The anatomy of humane bodies epitomized wherein all parts of man's body, with their actions and uses, are succinctly described, according to the newest doctrine of the most accurate and learned modern anatomists / by a Fellow of the College of Physicians, London.

The Third Book. (Book 3)

OF THE HEAD.

CHAP. I.

Of the Head in general, and its common con∣taining parts.

NOW followeth the third and highest Venter of the Body, called Caput, the Head. This is the most noble Cavity of the three, containing the Brain, wherein the rational Soul more especially operates, and where∣by all the animal motions of the whole Body are moderated and determined; as well as perfor∣med by means of the spirits elaborated in it, and sent into all the parts by the Nerves.

It is placed in the highest region,* 1.1 most fit for the organs of the Senses, but chiefly for the Eyes; for they ought to be placed there as in a Watch-tower: and besides having but soft Nerves which

could not endure a long passage, it was requisite that the Brain should be near them.

Of figure it is spherical;* 1.2 yet somewhat flattish, and longish.

It is bigger in Man than in other Creatures,* 1.3 considering the proportion of their Bodies; as his Brain also is.

The parts are of three sorts,* 1.4 for they are either 1. distinctive, or 2. expressive of the regions, or 3. constitutive of the whole.

The parts distinctive are two, the hairy scalp called Calva, and that without hair called Fa∣cies.

The parts which express the regions (of the first,) are four: 1. Sinciput or the fore-part, reach∣ing from the Forehead to the coronal future. 2. Occiput the Noddle, or hinder part, beginning at the future Lambdoides, and reaching to the first vertebra of the Neck. 3. Vertex, the Crown, which is situated on the top of the Head between the bounds of the Sinciput and Occiput. And 4. the lateral parts descending from this on each side between the Ears and Eyes are called Tempora, or the Temples.

The parts constitutive are either containing, or contained. the containing are either common or proper. The common are those we treated of in Chap. 3. of the first Book, viz. the Cuticula, Cutis, Pinguedo, and Membrana carnosa. The Cuticula is thinner and softer; but the Skin thicker than in any other part of the Body, yet porous, to give way to the nourishment of the Hair. The Mem∣brana carnosa in some cleaveth so to the Skin, that they can move it at their pleasure.

We shall not need to say more here of these

common containing parts, but refer the Reader to the above-cited place; and now proceed to the proper, having first discoursed a little of the Hair.

CHAP. II.

Of the Hair.

THE Hairs of the Head are called in Latine Capilli,* 1.5 quasi Capitis pili, and differ not from the Hairs in any other part of the Body, save in length.

Now an Hair may be defined to be a body cold and dry,* 1.6 small, thread-like, hard and flexible, budding from the Skin.

The Hairs are seldom round,* 1.7 but generally four square, as the stalks of some Plants; some∣times triangular, but always porous, the pores running lengthways. All these things may be observed in a good Microscope. They are some∣times curled, and sometimes hang lank.

Hairs are commonly divided into Congeniti, such as we bring into the World with us, as those of the Head, Eyelids, and Eyebrows; and Post∣geniti, such as begin to grow at certain seasons in our life-time, as the Beard, the Hairs growing about the Pudenda, on the Breast, in the Arm∣pits, and the like.

They are no parts of the Body,* 1.8 and therefore have no Animal life; yet they have a Vegetative life, and that peculiar to themselves, and not owing to the life of the Body, seeing they conti∣nue

to grow after a Man is dead, as has been ob∣served in embalmed Bodies.

The matter out of which they are bred and nourished is commonly reputed to be a moist,* 1.9 fuli∣ginous, crass, earthy and somewhat viscid excre∣ment of the third concoction. Spigelius thinks they are nourished by Bloud: which opinion he grounds on an analogy he supposes there is be∣tween Hair, and the Feathers of Fowl; and these latter he says are apparently nourished by Bloud, for if one pull one from off a young Fowl, its end is bloudy. Diemerbroeck dissents not much here∣from, but thinks the Bloud to be prepared and con∣cocted in a specifical manner into a crass, earthy and viscid juice. Whatever the matter be, it is attracted by the white roots of the Hairs, and is carried even to their very ends by the pores; just as Plants receive nourishment out of the Earth by their Roots, and communicate it to their outmost parts.

The colour of them is answerable to the Cli∣mate,* 1.10 or to the natural constitution of the party, or to the diversity of those humours that are mix∣ed with the juice whereby they are nourished. In those of cold flegmatick constitutions they use to be of a light colour, in cholerick, reddish, &c. They are most commonly streight in those which are born in cold Countries, but curled in those who inhabit hot Climates.

And as the reason of the difference of the co∣lour of the Hair in several persons is from diffe∣rent temperaments,* 1.11 &c. so the reason why Men in old age grow grey, whenas their Hair before was of another colour, seemeth to be the predo∣minance of flegm in that juice that nourisheth

them: whence also the Hairs of the Head and Face soonest turn white, because the Brain does more abound with pituitous humours than any o∣ther part of the Body. But it is not so easy to give a reason of some Men's turning grey in one nights time, when they have been under great fears; of which there are many instances credibly reported.

The Hairs have three uses:* 1.12 for they serve 1. for defence, 2. for beauty, and 3. shew the tempera∣ture of the whole Body and Skin.

CHAP. III.

Of the proper containing parts.

THE proper containing parts are five; to wit, the Muscles, the Pericranium, the Perioste∣um, the Cranium, and the Meninges. Look for the Muscles in the fifth Book, and for the Crani∣um in the sixth. Of the other here. And First

The Pericranium is a Membrane thinnish,* 1.13 dense and white, of exquisite sense, immediately seated under the Membrana carnosa. It covereth the whole Skull, except where the temporal Muscles lie upon the Cranium, for it is stretched over them, and seeing it is very sensible and tender, it cau∣seth horrible pain and inflammation, when the temporal Muscle is wounded.

It is tied to the Dura mater by some nervous Fi∣bres,* 1.14 which pass within the Skull by its Sutures, to stay firmly the Dura mater, and also the Brain which it invests, from inordinate moving. And

although in Infants new born these be strongly united, insomuch that the Pericranium is said by some to spring from the Dura mater; yet in pro∣cess of time they part, and become joined only by some fibrous ties, by which, inflammations may be communicated from the Pericranium to the Brain.

Next under the Pericranium is spread the Pe∣riosteum,* 1.15 which immediately cleaveth to the Skull and gives it that sense which it hath. It self is a very thin and nervous Membrane, and of very acute sense. All the Bones of the whole Body (except the Teeth) are invested with such alike Membrane, and owe their sense to it. Some de∣ny it to be found here, affirming that the Pericra∣nium supplieth its place: But that cannot be so, for the Pericranium (as was noted above) goeth above the temporal Muscles, whereas the Perio∣steum always cleaveth close and immediately to the Bone, as here it doth to the Skull under the said Muscles.

These two Membranes outwardly investing the Cranium have Arteries from a branch of the exter∣nal Carotides,* 1.16 and Veins from the external Jugulars.

The Meninges follow,* 1.17 called by the Arabians, Matres; as if all the Membranes of the Body were propagated from them. These are immediately within the Skull as the other were without; but adhere not close thereto, as those do. They are two in number: the Crassa meninx or Dura mater, and the Tenuis meninx or Pia mater.

The Dura mater is the outer,* 1.18 that is, is next to the Skull, through whose Sutures sending Fi∣bres to the Pericranium, it is suspended thereby; for in other places it is loose from the Cranium,

saving in its basis, to which it is so firmly knit, that it can hardly be pulled from it; or where it is suspended by Vessels entring into it from the perforations of the Skull. It is thicker and har∣der than the inner, whence it has the epithet of dura, hard. It consists of a double Membrane, the outer of which is more rough, towards the Cranium; and the inner is more smooth and slip∣pery, and as it were bedewed with water. It is knit to the Pia mater by many vessels that pass from it thereto.

It has many foramina or holes for the transit of the Vessels;* 1.19 and besides, one very large one at the descent of the spinal marrow, and another toward the Glandula pituitaria: And where it ad∣heres to the Os cribriforme, it is perforated like a Sieve.

It has Arteries from the larger branch of the Carotides,* 1.20 entring into it through the holes of the wedge-like Bone, and that of the Forehead. These in some places run out of it into the Pia mater, by means whereof they are in some mea∣sure knit together. Veins it has from the inter∣nal Jugulars.

At the Crown of the Head it is doubled,* 1.21 from whence its duplicature descending inwards, di∣vides the Brain into the right and left side. This duplicature, because it is broader backwards, and grows narrower forwards, and so resembles in some manner a Reaper's Sickle, is called Falx. Now this Falx reaches as far forwards as to the top of the Nose, where it grows to the Partition-bone that distinguishes the Processus mammillares, and is called Galli crista or Cock's comb. But its hinder and broader part towards the Occiput, be∣ing

severed, descends towards both the right and left side, and distinguishes the Cerebellum from the Cerebrum.

In the said duplicature are formed four Sinus or Cavities,* 1.22 three pretty large, and one little one. The first which is the highest and longest, runs along the upper part of the Falx, from the top of the Nose lengthways of the Head towards the Oc∣ciput, where it is divided into two lateral Sinus descending by the sides of the Lambdoidal future to the basis of the Occiput. And at the said divi∣sion the fourth short Sinus proceeds inwards to the Glandula pinealis. Into these Cavities the Mouths both of Arteries and Veins are said to open; by the former whereof Bloud is extravasated into them, and absorbed again out of them by the lat∣ter. Whence if one open the Skull of a live-Creature, one may observe a beating in the long uppermost Sinus, from the Bloud discharged into it by the Arteries. And some are of opinion that the Veins also convey some Bloud into them, which being superfluous to the nourishment of the Brain and Meninges is poured in hither by the Veins from the respective parts, and is imbibed again by other Veins opening into them, namely the inner branches of the Jugulars, to be returned to the Heart. The place where all these Sinus meet together at the Occiput, is called torcular Herophili.

The second (and inner) Membrane investing the Brain is called Tenuis meninx or Pia mater.* 1.23 This is of most exquisite sense, and endowed with very many Arteries and Veins. It immediately cloaths the Brain and hinders it from running about, and also involves all its windings and circuits, and

tying their summities together makes all the su∣perficies of the Brain plain as it were: which up∣per connexion being loosed, the windings of the Brain, because they are invested with this Mem∣brane, may easily be separated and laid open. From this same Meninx proceeds also a most thin Membrane investing the inner Ventricles of the Brain.

This Membrane is interwoven with many ad∣mirable Plexus or Nets of most small Vessels,* 1.24 springing from the Carotides and cervical Arteries and Jugular Veins joined every where by mutual inosculations, that by so great a number of Ves∣sels there might on every hand be affused Bloud enough for the nourishment of the Brain, and making of Animal spirits. Dr. Willis writes that he has observed very small Glands intermixt a∣mong these Plexus of Vessels, which he saith may be easily perceived in a moist or hydropick Brain, but not so well in others.

Both the spinal marrow extended to the bot∣tom of Os sacrum, and all the Nerves that arise out of it, and out of the Brain, have a double Coat from these two Meninges, with which being cloathed they run to their designed parts.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Brain in general.

THE Pia mater being taken away, the Brain offereth it self, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It is the general organ of sense, in which the Soul, the governour of the Body, per∣ceives and judgeth of the sensations of all sentient parts, and out of which, as out of a fountain, it communicateth the beams of its benignity (namely the Animal spirits bred in the Brain) by the ducts or rivulets of the Nerves to all the sentient parts of the Body, and thereby endows them with the faculty of performing Animal actions.

Its substance is thick,* 1.25 viscous, soft, and white. It is not a Glandule, for it is the Work-house and Seat of the Animal spirits; but Glandules are appointed to receive excrementitious hu∣mours, and it is more curiously framed than any Glandule. Neither is it of a marrowy substance; for marrow swimmeth in water, but this sinketh. Besides, marrow nourisheth the Bones; but the Brain nourisheth no part. And lastly, Marrow being cast into the fire flameth, but so will not the Brain. It seemeth therefore to be a Viscus or Bowel, endowed with a peculiar sort of a Paren∣chyma, part of which Malpighius by the help of his Microscopes has observed to be of this sub∣stance, viz. That all the white part of the Brain (called the Corpus callosum) is evidently divided into flattishly round little Fibres, which in the

Brains of Fish are so apparent, that if you hold them betwixt you and the light, they represent the small teeth of an Ivory comb. These Fibres he saith are inserted by their ends into the Cortex or the ash-coloured outer part of the Brain, through which abundance of sanguiferous vessels are dispersed, and out of which therefore the aforesaid Fibres seem to draw their nourishment. Dr. Willis calls these Fibres Canales or Striae, whence the Corpus callosum might as well be called Striatum.

For nutrition and confection of Animal spirits it receives Bloud by Arteries derived from the Carotides and Cervical,* 1.26 whose Capillaries are dis∣persed through its substance: and what is super∣fluous to the said uses is partly imbibed by the Veins of the Meninges, and partly deposited in the Sinus's by the Arteries themselves, to be car∣ried to the internal branches of the Jugulars, and thereby to the Heart. The Arteries inosculate one with another (i. e. the right Carotides with the left) as well as with the Veins. And it is from the Pulse of the Arteries altogether, that the beating (or Systole and Diastole as it were) of the Brain proceedeth.

A Man of all other living Creatures hath the biggest Brain;* 1.27 for it weigheth four or five pound in some; and is as big again as an Oxe's Brain.

The outer surface is full of windings,* 1.28 like those of the Guts, which are severally invested with the Pia mater, as also tied together by it. The whole Brain is much of the same shape with the Head, viz. roundish, but with bunchings out towards the Forehead.

Of its Action we shall speak in the 9th Chapter.

CHAP. V.

Of the parts of the Brain properly so called, viz. Cortex, Corpus callosum, Septum lucidum, Fornix, three Sinus, Infundibu∣lum, Glandula pituitaria, Plexus choroi∣des, Rete mirabile, Nates, Testes, Anus, and Glandula pinealis.

THE Brain taken in a large signification hath three parts, Cerebrum, that which proper∣ly is called the Brain: the Cerebellum, or little Brain: and that part of the Spinalis medulla, which is within the Skull.

Now there are several methods of dissecting the Brain, some beginning behind, as Dr. Willis; some on the right side, as Sylvius; and some at the Crown, which is the old way, and this we shall follow, beginning with the Cerebrum proper∣ly so called, which lieth uppermost.

The Brain differeth from the Cerebellum;* 1.29 first, in substance, for it is softer; secondly, in co∣lour, for it is whiter; thirdly, in bigness, for it is three times as big.

The upper part of the Brain is divided into two parts by the Falx above-described,* 1.30 to wit, into the right and left. But this partition de∣scendeth no deeper into the Brain than the thick∣ness of the ash-coloured part of it, which is called its Cortex.* 1.31 For if this be removed, that which lieth under it,* 1.32 being of a whiter substance, is a continued body, commonly called Corpus callosum,

whose substance we described above in the fore∣going Chapter out of Malpighius. Dr. Willis says, it is wholly medullar: whence some divide the Brain (properly so called) into Cortex and Medulla.

The inferiour part of the Corpus callosum ma∣keth a partition,* 1.33 which is called Septum lucidum. It is loose and wrinkled; but if it be spread out, and held to the light, it appeareth clear. It cleaveth above to the Corpus callosum, but below to the Fornix. Some will have it to be a redupli∣cation of the Pia mater; others a portion of the Brain.

Under the Corpus callosum,* 1.34 the Fornix or Vault is seated, of the like substance. In the upper part it is arched; but in the lower part convex: in figure it is triangular. It holdeth up the weight of this upper part of the Brain from bearing down on the subjacent parts.

There are several Sinus or Cavities in the Brain,* 1.35 that are continued indeed to one another, yet because at the first view they seem separate, are considered by Anatomists as distinct, and they commonly reckon four of them: three of which are seated in the Cerebrum, of which in this Chap∣ter; and the fourth is common to the Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata, of which in the next.

The Brain being taken away as far as the Corpus callosum,* 1.36 there appear two of the said Sinus, which are called the superiour, lateral, or ante∣riour, and which are divided into the right and left by the Septum lucidum just now described. They are something of the shape of Half-moons, or Horse-shoes, and being invested with a very thin Membrane, they descend forwards by a pretty

large duct to the Processus mammillares. And backwards they descend to the basis of the Brain, in which place branches of the Carotides enter their Membrane,* 1.37 and make in it the Plexus cho∣roides, together with some twigs of Veins inter∣woven with them. The Membrane wherein this Plexus is formed, has very many small Glandules, which separate a pituitous matter or flegm from the Vessels into the Sinus. Along which it has been supposed to flow to the Processus mammilla∣res, and from them to destill through the Os cri∣briforme into the Nose. But Dr. Lower denies any such office of the Os cribriforme, affirming that the holes in it are only for the transit of the Nerves and Membranes going forth from the Processus, and that these fill them so close that no∣thing can flow through them. And says, that flux of Rheum through the Nose, upon the Ʋvula, and into the Mouth, &c. in Catarrhs, falls not from the Head, but is separated from the Arte∣ries in the Glands of the respective parts, as into the Nose through the Glands of its investing Membrane, &c. And as to the serous matter that is infused into these Sinus in the Brain, he says it is all absorbed again by the Vessels opening into them, and returns by the Jugular veins to the Heart.

The third Ventricle is nothing else,* 1.38 but the meeting of the former two, towards the hinder part. In it there are two passages: the first in the fore-part, which marcheth streight-ways down to the Infundibulum. The second passeth under the Testes and Nates to the fourth Ventri∣cle, and is called Foramen ani or Vulva.

The Infundibulum,* 1.39 or Funnel, is a certain Ca∣vity

under this third Ventricle, passing down from about the middle of it, say some, but Doc∣tor Wharton says out of the fourth. It is framed of the Pia mater, which being wide at its beginning, and becoming narrower towards its end, repre∣senteth a Funnel.* 1.40 It endeth in the Glandula pituita∣ria, which is placed in the cavity of the Sella equina, and upon the wedge-like Bone, through which it has been thought to destil upon the Palate, the flegm poured upon it by the Infundibulum. But Dr. Lower denies this, appealing to the structure of the parts, and his often experiments upon Calves heads:

In which, he says, the wedge∣like Bone lying under the Glandula pituitaria is sometimes perforated in divers places, at least by one large duct, which being divided into two does on each side open into the Jugular veins: so that if Milk or Ink be injected through those ducts by a Syringe, it presently passeth through on each side into the said Veins; and nothing of tincture will appear about the Pa∣late, Nostrils, Mouth, Fauces or Larynx. So that in a Calf the humour that proceeds from the Brain, returns all again into the Veins. And the same thing he says he has lately tried in a Man's Skull, wherein though the wedge∣like Bone be never perforated, yet Nature has framed other ducts whereby all the Serum may be again derived out of the Ventricles of the Brain into the Bloud: for there are two Vessels seated on each side the Sella Turcica (to be de∣scribed Book 6. Chap. 6.) which with gaping Mouths as it were receive all the water destil∣led out of the Glandula pituitaria, and deposite it on each side into the Jugular veins without

the Skull; whose ducts will easily appear if water or milk be squirted forcibly out of a Sy∣ringe into either Jugular vein near the Skull, for the liquor will by and by break out near the Glandula pituitaria, which makes it evident, that whatever Serum is separated into the ven∣tricles of the Brain, and issues out of them through the Infundibulum, destils not upon the Palate, but is poured again into the Bloud and mixed with it.]

So that according to this opinion, the Rheum that issues so plentifully sometimes into the Mouth and Fauces, &c. falls not from the Brain, but, as was noted above, is se∣parated from the Arteries immediately by the Glands of the respective parts.

About this Glandule, all over the sides of the aforesaid Cavity, there is a membranous Plexus framed of innumerable twigs of Arteries; which spring from the largest branch of the Carotides, that passeth by a proper hole in the bones of the Temples, into the capacity of the Cranium: it is called Rete intrabile,* 1.41 representing a Net spread abroad.

About the hindermost passage of the third Ven∣tricle which leadeth to the fourth Ventricle, cer∣tain round bodies appear, being small protube∣rances or portions of the Medulla oblongata. As first, and uppermost, there are the two ends of the roots of the said Medulla, which are called Corpora striata, being of such a like substance as the Corpus callosum before described. The rest lying under these have their denomination from those things which they resemble. The first is Glandula pinealis,* 1.42 or Penis; because it represent∣eth the Pine-nut, or a Man's Yard. It is seated

in the beginning of that Pipe, by which the third and fourth Ventricles are united. Its basis is downwards, and its apex or end looks up∣wards. It is of a substance harder than the Brain, of a pale colour, and covered with a thin Mem∣brane. This Gland des Cartes thinks to be the primary seat of the Soul, and that all animal ope∣rations draw their origine from it. But Bartholin has sufficiently confuted that opinion; for it seems to be but of the same use as other Glands, and particularly the Glandula pituitaria placed near it, viz. to separate the Lympha from the Arterial bloud; which Lympha is resorbed by the Veins (or it may be by Vasa lymphatica) as was shewn above from Dr. Lower. Near to this on both the sides of this third Ventricle four round bodies appear. The two upper are lesser, and are called Testes:* 1.43 the two greater are lower, and are called Nates.* 1.44 The Chink betwixt the Nates is called Anus.* 1.45

The use of these Ventricles is first for the more easie passage of the Bloud;* 1.46 for it were not con∣venient for the sanguiferous vessels to be carried through the soft substance of the Brain; lest be∣ing compressed by the weight of it, the passage of the Bloud should have been hindred. Whereas now it has no such lett, seeing the Vessels are in∣terwoven in the Membranes that invest these Sinus, and make the Plexus choroides and Rete mi∣rabile abovementioned. Another use is for the reception of the serous excrement of the Bloud separated from it by the glandulous Membrane of the Plexus choroides, and Glandula pituitaria; which according to the old doctrine was dischar∣ged out of them by the sieve-like Bone at the top

of the Nostrils, and through the wedge-like Bone upon the Ʋvula, Fauces, &c. but according to the new, is absorbed again by the Veins and de∣scends by the Jugulars to the Heart.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Cerebellum, and the fourth Ven∣tricle.

THE second part of the Brain is called Cere∣bellum, or the little Brain.

It is seated in the hinder and lower part of the Head or Skull,* 1.47 and is separated from the Cere∣brum by the two Membranes wherewith it is wrapped, namely the Dura and Pia mater.

It differeth not much from the Brain properly so called,* 1.48 saving that it is harder. It does not run in such windings as the Brain, but its sub∣stance is made up of Lamellae or Plates that lie one upon another, and are each kept apart from other by the Pia mater, that invests each one singly, and is much interwoven with Arteries. Within, it is very white, but outwardly more dusky or greyish.

It is framed of four parts,* 1.49 whereof two are la∣teral, the right and the left: these are spherical. Two are in the middle; to wit, the foremost and hindermost: these are round, and are framed of sundry orbicular portions; which because they are like unto the Worms that are in rotten Tim∣ber,* 1.50 are called Processus vermiformes, or worm-like processes.

The one is in the fore-part of the fourth Ven∣tricle; the other in the hinder part.

The use of the Cerebellum seems to be the same as of the Brain.* 1.51 Only Dr. Willis not content with this general opinion, distinguishes their u∣ses: writing that in the Brain are elaborated those spirits that perform voluntary motion, and in the Cerebellum those that assist natural, as that of the Heart, &c. But against this new hypothe∣sis of his, lie many objections; as first, that Fowl have no Cerebellum, and yet their Heart, &c. moves. Secondly, The motion of the Heart, &c. called natural, depends at least partly on the A∣nimal spirits brought by the par vagum, which arise out of the Medulla oblongata, and therefore one cannot easily conceive how they should re∣ceive spirits from the Cerebellum; or if they did, why thirdly, not only the natural motion of the Heart should be performed by the said pair of Nerves, but voluntary motions also, as those of the Larynx, &c.

Between the lower part of the Cerebellum and the Crura or roots of the Medulla oblongata,* 1.52 is the fourth Ventricle formed. This is commonly called the noble Ventricle, from an opinion that the Animal spirits are elaborated unto perfecti∣on herein, as they were prepared in the three o∣ther. But as we have assigned other uses to the other, in the foregoing Chapter; so we cannot grant any such office to this, as shall be further shewed in the eighth Chapter. Its lower part that runs in betwixt the forked roots of the Medulla oblongata, from its shape, ending in a point, is called Calamus scriptorius, or a Writing pen.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis.

NOW followeth the third part of the Brain,* 1.53 called Medulla oblongata within the Brain, and assoon as it is descended out of it into the Spine, Spinalis, or Dorsalis medulla.

The substance of it is fibrous,* 1.54 being composed of many slender long Filaments, which whether they are hollow or no, cannot be discovered through their fineness.

It hath two parts;* 1.55 viz. that which is contained within the Brain, and that which is included within the vertebrae of the Back-bone, or Spine. That which is within the Skull is about four in∣ches in length. That which is without, and be∣ginneth at the great hole of the Occiput, reacheth to the Coccyx, growing smaller and smaller in the Os sacrum towards its end.

If one cut through its substance,* 1.56 there will in∣numerable little specks or sprinklings of Bloud appear, but the Vessels are so small, that they cannot be discern'd. But there are plainly dis∣coverable very many twigs of Arteries and Veins running through the Membranes that invest it; from which Arteries the Bloud is infus'd into the pores of the Medulla, as it is imbib'd again from thence by the Veins.

It seems not to be a separate part from the Brain,* 1.57 but rather a production of it and the Ce∣rebellum together, out of both which it seems to rise by six roots; the two uppermost and foremost

are the most considerable, and are called Corpora striata, being the ends of its two Crura, by which it is joined to the Brain; the four lower and backer are the protuberances of the Nates and Testes, by which it adheres more to the Cere∣bellum.

It hath three Membranes.* 1.58 The first is that which immediately toucheth it. This springeth from the Pia mater, and passeth between both the parts of it, alone without the outer. The twigs of Arteries and Veins run mostly through this. The second covereth the first, and spring∣eth from the Dura mater. There is no distance between them, as there is in the Brain, but one toucheth another being knit together by Fibres. The third proceeding from the Ligament which joineth together the Vertebrae, covereth both these.

It is divided all along from the very first meet∣ing of its Crura within the Skull,* 1.59 to the end of Os sacrum, by a membranous partition parting it into two; but this division is not apparent in the Spine, because of the Dura mater that covers it; but it may be discovered if that be taken off, and the Medulla severed in the middle. The partiti∣on is made of the Pia mater, and by means of It it is that the use or motion of one side only is sometimes taken away in the Palsie.

From this Medulla within and without the Brain proceed all the Nerves of the whole Body.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Processus mammillares.

TReating above of the two lateral Sinus of the Brain, we said they descended forwards to the two Processus mammillares, which we shall now describe.

They are called Mammillares or Papillares,* 1.60 be∣cause in their end they are round like the Nipple of a Woman's Breast. But they are hollow with∣in and pretty full of moisture.

Anatomists are not agreed from whence their rise is,* 1.61 some affirming it to be from the Brain, others from the Crura of the Medulla oblongata, amongst whom Dr. Willis is a leading Man. From which soever it is, they proceed as far forwards as the sieve-like Bone, seated at the top of the No∣strils.

Dr. Willis takes them to be truly the smelling Nerves,* 1.62 and calls them the first pair. He says they are very marrowy and soft, till they come to the Os cribriforme, but then they borrow Coats of the Dura mater, with which being divided into many Fibres and Filaments, and passing through the holes of the said Bone, they go out of the Skull: whence being carried into the Caverns of the Nostrils, they are distributed all through the Membrane that invests them. Yet besides this use of smelling, he thinks they may destil some of their moisture into the Nostrils through the holes of the Os cribriforme by the duct of the Fibres and Filaments. Diemerbro••••k thinks they

have only this latter use; only that the Rheum or Lympha destils from them as well upon the Fau∣ces and their Glands, as into the Nostrils. Dr. Lower grants only the former use; and says,

that It is incredible that the humour that is contained in the cavity of these processes should issue out by the Nerves into the Nostrils, for if it did, the sense of Smelling must needs be much prejudic'd thereby. And besides, if this water could destil by and out of the Nerves, much more might the spirits, that are thinner and more subtil, fly away. And as to the humour contained in the cavity of the processes, he supposes it to be of very great use: namely, that when Effluvia or most subtil particles ex∣haling from an external object are delivered to the olfactory Nerves, that their species may reach the Brain the better, it was necessary that those Nerves or Processes should be made hollow from their very rise, and be filled with a limpid humour: Not that I believe, says he, that the species themselves are conveyed through their cavities into the ventricles of the Brain, or that the Animal spirits are lodged in those Ventricles, as the Ancients thought; but that they are therefore hollow and moisten'd within with water, that their marrowy bodies may serve the better both for retaining and conveying smells into the Brain: For as things smelled are better perceived from moist bodies and in a moist 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a dry season from the parched ground (as Huntsmen know too well) so it is likely that in the same manner as they are best perceiv'd outwardly, they are also best conveyed ••nwardly,

&c.] And indeed if we

will allow them to be olfactory Nerves, it is very incongruous that they should serve for an Emunctory to the Brain, to discharge its super∣fluous Serum. And therefore we think it fit to acquiesce in this learned Physicians opinion: and to believe that the Lympha gathered in the ven∣tricles of the Brain is emptied by those ways we before observed out of the same Author, and not at all by the nervous Filaments that pass from these processes through the Os cribriforme into the Nostrils.

CHAP. IX.

Of the Action of the Brain, and the supposed Succus nutritius of the Nerves.

IT is generally agreed that the proper Action of the Brain (in a large sense) is the elabo∣rating of Animal spirits; and that they are sent from it by the Nerves into the several parts of the Body, for performing both natural and animal actions. But what these Animal spirits are, and in what particular part of the Brain they are ge∣nerated, is not agreed upon by learned Men.

Some are of opinion that the Animal spirits differ in no other regard from the Vital,* 1.63 but on∣ly as they are conveyed by proper Vessels, and minister to other purposes, and are of a cooler temperament; but that there is no specifical dif∣ference betwixt them. Others on the other side think they differ in specie, and agree in nothing, but only that the Vital spirits and Bloud are the

matter from whence the Animal spirits are for∣med. A third sort deny the Arterial bloud to be the matter of these Spirits, and affirm that the Nerves absorb a part of the Chyle, of which they are made, and besides, a Nutritious juice, (of which by and by.) And some there are that sup∣pose Air also to be an Ingredient, which ascends into the Brain through the Os cribriforme. We cannot stand upon the examination and refutation of several of these opinions here; but upon a due consideration of the Arguments urged for each, we think that the Animal spirits are specifically distinct from the Vital, but that the Vital, with the Arterial bloud, their Vehicle, are the true and only matter, out of which they are elaborated.

And there is no less difference in what part of the Brain the Animal spirits are made.* 1.64 Some thinking in the Sinus of the Falx. others the four ventricles of the Brain, especially the fourth, a third sort the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile; des Cartes, that they are separated out of the Arteries of Plexus choroides in the Glandula pi∣nealis into the Ventricles; and others lastly assign the whole substance of the Brain for the place of their confection. As to the Sinus of the Falx, the use of that was shewn above Chap. 3. And as to the Ventricles, seeing they are often almost quite full of waterish humour, but always have some, they seem very unfit for the making or receiving such subtil and volatile Spirits as the Animal are. As for the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile, there is no Vessel in either that contains any thing, but under the form of Bloud; so that seeing there are no Vasa deferentia (or call them what you will) to convey the Spirits to the origine of the Nerves,

these also seem improper for such an action. We must therefore subscribe to the last opinion that ascribes this work to the very substance of the Brain, and is performed in this manner. The Heart is like the Primum mobile of the Body, to which the motion of all the humours, that have once past it, is owing. This by its Systole impells the Bloud, as into all other parts, so into the Brain by the several branches of the Carotides, whose innumerable twigs run partly through the outer Cortex or greyish part of the Brain, and partly into the inner medullar or white substance. These twigs of Arteries spring partly from the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile, and partly from the Carotides themselves immediately. The superfluous Serum of the Bloud is separated by the Glands above described; and that which is not elaborated into Animal spirit, is returned again to the Heart, by the Veins. But those particles that are fit and proper to be converted into them, are extravasated into the very Parenchyma of the Brain, or at least are distributed through it by in∣visible Capillaries, in which being perfected into Spirits, these by help of the Fibres or Filaments which the inner substance of the Brain chiefly con∣sists of, are conveyed to the Corpora striata (or other processes of the Medulla oblongata that ad∣here to the Brain) which consist of the like Fila∣ments, and by them to the Nerves, whose inner substance is fibrous like the Medulla from whence they spring. And the reason of this successive motion from one to another, is the Pulse of the Heart, whereby that which comes behind, al∣ways drives forward what is before. Whence the true cause of an Apoplexy (wherein motion

and sense are almost quite abolisht) is from the obstruction or compression, &c. of the Arteries in the Brain; whereby both little Bloud and Vital spirit can be conveyed thither to make Ani∣mal spirit of, and also when it is made, it is not impelled out of the Brain along the Fibres into the Nerves, to enable them to perform their functions.

There is no less controversie about the Nutriti∣ous juice of the Nerves:* 1.65 some contending for it to that height, as to affirm that all the parts of the Body are only nourish'd by it, and not at all by the Bloud, which by its rapid motion they say is liker to wear and carry away something from the parts through which it passes, than to adhere to them for their restauration. Others are more moderate, and suppose that nourishment is dis∣pensed only to the spermatick parts by the Nerves, which the Nerves receive not from the Bloud, but imbibing the most thin part of the Chyle out of the Stomach and Guts do carry it up to the Brain, from whence it is conveyed again by the same Nerves to the parts to be nourish'd by it. Diemerbroeck is of opinion, that the juice of the Nerves (which is as a Vehicle to the Spi∣rits) being somewhat acid, does contribute or yield assistance to the nourishment of the sperma∣tick parts, not as it is the matter of, but as it se∣parates from the Bloud such particles as are fit for, their nourishment. Whence it is, he says, that such parts of the Body as are most exercised, and by consequent into which most Animal spirits flow, grow the strongest, having more of such particles of the Bloud as are fit for their instaura∣tion, separated in them. So they that are used

to walk, will endure it better, than others that are not so used, though otherwise much stronger. And hence the right Arm is usually stronger than the left, in those that are right-handed (as we say.) But he thinks that the Nerves have no juice in them which they did not first receive from the Bloud. Dr. Willis is much of his opinion, saving as to this last particular; for he says, it is without doubt that the nervous Fibres and Fila∣ments which cloath the sensory of the taste, and the Bowels that serve concoction, do immediately take some taste of the Aliments for the supply of the Brain, especially at such times as the Spirits are much wasted in too long fasting or over much exercise. But then that juice that may be suppo∣sed to be made thereof in the Brain, and to be dispensed by the Nerves into all the parts of the Body, he believes not to be the matter of the nourishment of any part whether spermatick or sanguineous: but that it is as the form only, and the Bloud the matter, whose several particles be∣ing analysed or severed by the said juice, are di∣rected and adapted by its directive faculty or pla∣stick power as it were, to such parts respectively as they are suitable for. And from hence he draws a reason why paralytick parts do waste so much, though the Bloud flow plentifully enough into them, because the Nerves being obstructed and no Animal spirits (with their Vehicle) passing by them, the particles of the Bloud are not sepa∣rated for the supply of such parts.] As for the nervous juice, it must needs be very little in quan∣tity, seeing if one make a Ligature upon the Nerve, it will not swell betwixt the Head and Ligature, nor if one cut the Nerve in sunder will

any thing destil out of it. So that 'tis very absurd to think that it should be sufficient for the nou∣rishment of all the parts of the Body, according to the first opinion. Nor does it seem reasonable to imagine that the Chyle should ascend from the Stomach, &c. to the Brain by the Nerves, whiles this nervous juice that is contended for, with the Animal spirits, is descending by the same; for one cannot conceive how such contrary motions of liquors in the same Vessel can be at the same time. Though from the sudden refection that persons ready to faint receive from spirituous li∣quors, &c. it be probable that certain Effluvia or subtil and spirituous vapours do enter the ner∣vous silaments of the Mouth and Stomach, and recruit the Animal spirits immediately, without fetching that compass that I believe all the Chyle does. And as the Nerves imbibe no Chyle from the Stomach, &c. so receive they no more from the Arteries, than some of its most spirituous and volatile particles elaborated in the Brain into Animal spirits, which have indeed some little moisture accompanying them as a Vehicle, but which is neither of a suitable nature nor of pro∣portionable quantity for the nourishment even of the spermatick parts only. For seeing the Nerves have no conspicuous Cavity, but only impercep∣tible Pores, by which any liquor can drill along them; such liquor must needs be most thin and watery, and therefore unfit to be assimilated to any part. And lastly, as to the opinion that it separates the particles of the Bloud, and so di∣stributes those that are respectively proper for, unto, each part, as the sulphureous to the fat, &c. or is to the Bloud as the form is to the

matter; it is an ingenious hypothesis I confess, but whether true, I dare not affirm.

CHAP. X.

Of the Nerves arising within the Skull, and first of the first and second pair.

SO much of the substance of the Brain and of the Animal spirits, &c. It follows that we shew the Nerves which proceed from it. Of them there have been reckoned seven pair, com∣prehended in these Verses:

Optica prima; oculos movet altera; tertia gustat: Quarta, & quinta audit; vaga sexta; at septima linguae est.

But assenting to Dr. Willis, that most accurate describer of them, who holds the Processus mam∣millares to be the olfactory Nerves, and the Par vagum and Intercostale to be two distinct pairs, we reckon nine in all: of the two first of which in this Chapter.

Of all the pairs of Nerves that rise within the Skull,* 1.66 the olfactory or smelling pair are the first, otherwise called Processus mammillares. They spring from the Crura of the Medulla oblongata betwixt the Corpora striata and the little hillocks or eminences out of which the optick Nerves rise (called by Galen, their Thalami.) Though Die∣merbroeck, that denies them to be Nerves, affirms

that they spring not from the said Medulla, but from the globous marrow of the Brain (properly so called) and its fore Ventricles. But having discoursed of these in a particular Chapter, (viz. Chap. 8.) we shall adde no more of them here.

The second pair the Optici or Visorii nervi make;* 1.67 these bestow upon the Eyes the faculty of seeing. They spring from the Crura or Trunks of the Oblongata medulla behind the Corpora stria∣ta, as was noted in the foregoing Paragraph. They march on from thence drawing nearer one to another, untill they meet at the sella of Os sphenoides; where they are united by the closest conjunction, but not confusion of their Fibres, which run lengthways in these Nerves as they do in all other. These of all the rest are biggest and thickest, but softest. In their beginnings they are softest, but in their progress become harder, that they may pass the more securely so long a way. Dr. Willis says they have many Fibres from the third pair of Nerves, and many sanguiferous vessels running along them.

They are hollow untill they be united;* 1.68 but after, their hollowness cannot be discerned. This hollowness may be shewed in a large Beast newly killed, and in a clear light.

After their unition they are separated again,* 1.69 and each of them, passing through the first hole of Os cuneiforme, are inserted obliquely into the centre of the Eye.

These Nerves have two Membranes,* 1.70 and the inner soft marrowy substance, or Fibres. The Membranes spring from the two Meninges. The inner substance from the Medulla oblongata.

From the whole substance of these Nerves are the Tunicles of the Eyes framed;* 1.71 for the Cornea or Sclerotica doth proceed from the thick Mem∣brane or Dura mater, the Ʋvea from the thin Membrane or Pia mater, and the Retina from the marrowy substance.

CHAP. XI.

Of the third and fourth Pair.

THE third pair is termed Motorium oculorum,* 1.72 because it moveth the Muscles of the Eyes.* 1.73 It hath its beginning at the innermost part or ba∣sis of the Medulla oblongata behind the Infundi∣bulum.

This pair is united at its rise;* 1.74 whence is com∣monly drawn a reason why one Eye being moved towards any object, the other is directed also to the same.

It is smaller and harder than the former,* 1.75 and being presently divided passes along by the op∣tick pair, and penetrating the second hole of Os cuneiforme, is carried towards the globe of the Eye, where it is divided into four branches. The first whereof mounting above the Optick, is bestowed upon the attollent Muscle, and the Eye∣lid. The second easie to be seen is bestowed upon the adducent Muscles by sundry small twigs. The third by many Fibres is inserted into the depri∣ment Muscle. The fourth is inserted into the middle of that Muscle that draws about the Eye

obliquely downwards to the inner corner. So that this pair only moveth four Muscles.

The fourth pair proceedeth from the top of the Medulla oblongata,* 1.76 (contrary to all others, which arise either from its basis,* 1.77 or sides) be∣hind the round protuberances called Nates and Testes: whence bending forwards by the sides of the Medulla oblongata, it presently hides it self under the Dura mater; under which proceeding a while, it passes out of the Skull at the same hole with the others designed for the Eyes, (commu∣nicating with no other Nerve in its whole pro∣gress) and is bestowed wholly (as Dr. Willis af∣firms) on that Muscle of the Eye called Trochle∣aris.

CHAP. XII.

Of the fifth, sixth, and seventh Pair.

THE Author last mentioned says,* 1.78 the fifth pair arises out of the sides of the annular process jetting out from the Cerebellum:* 1.79 but I think it is more probably affirmed by others, that this pair arises also from the Medulla oblongata a little below the former Nerves. Its trunk is very large, consisting of very many Fibres, some soft and some hard: so that it seems to be not one single Nerve, but a collection or bundle of many small ones, some of which are designed for one part, some for another; some serving for moti∣on and others for sense. And the reason why

they are all united together in their rise, Dr. Willis thinks to be, that there may be a sympathy and consent of actions in the several parts to which they are distributed. Hence it is that seeing or smelling what is pleasing to the appetite makes ones Mouth water, &c.

Its Trunk is divided into two notable branches,* 1.80 sometimes before but oftner after it has penetra∣ted the Dura mater. The first whereof tending streight downwards, and passing out of the Skull by its proper hole, in its descent towards the lower Jaw (for whose parts 'tis chiefly design'd) is divided into many lesser branches, which pro∣vide for the temporal Muscle, as also for the Muscles of the Face and Cheeks. From these also there go twigs to the Lips, Gums, roots of the Teeth, Fauces, Tonsils, Palate and Tongue. The second branch of this fifth pair, being the larger, goes a little streight forward by the sides of the sella Turcica, and over against the Glandula pituitaria sends little twigs to the trunk of the Carotides; then inosculates with the Nerve of the sixth pair, and afterward sends back a slip or two, which being united with another slip retur∣ned from the Nerve of the sixth pair constitute the trunk of the Intercostal pair, which we shall reckon for the ninth, and speak of it by and by. After this it is divided into two notable branches; The less and upper whereof tends towards the globe of the Eye, and being again divided sends forth two other, the first of which is parted into two more, that go one to the Nose and the other to the Eye-lids; and the second into four or five slips, that are mostly spent on the Eye-lids, but partly on the Ʋvea tunica and the Glands of the

Eye. The greater branch (of its second division) being carried towards the orbit of the Eye is di∣vided into two new branches. The lower whereof bending downwards is bestowed on the Palate and upper region of the Fauces; and the upper being carried beyond the orbit of the Eye passes through an hole of the upper Jaw with the Vein and Arte∣ry which it twists about, and sends many slips to the Muscles of the Cheeks, Lips, Nose, and roots of the upper Teeth. From its twisting about the sanguiferous vessels designed for the Cheeks and other parts of the Face, may a reason be drawn why one blushes when he's ashamed: for the Ani∣mal spirits being disturbed by the imagination of some uncomely thing, as if they took care to hide the Face, enter this Nerve disorderly; so that its twigs embracing these sanguiferous vessels, by compressing and pulling of them, cause the Bloud to flow too impetuously into the Cheeks and Face by the Arteries, and detain it there some time by constringing the Veins.

The sixth pair rises just by the fifth,* 1.81 and pre∣sently sinking under the Dura mater goes out of the Skull by the same hole with the Nerves of the third and fourth pair,* 1.82 and is carried by a single trunk towards the orbit of the Eye; but so, as by the side of the sella Turcica it inosculates with the second or greater branch of the fifth pair, (as was noted in the former paragraph:) whence sending back sometimes one, sometimes two twigs, these being united with the recurring twigs of the fifth pair (above-mentioned) make the beginning of the Intercostal nerve. Afterwards going forwards, near the orbit of the Eye it is divided into two branches; of which one is inser∣ted

into the abducent Muscle of the Eye placed in its outer corner; and the other being cleft into many Fibres is bestowed on the seventh Muscle proper to Brutes, whereby they defend the Eye from external injuries without closing the Eye-lids, when they are said nictitare, which I think we have no word to express in English.

The seventh pair,* 1.83 by the Ancients commonly reckon'd for the fifth,* 1.84 ministers to the sense of Hearing. It has two Processes, one soft, and the other harder, which might seem to be two di∣stinct pairs, but are usually accounted one. They have been held to spring from the sides of the Me∣dulla oblongata, but Dr. Willis says (I cannot tell how truly) from the annular protuberance of the Cerebellum that lies by the sides of the said Medulla. The soft part or process that is pro∣perly the auditory Nerve, is carryed through an hole of Os petrosum into the caverns of the Ear, which it cloaths with a most thin Membrane. By this are sounds conveyed to the common sensory. The harder process serves rather for motion than sense; which passing out also through its proper hole, presently admits a twig from the par vagum or eighth pair, after which it is immediately di∣vided into two branches; one whereof tending downwards, is bestowed on the Muscles of the Tongue and Os hyoides; and the other winding about the auditory passage, and bending upwards, is divided into three twigs; of which the first corresponding to the Nerve of the first division bestows certain slips on the Muscles of the Lips, Mouth, Face and Nose, and so actuates some out∣ward organs of the Voice, as the former some of the inner; the second is distributed to the Muscles

of the Eye-lids and Forehead, and the third on the Muscles of the Ears. Whence upon some un∣usual and astonishing sound, by a certain natural instinct the Ears prick up and the Eyes open.

CHAP. XIII.

Of the eighth and ninth Pairs.

THE next pair in order is the eighth, which has used to be called the sixth, and par va∣gum, or wandring pair, from its being distribu∣ted to sundry parts.

It springs below the auditory Nerves,* 1.85 out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata, its root con∣sisting of twelve Fibres at least (in Man) to which a notable Fibre,* 1.86 or rather Nerve (much greater than any of these twelve) coming from the spinal marrow about the sixth or seventh ver∣tebra of the Neck, is joined, and invested with the same Coat from the Dura mater as if they grew into one Nerve; but if their common Coat be removed, this accessory Nerve, and many of the other Fibres remain still distinct, and after they are gone out of the Skull together, are dis∣pensed to several parts; the accessory Nerve to the Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder; and one notable Fibre of the eighth pair to the harder process of the Auditory or seventh pair, as also two others to the Muscles of the Gullet and Neck. But the other Fibres of this par vagum continue united, and instead of those companions they

have parted with, they entertain a new one, namely a branch from the Intercostal or ninth pair, whereby is made a notable Plexus (which in a Nerve is like the jointing of a Cane, or the knot upon the trunk of the Tree where a Bough goes out) and out of the same Plexus there springs a considerable branch, which being carried toward the Larynx is divided into three twigs, of which one goes to the sphincter of the Gullet, a second to the upper Muscles of the Larynx, and the third going under the Cartilago scutiformis, meets the top of the recurring Nerve and is united to it. Below the aforesaid Plexus of this par vagum,* 1.87 its trunk goes streight down by the side of the ascend∣ing Carotides, on which it bestows some slips. And at the bottom of the Neck it receives a se∣cond branch from the Intercostal, (viz. from its first Plexus) and near thereto sends out another twig into the recurrent Nerve, but only on the left side. From hence the trunk of this eighth pair descends without any notable ramification, till it be come over against the first or second Rib; where out of a second Plexus (or knot) many twigs and Fibres go towards the Heart and its appendage, but not altogether in the same manner on both sides. There is one notable dif∣ference (which we cannot but note) of the two recurring Nerves that spring out of the trunk of this eighth pair, viz. that that on the right side arises out of it higher and windes about the axillar Artery; whereas that on the left springs much lower therefrom, and twisting about the descend∣ing trunk of the Aorta returns back from thence. Dr. Willis says that the recurring Nerve is really a distinct Nerve from the par vagum from the very

original, and was only included in the same case or cover for the more convenient and safe passage. The branches of the par vagum do frequently unite with others of the Intercostal pair about the Praecordia. And many twigs go out of the eighth pair into the Lungs, &c. Whence each of its trunks descending by the sides of the Gullet are divided into two branches, outer and inner: The outer unite with the outer, and the inner with the inner, and both descend to the Stomach, in which they terminate. As for their more parti∣cular distribution, we have spoke thereof while we treated of the parts themselves on which they are bestowed.

We are now come to the ninth or last pair (commonly not distinguished from that going before) which is called the Intercostal,* 1.88 because as it marches down by the roots of the Ribs, betwixt every Rib it receives a branch from the spinal marrow.* 1.89 It has no proper root of its own, but its trunk is compounded of two or three recurring branches of the fifth and sixth pair, (near their origine) as was noted when we treated of those pairs. Being thus formed it passes out of the Skull by its proper hole, and presently has a Plexus near that of the par vagum, into which two nervous processes out of the first vertebral pair are inserted, and out of which there goes a twig into the sphincter of the Gullet, and into the Plexus (aforesaid) of the par vagum. Whence descending by the vertebrae of the Neck, by that time it arrives at its middle, it has another greater Plexus, into which a large Nerve from a neighbouring vertebral pair is inserted; and

from which proceed many twigs that uniting with others of the par vagum are distributed all about the Praecordia, as also one single one a little lower. This Plexus cervicalis out of which so many bran∣ches spring is proper to Man, being not found in Brutes. From the Neck it descends by the Clavi∣culae into the Thorax, where having arrived at the second Rib it receives three or four branches from the vertebral Nerves next above, whereby is made another notable Plexus (commonly called the Intercostal.) From whence as its trunk passes down by the roots of the Ribs, in every one of their Interstices and even as low as Os sacrum, from every jointing of the vertebrae it receives a vertebral pair. Assoon as it is descended out of the cavity of the Breast, and is come over against the Stomach, it sends forth on each side a notable branch, which tending towards the Mesentery, make its chief Plexus, which are in number seven, five large ones which are upper, and two less that are lower. For each branch is presently divided into two other, and every one forms one Plexus, which make four; and the fifth is in the middle of these, being the largest, and like the Sun a∣mongst the Planets (as Dr. Willis compares it.) And these are the five upper. The two lower are framed of branches that spring from the trunk descended as far as the lower part of the Loins, and are distinguished by the names of Plexus Infi∣mus, and Minimus. As to the parts that all the twigs which spring from these seven Plexus are distributed to, it may be learned from the descrip∣tion of the parts themselves in the first Book, in which we constantly mentioned from whence each part had its Nerves. Lastly when this Intercostal

[illustration]

Tab. XI. p. 341.

[illustration]

Fig. 1.

[illustration]

Fig. 2.

pair is come to the Os sacrum, its two trunks bend towards each other, and seem to be knit together by two or three processes, and at length each of them ends in small Fibres that are distri∣buted into the sphincter of the Anus.

And thus we have done with all the Nerves that proceed from the Medulla within the Brain, in describing of which we have followed Dr. Willis for the most part, that most accurate tracer of them.

The Explanation of the Table.

Figure I.

• Representeth the outer or upper superficies of the Brain taken out of the Skull; where the Limbus of the Brain being loosed from its co∣herence with other parts by Membranes, is lifted up and bent forwards, that the Crura of the Medulla oblongata, the Fornix, Nates and Testes with the Glandula pinealis, and other pro∣cesses may be clearly and distinctly seen, (from Dr. Willis.)
• AA The Limbus of the Brain, which in its natural situation was contiguous to the Cerebellum.
• B The border or margent of the Corpus callosum spread over both hemispheres of the Brain, which in its natural situation lay upon the Glandula pinealis.
• C The Fornix.
• DD Its Arms embracing the Crura of the Medulla oblongata.
• EE The Crura of the Medulla oblongata, (out of

• which the optick Nerves proceed) whose ends (being placed further, out of sight) are cal∣led Corpora striata.
• F The Glandula pinealis, betwixt which and the root of the Fornix is the chink that leads to the Infundibulum.
• GG The orbicular protuberances called Nates.
• HH The lesser protuberances called Testes, which are processes of the former.
• II The Medullary processes, which ascend obliquely from the Testes to the Cerebellum, and make a part of each of its Meditullia.
• K The joining of those processes by another transverse process.
• L The rise of the pathetick Nerves (or fourth pair) out of the joining of the foresaid processes.
• MM A portion of the Medulla oblongata lying un∣der the foresaid processes and protuberances.
• N The Foramen of the Ventricle of Cavity that lies under the orbicular protuberances.
• OO A portion of the annular protuberance let down from the Cerebellum and embracing the Me∣dulla oblongata.
• PP The outer and upper superficies of the Cere∣bellum.

Figure II.

• Representeth the Eye cleft in two (from behind forwards) that the divers situations of the hu∣mours may appear, (from Dr. Briggs.)
• bab The Tunica cornea, or fore and more convex arch of the Eye.
• ee The Tunica uvea (whose Foramen o is called

• ...

• ...
  [illustration]

  Tab. XII. p. 343

• the Pupilla) swimming in the watry humour cccc.
• d The crystalline humour in situ.
• ff The Tunica choroides, which in this Figure (as being too much separated from the Sclero∣tica mm) cannot be duly represented.
• g A portion of the Optick Nerve.
• h Some of its small Fibres cut off near the exit of the Nerve.
• I The centre of the Humor Vitreus, and of the Retina.
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. The Capillamenta of the optick Nerve, whose ends on each side being cut off did adhere to the Ligamentum ciliare (namely by the region of the crystalline humour.)

The Table

• Representeth the basis of an humane Brain taken out of the Skull, with the roots of the Vessels cut off short, (from Dr. Willis.)
• AAAA The fore and hinder Lobes of the Brain.
• BB The Cerebellum.
• CC The Medulla oblongata.
• DD The olfactory Nerves, or first pair.
• EE The optick Nerves, or second pair.
• FF The motory Nerves of the Eyes, or third pair.
• GG The pathetick Nerves of the Eyes, or fourth pair.
• HH The fifth pair.
• II The sixth pair.
• KK kk The auditory Nerves, and their two Proces∣ses on each side, the seventh pair.
• LL III, &c. The Par vagum or eighth pair, consist∣ing of several Fibres.
• ...

• ... MM The spinal Nerve coming from a far to the ori∣gine of the Par vagum.
• NN The ninth or Intercostal pair, consisting also of many Fibres (that tending downwards, unite into one trunk) which emerges a little above the process of the Occiput.
• OO The tenth pair tending downwards.
• PP The trunk of the Carotid Artery cut off, where it is divided into the fore and hinder branch.
• QQ Its branch passing betwixt the two lobes of the Brain.
• R The fore branches of the Carotides, being united, part again and proceed to the fissure of the Brain.
• S The hinder branches of the Carotides united, and meeting the vertebral trunk.
• TTT The vertebral Arteries, and their three as∣cending branches.
• U The branches of the vertebral Arteries uniting into the same trunk.
• WW The place where the vertebral and Carotid Ar∣teries are united, and a branch on either side ascends to the Plexus choroides.
• X The Infundibulum.
• YY Two Glands placed behind the Infundibulum.
• aaaa The annular protuberance which proceeding from the Cerebellum embraces the root of the Medulla oblongata.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Nerves of the Spinalis medulla; and first of the Nerves of the Neck.

WE observed above, Chap. 7. that the Me∣dulla oblongata seemed not to be any sepa∣rate part, but only a production from the Cere∣brum and Cerebellum: and that when it is descend∣ed out of the Skull into the Spine, it loses its name of oblongata, and acquires that of Spinalis, which name it borrows from the Spine through which it passes, but is of the same fibrous or fila∣mentous substance as it was within the Brain. And now we come to describe the Nerves that spring out of it, which assist the motion of all those parts, which those nine pair already de∣scribed that arise within the Skull, reach not to.

In its whole progress from the Skull to the Coccyx,* 1.90 there spring out of it thirty pair of Nerves: seven of which are of the Neck, twelve of the Breast, five of the Loins, and six from the holes of Os sacrum.

The first and second pair of the Neck come not out of the sides of the Vertebrae, as all the rest do; but because of their peculiar articulation spring out before and behind.

The fore Nerve of the first pair cometh out be∣tween the bone of the Occiput and the first vertebra of the Neck,* 1.91 and is bestowed upon the Muscles which bend the Neck,* 1.92 and lie under the Oesopha∣gus. The hinder Nerve cometh out of the hole

which is common to the Os occipitis and the first vertebra of the Neck. This hath two twigs: The smaller is bestowed upon those Muscles which stretch out the Neck; The bigger is inserted in∣to the beginning of the Muscle which lifteth up the Shoulder-blade.

The fore Nerve of the second pair (which is smaller) cometh out between the first and second Vertebrae,* 1.93 and is bestowed upon the Skin of the Face. The hinder cometh out at the sides of the hinder process of the second Vertebra, but pre∣sently is parted into two twigs. The thicker of which is bestowed upon the whole Skin of the Head even to the Crown; The smaller upon the greater streight, and the lower oblique Mus∣cles which stretch out the Head. Dr. Willis says, that the first and greatest root of the Nerve of the Diaphragm ariseth from this second pair of the Neck: of which Nerve we shall speak more by and by.

The third pair cometh out of the lateral holes,* 1.94 which are between the second and third Vertebrae, and each is immediately divided into two bran∣ches; the formore whereof hath four twigs: The first cometh to the long Muscle or the first of the benders of the Neck; The second descending is bestowed upon the Muscles which lie under the Oesophagus, being first united to a twig of the fourth pair; The third ascending goeth to the Skin of the back-part of the Head, having first joined with the thicker twig of the hinder Nerve of the second pair; The fourth is bestowed upon the transverse Muscles of the Neck, and the Muscle which lifteth up the Shoulder-blade. The hinder branch is bestowed upon the second pair of

Muscles which heaveth up or wideneth the Breast.

The fourth pair cometh out of the holes com∣mon to the third and fourth Vertebrae,* 1.95 and each hath two branches, like the third pair. The formore hath three twigs: The first of which uni∣ting with a twig of the third pair is bestowed on the first of those Muscles which bend the Neck, called Longus; The second upon the transverse Muscle of the Neck, and the Cucullaris of the Shoulder-blade: The third being slenderer than the other two, is joined with a twig of the fifth pair, and both with one of the sixth, and lastly all three (according to Dr. Willis) with that of the second pair above-mentioned: and the Trunk made up of all these descendeth by the sides of the Gullet down the Neck and Thorax without any branchings till it come to the Diaphragm, where it is divided again into three or four twigs, on each side, and is inserted into its fleshy or muscu∣lous part, being known by the name of Nervus diaphragmatis, or Phrenicus. The hinder branch goeth back to the Spine under the Muscles of that part, upon which it bestoweth twigs, and going down between the Muscles of each side of the Neck it is carried to the Musculus quadratus that draweth the Cheek down.

The fifth pair marcheth out between the fourth and fifth Vertebrae,* 1.96 and hath likewise two branches on each side. The formore of which hath four twigs: The first goeth to those Muscles that bend the Neck: The second is that which joineth with the twigs of the second, fourth and sixth pairs, and makes up the Nervus phrenicus: The third goeth to the Deltoides: The fourth goeth to the same Deltoides, and to the Coracohyoideus, or the

third pair of the Muscles of Os hyoides. The hin∣der branch bendeth back to the Spine, and is be∣stowed upon the Muscles there, as the like branch of the fourth pair was.

The sixth pair cometh out under the fifth Ver∣tebra,* 1.97 and hath, as the rest, two branches. The formore sendeth first one twig to make the trunk of the Nervus phrenicus; then proceeding further it is united with the three following, namely the last of the Neck and two first of the Thorax, ma∣king one Plexus with them, out of which those Nerves proceed that are carried to the Arm. The hinder branch goeth to the Muscles behind, which stretch out the Neck and Head.

The seventh pair cometh out of the hole com∣mon to the sixth and seventh Vertebrae.* 1.98 The for∣more and larger branch is joined with the sixth of the Neck and two first of the Thorax, as aforesaid, and is carried to the Arm. The hinder and smaller is bestowed upon the Muscles of the Neck, and quadrat Muscle which pulleth down the Cheek.

About where this sixth or seventh pair of Nerves rise,* 1.99 there springeth another, described by Dr. Willis, and by him called Nervus spinalis ad par vagum accessorius. It rises small out of the side of the spinal marrow, and ascends up by the side of it, growing thicker as it goes, (but with∣out being inserted any where into the marrow) till having enter'd the Skull it is joined to the Fibres of the par vagum or eighth pair. Its pro∣gress from thence we observed in Chap. 13. when we described the eighth pair.

CHAP. XV.

Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Breast.

FROM the marrow of the vertebrae of the Tho∣rax twelve pair spring.* 1.100 In all of which the formore branch is bigger; and the hinder, which is bestowed upon the Muscles seated in the Back, smaller.

The first springeth out of the hole which is common to the seventh vertebra of the Neck,* 1.101 and the first of the Breast, and therefore 'tis indiffe∣rent whether it be esteemed to belong to the Neck or Thorax, some reckoning it to be the eighth of the Neck, and others (as we do here) the first of the Breast. Each Nerve is presently divided (as all the rest are) into two branches; the formore of which is united to the sixth and se∣venth of the Neck as was noted in the foregoing Chapter, and so is all spent on the Arms, except one little twig that springing out of its beginning marcheth forward towards the Sternum, and be∣stoweth twigs on the Musculus subclavius, and those Muscles which arise from the top of the Sternum; and another that goes to that Muscle which fills up the hollowness of the Shoulder-blade. The hinder branch creeping under the Muscles which cleave to the Vertebrae, is bestowed upon the Muscles of the Neck, Head and Shoul∣der-blade.

The second issueth out of the space between the first and second vertebrae of the Breast;* 1.102 and its fore branch is united with the first of the Thorax,

and together with it is joined to the sixth and se∣venth of the Neck, which all together make one Plexus that sendeth forth all the Nerves to the Arms that they have, (as shall be further explain∣ed Book 4. Chap. 3.) But besides that branch by which it unites with these, it sends a twig also to the Intercostal nerve (or ninth pair) descend∣ing down the Thorax, (as also does every one of the remaining ten pair) and from that twig before it join with the Intercostal there proceed small slips to the Muscles that lie upon the Breast. The hinder branch hath the same distribution with the hinder of the foregoing pair.

The rest of the ten pair come out of the lateral holes of the Vertebrae,* 1.103 and are all immediately divided into two branches; whereof the formore being larger, always sendeth one twig to the In∣tercostal nerve, and the remainder of it is be∣stowed on the Intercostal Muscles internal and external, and on those that lie on the Thorax; as also on the obliquely descending Muscles of the Abdomen, &c. The hinder bend backward to the Spine, and are spent upon the Muscles and Skin of the Back.

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Nerves of the Vertebrae of the Loins.

ALthough there be but four lateral holes in the vertebrae of the Loins;* 1.104 yet there are five pair of Nerves. The fore branches being

greater go to the Muscles of the Belly: The hin∣der to those which rest upon the Vertebrae. The formore are joined together, the first with the second, the second with the third, the third with the fourth, and the fourth with the fifth, as the two last of the Neck and two first of the Breast were.

The first cometh out of the lateral hole between the last vertebra of the Breast,* 1.105 and the first of the Loins. The fore branch is bestowed upon the fleshy part of the Midriff, especially its two pro∣cesses, and on the Muscle Psoas. This Nerve be∣ing compressed by a Stone in the Kidney, there is caused a numbness in the Thigh of the same side. It sendeth also a twig along with the Arteria prae∣parans to the Stone, according to Spigelius. From whence it is partly, that too immoderate Venery causeth a weakness in the Loins. The hinder is be∣stowed upon the Musculus longissimus of the Back, Sacrolumbus, &c.

The second cometh out between the first and second vertebrae of the Loins,* 1.106 under the Muscle Psoas, which is the first of those that bend the Thigh. The formore branch is bestowed upon the second Muscle of the benders of the Thigh that fills up the cavity of Os Ileum, and on the Muscu∣lus fascialis and the Skin of the Thigh. The hin∣der is bestowed upon the Musculi glutaei, and the membranous Muscle which stretcheth out the Leg. That twig which from this pair joineth with the Intercostal, goeth to the Testis of its own side (according to Vesalius, &c.

The third marcheth out between the second and third Vertebrae,* 1.107 under the Psoas also. The formore sendeth one twig to the Knee and Skin

thereof, and another which doth accompany the Saphoena. The hinder turneth back, and is be∣stowed upon the Muscles which rest upon the Loins.

The fourth being the largest of the Muscles of the Loins,* 1.108 marching under the Psoas and Os pubis, doth accompany the Vein and Artery which pass to the Leg.

The fifth cometh out between the fourth and fifth Vertebrae.* 1.109 Its fore branch passeth through the hole that is between the bones of the Coxen∣dix, Pubes and Ileum, and is bestowed upon the Obturatores musculi of the Thigh, the Muscles of the Penis, and on the neck of the Bladder, and of the Womb. The hinder is bestowed upon the Muscles and Skin which are above the Vertebrae.

CHAP. XVII.

Of the Nerves which come from the marrow of O•• sacrum.

FROM the marrow of Os sacrum six pair of Sinews spring.* 1.110

The first issueth out between the last vertebra of the Loins,* 1.111 and the first of Os sacrum, in the same manner as those that spring out of the vertebrae of the Loins, and like them is divided into two branches. The fore branch is a great part of it mixed with those other of the Loins that go to∣wards the Legs, yet it sends one twig to the Mus∣cles of the Belly, and the second which bendeth

the Thigh. The hinder is bestowed upon the Skin of the Buttocks, and the greatest Glutaeus.

The other five pair spring after a different manner from the foregoing.* 1.112 For before they come out of the Os sacrum, they are every of them double on each side; and so from each on either side there arise two Nerves, one of which is carried into the fore or inner, and the other in∣to the hinder or outer side. The three upper∣most formore Nerves go towards the Leg, as the greatest part of the first pair did: The two lower to the Muscles of the Anus and Bladder; in Men to the Penis, in Women to the neck of the Womb, and in both to the external Privity. All the five hinder Nerves are distributed to the Muscles of Os Ilium and Sacrum, towards the back part, which are Longissimus, Sacrolumbus, Sacer, and the Glutaei.

And thus we have done with all the thirty pair of Nerves that arise out of the Spinal marrow, having shewn which way they pass and to what parts they are distributed: which should be dili∣gently noted and well remembred, that we may the better know to what place to apply remedies, when from any outward cause, as from a fall, bruise or the like, any part has lost either sense or motion or both. For the Medicine is to be ap∣plied always to the beginning or rise of that Nerve that passes to that part, and not to the place in which the symptom appears. And the same thing is to be observed in Palsies, when the use of some particular Limb is taken away from an inward cause.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of the Face and its parts.

IN the former Chapters we have discoursed of that part of the Head that is decked with Hair, of the Brain, &c. contained within it, of the Medulla oblongata arising out of it and pro∣longed into the Medulla spinalis, with the Nerves that spring out of the same both within the Skull and in the Spine of the Back, all which we have considered as appendages to the Brain, seeing both the marrow out of which they arise, springs out of it, and also all the Nerves have their Animal spirits from it. And now we come to speak of that part which is not altogether garnished with Hair. In Latin it is called Facies, the Face, and Vultus, the Countenance.

Now though all the parts of the Body suffici∣ently shew the wisedom of the Creator; yet both the beauty of the Face, and its admirable con∣sent with the mind doth epitomise as it were the comeliness and dignity of all the other parts, and exhibits their affections as in a Glass. For from it are not only taken signs of health, diseases, and imminent death; but also most clear tokens of the very disposition, manners and affections of the mind. For as shame and frightedness be∣tray themselves in the Cheeks, so do anger, joy, sadness, hatred, and especially love, in the Eyes. So from the Forehead are known ones gravity and humility; from the Eyebrows (or Supercilia) pride; from the Nose, sagacity or blockish∣ness;

&c. from the motion of the Face, wisedom or foolishness, honesty or wickedness, civility or incivility, good-will or hatred; from its colour, the temperament of the whole Body. Besides, the sex, the age, the stock, and one Man from another may be distinguished by the Face.

The parts of the Face are either containing,* 1.113 or contained.

The containing are proper or common.

The common are the Cuticula, Skin and Fat. The Membrana carnosa from the Eyes to the Chin is so thin that some have affirmed there is none: but in the Brows it is thicker and cleaves very close to the Skin. Of these common parts we have discoursed Book 1. Chap. 3.

The proper are the Muscles, Bones and Carti∣lages, which shall each be described in their pro∣per places.

The parts contained are the organs of the four Senses, viz. the Eyes, Ears, Mouth and Nose.

The Face is divided into its upper and lower part. The upper is from the Hair to the Eye∣brows, and is called Frons the Forehead. This while the Body is entire belongs to the Face, but in a Skeleton to the Skull. The lower is extend∣ed from the Eyebrows to the Chin, and includes all the parts betwixt them.

CHAP. XIX.

Of the Eye in general, and its outward or containing parts.

THE Eyes (in Latin Oculi, from occludo to shut, or occulto to hide, because they lie hid under the Eyelids) are the organs of sight, consisting of many similar parts; and are as the two Luminaries of the Microcosm, to afford us light; or like two Watchmen placed in the up∣per part of the Body as in a Watch-tower, to give notice of any approaching danger. To lose them is the greatest misery can befall a Man: for 'tis the same as to be thrown into a Dungeon, when these windows of the Body are shut up.

They are in number two,* 1.114 partly to make the sight stronger, and partly that one being hurt, the other might perform the office in some mea∣sure, though more imperfectly.

The Eye alone,* 1.115 devested of its Muscles, is of a round or sphaerical shape, both that it might move the better, and also that it might more conveniently receive the visible rays.

The colour of the Eyes in Men is sometimes grey,* 1.116 sometimes brownish, sometimes black: which variety is most conspicuous about the Pu∣pilla in the Iris, and proceeds from the colour of the Ʋvea. Brutes of the same species have not that diversity of colours.

Some have much larger Eyes than others;* 1.117 but those which are largest and stand much out, have not so acute and piercing a sight as those that are less and stand further in.

They are each placed in a large Cavity,* 1.118 called Orbita (or the Socket) on each side the Nose, which is hollowed out of the bones of the Skull. And these orbits are invested on their inside with the Pericranium, to which the fat and origins of the Muscles cleave firmly. These may be rec∣koned the first containing parts of the Eye; as may also in the second place

The Palpebrae or Eyelids,* 1.119 which serve as Cur∣tains to the Eyes, by which dust and troublesome smokes and vapours, too much light and the in∣juries of the air are kept out, and the outward membrane of the Eye called Cornea is moisten'd, wip'd and clean'd. They consist outwardly of a very thin Skin which has no fat under it; inward∣ly they are lined with the Pericranium, that is here most thin and smooth. Betwixt these parts comes the Membrana carnosa, which is also very thin. Each Eye has two. In Man the lower is less, and is but very obscurely moved in compari∣son with the upper: but in Birds the lower is the larger, and in most seems only to be moved, the upper remaining unmoveable. As for their Muscles to which they owe their motion, those may be seen in the fifth Book. At their edges they have little soft Cartilages, (called Cilia in Latin) to strengthen them, and that they may meet the more exactly. Upon these Cartilages there grow Hairs, which having grown to a cer∣tain length, will naturally grow no longer, so that they never need to be cut. Those on the upper Eyelid turn something upwards, and those on the lower downwards. Above the upper Eye∣lid grow also a set of Hairs, betwixt it and the Forehead, out of the Supercilia or Eyebrows;

these lie pretty flat bending from within out∣wards, and hinder sweat, dust or other things from falling into the Eyes.

The Eyelids have two corners called Canthi.* 1.120 The outer of these is less, and in its upper part it has a Gland placed (usually called Innominata, or nameless, but might be named Lachrymalis, as affording the most of that Lympha that makes the Tears.) This Gland is conglomerate, being made up of many lesser, and has small twigs of Arteries that creep to it and deposite Serum or Lympha in it to supply matter for Tears upon oc∣casion. But the ordinary use of this Lympha is to moisten the inner side of the Eyelids and th•• su∣perficies of the Eyes, that they may move more glibly. Diemerbroeck having reckoned eight opinions concerning the cause, origine and mat∣ter of tears rejects them all, and this we have mention'd with the rest: and thinks that their matter is the more serous and thin particles of the pituitous humour gathered in the Brain, and flowing to the Eyes, upon its contraction, through the Foramen lachrymale. Which the learned Reader may see defended in his Anat. lib. 3. cap. 15. There is another Gland in the inner canthus or corner, which helps the former in its office. Dr. Briggs says, there are two or three lympha∣tick vessels, that receive Lympha from it, and end in the inner part of the Eyelid; and that eight arise out of the former Gland and end in the Tunica adnata, where they continually depo∣site something of Lympha, to keep the Eye moist. Nerves come to them from the fifth pair, which communicating with the Intercostal, are much irritated in the passions of sudden joy or of sadness,

and so twitch and compress these Glands that the Lympha is squeezed or milked as it were out of them, as Dr. Willis ingeniously supposes.

As for the Muscles of the Eye, they shall be described in the fifth Book.

CHAP. XX.

Of the Tunicles of the Eye.

HAving done with the outward or containing parts of the Eye, we come now to the Eye it self, and first of its Tunicles.

The outmost Tunicle of the Eye is common,* 1.121 and is called Adnata. It springs from the Pericranium and is spread over all the White of the Eye above the Sclerotica, reaching as far as the Iris. By this the Eye is kept firmly within its orbit, from whence it is also called conjunctiva. It is of very exquisite sense, and has many capillary Veins and Arteries creeping through it, which are most conspicuous in an Ophthalmy or inflammation of the Eyes. Under this Tunicle are the Tendons of the Muscles extended and expanded to the cir∣cumference of the Iris, which encrease its white∣ness; and some take them for a second Tunicle, calling it Innominata.

The proper Tunicles of the Eye are three,* 1.122 ac∣cording to the threefold substance of the optick Nerve.* 1.123 For this Nerve (as all the other) con∣sists of two Tunicles springing from the Dura and Pia mater, and an inner marrowy substance.

From the Dura mater springeth the outmost coat of the Nerve, and from this the Tunicle that is spread next under the Adnata, called Sclerotioa from its hardness; but in its fore-part where it covereth the Iris and Pupilla, it is named Cornea, from its transparency; though sometimes this latter name includes the whole Tunicle, as well behind as before.

That which lieth next under the Cornea is much thinner than it,* 1.124 and is called Choroides, from its resembling the Membrane Chorion wherein the Foetus is included in the Womb. Its fore-part is otherwise called Ʋvea, because it is somewhat of the colour of a Grape. This springs from the Pia mater, and is spread from the bottom or centre of the Eye, behind all over the Eye to the Pupilla; to whose circumference when it is come, it becomes double, making with one part the Iris, with the other the Ligamentum ciliare. On the inside it is of a duskish colour, (in Man) but blacker on the outside. But where it makes the Iris, it is of divers colours resembling the Rain∣bow, from whence it borrows its name: yet in some it is more blue, in others black, in others grey. This Tunicle is perforated before as wide as the Pupilla (or sight of the Eye) to permit the rayes of visible species to pass in to the crystal∣line humour. Next unto which crystalline hu∣mour lies the Ligamentum ciliare, the second part of the duplicated Ʋvea. This consists of slender Filaments or Fibres, (like the Hairs of the Eye∣lids) running like so many black lines from the circumference of the Ʋvea to the sides of the cry∣stalline humour, which they encompass and wi∣den or constringe as there is occasion, by con∣tracting

or opening the Foramen of the Ʋvea.

The third Tunicle is made of the medullar sub∣stance of the optick Nerve,* 1.125 and is called Retina or Retiformis (Net-like:) This seemeth to be the principal organ of sight. For as Dr. Briggs well argues, neither the crystalline humour, through which the rayes pass much refracted; nor the Tu∣nicle Choroides, are at all fit for this use. For this latter part (as rising from the Pia mater) cannot communicate the impressions of the rayes to the medullar part of the Brain, which it does not at all touch. Whereas the medullary Fibres of the Retina have communication therewith, and therefore can well perform that office. The Fibres of this Tunicle are extended from the bot∣tom or inner centre of the Eye, where the op∣tick Nerve enters it, as far as the Ligamentum ciliare, (to which it affords Animal spirits for the continuance of its motion.) If one take this Tunica Retina and put it into warm water, shaking it a little, to wash off the mucous substance that cleaves to it, and then hold it up to the light, these Filaments will appear very numerous like the threads of the finest Lawn.

CHAP. XXI.

Of the Humours and Vessels of the Eye.

NEXT to the Tunicles of the Eyes are the Humours contained in them to be conside∣red.* 1.126 And these are in number three, viz. Aqueus,

Crystallinus, and Vitreus. The second weighs as much again as the first, and yet not so much as the third by a sixth part. The Crystalline is the most d••nse of consistence by much; and the glassy more dense than the watry.

The Aqueous humour is outermost,* 1.127 being pel∣lucid and of no colour (as neither are the other two.) It fills up that space that is betwixt the Cornea and the Crystalline humour before. If any thickish particles swim in it, then Gnats, Flies, Spiders webs and the like will seem to be ••lying before the Eyes. But if those particles grow still thicker, and close together so as to make a film, and this be spread before the hole of the Pupilla, then is the sight quite taken away, which disease is called a Cataract.

The Crystalline humour (so called from its be∣ing as clearly transparent as Crystal) is placed betwixt the aqueous and the vitreous,* 1.128 but not exactly in the middle or centre of the Eye, but rather towards its fore-part. It is inclosed in the bosom as it were of the vitreous humour, and is flattish on the foreside, but rounder behind. It is more bright and solid than either of the other two. It has been the common opinion that it is inclosed in its proper Membrane, which is called either Crystallina from its transparency, or Aranea from its most fine contexture. But Dr. Briggs, a very accurate Anatomizer of the Eye, denies any such Tunicle, affirming that it is meerly ad∣ventitious when the humour is exposed for some while to the Air, or is gently boiled. As to the collection or reception of the rayes of things vi∣sible, this humour is the primary instrument of sight: though as was said before, the Tunica retina

is the principal as to perception, because through it the rayes are communicated to the common sensory.

The third and last humour of the Eye is the Vitreous,* 1.129 so called because it is like to molten glass. This is thicker than the Aqueous, but thinner than the Crystalline; and much exceeds them both in quantity, for it fills up all the in∣ner or hinder he••isphere of the globe of the Eye, and a pretty deal (toward the superficies) of the formore. It is round behind, but hollowed in the middle forwards, to receive the Crystalline into its bosom. This humour is also said to be separated from the other two by a proper Tuni∣cle, called Vitrea, which the aforesaid ingeni∣ous Author likewise denies.

See the situation of these Humours represented in Fig. 2. of the Table inserted p. 341.

The Eyes have Arteries from the Carotides,* 1.130 which bestow twigs on their Muscles, and on their Tunicles. And these are accompanied with Veins springing from the branches of the Jugulars. As for their Nerves, they either assist the sense of seeing, and are called the optick Nerves, which we have reckoned for the second pair and descri∣bed before Chap. 10. or serve for the moving of them, being inserted into their Muscles, and to this purpose serve the third and fourth pair, and some twigs of the fifth. As to their Lympheducts, we have spoken of them above Chap. 19. when we discoursed of the Glands placed at each canthus or corner of the Eye-lids.

CHAP. XXII.

Of the Auricula.

AS the Eyes are placed in the upper part of the Body like two Watchmen to descry ap∣proaching danger; so are the Ears there seated also, that they might give information of what the Eyes cannot discover either in the night for want of light, or through some thick and opaque Body which the sight cannot penetrate. And as the Eyes contemplate the wonderfull works of God, whereby the mind may conceive of his Infi∣nity; so the Ears are the Inlets or Receivers of verbal instruction in all wisedom and science. For they are the organs of hearing, and are in number two, that the one failing, yet we might hear with the other. They are placed in the Head, because sounds ascend.

The parts of the Ear are either outward or inward. The outward is called Auricula, which is only an adjuvant instrument of hearing, being spread like a Van to gather and receive the sounds. Its upper part is called Ala or Pinna the Wing;* 1.131 and its lower and soft Lobe, usually Infima auri∣cula. It has several protuberances or eminences, and cavities. Its outer protuberance that makes its circumference, from its winding is called He∣lix; and that which is opposite to it, Anthelix: but that next the Temple, because in some it is hairy, is called Hircus or Tragus; and that which is opposite to it, to which the soft lobe of the Ear is annexed, Antitragus, which likewise

in some is hairy. Its Cavities are three. The inmost, because of the yellow Ear-wax (as we call it) that is gathered in it, is named Alvea∣rium; as also Meatus auditorius: the next to this outwards which is bigger, from its tortuosity or winding is called Concha. The third is that be∣twixt the Helix and Anthelix, which has had no name imposed on it.

The constituent parts of the Auricula are ei∣ther common or proper.* 1.132 The common are Cuticula, Cutis, Membrana nervea, and fat in the Lobe. The proper are the Muscles, Veins, Arteries, Nerves and the Cartilage. As concerning the Muscles, they are set down in their proper trea∣tise. The Veins come from the external Jugu∣lars; the Arteries from the Carotides; the Nerves from the second pair of the Neck, being joined with the harder process of the seventh pair. As for the Cartilage, it is a substance that is fittest for this place. ••or if a Bone had been here, it had been troublesome, and might by many accidents have been broken off: if Flesh, it had been subject to con••usion. It serves to keep this outer part of the Ear expanded and open, and is tied to Os pe∣trosum by a strong Ligament which riseth from the Pericranium.

The uses of the outward Ear are these:* 1.133 First, it serveth for beauty. Secondly, to help the re∣ceiving of the sounds. For first, it gathereth them being dispersed in the Air. Secondly, it doth moderate their Impetus, so that they come gently to the Tympanum. Such as have it cut off upon any occasion, are very much prejudic'd in their hearing, which becomes confused with a certain murmur or swooing like the fall of waters.

Both behind and below the Ears there are se∣veral Glands outwardly under the Skin, that are called Parotides. But there are two more notable than the rest, near one another; of which one is lesser, and is conglobate; but the other bigger, consisting as it were of many lesser, and is con∣glomerate. These serve to sustain the vessels that ascend this way, and are usually reckoned as Emunctories of the Brain. In the conglomerate Gland the Saliva is separated.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the inward part of the Ear.

THE inward part of the Ear is that which we properly call Auris, and begins at the Meatus auditorius, or that inmost cavity in which the Ear-wax is collected. This cavity ascends something with a winding duct, partly that if any thing fall into it▪ it may more easily be got out again; and partly that the vehement Impetus of the sound may be a little in••ringed. The Wax that is gathered in it is an excrement of the Brain, and by it Insects are hindred from creeping in, entangling them as Bird-lime.

Before its inner end is spread the Tympanum or Drum,* 1.134 which is a nervous, round and pellucid Membrane, of most exquisite sense. Some will have it to spring from the Pericranium, others from the Pia mater, a third sort from the Dura mater, a fourth from the softer process of the Auditory nerve expanded. And lastly, some

think that it has a proper substance, springing from no other Membrane, but made in the first conformation of the parts. It is very dry, that it might give the better sound. It is strong, that it should the better endure external harms. It hath a cord behind it for strength and stretching of it, even as the military Drum hath, which some take to be a Nerve, others a Ligament. It hath two Muscles to move it, which shall be de∣scribed in the fifth Book.

When it is taken away,* 1.135 in the first cavity on the inside of it (which also by some is called Tympa∣num) there appear four small Bones. These have no marrow in them, nor are covered with any Membrane or Periosteum, yet at their extre∣mities where they are joined, they are bound with a small Ligament that proceeds from the Cord or Ligament of the Tympanum above-men∣tioned. And ••••ey have this also peculiar to themselves, that they are as big in Infants as in grown persons.

The first is called Malleolus,* 1.136 the little Hammer. It hath a round Head, which is inarticulated into the cavity of the Anvil by a loose Ligament. This Head is continued into a small Neck, which reaching beyond the ••iddle of the Tympanum, adhereth to it. About the middle it hath two processes: The one of which, b••ing shorter, has the Tendon of the internal Muscle inserted into it; and the other, being longer, the Tendon of the external, the Tympanum coming between.

The seconds is called Incus,* 1.137 the Anvil, having one Head, and two Feet, being somewhat like one of the grinding or double Teeth that has two roots. The Head is somewhat thick, having in

the top of it a little smooth cavity, which recei∣veth the knob or head of the Hammer. The smallest and longest Foot is tied to the top of the Stirrop by a loose but ••irm Ligament; but the thickest, broadest and shortest resteth upon the Os squamosum.

The third is Stapes,* 1.138 or the Stirrop. In figure it is triangular, in the middle hollow, to give way to the passing of the Air to the Labyrinthus. In the upper part of it is a very small and round knob, upon which the longest foot of the Anvil resteth. Its shape is much adapted to the Fenestra ovalis (which opens into the Labyrinth) about which it is tied round somewhat loosely, so that it may be driven to within its Sinus, but cannot without violence be pulled outwards.

The fourth Bone was found out by Franc.* 1.139 Syl∣vius, and from its round shape is called Orbiculare. It is tied by a slender Ligament to the side of the Stapes, where the Stapes is joined to the Incus.

From the lower side of this first inner cavity, wherein these Bones are contained, there is a round Meatus to the Palate of the Mouth near the root of the Ʋvula, and another that runs to the cavity of the Nostril, by which pituitous matter collected in it is discharged. And by the help of that which opens into the Mouth it is, that deafish people are assisted in hearing, for we commonly observe such to open their Mouth when they listen attentively.

In the middle also of this cavity there are two holes, the greater and higher of which is shut by the basis of the Stapes (when no sounds penetrate the Ear) and is of an oval figure,* 1.140 whence it is called Fenestra ovalis, and opens inwards or back∣wards

pretty wide into the Labyrinth. The o∣ther is less and lower, and is of a round shape, whence it is called Rotunda.* 1.141 And this is always open, having no covering, and is divided into two pipes divided by the Os squamosum, one of which tends to the Cochlea, the other to the Labyrinth.

This Labyrinth is the second inner cavity,* 1.142 being far less than the former, and was first so called by Fallopius, from the hollowed bony semicircles (cloathed with a thin membrane) returning cir∣cularly into the same cavity. The Fenestra ova∣lis opens into it out of the first cavity: and be∣sides this hole it has five others, one of which opens into the end of the larger Gyrus or winding of the Cochlea: The other four are so small that they hardly admit an hair, through which the most slender Fibres of the auditory Nerve pro∣ceed to the inner membrane that encompasses this cavity.

The third and last inner Cavity is called Cochlea,* 1.143 because in its spiral winding it resembles a Snail's Shell. It is less than the Labyrinth, and has two, sometimes three or four such windings, which are cloathed inwardly with a most thin Membrane, into which, as into the Labyrinth, the slender Fibres of the auditory Nerve enter, through three or four very small holes.

These three inner Cavities are all formed with∣in the inner Processus petrosus of the Temple-bone. And in them is contained a most pure and subtile Air, which some think to be included in them in the very first formation of the parts, and there∣fore call it Aer Insitus and Congenitus. Some sup∣pose it to be Animal spirit, effused into them by the auditory Nerve.

This inner part of the Ear has Veins, Arteries and Nerves from the same origines as the outer: only the harder process of the auditory Nerve goes to the outer, and the softer to this inner, which coming by the hinder Meatus of the Os pe∣trosum is inserted into and dispersed through the circles of the Cochlea and Labyrinth.

All the parts of the Auricula and Auris concur to the perfecting the hearing,* 1.144 which is a Sense whereby sound is perceived from the various trembling motion of the external Air, beating upon the Tym∣panum, and thereby moving the internal Air with the Fibres of the auditory Nerve, and communicated to the common Sensory. Now sound that is the ob∣ject of it is nothing else but a quality arising from the Air or Water beat upon and broken by the sudden and vehement concussion of solid bodies. And the diversity or greatness of such sound is distinguished by the four Bones that stand on the inside the Tympanum: For as from the greater or less, gentle or harsh impulse of the external sonorous Air (fluctuating like Waves caused by a Stone thrown into the Water) the membrane of the Tympanum is accordingly driven or shak't against the Malleus, the Malleus against the Incus, and the Incus against the Stapes; so, as the same Stapes and Os orbiculare open the Fenestra ovalis more or less, is there a freer or straiter passage granted to the internal Air into the Labyrinth and Cochlea, in whose tortuous and unequal wind∣ings it is variously infringed and modulated, from whence the species of sound that is made thereby, (according to the diversity of the external impel∣lent) is sometimes more acute, sometimes more full, sometimes more harsh, sometimes more

gentle, sometimes bigger, sometimes less: the idea of which species is carried to the common Sensory (and so represented to the mind) by the Auditory nerve that expands it self through the Membrane that invests the said Labyrinth and Cochlea.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Nose.

THE organs of Seeing and Hearing being described in the foregoing Chapters, we come now to the instrument of the third Sense, viz. Smelling, which is the Nose.

The parts of the Nose are either external or in∣ternal.* 1.145 The external parts are these, the Skin, Muscles, Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Bones and Cartilages. First, the Skin cleaveth so fast to the [ 1] Muscles and Cartilages, that it cannot be severed without renting. Secondly, as for the Muscles, [ 2] they are set down in the description of the Mus∣cles Book 5. Thirdly, the Veins come from the [ 3] external Jugulars, as the Arteries from the Caro∣tides. Fourthly, the Nerves come from the third [ 4] pair, on each side one. Fifthly, the Bones of the [ 5] Nose are set down in Book 6. Chap. 6. Sixthly, [ 6] the Cartilages are in number five; the two upper are broader, and adhere to the lower side of the Bones of the Nose where they are broader and rough, and being joined to one another pass from thence to the tip of the Nose, making up one

half of the Alae; the two under make up the other half; the fifth divideth the Nostrils. These Cartilages are moved by the Muscles.

The inner parts of the Nose are these:* 1.146 First the Membrane which covereth the inside of the Nose, which proceedeth from the Dura mater, and passeth through the holes of the Os cribriforme. This Membrane on its backside hath abundance of little Papillae or Glands; in which the Serum or Rheum is separated that runs out by the Nose. Secondly, the Musculous membrane, which draw∣eth together the Nostrils. Thirdly, the hairs which disperse the air, and hinder the creeping in of Insects. Fourthly, the red fleshy spongious substance, with which the holes of the Os spongio∣sum are filled up; from which the Polypus spring∣eth.

The length of a comely Nose is the third part of the length of the Face.

The upper part of the Nose which is bony, is called Drosum nasi,* 1.147 or the ridge. The lower la∣teral parts, where the Cartilages are, Alae, or Pinnae. The tip of the Nose, Globulus, and Or∣biculus. The fleshy part, that at the bottom of the Septum reaches from the tip of the Nose to the upper Lip, is called Columna. And the two holes that are caused by the partition, Nares the No∣strils. And these about their middle are each divided into two, one of which goes up to the Os cribriforme, to convey scents thither; the o∣ther descends down upon the Palate to the Fauces, by which Rheum falls down either of its own ac∣cord if it be very thin, or by snuffing the air up strongly in at ones Nose, if it be thick, which we may hawk and spit out at pleasure.

The Nose is an external adjuvant organ of Smelling,* 1.148 as the Auricula is of Hearing. For when smells exhale out of odoriferous bodies into the air, by taking our breath in at the Nose, the scents accompanying the air ascend up the No∣strils to the top of their Cavity, viz. to the Os cribriforme, through whose holes the olfactory Nerves (otherwise called Processus mammillares) issue out by their Fibres, and are the inward im∣mediate and adequate organ of Smelling. Other inferiour uses the Nose has also; as first, some∣times to take in our breath by, that we may not keep our Mouth always open for that purpose. Secondly, to help the Speech, which is very much impaired by the loss of it. Thirdly, it serves for the separation and discharge of the superfluous humours in the Bloud. And the like.

CHAP. XXV.

Of the Lips.

AS to the Cheeks, their substance being Mus∣cular, this is no proper place for the de∣scription of their parts (but Book 5.) only we shall note that their upper part next under the Eyes, that jets out a little and is commonly high∣est of colour, is called Malum or Pomum faciei, in English commonly the Ball of the Cheek; and their lower part that is stretched out in blowing of a Trumpet or the like, is called Bucca. There∣fore we shall pass on to the Mouth, wherein is

contained the Tongue the instrument of Tast∣ing, &c. The use of it is fourfold; for it ser∣veth for breathing, taking of food, speaking, and discharging of the excrements of the Brain, Lungs, &c.

The parts of the Mouth are either external or internal.* 1.149 The external are the Lips: these are framed of a carnous soft fungous substance, and of the Muscles, covered with a thin Skin. They are in number two, the upper and the lower. (Of their Muscles see Book 5.) The upper Lip has a little dimple in its middle which is called Philtrum; and its sides are named 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whence the hair that grows thereon is called Mustaches. The inside of the Lips is covered with a Membrane common to the Mouth and Stomach; and from hence cometh the trembling of the lower Lip be∣fore vomiting.

The uses of the Lips are these:* 1.150 First, they help to retain the meat in the Mouth while it is chewing. Secondly, they serve for beautifying of the Face, if they be well fashioned. Thirdly, for the containing of the Spittle in the Mouth, that it should not run out at unseasonable times. Fourthly, to keep the Gums and Teeth from ex∣ternal injuries. Fifthly, for framing of the Speech.

CHAP. XXVII.

Of the inner parts of the Mouth.

THE inner parts of the Mouth are these: The Gums, the Teeth, the Palate or Roof of the Mouth, the Almonds, the Ʋvula, the Tongue, and Ductus salivales.

The Gums (Gingivae) are two,* 1.151 made up of a hard fleshy substance, destitute of motion, set like a Rampire about the Teeth for the keeping of them in their Sockets.* 1.152 As for the Teeth, look for them in Book 6. Chap. 8.* 1.153 The Roof of the Mouth is its upper part, something concave like a Vault, formed in the Os sphenoides, and serves partly for perfecting of the voice by repercussing the air, and partly assists the sense of Tasting. It consists of Bones (of which, Book 6. Chap. 6.) of a peculiar glandulous Flesh and a thick Tunicle, with little holes for the Saliva that is separated in the Glands to destil through into the Mouth. Of the Tonsillae or Almonds we have spoken before in Book 2.* 1.154 Chap. ult.* 1.155 The Ʋvula is a red, spon∣gie and longish Caruncle, that being somewhat broad at its basis hangs down from the middle of the Palate (where the Nostrils open into the Mouth) with a small but bluntish end. It is co∣vered with a very lax and soft Skin, and is often swelled with defluxions of Rheum, hanging down flaggy, which is called the falling of the Ʋvula, and by ignorant people, the falling of the Roof of the Mouth.* 1.156 The Tongue (Lingua, à Lin∣gendo, from licking) is the instrument of Taste

and Speech. It is long and broad, thicker at the root than towards the tip. It is cloathed with two Membranes; The outer covers only the upper part of the Tongue, and is very porous, being pretty smooth in Men, but in Brutes it is rough with abundance of copped bodies arising out of it, (and bonding towards its root) like the Teeth of Wool-cards, of something a cartilaginous sub∣stance. This Membrane has a line that runs lengthways of it in its middle, dividing the Tongue into two parts. The inner covers the whole Tongue, the lower side as well as the up∣per. This is thin and soft, and has many Papillae protuberating out of it, which are inserted into the pores of the outer. As to the substance of the Tongue there is great diversity of opinions. Some think it to be a Gland; others, that it has a peculiar substance; Spigelius, that it is truly a Muscle; and so does Dr. Wharton call it verus Musculus, though towards its root (he saith) it hath something of a glandulous substance. Mal∣pighius (exercit. Epistol. de lingua, p. 9.) says it is rather musculous than glandulous; and describes its substance thus.

Immediately under the afore∣said Membranes there lie streight fleshy Fibres, whereby the Tongue is drawn inwards and short∣ned. But the centre of the Tongue consists of a manifold kind of Fibres, long, transverse and oblique, which riding one upon another are interwoven like a Mat.]

But though this be its substance, yet it cannot properly be called a Muscle, both because no Muscle serves to move it self, but some other part; and also because one Muscle is not moved by another, as the Tongue is by several pair, described Book 5. It is con∣nected

to the Os hyoides, Larynx, and Fauces, and by a membranous Ligament to the parts under it. The extremity of which Ligament is called Fraenum, which being too short, or extended to the top of the Tongue, hindreth sucking in Children, when they are said to be Tongue∣tyed.

Its Veins proceed from the external Jugulars,* 1.157 and are very apparent under the Tongue, where they are called Ranulares. The Arteries come from the Carotides. Nerves it hath from the fifth and eighth pair.

The actions and uses of the Tongue are these:* 1.158 First, it is the instrument of Tasting; especially the Papillae in its inner Membrane, which have the extremities of the Nerves inserted into them. Se∣condly, it formeth or modulateth the Speech. Thirdly, it helpeth the chewing of meat, by tos∣sing of it to and fro, and turns it down to the Stomach.

Besides the several Glands in the Membrane that invests the inside of the Mouth,* 1.159 there is a ve∣ry notable one that lies deep under the Tongue, from whence two Pipes, called Ductus salivales, ascend obliquely to the sides of the Fraenum of the Tongue, where each is inserted into another small Gland, through which they pour that Sali∣va into the Mouth which they first received from the foresaid notable Gland. These were not un∣known to the Ancients, but are more particu∣larly described by Dr. Wharton. Besides these, Steno about twenty years ago found out two more, which arising out of the greatest (conglomerate) Gland at the root of the Ear run on the outside of the Jaw-bone to the center of the Musculus buc∣cinator;

and there end into the cavity of the Mouth, into which they discharge the Saliva they had imbibed out of the Glands. Now this Saliva or Spittle is first separated from the Arteries by the Glands, and is not a meer excrement, but serves for the furthering of the fermentation of Meats in the Stomach, if it be not the main fer∣ment of it. That it has a fermentative quality Diemerbroeck proves by this experiment, That if a piece of white Bread be chewed and moisten'd with much Spittle, and then be mixed with Wheat∣paste kneaded with warm Water, it will make it ferment.

The end of the Third Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Its seat.
• * 1.2

  Figure.
• * 1.3

  Bigness.
• * 1.4

  Parts.
• * 1.5

  Its name.
• * 1.6

  Definition.
• * 1.7

  Figure.
• * 1.8

  Life.
• * 1.9

  Matter.
• * 1.10

  Colour.
• * 1.11

  Why hair turns white.
• * 1.12

  Their use.
• * 1.13

  The Peri∣cranium.
• * 1.14

  Its con∣nexion.
• * 1.15

  Perioste∣um.
• * 1.16

  Their ves∣sels.
• * 1.17

  The Me∣ninges.
• * 1.18

  Dura ma∣ter.
• * 1.19

  Its holes.
• * 1.20

  Vessels.
• * 1.21

  Falx.
• * 1.22

  Sinus.
• * 1.23

  Pia mater.
• * 1.24

  The Plexus of its ves∣sels.
• * 1.25

  Its sub∣stance.
• * 1.26

  Vessels.
• * 1.27

  Bigness.
• * 1.28

  Figure.
• * 1.29

  Its diffe∣rence from the Cere∣bellum.
• * 1.30

  The divisi∣on of the Brain.
• * 1.31

  Its Cortex.
• * 1.32

  Corpus callosum.
• * 1.33

  Septum lucidum.
• * 1.34

  Fornix.
• * 1.35

  Sinus.
• * 1.36

  The two anteriour.
• * 1.37

  Plexus choroides.
• * 1.38

  The one po∣sterior.
• * 1.39

  Infundi∣bulum.
• * 1.40

  Glandula pituitaria.
• * 1.41

  Rete mi∣rabile.
• * 1.42

  Penis.
• * 1.43

  Testes.
• * 1.44

  Nates.
• * 1.45

  Anus.
• * 1.46

  The use of the ventri∣cles.
• * 1.47

  Its seat.
• * 1.48

  Substance.
• * 1.49

  Parts.
• * 1.50

  Processus vermifor∣mes.
• * 1.51

  Ʋse.
• * 1.52

  The fourth ventricle.
• * 1.53

  Its name.
• * 1.54

  Substance.
• * 1.55

  Parts.
• * 1.56

  Vessels.
• * 1.57

  Rise.
• * 1.58

  Mem∣branes.
• * 1.59

  Its divisi∣on.
• * 1.60

  Their name
• * 1.61

  Rise.
• * 1.62

  Ʋse.
• * 1.63

  The animal spirits what, and of what made.
• * 1.64

  Where ela∣borated.
• * 1.65

  The succus nutritius of the Nerves.
• * 1.66

  Nervi ol∣factorii, the first pair.
• * 1.67

  Nervi op∣tici, the se∣cond pair.
• * 1.68

  The hollow∣ness of the optick Nerves.
• * 1.69

  Their in∣sertion.
• * 1.70

  Their mem∣branes and marrowy substance.
• * 1.71

  These make the tunicles of the Eyes.
• * 1.72

  The third pair.
• * 1.73

  Its begin∣ning.
• * 1.74

  Why both the Eyes are direct∣ed to the same object.
• * 1.75

  Its sub∣stance, and branches.
• * 1.76

  The fourth pair.
• * 1.77

  Its begin∣ning, mar∣ching, and insertion.
• * 1.78

  The fifth pair.
• * 1.79

  Its rise.
• * 1.80

  Division and pro∣gress.
• * 1.81

  The sixth pair.
• * 1.82

  Its rise and insertion.
• * 1.83

  The seventh pair.
• * 1.84

  Its rise and insertion.
• * 1.85

  The eighth pair.
• * 1.86

  Its rise.
• * 1.87

  Progress.
• * 1.88

  The ninth pair.
• * 1.89

  Its rise.
• * 1.90

  Nerves springing from the Spinalis medulla.
• * 1.91

  Seven of the Neck.
• * 1.92

  The first pair.
• * 1.93

  The second.
• * 1.94

  The third.
• * 1.95

  The fourth.
• * 1.96

  The fifth.
• * 1.97

  The sixth.
• * 1.98

  The se∣venth.
• * 1.99

  Nervus ad par vagum accessori∣us.
• * 1.100

  Twelve of the Tho∣rax.
• * 1.101

  The first pair.
• * 1.102

  The second.
• * 1.103

  The rest of the pairs.
• * 1.104

  Five of the Loins.
• * 1.105

  The first pair.
• * 1.106

  The second.
• * 1.107

  The third.
• * 1.108

  The fourth.
• * 1.109

  The fifth.
• * 1.110

  Six of Os sacrum.
• * 1.111

  The first pair.
• * 1.112

  Of the other five pair.
• * 1.113

  The parts of the Face.
• * 1.114

  Their num∣ber.
• * 1.115

  Figure.
• * 1.116

  Colour.
• * 1.117

  Bigness.
• * 1.118

  Situation.
• * 1.119

  The Eye∣lids.
• * 1.120

  Canthi.
• * 1.121

  The tuni∣cles of the Eye, one common▪
• * 1.122

  Three pro∣per.
• * 1.123

  1. Sclero∣tica.
• * 1.124

  2. Choroi∣des.
• * 1.125

  3. Reti∣formis.
• * 1.126

  The ••••∣mours of the Eye three.
• * 1.127

  1. Aqueus.
• * 1.128

  2. Crystal∣linus.
• * 1.129

  3. Vitreus.
• * 1.130

  The vessels of the Eye.
• * 1.131

  The names of its parts.
• * 1.132

  Its consti∣tuent parts.
• * 1.133

  Ʋses.
• * 1.134

  The Tym∣panum.
• * 1.135

  Four little bones.
• * 1.136

  1. Malleo∣lus.
• * 1.137

  2. Incus.
• * 1.138

  3. Stapes.
• * 1.139

  4. Os or∣biculare.
• * 1.140

  Fenestra ovalis.
• * 1.141

  Rotunda.
• * 1.142

  Labyrin∣thus.
• * 1.143

  Cochlea.
• * 1.144

  Hearing what.
• * 1.145

  Its exter∣nal parts.
• * 1.146

  Its inner parts.
• * 1.147

  The deno∣mination of its parts.
• * 1.148

  Its uses.
• * 1.149

  The exter∣nal parts of the Mouth, viz. the Lips.
• * 1.150

  The uses of the Lips.
• * 1.151

  1. Gums.
• * 1.152

  2. Teeth.
• * 1.153

  3. Palate.
• * 1.154

  4. Almonds
• * 1.155

  5. Uvula.
• * 1.156

  6. Tongue.
• * 1.157

  Its vessels.
• * 1.158

  Its actions and uses.
• * 1.159

  Ductus sa∣livales.