The anatomy of humane bodies epitomized wherein all parts of man's body, with their actions and uses, are succinctly described, according to the newest doctrine of the most accurate and learned modern anatomists / by a Fellow of the College of Physicians, London.

The Fifth Book. (Book 5)

CONTAINING A Treatise of all the MUSCLES Of the BODY.

CHAP. I.

The description of a Muscle.

A Muscle in Greek is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a mouse,* 1.1 of which Musculus in Latin is but a dimi∣nutive; as if it resembled a fley'd mouse: or else from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to contract. It is a dissimilar or organical part, (framed of its proper membrane, a fibrous flesh, a Tendon, Veins, Arteries, and Nerves) appointed by nature to be the instrument of free motion.

The parts then are either common or proper.* 1.2 The common are three: The Vein, the Artery, and the

Nerve. The proper as many, viz. the fibrous flesh, the Membrane, and the Tendon.

The Arteries bestow on the Muscles,* 1.3 (as on all the other parts of the Body) Vital heat and nourish∣ment;* 1.4 the Veins carry back from them what bloud is not assimilated to them;* 1.5 and the Nerves bring A∣nimal spirit whereby their action is performed. And these Nerves spring either from the medulla oblon∣gata within the brain; or from the spinalis, so call∣ed after it is descended out of the skull into the spine. The Nerve is implanted either into one end, or about the middle of the Muscle; but at what part soever it is inserted, that is the head or be∣ginning of the Muscle. As soon as it hath entred into the substance of the Muscle, it is dispersed into a number of twigs, which end in it, and are continued or elonged into Fibres.

A fibre is thus defined by Dr. Glisson in cap. 4. de Ventric.* 1.6 A body in figure like a thread, slender, tenacious, tensile, and irritable, made of spermatical matter, for the sake of some motion and strength. Which he thus explains:

In figure like a thread] i. e. oblong and round; slender] like a spiders web; tenacious] whose parts firmly cohere and are not easily broken; tensile] viz. that may be extended as to longitude, its latitude being lessen'd, and in like manner that may be thick∣en'd as to latitude, its longitude being shortn'd; irritable] i. e. which by irritation may be excited to contract it self, and the irritation ceasing, to be remitted of its own accord; made of sper∣matick matter] namely if it be a bare Fibre; but if it be stuft with a parenchyma, perhaps it is not always made of only spermatick matter; (for the stuft Fibres may be divided into sangui∣neous

and spermatick; of the former kind are those of the Muscles; of the latter, those of the stomach and guts:) for the sake of motion and strength] for in that it is tenacious it adds strength to the part, and that which is apt to be exten∣ded and contracted is destin'd for some mo∣tion.]

These Fibres being stuft in their interstices with a sanguineous parenchyma, are that which we properly call flesh (without fat.) For (saith Dr. Croone) all the flesh of a Muscle (which makes the greatest part of it, and of which the bulk of the whole body chiefly consists) seems to be no∣thing else but that portion of the bloud that flows through the intervals of the Fibres, which thick∣ning by their coldness is staid amongst them, and makes the musculous flesh. The Fibres are com∣monly streight; wherefore the Muscles of the belly (called oblique and transverse) have not their denomination from their Fibres, for they are all streight; but from their own position and situa∣tion: so the Muscle called Masseter, is accounted double, because it hath two sorts or ranks of Fi∣bres, one lying upon another.

Every Muscle hath a proper membrane that in∣vests it,* 1.7 and distinguishes it from others. It is con∣tinued unto the Tendon in such Muscles as have one.

The last proper part of the Muscle is the Tendon.* 1.8 It is a similar body, of a sinewy-like substance, (yet it hath a peculiar substance differing from a si∣new) white with a kind of brightness, dense, hard, and smooth, extended according to the length of the Muscle.* 1.9 Its beginning may be reckoned to be at the head of the Muscle, whence passing through the belly of it, it endeth in the tail.

All Muscles which are appointed for the mo∣ving of bones,* 1.10 have Tendons which are inserted into them; but commonly those which move other parts, as the Tongue, Lips, &c. as also the Sphincter of the Bladder, and anus, have none, or however such as are not easily discoverable; for indeed some affirm (as Dr. Croone) that every Muscle has its Tendon.

It is not framed of the Nerve and Ligament mingled together,* 1.11 as many have imagined: First, because a Nerve being lax and soft, will not ad∣mit commixtion with the Ligaments being hard. Secondly, because the Nerve is not carried in the form of a Nerve to the Tendon, but is either continued to or makes the Fibres of the Muscle. Thirdly, Ligaments are insensible, but Tendons are of exquisite sense; as appeareth by the great pain which ensueth if they be pricked. But either it is framed by nature out of the first matter of the Embryo, as other parts called Spermatick are, and so is an independent part: or else it is a coa∣lition of the Fibres of the Muscle, being emptied or freed of their parenchyma.

The Tendons are sometimes round,* 1.12 as in the musculus biceps; sometimes broad, as in the ob∣lique and transverse Muscles of the Belly.

These are the parts constitutive of a Muscle.* 1.13 It hath besides these, parts derived from the Po∣sition; and those are three: The Head, the Belly, and the Tail. The Head is the beginning, or that part unto which the Muscle is contracted: the Belly is the thickest part and the most fleshy: the Tail is the ending of it, and is inserted into the part which is moved. It is called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and commonly Tendo.

The use of a Muscle was set down in the last part of the description,* 1.14 in that it was said to be the instrument of free motion; which word we rather make use of than of voluntary, because beasts have Muscles and motion, unto whom will properly so called is denyed, because it pre∣supposeth reason.

CHAP. II.

Of the differences and actions of the Muscl••s.

THE differences of Muscles are taken from sundry things:* 1.15 First, from their substance: so some are fleshy, as sundry of the Tongue and larynx: some are membranous, as the constrictores or internal adducents of the nose: and some are partly fleshy, and partly nervous, as the tem∣poral.

Secondly, from the quantity. Some are long, as the streight Muscle of the abdomen, the longest of the back, &c. others short, as the pyramidal at the bottom of the abdomen: some broad, others narrow; some thick, others thin and slender, &c.

Thirdly, from the situation: from hence some are called external, some internal; some oblique, some streight, some transverse.

Fourthly, from the figure: as deltoides, because it resembleth the Greek letter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 delta. Some round, others square, &c.

Fifthly, from their beginning: so some proceed from bones, one or more; some from cartilages or gristles, as those of the larynx.

Sixthly, from the variety of parts; so some are called bicipites and tricipites, having two and three heads; others biventres, having two bellies.

Seventhly, from their composition; so some are single, some double; because some have more heads,* 1.16 some more tails than one. The unity of the Belly and Membrane which enwrappeth the Muscle, causeth the unity of it; and the plurali∣ty of the Membranes and Bellies, the plurality of Muscles.

Eighthly, from their action. Four differences of Muscles are taken from hence: for first, some are hence called fraterni or congeneres, brotherly; some antagonistae, adversaries. Secondly, some onely move themselves, as the sphincters; some other parts, as the rest. Thirdly, some have one onely action, as the greatest part of the Muscles; some have divers actions, as the masseter and tra∣pezius. The fourth difference is taken from the variety of the action; so some are called flexores, others extensores; some elevatores, others depresso∣res; some adductores, others abductores. Others suspensores, rotatores, &c.

As for the proper action of a Muscle,* 1.17 it is nothing else but the contraction of it towards its beginning.

The diversity of the action proceedeth from the diversity of the situation of the Muscles:* 1.18 so a streight Muscle hath a streight motion; a trans∣verse, a transverse motion; an oblique, an ob∣lique motion; and that which compasseth a part hath an orbicular motion as the sphincters. So all

internal Muscles serve for bending; all external for stretching out.

Now of the motion of the Muscles there are four differences;* 1.19 first, the contraction: second∣ly, the perseverance of the contraction: thirdly, the relaxation of the contraction; and fourthly, the perseverance of the relaxation. This perseve∣rance is called motus tonicus,* 1.20 whenas the member is still kept in the same posture.

The efficient cause then of the action is the soul,* 1.21 moved by its appetite. It useth three Instru∣ments, the Brain, the Nerve, the Muscle: the Brain receiveth the charge, the Nerve carrieth it to the Muscle with the animal spirits, and the Muscle doth perform the action. So that a Muscle from its action may thus be described:* 1.22 A Muscle is an organical part of the body, appointed for the free contraction of it self towards the beginning, for the moving of the part into which it is inserted.

CHAP. III.

Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids.

THE Lids of each Eye have three Muscles:* 1.23 the first is called rectus or aperiens, to lift it up. This is placed in the upper region of the orbit of the Eye, and springeth from the same ori∣gine with the elevator of the Eye, (above it) name∣ly at the hole through which the optick Nerve passes into the orbit, and holds the same course with it, being of the same figure and substance,

viz. fleshy, till at last parting from it with a pretty broad but thin Tendon, it is inserted into the cartilage of the upper Eyelid, which it serves to lift up, and so to open the Eye.

The two others are called Claudentes,* 1.24 or shut∣ters of the Eyelids, as also semicirculares (others call them circulares taking them for one.) They are placed between the membrana carnosa and that Membrane that is extended from the pericra∣nium. Each Eyelid has one, the upper a larger, the lower a less. That which draweth down or shutteth the upper, ariseth from the inner corner of the Eye and that part of the supercilium that is next to the Nose, with a sharp beginning: from whence it passes transversly toward the outward corner, growing presently fleshy and broader, so that it filleth up all the space betwixt the Eyebrows and the lowest edge of the Eyelids on which the hairs grow, (which is called cilium or tarsus) and at length is inserted into the outer cor∣ner. That which moveth the lower (though but obscurely) in order to shut it, is membranous and thin, arising from the side of the Nose with a sharp beginning as the other; whence being carried transversly it comes to the middle of the Eyelid, where becoming something fleshy it con∣tinues its course to the outer corner which it turns about, and ascending to the upper Eyelid is in∣serted into it with a broad end. These two Mus∣cles being contracted shut the Eye, the greater drawing down the upper Eyelid, and the less pulling up the lower.

But it is to be noted that besides the Rectus a∣foresaid to open the Eye,* 1.25 there sometimes con∣cur, when we would open them very wide, the

musculi frontales, (on each side one) which spring∣ing from the Skull near the coronal future, and having one side knit to the temporal muscles, do meet one another with the other side upon the forehead, and descend with streight Fibres to the Eyebrows, where they terminate. By the help of these we draw up and wrinkle the forehead, and by consequence pull up the upper Eylid a little. The skin grows very close to these Muscles.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Muscles of the Eye.

THese are in number six; four streight, and two oblique. The streight move the Eyes up∣wards and downwards, to the right hand and to the left: the oblique move them obliquely. The streight are more thick and fleshy than the oblique. As to their beginning,* 1.26 (viz. of the streight) they have all the same origine; as to their progress, the same structure;* 1.27 and as to their end, the same insertion. Their origine is contiguous and acute, being at the hole through which the optick Nerve enters the orbit of the Eye, from whose Membrane they spring. Their middle, or Belly, is fleshy and almost round. Their end is a most thin and membranous Tendon, whereby they are inserted into the tunica cornea, where it is pellucid, near the Iris, and so do encompass the whole Eye before as far as it is white.

The first of the streight is called attollens, or su∣perbus; that which pulleth up the Eye. The second is deprimens, or humilis, that which draw∣eth down the Eye. The third is adducens, or bi∣bitorius, that which pulleth the Eye to the Nose. The fourth is called abducens, or indignatorius, that which pulleth it from the Nose towards the outer corner.

The first is placed in the upper region of the orbit, the second in the lower, (opposite to the upper) the third in the inner corner of the Eye, the fourth in the outer.

The oblique Muscles are called circumagentes,* 1.28 winders or rollers about, and amatorii, or amo∣rous;* 1.29 and are in number two. The first is ob∣liquus major, or superior, the uppermost and lar∣gest. This beginneth within the orbit of the Eye, by the hole of the optick Nerve, and pas∣sing to the upper part of the inner corner of the Eye, endeth in a small and round Ten∣don, which passeth through a transverse cartilage there placed, (called by Fallopius trcchlea) as a cord through a pully, and is inser∣ted into the upper side of the cornea. The second is obliquus minor, or inferior, the lowermost and smallest. This springeth from the lower and almost outer part of the orbit; about the chink which doth unite the first bone of the upper jaw to the fourth, with a carnous beginning. It is slender but not quite round, and passeth obliquely to the outer corner of the eye, which having turned about, it ends in a short, roundish and nervous Tendon, which meeteth with the Tendon of the other oblique Muscle, and is inserted in an ob∣lique line near the Iris betwixt the Tendons of the

attollens and abducens, with the other, so that both seem to have but one Tendon. This bring∣eth the apple of the Eye to the Nose, as the other draweth it from it.

Before you shew the Muscles of the eye,* 1.30 cut off the fat with the scissers, then shew first the ob∣liquus major, then the obliquus minor, and last of all the four streight Muscles. Nevertheless let the obliquus major remain last, when all the rest are taken away, that you may shew how the Tendon of it passeth through the pulley the more plainly. And it will not be amiss here to describe this same pulley or trochlea,* 1.31 which we shall do out of Spi∣gelius: It is a little round cartilage, hollowed like a pipe or piece of a straw, that is suspended by a Ligament in the inner corner of the eye, from which the said greater oblique Muscle has the name of Trochlearis.

CHAP. V.

Of the Muscles of the Nose.

THE Nose is not all of it moveable, but only its lower gristly parts, which are called Alae or Pinnae. And these are either drawn toge∣ther to shut the Nostrils, which is performed by the adducent Muscles; or drawn asunder to open the Nostrils, which is done by the abducent. And there are two Pair to serve each Office. So that in all there are Eight Muscles that belong to the Nose.

The first Pair of the abducent or opening Muscles is small,* 1.32 rather Carnous than Membranous, ari∣sing from the upper Jaw-bone, near the first pro∣per pair of the Lips; this is inserted partly into the lower part of the ala of the Nose, and partly in∣to the upper part of the upper Lip, and is called Philtrum. The second pair covering each side of the Nose, begins at its top near the foramen lachry∣male, with an acute and fleshly Origine, and de∣scending obliquely by the bones of the Nose it ends in a broad Basis, and still remaining fleshy is implanted into the Alae. It is near of a three∣square or triangular shape, like the Greek Let∣ter delta, whence it is called by some deltoides. These two pair by drawing the Alae upward widen and open the Nostrils.

The abducent or closing Muscles are very small ones,* 1.33 so that they can hardly be discovered or di∣stinguish'd exactly but in them that have large Noses. The first pair of these is external and fleshy, rising about the root of the alae, which it ascends creeping transversly over them to the ridge or tip of the Nose, into which it is inserted. The second is internal, and is hid in the cavity of the Nostrils under the inner coat that covers them: it is mem∣branous, and arises from the bones of the Nose, where they end about the gristles, and is inserted into the Alae. The former being contracted de∣presses the Alae; the latter draws them inwards, and so closes or constringes the Nostrils. And to the same end or purpose there is another that serves (which is common) namely the orbicularis of the upper Lip, which by drawing the Lip downwards, doth at the same time constringe the Nostrils.

Bartholin writes, that besides these Muscles, he has sometimes found a small carnous Muscle rea∣ching streight down from the frontal Muscle with a broad Basis, but presently growing narrower, to end about the cartilage of the Nose.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Muscles of the Lips and Cheeks.

THE Muscles of the Lips are either common to the Cheeks and Lips,* 1.34 or proper only to the Lips. The common are two on each side. The first is called detrahens quadratus:* 1.35 this is a thin but broad Muscle, resembling a Membrane enterlaced with fleshy Fibres. It hath its beginning from the vertebrae of the neck in the outer side, the shoulder-blade, the clavicula and the breast-bone, and mounting up by oblique Fibres to the face, is im∣planted in the Chin, Lips, and root of the Nose; which parts it draws obliquely downwards. Some∣times it proceeds also to the root of the Ear, and is reckoned for one of its Muscles. It is called quadratus or four-square from its shape. When a convulsion happens in this Muscle, it causes the spasmus cynicus, which we can imitate voluntarily by drawing down one side of the Mouth. The second is called Contrahens,* 1.36 or Buccinator the Trum∣peter. This lieth under the former, in the upper part of it. It doth make up all that part of the Cheek which is blown up when a Trumpet is sounded. It is round, and springing from the brims

of the upper jaw-bone circularly, doth end in the brims of the lower jaw-bone. It is wholly membranous, and interlaced with divers Fibres, and is knit so close unto the Membrane which co∣vereth the inside of the mouth, that it hardly can be severed from it. This Muscle is not only of use to move the Cheeks with the Lips, but when it is contracted, it turneth in the meat upon the Teeth again, that had got to betwixt them and the Cheek, in chewing of it.

The Muscles proper to the Lips,* 1.37 are five pair, and one odd one. First, par attollens. If both of these act together,* 1.38 they draw all the upper Lip directly upwards and outwards; but if only one, then is but one side of the Lip drawn up obliquely. This pair springeth from the first bone of the upper-jaw, or os jugale, where the Ball of the Cheek is. At its rise it is broad and fleshy: from thence mar∣ching obliquely to the fore-part, each is inserted into its own side of the upper Lip near to the Nose.* 1.39 The Second is called Abducens, and assisteth the motion of the former, or rather draweth the upper Lip more to one side. It ari∣seth out of the Cavity that is under the Ball of the Cheek with a fleshy but slender and round beginning, and being covered with much Fat, it is implanted into the fraenum or little dimple in the middle of the upper Lib.* 1.40 The third pair is called by Riolanus Zugomaticum or Jugale, arising outwardly from the Jugal Process. It is fleshy and round, and descending obliquely through the Cheeks, is terminated near the corner of the Mouth on each side; and serves to draw both Lips upwards sideways;* 1.41 for it is common to them both. The fourth pair is Deprimens, which pulleth down

the lower Lip. It springeth from the sides of the Chin, where the two small bunchings are: there it is fleshy. From thence marching obliquely, it is inserted into the middle of the under Lip. It is every where broad.* 1.42 The fifth pair may be called oblique detrahens, for it draws the lower Lip ob∣liquely downwards and outwards. It springs from the sides of the lower Jaw with a fleshy and broad beginning, (being sometimes extended to the middle of the Chin) from hence it goes upwards, and growing narrower by degrees it is inserted ob∣liquely into the lower Lip near its corner. Some make but one of this and the immediatly foregoing; as also of the second and third, but they are indeed distinct. And these are all of them pairs, one on each side: but this which follows is single, namely the Orbicularis or Constringens,* 1.43 and is common to both Lips. It is otherwise called Osculatorius, be∣cause it contracteth the Lips in kissing. This is that which makes the proper figure and soft sub∣stance of both the Lips, encompassing the whole Mouth like a Sphincter, which by its orbicular Fibres it constringes or purses up when one is said to simper. It is closely knit to the red skin of the Lips.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Muscles of the lower Jaw.

THE lower Jaw (for the upper is immoveable, and therefore has no Muscles) is moved up∣wards, downwards, towards the right side, to∣wards the left side, and towards the back-part. To procure these motions five pair of Muscles are appointed,* 1.44 of which there is only one pair that draweth the Jaw downwards, all the others in some measures upwards: whence one may be easily made to shut his Mouth, there being only one pair of Muscles to oppose; but it is difficult to open it against ones will, through the great strength of the Muscles that shut it.

The first pair of Muscles is called temporale,* 1.45 and is the strongest and largest: It springeth from the bones of the frons, synciput, temples and sphenoides, with a fleshy, large and semicircular beginning, and on its outer side is covered with the pericrani∣um, its inner lying next the periosteum. Its Fibres the further they are from its middle, the more obliquely are they carried towards its Tendon, for the further it descends, the narrower (but thicker and more carnous) it grows; and at length passing under the os jugale, it embraceth and is inserted into the acute process of the lower Jaw (called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) with a short but very strong Tendon. Spigelius says, this Tendon is extended through the whole Muscle, in its middle fleshy substance. Wherefore if this Muscle be wounded,

fearful symptoms ensue,* 1.46 partly because the Ten∣don passeth so; partly because it is covered with the pericranium. This Muscle forcibly pulleth up the lower Jaw, and so shutteth the Mouth. The Second pair is called deprimens, digastricum, or bi∣ventre, because it hath two bellies,* 1.47 between which a Tendon lyeth: this doth pull down the Jaw, and so openeth the Mouth. Wherein it is partly assisted by the Quadratus described in the forego∣ing Chapter. It hath its beginning from the pro∣cess of the bone of the Temple, called Styloides, where it is nervous and broad; and afterward becoming fleshy, small, and round, it passeth downward, and in its middle, where it comes to the flexure of the lower jaw-bone, it loseth its fleshy substance, and degenerates into a nervous and round Tendon; but by and by it becomes car∣nous again, and goes along the inner side of the lower-jaw, to its forepart that is under the Chin, where it is inserted.* 1.48 The third is called masseter, because it serveth for chewing by moving the Jaw to the right and the left side: from its situation it may be called laterale. This hath two beginnings: one is nervous, springing from the suture where the first bone of the Jaw is joyned to the fourth. This beginning is large and strong. The other beginning is fleshy, proceeding from the os jugale, and so marcheth towards the Chin, and is implan∣ted into the whole breadth of the lower Jaw strongly. The Fibres of this Muscle, by reason of the two beginnings, cross one another; so that these Muscles do not only move the Jaw laterally,* 1.49 but backward and forwards also.

The fourth pair is called pterygoideum externum, aliforme externum, or maxillam abducens. This hath

also a double beginning, partly nervous and partly fleshy; springing partly from the upper external sides of the wing-like process of the os sphenoides, partly srom the rough and sharp line of the same bone. Whence marching down by streight Fibres, it becometh greater and thicker. And at length is inserted by a strong Tendon into the internal lateral part of the lower Jaw, which is under the Tendon of the temporal Muscle. This moveth the Jaw forward, which appeareth when the lower Teeth are stretched further out than the upper.

The fifth pair is termed maxillam adducens, or pterygoideum internum.* 1.50 This draweth the Jaw to∣wards its head, or backward. This, in the be∣ginning being nervous, doth spring from the inner cavity of the wing-like Process of the os sphenoides; then becoming fleshy, large and thick, and marching down by a streight passage, it is inser∣ted into the inner and hinder part of the lower Jaw by a nervous, broad and strong Tendon. Besides its more proper Action of drawing the Jaw backwards, it also helps the temporal Muscle to draw it up.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Muscles of the Ear.

THE Ear consists of an outer and an inner part: and each has its proper Muscles.

The outer part is moved but very obscurely, because in Men the Muscles are exceeding small; so that Galen calls them, only lineaments or re∣semblances of Muscles.* 1.51 There are four of them, which by their situation seem fit to move this outer part of the Ear (called auricula by Spigelius, to distinguish it from the inner part called auris) four manner of ways.

The first is called attollens. This is seated in the [ 1] fore-part of the Face, and lies upon the temporal Muscle that draws up the lower Jaw. It arises at the outer end of the frontal Muscle (where it is contiguous to the temporal) with a thin and mem∣branous beginning, but by degrees becoming narrower as it goeth down, it is inserted into the upper part of the Ear, which it moveth upwards and forwards. The second is called detrahens. [ 2] This ariseth broad and carnous from the mam∣millary Process, and growing narrower is inser∣ted into the root of the cartilage of the Ear some∣times by two, sometimes by three Tendons. It draweth the Ear upwards and backwards. The [ 3] third is called adducens ad antericra, whereby the Ear is drawn forward and downward. This is but a particle of the musculus quadratus, that pul∣leth down the Cheeks, described before, which as∣cending

with its Fibres, is implanted into the root [ 4] of the Ear. The fourth is abducens ad posteriora, which draws the Ear backward. This hath its be∣ginning in the back-part of the Head, from the Tu∣nicles of the Muscles of the occiput, above the pro∣cessus mammillaris, where it is narrow, but waxing broader it is carryed downward transversly, and is inserted into the Ear behind. All these Muscles in Horses, Oxen and the like, are very large to what they are in Men (yea they have more than these) whereby they can move their Ears more ••trongly and apparently, to shake off Flies or any thing that offends them.

In the inner part of the Ear (called Auris) there are two.* 1.52 The first is called externus. It is small, [ 1] springing pretty broad from the upper part of the passage of the Ear; then becoming narrower it grows into a very fine and small Tendon, which is carryed on the outside of the Membrane, called tympanum, till it arrive at its centre or middle, into which it is inserted, just there where on the inside of the said membrane the little Bone called malleus sticketh, which with the Membrane this Muscle draweth a little outward and upward. [ 2] The second is called internus. This is very small, and is placed within the os petrosum. It hath its beginning in the basis of the wedge-like Bone, there where it is joined with the processus petrosus, and at about its middle it is divided into two small Ten∣dons, whereof the one is inserted into the upper process of the malleus, and the other into the neck of it. This draws the head of the malleus obliquely forward, and pulls it inward from the incus.

CHAP. IX.

Of the Muscles of the Tongue.

THE Tongue being the chief Instrument of Speech, and a part which serves to roll the Meat in the Mouth this way and that way, has all manner of motions, being moved forward (when we put out the Tongue) and backward, upward and downward, to the right hand and to the left; it is also stretched out broad, or contracted. Its Muscles are either proper to it self, or common to it with the os hyoides (to be described in the next Chapter.)* 1.53 It has five pair of proper Muscles. The first is genioglossum, so called from its rise and insertion (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Chin, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Tongue) as most of the rest are. This pulleth the Tongue without the Teeth and Lips. It spring∣eth from the ruggedness which is in the middle of the Chin, in the inner and lower part of it, and is inserted into the lower side and towards the root of the Tongue. The second is called Hypsiloglos∣sum [ 2] (on the same account.) It ariseth from the middle and upper part of the os hyoides, and ends in the middle of the Tongue, which it draws streight backwards or inwards. The third is called Mylo∣glossum. This springeth from the inner part of the lower Jaw, where the farthest grinding Teeth are, and is inserted into the ligament by which the Tongue is tyed to the fauces. Authors differ about the use of this pair; some thinking that it draws the Tongue downward; others, that if both of

them act together, they draw the tip of the Tongue streight upward and backward to the Pa∣late and upper Teeth; if but one, that it draws it obliquely upward toward its own side. The [ 4] fourth is called Ceratoglossum, because it ariseth from the two horns of the os hyoides. It is inserted into the sides of the Tongue. If both of these be contracted at once, they draw the Tongue streight downward and inward; but if only one, then is the Tongue drawn obliquely to that side. The [ 5] fifth pair is called Styloglossum, because it ariseth from the styloides processus; from which springing fleshy and small, but afterwards becoming broader and thicker, it is inserted into the sides of the Tongue, at about the middle of its length. If both these act together, they pull the Tongue up∣ward and inward; but if one only, then to the right hand or to the left.

CHAP. X.

Of the Muscles of the Bone of the Tongue, called os Hyoides.

THis Bone is moved upwards, downwards, forward, backward, and toward the sides, as the Tongue is; for it is moved according as the Tongue is, seeing it is joined to it, and its Muscles are common to both.

To perform these motions it hath four pair of Muscles.* 1.54 The first is called Sternohyoideum. [ 1] This springing from the upper, but inner part of

the sternum with a broad and carnous beginning, and ascending under the Skin of the Neck by the Wind-pipe, still keeping the same largeness and substance, is inserted in the root or basis of the hyoides, which it moveth (and the Tongue with it) downward and backward. The second is oppo∣site [ 2] to this, and is called geniohyoideum. This springing from the inner part of the Chin, (by the genioglossum) fleshy and broad, is inserted into the upper part of the root of the Bone, where a ca∣vity is made to receive it, and draweth it streight upwards and a little forwards. The third is Cora∣cohyoideum. [ 3] It riseth from the upper side of the scapula near the Coracoides processus, having a car∣nous beginning, and passing under the Levator of the shoulder-blade, called musculus patientiae, it ascends under the par mastoides that bends the Head, where it loses its fleshy substance, as giv∣ing way to one more worthy than it self, and de∣generates into a nervous and round Tendon. But as soon as it is past this, it becomes carnous again, and so continues till it is inserted into the horns of the hyoides. Considering its slenderness it is the longest Muscle of the Body, and has two Bellies like the par deprimens that pulls down the lower Jaw. It pulleth the Bone obliquely downwards. The fourth is styloceratohyoideum. This riseth from [ 4] the root of the processus styloides, and endeth in the horns of the hyoides, which it draweth obliquely upward.

CHAP. XI.

Of the Muscles of the Larynx.

THE Muscles of the Larynx are either common▪ or proper.* 1.55 The common are four; two called par sternothyreoideum, and as many called par hyo∣thyreoideum. The Hyothyreoideum springeth from [ 1] the whole basis almost of the Bone of the Tongue, having a broad and carnous beginning; from whence descending with streight Fibres, and covering all the outside of the cartilage thyreoides, it is inserted into its lowest part. When this is contracted, it draws the buckler-like (or thyreoi∣des) cartilage upwards and inwards, and thereby straitens the Chink of the Larynx. The other [ 2] pair called sternothyreoideum (vulgarly Bronchium) springing from the upper and inner part of the sternum with a carnous and broad beginning, as∣cends with streight Fibres up by the sides of the Wind-pipe (continuing the same largeness and substance) and is at last inserted into the lower side of the buckler-like cartilage, by drawing down which it opens or widens the Chink. Diemer∣broeck assigns clear contrary actions to these Mus∣cles, viz. that the former widens and this latter straitens the rima of the Larynx.

The proper Muscles are in number nine.* 1.56 The first pair is called Cricothyreoideum anticum. This springeth from the fore-part of the cricoides or ring-like [ 1] cartilage, and is inserted into the lateral parts of the Thyreoides. It extends the cartilage and so

widens the rimula, for the forming of a big Voice. Bartholin, from the insertion of the Nerve, says it arises from the thyreoides, and is inserted into the cricoides. Also if this pair be very broad, he says, it may be divided into two pair (which Riolanus has done) and then the second may be called Cri∣cothyreoideum laterale. The second pair is called [ 2] Cricoarytaenoideum posticum, springing carnous from the hinder and lower part of the Cricoides, whose cavity it fills, and ascending with streight Fibres it is inserted with a nervous end into the lower side of the Arytaenoides, which it pulls upward and backward, and thereby opens and widens the Larynx. The third is Cricoarytaenoideum laterale, [ 3] which springeth above from the sides of the Cricoi∣des, with a slender beginning, but growing pre∣sently larger, it is implanted into the sides of the arytaenoides, in that part that the foregoing did not cover. This openeth the Larynx by drawing the cartilages obliquely aside. The fourth pair is cal∣led [ 4] Thyreoarytaenoideum. This is internal, carnous and broad, arising from the fore interior part of the Thyreoides, and is inserted into the sides of the guttalis or arytaenoides, which make the glottis. It draws these Cartilages one to the other and so straitens the Larynx. The fifth and last is reckon∣ed [ 5] to be but one Muscle, and is called Arytaenoides, because it has its rise from the Cartilage so called, namely from its hinder Line, from whence being extended with transverse Fibres, it is also inserted into its sides, and by constringing of it shuts the Larynx.

CHAP. XII.

Of the Muscles of the Uvula and Throat.

THE Uvula is said by Veslingius,* 1.57 Riolanus, &c. to have two Muscles to hold it up; of which one is called Pterygostaphilinus externus, which springeth from the upper Jaw, a little below the furthermost Grinder, and is inserted into the side of the Uvula: The other Pterygostaphilinus internus, proceeding from the lower part of the internal wing of the pterygoides Processus, and inserted into the Uvula in like manner. But these Muscles are very hard to discover: and indeed there seems no occasion for them, seeing the Uvula has no ap∣parent motion, and its own frame seems sufficient to suspend it.

The Throat,* 1.58 or the beginning of the oesophagus, called pharynx, hath seven Muscles, to wit, three [ 1] pair and a sphincter. Of the pairs, the first is Sphenopharyngaeum. This springeth from the sharp point of the sphenoides with a small and nervous beginning, and passing downward, ends in a fine Tendon, which is inserted obliquely into the late∣ral parts of the Palate and Pharynx, which it wi∣dens [ 2] in swallowing. The second pair is called Ce∣phalopharyngaeum, and springeth from that part where the Head is joined to the first vertebra of the Neck, and marching down it is spread about the Pharynx with a large plexus of Fibres, and seemeth to make its Membrane. This straitens the Throat [ 3] in swallowing. The third is Stylopharyngaeum. This

springing from the styloides Process, is inserted in∣to the sides of the Pharynx to dilate it. That which hath no fellow is called oesophagiaeus, which spring∣ing [ 4] from one side of the thyreoides, and circularly compassing the Pharynx with transverse Fibres, is inserted into the other side of the Thyreoides; and serves to contract the Mouth of the Gullet, as the sphincters of the anus and Bladder do those parts.

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Muscles of the Head.

THE Muscles of the Head are either common, or proper.* 1.59 The common are those which to∣gether with the Neck move the Head. These are to be described in the next Chapter.* 1.60 The proper are those which only move the Head when the Neck remaineth unmoved, and these are in num∣ber sixteen, or eight pair. The first pair called [ 1] Mastoideum bend the Head forward, if both act together; but on one side obliquely, if but one. These have each a double beginning; one nervous from the top of the sternum, the other carnous from the upper side of the clavicula; which origines joining, it becomes wholly carnous, and ascend∣ing obliquely by the Neck, at last is inserted with a carnous end at the hinder part of the Head into the Process called Mastoides, or mammillaris. This is the only pair that is placed in the fore-part and bows the Head forward; all the rest are seated behind, and bend it backward or to the sides. Of

[ 2] which the first pair is called splenium or triangulare. It rises with a nervous beginning from the five up∣permost vertebrae of the Thorax, and five lower∣most of the Neck; from whence ascending and becoming thick and carnous, it is implanted into the occiput with a broad and fleshy end. If both the Muscles of this pair act together, they draw the Head directly backward; if one singly, then a lit∣tle [ 3] to one side. The second is called complexum or trigeminum, because it has so plainly a threefold be∣ginning, that it seems to be compounded or made up of three Muscles. One beginning is from the transverse Process of the fourth and fifth vertebrae of the Breast, a second from the first and second of the same, and a third from the spine of the seventh vertebra of the Neck: All which in their ascent be∣ing united into one, are inserted into the occiput sometimes by one and sometimes by a triple Ten∣don. This has the same action with the forego∣ing, as have also the three following. The third [ 4] pair is called parvum & crassum, because it is small and thick. This lyeth under the second pair. It arises nervous from the transverse Processes of the six uppermost vertebrae of the Neck, and is inser∣ted into the hinder root of the mammillary Pro∣cess. [ 5] The fourth pair is rectum majus. These springing from the edge of the second vertebra of [ 6] the Neck, are inserted into the occiput. The fifth, rectum minus. These lye under the former, and proceeding from the back-part of the first vertebra [ 7] end into the occiput. The sixth is obliquum superi∣us. This pair lies under the two recta, answering to them in substance and form. It springs from the Process of the first vertebra of the Neck, and is implanted into the occiput by the outer side of

the recta. Some say its rise is here, and its inser∣tion into the vertebra. The seventh, obliquum infe∣rius. [ 8] This is longish, fleshy and round, rising from the spine of the second vertebra of the Neck, and is inserted into the transverse Process of the first vertebra of the same. These oblique Muscles serve to turn the Head about.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Muscles of the Neck.

THE Head is not only moved by the proper Muscles abovesaid primarily,* 1.61 but seconda∣rily also by these of the Neck, which are eight in number, on each side four. The first and second pair bend the Neck backward, or obliquely; the third and fourth forward, or to one side, as both or one act. The first is called Spinatum. [ 1] This proceeding from the spinae of the upper seven vertebrae of the thorax, and of the five lowest of the Neck, is inserted strongly into the lower edge of the second vertebra of the Neck. The second, [ 2] Transversale. This rising from the transverse Pro∣cesses of the six upper vertebrae of the Thorax, is inserted outwardly into all the Processes of the vertebrae of the Neck. The third, longum. This [ 3] being placed under the oesophagus, doth spring from the fifth and sixth vertebrae of the back, and as it ascends is knit to the sides of all the vertebrae, till it come to the first or highest of the Neck, where each touching other, they are both inser∣ted

[ 4] into its Process. The fourth, triangulare, or scalenum. It proceeds carnous from the first rib, and is inserted into the inside of all the transverse Processes of the Neck, except sometime the first and second. It is perforated to make way for the Veins, Arteries and Nerves which pass to the Arms.

CHAP. XV.

Of the Muscles of the Breast.

HAving done with the Muscles that belong to the Head, the highest Venter, we come now to those of the middle or Thorax, which assist re∣spiration. Of these some dilate the Breast in in∣spiration,* 1.62 some contract it in expiration. Of the Dilaters the first is called par Subclavium. This [ 1] ariseth fleshy from the inner part of the clavicula, and passing obliquely is inserted into the first Rib, [ 2] near to the Sternum. The second is serratum ma∣jus. This doth arise from the inside of the Shoul∣der-blade, and the two upper Ribs, and is insert∣ed into the lower five true Ribs, and two upper short Ribs, before they end into cartilages. It is called serratum or Saw-like, because its unequal extremities being intermixed with the like unequal beginnings of the obliquely descending Muscle of the Abdomen, imitate the Teeth of a Saw. The [ 3] third is serratum posticum superius. This lying under the rhomboides, springeth membranous from the spines of the three lower vertebrae of the Neck,

and of the first vertebra of the Back, and is inserted into the three of four upper Ribs. The fourth is [ 4] serratum posticum inferius. This ariseth from the spines of the three lowest vertebrae of the Back, and of the first of the Loyns, and is inserted into three or four of the lowest (short) Ribs. Fifthly, The [ 5] eleven external intercostals, which perform the of∣fice but of one Muscle. These spring from the lower part of the upper Rib, and are inserted in∣to the upper part of the lower Rib obliquely.

There is another Muscle besides these, that as∣sists the widening of the Breast, namely the Dia∣phragm: but of it we spoke at large in Book 2. chap. 3. where the Reader may find its Descrip∣tion and Use.

These that follow contract the Breast.* 1.63 First, the par triangulare. This arising from the middle Line of the sternum, is inserted into the bony ends [ 1] of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth true Ribs (where they are joined to the Cartilages.) The second is sacrolumbum. This arises from the os sa∣crum, [ 2] and the Processes of the vertebrae of the Loins; and ascending up to the Ribs, is implanted into each of them in their lower side, about three Fingers breadth from the spine, by a particular Tendon. (Diemerbroeck describes another pair op∣posite to this (which he calls cervicale descendens) springing from the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh vertebrae of the Neck, and is inserted into the upper side of each Rib as the sacrolumbum is into the lower. And says, that this pair by pul∣ling the Ribs upwards in inspiration widens the Breast, as the other by drawing them down in expiration straitens it.) Thirdly, The eleven in∣ternal [ 3] intercostals, which are as one Muscle. These

pass obliquely from the lower to the upper Rib. Their Fibres run opposite to those of the external, representing a St. Andrew's Cross, or the Let∣ter X.

These Muscles are much assisted in their action, secondarily, by the Muscles of the Abdomen, sca∣pulae and Arms.

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins.

THE Back, but especially the Loins be∣ing moved diversly, viz. backward and forward and to the sides, into every vertebra there are Tendons of the Muscles inserted, as if there were a great many Muscles in all.* 1.64 But there are but four (proper) pair to assist the motion of both. The first pair are two triangular Muscles, which being joined together make a kind of a [ 1] quadrature, and are therefore called par quadra∣tum. These arise broad and thick from the hinder upper cavity of os Ileum, and the inner side of os sacrum, and are inserted into the transverse Pro∣cesses of the vertebrae of the Loins even up to the lowest Rib. If both these act together, they bow the vertebrae of the Loins streight forward, if one [ 2] alone, obliquely forward. The second and prin∣cipal pair are the musculi longissimi, which springing at the bottom of os sacrum and Ileum, and ascend∣ing up the spine, reach as far as to the processus mammillares near the Temple-bones, bestowing

Tendons on the Processes of all the vertebrae of the Loins and Back, (whence some have divided this pair into as many as there are vertebrae) being al∣most confounded with the two following from their rise till the lowest vertebra of the Thorax, where this pair begins to be separated from them. And hence because these three Muscles are some∣thing hard to separate, some account them for one. The third pair are the Muscles called sacri, [ 3] which arise behind from the os sacrum, with an a∣cute and fleshy beginning, and end in the spine of the lowest vertebra of the thorax, and for the most part also are inserted, by the way, into the spines and oblique Processes of the vertebrae of the Loins. This pair helpeth the action of the former. The fourth and last pair are the semispinati, which [ 4] springing by a nervous beginning from all the spines of os sacrum and the Loins, end in the trans∣verse Processes of the vertebrae of the Loins, and of the lowermost of the Thorax. This pair erects the Thorax.

Now there are none of these Muscles but the first pair, that bend the Loins and Back forward; but these are much assisted in that action by the recti of the Abdomen, which we shall describe in the next Chapter.

CHAP. XVII.

Of the Muscles of the Abdomen.

IN the first Book, Chap. 3. where we discoursed of the common containing parts of the Abdo∣men, or lowest Venter, we only barely mention∣ed its Muscles, deferring the further description of them till this place, where it seems more proper.

The Abdomen then hath ten Muscles,* 1.65 five on each side. The first pair is oblique descendens. Its rise is parted into seven or eight fleshy Portions, like Comb-teeth, which being intermixed with the Tendons of the serratus major of the Breast divi∣ded in like manner imitate a Saw. It springeth from the lower side of the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh Ribs, and the trans∣verse Processes of the vertebrae of the Loins, ad∣hering also to the edge of os Ilium; from all which places its Fibres descend obliquely, and it endeth by a broad Tendon in the middle of the Belly in the Linea alba; which Tendon cleaves so fast to that of the obliquely ascending (lying next under this) that they cannot be separated without tear∣ing. (The Linea alba in which these Tendons end, is a white part or Line running from the mucrona∣ta cartilago at the pit of the Stomach down the middle of the Belly by the Navel to the ossa pubis, and is made of the concourse of the Tendons of the Muscles of the Abdomen; namely of this pair already mentioned, and of the oblique ascendens,

the transverse and pyramidal. The second pair is [ 2] the oblique ascendens. These lye next under the former, and their Fibres ascending obliquely cross those of the other like an X. They spring from the transverse Processes of the vertebrae of the Loins and the spines of os sacrum with a membra∣nous beginning, and from the edge of os Illum with a fleshy. Ascending carnous from hence they are joined to the cartilages of the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh Ribs, and end in the linea alba with a broad and nervous Tendon. The third pair is the rectum or streight. These arise [ 3] fleshy from the lower part of the sternum, from both sides of the cartilago mucronata, and from the cartilaginous ending of four Ribs; and so marching streight down along the Belly, it is inserted by a strong Tendon into the ossa pubis. Each hath sometimes three, sometimes four transverse in∣scriptions or intersections, that appear tendinous: whence some divide them into four or five Mus∣cles, accordingly as they have three or four In∣tersections. And indeed if Galen's Rule be true, that wheresoever the Nerve is inserted into the Muscle, there is its head; we must confess they are distinct Muscles. For Nerves are inserted in∣to both their upper and lower parts, and into each of those that lye betwixt the Intersections. And by supposing them thus distinct, we may con∣ceive how they may better perform their primary action, which is strongly to compress the Belly for the expulsion of the faeces or foetus. Under these Muscles do the Arteriae and Venae mammariae de∣scend to about the Navel, as the Arteriae and Venae epigastricae ascend under them to near the same place; and these were held to inosculate one with

another, (the descending with the ascending) till of late that such inosculation is discovered to be [ 4] meerly imaginary. The fourth pair is the pyra∣midal. These are placed above the lower part of the musculi recti. They spring from the ossa pubis, small and carnous, where they receive their Nerves. They are broader at their basis, and grow narrower as they ascend, whence they have their name of pyramidal. They climb up upon the recti about four Fingers breadth (the left be∣ing shorter and narrower) and insert their acute Tendon into the linea alba. They are said to assist the recti in their action, and are for that reason also called succenturiati. But they seem more par∣ticularly to serve to compress the Bladder in ma∣king Water. Sometimes one, and sometimes both of these are wanting, and then the ending of [ 5] the recti is broader and more carnous. The fifth pair is the transverse, which is firmly knit to the peritonaeum, and whose Fibres run cross or athwart the Belly. They spring from a Ligament that grows from the transverse Processes of the verte∣brae of the Loins, from os Ileum, and the cartilagi∣nous ends of the lower Ribs, (having the same Arteries, Veins and Nerves with the obliquely as∣cending) and end in a broad and membranous Tendon in the linea alba. The use of all these Muscles hath been held to be, first, while the Body is at rest, to strengthen the parts subjacent, and to encrease their heat: and secondly, when they are in action, first, to further the excretion of the Excrements; secondly, to help the delivery of the Infant in labour; thirdly, to assist the Breast in strong expiration and expectoration; and fourthly, to help to bend the spine in stooping, &c. Diemer∣broeck

thinks that the streight, pyramidal and trans∣verse do serve for the compression of the Belly, but that the oblique do elevate or dilate it; for in inspiration the Abdomen is elevated as well as the thorax: and an alternate elevation and depression seems necessary for the furthering the motion of the Aliments and Humours through the Parts con∣tained in the lower Belly.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of the Muscles of the Genitals, both in Men and Women.

IN the first Book, chap. 23. of the Yard, we de∣scribed its Muscles and their action, whither the Reader may please to turn, and here we shall but just name them.* 1.66 They are two pair. The first are the erectores or directores, which arise from the inner knob of the coxendix, and are inserted into the nervous Bodies of the Penis. The second are the acceleratores, which arise from the sphincter of the anus, and passing on the under side of the Penis (by the sides of the urethra) end about its middle.

The Clitoris in Women,* 1.67 (something resembling the Penis in Men) hath also two pair of Muscles, which having described Book 1. chap. 29. we shall not insist on here, but remit the Reader thither.

As to the Cremaster Muscles by which the Te∣stes are suspended in Men, see them described Book 1. chap. 31. As for Womens Testes, they have no Cremasters.

CHAP. XIX.

Of the Muscles of the Bladder and Anus.

THE Bladder hath but one Muscle,* 1.68 called sphincter, which doth compass round its Neck, and the prostates. In Men it is about two Inches broad, and is nothing else but the middle membrane here grown more carnous than in the rest of the Bladder. Its Fibres are orbicular, whereby it constringes or purses up the Neck of the Bladder, that the Urine cannot pass out with∣out a voluntary relaxing of this Muscle. In Wo∣men it reacheth to the Hole by which the Urine passeth into the vagina uteri, and seemeth to form it.

The Anus hath three Muscles.* 1.69 The first is sphincter: this is fleshy, and encompasses the end of the streight Gut, being two Inches broad. Its Fibres are orbicular. It doth not spring from any adjacent Bone, but only adheres to the coc••yx. It serves to purse up the Fundament. The second and third are called levatores. These spring from the Ligaments of the coxendix and os sacrum, being broad and membranous, from whence passing by the sides of the streight Gut, they stick to it, and are inserted into the upper part of the sphincter. These hinder the falling out of the Fundament, which sometimes happens when they are too much relaxed.

CHAP. XX.

Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade.

THus we have done with the Muscles of all the three Venters: now we come to those of the Limbs. And first of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade. It is moved forward, backward, upward and downward.* 1.70 Each Scapula hath four proper Mus∣cles. The first is called trapezius or cucullaris, because it with its fellow covering the Back resembles [ 1] a Monk's Cowl. It hath its beginning from the lower part of the occiput towards the Ear, fleshy; but from the posterior Processes of five vertebrae of the Neck, and the eight upper vertebrae of the Breast, it springeth membranous and broad, and growing narrower in its progress, is inserted into the whole spine of the Scapula, the top of the Shoulder, and broader part of the clavicula. The second is levator, or patientiae musculus. This hath [ 2] its beginning from the transverse Processes of the first, second, third and fourth vertebrae of the Neck; which beginnings being united about the middle of the length of the Muscle, it is inserted into the upper corner of the Shoulder-blade. The third is [ 3] serratus minor anticus. This lies under the pecto∣ral Muscle, and springs from the four uppermost Ribs (except the first) before they become carti∣laginous, by four fleshy portions representing the Teeth of a Saw, and is inserted by a broad Ten∣don near to the Anchor-like Process of the Scapula.

[ 4] The fourth is rhomboides. This is placed immedi∣ately under the cucullaris. It springeth fleshy from the hinder Processes or spines of the three lowest vertebrae of the Neck and so many uppermost of the Breast; and is inserted by as broad a fleshy ending, as the beginning was, into the basis of the Shoulder-blade.

These are the four proper pair of Muscles be∣longing to the Scapulae: Of which the first pair, because of its several Origines and several Fibres, moves them diversly, upward, or downward, streight backward, or obliquely, according as these or those Fibres are con∣tracted. The second draws them (with the Shoulders) upwards; the third forward to∣ward the Breast; and the last a little upward and backward.

It hath other Muscles that are common to it with other Parts, which in some measure assist its Motions, as the serratus major, de∣scribed above, chap. 15. and the deltoides, which we shall describe in the next Chap∣ter.

CHAP. XXI.

Of the Muscles of the Arm.

THE Arm in common acceptation is meant of all the distance betwixt the top of the Shoulder-blade and the Wrist; but we take it more strictly here for that part only that reaches from the Shoulder to the Elbow, (which it self is otherwise called humerus) and consists of one Bone, which we shall call the Shoulder-bone.* 1.71 It hath five motions, for it moveth backward, forward, upward, downward and circularly.

It is moved upward by two Erectors,* 1.72 deltoides and supraspinatus. First, deltoides (so called be∣cause [ 1] in shape it resembleth the Greek Letter Delta ) springeth nervous and broad from the middle of the clavicula, the top of the Shoulder, and the whole spine of the scapula, and is extended as far as to the middle of this Shoulder-Bone, where it is inserted. This besides its raising up the humerus, helps also to draw up the Scapula. The [ 2] second is supraspinatus, or superscapularis superior. This arises from the basis of the Scapula, and fills up all that cavity that is betwixt its spine and up∣per Edge, and passing over the jointing of the Scapula with the Shoulder-bone, by a broad and strong Tendon is inserted into the Neck of the lat∣ter. Some think this doth not only lift the Arm upward, but help to turn it round.

It is pulled down by latissimus,* 1.73 and rotundus ma∣jor. Latissimus is so called from its largeness; for [ 1]

with its fellow it covereth almost the whole Back. It is called also ani scalptor, or tersor; for without it those Offices could not be performed. It springs by a broad membranous beginning from the hinder Processes of all the vertebrae of the Back-bone, that are betwixt the sixth of the thorax, and the mid∣dle of os sacrum, as also from the upper part of os ilium: then passing upwards, when it is come to that part of the Back, where the Ribs begin to bend, it becometh fleshy, and is carryed over the lower corner of the scapula; where becoming narrower, it is inserted under the upper head of the Shoulder-bone, by a short broad Tendon, between the musculus pectoralis, and this that follows, viz. Ro∣tundus major, or more properly, teres major. (For rotundus means a thing sphaerical, but teres long and round, like a Thread, as this is.) It springeth carnous from the whole lower costa of the scapula, and is inserted by a short and strong Ten∣don into the Shoulder-bone, a little below the Neck of it.

It is drawn forward by pectoralis and coracoideus.* 1.74 Pectoralis hath a very large and for the greatest [ 1] part membranous beginning, arising from divers parts, yet is one and continuous. In its upper part it rises from the middle of the clavicula on that side next the Breast; in its middle, from the whole length of the sternum and the cartilages of the Ribs annexed to it; in its lowest, from the cartila∣ges of the sixth, seventh, and eighth Ribs. It presently becomes carnous and thick, but nar∣rower, and running towards the Shoulder it is inserted into the Shoulder-bone, a little below its Head, between the deltoides and the biceps of the [ 2] Cubit. Coracoideus beginneth at the coracoides Pro∣cess

of the Scapula, and endeth about the middle of the Shoulder-bone.

It is moved backward by three:* 1.75 Infraspinatus, subscapularis, or immersus, and Rotundus minor. In∣fraspinatus or suprascapularis inferior springeth from [ 1] the lower basis of the Scapula, and filleth up all that space that is betwixt its spine and lower edge, as the supraspinatus did that between the spine and upper edge. It is inserted by a broad and short Tendon into the fourth Ligament of the Shoulder-bone. Subscapularis or immersus possesseth the [ 2] whole inner cavity of the Scapula. It springeth from the inner part of its basis, fleshy, and so continuing, passeth forward (but becoming still narrower) to the Neck of the Scapula, and at the last by a broad Tendon is inserted into one of the Ligaments of the Arm. Rotundus minor ariseth [ 3] from the lowest corner of the Scapula by a fleshy beginning, and is implanted into the Neck of the Shoulder-bone. Some make but one Muscle of this and the Rotundus major.

As to the circular motion of the Arm, that is not performed by any particular Muscle, but se∣veral of these contribute towards it, namely the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, and in some measure the others also.

CHAP. XXII.

Of the Muscles of the Ulna.

THE lower part of the Arm from the Elbow to the Wrist is called Cubitus, which consist∣eth of two Bones, called ulna and radius. The ulna serveth for flexion, and extension; but the radius turneth it inward or outward, so as to make the back or palm of the Hand look upward or downward.

The ulna is bended by two,* 1.76 to wit, biceps, and brachiaeus internus. Biceps hath two beginnings [ 1] from the Shoulder-blade. The first is that which is outward, tendinous and round, springing from the upper brim of the hollowness of the scapula; The second is broader, and is framed partly of a Tendon, and partly of Flesh: it springs from the Anchor-like Process of the Shoulder-blade; then descending by the inner head of the Shoulder-bone, it meeteth with the former, and becometh a strong fleshy Muscle: which lying on the inside of the Arm, afterwards ends in a thick, round, and strong Tendon, which is inserted into the inner Promi∣nence or knob of the Ulna. This is that Tendon which causeth great pain if it be pricked in Phle∣botomy. [ 2] Brachiaeus internus lyeth under the bi∣ceps, being shorter than it, and altogether fleshy. It riseth where the deltoides endeth, viz. from the middle of the Shoulder-bone, unto which it cleav∣eth firmly, and is inserted between the ulna and they radius where meet, in their foreside.

The ulna is extended by four Muscles,* 1.77 longus, brevis, brachiaeus, externus, and cubitalis. Longus [ 1] has two beginnings; the one is partly fleshy and partly nervous, at the lower brim of the scapula, near its Neck, (where it hath a peculiar hollow∣ness to receive it:) this descends on the inside of the Shoulder-bone, and when it is come as far as the insertion of the ani scalptor (described in the fore∣going Chapter) there arises another carnous be∣ginning towards the outer side, that (according to Spigelius) joins with it and makes up one Mus∣cle, which is inserted into the inner side of the hin∣der Process of the olecranus (or gibbous knob of the ulna.) Brevis rising from the hinder part of [ 2] the Neck of the Shoulder-bone, endeth in the outer side of the olecranus; namely, in that part of the Elbow that we lean upon. Brachiaeus ex∣ternus [ 3] (so called by Riolanus to distinguish it from, the internus) is placed on the outside of the Shoul∣der-Bone, and is confounded with the other two and endeth where they do. This seemeth to be Spigelius's second beginning of the longus, which he says grows into one Muscle with it. Cubitalis [ 4] or anconaeus ariseth from the lower and hinder part of the Shoulder-bone, and passing by the joint∣ing of the ulna, it endeth by a nervous Tendon in its lateral part about an Inch below the olecranus or ancon, whence it is called anconaeus. Some make one Muscle of this and the brevis.

Note that both these benders and extenders of the ulna have only streight Fibres, and so only move the Cubit streightwise.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the Muscles of the Radius.

THE Radius, the other Bone of the Cubitus, hath two sorts of Muscles: for some are cal∣led pronatores, such as turn it inwards, and the Palm of the Hand downwards; and some supina∣tores, which turn the Radius outwards, and the Palm of the Hand upwards.

The pronatores are two in number.* 1.78 The first is, pro∣nator superior rotundus or teres. This springeth from [ 1] The Root of the inner knob of the Shoulder-bone, and from the inner side of the ulna, where it is joined to the Shoulder-bone; and running obliquely on the inside of the Radius endeth about its middle by [ 2] a membranous Tendon. The second is pronator inferior quadratus, which is altogether fleshy. It springeth from the lower and inner part of the ul∣na two Inches broad; then marching transversly above the Ligament which joyneth the radius to the ulna, it endeth in the inside of the radius. The ending is as broad as the beginning; where∣fore it is called quadratus or four-square.

The supinatores are in like manner two.* 1.79 The first is supinator longus, so called, because of all the [ 1] Muscles which march by the ulna, it hath the long∣est Belly. This springeth fleshy from the edge of the outer knob of the Shoulder-Bone; and march∣ing obliquely under the radius, is implanted by a membranous Tendon into the upper part of the lower appendix of the radius, bending somewhat

to the innerside. The second is supinator brevis. [ 2] This springeth from the outward part of the li∣gament in the jointing of the lower end of the Arm-bone, and from the hinder Process of the ulna; from whence it passeth on obliquely, being without membranous, and within fleshy, and is inserted into the middle of the radius.

Note that though for orders sake we have de∣scribed the Muscles of the radius next to those of the ulna; yet when one would shew them in Dis∣section, the Muscles of the Fingers, Thumb and Wrist are first to be raised, and then these of the radius after those are taken away.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Muscles of the Wrist.

THE Carpus or Wrist has three Motions: It is either bended, extended, or moved side∣ways. For its flexion and extension it has proper Muscles: but as for its motion sideways, that is not performed by any proper Muscles, but as one, or two of the same side (of the benders and extenders) act; for then is it moved upward or downward accordingly.

It is bended by two Muscles in the inside.* 1.80 The first is cubitaeus internus: this ariseth by both a [ 1] fleshy and nervous beginning from the inner knob of the Shoulder-bone; then passing fleshy the length of the ulna or cubitus, it doth end by a Ten∣don, partly nervous, and partly fleshy, in the

fifth, some say the fourth Bone of the first rank in [ 2] the Wrist. The second is Radiaeus internus: this arising from the same place, and passing along the radius, is inserted into that Bone of the back of the Hand which sustains the fore-Finger.

Two External Muscles stretch out the Carpus.* 1.81 [ 1] The first is radiaeus externus, or bicornis: this ariseth from the sharp edge of the outer knob of the Shoulder-bone in the upper part of it, by a broad beginning: then becoming fleshy, it passeth to the middle of the radius, where it becometh a strong Tendon, which presently is divided into two almost round Tendons. Both these pass a little asunder by the radius under the Ligament, where∣of one is inserted into that Bone of the back of the Hand which stayeth the fore-Finger, and the other into the Bone which stayeth the middle Finger. [ 2] The second is cubitaeus externus: this hath its be∣ginning from the root of the external knob of the Shoulder-bone: it passes along the ulna, and when it is come to the Wrist, it endeth in a strong round Tendon, which is inserted into the upper part of that Bone which stayeth the little Finger, not far from the Wrist.

CHAP. XXV.

Of the Muscles of the Palm of the Hand.

THis is thought to have two Muscles.* 1.82 The first is palmaris, which ar••seth from the in∣ner knob of the Shoulder-bone, round and ner∣vous, but presently becoming fleshy it continues [ 1] its course along the Cubit, under all the other Muscles, till at length it turns into a round Ten∣don, which passing over the ligamentum annulare of the Wrist, is afterwards dilated into a broad nervous membrane, which cleaveth firmly to the skin of the Palm of the Hand, for firm apprehen∣sion or griping, and quickness in feeling, and endeth at the first Joints of the Fingers.

The second is caro quaedam quadrata, or a four∣square fleshy substance: this springeth from the [ 2] membrana carnosa under mons luniae, where the eighth Bone of the Wrist is placed. From thence it is carried under the musculus palmaris, to the middle of the Palm of the Hand, and is inserted into the outside of that Tendon which moveth the little Finger outwards. This representeth two or three Muscles, and serveth for the hollowing of the Palm of the Hand, to form Diogenes his Cup by, bringing the fleshy eminence under the little Finger, unto the Tenar.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of the Muscles of the four Fingers.

THE Fingers are bended, extended, and mo∣ved laterally. But seeing the motion of the Thumb differs very much from that of the other four Fingers, we shall describe its Muscles in the next Chapter, seeing they are altogether distinct from those of the Fingers.

The Fingers are bended by three Muscles.* 1.83 The first is called sublimis, or perforatus. This spring∣eth from the inside of the inner knob of the Shoul∣der-bone; [ 1] and about the Wrist it produceth four Tendons, which end in the second joint of the Fingers. Near their end they are cleft, to give way to the Tendons of the profundus passing [ 2] through. The second is named profundus. This ariseth from the upper parts of the ulna and radi∣us, a little below the Joint of the Elbow, and being separated at the Wrist into four Tendons, these run through the Clefts of the Tendons of the sublimis, and are implanted into the third Joynt [ 3] of the Fingers. The third sort of Muscles are cal∣led Lumbricales. These are very small, and arise from the Tendons of the musculus profundus, and end in a round Tendon in the first Joint of the Fingers, being confounded with the Tendons of those Muscles that move the Fingers laterally; yea sometimes they proceed further along with them, by the sides of the Fingers, to the third Joynt, and assist their lateral Motion.

The Fingers are extended by three Muscles,* 1.84 whereof one is common to all the four Fingers, and two proper to two particular.* 1.85 The common is ex∣tensor magnus. This arising from the outer knob of the Shoulder-bone, about the Wrist is divided into four Tendons, which are inserted into the se∣cond and third Joynts of the Fingers; some make two of this.* 1.86 The proper are two. The first is cal∣led indicator, because it belongeth to the fore-Fin∣ger. It ariseth from the outward and middle part of the ulna, and by a double Tendon it endeth in the second Joynt of the fore-Fingers: but one of the Tendons becometh one with the Tendon of the extensor magnus. The second is named auricularis, because it belongeth to the little Finger. It ariseth from the upper part of the radius, and marching between the ulna and the radius, it is inserted by a double Tendon into the outside of the little Finger.

The Fingers are laterally moved two manner of ways: for either they are brought to the Thumb, or they are carried from it.* 1.87 These Motions are performed by eight Muscles, called interossei, be∣cause they are placed between the Bones of the metacarpium. They are fleshy and round, and spring from the Bones of the metacarpium, to which they adhere, passing streight along them. When they are come to the Roots of the Fingers, they pass into Tendons which cleave to the sides of the Fingers, and end in the last Joynt of the Fingers near the root of the Nails. When the Tendons of the Lumbricales joyn with these, they may be reckon'd amongst the Movers of the Fingers late∣rally; and then there will be twelve in all, the Lumbricales being four, and these interosse•• eight.

Besides these Muscles,* 1.88 the fore-Finger and the little Finger have each one proper Muscle. That of the fore-Finger may either be called abducens in respect of the middle Finger from which it draws it; or adducens, in respect of the Thumb towards which it draws it. It springs from the inside of the first Joint of the Thumb, and ends in the Bones of the fore-Finger, which it pulls towards the Thumb. That of the little Finger is called Abductor (by some hypotenar) and springs from the third and fourth bone (of the second rank) of the Wrist; whence proceeding along the palm of the hand, It is implanted by a small nervous tendon into the outside of the first joint of the little Finger, which it draws outwards from the rest.

CHAP. XXVII.

Of the Muscles of the Thumb.

THE Thumb is extended by two Muscles.* 1.89 The [ 1] first is that which is called longior. This a∣riseth fleshy from the outer and upper side of the ulna, near the membranous ligament which tyeth together the ulna and radius. From thence it is carried obliquely upon the radius, and before it come to its appendix, turn∣eth into a round Tendon; which passing under the annular ligament of the Wrist, marcheth along that side of the Thumb, which is next to the fore-Finger, and is inserted into its third bone. The [ 2] second is named brevior. This ariseth from the

same origine with the other, and passeth oblique∣ly above the radius. By one Tendon it is implan∣ted into the root of the first joint of the Thumb; the other becoming membranous, clea∣veth fast to its second and third bone.

It is bended also by two Muscles;* 1.90 one of which springing from the upper part of the radius, is im∣planted into the first and second joint of the Thumb; the other being less, proceeds from the bone of the carpus, lying under the other, and reacheth to the middle of the Thumb. These two Spigelius, de hum. corp. fabric. l. 4. c. 19. divides into five Muscles,* 1.91 which together with the abdu∣cens of the Thumb, make the monticulus lunae.

It is moved laterally by two Muscles.* 1.92 The first is called thenar or abducens. This springeth from the inner part of that bone of the Wrist, which stay∣eth [ 1] the Thumb, by a nervous beginning: then becoming fleshy, it is inserted into the first joynt of the Thumb by a membranous Tendon, and draweth it from the fore-finger. Some make three of it. The second is antithenar, or adducens, which [ 2] lyeth in the space between the Thumb and fore-finger. This doth arise from the outside of that bone of the metacarpium which sustaineth the first finger; and being fleshy is inserted into the whole inner side of the first joynt of the Thumb, and sendeth a membranous Tendon to the second. This draweth the Thumb to the fore-finger. Some de∣scribe a second arising from the inner side of the bone of the Wrist that sustaineth the Thumb, and ending in its second joynt.

CHAP. XXVIII.

Of the Muscles of the Thigh.

THE Thigh has four manner of motions: It is either bended (and that forwards, or back∣wards) or drawn inward, or outward, or moved round.* 1.93 It is bended forward by three Muscles. [ 1] The first is called psoas, or lumbaris: this lyeth in the inner part of the abdomen, upon the vertebrae of the loins, &c. It ariseth fleshy from the trans∣verse processes of the two lowermost spondyls of the thorax, and two or three uppermost of the Loins, from whence descending by the inside of os ilium, it is inserted by a round and strong Ten∣don into the lesser rotator. The second is iliacus [ 2] internus: This springeth with a slender and fleshy beginning from the inside of os ilium, and being joyned to the Psoas by its Tendon, it endeth be∣fore [ 3] between the greater and lesser rotator. The third is pectineus: this arising broad and carnous from the upper part of the os pubis, is implanted a little below the neck of the Thigh-bone, on the in∣side, and draweth the Thigh upward and in∣ward, and so helps us to lay one Thigh over the other when we sit cross-leg'd.

It is bended backward or extended by the three glutaei,* 1.94 which make up the Buttocks, and serve to [ 1] go backward withal. The first is the outermost and the greatest, called glutaeus major. It spring∣eth very carnous from the coccyx, from the spine of os sacrum, and from all the circumference of

the spine of os ilium, and is inserted by a strong Tendon four inches below the great rotator. The second is the middlemost, called glutaeus me∣dius: [ 2] This springeth from the foreside of the spine of os ilium a little lower than the former, and is inserted into the outer and upper side of the great rotator. The third is the lowermost, called glu∣taeus [ 3] minor: This springeth a little lower, from the outer or back part of os ilium, lying wholly under the second, and is implanted into the upper and inner part of the great rotator.

It is drawn to the inside by the musculus triceps:* 1.95 this is the thickest of all the Muscles of the Body, and might more justly be called quadriceps, seeing it has four beginnings; but they that imposed the name of triceps, made a particular Muscle of the fourth Head, and called it pectineus, or lividus. The first head doth proceed nervous from the up∣per part of the share-bone, and is inserted into the rough line of the thigh-bone. The second spring∣ing from the lower side of the same bone, being lesser, is inserted a little higher up into the said line. The third arising from the whole lower part of the coxendix, is inserted a little under the lesser rotator. The fourth springing from the apex or tip of the coxendix is implanted into the inner and lower tubercle of the Thigh by a round Tendon, which is joyned with the slender Tendon of the first part of this Muscle.

It is turned towards the outside by four small Muscles called quadrigemini.* 1.96 They are placed above the articulation of the thigh one by another. The first is called from its situation Iliacus externus, and from its figure pyriformis; it is longer than [ 1] the rest, and ariseth from the lower and outer

[ 2] part of the os sacrum. The second ariseth from the [ 3] knob of os ischium. The third ariseth from the same part. These three are inserted into the hol∣lowness of the great rotator. The fourth is called [ 4] quadrigeminus quadratus, more fleshy and broad than the rest: it lyeth two inches distant from the third, and ariseth from the inner part of the knob of the ischium, and is implanted into the outward part of the great rotator.

It is turned about obliquely by two Muscles called obturatores.* 1.97 The first is obturator internus, this turneth it outward. It ariseth from the inner [ 1] circumference of the hole that is between the ischium and os pubis, and is inserted into the cavity [ 2] of the great rotator. The second is obturator exter∣nus: this ariseth from the external circumference of the said hole, and turning about the neck of the thigh-bone, as about a pulley, it endeth in the cavity of the great rotator, under the fourth quadrigeminus, and turneth the Thigh inward.

Note, that though for orders sake we have de∣scrib'd the Muscles of the Thigh before those of the Leg, yet the Dissector cannot so easily nor conveniently raise and shew them, till those of the Leg are first raised and removed.

CHAP. XXIX.

Of the Muscles of the Tibia or Leg.

THE Leg is either bended,* 1.98 extended, or mo∣ved obliquely. There are five that bend it. The first is longissimus or fascialis. This ariseth [ 1] from the inner knob of os Ilium, and descends outermost just under the skin on the inside of the Thigh, being slender, and near the Knee it ends in a Tendon, which is inserted under the Knee, into the fore and inner side of the tibia. The se∣cond [ 2] is called gracilis, and springeth with a ner∣vous and broad beginning at the joynting of the ossa pubis; from whence it runs down the inside of the Thigh, and is implanted by a round Tendon into the inner side of the tibia, near the insertion of the first, but a little lower. The third is named [ 3] seminervosus: This beginneth nervous and slen∣der at the knob of the ischium, and descending obliquely to the back and inner part of the Thigh endeth in the inner side of the tibia, towards the backside, about the middle of its length. The fourth is semimembranosus: it pro∣ceedeth [ 4] from the same knob, partly nervous, and partly membranous; and marcheth by a broader Tendon than the third to the hinder part of the tibia. The fifth is biceps: this ariseth from the same [ 5] knob of the ischium; and being carried on the outside of the Thigh, about its middle it becometh fleshy, as if it begun there with a second head; from whence descending it is inserted by a notable

Tendon into the outer side of the upper process of the fibula.

The Leg is extended by five Muscles.* 1.99 The first [ 1] is membranosus: this proceeding fleshy from the upper part of the spine of os ilium, on the outside near the great process of the Thigh-bone it turns into a broad membrane, wherefore it is called fascia lata, for it covereth almost all the Muscles of the Thigh and tibia, and at last is inserted a little below the Knee, into the outer and [ 2] foreside of the tibia and fibula. The second is longus: this ariseth from the upper and fore-part of the appendix of os ilium, and passing by the inside of the Thigh obliquely, it endeth in the inside of the Leg a little below the Knee. It extends the Leg, drawing it inwards; and be∣cause it helps to lay one Leg upon the other when we go to sit cross-leg'd, some call it sutorius, the [ 3] Shoomakers or Tailors Muscle. The third is rectus: this springing from the lower brim of the os ilium, and passing with a carnous and round belly streight down the Thigh before, when it is come to the patella, it ends in a broad and strong Ten∣don, by which it adheres close to the patella, as if it would end in it; but it passes further, and is inserted into the foreside of the tibia a little below [ 4] the Knee. The fourth is vastus externus: this springeth from the root of the greater trochanter, and endeth a little below the patella, near the [ 5] same place with the former. The fifth is called vastus internus: this ariseth from the root of the lesser trochanter, and endeth a little below the pa∣tella with the other. The vastus externus descends on the outside of the rectus, and the internus on the inside thereof, whence they have their name.

To these some add a sixth Muscle called crureus, [ 6] which springeth from the fore-part of the Thigh-bone, between the two trochanters, and endeth in the same place with the former.

Note that these four last Muscles being joined together about the Knee, make one common broad and strong Tendon, by which they involve the patella or Knee-pan, and which being inserted into the Tibia, tyes it and the Thigh-bone together like a strong ligament. Note also that the Muscles which extend the Leg are stronger than those which draw it in, that the weight of the Bo∣dy may be the more firmly upholden when we stand.

There is also a single Muscle called poplitaeus,* 1.100 or subpoplitaeus, which moveth the Leg obliquely: this lyeth in the hollow of the ham, and springeth from the lower and outer knob of the Thigh-bone, and is carried obliquely to the hinder and inner root of the upper appendix of the tibia.

CHAP. XXX.

Of the Muscles of the Tarsus or Instep.

THE Foot is bended, extended and moved side∣ways,* 1.101 according to the motion of the Instep, which first is bended when it is drawn up∣wards. To perform this motion it hath two [ 1] Muscles. The first is tibiaeus anticus: this ariseth from the upper appendices of the tibia and fibu∣la, and cleaving unto the whole os tibiae, about the middle of it, it becometh narrower, and turneth by degrees into a Tendon, which passing under the annular ligament of the Instep, that springs from the lower appendices of the tibia and fibula, is commonly divided into two; whereof the one is inserted into the first of those bones which are called innominata, and the other into that bone of the metatarsus that is set before the great Toe. If the Tendon continue one, then it is implanted into the inner side of [ 2] this last Bone. The second is peronaeus anticus: this ariseth from the outer and upper part of the fibula, and being carried through the chink of the outer ankle, it is inserted into that bone of the Metatarsus which sustaineth the little Toe. It descends all along by the outside of the forego∣ing Muscle, and hath sometimes two Tendons.

The foot is extended when it is drawn backwards.* 1.102 To perform this motion it hath three Muscles. The first is gemellus externus, [ 1] or gastrocnemius externus: this Muscle hath two heads, the first of which arises under the ham, from the inner part of the end of the thigh-bone, fleshy and broad. It marcheth down by the back and inner part of the tibia, and when it is come to the middle of it, it becometh ten∣dinous. The other head likewise ariseth un∣der the ham, but from the outer part of the end of the Thigh-bone, and passing down by the outward and back part of the Leg, be∣cometh tendinous a little above the former, and joyning with it they both grow into one strong, broad, and sinewy Tendon, which is inserted into the Heel. This is the Muscle that maketh up the greatest part of the Calf of the Leg. The second is gemellus internus, [ 2] or gastrocnemius internus, or soleus. This lyeth under the former, and is of a livid colour. It springeth from the hinder appendix of the fibu∣la by a strong nervous beginning, and grow∣ing pretty bulky it continueth so till it hath passed the middle of the tibia, when it becom∣eth narrower, and tendinous; and a little a∣bove the Heel it is so united to the Tendon of the former gemellus, that both seem to be but one, and is inserted with it into the Heel. The [ 3] third is plantaris. This springeth from the ou∣ter part of the end of the Thigh-bone in the ham, being very small but carnous. It descends but a little way before it ends in a

very long and slender Tendon, which joyning very closely with those of the two former is fastened to the Heel, but reaches as far as the middle of the soal of the Foot; Spigelius says, as far as the Toes, and is inserted into each of them, imitating the palmaris of the hand. The three Tendons of these three Muscles thus uniting make one most strong and thick Tendon, usually called the great cord; and this being implanted in∣to the Heel makes a wound there so very dan∣gerous.

The Foot is moved sideways by two.* 1.103 The first is tibialis posticus, adducens pedem, or Nauticus, be∣cause [ 1] Sailers use it much when they go up by the Ropes. It springeth both from the tibia and fibula, and from the Ligament which tyeth them toge∣ther, whence descending among the hinder Mus∣cles, near to the inner Ankle it becometh tendi∣nous: then passing by it, it goeth to the soal of the Foot, and is inserted into the lower part of that Bone of the tarsus which is next to the cubiforme. This moveth the Foot inwards. The [ 2] second is peronaeus or fibulaeus posticus: this ariseth from the upper and hinder part of the fibula or perone, by a nervous and strong beginning; and cleaving to the outside of the fibula, it passeth down round and fleshy: the outer part is of a livid colour, but the inner of a red. When it is come to the middle of the fibula it becometh ten∣dinous, and descends with the pernoaeus anticus by the fissure of the outer Ankle, but joins not with it, for it goes under the soal of the Foot, and is inserted into the root of the

greater os cuneiforme that is seated before the great Toe. Sometimes, though seldom, there is another Muscle, called peronaeus tertius, which be∣ing very slender accompanies the posticus in its whole progress, and is inserted into the same place, assisting its Action.

CHAP. XXXI.

Of the Muscles of the Toes.

THE great Toe is moved by its proper Mus∣cles,* 1.104 as the Thumb of the Hand was: but the other four, by common; which we will first describe. They are extended by two. The first [ 1] is tensor longus. This ariseth by a nervous and sharp beginning from the upper and fore appendix of the tibia, and presently becoming carnous, it goeth streight down, and being come to the Instep it is divided into four Tendons, which passing under the annular Ligament, go each to one of the lesser Toes, and are inserted into their second and third joint on the upper side. The second is [ 2] tensor brevis. This lyeth under the former, ha∣ving its beginning from the transverse or annular Ligament, fleshy and broad, and by its four Ten∣dons is inserted into the first joynts of the four Toes.

The benders of the Toes are in like manner [ 1] two,* 1.105 and four Lumbricales. The first is flexor lon∣gus, or perforans: it lyeth under the gemellus in∣ternus, and ariseth from the upper and hinder part of the tibia by a long and fleshy beginning; and passing down lengthways of the Tibia, (unto which it cleaveth) when it is past the middle of it, it becometh tendinous: then running by the inner Ankle, under the Ligament of the tibia and Heel, to the soal of the Foot, it is there divided into four Tendons, which passing through the holes of the flexor brevis, are inserted into the third and last joynt of the four Toes.

[ 2] The second is flexor brevis, or perforatus: this springeth from the lower and inner part of the Heel-Bone, and when it hath passed the middle of the Foot, it is parted into four round Ten∣dons, whcih are inserted into the second joint of the four Toes, being perforated to give way to the Tendons of the former Muscle to pass to the third joint.

They are also bended by four Lumbricales,* 1.106 which agree altogether with the Lumbricales of the hand both in their use, figure and rise. These spring from the Tendons of the two former small and round, and are inserted by a small Ten∣don into the side of the first joint, which they help to bend. The fleshy substance, which riseth with two sharp beginnings from the fore part of the lower side of the Heel-bone, and reacheth to the rise of these Muscles, seemeth much to further their Action, and to afford them their carnous Substance.

The Toes are moved obliquely by the Interossei,* 1.107 which are so called, because they are placed be∣tween the bones of the Metatarsus. They are ten in number, whereas there are but eight in the Hand, because the Metatarsus hath one bone more than the Metacarpus. Each of them doth spring from the under side of that bone where it is placed; and all marching according to the length of the bone fleshy, they are inserted the outer into the first joint, the inner into the se∣cond of the Toes, by short and somewhat broad Tendons. If the inner be contracted, the Toe is moved inwards; but if the outer be moved, the Toe is carried from the rest outwards. But if they both act together, then are the Toes ex∣tended. In the four distances between the bones, there are eight such Muscles; at the outside of the great Toe one, and another at the outside of the little Toe. But besides it, the little Toe hath a proper Abductor to move it outwards, which arising from the Heel passes on the outside of the fifth bone of the Metatarsus, and is insert∣ed into the outside of its first joint.

The great Toe hath five peculiar Muscles.* 1.108 The first is Extensor: this springeth by a fleshy beginning from the outside of the Tibia, where it parteth from the Fibula. It cleaveth fast to the Ligament which ties the Tibia to the Fibula, and marching along the upper part of the Foot, it is inserted into the whole upper part of the great Toe.

The second is Flexor:* 1.109 this springeth from the upper and back part of the Fibula, and descend∣ing by the side of the Flexor longus to the inner Ankle, it there becometh tendinous, and is in∣serted

into the third or last bone of the great Toe, by one strong Tendon. But sometimes it is di∣vided into two Tendons, whereof one is inserted as abovesaid, and the other into the second Toe: and when this happens, the Flexor longus sends but three Tendons to the three last Toes, and none to the second.

The third is Abducens pollicem,* 1.110 which draweth the great Toe from the rest, to the inner part of the Foot. It springeth nervous from the Liga∣ment which tieth together the Heel-bone and the Talus, (or according to some from the inner side of the Heel it self) and running forwards on the inside of the Foot, it is inserted by a round Tendon into the outside of the first joint of the great Toe.

The fourth is Adducens pollicem major. This springeth from the Ligament of that bone of the Metatarsus that sustains the little Toe and the next to it, and proceeding obliquely over the o∣ther bones it is implanted into the inner side of the first joint of the great Toe.

The fifth and last is Adducens pollicem minor (otherwise called Transver salis.) This ariseth from the Ligament of the little Toe that tieth its first joint, and passing cross the first bones of the Toes it ends in the inside of the first bone of the great Toe. Some think this serves only to tie together the first bones of the Toes (like a Liga∣ment:) But Casserius (who first found it out) says it draws the great Toe to the little one, and so makes the Foot hollow, grasping the ground as it were, when we go in stony and uneven pla∣ces, to fix the Foot more firmly.

The end of the fifth Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The de∣scription of a Muscle.
• * 1.2

  The parts constitu∣tive.
• * 1.3

  Arteries.
• * 1.4

  Veins.
• * 1.5

  Nerves.
• * 1.6

  Fibrous flesh.
• * 1.7

  Membrane.
• * 1.8

  Tendon.
• * 1.9

  Its begin∣ning.
• * 1.10

  Which mus∣cles have tendons.
• * 1.11

  Of what a tendon is framed.
• * 1.12

  The figure of tendons.
• * 1.13

  The parts from the position.
• * 1.14

  The use of a muscle.
• * 1.15

  The diffe∣rences of muscles.
• * 1.16

  The causes of the unity and plura∣lity of mus∣cles.
• * 1.17

  The proper action of a muscle.
• * 1.18

  The cause of the di∣versity of the action.
• * 1.19

  The diffe∣rence of the motion of muscles.
• * 1.20

  Motus to∣nicus.
• * 1.21

  The effici∣ent cause of the motion.
• * 1.22

  A descrip∣tion of a muscle from its action.
• * 1.23

  Rectus.
• * 1.24

  Semicir∣culares.
• * 1.25

  Frontales.
• * 1.26

  The streight muscles.
• * 1.27

  Their rise and inserti∣on.
• * 1.28

  The oblique muscles.
• * 1.29

  Their rise and inser∣tion.
• * 1.30

  How these muscles are to be shew∣ed.
• * 1.31

  Trochlea.
• * 1.32

  The abdu∣cent mus∣cles.
• * 1.33

  The addu∣cent mus∣cles.
• * 1.34

  The com∣mon mus∣cles.
• * 1.35

  1. Detra∣hens qua∣dratus.
• * 1.36

  2. Contra∣hens.
• * 1.37

  The proper muscles.
• * 1.38

  1. Attol∣lens.
• * 1.39

  2. Abdu∣cens.
• * 1.40

  3. Jugale.
• * 1.41

  4. Depri∣mens.
• * 1.42

  5. Obliquè detrahens.
• * 1.43

  Constrin∣gens.
• * 1.44

  The lower jaw hath five pair of muscles.
• * 1.45

  1. Tempo∣rale.
• * 1.46

  Why the wounds of the tempo∣ral muscle are dange∣rous.
• * 1.47

  2. Deprimens or biven∣tre.
• * 1.48

  3. Masseter or laterale.
• * 1.49

  4. Aliforme exter∣num, or maxillam abducens.
• * 1.50

  5. Alitorme internum, or maxil∣lam addu∣cens.
• * 1.51

  The auri∣cula hath four mus∣cles.
• * 1.52

  The auris two.
• * 1.53

  The tongue has five pair.
• * 1.54

  Os hyoi∣des hath four pair.
• * 1.55

  The com∣mon mus∣cles are four.
• * 1.56

  The proper muscles nine.
• * 1.57

  The Uvula said to have two muscles.
• * 1.58

  The throat hath seven.
• * 1.59

  The com∣mon.
• * 1.60

  The proper are eight pair.
• * 1.61

  The neck hath four pair.
• * 1.62

  The dila∣ters.
• * 1.63

  The con∣tracters.
• * 1.64

  The back and loins have four pair.
• * 1.65

  The Abdo∣men hath five pair.
• * 1.66

  The penis hath two pair.
• * 1.67

  The clito∣ris hath al∣so two pair.
• * 1.68

  The blad∣der hath one muscle.
• * 1.69

  The anus three.
• * 1.70

  The scapu∣lae have four pair.
• * 1.71

  Each Arm hath nine muscles.
• * 1.72

  Erectors.
• * 1.73

  Depressors.
• * 1.74

  Movers forward.
• * 1.75

  Pullers backward.
• * 1.76

  Benders of the ulna.
• * 1.77

  Extenders.
• * 1.78

  The prona∣tores.
• * 1.79

  Supinato∣res.
• * 1.80

  Benders.
• * 1.81

  Extenders.
• * 1.82

  The Palm hath two muscles.
• * 1.83

  Benders of the four fingers.
• * 1.84

  Extenders.
• * 1.85

  One com∣mon.
• * 1.86

  Two pro∣per.
• * 1.87

  Movers laterally, eight.
• * 1.88

  Abducing muscles, two.
• * 1.89

  Ex••enders.
• * 1.90

  Benders.
• * 1.91

  Monticu∣lus lunae.
• * 1.92

  Movers laterally.
• * 1.93

  Be••ders forward.
• * 1.94

  Benders backward.
• * 1.95

  Drawers to the in∣side.
• * 1.96

  Turners to∣wards the outside.
• * 1.97

  Turners about ob∣liquely.
• * 1.98

  Benders.
• * 1.99

  Extenders.
• * 1.100

  Mover obliquely.
• * 1.101

  Benders.
• * 1.102

  Extenders.
• * 1.103

  Movers sideways.
• * 1.104

  Extenders.
• * 1.105

  Benders.
• * 1.106

  Four Lum∣bricales.
• * 1.107

  Movers ob∣liquely.
• * 1.108

  Extender of the great toe.
• * 1.109

  Bender.
• * 1.110

  Movers side-ways.