The anatomy of humane bodies epitomized wherein all parts of man's body, with their actions and uses, are succinctly described, according to the newest doctrine of the most accurate and learned modern anatomists / by a Fellow of the College of Physicians, London.

The Second Book. (Book 2)

OF THE BREAST.

CHAP. I.

Of the common containing parts of it.

HItherto of the Lower Belly or Abdomen,* 1.1 and of the parts contained in it, whe∣ther appointed for Nutrition or Procre∣ation: Now it followeth that we describe the middle Cavity, called Thorax, which containeth the Organs of elaborating the Bloud and Vital spirits, and the rise of the Vessels whereby they are distributed into all the parts of the Body, for their instauration, and the preservation of their natural heat.

It is bounded above by the Claviculae or Chanel-bones,* 1.2 below by the Diaphragm or Midriff (whereby it is severed from the Abdomen;) in the fore-part by the Breast-bone and Cartilages;

in the Sides by the Ribs; behind by the vertebrae of the Back.

The figure of it is in a manner oval,* 1.3 somewhat flat before and behind, (whereas in Beasts it is somewhat sharp:) So that only Man lieth on his Back.

The parts whereof it is composed,* 1.4 are either containing, or contained. The parts containing are either common or proper.

The common containing parts are in number four,* 1.5 Cuticula, Cutis, Pinguedo, and Membrana carnosa. Of which having at large discoursed in Book I. Chap. 3. when we treated of the common contai∣ning parts of the Lower Belly, we shall not here repeat what is there delivered, but only shew some small matters wherein they differ. As

First,* 1.6 the Skin and Scarf-skin are hairy under the Arm-pits,* 1.7 and above the pit of the Heart; the Skin of the Back is both closer and thicker, and so is less hairy.

Secondly, the Skin of the back-parts is of a more exquisite feeling: first, because many twigs of Sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nerves proceeding from the Spinalis medulla; secondly, by reason of the Muscles of the Thorax that lie un∣der it, which being tendinous are very sen∣sible.

As for the fat,* 1.8 it is not so plentifull here, as in the Belly: first because the natural heat here is sufficiently preserved without it; secondly, be∣cause it would have hindred the motion of the Breast. Only here it is somewhat yellowish.

The Membrana carnosa hath nothing peculiar,* 1.9 saving that in the fore-part of the Neck it is more fleshy, and assumes the nature of a Muscle

where the Musculus quadratus is framed, which pulleth aside the Cheeks and Lips, (according to Spigelius.)

CHAP. II.

Of the proper containing parts; and first, of the Dugs.

THE proper containing parts are either external or internal.* 1.10 The external are in number three, the Dugs, the Muscles, the Bones. The internal proper containing parts are three in like manner; the Pleura, the Mediastinum, and the Diaphragm.

Dugs are granted to both the Sexes,* 1.11 and are seated in the middle of the Thorax, on each side one, upon the pectoral Muscle that draweth the Shoulder forwards.

In Men they are framed of the Cutis,* 1.12 the Mem∣brana carnosa, Fat, and the Nipple, and serve only for beauty, and are called Mammillae.

In Women,* 1.13 besides these parts, they have re∣markable Vessels, Glandules, and Pipes to con∣tain the Milk separated by the Glandules, and are called Mammae.

They differ much as to their bigness in several Women,* 1.14 and in the ••ame Woman in regard of age and other circumstances: for before they have their Menses, and when they are very old, they bunch out but very little. And in the middle or flower of their age, when they give suck or are with Child, they are bigger than at other times.

They are made up of many glandulous bodies of a different bigness,* 1.15 and are not of one conti∣nued glandulous substance (as Dr. Wharton affir∣meth, lib. de Gland. p. 236.) there is one in the middle just under the Nipple that is bigger than the rest. The spaces between the Glands are filled up with fat, and there are abundance of Vessels that go from one to another. They are all in∣closed by the Membrana carnosa, and make up as it were an half globe. They are whiter of sub∣stance in Women than in Brutes. Through these Glands the Milk is separated from the Bloud, be∣ing nothing but the Chyle issuing out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with the Bloud (to which it is not as yet assimilated) and driven hither a∣long the Thoracick arteries. Unless we will ad∣mit Venae lacteae to come hither, which opinion we shall examine afterwards.

Upon the middle great Gland standeth the Papilla or Nipple,* 1.16 which is round and of a spongy substance, covered with a very thin Skin, and has many little holes in it for the Milk to distil out by when the Child sucketh it. It is of an exquisite sense, and resembles something the Glans of a Man's Penis, in that by handling or sucking it be∣comes erect or stiff, being otherwise commonly ••laggy. It is red in Virgins, livid in those that give suck, and blackish in old Women. All the Tubuli lactiferi or Milk-conduits end in it.

It differs in bigness,* 1.17 being as big in some as a Mulberry, in others as a Raspberry, in others less: when Women give suck, it is longer than at o∣ther times.

Its use is,* 1.18 to be like a Pipe or Tunnel, which the Child taking in its Mouth may suck the Milk

through out of the Breast: And it is of so exqui∣site sense that the Milk passing through it may cause a kind of titillation, whereby Mothers and Nurses may take the greater delight and pleasure to suckle their Infants.

There is a little circle that surrounds it called Areola,* 1.19 which in Virgins is pale and knotty; in those that are with Child or give suck, brown; and in old Women, black.

The Breasts have all sorts of Vessels,* 1.20 Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Lympheducts, which are common to them with other parts; and Tubuli lactiferi proper to themselves, and, according to some, Venae lacteae. Of all these in order.

The Veins are of two sorts,* 1.21 for some are ex∣ternal, some internal. The external spring from the Axillar branch, and run only under the Skin which covereth the Dugs, and are called Thoracicae superiores, or the uppermost Breast-veins. And these are they that look so blue in the Breasts of fine-skin'd Women. The internal, called Mam∣mariae, spring from the Rami subclavii: They are in number two, on each side one. These enter in among the Glands of the Mammae, where they send forth a great many branches; but descend∣ing thence by the Mucronata cartilago, they pass out of the Breast, and go downward under the Musculi recti. When they are come to the umbi∣lical region almost, they are said to be joyned by sundry inosculations with the Venae epigastricae, which meet them there; though most late Ana∣tomists deny any such inosculation.

These Venae epigastricae spring from the external Ramus iliacus, and by a streight way pass upward under the aforesaid Muscles. And from the in∣ternal

branch of the said Ramus spring the Venae hypogastricae, which are inserted into the neck and bottom of the Matrix. Of which in Book I. when we treated of the Womb.

They have the same number of Arteries as Veins,* 1.22 and of the same denomination, viz. Arte∣riae thoracicae superiores which are sent forth from the Axillar, and Arteriae mammariae in like man∣ner which spring from the Subclavian, and from the Breasts descend to about the Navel. Whi∣ther when they are come, they are said (but er∣roneously) to be united by inosculation with the Arteriae Epigastricae ascending. The use of both Veins and Arteries shall be shewn by and by when we come to the use of the Breasts.

They have Nerves (according to Spigelius) from the fourth Intercostal nerve springing out of the vertebral marrow of the Thorax,* 1.23 which about the middle of the Rib, perforating the Intercostal Muscle, is divided into four branches, which are sent afterward to the pectoral Muscle, and so into the Breasts, the thickest passing to the Nipple.

They have very many Lympheducts.* 1.24 Doctor Wharton saith they are very conspicuous and nu∣merous in the Ʋbera of Cows, but one can hard∣ly trace them into the Parenchyma. Wherefore (saith he) 'tis likely that they carry back all the exhalations resolved into sweat by help of the Membranes—which they rather minister to than to the Par••nchyma.

Besides these four sorts of Vessels that are common to them with most other parts of the Body;* 1.25 they have proper to themselves certain ••actiferons (or milk-carrying) Pipes, which are

the Store-houses wherein the Milk is reserved, and through which as by Conduits it flows to the Nipple when the Child sucks. Bartholin has ob∣served ten or more of them, full of Milk in Wo∣men giving suck, with their outer ends encom∣passing the Papilla circular-wise, each of which as they pass further into the Breasts, are divided in∣to sundry branches, which end in the Mammary glands (above spoken of) from whence they bring the Milk, and pour it into the common duct of the Papilla.

The several branches of these Tubuli amongst the Glands many do take for true Lacteals,* 1.26 and therefore do believe that there are some Venae lac∣teae that conduct the Chyle directly to the Mam∣mae. But from whence those Lacteals have their origine, is not agreed among the defenders of that opinion. Some affirm them to rise from the Stomach, some from the Pancreas, and some from the Ductus thoracicus. The truth is, it is no won∣der they should not agree concerning their rise, seeing the opinion is grounded more upon ratio∣nal conjecture, than ocular discovery. For as was said in the former Book (Chap. 32.) dis∣coursing of the Venae lacteae their being said to con∣vey the liquor into the Amnios, That that were a plausible opinion, if such could be demonstrated by Anatomy; so we may say as to their convey∣ing the Chyle to the Breasts, where it comes to be called Milk. But with all due respect and de∣ference to the Espousers of this Hypothesis (such as the most learned Sir George Ent, Caspar Marti∣anus, Diemerbroeck, &c.) we must crave leave to dissent therefrom (with Doctor Wharton, Doctor Needham, &c.) till there shall be ob∣served

more certain footsteps of such Vessels.

The use of the Breasts in Women is to prepare or separate Milk for the nourishment of the Child.* 1.27 Which how it is done, we shall shew in as few words as may be.

It was an old opinion that Milk was made of Bloud sent from the Womb by the Epigastrick vessels ascending, and as was thought inoscula∣ting with those branches of the Mammariae that descend towards the Navel. But as later Anato∣mists have found those anastomoses only imagina∣ry (invented to serve an Hypothesis;) so it is generally denied that either Bloud sent from the Womb, or from wheresoever, is the true matter out of which Milk is made. For not to mention (which yet is very considerable) that it is incre∣dible that the Mother could every day endure the loss of so much Bloud (suppose a pound and half) as the Child sucks daily Milk from the Breasts; I think the argument urged by Dr. Wharton may sa∣tisfie any Man. Viz.

Nature does nothing in vain; she goes not forward and backward by the same path. But if she make Bloud of Chyle (which is certain) and then make Chyle of Bloud again, she goes so. For Chyle is a sort of Milk, as appears by the opening of the Lac∣teal veins. If therefore that Chyle be first ex∣cocted into Bloud, and then return again to the nature of Milk, Nature should certainly fru∣strate her first work.]

We shall not therefore spend further time to refute so improbable (and now obsolete) an opinion; but shall avow, that Chyle is the true matter out of which Milk is made, which is done after this manner.

The Chyle being received into the common receptacle from the Venae lacteae of the Mesentery,* 1.28 ascends up by the Ductus thoracicus, and by it is conveyed into the subclavian Veins, where it is mixed with the Bloud, and from whence it is cir∣culated with it through the ventricles of the Heart. And when it comes out of the left Ven∣tricle by the Aorta, a good part of it (as yet not assimilated to the Bloud) is sent to the Breasts by the Mammary and Thoracick arteries, whose Capillaries are inserted into the Glands, through which it is strained or filtrated into the Tubuli lactiferi, even as the Serum of the Bloud is sepa∣rated from it by the Glands of the Kidneys into their Tubuli or Syphons. And as those Syphons of the Kidneys carry the Serum into the Pelvis, so do these of the Mammae, the Milk into the com∣mon duct of the Nipple. As for the Bloud that came along with the Chyle to the Glands, that returns back again into the Subclavian and Axil∣lar veins, and so to the Heart.

Besides this matter of the Milk (viz. Chyle) Dr. Wharton (suitable to his Hypothesis of the Succus nutritius of the Nerves) thinks that the Nerves contribute their share, which he calls spermatick, for the nourishment and encrease of the spermatick parts of the Child. But if it should be supposed that the Nerves have such Succus in them (which we do not believe) what weakness must it needs induce upon the Mother to have so much of it (with the animal spirits) daily drain'd out of them? whereas we see that many Women are more chearfull and healthfull when they give suck, than at other times. We cannot therefore consent to that opinion.

And here a most difficult question may arise, why the Chyle (whether it be brought by some Venae lacteae, or by the Arteries) flows only to the Breasts at some certain times, and not always, seeing the Vessels that carry it are not obliterated, nor it self exhausted.

They that taught,* 1.29 that the Milk was made of Bloud, and that that Bloud was sent from the Womb by the Hypogastrick vessels inosculating with the Mammary; these I say deriving the Milk from the Menstrual bloud as its matter out of which it is made, thought that the stopping of the Menses (as commonly happens to Nurses, unless very plethorick) occasioned the regurgi∣tation of the Bloud by the said Vessels up to the Breasts, where so free a vent was found for it, after it was first changed into Milk by their Glan∣dules. They assigned the same bloud for the nourishment of the Foetus in the Womb, and that after the birth it ascended up to the Breasts. But having in the former Book (Chap. 33.) shewn that the Foetus is not nourished at all by the Mothers bloud, as also in this Chapter that Milk is not made of it; we need not (though it were easie to) shew how ill this Hypothesis would satisfy the question, if Bloud should be supposed the material cause of the Milk. And indeed it is far easier to invalidate the reasons that have been urged for it, than to produce any new ones that are more satisfactory. For as above (in Book I.) discoursing of the manner and matter of the nou∣rishing the Foetus in the Womb, we scrupled not to expose our selves to the smiles of our so over∣sagacious Virtuosi, in resolving all into the wise disposal of the Creatour; so we shall not be

ashamed to profess our (I think invincible) ig∣norance in this also, and acquiesce in the wise pro∣vidence of Nature. However we will not omit to give Diemerbroeck's opinion, which if it cannot satisfy, may for its ingeniousness delight.

The cause of it (says he) is a strong imagi∣nation, or an intense and often thinking of Milk, Breasts and their Suction, which work∣eth wonderfull things in our Bodies: not in∣deed simply of it self, but by mediation of the appetitive power, or of the passions of the mind, which induce various motions on the spirits and humours. So the imagination and thinking of a great danger maketh a Man tremble, fall, be cold, fall into a swoon, yea hath sometimes turn'd all the hairs grey in a short time: The imagination of a joyfull mat∣ter causeth heat and animosity of the Body: thinking on a shamefull thing, or a view of it, causeth blushing; thinking on a terrible thing, paleness; on a sad thing, cold. Lustfull thoughts make the Body hot, relax the strict Genitals of Women, erect the Penis, and do so open the seminary ways that are otherwise invi∣sible, that Seed issueth out of its own accord in involuntary or nocturnal pollution. The same intense imagination (adds he) and a desirous cogitation of suckling the Infant, is the Cause that the Chyliferous vessels (by which he means Venae lacteae properly so called) are loosened and opened towards the Breasts, espe∣cially if some outward causes tending that way favour and further incite that strong imaginati∣on, as wanton handling of the Breasts, the mo∣ving of the Foetus in the Womb, the sucking of

the Papilla, &c. For according to the different influx of the Animal spirits, the parts are some∣times straitned, sometimes relaxed, as every one knows; and according to that different constriction or relaxation the Bloud and other impelled humours, flow sometimes more, some∣times less into the parts; and sometimes beget heat, softness, redness; sometimes constricti∣on, cold and paleness. Amongst these impel∣led humours is the Chyle,

&c.—] To confirm this opinion he gives several instances wherein nothing but imagination could move the Chyle to tend to the Breasts. His first is that known story of Santorellus,

That a poor Man's Wife dying, and not having Means enough to hire a Nurse for the Infant she had left behind her, he used, (to still it a little) often to lay it to his Paps (without doubt (says Diemer∣broeck) with a great desire to yield it some Milk) and so at length by that intense and con∣tinual thought, and often repeated sucking of the Papillae, his Breasts afforded Milk enough for the suckling the Infant.

(Which▪ by the way, seems to make much against his opinion of the Chyle's being conveyed to the Mammae by the Venae lacteae; for seeing Men according to Nature give no suck, to what purpose should Venae lacteae be distributed to their Mammillae? and yet here is an instance of a Man giving suck, and therefore the Chyle is more likely to be brought by the Arteries, which Men have as well as Women: unless we will grant that force to imagination, to make Venae lacteae as well as to send the Chyle by them, which would be an equal force of imagination to imagine. But to proceed.) He

tells another story of an old Woman that came to give suck, and he delivers it with such circum∣stances as may create a belief of the truth of it.

At Vyanen a Town not far from us (viz. from Ʋtrecht, in which Province it is) about thirty years agoe there was an Hostess that kept the Bores-head Inne without the Gate, who was brought to bed a little after her Husbands death, and died in Child-bed or very soon af∣ter, leaving a healthfull Child behind her: and having left very little Estate, her Mother whose name was Joan Vuyltuyt, being also poor and not able to put it out to Nurse, yet had such pity on her Daughters Child, as to under∣take to nourish it, and she was now threescore and six years old. Now having sometimes used, with the greatest commiseration, to hold it to her Breasts when it cried, and offered it the Nipple to suck; by that strong imagination, and desirous cogitation of nourishing the Infant, her Breasts began to give Milk, and that in a few days so plentifully, as was abundantly suffici∣ent to feed the Child, so that it had scarce any need of other sustenance: and so, to the admi∣ration of all, the Infant was well nourished with the Milk of this old Woman, whose Breasts for many years had been wither'd and flaggy, but now became plump and full like a young Woman's. There are many still alive in that City that remember the thing very well.]

I confess the story is very odd, but whether to be resolved into the force of imagination I leave the curious to meditate. However he very plausibly answers several objections that may be made against it, which it will be worth the while for

the Latine Reader to peruse, in his Anat. corp. human.. lib. 2. cap. 2. p. 409, 411, &c.

The two other proper containing parts of the Thorax are the Muscles and the Bones.

As for the Muscles, they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles, Book 5. cap. 15.

The Bones are set down in the Doctrine of Bones, Book 6. cap. 11, 12, 13.

CHAP. III.

Of the proper internal containing parts.

THese are in number three, the Pleura, the Mediastinum with the Thymus growing to it, and the Diaphragm.

The Pleura hath its denomination from the Ribs under which it is placed,* 1.30 (for a Rib is in Greek called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) and so it may be termed in English, the Costal membrane.

It is a Membrane,* 1.31 white, thin, hard, resem∣bling the Peritonaeum, and lining all the cavity of the Thorax.

Spigelius de human. corp. fabr. lib. 6. cap. 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Perito∣naeum, contrary to the opinion of Riolanus, who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stron∣ger, because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the Guts.

It is every where double:* 1.32 The inner part is thickest, smoothest, and as it were bedewed with

a waterish humour, that it should not offend the Lungs by its roughness: This waterish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the Bloud, condensed by the respective coldness of the Membrane. The outer part is thinner, yet is rougher; that it should cleave the more firmly to the Ribs, and Muscles.

As for its figure,* 1.33 without it is arched, within hollow; above it is narrower, below broader, chiefly towards the Sides. From it sometimes spring some sinewy Fibres, by the which the Lungs are tied to it. If these be too strait, the motion of the Lungs is hindred, and so an incu∣rable difficulty of breathing procured.

Above,* 1.34 it is perforated in six or seven places, to give way to the Vena cava, and the Aorta as∣cending, the Gula, the Wind-pipe, Lacteals, Lympheducts and Nerves. Below, where it cove∣reth the Midriff, it is perforated in three places, to give way to the Vena cava, and the Aorta de∣scending, as also to the Gula.

It is said to be framed of the Membranes cover∣ing the Spinalis medulla,* 1.35 from whence it comes forward on each hand by the sides to the Breast∣bone, under which the Membranes of each side are joyned together, and so being doubled it goes back again streight from the middle of the Breast to the Back, dividing the cavity of the Thorax, and the Lungs also, into two parts, like a parti∣tion-wall, and this is called Mediastinum, of which by and by.

Its Veins spring from the superiour Intercostal branch,* 1.36 and from the Vena sine pari.

The Arteries in like manner proceed from the superiour Intercostals,* 1.37 (which arise from the

Subclavian) and these descend to about the fourth Rib, below which it has its Arteries from the hinder part of the Aorta descending.

It hath twelve Nerves according to the number of the vertebrae of the Thorax;* 1.38 from betwixt each of which there springs a pair of Nerves, and each pair is immediately divided into the fore- and hinder-branches: The fore-branches are they which serve the Intercostal muscles, external and inter∣nal, and also the Pleura: as for the hinder, they are bestowed upon the Muscles which are placed upon the Back.

The Veins and Arteries according to Spigelius run between the two Membranes of the Pleura, and therefore he thinks that when an inflammati∣on of the Pleura (called a Pleurisie) imposthu∣mates, the matter is rather gathered betwixt its Membranes than betwixt the Intercostal muscles and it.

The second proper internal containing part is the Mediastinum:* 1.39 so called because it standeth in the middle of the Breast, and divideth the right side from the left.

It springeth from the Membranes of the Pleura meeting at the Sternum,* 1.40 (as was said before) so that at its rise it consists of four Membranes, be∣cause the Pleura, of the duplicature whereof it is made, consists of two. But as the Mediastinum tends from the Sternum through the middle of the Thorax towards the Back, its duplicated Mem∣branes are so severed, that the Heart with its Pericardium are contained in its Cavity. Yet when they arrive near the Back, they join again as close as they did at the Breast, though they

presently part again, (saith Diemerbroeck) and make another narrower Cavity, but as long, for the Gullet, &c. to descend by. Some have for∣merly imagined a third Cavity at its origine un∣der the Sternum, wherein they thought there were sometimes collected corrupt humours, that were the cause of many occult Distempers. And in∣deed if the dissection be begun at the Sternum, when one has pull'd it off from the Mediastinum, one would think at first sight that there were as great a distance betwixt the Membranes of the Mediastinum, as the Sternum is broad. But it is a great errour, for if one begin the Section at the Back and loose the Ribs there, and so come to the Sternum, he will see the Pleura doubled knit close to the Sternum without any Cavity.

The substance of it is membranous;* 1.41 where it is parted, it is thinner and softer than the Pleura. The outer side towards the Lungs is smooth, and hath fat about the Vessels; but the interiour is rougher, by reason of the Fibres whereby it ad∣heres to the Pericardium in some places, and its own two Membranes at their meeting are uni∣ted.

It reacheth from the Throat to the Midriff.* 1.42

As for its Vessels:* 1.43 Veins and Arteries it hath from those called Mammariae internae,* 1.44 but small; and Veins besides from Vena sine pari.

It hath moreover one special Vein called Me∣diastina, which springeth from the lower part of the Ramus subclavius.

The Nerves called Phrenici,* 1.45 and Stomachici, springing from the sixth pair, (Dr. Willis's eighth) descend betwixt its Membranes, and send forth small twigs into it.

Bartholin says it has Lympheducts,* 1.46 which ri∣sing here and there in many Rivulets, enter the Ductus thoracicus at last in one channel. These imbibe the water that is condensed betwixt its duplicature, and convey it into the said duct.

It hath three uses:* 1.47 First, it divideth the Breast and Lungs into two parts, that one being woun∣ded or any way hurt, the other might perform the task of respiration.

Secondly, it holdeth up the Heart inclosed in the Pericardium so, that it may not rest upon the Back-bone, when we lie upon our Back; or fall upon the Breast-bone, when we bend our selves towards the ground; or touch the Ribs, when we lie upon our Sides.

Thirdly, it giveth a safe passage to the Vessels which pass by it, and holdeth up the Diaphragm so that it is not pulled too much down by the weight of the Bowels that hang by it, viz. the Liver and the Stomach.

To the upper part of the Mediastinum at the Throat there groweth a Kernel called Thymus,* 1.48 seated between the divisions of the Subclavian veins and arteries. It is a whitish, soft, spongy, glandulous body, (in shape resembling a Tyme-leaf, from which it has its name.) It is larger in Children and Women than in Men. In Infants it consists of three Glands, and is in substance something like the Sweet-bread; but in adult persons it dries up and contracts into one conti∣nued substance.

The Jugular Veins and Arteries pass through it as they go up to the Neck,* 1.49 but if they send forth any twigs into it, they are so small as not to be discovered in dissecting it. Dr. Wharton says it

has Nerves from the sixth pair and from the sub∣clavian Plexus, which deposite their Succus nutriti∣us in it, whose superfluous or impurer parts are separated from it in this Gland and conveyed a∣way by the Lympheducts, and the refined liquor is resumed by the Nerves dispersed in it, for the use of the nervous parts of the whole Body. And because he foresaw how open this opinion (which himself calls scruposa sententia) lay to the objec∣tion, that it is very improbable that the Nerves should bring the Succus nutritius to this part, and after depuration should resorb it; he answers that either the Nerves must do it, or it cannot be done at all, seeing there are no other Vessels fit for the resuming of it. But he had better have suspected his supposed office of the Thymus, when he saw himself so hard set to maintain it. For it is more probable that when there is found any whitish liquor in it, (as there is in Infants, and in Calves, &c.) that liquor is Chyle which is brought thither by Lacteals, and descends from thence into the Subclavian veins; seeing if one kill a Calf about two hours after it has been plen∣tifully suckled, the Thymus abounds with this juice, as Diemerbro••ck affirms; who also denies that there are any perceptible Nerves inserted into it, but grants Lympheducts.

Its uses are,* 1.50 first, to prop and strengthen the divisions of the Vessels, namely of the Vena cava and great Artery; and secondly, to defend them from compression by the Claviculae, in stooping for∣ward. In adult persons it seems to be of little other use; but in Infants, in whom it is larger and has liquor like Chyle in it, it seems to contribute something towards the re••ining or depuration of it.

The third and last internal proper containing part is the Midriff or Diaphragm (derived 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.51 to distinguish, because it divides the trunk of the Body into two Ventricles, the Abdomen and Thorax.) It is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the mind, because when it is inflam'd or otherwise much distempered, the mind and sen∣ses are disturbed, through the great consent it has with the Brain, as being a very nervous part. The Latines call it Septum transversum for the same reason as the Greeks call it Diaphragma.

Now this part being truly a Muscle assisting re∣spiration, we might on that account have defer∣red to treat of it till we come to describe the Muscles of the Thorax: but because it is wholly an internal part, and serves to make up the cavi∣ty of the Breast, we rather chuse to discourse of it here, and omit it in the treatise of Muscles.

It is almost round,* 1.52 (excepting its two appen∣dages whereby it is fastened to the Muscles or vertebrae of the Loins) and is seated transversly or across the Body, only sloping a little back∣wards. It is as broad as the width of the Thorax, for its edges are fastened to the lower part of the Sternum, to the ends of the lowest Ribs, and to the lowest vertebra of the Thorax.

Its circumference is carnous,* 1.53 but in its middle or centre (as it were) it is nervous and membra∣nous, for thither do all the carnous Fibres run from the edges. Wounds in the nervous part of it are mortal, because the party presently falls into Convulsions, and respiration faileth; but if it be wounded in its fleshy part, the pati∣ent oft escapes. It is clad with two Membranes,

the upper from the Pleura, to which the Mediasti∣num and Pericardium are joined, and sometimes the lowest tips of the lobes of the Lungs; the un∣der, from the Peritonaeum.

It is perforated on the right hand near the ner∣vous centre by the trunk of Vena cava ascend∣ing from the Liver,* 1.54 and on the left hand near the said centre by the Gullet and two Stomachick nerves springing from the par vagum. Behind at the Vertebrae there descend betwixt its two appen∣dages or productions the Aorta, a branch of the Vena azygos, and the Intercostal nerve (distin∣guisht from the par vagum by Dr. Willis) for the use of the parts of the Abdomen.

It has two Arteries,* 1.55 called Phrenicae, from the Aorta descending, and as many Veins from the trunk of Vena cava ascending through it. Nerves it hath first from the second pair of the vertebrae of the Neck which (according to Dr. Willis) com∣municate with the Intercostal pair. By this com∣munication of the Intercostal nerve with that from whence this Nerve of the Diaphragm springeth, yea with this Nerve it self, (for the said Author says that two or three Nerves are sent from the cervical Plexus of the Intercostal into the trunk it self of the Nerve of the Dia∣phragm) he very ingeniously gives a reason of the great consent of the Midriff with the Heart, Brain and Face, when a Man laughs.

For, says he, as often as the imagination is affected with some pleasant or wonderfull conceit, the Heart would presently fain triumph (ovare) and be lighten'd by throwing off its burthen as it were: wherefore that the Bloud may the quicklier be emptied out of its right Ventricle

into the Lungs, and consequently out of the left into the Aorta, the Diaphragm being in∣stigated by the Nerves that goe to it from the abovesaid Plexus, is drawn upwards with a more rapid Systole, and often repeating its jumps as it were, it bears up the Lungs, and causes them the quicker and frequenter to dis∣charge the Air and Bloud: and then inasmuch as the same Intercostal nerve, that communi∣cates below with the Nerve of the Diaphragm, is also continued above with the Maxillar nerves, when a cackling is begun in the Breast, the gestures of the Mouth and Face pathetically answer thereto.]

And when the Diaphragm is wounded in its nervous part, then the Muscles of the Face suffer Convulsions, and the laughter called Risus Sardonius (which is involuntary) is caused. Besides the abovesaid Nerves it has secondly small twigs from the Stomachick nerves and Intercostal as they descend through it.

Its use is first to divide the Thorax from the Abdomen,* 1.56 that noisom and impure vapours may not ascend from the more ignoble parts as the Guts, to offend the more noble as the Heart, &c. Secondly, to help the Muscles of the Abdomen in compressing and excluding the excrements, and (in Women) the Foetus. But thirdly, its chief use is to assist respiration, in which it is the prin∣cipal Muscle. In inspiration it is stretched out plain; in expiration it grows slaggy. Its motion seems to be a kind of mixt motion, but rather animal than natural; for though we move it in our sleep, and so it may seem natural, yet seeing when awake we can stop, slacken or hasten its mo∣tion

as we please, it seems to be voluntary or animal.

And thus much of the parts containing, now to the parts contained.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Pericardium, and the Humour con∣tained in it.

THE parts contained are either Viscera or Vasa, Bowels or Vessels.

The Bowels are the Heart and Lungs. But the Heart being inclosed in a membranous cover called Pericardium, we will first treat of it, in this Chapter.

It is called Pericardium because it is placed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 about the Heart.* 1.57 It is called also Cap∣sula cordis, the Heart-case, and Involucrum, the Cover, &c. It is membranous and encompasseth the whole Heart, whose shape it therefore resem∣bles, but is larger, both to grant a free motion to the Heart, and to contain its proper liquor.

It springs at the Basis of the Heart from the outer common Coats (that are borrowed of the Pleura) of those Vessels that enter into the Heart.* 1.58 Whence it has five holes according to the number of Vessels that go in or out of the Heart.* 1.59 As first one made by the ascending trunk of the Cava, another by the Vena subclavia, both which enter the right Ventricle of the Heart, from whence there goes out Vena arteriosa into

the Lungs, which makes a third hole. A fourth is made by the Arteria venosa entring the left Ventricle of the Heart, and a fifth by the Arteria magna going out of the same.

Its outside adheres to the Mediastinum by many Fibres,* 1.60 and is continued to it at the basis of the Heart, where the Vessels perforate it. Its lower end is knit firmly to the centre or nervous part of the Diaphragm, which (Bartholin says) is peculiar to men, for in all other Creatures it hangs loose.

It has Veins below from the Phrenicae,* 1.61 above from the Axillares. Its Arteries are so small that they can hardly be discover'd. It receives Nerves from the pair commonly called the sixth. Bar∣tholin affirms it to have Lymphaticks also; which is very probable, that they may absorb part of the liquor contained in it, lest it abound too much, seeing it receives continual supply: for I am not of opinion that this liquor is spued out of the Lympheducts, as Steno thinks, but that they ra∣ther imbibe it and convey it to the Ductus thora∣cicus.

It contains in it a serous liquor,* 1.62 that in health∣full Bodies is a little reddish, much like water wherein flesh has been washt. It is bred of va∣pours exhaling out of the Heart, which are stopt by this dense Membrane, and condensed into hu∣mour. Dr. Lower opposing this opinion brings for argument, that if it were collected this way, because it would be continually a gathering, it would soon encrease so much that this Capsula could not hold it. But the abovesaid Lympheducts absorbing what is superfluous, wash away this ob∣jection; which if they did not, his own opinion,

that it drops out of the Glands seated at the basis of the Heart, would be liable to the same incon∣venience. For such destillation would be as con∣tinual as this condensation is supposed to be. Naturally it is not in quantity above two spoon∣fulls. This is that liquor that is supposed to have slown from the Side of our Saviour when the Souldier pierced it with a Spear, for saith the Text (John 19. 34.) There came forth bloud and water.

The Pericardium is some sort of fence to the Heart,* 1.63 but it seems to be chiefly made for the sake of the liquor it contains, which serves for the moistening of the Heart and making it slippery, that it may move more glibly.

CHAP. V.

Of the Heart, in general, and of its Motion.

THE Heart (in Latine Cor, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to burn, because it is the source of vital heat) is the principal Bowel of the whole Body, which no perfect Animal does want, nor can long survive its wounds. Vital spirit and na∣tural heat are communicated from it to all the parts of the Body, though perhaps not so much owing to its substance as to the fermentation of the humours in it; as shall be discoursed here∣after.

It is seated in the middle of the Breast,* 1.64 encom∣passed with the Pericardium and Mediastinum, its

lower tip or Mucro bending a little to the left side. Neither its Mucro nor sides are knit to any place, but it hangs loose in its case, only suspen∣ded by the Vessels that go in and out of its upper part or basis. Its situation in Beasts that feed upon Grass is near the middle of the whole Body, reckoning from the Head to the Tail; but in Man (and most carnivorous Animals) it is nearer the Head; whereof the learned Dr. Lower gives an ingenious reason.

Seeing, says he, the trajection and distribution of the Bloud depends wholly on the Systole of the Heart, and that its liquor is not driven of its own nature so readily into the upper parts as into vessels even with it, or downwards into those under it: if the situation of the Heart had been further from the Head, it must needs either have been made stronger to cast out its liquor with greater force; or else the Head would want its due proportion of Bloud. But in Animals that have a longer Neck, and which is extended towards their food as it were, the Heart is seated as far from the Head as from the other parts; and they find no inconvenience from it, because they feed with their Head for the most part hanging down, and so the Bloud, as it has farther to go to their Head than in others, so it goes a plainer and often a steep way.

It has a firm,* 1.65 thick, dense substance, thinner and softer in the right side, thicker and more dense in the left, but most compact and hard at its tip; only on the left side of the tip it is thin, as consisting mostly of the concourse of the inner and outer Membrane. Its Parenchyma is for the greatest part made up of musculary Fibres so

that it self may truly be reputed a Muscle.

Its Fibres are a few of them streight,* 1.66 but far more oblique. Both are inserted into a Tendon that is spread over its basis under the Auricles. Part of which Tendon at the egress of the Aorta in some Creatures becomes bony, as in a Stag, &c. On the outer superficies of the right Ventricle there run a few slender Fibres streight upwards and are terminated in its basis. In which also terminate the oblique ones next under these, as∣cending from the left side towards the right, spiral-wise. The Fibres that lie under these, go clean contrary. For they arise every where from the right side of the Heart, whence being carried obliquely towards the left, and having embraced each Ventricle of the Heart, they rise to the basis of the left side spiral-wise as the o∣ther. But they run not all of them the whole length from the basis to the cone; for then would the Heart be as broad or thick at the lower end as the upper: but some reach not above half way, others a little further, &c. and some to the very Apex. The Fibres of the left Ventricle differ not from those of the right as to kind, only they are considerably stronger. Which they are for this reason, that whereas the right Ventricle only promotes the circulation of the bloud through the Lungs, the left must cast it forth with that force as that it may circulate through the whole Body.

The curious Reader may find a most accurate description of these Fibres in Dr. Lower's treatise de Corde, whither I refer him; for, to insist too long on such minute similar parts, would not be suitable to this Epitome of Anatomy. Though

by a view of those Figures that I have borrowed of him, their structure may be pretty plainly ap∣prehended.

Its shape is like a Boy's Top (save that it is flattish behind) or a Pyramid turn'd topsy turvy;* 1.67 whence it is divided into its basis, which is its broader part and upper; and into its cone or apex, or narrower and lower part, which ends in a tip or mucro.

It is bigger in Men than in other Creatures,* 1.68 considering the proportion of their Bodies. It is lesser but more dense in hot and bold Men, than in the cold and cowardly. In adult persons it is commonly six fingers breadth long, and four broad at the basis.

Outwardly it is cover'd with a proper Coat,* 1.69 which is thin, but strong and dense, and very hard to separate from it; it is the same with the outer Coat of the great Artery, as that which cloaths the Ventricles on the inside is continued and common with that thin skin that covers the inside of the Arteries like a Cuticula: and hence 'tis likely (says Diemerbroeck) that the Arte∣ries borrow these Coats of the Heart, as the Nerves borrow their two Tunicles from the Pia and Dura mater of the Brain. Upon this Mem∣brane that invests the Heart, there grows some hard fat about the basis, which serves to moisten it.

It is not nourished by the bloud or nutritious juice received into its Ventricles,* 1.70 but by Vessels running through its Parenchyma.

Its Arteries are two,* 1.71 springing out of the A∣orta before it pass out of the Pericardium, and are called Coronariae, because their trunks do not

presently sink into the Parenchyma of the Heart, but fetching a circuit on its surface the better to branch out themselves towards its cone, they en∣compass its basis. And though at their rise they turn one on one side and t'other on the other of the Heart, yet at their ends they meet again and inosculate one with the other: so that if one inject any liquor into one, it will run into the other.

It has also two Veins called Coronariae which en∣compass its basis in like manner,* 1.72 and communi∣cate one with the other. These receive and carry back the Arterial bloud that remains from the nutrition of the Heart, and refund it into the Cava.

Nerves it has from the sixth pair (Dr. Willis's eighth) which passing between the Arteria pulmo∣nalis and the Aorta do send forth divers twigs on each side into the Auriculae,* 1.73 and then are branched out into the substance of the Heart. Dr. Lower says they are manifestly apparent over all the outer superficies of the Heart of a Calf or other Animal newly brought forth.

Great controversie hath been and still is about the motion of the Heart,* 1.74 whether it depend on the influx of the animal spirits, or on the dilata∣tion, ebullition, or accension of the bloud in its Ventricles, or partly on one, partly on the o∣ther. Plausible Arguments are produced on eve∣ry side, but such as rather tend to shew the short∣ness and insufficiency of the contrary opinions to solve this Phaenomenon, than pretend to demon∣strate any certain reason of it. That the imme∣diate instruments of its motion are its Fibres,

none can doubt; but what sets these Fibres on work is all the question. That it cannot be the Animal spirits conveyed by the Nerves (only) is apparent, first, because the Heart moves in the Embryo before either Brain or Nerve are so perfectly formed, that the Animal spirits can be elaborated out of the Bloud by the former, or transmitted to the Heart by the latter: yea see∣ing they are made of Arterial bloud, that must be sent to the Brain by the pulsation of the Heart before they can be generated. And secondly, be∣cause those muscular motions that depend on the influx of the Animal spirits, are voluntary, which this of the Heart is not, for we can neither stop it nor hasten it at our pleasure. Lastly, because the Heart of living Foetus's (as of young Puppies) and of Eels, being cut out of the Body and from all the Nerves by which any Animal spirits should flow into it, will continue beating as long as 'tis warm: yea when it has ceas'd beating, if one throw warm bloud or but warm water upon it, it will recover some kind of pulsation again. Which may serve also to convict the second opi∣nion of errour; for if its motion depended only on the dilatation of the bloud, it would cease assoon as the bloud flows no longer into its Ven∣tricles.

And as to ebullition or accension, Dr. Lower's experiment, or his observation, are a sufficient confutation of their being the reason of this pul∣sation. His experiment is this:

He drew out of the Jugular vein of a Dog about half of his bloud away, injecting by turns into the Crural vein a like quantity of Beer mixt with a little Wine; and this he repeated alternatively so often, till

instead of bloud there flow'd out of the Vein only a paler tincture like water wherein Flesh had been wash'd, or Claret diluted with very much Water; and yet the Heart in the mean time remitted but a little of its former pulsati∣on.....

His observation, which he had from a Physician worthy of credit, is this:

A Youth about sixteen years old, continuing bleeding for two days together, his friends and those that waited on him gave him good store of Broth to keep up and recruit his Spirits; which swal∣lowing down greedily, his bleeding was now and then encreas'd thereby, so that at length having poured forth almost the whole mass of his bloud, that which now run out was dilute and pale, neither of the nature nor colour of bloud, but liker the Broth he had drunk so much of: And this kind of flux continued a day or two, (the Heart the mean while retaining its pulsation) till at length being stopt, the Youth was restored by degrees to entire health,

and grew to a robust and lusty Fellow.] This experiment and observation I say do make it apparent, the motion of the Heart depends not on the ebullition or accension of the bloud, for then when in the first the Beer and Wine, in the second the Broth flow'd into its Ventricles in∣stead of Bloud, its motion must either have been more notably alter'd, or rather have quite ceas'd, these liquors being so far distant from the nature of bloud, especially the Broth.

And lastly, that this motion is not caused partly by the influx of the animal spirits, and partly by the ebullition or accension of the bloud, may be evinced by the Arguments pro∣duced

against each opinion apart: and yet if a reason could be given, this seems the most probable. Namely, that the bloud destilling into the Ventricles of the Heart, is in them accended and rarefied, and wanting more room expands or bears against their Sides: and then the Parenchyma of the Heart being molested by that expansion, calls in the Animal spirits for help, which coming in in convenient plen∣ty contract the muscular Fibres that make up the Parenchyma of the Heart, and so by strait∣ning its Ventricles drive forth the bloud con∣tained in them into the Arteries. But we had rather ingenuously confess our ignorance of the reason of so admirable an action, and profess with Dr. Lower that it is too hard for Man to conceive of, and that it is the prerogative of God only, who searcheth the secrets of the Heart, to know the reason of its motion also.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Pulse, and the circulation of the Bloud.

THE motion of the Heart is called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.75 in Latine Pulsus, pulse or beating. And this is performed by Diastole, or Dilatation, in which it receives Bloud into its Ventricles; and Systole, or Contraction, by which it ex∣pells it.

Contraction being the proper motion of a Muscle,* 1.76 the Systole is the proper motion of the Heart, and the Diastole is but a ceasing or restitu∣tion from that motion. For in the Diastole the Fibres of the Heart are relaxed, so that the Bloud destills down into its Ventricles out of the Veins, whereby when they are filled and in some measure distended, the Fibres both streight and oblique begin to contract themselves, and compress or straiten the Cavities of the Ventricles, and also draw up the cone nearer its basis, whereby the Heart becomes rounder and harder, and the Bloud is expelled with force out of the Ventricles into the Arteries; which motion is called the Systole. But why the Heart should keep such stated turns of Systole and Diastole, and continue them for (may be) fourscore years together, that (as we said above) we cannot conceive the reason of, but admire the wisedom and power of the Crea∣tour, in beginning and continuing such a mo∣tion.* 1.77

Now seeing by this continual reciprocation of

the Pulse there is a constant expulsion of Bloud from the Heart; there must needs be a continual influx of Bloud into the Heart out of the Cava. And seeing the Cava from whence the supply is, is never drawn dry, and on the other hand seeing the Arteries that receive the Bloud continually from the Heart, are not unduly swell'd with it, it necessarily follows that this motion proceeds circularly, viz. that the Bloud is continually dri∣ven out of the Heart into the Arteries, out of these into the Veins and parts to be nourished, then from the lesser Veins returns to the Cava, and so at length to the Heart again. The inven∣tion of which circulation is owing to our Coun∣treyman Dr. Harvey, and may be prov'd invinci∣bly by these reasons.

1. The great quantity of Bloud that is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries at every Pulse. For though the Ancients who knew not this circu∣lation, imagin'd that only a drop or two were expelled by every Systole, which they were neces∣sitated to suppose, to avoid the great distension that the Arteries must be liable to, if any consi∣derable quantity issued into them; yet it is cer∣tain and demonstrable that there must needs an ounce or more be driven into them each time. For (taking it for granted that there is no other way for any liquor to pass from the Stomach to the Kidneys but through the Heart, along with the Bloud) seeing if some Men at some times drink three pints of Drink, they shall piss it out again in half an hour, yea more of Tunbridge Waters in that space; and seeing secondly, that there is commonly as much Bloud as Serum that flows to the Kidneys (the Bloud returning back

by the Emulgent veins) it is clear that by the two Emulgents (which are none of the largest Arteries) there must pass in half an hours time six pounds of liquor, all which must come from the Heart; and how much more then may we conceive to be driven through all the other Arteries that run through the whole Body? This is more accurately evinced by Dr. Lower's experi∣ment, which is this:

I cut asunder (says he) both Cervical arteries in a large Dog, and at the same time through an hole made in the left side of his Breast over against the Heart, I com∣prest the trunk of the Aorta below the Heart with my finger, to hinder any Bloud from de∣scending by it; and lastly I took care also to straiten the Brachial arteries under the Axillae, by which means almost all the Bloud was driven out of the Heart through the Cervicals (besides that which was sent into the Vertebrals) and which is wonderfull to be related, within the twentieth part of an hour the whole mass issued out; so that it is not to be denied but that it all past through the Heart in that space.]

And though it may be granted that amidst such wounds and tortures the Heart does beat somewhat quick∣er in such a case than at other times; yet the same thing is partly evident from wounds in the Limbs when some notable Artery is cut asunder, for 'tis strange in how small a time a Man will bleed to death even at that one Artery. Yea we may give a great guess how much Bloud is sent out at every Pulse, even from the ordinary open∣ing of one Vein in the Arm, from whence a nota∣ble quantity of Bloud will issue in a short time; how much then may we suppose would flow out of

all the Veins, if they were opened at one time? Seeing then 'tis evident that so great a quantity of Bloud is expelled out of the Heart at every Sy∣stole, and that for all that the Arteries are not un∣duly distended nor any part swell'd by it, neither yet the Cava and other Veins emptied, 'tis cer∣tain that the Bloud that is driven into the Arte∣ries flows back to the Heart by the Veins, in a constant circulation.

2. A second Argument to prove it, may be ta∣ken from the Valves in the Veins, which are so framed that Bloud may freely flow through them out of the lesser Veins into the greater, (and so into the Cava) but not on the contrary out of the greater into the less. Yea if one blow into the Cava through a Pipe, there will no wind pass into the smaller Veins; but on the contrary, if you blow up the lesser Veins, the wind will rea∣dily pass to the larger and so to the Cava.

3. And lastly, The same thing is most clear by the Ligature in bloud-letting. For whether you let bloud in the Arm or Foot, you always tie the Fillet above where you intend to make the Ori∣fice, and then the Vein below the Ligature will presently fill and grow tumid, but above it will fall and almost disappear. Which must needs be from hence, for that the Bloud being driven a∣long the Arteries towards the extreme parts, re∣turns by the Veins and ascends upwards, which coming to the Ligature and being stopt there, swells the Vein below the Ligature, and spurts out assoon as the Orifice is made: but when the Fillet is loosed again, the Bloud flows no longer out thereat, but holds on its wonted channel, the Vein, and the Orifice closes up again.

Having sufficiently demonstrated the circulati∣on of the Bloud we will shew two things further, first, how the Bloud passes out of the Arteries in∣to the Veins, and secondly in how long a time the whole mass of Bloud may be supposed to pass through the Heart in its ordinary circulation.

As to the first, it was the opinion of Riolanus that the Bloud circulated only through the larger Vessels, by anastomoses or inosculation of the Veins with the Arteries, and that that which run into the smaller, was all spent on the nutrition of the parts. But it is clear that there must be a circulation even in the smallest, from the great quantity of Bloud that will flow out of the least Artery in the Hand or Foot, when it is cut; which it were very absurd to imagine to be all spent on the nourishment of the respective part. Now there are but two ways whereby the Bloud can be supposed to pass out of the Arteries into the Veins, viz. either by the former opening into the latter by inosculation, or else by the Capillary arteries letting out their Bloud into the pores of the substance of the parts, on whose nutrition part is spent, and the remainder imbibed by the gaping mouths of the Capillary veins. And it seems necessary to admit both these ways; this latter, because if part of the Arterial bloud did not issue into the substance of the parts, they could not be nourished by it, for while it is in the vessels it may add warmth indeed to the parts through which it flows, but cannot nourish them, seeing even the vessels themselves are not nou∣rished by that stream of Bloud that glides along their Cavity, but by Capillaries running through their Coats; and if the Bloud be driven into the

substance of the parts, and that in a greater quantity than suffices for their nourishment (as was just now shewn) what is superfluous must needs enter the mouths of the Capillary veins, from which it goes forward to the larger and so to the Heart: But seeing this way of transfusing the Blood through the substance of the parts an∣swers not to that hasty circulation of the Bloud we above demonstrated; it is necessary also to admit of the former way, namely anastomoses, in which the Veins are continued to the Arteries, and that not only in their larger branches (as that notable one of the Splenick artery with the Splenick vein) but also in their smaller twigs in the extreme parts.

And secondly as to the space of time in which the whole mass of Bloud may ordinarily circulate through the Heart, it is probably much shorter than many have imagined. For supposing that the Heart makes two thousand pulses an hour (which is the least number any speak of, and some have told twice as many) and that at every pulse there is expelled an ounce of Bloud (which we may well suppose, seeing the Ventricles are wide enough to contain two ounces, and that it is probable both that they are filled near full in the Diastole, and that they are near if not quite empti∣ed by the strong constriction of the Heart in the Systole) seeing the whole mass usually exceeds not four and twenty pound, it will be circulated six or seven times over through the Heart in the space of an hour. And by so much the oftener, by how much the Bloud comes short of the suppo∣sed quantity, or the pulse either naturally, or by a Fever or violent motion is rendred more fre∣quent.

By which quick motion the Bloud it self is kept from coagulation and putrefaction, and the parts are cherished with vital heat, which heat of the parts is much according to the slowness or rapidness of the circulation; so when we sit still and the pulse is slow or rare, we grow cold, but when upon running or any violent exercise the pulse becomes more frequent and quick, we become hot.

CHAP. VII.

How Bloud is made of Chyle, of its Colour, and whether the Body be nourished by it.

ACcording to Dr. Harvey's observations there appears in an Embryo a punctum saliens, or red beating speck, which is Bloud, before any the least lineament of the Heart. So that what∣ever instrument of sanguification the Heart may appear to be afterwards, it contributes nothing to the elaborating of the first Bloud; but it seems rather to be made for the Bloud's sake to transmit it to all the parts of the Embryo or Foetus, than the Bloud to be made by it. But it must be confest that things proceed in the grown Foetus far otherwise than they do in the first formation. For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it have a stomach to concoct any thing, and yet in a perfect Foetus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct and prepare nourishment for it: so it moves before the Brain is formed so perfectly

as to be able to elaborate Animal spirits; and yet after it is perfected, every one knows that the Brain does elaborate such spirits, as being sent into all the parts of the Body by the Nerves ena∣ble them to move. In like manner though there be Bloud in the Embryo before the Heart be for∣med, yet after it is perfected, nothing will hin∣der but it may at least contribute something to sanguification.

We will suppose then, that as all the other parts are formed by the Vis plastica or generative faculty of the (first) vegetative and (then) animal Soul, seated in the Ovum, but assoon as they are perfected and the Foetus excluded, are nourish∣ed by the Bloud; so the Bloud it self being at first made in like manner, assoon as the Veins, Heart and Arteries are compleated so as it can circulate by them, may, not improperly, be said to be nourished by the Chyle, the Heart assisting the assimilation of the one into the other. And this is done in this manner.* 1.78 The Chyle ascend∣ing by the Ductus thoracicus (as was described Book 1. Chap. 10.) and flowing into the Subcla∣vian vein, together with the returning venal Bloud is poured into the right ventricle of the Heart in its Diastole or Relaxation, then by its Systole or Contraction it is driven out from thence into the Lungs, from whence it ascends again in∣to the left ventricle of the Heart, out of which it is expelled through the Aorta, and passing along with the Bloud through the Arteries of the whole Body, returns again with it by the Veins to the Heart. For it undergoes many circulations before it can be assimilated to the Bloud. Which is evi∣dent, both because it is the Chyle (but little

alter'd) that is separated in the Placenta uteri for the nourishment of the Foetus, and in the Breasts for the Infant to suck, in the form of Milk; and also from hence, that if one be let bloud four or five hours (or later) after a full meal, there will a great quantity of the milky Chyle it self swim a top the coagulated Bloud. But every time the new infused Chyle passes through the Heart with the Bloud, the particles of the one are more intimately mixed with those of the other in its Ventricles, and the vital spirit and other active principles of the bloud work up∣on the Chyle; which being full of salt, sulphur and spirit, assoon as its Compages is loosened by its fermentation with the Bloud in the ventricles of the Heart (especially, but also in the Arteries) these principles having obtained the liberty of motion do readily associate themselves, and are assimilated with such parts of the Bloud as are of a like and suitable nature. Now whether this alteration that happens to the Chyle, especially in the Heart, should be said to be by fermentation, or accension, or by what other action, is a thing not yet (nor likely to be) agreed upon, it is so full of difficulty. But it seems to be by fermen∣tation, from the considerable heat observable in the Arterial bloud; and if there be any thing of accension, that seems to proceed, not from any part inherent either in the Bloud or Chyle, nor to be effected so much in the Heart and Arteries, as in the Lungs, whiles the Bloud passes through their Parenchyma out of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa, and is inspirited or impregnated with nitrous air drawn into them by inspiration. Which will be more evident by what follows.

Why the Bloud should be of a red colour rather than any other,* 1.79 no reason can be given but the will of the Creatour, though some attribute it to the Heart, others to the mixture of salt and sub∣acid juices with sulphureous; even as the Oyl of Vitriol being poured upon Conserve of Roses, or other thing that is of a palish red (if it contain any thing of sulphur) makes it of a most deep red. We will not spend time to shew in how many respects this similitude falls short of explain∣ing the reason of the Phaenomenon, but shall con∣tent our selves with inquiring from whence the difference of colour arises between the Venal and Arterial bloud. Every one knows that Bloud let out of a Vein into a Porringer, is indeed of a florid scarlet colour in its surface, but all that coagulates is of a dark red colour from the super∣ficies to the bottom, and of such a colour it ap∣pears as it streams out of the Orifice of the Vein. But if an Artery be cut, the stream then looks of a far brighter colour, like the superficies of the Venal bloud when it is congealed in a Por∣ringer. Now the Arterial bloud receives not this florid colour in the Heart but in the Lungs. For if it receiv'd it in the Heart, then might the right Ventricle be supposed to give it as well as the left: but that it does not do so, is clear by this experiment of Dr. Lower's. If you open the Vena arteriosa which receives the Bloud out of the right Ventricle, the Bloud differs nothing in co∣lour from the Venal, but its curdled part looks every whit as black. But if one open the Arteria venosa as it is entring into the left Ventricle, it has the perfect colour of Arterial bloud; which

shews, that as it ows not that colour to the left Ventricle any more than to the right, (being not yet arriv'd at it) so it must receive that alte∣ration of colour in the Lungs, in which the ni∣trous air being diffused through all the particles of the Bloud is intimately mixed with it, and (if you will) accends it. For if there be any such thing as a Flamma vitalis (properly so called) in Animals, though the Bloud be to it instead of the Oyl or other matter whereon it feeds, yet it oweth the continuance of its burning to the Air, without the continued inspiration of which the Animal cannot live, but instantly dies, even as a Candle is presently extinguished if you put it in a close place where the air cannot come to it, or by some Engine be suckt from it. But this by the bye. For I must confess that (notwithstan∣ding the plausibleness of the opinion) this alte∣ration of the colour of the Bloud by the Air in the Lungs, is no sufficient argument to prove any such vital flame, seeing the Arterial bloud being extravasated, retains its florid colour, when no doubt if there ever was any accension, the flame is extinguished. But this scarlet colour is meerly from the mixture of the particles of the Air with the Bloud, from which it transpires, in a great measure, through the pores of the Skin, while the Bloud circulates in the habit of the Body out of the Arteries into the Veins, whence the Venous bloud becomes so much darker in colour than the Arterial. And yet the Venous bloud it self when extravasated appears of a scarlet dye in its surface, which is meerly from its being expo∣sed to the Air; for if one turn the congealed Bloud in a Porringer upside down, the bottom which

at the turning is blackish, will in a little while turn red.

Though we have confessed that the Chyle does circulate through the Body several times before it be perfectly assimilated to the Bloud;* 1.80 yet we do not think that it passes into the nourishment of the parts in the form of Chyle. And therefore when speaking of the nutrition of the Foetus in the Womb (Book 1. Chap. 33.) we often mentioned a nutritious juice (which was Chyle a little al∣ter'd) we did not call it so with respect to the solid parts of the Foetus, but to the Bloud it self whose Pabulum or nourishment it is, assoon as the Umbilical vein is formed, as the Bloud is of the Body. For as to the increase of the first delinea∣ted parts of an imperfect Embryo, that is far dif∣ferent from ordinary nutrition.

The Bloud then consisting of particles of a dif∣ferent nature, each particle passes into the nou∣rishment of that part which is of the same nature. So the salt and sulphureous particles being equal∣ly mixt, are agglutinated and assimilated to the fleshy or musculous parts; the oily and sulphure∣ous to the Fat; the salt and tartareous to the Bones, &c. Now this is not done by any electi∣on or attraction of the parts, as if they pick'd and choos'd (with a kind of discretion) such particles of the Bloud as are suitable to their own nature: For the mass of Bloud is equally and in∣differently carried to all the parts: But there is that diversity of figure both in the several parti∣cles of the Bloud and in the pores of each part, that in the circulation through the habit of the Body some stick in these, and others in those,

where they are fasten'd aud united to the substance of the respective parts; and those which through their peculiar figure are unapt to adhere to one or other, return again to the Veins and so to the Heart, where they receive some new alteration. So that as the Life of the Flesh is in the Bloud (ac∣cording to Levit. 17. 11.) so has it its vital heat and nourishment from it also.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the parts of the Heart, viz. the Auriculae, the Ventricles and the Septum that divi∣deth them.

HAving treated of the Heart in general, and of its Action, &c. we now come to dis∣course in specie of the parts which it is compoun∣ded of, viz. its two Auriculae, two Ventricles and the Septum.

The Auriculae or Ears of the Heart are so called from some similitude of shape they have with those of the Head;* 1.81 for they rise from a long basis, upon the basis of the Heart, and end in an obtuse point, making an obtuse triangle. They are as it were two appendages of the Heart, seated at its basis over the Ventricles. They are of the same fabrick and use, being both Muscles, and made up of the same order of Fibres, which are carried into opposite Tendons, whereof that at the basis of the Heart is common to it and these Auriculae, and the other runs along their upper

part. The right is larger and softer, the left is less, but more firm. Their superficies is smooth when they are filled; but when empty, it is wrinkled, and the left more than the right. When they are cut open, there appear in their Cavity many fleshy columns running from the upper to the lower Tendon, and betwixt them there are pretty deep Ditches or long Cavities, but fewer in the right than the left.

They are dilated and contracted in like manner as the Heart,* 1.82 but at different times: for the Sy∣stole of the Ventricles is at the same time with the Diastole of the Auriculae; and on the contrary, the Systole of the Auriculae with the Diastole of the Ventricles. So that the Auriculae are a receiving their Bloud from the Veins, while the Ventricles are expelling theirs into the Arteries; and when the Ventricles are relaxed and empty in their Diastole, the Auricles force their Bloud into them by their Systole.

They serve to receive the Venal bloud imme∣diately out of the Vena cava,* 1.83 and Pulmonalis, and to measure it as it were into the Ventricles. Whither that they may expell it with the greater force, the internal Fibres or Columns of their cavity arising from their root where they are joined to the basis of the Heart, reach directly outwards towards the Vena cava, and Pulmonaris, and in the Systole of the Auriculae grasp the Bloud contained in their cavity like so many fingers, and squeez it into the Ventricles whilst they are relax∣ed in their Diastole.

The Heart hath two Cavities,* 1.84 called Ventricles, whereinto it receives the Bloud from its two Auricles, and out of which it expels it into the

Arteria pulmonaris and Aorta. The right is wi∣der and not exactly round but almost semicircu∣lar, nor reacheth down to the Mucro or tip of the Heart; the left is narrower but rounder and longer, reaching down to the very tip. Now though the outside of the Heart be smooth, yet these Ventricles are very unequal, having their sides hollowed into divers interstices or furrows, and interwoven with carnous Fibres reaching this way and that way. They are more numerous in Men's Hearts, than in those of any other Animal; though such as are big, as Horses and the like, have them larger. These Fibres or fleshy Co∣lumns serve to straiten or constringe the Ventri∣cles, and the clefts or furrows betwixt them help their sides to close more exactly in their Systole than they could have done, had they been smooth. The Fibres are more and stronger and the furrows deeper in the left Ventricle than in the right, yea they are also in that side of the Septum that makes part of the left, though that side that looks to the right be well nigh smooth. For there was need of greater and stronger constriction in the left than in the right; seeing the right expels the Bloud to no greater circuit than through the Lungs, but the left to the extreamest parts of the Body.

They are divided from one another by the Septum,* 1.85 or a partition that stands like a Wall be∣twixt them. It is hollow towards the left Ven∣tricle, and (as was just now said) has such like Fibres and Clefts as the rest of the Cavity; but towards the right it is convex or bunching out, and has but very little inequality. Many have been of opinion that it has some wider pores

through which part of the Bloud does pass im∣mediately out of the right into the left Ventricle; but he that searches for them diligently will find none, unless he first make them with his Probe. And indeed if there were any in grown persons, we may much more suppose them to be in Foetus's in the Womb, in whom are several passages that after the birth are obliterated. But if these were in the Foetus, then should Nature have made those two other passages in vain, namely the Foramen ovale, whereby the Bloud passes out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaris as it is entring the left Ventricle; and the Canalis arteriosus, which carries the Bloud out of the Arteria pulmonaris into the Aorta. I say if the Bloud could have passed out of one Ventricle into the other (without going through the Lungs) by any pores that perforate the Septum, these other passages had been super∣fluous. And therefore we may suppose, that as in grown persons they cannot be found by any Probe or Bristle, so they were not there even while the Foetus was in the Womb, seeing there was no occasion for them.

As to the use of the Ventricles, it may be learn∣ed partly by what has been discoursed in the three former Chapters, and partly by what shall be said further in the following, wherein we are to describe the Vessels opening into and out of them. Whither also we transfer the treating of their Valves that are placed at their Orifices.

CHAP. IX.

Of the Ascending trunk of Vena Cava.

BEcause the Vessels contained in the Thorax either open into the Heart or run out of it, having finished the description of It, we shall discourse next of them as appendages to it. But we shall not need to repeat here what we said Book 1. Chap. 10. of the Ductus chyliferus thoraci∣cus, that runs up the Thorax by the Spine, and opens into the Subclavian vein, but shall desire the Reader to look back thither for the descripti∣on of it. And now shall only meddle with the Sanguiferous vessels that are four in number, viz. Vena cava, Arteria pulmonaris (or Vena arteriosa) Vena pulmonaria (or Arteria venosa) and the Aor∣ta or Arteria magna; and in this Chapter of the first, viz. Vena cava.

In the former Book Chap 12.* 1.86 and 13. where we discoursed of the Vessels contained in the Ab∣domen, we supposed (with the Galenists) that both the Vena portae and Cava had their rise from the Liver, not dogmatically asserting it, but supposing it for methods sake. And in Chap. 13. describing the branches of the Cava in the Abdo∣men, we found it presently dividing it self (after its rise out of the upper part of the Liver) into the Ascending and Descending trunk; the descrip∣tion of the branches of the latter (in the lower Belly) we there finished; but traced the Ascen∣ding trunk no further than its penetrating through the Midriff up into the Thorax, deferring the fur∣ther

prosecution of it till this place that we come to treat of the Vessels contained in the Thorax.

As it ascends through the Midriff it sends forth a small sprig on each side,* 1.87 called Venae phrenicae; these run through the Midriff, the Mediastinum and Pericardium. If at any time matter gathered in the cavity of the Thorax be afterwards dischar∣ged by Urine, (which many Physicians have af∣firmed) it is probable that it is absorbed by the mouths of these Veins gaping in the upper side of the Diaphragm, (upon which such matter must be supposed to fluctuate) whereby it is brought into the Cava, and so in the circulation is separa∣ted by the Kidneys out of the Emulgent arteries, and descends by the Ureters to the Bladder.

From the Diaphragm it passes undivided to the right ventricle of the Heart,* 1.88 but before it enter it, having pierced the Pericardium it sends forth sometimes one, sometimes two twigs called Venae coronariae, which compassing the basis of the Heart bring back into the Cava the Bloud that is superfluous from its nutrition. As these open into the Cava there is a Valve placed, which per∣mits the Bloud to return by them into the Cava, but hinders any to pass out of the Cava into them.

Before this trunk of Vena cava open into the Ventricle it is joined to that other trunk that de∣scends from the Claviculae, (though for method's sake we must consider that as a continuation of this, by and by) and both of them discharge the Bloud contained in them by one mouth into the said Ventricle. As they are going to join, there comes a Tubercle or Protuberance betwixt them, that hinders the one from opening into the other

in a direct line, but makes them both go obliquely towards the left hand as they enter the Auricula; without which provision, that Bloud that is a de∣scending from the Claviculae would have faln so full on that which is ascending by this trunk of the Cava, we have been a describing, as must have made it either to stagnate (if not regurgitate) or however would have retarded its motion.

Now immediately below this protuberance, out of the united trunk there goeth a passage a∣long the basis of the Heart to the Vena pulmonaria in Foetus's in the Womb, which assoon as they are born closes up and becomes obliterate. The reason of this passage of the Bloud in them is, be∣cause their Lungs having either none or but a very obscure and imperfect motion, the Bloud does but little of it pass through them, but a good part of it through this Foramen out of the Cava into the Vena pulmonaria just as it is entring into the left Ventricle, into which this Bloud is discharged together with that little that is retur∣ning by the said Vena pulmonaria from the nutriti∣on of the Lungs. For though there be expelled out of the right Ventricle a pretty quantity of Bloud at every pulse into the Arteria pulmonalis, yet there is but a little of it that goes to the Lungs (though all do in adult persons, that it may be there impregnated with Air) but the greatest part by a Pipe called Canalis arteriosus runs into the Aorta, which Pipe does degenerate into a Ligament after the Foetus is born. So that the Foetus in the Womb liveth after the manner of Fish or other Creatures that have no Lungs and but one ventricle of the Heart; for there is but very little of its Bloud that passeth any more than

one of its Ventricles in one circulation, that which circulateth through one missing the other. But to return:

The united trunk of the Cava opens by one large Orifice into the right ventricle of the Heart, into which is poured all the Bloud that returns from all the parts of the Body (except the Lungs) in its circulation. And lest in the Sy∣stole or constriction of the Heart, the Bloud should be expelled the same way that it comes in by; at the Orifice of the Cava there grows a mem∣branous circle, which is cleft into three membra∣nous Valves, looking inwards, called Tricuspi∣des (or three-pointed) which permit the Bloud to come in, but not to go out. And this office these Valves perform in this manner, (as is most ingeniously described by Dr. Lower.) Out of the sides of the right Ventricle there grow certain Papillae or round and long Caruncles (called be∣fore, fleshy Columns) from whose top there pro∣ceed certain tendinous Fibres that are knit to these membranous Valves. Now these Membranes encompass the orifice of the Cava round about, so that whereas the Mucro or tip of the Heart is in every Systole drawn up towards the basis, the Pa∣pillae being also moved upwards do slacken their Fibres (like Bridle-reins) whereby it comes to pass that the Membranes (or Valves) also, to which they are tied, hanging loose are driven up∣wards (like sails filled with wind) by the Bloud that is squeezed in every Systole of the Heart, and thereby they shut this inlet into the Heart so close∣ly, that not a drop of liquor can flow back again into the Auricula or Cava, but is expelled all into the Arteria pulmonalis that is now open: But, as in

every Systole of the Heart (its tip being brought nearer its basis) the Papillae do much relax their Fibres; so in the Diastole the tip receding from the basis again does also draw down the Papillae and their Fibres with it: whence it comes to pass that the Membranes or Valves being also drawn down do presently unshut this Orifice, and open the door as it were for more Bloud to come in, what came in before being expelled in the last Systole.

The united trunks of the Cava discharging themselves thus into the right Ventricle, that which ascends towards the Claviculae (for so we must consider it for orders sake, though in truth it descends from thence) assoon as it is gone out of the Pericardium, sendeth forth a notable branch called Vena sine pari, (or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) because it is but one, having no fellow.

It ariseth out of the hinder part of the Cava,* 1.89 but more towards the right hand, and descends through the right side of the cavity of the Thorax. After its beginning, which is betwixt the fourth and fifth vertebra of the Breast, it bends a little forward toward the right hand, till it be descen∣ded as far as the eighth or ninth vertebra, where it begins just to keep the middle. It sends forth on each side Intercostal branches to the Interstices of the eight lowest Ribs; and at the eighth Rib it is divided into two branches: One whereof, being the larger, descends toward the left hand betwixt the processes of the Diaphragm, and is inserted sometimes into the Cava above or below the Emulgent, but oftner into the Emulgent it self: The other being the right is joined also to the Cava, commonly a little above the Emulgent, but seldom into the Emulgent it self.

It was formerly held, before the circulation of the Bloud was found out, that in an Empyema of the Thorax, the matter was absorbed by the mouths of this Vein, and carried directly to the Emulgent veins, where it was separated with the Serum by the Kidneys. But seeing the Bloud does indeed ascend from the Emulgents by this Vein, and that at its insertion into them there is com∣monly a Valve that hinders any thing from issuing out of the Vena sine pari into the Emulgent, but permits the contrary; it is certain that if this Vein be at any time an instrument to evacuate such Pus, it must first ascend to the Cava and pass through the Heart, and so be carried to the Kid∣neys by the Aorta and the Emulgent arteries ari∣sing out of it. But though it is difficult to con∣ceive how the mouths of this Vein should open so wide into the cavity of the Thorax, as to imbibe slimy roapy Pus, and yet not let forth the Bloud that is more fluid; so that one would hardly as∣sign this office to it: yet when the Pus is collected betwixt the Pleura and Intercostal muscles and the Tumour does not burst, I see not why it may not be supposed that the Intercostal branches of the Vena sine pari do imbibe the matter out of the Tumour, and carry it that way which was just now spoken of. And if ever Pus be imbibed out of the cavity of the Thorax, because it floats upon the Diaphragm, the Venae phrenicae are liker to do it than this, as was noted before in this Chapter when we described those Veins. Of this Vena sine pari we shall say no more, but that at its rise out of the Cava it has a Valve that opens towards the Cava, which having sent forth this Vein, ascends on towards the Claviculae strengthned and sustain∣ed

by the Mediastinum and Thymus, and before it is divided into the two Rami subclavii (some∣times after) sends out yet two other small Veins called

The superiour Intercostals,* 1.90 on each side one, each of which has a Valve where it joins to the Cava, permitting the influx of the Bloud into it, but hindring its relapse. These run along the Interstices or intervals of the three or four up∣permost Ribs. Yet sometimes the Vena sine pari sends twigs to these four Interstices of the Ribs as well as to the eight lower, and then these superi∣our Intercostals are wanting.

Afterwards the trunk of the Cava is divided into two large Veins,* 1.91 one of which goes to the right hand, the other to the left. These while they are within the Breast are called Venae subcla∣viae, running along the Channel-bones; but assoon as they are gone out of it, Axillares. They send forth several branches both upwards and down∣wards. Sometimes the superiour Intercostals just now mentioned (though seldom) arise out of them. Next, the

Mammariae descend from them,* 1.92 (though these sometimes spring out of the trunk of the Cava; so uncertain is the origine of some of these Veins.)* 1.93 These send forth double branches, Internal and External. The Internal run to the gristly ends of the Ribs and their Intercostal spaces, and some of their twigs also are terminated in the glands of the Mammae. The external pass down on the outside of the Breast, and send many twigs into the said Glands, and marching further by the sides of the Cartilago ensiformis descend out of the Thorax, continuing their course down the

Abdomen, under the streight Muscles thereof, till about the Navel, where it hath been an old Tra∣dition that they inosculate with the Venae epiga∣stricae; but this was a mistake, as has been noted more than once already. Bartholin says that some∣times there is but one Mammaria.

The second Vein that ariseth out of the Sub∣clavian is the Mediastina;* 1.94 this sends twigs to the Mediastinum (from which it has its name) to the Pericardium and to the Gland called Thymus. This also sometimes springeth out of the trunk of the Cava.

The third is Cervicalis or Vertebralis;* 1.95 this turns backwards towards the vertebrae of the Neck, into whose lateral holes it enters by some small twigs, which disperse themselves through the Membrane that invests the marrow contained in these Vertebrae; and other twigs it bestows up∣on the Muscles that lie next upon the Vertebrae.

The fourth is Muscula inferior;* 1.96 this is spent upon the lower Muscles of the Neck and the upper of the Thorax. It riseth sometimes from the ex∣ternal Jugular.

All these spring from the lower side of the Subcla∣vian veins; but these that follow from the upper. As

The Muscula superior,* 1.97 which is dispersed through the Muscles of the Neck.

Then the Jugulars,* 1.98 which are double, Exter∣nal and Internal. As they go out of the Subcla∣vians there is placed sometimes one thin Valve, sometimes two, to hinder the return of the Bloud out of these into them.

The External ascend on the outside of the Neck, and these are they which are opened when any one is let bloud in the Neck for any Distem∣per

of the Head, or Quinzy, &c. They ascend but just under the Skin, and provide for the out∣ward parts of the Neck, Chaps, Head and Face. They make the Temple-veins and the Forehead-vein, both which are wont sometimes to be opened. Yea they send small Capillaries through the su∣tures of the Skull into the Membranes that cover the Brain.

The Internal, in Men, are larger than the Ex∣ternal. They ascend from the Subclavian by the sides of the Wind-pipe, on which they bestow small twigs. Assoon as they are come to the ba∣sis of the Skull, they are each divided into two, the greater and less. The greater is carried backwards, and by that hole of the Os occipitis by which the sixth pair of Nerves (Dr. Willis's eighth) comes out of the Head, they enter in, and are dispersed through the Dura mater, &c. The less enters in by the holes made for the third and fourth pair of Nerves, and is also bestowed on the Dura mater, &c.

When the Subclavian veins have sent forth all these branches, they then pass out of the Thorax, and begin to be called Axillar, of which we shall treat in the fourth Book, Chap. 1.

Into the Vena subclavia are inserted also the Ductus chyliferus thoracicus (of which in the first Book Chap. 10.) and Lymphaticus ramus, which returns the Lympha from the Arms, Neck, &c. but sometimes this opens into the Jugular.

CHAP. X.

Of Vena arteriosa, and Arteria venosa.

THE second vessel in the Breast is called Ar∣teria pulmonaris,* 1.99 otherwise Vena arteriosa. It is an Artery from its office: for it carrieth Bloud out of the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs. Its Coat is double also like that of other Arteries.

As it riseth out of the right ventricle of the Heart,* 1.100 there stand at its orifice three Membra∣nous Valves looking outwards, called Semiluna∣res, because they make as it were a half circle; as also Sigmoides or Sigmoideae, from the shape of the Greek letter Sigma, which of old was of the same figure with an English capital C. In the Systole of the Heart they open, and permit the Bloud to is∣sue out of the Ventricle into this Artery; but in the Diastole they shut, so that none can return back again.

Assoon as it is past out of the Pericardium,* 1.101 it bends towards the Aspera arteria or Wind-pipe, and is divided into the right and left branch, which applying themselves to the like branches of the Aspera arteria do every where accompany them on the under side, and as they run along send out very many twigs on every side, which presently associate with those of the Wind-pipe, and of the Vena pulmonaris. And where the small Pipes of the Aspera arteria end into the little round Cells (which we shall describe in the Chapter of the Lungs) the twigs of this Artery

being complicated with those of the Vein do em∣brace them like a Net. Whence one may guess that the reason why the sanguiferous vessels do so exactly accompany all the branches of the Wind-pipe and its annexed little Bladders, is, that the whole mass of Bloud passing this way may be in∣spired or impregnated with the particles of the nitrous Air. For there is but a very little spent on the nutrition of the Lungs, but the greatest part of it is driven into the small twigs of the Vena pulmonaria which inosculate with those of the Artery in all its ramifications.

The third vessel is called Vena pulmonaria or Arteria venosa;* 1.102 this has but a single Coat as the other Veins have. After it has accompanied the Wind-pipe and Arteria pulmonaris in all their branchings in the Lungs, and by its small twigs has received the Bloud by anastomoses out of the Artery, it unites first into two trunks (viz. the right and left) afterwards into one, and opens into the left ventricle of the Heart.

At its orifice there are placed two membranous Valves called Mitrales,* 1.103 because when they are joined together they do in some manner resemble a Bishop's Mitre. They are of a stronger contex∣ture than those called Tricuspides at the orifice of the Cava in the right Ventricle; and so are the Fibres that ascend to them from the Papillae or fleshy columns, stronger. For seeing the Bloud is expelled more impetuously out of the left Ven∣tricle than out of the right, (for the Bloud sent out of the one is to circulate only through the Lungs, but that out of the other, through the whole Body) it was convenient that the Valves and Fibres should be stronger, to sustain the vio∣lent

motion of the Bloud, and hindring it from returning into this Vein again, to direct its course into the Aorta whose orifice opens in the Systole of the Ventricle.

Just as this Vena pulmonaria is entring into the left Ventricle, there is, in a Foetus in the Womb, a Pipe called Foramen ovale that opens into it co∣ming from the Cava, as was noted above. To which we shall here add, that at its orifice into this Vein there is a Valve placed, that hinders any Bloud from returning into the Foramen out of the Vein.

And here there is one thing worth noting con∣cerning the pulmonary Artery and Vein, That whereas in all the other Arteries and Veins through the whole Body besides, the Bloud con∣tained in the Arteries is of a bright scarlet colour, and that in the Veins of a black purple; on the contrary, the Arteria pulmonaris containeth black purple Bloud, and the Vein scarlet-coloured. The reason whereof was shewn before, Chap. 7. viz. That the scarlet colour of the Bloud is wholly owing to the mixture of Air with it in the Lungs. And therefore that Bloud which the pulmonary Artery brings into the Lungs out of the right ventricle of the Heart, being the Venal bloud that was brought thither from the circulation by the Cava, changes not its colour till it passes out of the small twigs of the said Artery into those of the pulmonary Vein, where the airy particles insinuate themselves into it, and so alter its colour.

The pulmonary Vein hath no Valve in it, ex∣cept that at its opening into the left Ventricle. Of which Dr. Willis giveth this reason, That the

Bloud within the Praecordia may always, because of the Impetus of the passions, freely fluctuate and regurgitate both ways, backwards and forwards. And lest the left ventricle of the Heart should at any time be suffocated by the Bloud rushing too impetuously into it, the fleshy Fibres in the root of the Vein (for both this and the Cava have such there) by the instinct of Nature contracting themselves invert its course, and make it flow backward towards the Lungs.

CHAP. XI.

Of the great Artery, or Aorta.

THE fourth vessel is the great Artery called Aorta (arcula, a little Chest) and by way of eminency Arteria magna, because it is the greatest Artery of the whole Body, from which all the others (except the pulmonary) are de∣rived.

It springeth out of the left ventricle of the Heart,* 1.104 and at its rise hath three Valves looking outwards, called Semilunares, being altogether like those at the orifice of the Arteria pulmonaris in the right Ventricle. These hinder the Bloud from returning out of the great Artery into the Heart again. The orifice of the Aorta (or else the Tendon of the Heart that adheres to it) in some Creatures (especially in Harts) does often grow bony; and sometimes in Men, according to the observations of Bartholin and Riolanus.

Assoon as the Aorta is gone out of the Heart, it ascends not in a direct course towards the Head; for if it had, seeing it openeth streight upward out of the Ventricle, it would have poured the Bloud in too rapid a stream into the Brain, and the lower parts of the Body would have been de∣frauded of their due share: but it first bends arch-wise, so that its bowed corner sustains the first Impetus of the expelled Bloud, and directs the greatest torrent towards its descending trunk, and a lesser quantity passes up by the ascending, being to convey the Arterial bloud to fewer and smaller parts.

In a Foetus in the Womb there comes a Pipe out of the Arteria pulmonalis into the Aorta, called Canalis arteriosus, which brings out of it the greatest part of the Bloud that was expelled out of the right Ventricle; little more passing into the Lungs than may serve for their nourishment: of which we gave the reason before, Chap. 9. After the Foetus is born, this Canalis degenerates into an impervious Ligament.

Before the Aorta come out of the Pericardium, it sendeth forth sometimes one, but oftener two small twigs, from each side one, which compass the basis of the Heart like a Garland, and send down according to the length of the Heart other twigs: These are called Coronariae. When these two twigs have encompassed the basis and meet, they inosculate with one another, but not with the Veins. At their rise out of the Aorta there is a Valve placed, that permits the Bloud to flow out of the great Artery into them, but hinders its reflux.

When it hath pierced the Pericardium,* 1.105 and bended a little arch-wise backwards, it is divided into two Trunks, whereof the one is called Trun∣cus ascendens, the ascending Trunk; the other descendens, the descending.

Of these two, the descending is largest, because it ministreth to more parts.

The ascending Trunk running up under the Vena cava lies upon the Wind-pipe,* 1.106 and is pre∣sently divided into two branches, whereof one passeth to the right,* 1.107 the other towards the left Arm: They are called Rami subclavii, because they march under the Channel-bones; and assoon as they are gone out of the Breast are called Axil∣lares. The right is the larger, and arising higher goes a more direct way towards the Arm; the left is less, and arising lower ascends more ob∣liquely towards the left Arm. They send out several branches both from their lower and upper side.

From the lower proceeds the superiour Interco∣stal,* 1.108 which runs along the interstices or intervals of the four uppermost Ribs, and sends slips to the neighbouring Muscles and spinal marrow. These sometimes arise from the cervical Arteries, co∣ming out through the holes of the Vertebrae.

From the upper side of each subclavian springs first Mammaria,* 1.109 which descends towards the Breasts through the Muscles that fill up the inter∣stices of the cartilages of the true Ribs; and a considerable branch of each descending out of the Thorax by the sides of the Cartilago ensiformis, run down the Abdomen under the Musculi recti, spreading there into many twigs: which are said

to inosculate with the extremities of the like twigs of the epigastrick Artery ascending. But that opinion is so opposite to the circulation of the Bloud, that it is impossible to be true. For no Bloud can ascend by the Mammariae, nor de∣scend by these ascending twigs of the Epiga∣stricae.

The next is Cervicalis (otherwise called Verte∣bralis) which sendeth slips to the Vertebrae and Muscles of the Neck,* 1.110 at whose seventh Vertebra it enters in by the holes of the transverse processes and pierceth the Membrane that invests the spinal marrow, bestowing twigs both on the Membrane and marrow, and runs up therewith in at the great hole of the Occiput, and being enter'd the Skull, both branches (the right and left) join under the marrow, and then are divided into in∣numerable most small twigs which make wonder∣full net-like Plexus in the Pia mater about the Cere∣bellum, and run into the substance of the Cerebellum it self; and some of them being united with those of the Carotides make part of the very Rete mirabile.

The third Artery that rises out of the upper side of the subclavian is Muscula;* 1.111 this bestows bran∣ches on the muscles of the Neck, and sometimes on some of the Arm.

After the Subclavians have had all these pairs of Arteries going out of them, they pass out of the Thorax, and begin to be called Axillar, of which in Book 4. Chap. 2.

At the same place,* 1.112 or very near, where the as∣cending trunk of the Aorta sends out the Subclavi∣ans side-ways, it ascends directly upwards, divi∣ded into two, called Carotides, (though the right

sometimes arises from the right Subclavian.) These at their rise are sustained by the Thymus, and having bestowed twigs on the Larynx, Tongue, the Muscles of the Os hyoides and the neighbouring Glands, pass up on each side by the sides of the Wind-pipe to the Jaws with the in∣ternal Jugular vein, and there are each subdivi∣ded into the external and internal branches.

The external is smaller, and is dispersed into all the Muscles of the Cheeks, Fore-head, Tem∣ples, Lips; and in general, through all the outer parts of the Head and Face.

The internal, which is larger, sends first some more twigs to the Larynx, Tongue, &c. as also to the Glands behind▪ the Ears, and the spongy parts of the Palate and Nose. Then it entreth the upper Jaw, and bestows a small slip on the root of each Tooth (as the external did to the Teeth of the lower Jaw) whereby sharp humours flowing in upon them sometimes cause a very painfull Tooth-ach. The remainder of it climbs upon the Skull, being about its basis divided into two branches. The less and hinder whereof having sent one slip to the inner Muscles of the Neck, and another through the hole of the uppermost Vertebra into the Membrane that invests the spinal marrow, ascending fur∣ther enters the Skull at the hole by which the sixth pair of Nerves (commonly so called) comes out, and creeping along the Dura mater ends near its Sinus, (which yet some say it en∣ters.) The larger branch, tending upwards is carried through the bony channel in the wedge∣like bone with a winding duct to the Sella equina; at whose basis, after it has sent out a twig on each

side into the Dura mater, it opens it self into ma∣ny small slips, which being infolded with those of the cervical Artery (above-mentioned) make the Rete mirabile, which is more observable in Beasts than in Men. Yet it is not all spent on the said slips, but perforating the Dura mater, it enters the Pia mater with two notable branches, which being divided into very small twigs are mingled with those of the cervical Artery, with which they pass out of the Skull and accompany the spinal marrow even to the Loins. Afterwards it sends a small branch through the second hole of the wedge-like Bone with the optick Nerve, out of the Skull, to the Eye. And yet still supplying more twigs to the substance of the Brain and Pia mater, and being united with some other twigs of the cervical Artery, it makes the Plexus cho∣roides.

The descending trunk of the Aorta,* 1.113 which is larger than the ascending, goes down by the Gul∣let, to which it cleaveth. And hence is a Man that is hot, so much cooled with a draught of cold drink; for the Gullet being cooled thereby, the Bloud in the Aorta contiguous to it must needs be cooled likewise.

Before it arrive at the Diaphragm it sends out of its hinder side the inferiour Intercostals which run along the interstices of eight or nine of the lower Ribs,* 1.114 namely those which the superiour Intercostals did not supply. They likewise send sprigs by the holes of the Vertebrae made for the Nerves, to the marrow of the Back, and to the Muscles which rest upon the Vertebrae▪ and also to those of the Thorax. Sometimes above this and

sometimes below it, there arises also out of the hinder part of the Aorta, an Artery called Bron∣chialis, first found out and so named by Frederick Ruysch, which accompanies all the Bronchia of the Wind-pipe.

When it comes to the Midriff,* 1.115 there spring out of it the Phrenicae, one on each side: these run∣ning through the Diaphragm, pass up into the Mediastinum, and sometimes into the Pericar∣dium.

Then having penetrated the Midriff it descends in one trunk to the fifth vertebra of the Loins;* 1.116 in which passage it first sendeth forth Coeliaca which ariseth single, and is so called, because it sendeth twigs to the Stomach. This springeth from the fore-part of the Trunk, at the first vertebra of the Loins, and descending under the hollow of the Liver, upon the trunk of the Vena portae it is divided into two branches, the right and left.

The right which is smaller,* 1.117 ascending, produ∣ces in its upper part the Gastrica dextra,* 1.118 that comes to the Pylorus, whence Spigelius calls it Pylorica.* 1.119 And besides, the Cysticae gemellae, which are very small, and are dispersed through the Gall-bladder. And out of its lower side there spring out of it.

1. Epiplois dextra,* 1.120 which runs through the right side of the lower leaf of the Caul and the Colon that is annexed to it.

2. Intestinalis,* 1.121 bestowed on the Duodenum and beginning of Jejunum.

3. Gastroepiplois dextra,* 1.122 on the bottom and middle of the Stomach, and also on the Caul that is knit to its bottom.

4. Hepaticae,* 1.123 which are two small ones: these are spent on the investing membrane of the Liver (for its Parenchyma is nourished by the Porta) the Cap∣sulá communis, the Gall-bladder and Porus bilarius.

The remainder of this right branch enters the Mesentery with many twigs.

The left branch of the Coeliaca,* 1.124 which is called Splenicus (sometime springing immediately from the Aorta) is larger than the right, and as it goeth towards the Spleen it sendeth forth of its upper side Gastrica major,* 1.125 which after it hath be∣stowed a slip on the higher and middle part of the Stomach, is divided into two others; the first whereof is called Coronaria stomachica,* 1.126 which encompasses the upper orifice of the Stomach like a Garland, and sends many twigs to the body of the Ventricle it self.* 1.127 The other is called Ga∣strica sinistra, and this is carried towards the right hand into the upper part of the Stomach and the Pylorus.* 1.128 Out of its lower side spring, first Epiplois postica, which runs to the lower leaf of the Omen∣tum,* 1.129 and the Colon annexed to it; secondly Epi∣plois sinistra, which is bestowed on the lower and left side of the Omentum.

Just as this splenick branch is entring into the Spleen,* 1.130 there arise out of its upper part Vas breve arteriosum, which goeth streight to the left part of the bottom of the Stomach;* 1.131 and the Gastro∣epiplois sinistra, which being sustained by the upper leaf of the Omentum sends some twigs thereto, and also to the left part of the bottom of the Stomach, and to both its fore and hinder sides. Then it enters into the Spleen, whose branchings therein we described in the former Book, Chap. 16. of the Spleen.

All these Arteries spring from the Coeliaca, and accompany the Veins of the Porta of the like de∣nomination.

The next that arises out of the trunk of the Aorta is the upper Mesenterick,* 1.132 which springs from the fore-part of it as the Coeliack did. It accompanies the Vena mesaraica of the Porta, and runs through all the upper part of the Mesentery, and bestows many branches on the Guts Jejunum, Ileum and that part of Colon that lieth in the right Hypo∣chondre.

Immediately below this,* 1.133 about the second ver∣tebra of the Loins, there go out of each side of the descending trunk of the Aorta an Emulgent artery, each of which being after its rise divided into two and sometimes three branches, enters the Kidney of its own side. The right springs out of it a little lower than the left. Both are subdivided into innumerable twigs in the Paren∣chyma of the Kidneys, and their Capillaries end in the Glands, wherein the Serum that these Ar∣teries bring with the Bloud is separated there∣from, and carried from them by the urinary Si∣phons into the Pelvis, of which more in the for∣mer Book, Chap. 17. of the Kidneys.

Next to these arise the Spermaticae (called Ar∣teriae praeparantes.)* 1.134 These go out of the fore-part of the Trunk very near together (very sel∣dom either of them out of the Emulgents, as the left Spermatick vein does) and the right passes over the trunk of the Vena cava. About two fingers breadth from the Emulgents they are each joined with the Vena praeparans of their own side, and descend with them in Men through the pro∣cess of the Peritonaeum to the Stones, being divi∣ded

into two branches a little before they arrive at them, one of which runs under the Epididymis, and the other to the Testis. In Women, when they come near the Testes, they are divided also into two branches, one whereof goes to the Testis, and the other to the bottom of the Womb.

Next below the Spermaticks springs the lower Mesenterick out of the Trunk a little before it is divided into the Rami iliaci.* 1.135 This entreth the lower region of the Mesentery, and distributes many branches to the left part of the Colon and to the streight Gut, and lastly descending to the Anus, makes the internal hemorrhoidal Arte∣ries.

Very near to this,* 1.136 out of the Trunk still, arise the Lumbares, reckoned four in number. These go out of the backside of the Aorta, and are distri∣buted not only to the neighbouring muscles of the Loins, and to the Peritonaeum, but enter in at the holes of the vertebrae of the Loins, and run along the Membrane that involves the spinal marrow, and penetrate into the marrow it self.

Besides these some reckon other two, on each side one, called Musculae superiores, (which run to the Muscles of the Abdomen) unless these be two of the four called Lumbares.

When the Trunk is descended as low as the last or fifth vertebra of the Loins and the top of Os sacrum, it begins to climb upon the Vena cava, under which it passed thus far. But as it begins to get upon it, it is divided into two equal bran∣ches called Rami iliaci,* 1.137 and at its very division there springs out of it Arteria sacra, whose small twigs entring in at the holes of Os sa∣crum

penetrate into the marrow contained in it.

The Trunk of the descending Aorta being di∣vided into the Rami iliaci,* 1.138 these are subdivided presently into the interiour and exteriour branches.

From the interiour, which is less, proceed three others.

First,* 1.139 the inferiour Muscula (called other∣wise Glutea) which is bestowed on the Muscles named Glutei that make the Buttocks, and also on the lower end of the Iliack muscle and the Psoas.

Secondly,* 1.140 the Hypogastrick, which is large, and at the lower end of Os sacrum runs to the Bladder and its Neck, and the Muscles that cover the Ossa pubis. In Men it goes also along the two nervous bodies of the Penis as far as the Glans: and in Women it is distributed in numerous bran∣ches into the bottom of the Womb and its Neck, out of which for the greatest part issue the Menses in their monthly purgation. It goes also to the Podex, where it makes the external hemorrhoidal Arteries.

Thirdly,* 1.141 the Umbilical artery, which ascend∣ing by the sides of the Bladder, and being inserted into the duplicature of the Peritonaeum, proceeds to the Navel, out of which it passes in a Foetus in the Womb, and runs into the Placenta uterina, of which before, Book 1. Chap. 33. But after the Infant is born, when there is no more use of it, it closes up, and hardens into a Ligament, sustaining the Bladder, and hindring it from pressing on its Neck.

From the exteriour branch of the Ramus iliacus two Arteries arise.

First,* 1.142 the Epigastrick, which turning upwards on the outside of the Peritonaeum runs betwixt it and the Musculi recti of the Abdomen as high as the Navel, where the Mammary artery meets it, and according to tradition (though false) in∣osculates there with it. Of which before, in this Chapter.

Secondly,* 1.143 Pudenda, which sends forth a nota∣ble Artery on each side into the nervous body of the Penis in Men, and into the Clitoris in Women. Hence it is carried inwards by the jointing of the Ossa pubis to the Pudenda and Groins, and their Glands, and is spent on the Skin of those parts, and of the Yard.

When all these pairs of Arteries have arisen out of the Rami iliaci, they run down out of the Peritonaeum to the Thighs, where they begin to be called Crurales, where we shall leave them till we come to speak of the Arteries of the Limbs, Book 4. Chap. 5.

Having now traced all the Arteries springing out of the Aorta (whether out of its ascending or descending Trunk) in the Thorax and Abdomen, taking occasion to doe so, because the great Ar∣tery out of which they all arise, has its origine in the Heart, to which we have considered it as an appendage; we shall pass on to the description of the remaining parts in the Breast, not yet spo∣ken to.

Pag 281. Tab. IX.

[illustration]

Fig. 1.

[illustration]

Fig. 2.

[illustration]

Fig. 3.

[illustration]

Fig. 4.

[illustration]

Fig. 5.

[illustration]

Fig. 6.

[illustration]

Fig. 7.

The Explanation of the Table.

Figure I.

• Representeth the Vessels that go into and out of the Heart.
• a The Basis of the Heart.
• b The Mucro or Cone of the Heart.
• c The trunk of the Cava ascending from the Li∣ver.
• d The trunk of the Cava above the Heart descend∣ing from the Claviculae.
• e The uniting of these two Trunks as they enter into the right auricle of the Heart.
• f The Arteria pulmonaris rising out of the right Ventricle, and passing towards the Lungs.
• g The Canalis arteriosus from the Arteria pulmo∣naris to the Aorta, pervious in a Foetus in the Womb.
• h The Vena pulmonaria coming from the Lungs, and entring into the left ventricle of the Heart.
• i The Aorta ascending out of the left ventricle of the Heart.
• k The ascending trunk of the Aorta.
• j The descending trunk of the Aorta.

Figure II.

• Representeth the oblique Fibres of the Heart (lying under the streight, which are outermost, but here removed) which ascending from the left side towards the right obliquely, termi∣nate in the basis of the Heart, (from Doc∣tor Lower.)
• a The basis of the Heart.
• b The Cone.
• c The Fibres that encompass the left Ventricle.
• d The Fibres encompassing the right Ventricle.
• e A Sinus in the interstice of the Ventricles made for receiving the vessels of the Heart.

Figure III.

• Representeth a second rank of oblique Fibres ly∣ing under the former, and running clean con∣trary, from the right side of the Heart to the left, (also from Dr. Lower.)
• a The basis of the Heart.
• b The Cone.
• c The right side of the Heart.
• d The left.
• e The Fibres of the right Ventricle.
• f The Fibres of the left.

Figure IV, V, VI, VII.

• Represent the Valves of the Vessels that go into and out of the Ventricles of the Heart.

Figure IV.

• A The orifice of the Vena coronaria.
• B A print of the Anastomosis between the Vena cava and Pulmonaria, by means of the Foramen ovale.
• CC The Valvulae tricuspides with the Fibrillae by which they are tied.

Figure V.

• A The right Ventricle of the Heart opened.
• BBB The Valvulae sigmoides of the Arteria pul∣monaris.

Figure VI.

• AA The Vena pulmonaria laid open.
• B A print of the Foramen ovale opening into it.
• CC The two Valvulae mitrales.
• D The left Ventricle laid open.

Figure VII.

• A The Aorta cut open near the Heart.
• BBB The Valvulae semilunares in the orifice of the Aorta.

CHAP. XII.

Of the aspera Arteria and Lungs.

AS in the first Book, being to treat of the Stomach, we first described the Gullet, which serves as a Tunnel to it; so the same rea∣son induces to begin with the Windpipe, called Trachea or aspera Arteria, thereby to usher in the description of the Lungs, to which it performs the same office as the Gullet to the Stomach, this receiving in Air, as that does Meat and Drink.

The Aspera arteria then is a long Pipe,* 1.144 con∣sisting of Cartilages and Membranes, which be∣ginning at the Throat or lower part of the Jaws and lying upon the Gullet descends into the Lungs, through which it spreads in many branch∣ings.

It is commonly divided into two parts,* 1.145 the upper which is called Larynx,* 1.146 and the lower, that is named Bronchus. Of the former we shall speak in Chap. 14. where we shall treat of the parts contained in the Neck; of the other here.

By the Bronchus we mean all the Trachea besides the Larynx,* 1.147 as well before as after it arrive at the Lungs. It is joined immediately to the La∣rynx, to whose lowest Cartilage all those of the Bronchus are assimilated. These Cartilages are like so many Ribs, Hopes or Rings, seated one below another at equal distances, and kept in their places by the inner membrane of the Trachea, which fills up their interstices and ties them one to another like a Ligament. Yet these Rings

have not their circle intire, but on the back-side of the Bronchus next the Gullet, that they might give way to the Meat in swallowing, they pass in∣to a Membrane, which is the same with the inner Membrane that ties them together. So that they are in figure like the letter C.

Besides the inner there is also an outer Mem∣brane that helps to connect these Cartilages the more firmly one to another, and the whole Tra∣chea to the neighbouring parts, that it may more safely and firmly descend into the Thorax. This is much thinner than the other: for the inner (according to Dr. Willis) has two rows of mus∣cular Fibres, the outer streight, the inner ob∣lique; the first by their contraction shorten the Trachea, the latter straiten it: so that he thinks they assist expiration, especially when it is vio∣lent, as in coughing, hawking or the like. It is also of most exquisite sense, as every one knows, being the least thing offends it and causes a Cough, which is a sort of Convulsive motion. And this it ows to the recurring Nerves of the sixth pair (Dr. Willis's eighth) creeping along it more than the outer. It is usually besmear'd with a fattish and mucous humour, to hinder its drying, and to make the voice smoother: for when this humour is fretted off in Catarrhs, or it becomes unequal from any cause, the voice be∣comes hoarse; and when it is dryed by too much heat, as in Fevers, it becomes squeaking.

The aspera Arteria has Veins from the external Jugulars.* 1.148 Arteries from the Carotides, and from the Arteria bronchialis, (first found out by Frede∣rick Ruysch) which springs from the backside of the descending trunk of the Aorta, a little above

the lower Intercostals. Nerves it receives from the recurring branches of the par vagum, as above∣said.

When it is descended as low as the fourth ver∣tebra of the Thorax,* 1.149 it is divided into two Trunks, whereof one goes into the right lobe of the Lungs, the other into the left, and each is presently a∣gain divided into two, and those into others, till at last they end in very small branches, which are dispersed among the roots of the pulmonary Artery and Vein, and end into and are continued with the little Bladders that make up the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Lungs. For

Though the Lungs (called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.150 à 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to breath) have been held to be of a car∣nous substance,* 1.151 not much unlike the Liver or Spleen; yet Malpighius hath discover'd them to have a far other Parenchyma, namely soft, spon∣gie and rare, made up of most thin and fine Mem∣branes continued with the inner coat of the Tra∣chea, which Membranes compose an infinite num∣ber of little round and hollow Bladders, so placed that there is an open passage from the Trachea out of one into another, and all are terminated at the outer Membrane that incloseth the whole Lungs.

These Bladders though they are continued to the Bronchia, yet they have no Cartilages as those have; but though they are very fine, yet they have muscular Fibres, whereby they contract themselves in expiration, but not so close as to expell all the Air included in them; for if the Parenchyma of the Lungs had fallen flat and close in expiration, it would have given some stop to

the circulation of the Bloud through them out of the pulmonary Artery into the Vein; whereas now that there remains still so much Air in these Vesiculae as to keep the Lungs a little pufft up and rare, the Bloud can pass the more easily and swiftly through them.

That there are such Bladders annexed to the Bronchia, Diemerbroeck shews by two notable Sto∣ries: The one of a Stone-cutter's Man that died of an Asthma, in whom he found these Vesiculae so stufft with the dust of the hewn Stone, that when he cut his Lungs open, his Knife seem'd as if it went through an heap of Sand: The other of one that being employed to pick and cleanse Feathers, died of a long continued Asthma, and had these Bladders quite fill'd with the fine Dust or Down of the Feathers. From whence he concludes, That whereas in a natural state the Air in inspira∣tion is received as well into these Bladders as the Bronchia, seeing they could not now admit any Air, being stufft with the aforesaid matters, the Patients were necessarily Asthmatical, and dy∣ed so.

We said before that all these Vesiculae were in∣vested with a common Membrane in the superficies of the Lungs;* 1.152 and this Dr. Willis will have dou∣ble: The outer tunicle is thin and smooth, which seems to be a fine texture of nervous filaments; the inner rough and thicke••, consisting almost wholly of the extremities of the Vessels and Vesi∣culae; and through the little pits that are all over made in it by them, its inner superficies looks like an Honey-comb. This investing Membrane con∣sisting thus of two Tunicles has many large pores, but such as admit not any thing to pass from

within outwards; for if one fill the Lungs newly taken out of a Sheep or the like (before they are cold) with a pair of Bellows never so full of wind, there will none pass out of the Membrane, not so much as to make the flame of a Candle to wave: but on the other side they do admit even liquors to pass from without inwards; so when the Breast has been opened to let out matter in an Empyema, (which was too thick to be absorbed by the too narrow pores) and bitter cleansing in∣jections have been squirted into the cavity of the Thorax, to clear it from the purulent matter stagnating in it, it has been observed that a good part of such injections have been hawkt and cough'd up. And though some think that when∣soever Pus is cough'd up, it is certainly bred in the Lungs themselves; yet I am of opinion that in an Empyema when it is thin, these pores may be so large as to imbibe it even out of the cavity of the Thorax; otherwise I see not how any la∣bouring of an Empyema should ever be cured with∣out tapping: for of the two I think this a far more probable way to discharge the matter by, than that it should be imbib'd by the mouths of the Veins gaping (as is suppos'd) either in the superficies of the Pleura or Diaphragm. But to proceed.

The Lungs are divided into the right and left part,* 1.153 being parted by the Mediastinum, and each part is otherwise called a Lobe. And because they are two, that have no communication one with the other (save in one Trachea, by which the Air comes into and goes out of them) hence in common speech we say Lungs in the plural. Each of these parts or Lobes is subdivided into

two, sometimes three others, and those into ma∣ny lesser Lobules, as may be seen in the following Figure taken from Dr. Willis.

The Lungs hang by the Aspera arteria that runs through the middle of their substance,* 1.154 and so by its means adhere to the Neck. Preternaturally (though pretty often) they cleave by their outer superficies to the Pleura, and sometimes with their lower end to the Diaphragm.

They have all sorts of Vessels,* 1.155 that are com∣mon to them with other parts;* 1.156 but peculiar to themselves they have Bronchia or the branches of the Wind-pipe, for bringing in and carrying forth of Air.

Their Arteries and Veins are the Arteria and Vena pulmonaris,* 1.157 that accompany all the divisions of the Aspera arteria within their several Lobes. These open one into the other by many anasto∣moses, and are interwoven one with another all through the coats of the Vesiculae. But of these we discoursed so largely before, Chap. 10. that we shall say no more of them here. Besides these, that were all the sanguiferous vessels Ana∣tomists had observed to reach to the Lungs, there has of late been found out an Artery by Frederick Ruysch (which he calls Arteria bronchialis) that seems to convey Bloud for the nourishment of the Lungs and Bronchia. But of this likewise before (in this Chapter.)

They have abundance of Lympheducts that at∣tend upon the Veins and Arteries.* 1.158 Their small twigs running upon the outer superficies of the Lungs, towards their root unite into several greater trunks; which being inserted into the common thoracick duct, discharge thereinto the

Lympha imbibed by them in the Lungs. They may be made to appear very plain in the outward surface, if in dissecting a Live-dog, one press up∣on the top of the thoracick duct, so as nothing be poured from thence into the Subclavian vein: for then the Lympheducts of the Lungs, seeing they cannot unload themselves into the common duct that is now stopt and full, will swell very much and be very conspicuous. If these Lym∣pheducts at any time be obstructed or broken, Dr. Willis thinks there often proceeds from thence a Dropsie of the Breast or Lungs, yea Coughs and Phthisical distempers.

The last sort of Vessels dispersed in the Lungs are the Nerves.* 1.159 And these proceed from the re∣curring Nerves of the Par vagum, usually called the sixth pair, but Dr. Willis's eighth, who says they are distributed all over the Lungs along with the sanguiferous Vessels and ducts of the Bronchia, to supply animal spirits to the muscular Fibres of their Coats.

Their Action is respiration, of which in the next Chapter.

The Explanation of the Table.

Figure I.

• Representeth the Sternum cut off and lifted up, the Mediastinum, Thymus, Lungs, Dia∣phragm, &c.
• AAA The inner superficies of the Sternum and of the Cartilages knit to it.
• ...

• ...

• ...

  Tab. X Pag. 290

  [illustration]

  Fig. 1.
  [illustration]

  Fig. 2.
  [illustration]

  Fig. 3.

• ... BB The mammary Veins and Arteries descending under the Sternum.
• C The glandulous body called Thymus.
• DDDD The sides of the Mediastinum pull'd asunder from the Sternum.
• EE The space between the Membranes of the Media∣stinum, arising from the tearing of it from the Sternum.
• GG The Lungs.
• HH The Diaphragm.
• I The Cartilago ensiformis.

Figure II.

• Representeth the Diaphragm with its processes.
• A The left Nerve of the Diaphragm.
• B The right.
• C The upper membrane of the Diaphragm a little separated.
• D The carnous substance of the Diaphragm bared.
• E A hole for the Gullet to descend by.
• F A hole for the Vena cava.
• GGG The membranous part or centre of the Dia∣phragm.
• HHH Its processes or appendices, betwixt which the great Artery descends.

Figure III.

• Representeth a piece of one Lobe of the Lungs, (according to the ramifications of the Aspera arteria) divided into many lesser Lobules, (from Dr. Willis)
• A The muscular Villi or Fibres running streight lengthways in the inside of the Aspera arteria, upon which other circular ones lie.
• BBB A part of the trunk of the Trachea, as also its branches that make the lesser Lobules, uncut open, that their annular Cartilages may be seen.
• CCCC The secondary Lobules hung upon the stems of the Bronchia like Grapes (which might yet be divided into lesser Lobules) all whose inner ducts pass out of the Bronchia into the Air-bladders, or vesiculary cells.
• dddd The sanguiferous vessels creeping along the su∣perficies of the Lobules.

CHAP. XIII.

Of Respiration.

THE Action for which the Lungs are appoint∣ed by Nature is Respiration, which is an al∣ternative Diastole and Systole, or dilatation and contraction of the Breast, whereby the Air is re∣ceived in, and driven forth of the Lungs.

Now the Lungs do not dilate themselves by any proper power or faculty of their own,* 1.160 being destitute of instruments to perform such an acti∣on; nor do they attract the Air by any magne∣tick property, in inspiration: But the Muscles of the Thorax being so framed, that though con∣traction be the only and proper action of a Muscle, yet the Thorax is dilated by certain of them, as it is contracted by others; whilst it is dilated, there is greater space given for expanding the Lungs, and then the Air by its proper elastick virtue does of its own accord issue in at the Trachea, and insinuates it self into all its Bronchia and into the Vesiculae, and puffs them all up; namely to the end that its nitrous particles may every where meet with the Bloud as it glides through all the parts of the Lungs: And when the Breast rece∣ding from that dilatation is contracted, the Lungs, being partly compressed thereby, and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae and of the inner coat of the Trachea and Bronchia, expell the Air out again.

The Muscles that assist the dilatation of the Breast,* 1.161 are those that lift up the Ribs and draw

them backwards; which shall be described Book 4. Chap. 15. And besides these there is ano∣ther internal Muscle, namely the Midriff, that contributes towards it, as was shewed Chap. 3. of this Book, where we treated of it. And as for the straitning or concidence of the Thorax, that it is not only a motion of restitution, or a cessa∣tion of the foresaid Muscles from their action, as evident, seeing sometimes expiration is perfor∣med more laboriously and violently than inspira∣tion, as in coughing, hollooing, or the like. And therefore Nature has provided peculiar and proper Muscles for that purpose, described in the same Chapter of the fourth Book; and these are assisted partly by some Muscles of the Abdo∣men, and partly by the muscular Fibres of the Vesiculae, Trachea and Bronchia, as abovesaid.

There hath been great controversie among Philosophers whether respiration be an Animal or Natural motion.* 1.162 That it is natural, is thought to be proved, both in that it is performed as well when we are asleep, as awake; and also that though it be continued through a Man's whole life, yet we are never wearied with it as we are with animal and voluntary motions. On the other side some prove it to be animal, first be∣cause it is performed by such Instruments as serve for animal motion, namely Muscles; and second∣ly because at our pleasure we can make it quicker or slower, stronger or weaker, or alter it how we please. Others thinking the arguments on either side convincing, take both in, and suppose it a kind of mixt action, partly natural, and partly spontaneous. But I think there is no ne∣cessity from the arguments alledged to grant this

motion to be natural, or any more than animal or spontaneous. For as to the first argument, that the motion is as well performed when we sleep as when we are awake, and therefore it cannot be voluntary; if this were allowed to be of force, we must also grant walking and talking to be na∣tural motions, because many perform them both, when they are asleep. And as to the second, from our not being wearied by it, in answer to it we may distinguish of animal actions, into such as are done by instinct and are free, and into such as serve the affections of the mind: the for∣mer proceed always and without impediment, even when we think not thereon, but may not∣withstanding be directed and moderated when we do think of them, and such is respiration; the latter is not performed continually, as to run, leap, write, &c. In the former there is a plen∣tifull and continual influx of animal spirits into the Muscles, of custom or course; whence there follows no weariness, though they be continual: In the latter, seeing by the determination that is made in the Brain the spirits now flow in and anon cease, sometimes in greater plenty and sometimes in less, from this mutation and unac∣customedness does the weariness proceed.

Respiration is so necessary to the continuance of life,* 1.163 that after once the Foetus comes into the open Air and begins to breath, it can hardly live two minutes without it. But upon what account it becomes so necessary is not agreed among lear∣ned Men, each party exhibiting such reasons of it, as may best suit with their hypotheses. Hence some (and those the most) think that respirati∣on serves for the cooling and ventilating of the

Bloud that acquires a great heat in the right Ven∣tricle of the Heart, and also for the carrying out fuliginous streams therefrom. Others, that it serves for the better mixture of the particles of the Bloud as it passes through the Lungs, as also to further its circulation. Others, that the Air is inspired for the greater subtilization of the Bloud, and inkindling of the vital spirits, or (to continue the metaphor) vital flame. More opinions there are, but this last is (if not the truest) the most ingenious, and is very learnedly maintained by Dr. Willis, Dr. Charleton, &c. whom the Reader may be pleas'd to consult for further satisfaction.

A secondary use is to form the voice; for such Creatures as breath not (as Fish, &c.) are mute.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Neck and the parts contained in it, viz. the Larynx, Pharynx, Tonsillae, &c.

HAving now dispatched all the parts of the middle Venter or Thorax, we should next proceed to the highest, viz. the Head; but be∣twixt these two is the Neck, like an Isthmus be∣tween them, which therefore we must take in our way, and describe the parts contained in it.

It is called Collum,* 1.164 either à Colendo, because it used to be adorned with Chains, &c. or because it riseth out of the trunk of the body instar Collis like an Hill. Collum is a general

name for the whole Neck; yet the hinder part of it is particularly called Cervix.

The parts of it are either containing,* 1.165 or con∣tained. The containing are the same which are found in the rest of the Body, saving that the Membrana carnosa seemeth to be more fleshy.

The parts contained are these.* 1.166

1. The Larynx,* 1.167 which is the upper part of the Wind-pipe, and the instrument of forming the voice.

It is almost round and circular in figure,* 1.168 only jetting out a little before, and something flattish behind, to give way to the Gullet in swallowing.

Its bigness differs according to age,* 1.169 sex, and temperament, whence proceeds the great diversi∣ty of voices. Such in whom it is narrow, as in younger people, have shrill and small voices; such as have it wide and are come to maturity, have fuller and more hoarse. The voice is alte∣red also in respect of the length or shortness of the Larynx, and as the Air is more strongly or weakly expelled.

It has Arteries from the Carotides,* 1.170 Veins from the external Jugulars, and Nerves from the re∣curring branches of par vagum.

Besides the Membranes which are common to it with the rest of the Trachea (described before,* 1.171 Chap. 12.) it is made up of five Cartilages and thirteen Muscles.

The first Cartilage is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 scutiformis,* 1.172 or Buckler-like; for within it is hollow, but without embossed or convex: that part which sticketh out is called pomum Adami, from an idle fable, that part of the fatal Apple by God's judg∣ment stuck in his Throat, and that this Cartilage

being thereby distended was made to jet out, and the protuberance propagated to posterity. It is greater in Men than in Women. The second Cartilage is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 annularis, because it is like a Turkish ring, and compasseth the whole Larynx; in the hinder part it is broad and thick. The third and fourth because of the Membrane that invests them, seem but one, but it being re∣moved they appear to be two. However they have but one name which is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 guttalis, because when their two processes are joined toge∣ther, they are instar gutturnii like to that part of the neck of a Jug or Ewer at which we pour out the water. For by their juncture they frame a rimula or little chink for the modulating of the voice, called Glottis. The fifth is called Epiglot∣tis, because it is placed above the Glottis or Chink, and covereth it. It is of the form of a Tongue, and is appointed to hinder the falling down of any thing which may prove offensive unto the Wind-pipe, when we eat or drink. It is pressed down by the weight of the things which are swallowed, and turneth them down to the Gula.

The Muscles by which these Cartilages are mo∣ved in forming the voice,* 1.173 are thirteen in number; but as for their names and description, the Rea∣der may please to consult Book 5. Chap. 11.

The second part contained in the Neck is the upper part of the Gullet,* 1.174 which is called Pharynx, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it conveyeth the Meat and Drink towards the Stomach. It is continued to the Fauces, (••or indeed is the greatest part there∣of) reaching up behind to the Ʋvula, on the sides to the Tonsillae, and before to the Epiglottis.

It is membranous, but not purely so, for it is thick and in some sort carnous. It has seven Muscles, to assist it in swallowing, three pair to open it, and an odd one, which is called its Sphincter, to straiten it, of which Book 5. Chap. 12.

The next parts are the Tonsillae,* 1.175 commonly called Almonds, which are two Glands seated at the root of the Tongue, on each side of the Ʋvula, and at the top of the Larynx, covered with the common Membrane that invests all the Mouth. They are of a yellowish colour, and Dr. Wharton compares their substance to concreated Honey, only they are of a more firm consistency, but they look sandy like it: They have small vessels from the Jugular Veins and Arteries, and Nerves from the fifth and sixth pair.

They have each a large oval common Duct or Sinus that opens into the Mouth,* 1.176 so wide in an Oxe that one may put the top of ones little finger into it. Into this many lesser open, and by it discharge into the Mouth, &c. the liquor that is separated in the Gland.

The use of these Glands is to separate a certain mucous or pituitous matter from the Bloud,* 1.177 for the moistening and lubricating of the Larynx, Tongue, Fauces, and Gullet. Dr. Wharton as∣cribes a more noble use to them, viz. to make a Ferment to further the concoction of the Stomach, yea thinks that they are the chief Instrument of taste.

There are several other Glands that are near to these, as 1. the Thyreoideae that are seated to∣wards the lower part of the Larynx at the sides of

the Cartilages Thyreoides and Cricoides, &c. 2. The Jugular, placed by the Jugular vessels; of which Dr. Wharton has told fourteen on each side: 3. Pa∣rotides, situated at the root of the Ear; which whoso would see accurately described, may consult the said Dr. Wharton, in his Adenographia, cap. 18, 19, 20. for they are too minute and inconsiderable parts to fill up any large room in this Epitome. Neither shall we mention the Veins and Arteries that pass through the Neck to the Head, having described them before in Chap. 9. and 11.

As to other parts that make up the Neck, viz. the seven Vertebrae, and eight Muscles, those will come to be treated of in their proper Books: And therefore we shall pass immediately to the highest Venter, the Head.

The end of the Second Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Breast.
• * 1.2

  Its limita∣tion.
• * 1.3

  Figure.
• * 1.4

  Parts.
• * 1.5

  The com∣mon con∣taining parts.
• * 1.6

  1. Cuticu∣la.
• * 1.7

  2. Cutis.
• * 1.8

  3. Pingue∣do.
• * 1.9

  4. The membra∣na carno∣sa.
• * 1.10

  The proper containing parts of the breast.
• * 1.11

  The paps.
• * 1.12

  1. Of Men.
• * 1.13

  2. Of Wo∣men.
• * 1.14

  Their big∣ness.
• * 1.15

  Glands.
• * 1.16

  Papilla.
• * 1.17

  Its bigness.
• * 1.18

  Ʋse.
• * 1.19

  Areola.
• * 1.20

  Their ves∣sels.
• * 1.21

  Veins.
• * 1.22

  Arteries.
• * 1.23

  Nerves.
• * 1.24

  Lymphe∣ducts.
• * 1.25

  〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.26

  Venae lac∣teae.
• * 1.27

  The use of the Mam∣mae.
• * 1.28

  How milk is made.
• * 1.29

  Why it flows to the breasts at some times only.
• * 1.30

  Pleura.
• * 1.31

  Its sub∣stance.
• * 1.32

  Parts.
• * 1.33

  Figure.
• * 1.34

  Holes.
• * 1.35

  Rise.
• * 1.36

  Veins.
• * 1.37

  Arteries.
• * 1.38

  Nerves.
• * 1.39

  Of the Me∣diastinum.
• * 1.40

  Its rise.
• * 1.41

  Substance.
• * 1.42

  Length.
• * 1.43

  Veins.
• * 1.44

  Arteries.
• * 1.45

  Nerves.
• * 1.46

  Lymphe∣ducts.
• * 1.47

  use.
• * 1.48

  Thymus.
• * 1.49

  Its vessels.
• * 1.50

  Ʋse.
• * 1.51

  The Dia∣phragm.
• * 1.52

  Its figure and situa∣tion.
• * 1.53

  Substance.
• * 1.54

  Holes.
• * 1.55

  Vessels.
• * 1.56

  Ʋse.
• * 1.57

  Its deno∣mination.
• * 1.58

  Origine.
• * 1.59

  Holes.
• * 1.60

  Connexion.
• * 1.61

  Vessels.
• * 1.62

  Its liquor.
• * 1.63

  Their uses.
• * 1.64

  Its situa∣tion.
• * 1.65

  Substance.
• * 1.66

  Fibres.
• * 1.67

  Figure.
• * 1.68

  Bigness.
• * 1.69

  Coat.
• * 1.70

  Vessels.
• * 1.71

  Arteries.
• * 1.72

  Veins.
• * 1.73

  Nerves.
• * 1.74

  The motion of the Heart.
• * 1.75

  The Pulse.
• * 1.76

  Systole and Dia∣stole.
• * 1.77

  The circu∣lation of the bloud.
• * 1.78

  How chyle is turned into bloud.
• * 1.79

  The colour of the bloud.
• * 1.80

  Whether the body be nourish'd by bloud.
• * 1.81

  Auriculae.
• * 1.82

  Their mo∣tion.
• * 1.83

  Ʋse.
• * 1.84

  The ven∣tricles.
• * 1.85

  Septum.
• * 1.86

  Vena ca∣va.
• * 1.87

  Venae phrenicae.
• * 1.88

  Venae co∣ronariae.
• * 1.89

  Vena sine pari.
• * 1.90

  Interco∣stales su∣periores.
• * 1.91

  Venae sub∣claviae.
• * 1.92

  Branches arising from them.
• * 1.93

  1. Mam∣mariae.
• * 1.94

  2. Media∣stina.
• * 1.95

  3. Cervi∣calis.
• * 1.96

  4. Muscu∣la inferior.
• * 1.97

  5. Muscu∣la supe∣rior.
• * 1.98

  6. Jugula∣res.
• * 1.99

  Vena ar∣teriosa.
• * 1.100

  Its valves.
• * 1.101

  Branchings in the Lungs.
• * 1.102

  Arteria venosa.
• * 1.103

  Its valve••.
• * 1.104

  Its valves.
• * 1.105

  The divisi∣on of the Aorta.
• * 1.106

  The bran∣ches of the trunk as∣cending.
• * 1.107

  1. Subcla∣via.
• * 1.108

  2. Interco∣stalis su∣perior.
• * 1.109

  3. Mam∣maria.
• * 1.110

  4. Cervi∣calis.
• * 1.111

  5. Muscu∣la.
• * 1.112

  Carotides.
• * 1.113

  The bran∣ches of the trunk des∣cending.
• * 1.114

  1. Interco∣stalis in∣ferior.
• * 1.115

  2. Phre∣nica.
• * 1.116

  3. Coelia∣ca.
• * 1.117

  Its bran∣ches.
• * 1.118

  Gastrica dextra.
• * 1.119

  Cysticae gemellae.
• * 1.120

  Epiplois dextra.
• * 1.121

  Intestina∣lis.
• * 1.122

  Gastroepi∣plois dex∣tra.
• * 1.123

  Hepaticae
• * 1.124

  Splenica.
• * 1.125

  Gastrica major.
• * 1.126

  Coronaria stomachi∣ca.
• * 1.127

  Gastrica sinistra.
• * 1.128

  Epiplo's postica.
• * 1.129

  Epiplois sinistra.
• * 1.130

  Vas breve arterio∣sum.
• * 1.131

  Gastroe∣piplois si∣nistra.
• * 1.132

  4. Mesen∣terica su∣perior.
• * 1.133

  5. Emul∣gentes.
• * 1.134

  6. Sper∣maticae.
• * 1.135

  7. Mesen∣terica in∣ferior.
• * 1.136

  8 Lumba∣res.
• * 1.137

  Rami ilia∣ci.
• * 1.138

  Their branches.
• * 1.139

  1. Muscula inferior.
• * 1.140

  2. Hypo∣gastrica.
• * 1.141

  3. Umbi∣licalis.
• * 1.142

  4. Epiga∣strica.
• * 1.143

  5. Puden∣da.
• * 1.144

  The wind-pipe.
• * 1.145

  Its parts.
• * 1.146

  1. Larynx.
• * 1.147

  2. Bron∣chus.
• * 1.148

  Its vessels.
• * 1.149

  Division.
• * 1.150

  The Lungs.
• * 1.151

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.152

  Investing membrane.
• * 1.153

  Division.
• * 1.154

  Connexion.
• * 1.155

  Vessels.
• * 1.156

  1. Tra∣chea.
• * 1.157

  2. Arteries and Veins.
• * 1.158

  3. Lym∣pheducts.
• * 1.159

  4. Nerves.
• * 1.160

  How respi∣ration is performed.
• * 1.161

  Muscles ministring to respira∣tion.
• * 1.162

  What kind of motion respiration is.
• * 1.163

  The use of it.
• * 1.164

  Its name.
• * 1.165

  Parts con∣taining.
• * 1.166

  Contained.
• * 1.167

  1. Larynx.
• * 1.168

  Its figure.
• * 1.169

  Bigness.
• * 1.170

  Vessels.
• * 1.171

  Substance.
• * 1.172

  Cartila∣ges.
• * 1.173

  Muscles.
• * 1.174

  2. Pha∣rynx.
• * 1.175

  3. Tonsil∣lae.
• * 1.176

  Their duct.
• * 1.177

  Ʋse.