The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...

The Crucigeran FOX.

SErpents, Apes, and Foxes, and all other dangerous harmful Beasts, have small eyes, but Sheep and * 1.1 Oxen which are simple, very great eyes. The Germans when they describe a good Horse, they decipher in him the outward parts of many Beasts, from whom (it seemeth) he par∣taketh his generosity, and from a Fox they ascribe unto him short ears, a long and bushy tail, an easie and soft treading step, (for these belong to a Fox.) The male Fox hath a * 1.2 hard bony genital, his tail is long and hairy at the end, his temperament and constitution is hot, as appeareth both because of his resemblance or similitude with Dogs and Weasils, and also his rank and strong smelling savour; for being dead, his skin hath power in it of heating, and his fat or oyl after a decoction is of the same force and condition.

The greatest occasion of his hunting is the benefit of his skin, for his flesh is in all things like a * 1.3 Dogs, and although Galen, Mnesimachus, and Silvius affirm, that in the Autumn or latter part of the year, some men use to eat the flesh of Foxes, (especially being Cubs) that is young, tender, and not smelling: but Aetius and Rasis affirm, (and that with great reason) that their flesh, and the flesh of Hedg-hogs and Hares, is not agreeable to the nature of man.

But their skin retaineth the qualities of the hot Beast being pulled off, by reason of the long and * 1.4 soft hair growing thereupon; and the skins of Cubs which are preferred before the elder, are of least value, because their hair is apt to fall off, which being thin doth not admit any deep rootings of the hair. The Thracians in the time of Xenophon, wore Caps of Foxes skins upon their heads and ears, in the coldest and hardest Winters, and from hence it cometh, that in some Authors the co∣vers of mens heads, (commonly called in Greek, Pericephalaea) are tearmed Alopecia, or Alopecis: and for this purpose in Germany at this day, they slit asunder the skin of Foxes tails, and sow it together again, adding to it a sufficient number till it be framed into a Cap: but the skin of the belly and sides is of more pretious estimation, because it is more soft and smooth, and therefore is sold for twice so much as the other parts.

In the Summer time the skins are little worth, because that then the beasts are troubled with the Alopecia; that is, the falling off or looseness of the hair; and therefore then also they are dangerous to be used, because of that disease: men which have the Gowt, shrinking up of the sinews, or other old fluxions of the Rhewme in their legs, can use no better or more wholesome thing then to wear buskins of the skins of Foxes; the Scythians make them shooes, and soal them * 1.5 with the backs of Fox and Mise skins, upon which they go. The Latins have a proper word for the voice of a Fox, which is, Gannio Gannire, to Ganne, and it is also metaphorically applyed to men, when by scrieching clamors they trouble others; as Terence in Adelph. Quid ille gannit? Quid vult? * 1.6 And Plautus also, Gannit odiosus omni toti familiae; and for this voice did Mantuan write his Verse;

—Putes ululare lupos, gannire sagaces Vulpeculas—

But yet as Albertus and Constantinus have truly observed, that in the time of his hunting he will bark like a little Dog, and the Harts are greatly afraid of this ganning of Foxes.

[illustration]

It hath been already shewed in the story of the Badger, how the Fox by laying his extrements in * 1.7 the Badgers den, getteth the same to his own use; for the abode of Foxes in the day time is in the caves and holes in the earth, and come not abroad till the night. These dens have many caves in them, and passages in and out, that when the Terriars shall set upon him in the earth, he may go forth some other way: and forasmuch as the Wolf is an enemy to the Fox, he layeth in the mouth of his den, an Herb (called Sea-onion) which is so contrary to the nature of the Wolf, and he so greatly terrified therewith, that he will never come neer the place where it either groweth or lyeth; the same is affirmed of the Turtle to save her young ones, but I have not read that Wolves will prey upon Turtles, and therefore we reject that as a fable.

When Aristomanes was taken by the Lacaedemonians, and included into a rock or quarrey of stones, * 1.8 he escaped out of their hands, by digging another passage out of it then where he was put in; saying, that it was a shame for a Man to have lesse wit then a Fox. When they are in their dens, they lie upon their bellies with their hinder legs stretched forth at length, like as a man when he sleepeth on his belly, and therefore it seemeth that their legs are so framed to creep and pierce under the earth and dig out their way after their own pleasure.

This is such a devouring beast, that it forsaketh nothing fit to be eaten, for it killeth Hares and Conies, and with his breath draweth field Mice out of their holes, like as a Hart draweth out Serpents with his breath, and devoureth them. He devoureth also all kinde of Pullen, they * 1.9 also eat Grapes, Apples, and Pears; whereupon came the proverb in Plautus, Tam facile vinces quam vulpes pyrum comest; Thou shalt as easily overcome him, as a Fox eateth a Pear: which is applyed to any easie or dispatchable business. In Arabia, and Syria Palestina, they are so rave∣nous, harmful, and audacious, that in the night by ganning and barking, they invite one another (as it were) by a Watchword, to assemble in great multitudes together, for to prey upon all things, and they fear not to carry into their dens, old shooes and vessels, or instruments of husban∣dry: for which cause, when the Husbandmen hear thereof, they gather all things into their houses and watch them.

But as it falleth out in all gluttonous ravening persons, that while they strive to fill their bellies, * 1.10 they poison their lives, so also it fareth with Foxes, for nature hath so ordained, that if a Fox, eat any meat wherein are bitter Almonds, they die thereof if they drink not presently: and the * 1.11 same thing do Aloes in their meat work upon them, as Scaliger affirmeth upon his own sight or knowledge. Apocynon or Bear-foot givea to Dogs, Wolves, Foxes, and all other beasts which are

littered blind, in fat or any other meat killeth them, if vomit help them not, which falleth out very seldom, and the seeds of this herb have the same operation. It is reported by Democritus, that if wilde Rue be secretly hunge under a Hens wing, no Fox will meddle with her; and the same writer also declareth for approved, that if you mingle the gall of a Fox, or a Cat, with their ordinary food, they shall remain free from the dangers of these beasts.

When they engender and admit copulation, they are joyned like Dogs, the male upon the female: * 1.12 and the female when she perceiveth her womb filled, she departeth and liveth very secret, for it falleth out very seldom that a female or Bitch-fox is taken great with young. She bringeth forth ordinarily four at a time, and those blind and imperfect, without Articles in their legs, which are perfected and framed by licking, for Bears, Wolves, Lions, Foxes, Dogs, and Thoes which are Multipara and Mul••fida, that is, fruitful, bearing many at one time, and also Cloven or slit∣footed into many clawes, have not the benefit of nature to perfect their young ones in their wombes.

Kites, Vultures, and Eagles lie in wait to destroy the Foxes Cubs or Whelps. Foxes do not only engender with their own kinde, but also with Wolves, Dogs, or any other beasts of equall propor∣tion, both of quantity and time of going with young: so the Laconian Dogs are engendred by a Dog and a Fox; and the Hyaena, of a Wolf and a Fox (as Albertus affirmeth) and the Simivulpa of an Ape and a Fox, as is already in the story of Apes declared.

There be also many evils wherewithal Foxes are annoyed, and first of all he falleth sometime into * 1.13 madness as a Dog, and the same evils follow a mad Fox, which already are manifested to accom∣pany a mad Dog, and that more often in Summer then in Winter.

When a Fox feeleth himself sick, nature hath taught him to eat the gum of Pinetrees, where∣withal * 1.14 he is not only cured, but also receiveth length of dayes. They are also vexed with the fal∣ling away of their hair, called therefore Alopecia, because Foxes are most commonly vexed there∣with, and as we see in Plants, that some of them dry and consume through want of moisture to feed them, other are suffocated and choaked by abundance, and as it were drowned in humidity: so it happeneth in hair, which groweth out of the body of beasts, and the heads of men, no otherwise then Plants out of the earth, and are therefore to be nourished by humours; which if they fail and wax dry, the hair also shorteneth with them, and as it were rotteth away in length: but if they abound and overflow, then do they loosen the roots of the hair, and cause them to fall off totally.

This disease is called Alopecia, and the other Ophiasis, because it is not general, but only par∣ticular in one member or part of the body or head, and there it windeth or indenteth like a Serpents figure.

Michael Ferus affirmeth, that sometime the liver of the Fox inflameth, and then it is not cured but by the Ulcerous blood flowing to the skin, and that evill blood causeth the Alopecia, or falling away of the hair, for which cause (as is already said) a Foxes skin is little worth that is taken in the Summer time.

The length of the life of a Fox is not certainly known, yet as Stumpsius and others affirm, it is * 1.15 longer then the life of a Dog. If the urine of a Fox fall upon the grasse or other herbs, it dryeth and killeth them, and the earth remaineth barren ever afterward. The savour of a Fox is more strong then of any other vulgar beast, he stinketh at nose and tail, for which cause Martial calleth it * 1.16 Olidam Vulpem, an Olent or smelling beast.

Hic olidam clamosus ages in retia vulpem.

Touching the hunting or taking of Foxes, I approve the opinion of Xenophon, who avoucheth, * 1.17 Leporum capturam venatico studio quam vulpium digniorem; that is, the hunting of the Hare is a more noble game or pastime then the hunting of the Fox.

This beast is more fearful of a Dog then a Hare, for the only barking of Dogs causeth him to rise many times from his den or lodgings out of the earth, or from the middle of bushes, briars, and * 1.18 brambles, wherein he hid himself: and for his hunting this is to be observed, that as in hunting of a Hart it hath been already related, the Hunter must drive the beast with the winde, because it * 1.19 hindereth his refrigeration; so in hunting of a Fox he drive him against the winde, and then he pre∣venteth all his crafty and subtill agitations and devises; for it stayeth his speed in running, and also * 1.20 keepeth his savour fresh alway in the nose of the Dogs that follow him: for the Dogs that kill a Fox must be swift, strong and quick sented, and it is not good to put on a few at once, but a good com∣pany together, for be assured the Fox will not lose his own bloud till he hazzard some of his enemies, and with his tail which he windeth every way, doth he delude the Hunters: when the Dogs are pressed neer unto him, and are ready to bite him, he striketh his tail betwixt his * 1.21 legs, and with his own urine wetteth the same, and so instantly striketh it into the Dogs mouths, whereof when they have tasted, so many of them as it toucheth will commonly leave off and fol∣low no farther.

Their teeth are exceeding sharp, and therefore they fear not to assault or contend with beasts, exceeding their stature, strength, and quantity. Sometime he leapeth up into a tree, and there standeth to be seen and bayed at by the Dogs and Hunters, like as a Champion in some Fort or * 1.22 Castle, and although fire be cast at him, yet will he not descend down among the Dogs; yea he

endureth to be beaten and pierced with Hunters spears, but at length being compelled to forsake his hold and give over to his enemies, down he leapeth, falling upon the crew of barking Dogs, like a flash of lightning, and where he layeth hold there he never looseth teeth, or asswageth wrath, till other Dogs▪ have torn his limbs, and driven breath out of his body.

If at any time he take the earth, then with Terriar Dogs they ferret him out of his den again. In some places they take upon them to take him with nets, which seldom proveth, because with his teeth he teareth them in pieces; yet by Calentius this devise is allowed in this Verse;

Et laqueo Vulpes & decipe casse fuinas.

But this must be wrought under the earth in the caves, dens, or surrowes, made of purpose, which is to be performed two manner of wayes, one by placing the Gin in some perch of wood, so as that as soon as the beast is taken by the Neck, it may presently flie up and hang him, for otherwise with his teeth he will shear it asunder and escape away alive: or else that neer the place where the rope is fastened, to slip upon the head of the Fox, there be placed some thick collar or brace, so as he can never bite it asunder.

The French have a kinde of Gin to take by the legs (which they call Hausepied) and I have heard * 1.23 of some which have found the Foxes leg in the same Gin, bitten off with his own teeth from his body, rather putting himself to that torment with his own teeth, then to expect the mercy of the Hunter, and so went away upon three feet: and other have counterfeited themselves dead, re∣straining their breath and winking, not stirring any member when they saw the Hunter come to take * 1.24 them out of the Gin, who coming and taking his leg forth, not suspecting any life in them, so soon as the Fox perceiveth himself free, away he went and never gave thanks for his deliverance: for this cause Blondus saith truly, that only wise and old Hunters are fit to take Foxes, for they have so many devises to beguile men, and deliver themselves, that it is hard to know when he is safely taken, untill he be throughly dead.

They also use to set up Gins for them baited with Chickens in bushes and hedges: but if the setter be not at hand so soon as the Fox is insnared, it is dangerous but that the beast will deliver it self. In some places again they set up an iron toile, having in it a ring for the Fox to thrust in his head, and through that sharp pikes, at the farther end whereof is placed a piece of flesh, so that when the hungry Fox cometh to bite at the meat and thrusteth in his head, the pikes stick fast in his neck, and he inevitably insnared. Moreover, as the harmefulness of this beast hath troubled many, so also they have devised more engins to deceive and take him; for this cause there is another policy to kill him by a bow, full bent, with a sharp arrow, and so tenderly placed as is a trap for a Mouse, and as soon as ever the Fox treadeth thereon, presently the arrow is discharged into his own bowels, by the weight of his foot.

Again, for the killing of this beast they use this sleight, they take of Bacon-grease or Bacon as much as ones hand, and rost the same a little, and therewith anoint their shooe-soles, and then take the liver of a Hog cut in pieces, and as they come out of the wood where the beast lodgeth, they must scatter the said pieces in their foot-steps and draw the carcasse of a dead Cat after them, the savour whereof will provoke the beast to follow the foot-steps, then have they a cunning Archer or handler of a Gun, who observeth and watcheth in secret till the beast come within his reach, and so giveth him his great and deadly wound.

But if the Fox be in the earth, and they have found his den, then they take this course to work him out. They take a long thing like a Bee-hive, and open at one end, and iron wiers at the other like a grate, and at the open end is set a little door to fall down upon the mouth, and to inclose the Fox when he entreth in by touching of a small rod that supporteth that door. This frame is set to the Foxes dens mouth, and all the other passages watched and stopped. The Fox having a desire to go forth, and seeing light by the wiers, misdeemeth no harm, and entreth into the hive which is wrought close into the mouth of his den, and being entred into it, the rod turneth the door fast at the lower end or entrance, and so the Fox is intrapped, to be disposed of at the will of the taker.

Foxes are annoyed with many enemies; and to begin with the least, the small flies, called * 1.25 Gnats, do much trouble and infect them, against whom the Fox useth this policy; He taketh a mouthful of straw or soft hay, or hair, and so goeth into the water, dipping his hinder parts by little and little, then the flies betake themselves to his head, which be keepeth out of the water, which the Fox feeling, dippeth or diveth also the same under water to his mouth, wherein he holdeth the hay as aforesaid, whereunto the flies runne for sanctuary or dry refuge, which the Fox perceiving, * 1.26 suddenly casteth it out of his mouth, and runneth out of the water, by this means easing himself of all those enemies.

In like manner, as all beasts are his enemies, and he friend and loving to none, so with strength, courage, and policy, he dealeth with every one, not only against the beasts of the Land, but also against the monsters of the Sea. When he findeth a nest of Waspes in the earth, or in other places, as in trees, he layeth his tail to the hole, and so gathereth into it a great many of them, which he presently dasheth against the wall, or tree, or stones adjoyning, and so destroyeth them, and thus he continueth untill he have killed them all, and so maketh himself executor to their heaps of hony.

His manner is when he perceiveth or seeth a flock of fowl to flie in the air, to rowl himself in * 1.27 red earth, making his skin to look bloody, and lie upon his back, winking with his eye, and holding in his breath as if he were dead, which thing the birds, namely Crows, Ravens and such like observing, because of the hatred of his person, they for joy alight and triumph at his overthrow, and this the Fox endureth for a good season, till opportunity serving his turn, and some of the fowl come neer his snowt, then suddenly he catcheth some one of them in his mouth, feeding upon him like a living and not a dead Fox, and so doth devour and eat him, as the Leopard doth devour and eat Apes, and the Sea frog other little fishes.

In like sort he deceiveth the Hedge-hog, for when the Hedge-hog perceiveth the Fox coming to him, he rowleth himself together, like a foot-ball, and so nothing appeareth outward except his prickles, which the Fox cannot indure to take into his mouth, and then the cunning Fox to compasse his desire, licketh gently the face and snowt of the Hedge-hog, by that means bringing him to unfold himself again, and to stand upon his legs, which being done, he instantly devoureth, or else poisoneth the beast with the urine that he rendereth upon the Hedge-hogs face: and at other times he goeth to the waters, and with his tail draweth fishes to the brim of the River, and when that he observeth a good booty, he casteth the Fishes clean out of the water upon the dry land, and then devoureth them.

All kindes of Hawkes are enemies to Foxes, and Foxes to them, because they live upon Carrion, and so in the Province of Ʋla. Avicen saw a Fox and a Crow▪ fight together a long season, and the Crow with his talons so be-gripling the Foxes mouth that he could not bark, and in the mean time she beat and picked his head with her bill untill he bled again. The Eagles fight with Foxes and kill them; and Olaus Magnus affirmeth, that in the Northern Regions they lay Egges and hatch their young in those skins which they themselves have stripped off from Foxes and other beasts.

The Kites, Vultures, and Wolves, are Enemies to Foxes, because they are all flesh-devouring creatures, but the Fox which hath so many enemies, by strength or subtilties overcometh all. Whereupon Persius calleth a subtil man a Fox, saying,

Astutam vapido servas sub▪ pectore vulpem.

The medicinal uses of this beast are these, First, (as Pliny and Marcellus affirm) a Fox sod in * 1.28 water till nothing of the Fox be left whole except the bones, and the legs or other parts of a gowty body washed and daily bathed therein, it shall drive away all pain and grief, strengthning the de∣fective and weak members; so also it cureth all the shrinking up and pains in the sinews: and Galen attributeth the same virtue to an Hyaena sod in Oil, and the lame person bathed therein, for it hath such power to evacuate and draw forth whatsoever evill humour aboundeth in the body of man, * 1.29 that it leaveth nothing hurtful behind.

Neverthelesse, such bodies are soon again replenished through evill diet, and relapsed into the same disease again. The Fox may be boyled in fresh or salt water with Annise and Thyme, and with his skin on whole and not slit, or else his head cut off, there being added to the decoction two pintes of Oil.

The flesh of a Fox sod and layed to a sore bitten by a Sea-hare, it cureth and healeth the same. * 1.30 The Foxes skin (as is already said) is profitable against all moist Fluxes in the skin of the body, and also the Gowt, and cold in the sinews. The ashes of Foxes flesh burnt and drunk in wine, is profita∣ble against the shortness of breath and stoppings of the Liver.

The bloud of a Fox dissected and taken forth of his urine alive, and so drunk, breaketh the stone * 1.31 in the bladder; or else (as Myrepsus saith) kill the Fox, and take the bloud and drink a cupful there∣of, and afterward with the same wash the genital parts, and within an hour the stone shall be voided: the same virtue is in it being dryed and drunk in Wine with Sugar.

Oxycraton and Foxes blood infused into the Nostrils of a lethargick Horse, cureth him. The fat is * 1.32 next to a Buls and a Swines, so as the fat or lard of Swine may be used for the fat of Foxes, and the fat of Foxes for the Swines grease in medicine. Some do herewith anoint the places which have the Cramp, and all trembling and shaking members. The fat of a Fox and a Drake inclosed in the belly of a Goose, and so rosted, with the dripping that cometh from it, they anoint paralytick members.

The same with powder of Vine twigs mollified and sod in lie, attenuateth and bringeth down * 1.33 all swelling tumours in the flesh. The fat alone healeth the Alopecias and looseness of the hair; it is commended in the cure of all Sores and Ulcers of the head; but the gall and fime with Mustard-seed is more approved. The fat is also respected for the cure of pain in the ears, if it be warmed and * 1.34 melt at the fire, and so instilled; and this is used against tingling in the ears If the hairs rot away on a Horse tail, they recover them again by washing the place with Urine and Bran, with Wine and Oil and afterward anoint it with Foxes grease. When Sores or Ulcers have procured the hair to fall off from the head, take the head of a young Fox burned with the leaves of black Orchanes and * 1.35 Alcyonium, and the powder cast upon the head recovereth again the hair.

If the brain be often given to Infants and sucking children, it maketh them that they shall re∣main free from the falling evill. Pliny prescribeth a man which twinkleth with his eyes, and can∣not look stedfastly, to wear in a chain the tongue of a Fox; and Marcellus biddeth to cut out

the tongue of a live Fox, and so turn him away, and hang up that tongue to dry in purple thred, and afterward put it about his neck that is troubled with the whiteness of the eyes, and it shall cure him.

But it is more certainly affirmed, that the tongue either dryed or green, layed to the flesh * 1.36 wherein is any Dart or other sharp head, it draweth them forth violently, and renteth not the flesh, but only where it is entred. The Liver dryed and drunk cureth often sighing. The same or the Lights drunk in black wine, openeth the passnges of breathing. The same washed in wine and dryed in an earthen pot in an Oven, and afterward seasoned with Sugar, is the best medicine in the world for an old Cough, for it hath been approved to cure it, although it hath continued twenty years, drinking every day two spoonfuls in wine.

The Lights of Foxes drunk in water after they have been dryed into powder, helpeth the * 1.37 Milt; and Myrep••us affirmeth, that when he gave the same powder to one almost suffocated in a P••urisie, it prevailed for a remedy. Archigene prescribeth the dryed Liver of a Fox for the Splene∣tick with Oxymel: and Marcel••inas for the Milt drunk after the same manner; and S••xtus adviseth to * 1.38 drink it simply without composition of Oxymel.

The Gall of a Fox instilled into the ears with Oil, cureth the pain in them; and mixed with Hony Attick and anointed upon the eyes, taketh away all dimness from them, after an admirable manner. The Milt bound upon the tumors and bunches of the brest, cureth the Milt in mans body. The reins dryed and mingled with Hony, being anointed upon kernels, take them away. For the swelling of the chaps, rub the reins of a Fox within, the mouth. The ge∣nitals because of their gristly and bony substance, are approved for the dispersing of the stone in the bladder.

The stones take away pimples and spots in the face. The dung pounded with Vinegar, by anoint∣ment cureth the Leprosie speedily.

These and such other virtues Medicinal both the elder and later Physitians have observed in a Fox, wherewithal we will conclude this discourse; saving that many writers have devised divers witty inventions and fables of Foxes, under them to express vices of the world, as when they set a Fox in a Fryers weed, preaching to a sort of Hens and Geese, following the fiction of Archilochus Fox, to signifie how irreligious Pastors in holy habits beguile the simple with subtility. Also of a Fox teaching a Hare to say his Credo or Creed betwixt his legs, and for this cause almighty God in his word compareth false Prophets to Foxes, Ezek. 13. destroying the young Grapes and Plants. The Weasil brought a Fox into a Garner of Corn through a small hole, and when he had filled his belly, he assayed to come out again at the same place, but in vain, because his body swelled with over eating, and therefore he was constrained to come out as empty and hungry as he came in: whereupon this conference was betwixt them;

Forte per angustam tenuis Vulp••cula rimam, Repserat in cameram frumenti, postea ru••sus Ire for as pleno tentabat corpore frustra. Cui mustela procul, Sivis, ait, effugere isthine, Macra cavum repetes arctum, quem macra subisti.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Adamantius. The parts and nature of Foxes.
• * 1.2

  Aristotle.
• * 1.3

  The flesh of Foxes evill to be eaten.
• * 1.4

  The use of their skins.
• * 1.5

  Alev. ab alex donatus.
• * 1.6

  The voice of Foxes.
• * 1.7

  Their dens and caves in the earth. Gillius. Oppianus. Zoroastres. Gillius.
• * 1.8

  Pliny.
• * 1.9

  The food of Serpents.
• * 1.10

  The harme of Foxes.
• * 1.11

  Dioscorides. Serapio.
• * 1.12

  Their carnal cop〈…〉〈…〉n.
• * 1.13

  The diseases of Foxes.
• * 1.14

  Albertus. Liber. Aetius.
• * 1.15

  The length of their life.
• * 1.16

  Varinus.
• * 1.17

  The hunting and taking of Foxes.
• * 1.18

  Aelianus.
• * 1.19

  Oppianus.
• * 1.20

  Bellesarius.
• * 1.21

  Textor.
• * 1.22

  Oppianus.
• * 1.23

  A noble in∣stance of a Foxes courage.
• * 1.24

  The subtlery of a Fox taken in a snare.
• * 1.25

  The beasts that are ene∣mies of Foxes.
• * 1.26

  Abertus.
• * 1.27

  G〈…〉〈…〉us.
• * 1.28

  The medicines arising out of Foxes.
• * 1.29

  Sex••us.
• * 1.30

  Mathaeolus.
• * 1.31

  Albertus. Silvius.
• * 1.32

  A••syrtus.
• * 1.33

  Aetius.
• * 1.34

  Hierocles. Absyrius. Theomnestus.
• * 1.35

  Aegineta.
• * 1.36

  Dioscorides.
• * 1.37

  Pliny.
• * 1.38

  Sextus.