewhat more to slow about the terrestrial Globe. p 306, 307, 308.
• 4. A further explanation of the cau∣ses of the intumescence and detu∣mescence of the Ocean. The causes of the anticipation of the floud of the Ocean. 309, to 312.
• 5. That the Suns intense heat in the torrid Zone, is a potent adjuvant cause of the Oceans circulation, and likewise the minima's descen∣ing from the Moon and the Polar

• Regions. p. 313, to 316.

CHAP. VIII. Of the course of the Sea towards the Polar Coasts.

• 1. What the Libration of the Ocean is. That the Tides are not occasioned by Libration. The Navil of the World. Whence the Seas move to∣wards the North Polar. Why the Ebb is stronger in the Narrow Seas than the Floud; and why the Floud is stronger than the Ebb in the Ocean. Why the Irish Seas are so rough. p. 316, 317, 318.
• 2. VVhy the Baltick Sea is not sub∣jected to Tides. The rise of the East Sea or Sinus Codanus. p. 319.
• 3. The cause of the bore in the River of Seyne. p. 320.
• 4. The causes of the courses of the Mediterranean. The rise of this Sea. ib. 321.

CHAP. IX. Of Inundations.

• 1. Of the rise of the great Gulphs of the Ocean. The causes of Inunda∣tions. That the Deluge mentioned in Genesis was not universal. The explanation of the Text. p 422, 323.
• 2. The manner of the Deluge. That it was not occasioned through the overfilling of the Ocean. p. 324.
• 3. That there hapned very great De∣luges since; when and where. p. 325.
• 4. The effects of the first deluge. ib.
• 5. Inland Inundations. p. 327.

CHAP. X. Of the causes of the before-formen∣tioned properties of Lakes.

• 1. Whence the Lake Asphaltites is so strong for sustaining of weighty bo∣dies, and why it breeds no Fish. The cause of qualities contrary to these in other Lakes. The cause of the ef∣fects of the Lake Lerna. p. 328.
• 2. Whence the vertues of the Lake Eaug, of Thrace, Gerasa, the Lake among the Troglodites, Clitorius, Laumond, Vadimon, and Benaco are derived. ib.
• 3. Whence the properties of the Lake Larius, Pilats Pool, and the Lake of Laubach emanate. p. 329.

CHAP. XI. Of the rise of Fountains, Rivers and Hills.

• 1. That Fountains are not supplied by rain. p. 330.
• 2. Aristotles opinion touching the rise of Fountains examined. p. 331.
• 3. The Authors assertion concerning the rise of Fountains. The rise of many principal Fountains of the world. ib 332.
• 4. Why Holland is not mounta∣nous. p. 333.
• 5. That the first deluge was not the cause of Hills. ib. 334
• 6. Whence that great quantity of water

• contained within the bowels of the Earth is derived. p. 335.
• 7. Whence it is that most shores are mountanous. Why the Island Ferro is not irrigated with any Rivers. Why the Earth is depressed under the torrid Zone, and elevated to∣wards the Polars. The cause of the multitude of Hills in some Coun∣tries and scarcity in others. ib. 336.
• 8. How it is possible for the Sea to penetrate into the bowels of the Earth. p. 337.

CHAP XII. Of the causes of the effects produced by Fountains.

• 1. Whence some Fountains are delete∣rious. The cause of the effect of the Fountain Lethe, of Cea, Lincystis, Arania. The causes of foecundation and of rendring barren of other Fountains The causes of the pro∣perties of the Fountains of the Sun, of the Eleusinian waters, of the Fountains of Illyrium, Epirus, Cy∣reniaca, Arcadia, the Holy Cross, Sibaris, Lycos, of the unctious Foun∣tain of Rome, and Jacobs Foun∣tain. p. 338, 339.
• 2. The causes of the effects of Ipsum and Barnet Wells. p. 340.
• 3. Whence the vertues of the Spaw waters are derived. ib.
• 4. Of the formal causes of Baths. 341.

CHAP. XIII. Of the various Tastes, Smells, Con∣gelation and Choice of Water.

• 1. Various tastes of several Lakes, Fountain and River waters. p. 342.
• 2. The divers sents of waters. p. 343.
• 3. The causes of the said Tastes. That the saltness of the Sea is not gene∣rated by the broyling heat of the Sun. The Authors opinion. ib.
• 4. The causes of the sents of wates. p. 345.
• 5. What Ice is; the cause of it, and manner of its generation. Why some Countries are less exposed to frosts than others that are nearer to the Line. ib. 346.
• 6. The differences of frosts. Why a frost doth usually begin and end with the change of the Moon. p. 347.
• 7. The original or rise of frosty mi∣nims. Why fresh waters are aptest to be frozen How it is possible for the Sea to be frozen. p. 348.
• 8. What waters are the best and the worst: the reasons of their excellen∣cy and badaess. p 349, 350.

CHAP. XIV. Of the commerce of the Ayr with the other Elements.

• 1. How the Air moves downwards. VVhat motions the Elements would exercise supposing they enjoyed their Center. VVhy the Air doth not ea∣sily toss the terraqueous Globe out of its place. How the Air is capable of two contrary motions. 351, 352.
• 2. That the Air moves continually from East through the South to

• West, and thence back again to the East through the North. p. 353.
• 3. An Objection against the airs cir∣cular motion answered. p. 354.
• 4. The Poles of the Air. ib.
• 5. The proportion of Air to Fire; its distinction into three profun∣dities. p. 355

CHAP. XV. Of the production of Clouds.

• 1. VVhat a Cloud is, how generated, its difference. How a Rainbow is produced. Whether there appeared any Rainbows before the Floud. 356
• 2. The generation of Rain. p. 357.
• 3. How Snow and Hail are engen∣dred. p. 358.
• 4. The manner of generation of winds ib. to 362.
• 5 The difference of winds. Of Mon∣zones, Provincial winds, general winds, &c. Of the kinds of storms and their causes. What a mist and a dew are. p. 362, to 370.

CHAP. XVI. Of Earthquakes, together with their effects, and some strange instances of them.

• 1. VVhat an Earthquake is. The man∣ner of its generation. The concomi∣tants thereof. p. 370.
• 2. The kinds and differences of Earth∣quakes. ib. 371, 372.
• 3. The proof of the generation of Earthquakes. p. 373.
• 4. Their Effects upon the air. p. 374.

CHAP. XVII. Of fiery Meteors in the Air.

• 1. Of the generation of a Fools fire, a Licking fire, Helens fire, Pollux and Castor, a Flying Drake, a burning Candle, a perpendicular fire, a skipping Goat, flying sparks, and a burning flame. p. 375, 376.
• 2. Of the generation of Thunder, Ful∣guration and Fulmination, and of their effects. Of a thunder stone. p. 377, 378.
• 3. Of Comets. Of their production. p. 379, 380, 381.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the term Antiperistasis and a Vacuum.

• 1. Whether there be such a thing as an Antiperistasis. p. 382.
• 2. Whether a Vacuum be impossible; and why. p. 383.
• 3. Experiments inferring a Vacuum answered. p. 384, 385.
• 4. Whether a Vacuum can be effected by an Angelical; or by the Divine Power. p. 386.
• 5 Whether Local Motion be possible in a Vacuum. A threefold sense of the doubt proposed. In what sense Local Motion is possible in a Vacuum, in what not. ib. 387.

CHAP. XIX. Of Physical Motion.

• 1. What a Physical Motion is. The

• kinds of it. The definition of Altera∣tion, Local Motion, and quantita∣tive motions. The subdivision of Lo∣cal Motion. p. 388, 389.
• 2. That all alterative and quantita∣tive motions are direct. p. 390.
• 3. That all externall motions are vio∣lent. ib.
• 4. That all weighty mixt bodies, be∣ing removed from their Element, are disposed to be detruded down∣wards from without; but do not move from any internal inclination or appetite they have to their uni∣versal Center. p. 391, 392.
• 5. The causes of swiftness and slow∣ness of external Local Motion. 393
• 6. That light bodies are disposed to be moved upwards. ib.
• 7. That airy bodies, being seated in the fiery Region, are disposed to be moved downwards. p. 394.

CHAP. XX. Of Attraction, Expulsion, Proje∣ction, Disruption, Undulation, and Recurrent Motion.

• 1. How Air is attracted by a water∣spout or Siphon. p. 395.
• 2. The manner of another kind of At∣traction by a sucking Leather. 396.
• 3. How two slat Marble stones clapt close together draw one another up. ib.
• 4. How a Wine-Coopers Pipe at∣tracts Wine out of a Cask. ib.
• 5. How sucking with ones mouth at∣tracts water. p. 397.
• 6. How a Sucker attracts the water. ib.
• 7. The manner of Attraction by Fil∣tration. p. 398.
• 8. The manner of Electrical Attra∣ction. ib.
• 9. How fire and fiery bodies are said to attract. p. 399. 400.
• 10. What Projection is, and the manner of it. p. 401.
• 11. What Disruption, Undulation, and Recurrent motion are. ib 402.

CHAP. XXI. Of Fire, being an Introduction to a New Astronomy.

• 1. The Fires division into three Re∣gions. p. 402.
• 2. The qualification of the inferiour Region. What the Sun is. What his torrid Rayes are, and how genera∣ted. ib.
• 3. How the other Planets are gene∣rated. ib.
• 4. How the fixed Stars were genera∣ted. p. 404.
• 5. A further explanation of the Stars their Ventilation. That there are many Stars within the Planetary Region that are invisible. Of the appearance of new Stars or Co∣mets. Of the Galaxia or Milk∣way. p. 405.
• 6. That the fiery Regions are much attenuated. p. 406.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Motion of the Element of Fire.

• ...

• 1. VVhere the Poles of the Heavens are. p. 408.
• 2. The Opinions of Ptolomy and Ty∣cho rejected. p. 409.
• 3. That the Planets move freely and loosely, and why the fixed Stars are moved so uniformly. ib.
• 4. The Suns retrograde motion un∣folded, and the cause of it. ib.
• 5. How the Ecliptick, AEquator, and the Zodiack were first found out. p. 410
• 6. The manner of the fiery Heavens their ventilation. p. 411.
• 7. Whence it is, that the Sun moves swifter through the Austrinal Me∣deity, and slower through the Bo∣real. How the Sun happens to mea∣sure a larger fiery Tract at some seasons in the same time than at others. p. 412.
• 8. VVhence the difference of the Suns greatest declination in the time of Hipparchus, Ptolomy, and of this our age happens. p. 414.
• 9. An undoubted and exact way of Cal∣culating the natural end of the World. The manner of the Worlds dissolution. The same proved also by the holy Scriptures. The prevention of a Calumny. ib. 415, 416.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Magnitude and distance of the Sun and Moon, and the motion of the other Planets.

• 1. That the Magnitude of the Sun hath not been probably, much less certainly, stated by any. The Argu∣ments vulgarly proffered for the proof of the Suns Magnitude, re∣jected. p. 417, 418.
• 2. That the Sun might be capable enough of illuminating the World were he much lesser than the terra∣queous Globe than I suppose him to be. p 419.
• 3. That the shadow of the Earth is to some extent Cylindrical. ib.
• 4. That the Sun existing in the AEqua∣tor doth at once illuminate the whole Hemisphere of the Earth. ib.
• 5. Concerning the diminution or in∣crease of the shadow of the Earth within the Polars, together with the cause of the Prolongation and Ab∣breviation of the dayes. That the Sun is much bigger than he appears to be. p 420.
• 6. What the spots of the Sun and Moon are, and their causes. ib.
• 7. That the Arguments proposed by Astronomers for rendring the Moon lesser than the Earth, and proving the distance of the Sun, are invalid. p. 421.
• 8. That the Moon is by far lesser than the Earth. ib.
• 9. Several Phaenomena's of the Moon demonstrated. p. 422.
• 10. Concerning the motion of Venus and Mercury. p 423.
• 11. Of the motion of the fixed Stars, and their Scintillation. p. 424.

CHAP. I. Problems relating to the Earth.

• 1. Why two weighty bodies are not moved downwards in parallel Lines. p. 426.
• 2. Why a great Stone is more difficultly moved on the top of a high hill than below. p. 427.
• 3. Why a pair of Scales is easier moved empty than ballanced. ib.
• 4. Whence it is that a man may carry a greater weight upon a Wheelbarrow than upon his back. ib.
• 5. Why a weighty body is easier thrust forward with a Pole, than immediately by ones arms: besides 5. other Probl. more. p. 428, 429, 430
• 6. Why a stick thrust into a hole if bended is apt to be broke near the hole. What the cause of the relaxation of a bowed stick is. p. 431.
• 7. Whether Gold doth attract Mercury. ib.
• 8. Why the herb of the Sun, vulgarly called Chrysanthemum Peruvianum, obverteth its leaves and flowers to the Sun whereso∣ever he be. p. 432.

Why the Laurel is seldom or never struoken by Lightning. b.

CHAP. II. Containing Problems relating to Water.

• 1. Why is red hot Iron rendered harder by be∣ing quencht in cold water? p. 432.
• 2. Whence is it there fals a kind of small Rain every day at noon under the AEquinoctial Region? p. 433.
• 3. How Glass is made. ib
• 4. Whence it is that so great a Mole as a Ship yeelds to be turned by so small a thing as her Rudder. p. 434.
• 5. What the cause of a Ships swimming upon the water is. p 335.
• 6. Whether all hard waterish bodies are freed from fire. ib.

CHAP. III. Comprizing Problems touching the Air.

• 1. Whether Air ••e weighty. p 436.
• 2. Whether a Bladder blown up with wind ••e heavier than when empty. ib.
• 3. Why water contained in a beer glass, being turned-round with ones hand, doth turn con∣trary against the motion of the Glass p. 437.
• 4. Why a breath being blown with a close mouth doth feel cool, and efflated with a diducted mouth feel warm. ib.
• 5. Why an armed point of an Arrow groweth hot in being shot through the air. ib.
• 6. Why Beer or Wine will not run out of the Cask without opening a hole atop. ib
• 7. What difference there is between an O••i••••e and a Travada. ib.
• 8. Whether it be true that Winds may be h••red from Witches or Wizards in Iseland p 438.
• 9. Why is it quieter in the night than in the day? ib.

CHAP. IV. Containing Problems touching the fire.

• 1. Why doth water cast upon unquencht chalk or lime become boyling. p. 439.
• 2. Why doth common salt make a cracking noise, when cast into the fire. ib.
• 3. Who were the first inventers of Gunpowder. ib.
• 4. What are the Ingredients of Gunpowder. 440.
• 5. Whence arrives all that flaming fire, that followeth the kindling of Gunpower. ib.
• 6. Whence is it that Gunpowder being kindled in Guns erupts with that force and vio∣lence. ib.