A display of heraldry manifesting a more easie access to the knowledge thereof than hath been hitherto published by any, through the benefit of method : whereunto it is now reduced by the study and industry of John Guillim ...

Nihil est inventum & perfectum simul.

THis first Section sheweth the original beginning and universality, diverse denominations, composition and voluntary assumption of Arms and Ensigns; the original discipline of them, the Equivoca∣tion of the Latin word Arma, and in what sense the same is to be under∣stood and taken, the necessity and use of Arms and Ensigns; when and by whom they were first given for remunerations; their sympathy with their Bearers, and their conformities with Names; their Definition, Distribution, Blazon, Accidents, and Parts; their Diminutions or A∣batements; together with many Precepts, Rules and Observations, as well general as particular, pertaining to Blazon.

The Table of the First Section.

The skill of Armory consist∣eth in

• Blazon∣ing, wherein must be consi∣dered
  • Acci∣dents, which are both
    • Tin∣cture, which consist∣eth of
      • Colours, which are either
        • General, As when things are born in their natural Colours:
        • Special,
          • Single, As white and black.
          • Mixt,
            • Exactly compounded of white and black, as Red.
            • Declining more to the onethan to the other, with Red, as Yellow, Sanguine, Pur∣pure, &c.
      • Furrs, which consist either of
        • One colour, viz. white, which is the Levites Skin or Furr.
        • More than one,
          • Two only, which are either
            • With black, as
              • Black with white,
                • Ermyn, which is black upon white.
                • Ermyns, white up∣on black.
              • Black with yellow,
                • Ermynois, black upon yellow.
                • Pean, yellow upon black.
            • With∣out black,
              • Verrey, which is composed of white and blue, or of blue and white.
              • Which is green with yellow, or yellow with green.
          • More than two,
            • Ermynites, differing from Ermyn by a red hair added to each side of the spots.
            • Vayre, which is of all Colours, except blue and green.
    • Differences, which are both
      • Ancient, as Bordures of all sorts.
      • Modern, as Files, Crescents, Mullets, Martlets, Annulets.
  • Parts, which are the
    • Esco∣cheon, wherein we must observe the
      • Acci∣dents. viz.
        • Points, of which some are
          • Middle, as the Fess, Honour, and Nombril Points.
          • Remote
            • Superiour, Exact middle point of the Chief, and the two ex∣treams thereof, viz. the Dexter and Sinister Base Points.
            • Inferiour, Precise middle Point of the Base of the Esco∣cheon, and the two Ex∣treams thereof, scil. the Dexter and Sinister Base Points.
        • Rebate ments, which consist in
          • Dimi∣nution, which are pla∣ced
            • On the middle Point, as the Delf and the Inescocheon reversed.
            • Else∣where, and do occupy
              • Some one of the other Points a∣lone, as the Dexter Point parted.
              • More Points than one, viz.
                • Four, as a Point in a Point.
                • Fewer Points than four,
                  • Three, as Point Champain, Point Plain, and Gore Sinister.
                  • Two, as a Gusset Dexter and Sini∣ster.
          • Reversing, which is a transposing or turning upside down of the whole Escocheon.
      • Kinds, whereof see the Table of the Second Section.
    • Ornaments without the Escocheon, whereof see in the Table of the Sixth Section.
• Marshal∣ling, whereof hereaf∣ter in the sixth Section.

A DISPLAY OF HERALDRY.

SECT. I. CHAP. I.

WHosoever shall address himself to write of matters of In∣struction, or of any other Ar∣gument of importance, it be∣hoveth, that before he enter thereinto, he should reso∣lutely determine with him∣self, in what order he will handle the same: So shall he best accomplish that he hath undertaken, and inform the understand∣ing, and help the memory of the Reader. For so doth Chassaneus admonish us; saying, Priusquam ad scientiam perveniatur, bonum est, modum prae∣scribere docendi, & ordinem; quia per ordinem res intellectae magis delectant animos, mentes nutriunt, sensus magis illuminant, & memoriam reddunt, clariorem. Such order and course of Writing doth also procure in the Reader a facility of apprehension, as Erasmus noteth; saying, Fa∣ciliùs discimus quae congruo dicuntur ordine, quam quae sparsìm & confusìm.

What Order is, St. Augustine doth inform us; saying, Ordo est parium, dispariumque rerum di∣stributio. This Order is twofold; the one of Na∣ture, the other of Discipline: the order of Nature (as Doctor Casius noteth) is a progression from Simples to things Compound: contrariwise, the order of Discipline is a proceeding from things Compound to Simples. As touching the order that I have prefixed to my self in this Display of Heraldry, you shall understand, that forasmuch as the handling of one of these alone, sufficeth not to the effecting of my intended Method, I must of force make use of them both in some sort accord∣ing to their distinct kinds. Wherein albeit the or∣der of Nature in right should have the prece∣dence, as the more worthy, quia Natura regitur ab intelligentia non errante: nevertheless in re∣gard my principal purpose tendeth to the prescri∣bing of a form of Discipline, whereunto these to∣kens which we call Arms must be reduced, and therein to manifest rather their Location than their Generation, their Use than their Essence, their Shadow than their Substance; I am con∣strained to prefer the latter (which serveth di∣rectly for my purpose) before the former, which tendeth thereto but collaterally; whose dignity notwithstanding I purpose regardfully to observe, when I shall come to the distribution of things Natural in their proper places.

But before I enter my Method, I hold it expe∣dient (though I do somewhat digress) by way

of introduction to the better conceiving and un∣derstanding of that which shall be herein handled, briefly to offer to the consideration of the Judi∣cious Reader, some few things of necessary note, touching the Subject of this Work: Such are those ensigns or marks which we call Arms in En∣glish, and in Latine Arma; which being a word of equivocation or ambiguity, needeth some ex∣plication; Digredi enim quandoque licet ex cau∣s••, non autem divagari: for so it is very requisite, to the end it may be certainly known in what sense this word is to be here taken, quia discenti ponenda sunt vera & certa.

It is therefore to be observed that this word Arma in Latine is sometimes taken for very na∣tural instruments, and in this sense doth Doctor Casius use the same, where he saith, Arma belluis natura dedit, ut Leoni dentes, Serpenti aculeum, &c. Sometimes it is taken for all manner of in∣struments pertaining to Mechanical Trades, as Arma Rusticorum, Rastra, Ligones, & hujus••••odi. Also Arma Coquinaria, lebes, patella, tripus, olla, &c. And Virg. Aeneid. 5. speaking of the necessaries pertaining to Shipping, saith, Colligere arma jubet, validis{que} incumbere remis.

Sometimes it is taken for all sorts of warlike instruments; and in this sense doth Doctor Casius take it, saying, At hominibus arma industria finxit, eóque finxit, ut pro imperio rationis eis uteretur. But this word Arma here meant is not understood in any of these significations, but must be taken in a metaphorical sense, for that they do assume a borrowed name (by way of figure call∣ed Metonymia Subjecti) from the Shields, Tar∣gets, Banners, Military Cassocks, and other Mar∣tial Instruments, whereupon they were engra∣ven, embossed, embroidered or depicted: which kinds of furniture and habiliments are peculiar unto Martial men and professed Souldiers, to whom only it pertaineth to bear Armour; which even at this day we do usually call by the name of Arms. And of them in process of time did these ensigns or marks receive their denominati∣on, and were called Arma, in English Arms, as Abra. Fra. noteth, saying, Arma appellantur, quòd olim solis militibus data fuerunt, qui arma gerere solent. Nam cum ista sit gloria armis, ut instrumentis comparata, placuit ipsam quoque mercedem arma appellare.

Claudius Fauchet saith, that Arms have their Appellation or Denomination, because Military men bare their Devices, or Inventions depicted upon their Coat-Armours, and in and upon their shields: Claudius Fauchet.

Arms were called Symbola, which signifieth Signs, Tokens, or Marks, given in time of Hosti∣lity, or of Civil Tumults, by Captains to their Souldiers, or by the Authors of Rebellion to their pernicious Associates and Confederates, for distinguishing of particular persons, as well among themselves, as from their Enemies; for the better avoiding such inconveniencies (as I shall presently shew when I come to speak of them, and use of Arms.)

These Armorial Notes (so much in use with us at this day) are oftentimes called Insignia, which name, as Aldrovandus supposeth, proceeded of the barrenness of the Latine tongue; his words are these, Insignium nomen ex linguae Latinae videtur fluxisse inopia, & certè vix aliud vocabu∣lum huic magis quadrat, quod haec praecipuè vir∣tutis & gentilitatis sive nota sive signum sit.

How far the extent of this word Insignia, or Ensigns, doth dilate it self, we may perceive by this, that it compriseth generally all Signs, Marks, and Tokens of Honour, due to well deserving persons, either in respect of their Government, Learning, Wisdom, Magnanimity, &c. These albeit they have no government annexed to them, yet have they in them much honour, and estimation, as were those Pontifical Ornaments, and Ensigns, wherewith Simeon the High Priest was adorned and furnished at such time as he went to meet Alexander, by means whereof his f••ry was appeased. In the like sort did Pope Leo attire himself, when he went to meet Attila the Scythian Prince; who having subdued the Coun∣try of Hungary, and destroyed Aquileia in Italy, came forwards to Rome with like intent. So also did Pope Benedict mitigate the fury of Totila, as if there lurked some secret force and majesty in the very Ornaments and Ensigns.

Of the number of these Ensigns, are those notes, marks, and shapes of Animals, that Mar∣tial men used to adorn the Crests of their Helm∣ets withal, to make themselves more eminent in the Field: and to the end there might be better notice taken of their valorous actions, when they encountred their Enemies in Battel: or should draw on their Forces to fight. Whereof we shall have cause to speak hereafter in place more con∣venient, when we shall come to Treat of them particularly.

The use of these was yet extended farther than the adorning of Shields and Helmets only: For Ships also and other Navigable Vessels, were also garnished and beautified in their Fore-decks, yea, and that in very ancient time, for the distinguish∣ing of one Ship from another; as we may see, Acts 28. 11. Where Paul saith, he went in a Ship whose badge was Castor and Pollux. Also the Fore-deck of the Ship that carried away Europa, had a form of a Bull painted thereon, which gave occasion to the Fable, that a Bull had stollen away Europa. Neither did the Ancients only use this, but it hath been a received Custome in all Ages sithence, and yet continued with us unto this day. Hereof it cometh that we give the Ships the names of the things that are depicted upon them, as the Bull, Bear, Lyon, Tyger, &c.

Arms then as they are here meant, according to their Original and first Use, may be thus de∣fined: Arms are tokens or resemblances, signify∣ing some act or quality of the Bearer. Or thus, These Signs called Arms are nothing else but De∣monstrations and Testimonies of Nobility and of Worthy prowesful exploits performed in Martial services, especially if they be ancient, and be∣stowed

by a Noble and Renowned Prince; And this is according to their use in the time of Alex∣ander the Great, and since, until of later times; But according to their modern (I mean since the time of Charles the Fourth) and present use, Arms may be said to be Hieroglyphical or Enig∣matical Symbols or Signs, testifying and demon∣strating the Nobility or Gentry, acquired by the vertue and good service performed by their Bear∣er or some of his Ancestors, either in Martial Ex∣ploits abroad, or by their Learning and Wisdom, which they attained to, by spending their bodies and spirits in continual study, to make themselves fit for the patronage and defence of the Weal-Publick at home.

How great the dignity and estimation of Arms ever hath been, and yet is, we may easily con∣ceive by this, that they do delight the beholders, and greatly grace and beautifie the places where∣in they are erected; so also they do occasion their spectators to make serious inquisition, whose they are, who is the owner of the house wherein they are set up, of what Family their Bearer is des∣cended, and who were his next, and who are his remote Parents or Ancestors.

It is very probable that these Signs, which we call Arms at this day, howsoever in former Ages they have been named (whether Emblems or Pictures, graven, painted, or embossed, or notes representing some secret or hidden Mystery; as Hieroglyphicks, or Enigmatical, or hidden con∣ceits) they were external notes of the inward disposition of the mind, manifesting in some sort the natural qualities of their Bearers, yet so as they were hidden from the vulgar sort, and known to the judicious only, experimented in the knowledg of the natural vertues and dispositions of Bodies Celestial, of Animals, and of Vegeta∣bles, &c.

These in their beginning and first institution, were not bestowed upon vulgar persons, neither were their intendments fitted for common capa∣city, but such as were extracted out of the bow∣els, and very entrails of Nature, and were neither obscure to the Learned, nor over-familiar to the Common sort.

Between Arms and Names there is a certain conformity, so that as it is a thing unlawful for a man (but upon great occasion) to change his name; Sic neque arma (saith Chassan.) mutare licet, nisi magna & honorifica causa accesserit; and another saith, A Nominibus ad Arma bonum de∣ducitur Argumentum.

There are sometimes Arms born that may seem to have been devised (in their first instituti∣on) according to the Surnames of the Bearers, as a Bear for Vrsonne, three Castles for Castleton, three Conies for Conesby, &c. Whether these be either better or more ancient than other Arms, it is a question of more difficulty to be resolved, than commodious if it were known.

If there were two distinct Families of one Sur∣name, yet bearing several Coat-Armours, it is no consequence that they are originally issued from the same Ancestours; for their agreement of their Surnames may be said to be a probability, but yet it is no proof, that they are both extract∣ed from the same Ancestours, unless there be withal a resemblance of their Coat-Armours, which are the express notes of distinction.

In case where there are two Families, diverse in Name, and issued from several Parents; and both of them do bear one and the self same Coat-Armour, and the Name of one of them is agre∣able to the Coat-Armour, and the other dissonant from the same; the same being in question to whether of them this Coat doth properly apper∣tain: it may be probably conjectured, that he is interes••ed in the Coat-Armour whose appellation is agreable therewith; rather than he, whose name hath no conformity with it. For Names were instituted for differencing of each person from other severally, according to the saying, Sicut Nomina inventa sunt ad cognoscendos ho∣mines: Ita Arma & Insignia ad recognoscendum homines sunt inventa.

If two men of several Families shall bear one Coat-Armour, and have their abode in one Country or Territory; and one of them can pro∣duce no more proof why he doth arrogate the propriety thereof, than the other can; in such case the cause shall be questioned before the Sove∣raign, or before such as do from him derive their authority, for the hearing, examining, and de∣termining cases of this nature; Otherwise, if either of them can prove that his Ancestors re∣ceived the same of the Kings Gift, as a remune∣ration for service done, the Arms shall be adjudg∣ed to be his.

Also there is between these Arms and their Bearers a kind of Sympathy or natural participa∣tion of qualities, insomuch as who so dishonoura∣bly or unreverently useth the Arms of any man; seemeth to have offered indignity to the person of their Bearer, so as (according to some Authors) their owner shall right himself against such an of∣fender, or wrong-doer, Actione Injuriarum.

As touching the Antiquity of these Signs which we call Arms, Diodorus Siculus maketh men∣tion, that Osyris surnamed Iupiter the Iust, Son to Cham the Cursed Son of Noah, called of the Gentiles Ianus, being banished from the blessed Tents of Shem and Iaphet; by reason of the Curse fallen upon his Father, was constrained to seek some remote place wherein he might settle himself, his children, and people: for which pur∣pose he assembled a great Army, and appointed Hercules his Eldest Son Captain. And in this so ancient an expedition of Wars, as well Osyris himself as Hercules, Macedon and Anubis his Sons and others, did Paint certain Signs upon their Shields, Bucklers, and other Weapons; which Signs were after called Arms: As for ex∣ample Osyris bare a Scepter Royal, insigned on the top with an Eye; Hercules a Lion Rampant holding a Battle-axe; Macedon a Wolf, and A∣nubis a Dog. And we find in Homer and in Vir∣gil, that the Hero's had their Signs or Marks,

whereby their persons were distinctly known, and discerned in Battel, as well as their Kings and Commons had their Publick Ensigns: For the Athenians bare the Owl, the Persians an Anchor or Sagittary stamped on their Coins the Romans bare in Eagle, Minotaur, and sundry other shapes, which (according to Pliuy) they bare in Battel unto the time of Marius, who bare in his Ensign an Eagle, Argent, Figured and Embossed, Sus une haute longue, as may be seen in ancient Medals, and chiefly in which is found this world, Allocu∣tio.

Paulus Aemilius saith, that anciently the French Kings did bear, Argent, three Diadems, Gules. Others say they bare three Toads, Sable, in a field, Vert, alias Sinople, which cannot be good Armory, as the Masters of that Mystery do hold, because of Colour upon Colour.

Whence they received those Arms is not cer∣tainly known, unless they had them from the Romans.

But their opinion is more probable who by the Blazon of the Shield of France, would shew that the first Franks consisting of Sicambri (a people of Germany, inhabiting the Marches of Frizeland towards Holland, Zealand, and Gelderland) gave unto them Azure, which resembleth the water (which being calm representeth the colour of the Heavens) and therein three Flowers de Lis Or, which do grow plentifully in those Marches, and do flourish in May and Iune.

Others affirm, that the same was sent by an Angel from Heaven to Clovis, the first Christian King of France.

But Gregory of Tours in his History mentioned no such thing, neither doth it appear that they bare those Arms before the time of King Pepin, but after the time of Lewis le Grosse: at which time it seemeth that Armories began to become hereditary, and were transferred from Father to Son in each Family.

In the first assumption of these Signs, every man did take to himself some such Beast, Bird, Fish, Serpent, or other Creature as he thought best fitted his Estate, or whose nature and quality did in some sort quadrate with his own, or where∣unto himself was in some respect in quality like, or wished to be resembled unto. Ex iis quibus quisque maxime delectatur qualis etiam sit ipse cognoscitur. The reason is, for that no man is delighted but with things that are like himself. Therefore wherein any man is specially delight∣ed, himself also is found to be in quality much like unto them. Zanchius de immortalitate Ani∣marum 133.

Whereof it cometh that our Souls albeit they are naturally delighted with things that please, and delight the External Senses, yet shall we find that by how much the mind is more generous and no∣ble, by so much the more doth it apprehend a more solid delight in things pertaining to the in∣ward faculties, than in such as pertain to the ex∣terior senses, as we may see in those Arts where∣in the Phantasie is chiefly exercised; whereby they receive a greater contentment of things per∣taining to the mind, that is to say, as well Moral, as Natural, and Supernatural Philosophy. For like as our exteriour senses are delighted with corporal, and corruptible things; so in like man∣ner are our minds affected to things Spiritual and eternal, and are wonderfully delighted in them by reason of the Sympathy of their natural qua∣lities. Similitudo non currit quatuor pedibus (ut aiunt in Scholis) many things may be like, yet nothing like in all points or respects.

As their Institution is not new, but very anci∣ent, derived almost from the beginning of the world; so their use was not limited, or restrained to some few particular Nations, Kingdoms and Countries, but most largely spread all the World over, insomuch, as there is no Nation, Country or People, so savage or barbarous, but that they have their particular Signs, whereby they may particularly and distinctly be known and discern∣ed from others. As in Example.

The Nations of the	Israelites	Bare for their Ensigns	The Hebr. Letter Tau,
Scythians	A Thunderbolt,
Egyptians	An Oxe,
Phrygians	A Swine,
Thracians	Mars,
Romans	An Eagle,
Persians	Bow and Arrows,

Corali a Savage people of Pontus bare 2 Wheels.

And Plutarch in the life of Marius saith, that the Cimbrians, a People inhabiting the parts of Denmark, Norway, and the Almains, which in those days were cruel, and barbarous, never∣theless had their Shields adorned with the forms and shapes of savage and cruel beasts, as also their Targets, and other Military Instruments suited accordingly, and that in such multitudes, and in such glorious and glistering manner, that they dazled the eyes of the beholders.

Neither were these Signs particularly restrain∣ed unto Nations, Countries, and Provinces but they were so universal, as that there was no Tribe, particular Person or Family, but had their Armorial Signs or Notes, whereby they were not only distinctly known, and discerned from other forreign Tribes and Families; but also apparent∣ly discerned (amongst themselves) one from ano∣ther, by means of interposition of some minute or small differences, which after-comers were forced to devise for the preservation of Common peace and unity, when the multitude of Bearers (through long tract of time) increased exces∣sively.

Achilles had his Shield beautifully adorned with great variety of things Celestial, as the mo∣tion of the Sun, Moon, Stars, Planets, and other the Celestial Spheres, the Scituation of the Earth, and the adjacent Islands, the Seas with the ebbing and flowing thereof, &c. whereof I shall have better occasion offered to speak more at large hereafter. Also Amphiaraus (as Pindarus the

Theban Poet affirmeth) in his expedition to Thebes, bare in his Shield a painted Dragon. Capaneus one of the seven Captains that be∣sieged Thebes, bare the manifold headed Hydra that Hercules fought withal, as Statius the Neapolitan Poet reported. Polynices a Sphynx. Agamemnon in the Trojan Wars bare in his Shield a Lion, with this Epigram, Terror hic est hominum, & qui nunc gerit est Agamemnon.

Vlysses bare a Dolphin, and a Typhon brea∣thing out flames of fire; Perseus Medusa's head; Autiochus a Lion with a white wand; Theseus an Oxe; Seleucus a Bull; Augustus a Sphinx, with infinite others which I purposely overpass.

These Signs or Tokens were in their first pro∣duction rough-hewen (as I may term them) and rude, as also those other notes of signs that we now call Badges or Cognizances: so as they may be said to have been rather painted Em∣blems, than exquisite tokens of honour, or ab∣solute signs or badges: in the time of their first institution they received divers denominations, as Signs, Ensigns, Tokens, Marks, Cognizan∣ces, &c. But when in After-ages they had been polished and refined, then were these To∣kens or Signs, that had been formerly (after a rude fashion) handled together, more carefully distinguished, so as those which we now call Crests or Cognizances, worn upon the helmets of Military persons in the field, were distinctly known from those that were born in the Shields and Targets, which we now call Arms in En∣glish, and in Latin Arma. Men of ancient times devised and invented many things ingenuously and with great care and consideration, but fi∣nished them not; but recommended them to posterity, to be by them brought to perfection, according to that saying, Invenit antiquitas, posteri perfecerunt, neither doth this derogate ought from the studious, and industry of the Ancient, neither is this any indignity unto them; Non erubescat antiquitas (saith Chassaneus) si quid melius horum quae ipsa tradidit, Novitas adinvenit: for nothing is devised and perfected at an instant, but it is continuance of time, and much labour and industry that brings it to per∣fection.

These Signs, Marks, Notes, Ensigns, or what∣soever else you please to name them, are not all of one sort, for some of them may be applied to peace, and others to military use; and of each of these there are divers kinds or sorts: For some of them are express notes of govern∣ment and authority or jurisdiction, others have no authority at all annexed to them.

Like as there is an absolute Authority or Ju∣risdiction Royal, free from all limitation, and another said to be a mixt government; yea, and that as well in Civil Policy, as in Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction: so are also the Ensigns several, as well those that pertain to the City, or Com∣mon-wealth, as also those that belong to Eccle∣siastical Government.

Those Ensigns that are remote or exempted from Government and Authority are diverse, according to the diversity of conceipts of the first institutors or devisers of them. For some of them are in manner Vulgar and Common, and such as may fall to the lot of a person of mean condition: others again of more subtile and deep invention; exquisite, beautiful, and honourable, and are remunerations or rewards of some noble exploits, of meer divine wits, or of some rare or excellent vertue, as a recom∣pence of memorable and worthy deserts.

I know some are of opinion that these tokens or signs, which we do call Arms, were utterly unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans; and their memory not to be found with their Nations: They do confess that the Romans did make the same use of their Images that we do at this day by our Arms, viz. to produce them for testimonies of their generous race.

Some other are of opinion, that they were excogitated and brought in use by Charles the Great and the Lombards, and some again do suppose, they began in the time of Frederick Barbarossa, but the contrary appeareth by Au∣thentical proof, as I have even now shewed: well may their opinion stand with reason, that do hold, that the discipline of Arms in the Reign (or rather) during Imperial Government of Theodosius, and in the time of Charles the Great, was brought to some kind of perfection, and withal more generally propagated and dis∣persed, according to that saying of Abra. Fra. Carolo Potentissimo Imperante haec & distincti∣ùs explicata fuisse, & frequentiùs usurpata elu∣cescit.

The principal end for which these signs were first taken up, and put in use was, that they might serve for notes and marks to distinguish tribes, families, and particular persons, each from other; but this was not their only use, for that they served also to notifie to the ingenuous beholder of them (after some sort) the natural quality and disposition of their Bearers; and so behooveful was this invention thought to be, and their use so reasonable, as that they have been entertained of all succeeding posterities, among all Nations, and continued (even to this day) without any immutation or alteration of their primary institution. These Armorial En∣signs thus ingeniously devised had a further use; for they served also for the more commodious distribution of Nations, Tribes, and Families, into Regiments and Bands; as also for assem∣bling, conducting, and governing of them in martial expedition, and distinguishing (as I have shewed) of particular persons in wars, as well amongst themselves as from their enemies; because it often falleth out by reason of the like∣ness of Armour and Weapons, of Discipline of War, and of Language and Voice (in default of such signs) that much treachery is wrought, and many men after battle or skirmish do make their retreat to the troops of the Enemy, to the

danger of their surprise, or loss of life: So then it is clear that this is one use of these Notes, or Marks of distinction called Arms, that if a man shall meet or encounter us, we do forthwith dis∣cover by the note or mark that he beareth whe∣ther he be friend or enemy; and for some of those uses and ends which I have formerly shewed, These Armorial Ensigns have received approbation in the highest degree, even from the mouth of God himself (who, when he pre∣scribed unto Moses and Aaron a Form of order∣ing and conducting the Israelites in their pas∣sage towards the Land of the Promise, did ex∣presly command the use of Armorial Signs, say∣ing, Filii Israelis quisque juxta vexillum su∣um cum signis secundum domum Majorum suorum castra habento: which order he required to be observed not only in the conduction of them in their journey, but also in the pitching and rai∣sing of their Camp.

In which precept we may observe, that God maketh mention of two sorts of Ensigns; the one general, the other particular; and that these latter were no less needful than the former; for the orderly governing and conducting of so huge and populous a multitude as the Israelites were, in a journey so long, and withal subject to infinite dangers. The first sort of these En∣signs, God calleth Vexilla, that is to say Stand∣ards or Banners, which served for the conducti∣on of their several Regiments. For the Israe∣lites consisted of twelve Tribes which were di∣vided into four Regiments; that is, to wit, three Tribes to each Regiment, of which every one had a particular Standard, which as they differed in colour one from another, so did they doubt∣less comprehend in them several and distinct Forms.

Here may arise a twofold question concerning these Standards before mentioned; the one, what colour each of them were; the other, what forms and shapes were depicted on them. As to the colour, Lyra upon the second of Num∣bers, saith, Qualia sunt ista Vexilla in Textu non habetur, sed dicunt aliqui Hebraei quod Vexillum cujuslibet Tribus, erat simile colori lapidis positi in rationali, in quo inscriptum e∣rat nomen ipsius Reuben, & sic de aliis.

And as to their several Forms, Martinus Borhaus in his Commentary upon the same place, hath this saying, Tradunt Veteres in Reubenis vexillo Mandragoram depictam fu∣isse, quam ille in agro collectam matri Liae at∣tulerat; in Jehudae Leonem, cui illum benedi∣cendo pater Jacobus contulerat. In Ephraim vexillo, Bovis species, In Danis vexillo, ser∣pentis Imago, qui serpenti & colubro a Jacobo comparatus erat, fiat Dan coluber in via. And in Conclusion he saith, Sit fides penes Autho∣res.

This sort of Ensign according to Calepine, is called Vexillum quasi parvum velum, & acci∣pitur (saith he) pro signo quo in exercitu vel classe Imperatores utuntur. The use of these Standards doth consist herein, that they being born aloft upon a long pole or staff apparent to every mans view, the Souldiers may be thereby directed (upon all occasions of service) and by the sight of them may be dissevered and united at all times, as the necessity of the service shall require. Of this use, Lyra upon the second of Numbers saith, Vexilla in perticis elevan∣tur, ut ad eorum aspectum bellatores dividan∣tur & uniantur: for like as a Ship is guided in the surging Seas by the Stern or Ruther, even so are the Souldiers ordered in their Martial Exploits by their Standard or Ensign.

The other sorts of Ensigns God calleth Signa secundum domum Majorum suorum: whereby is meant (if I be not deceived) the particular Ensigns or Tokens of each particular Family, and of the particular persons of each Family. For so do I understand that exposition of Lyra upon the same place, Signa propria sunt in ve∣stibus & scutis, quibus bellatores mutuò se cognoscunt, & suos ab Adversariis distin∣guunt.

But here we must put a difference between these words Arma & Insignia, and we must se∣parate those things that are proper to Arms from such as pertain to Ensigns.

Arms therefore being taken in the largest sense (as I have hitherto in this Discourse used the word) may be said to be either Publick or Private.

Such are said to be Publick Arms, as have some Soveraign authority or jurisdiction annex∣ed to them.

Of the first sort are such Arms as are born by Emperours, Kings, and absolute Princes, and free Estates, having Soveraign authority and power within their several Empires, Kingdoms, and Territories. These in propriety of speech cannot be aptly said to be the Arms of their Stock or Family, whereof they are descended, but do rather represent the nature of Ensigns, than of Arms, in regard of the publick autho∣rity to them annexed; as also in respect that whosoever shall succeed them in those supream Governments shall bear the same Arms, as the express Notes and Testimonies of such their se∣veral Jurisdictions, though they be extracted from Aliens or forraign Families. For so nei∣ther is the Eagle the peculiar Arms of the house of Austria, nor the Lions of the Family of Plantagenet, nor the Flowers de Lis of the house of Valois. And these Arms or Ensigns may no man else bear, or yet mark his Goods withal, unless it be that in token of Loyalty he will set up the Kings Arms in his house, and place his own Arms underneath. And there are certain Ensigns of Dignity and Office which every man having the same Dignity or Office may lawfully bear, as the Ensigns of a Procon∣sul, the Ensigns of a Bishop. And these are pe∣culiar to those only that have the exercising of such Dignity or Office; if any other shall ufurp the bearing or use of them, he incurreth the

crime of Forgery. Private Arms are such as are proper to Private persons, whether they be numbred in rank of the greater Nobility, as Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts and Ba∣rons, having no soveraign or absolute power: or of the lesser Nobility or Gentry, Knights, Esquires and Gentlemen; neither yet are they Ensigns of any ordinary dignity, but peculiar to their Family, and may be infinitely transferred to their Posterity.

For Arms or Armorial Tokens pertaining to some particular Family; do descend to every peculiar person extracted from the same Agna∣tion, whether they be heirs to their Father or Grandfather, or not. Sometimes the bearers of these do so greatly multiply, as that they are constrained for distinction sake, to annex some apposition over and above their Paternal Coat to them descended, for differencing the persons. Quod licitum est, sicut nomini addere praenomen, which they may no less lawfully do, than to add a Christian name to a Surname, to distinguish two Children issued from one Pa∣rent.

These Arms are sometimes composed of Na∣tural things, as of some kinds of Celestial Bo∣dies, viz. of the Sun, Moon, Stars, &c. Some∣times of four footed Beasts, or of Birds, or of Serpents, or of Fishes, or some other Reptiles, or else of some kind of Vegetables, as Trees, Shrubs, Flowers, Fruits, Leaves, &c. Or else of some solid things, as Castles, Towers, Moun∣tains, &c. Or of things pertaining to Arts Liberal, or Trades Mechanical, &c. Some∣times again they are compact of none of these, but do consist only of the variations of simple Colours, counterchanged by occasion of Trans∣verse, Perpendicular, or whatsoever other Line used in Coat-Armour, whether the same be Straight, Crooked, Bunched, &c. Whereby passing through the Escocheon, either Tra∣verse, Oblique, or Direct, the Colours become transmuted or counterchanged; of all which I shall have occasion to speak hereafter in their particular place.

If question happen to arise touching the right of some desolate place, or ruinated building, if in digging up the ruines, or taking up of the foundation thereof, there be found any known Coat-Armour; the questioned place shall be ad∣judged to appertain to that Family, to whom that Coat-Armour belongeth.

If any man be attainted or convicted of Trea∣son, for betraying his Country, or of Heresie, to the end he should be branded with a greater note of infamy, his Arms are rased, broken down and utterly defaced.

Sometimes it falleth out that if a Noble Fa∣mily be extinguished by the death of the last of the same (deceasing without issue) whereby the bearing of the Arms proper to that Lineage is from thenceforth abolished: The Arms are in∣terred in the grave, together with the Corps of the Defunct.

After long tract of time, these Tokens which we call Arms, became remunerations for service, and were bestowed by Emperours, Kings, and Princes, and their Generals and chief Com∣manders in the field upon Martial men, whose valorous merits even in justice, required due re∣compence of Honour answerable unto their worthy acts, the remembrance whereof could not better be preserved and derived unto poste∣rity, than by these kinds of honourable Re∣wards. The first we read of, that made this use of them was Alexander the Great, being moved thereunto by the perswasion of Aristotle his Schoolmaster: who having observed his magnificent mind in rewarding his Souldiers to the full of their deserts, did at length prevail with him so much, as that he caused him to turn the Current of his Bounty another way, and to recompence his Souldiers with these Marks or Tokens of Honour; which he be∣stowed on them as Hereditary testimonies of their glorious merits. In later Ages Charles the Fourth the Emperour, gave Arms also un∣to Learned men, and such as had performed any memorable service, or excellent work, there∣fore Bartholus, being a most expert man in the Laws, and one of the Council of the said Charles the Fourth, received in reward for his Arms from the said Emperour, this Coat-Ar∣mour, viz. Or, a Lion rampant his tail forked, Gules, which afterward descended successively to his Children and Posterity. But Bartholus (though he were a most singular and perfect Civilian) because he was unexperienced in Mar∣tial Discipline, durst not at first assume the bear∣ing of those Arms: But afterwards upon bet∣ter advice he bare them, knowing how unfit it was to refuse a Reward given by so Potent an Emperour. And this was a noble Institution of Charles the Fourth, that not only the Skilful Professors of the Civil Laws, but the Learned Proficients, and the Judicious Students in other Arts and Professions, might receive remunera∣tion for their Vertues, Honos enim alit Artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia glori••, Abra. Fra. pag. 76. And without all doubt there is great reason that Arms should be distributed unto men renowned for their Learning and Wis∣dom, who with expence, even of their Lives and Spirits in continual Study, to enable them∣selves fit for to serve the Weal publick at home, by Magistracy, and Civil Government, wherein they may no less merit reward of their Prince at home, by their politick managing of Civil Affairs, than the Martial man abroad with his brandished slaughtering Sword; sithence they oftentimes in their Civil Government, do pre∣scribe limits to Martial affairs also, how far they shall extend their power, according to that say∣ing of Cicero; Offic. 1. Parvi sunt foris Arma, nisi est consilium domi And this is the cause that Arms are given for remuneration in later times, as well to Learned and Religious men, as to Martial men; yet not so much for their

valour, as for their wisdom, and to honour them withal, according to the saying of a cer∣tain Author, Arma dantur viris Religiosis, non propter strenuitatem, sed propter honorem, quia honorabile est Arma portare; ut Doctor in legibus viginti annis per legem Armorum fi∣et Miles, non tamen propter ejus strenuitatem, sed propter ejus dignitatem.

The examples of these two Great Potentates before mentioned, in remunerating their well meriting Souldiers, faithful Servants and vertu∣ous and learned Subjects, with these Signs or Symbols called Arms; the one, viz. Alexander the Great, for service done in Wars; the other, namely Charles the Fourth, for politick mana∣ging of Civil Affairs by learning and wisdom at home, have been imitated by divers Emperors, Kings and Princes of succeeding Ages, using therein the ministry of the Office of Heralds; as subordinate Officers thereunto appointed and authorized, reserving always to themselves the supream jurisdiction of Judging and Remu∣nerating persons according to their Deserts; but using the ministry of the Heralds, as for sundry other uses of great importance in a State, so also for the inventing and devising of congruent tokens of Honour, answerable to the merits of those that shall receive the same: to do which although there is a power seeming ab∣solute, committed to them by the Soveraign; yet the same is restrained into a power ordina∣ry, which is to devise with discretion Arms, correspondent to the desert of the person, that shall be thought worthy to have these honour∣able badges or tokens of honour bestowed upon him.

Now sithence we have had cause here in this Chapter to make mention of a Herald, it shall not be amiss to shew what this word is, and its natural signification.

Here-heaulte. by abbreviation (as Verstegan noteth) Herault, as also Herauld, doth rightly signifie the Champion of the Army; and grow∣ing to be a Name of Office, he that in the Ar∣my hath the special charge to denounce Wars, or to challenge to Battle or Combat: in which sense our name of Heraulte approacheth the nearest to Fecialis in Latin.

CHAP. II.

SO much of such Notes as are necessary to be observed for the better understanding of these things that shall be hereafter de∣livered, touching the Subject of this Work. Now we proceed to the practick exercise of these Armorial tokens, which pertain to the function of Heralds, and is termed Armory, and may be thus defined: Armory is an Art right∣ly prescribing the true knowledg and use of Arms.

Now like as in things natural the effects do evermore immediately ensue their causes, even so division which is a demonstration of the ex∣tent and power of things, must by immediate consequence follow definition, which doth ex∣press the nature of the thing defined. Division is a distribution of things common, into things particular or less common. The use thereof consisteth herein, that by the assistance of this division, words of large intendment and signi∣fication, are reduced to their definite and deter∣minate sense and meaning, that so the mind of the learner be not misled through the ambiguity of words, either of manifold or uncertain in∣terpretations. Moreover it serveth to illumi∣nate the understanding of the learner, and to make him more capable of such things as are de∣livered, Ea enim quae divisim traduntur facili∣us intelliguntur.

The practise hereof shall be manifested in the distribution of the skill of Armory, with all the parts and complements thereof through∣out this whole Work.

This Skill of Armory consists of Blazoning, and Marshalling.

Albeit I do here make mention of the Mar∣shalling, or conjoyning of divers Arms in one Shield, or Escocheon; nevertheless, sithence it is far besides my purpose, for the present to have further to do with them (in this place) than on∣ly to nominate them; for distributions sake, I will reserve this kind of Marshalling or conjoin∣ing of the Arms of distinct Families in one Es∣cocheon, unto a more convenient time and place, peculiarly destinated to that purpose, and I will proceed to the explication of those things which do concern the first member of this di∣stribution, viz. Blazoning.

Blazon is taken, either strictly for an explica∣tion of Arms in apt and significant terms, or else, it is taken largely for a display of the ver∣tues of the Bearers of Arms: in which sense Chassaneus defineth the same in this manner, Blazonia est quasi alicujus vera laudatio sub quibusdam signis, secundum prudentiam, justi∣tiam, fortitudinem & temperantiam. A cer∣tain French Armorist saith, that to Blazon is to express what the shapes, kinds, and colour of things born in Arms are, together with their apt significations.

Like as definitions are forerunners of divisi∣ons, even so divisions also have precedence of rules. To speak properly of a rule, it may be said to be any straight or level thing, whereby lines are drawn in a direct and even form. In resemblance whereof, we here understand it, to be a brief precept or instruction for knowing or doing of things aright, as witnesseth Calepine, saying, Regula per translationem dicitur, bre∣vis rerum praeceptio, that is to say, a compen∣dious or ready instruction of matters.

Rules are taken for brief documents prescri∣bed for the delivery, or apprehension of some

Art or Science; by these the wits and inven∣tions of men are much comforted and quick∣ned, according to the saying of Seneca, In∣genii vis praeceptis alitur & crescit, non ali∣ter quam scintilla flatu levi adjuta, novas∣que persuasiones adjicit innatis, & depra∣vatas corrigit. The force of wit is nourish∣ed and augmented by Rules or Precepts; like as a spark is kindled with a soft and gentle fire, and do add new inducements and perswasions to those that are already appre∣hended, and correcteth such as are depraved and vicious.

It followeth therefore, by due order of con∣sequence, that I should annex such Rules as are peculiar to blazon in genere. For other particular Rules must be reserved to more proper places.

The aptest Rules for this place, are these immediately following: In Blazoning you must use an advised deliberation before you enter thereunto; for having once begun, to recal the same, doth argue an inconsiderate for∣wardness meriting just reprehension.

The more compendious your Blazon is, by so much is it holden the more commendable; Quia quod brevius est semper delectabilius habetur. Therefore you must shun multipli∣city of impertinent words in your Blazon, Frustra enim fit per plura quod fieri potest per pauciora. But herein you must observe this Caution, that whilst you labour to be compendious, you omit nothing material or necessary to be expressed: For as the one doth eclipse the understanding, so the other is of∣fensive to memory, as Aristotle noteth, say∣ing, Omnis sermo, si sit brevior quam opor∣tet, obscurat intellectum, si autem longior, difficile erit retentioni.

You must take special heed to words in Blazon, for a different form in Blazoning ma∣keth the Arms cease to be the same; Di∣versitas enim nominis inducet diversitatem rei, in tantum quod nomina sunt significati∣va rerum.

You must not be too full of conceits in Bla∣zon, nor overforward in speech.

You must use no iteration or repetition of words in Blazoning of one Coat:

Especially of any of these four words, viz.

• Of,
• Or,
• And,
• With.

For the doubling of any of these, is counted a great fault, insomuch as the offender here∣in is deemed unworthy to Blazon a Coat-Armour.

In Blazoning you must have regard of the things that are born in Arms: as also where∣unto they may be resembled, whether they be natural or artificial, and so to commend them accordingly.

In the Blazoning of any Coat, you must e∣vermore observe this special Rule. First to begin with the Field, and then proceed to the Blazon of the Charge, if any be. More∣over, if the Field be occupied with sundry things, whether the same be of one or di∣vers kinds, you must first nominate that which lieth next and immediately upon the Field, and then Blazon that which is more remote from the same. What Field and Charge are shall be shewed in their proper places; In∣terim oportet discentem credere.

Chassaneus holdeth, that where the Chief of an Escocheon is of one colour or metal, or more, you shall blazon the Chief first; but I hold it more consonant to reason, to begin with the Field (because of the priori∣ty thereof in nature, as also in respect that it is the Continent) rather than with the Charge, which is the thing contained, and so consequently last in nature. Nevertheless the French Armorists for the most part do bla∣zon the Charge first, and the Field after, which is a course meerly repugnant to na∣ture; by whose prescript order, the place must have precedence of the thing placed, and the continent of the thing contained: wherefore our Heralds manner of blazon is more agreable to reason than theirs. There be divers forms of blazon: A certain Dutch∣man, who lived in the time of King Henry the Fifth, used to blaze Arms by the prin∣cipal parts of mans body, as Ab. Fra. wri∣teth, pag. 63. Malorques, a French-man, made use of flowers for this purpose. Fau∣con, an English-man, who lived in the time of King Edward the Third, performed it by the days of the week. But in former times their Predecessors used only these three kinds follow∣ing: first, by Metals and Colours; secondly, by precious Stones; and thirdly, by the Celestial Planets. Out of which sundry forms, I have made choice of these three last which are most ancient and necessary, in respect that these, above all other, do best fit my pur∣pose; which is, to apply to each particular state of Gentry, a blazon Correspondent. As for example, to Gentlemen having no title of dignity, blazon by Metals and Co∣lours: to persons ennobled by the Sove∣raign, by precious Stones: and to Emper∣ours, Monarchs, Kings and Princes, blazon by Planets.

The two last of these three selected forms are not to be used in the blazoning of the Coat-Armours of Gentlemen that are not ad∣vanced to some degree of Nobility, unless they be rarely qualified, or of special desert.

These selected forms of blazon, do seem to imply a necessity of their invention; to the end that as well by blazon, as by degree, Noblemen might be distinguished from Gentlemen, and persons of Majesty, from those of Noble Lineage, that so a due Decorum may be observed in each Degree, according to the Dignity of their Persons; for that it is a

thing unfitting, either to handle a mean Ar∣gument in a lofty stile, or a stately Argu∣ment in a mean.

CHAP. III.

SO much of the Definition and general Rules of Blazon. Now will I proceed to the distribution thereof.

The principal means of teaching, and the chief part of Method consisteth in distinction, therefore in the explanation or unfolding of this Fabrick of Arms or Armorial Signs, I will use some manifest kind of distribution.

The blazon of Arms consisteth in their Accidents, and Parts.

I call those notes or marks Accidents of Arms, that have no inherent quality or par∣ticipation of the Substance or Essence of them, but may be annexed unto them, or taken from them, their Substance still remaining; for so doth Porphyrius define the same, say∣ing, Accidens potest adesse & abesse sine sub∣jecti interitu. Accidents may be said to be Cosin-germans to Nothing: For so, after a sort, doth Aristotle reckon of them, saying, Accidens videtur esse propinquum non enti, Metaph. 6. For they have no being of them∣selves, but as they are in things of being, or annexed to them. As the same Author fur∣ther noteth, Metaph. 7. Accidentia non sunt entia, nisi quia sunt entis.

Accidents and Forms do agree in this point, that both the one and the other of them being separated from the Substance, yet is not the Substance thereby altered from that it was, but remaineth still the same; which oc∣casioned many men to think that Forms were Accidents. These cannot alter the matter or substance, because they are not of the main, but come upon the by, as it were. Nihil enim transmutat materiam, nisi sit in materia.

Accidents are in the subject,, as passio in patiente, according to that saying, Accidens ut est in subjecto, non idem est in subjecto, sed ut est passio ejus, est sibi idem.

Such Accidents as are here meant are these, viz. Tincture, and Differences.

Tincture is a variable hue of Arms, and is common, as well to Differences of Arms, as to the Arms themselves.

And the same is distributed into Colours, and Furrs.

Colour may be said to be an external die, wherewith any thing is coloured or stained, or else it may be said to be the gloss of a Body beautified with light.

And the Colour here mentioned is both General, and Special.

By general Colour, I understand the pro∣per and natural colour of each particular thing, whether the same be Natural or Ar∣tificial, of what kind soever that are depicted and set forth in their external and proper beauty. In this respect all colours whatso∣ever (without exception) may seem to per∣tain to this Art, for so much as there is nothing in this world subjected to the sight of man, but either is, or aptly may be born in Arms; so spacious and general is the scope of Armory. In blazoning of things born in their natural or proper colour, you shall on∣ly term them to be born proper, which is a blazon sufficient for things of that kind, and well fitting their property or nature, for there are no terms of blazon allowed to things born after that sort.

By special Colours, I mean such colours, as by a certain peculiar propriety (as it were) do belong to this Art of Armory.

These are both Simple, and Mixt.

Simple Colours are those, whose existence is of such absolute perfection (in their kind) as that they need not the participation of a∣ny other colour to make them absolute, but do communicate their natural qualities to all other colours, to make them perfect, in which respect they are called elementa coloris, as shall be shewed hereafter.

And those are White, and Black.

To these in right belongeth the first place amongst colours, because in the order of na∣ture they were before all other colours: Prio∣ra enim sunt compositis incomposita: and are of Aristotle called Elementa colorum, saying, Albus & niger sunt elementa colorum medi∣orum. Only White and Black are accounted simple Colours, because all other colours what∣soever are raised either of an equal or une∣qual mixture or composition of these two, which are (as I may term them) their com∣mon parents. These are said to be the com∣mon parents of all other colours, in respect they have their original being from these, either in an equal or disproportionable mix∣ture. Therefore I will begin with them, and so proceed to the rest that we call colo∣res medii, in respect of their participation of both. Now for as much as practise is the scope of Doctrines (to the end those things that are, or shall be delivered, may be the better conceived or born in memory) I have thought good to manifest them by particular examples of ocular demonstration, in the plainest manner that I can devise, Quia qualis est rerum demonstratio, talis futura est hominum scientia.

Examples and Demonstrations are of great power and efficacy to illustrate and bring things to light, wherein brevity, the prop and aid of memory and sweet compa∣nion of facility, is highly commended, as Far∣nesius noteth, saying, Nihil est ad res illu∣minandas illustrius exemplis, in quibus bre∣vitas adjutrix memoriae, facilitatis socia, semper est commendata.

[illustration]

White is a colour that consisteth of very much light, as it is of Scribonius defined, Al∣bedo est color simplex in corpore tenuiore mul∣ta luminositate constans: to which Black is con∣trary. Note, as colours may be resembled to things of greatest No∣bility or Reputation, so is their worthi∣ness accounted of accordingly.

The colour White is resembled to the light, and the dignity thereof reckoned more worthy than the Black, by how much the light and the day is of more esteem than dark∣ness and the night, whereunto black is likened. Furthermore, white is accounted more wor∣thy than black, in respect of the more wor∣thy use thereof. For men in ancient time were accustomed to note things well and laudably performed (and esteemed worthy to be kept in memory) with white, and contra∣riwise, whatsoever was holden reproachful or dishonourable, was noted with black, as the Poet noteth, saying,

Quae laudanda forent, & quae culpanda vicissim, Illa prius cretâ, mox haec carbone notasti.

Moreover, white challengeth the preceden∣cy of black (according to Vpton) in respect of the priority of time, for that it was in nature before black, which is a deprivation thereof: Like as darkness, whereunto black is resembled, is an exemption of light, Omnis enim privatio praesupponit habitum. Finally, Vpton preferreth white before black, in re∣gard that white is more easily discerned, and further seen in the Field.

This colour is most commonly taken in Blazon for the metal Silver, and is termed Ar∣gent, wheresoever the same is found, either in Field or Charge. This metal representeth Water, which (next to the Air) is the no∣blest of all the Elements, and in Armory it is termed Argent, for that it approacheth near to the Luminary Bodies. To this metal is given the second place next to Gold, in regard that the Armory cannot be good, that hath not in it either Gold or Silver: It also, for another cause, bare the resemblance of Water, which scoureth, cleanseth, and putteth away all filth and uncleanness: For in Blazon it betokeneth innocency, clean∣ness of life and chastity; amongst Complexi∣ons it is likened to flegm. As for the esteem of this metal Silver, we may observe in all Ages, that Emperours, Kings, and Princes had, and yet have, their Vessels of chief use of Silver. As for the abundance of this me∣tal, you may read 2 Chron. 9. how every man brought unto Solomon presents, being Vessels of Silver and Vessels of Gold, and Rayment and Armour, and sweet Odors, Horses and Mules from year to year. And the King gave Silver in Ierusalem as Stones, &c. Such was the plentiful abundance of this metal in the days of Solomon. In com∣position of Arms, it is accounted a fault wor∣thy blame to Blazon this otherwise than Ar∣gent; but in doubling of Mantles it is not so taken: for therein it is not understood to be a metal, but the skin or furr of a lit∣tle Beast called a Lituite, so named (as I conceive) of Lithuania, now called Luten, a part of Sarmatia, confining upon Polonia. This Furr hath been heretofore much used by the ancient Matrons of the honourable Ci∣ty of London, even by those that were of the chiefest account, who ware the same in a kind of Bonnet, called corruptly a Lettice Cap.

[illustration]

Black is a colour contrary to White, ha∣ving little participati∣on of light, and is of Scribonius thus defin∣ed, Nigredo est color in corpore crassiori exi∣guae luminositatis parti∣ceps. Whereby it is apparent that black is of less perfection than white. For what thing soever there is that hath in it either light or heat, or else a life, either Animal or Vegetable, the same being once extinct, the thing it self becometh forth∣with black, which is said to be the colour of horrour and destruction; for which respect mourning Garments are made of that colour, that doth most significantly represent the horrour of death and corruption, Farnes. 3. 104. This colour is called in blazon Sable, of the Latin word Sabulum, which signifieth gross sand or gravel, in respect of the hea∣vy and earthy substance, wherein it abound∣eth above all others. And this colour is re∣puted far inferiour in dignity to white, and is likened to darkness, called in Latin Tene∣brae, eò quod teneant, id est, impediant ocu∣los, & visum prohibeant. Note that the rest of those special colours before mentioned, be∣sides white and black, are called Colores me∣dii, for that they have their primary Essence from these, either by an equal or uneven con∣corporation or mixture of these two together:

and in regard of these two extremes, from which they have their being, cannot proper∣ly be called Colores, nisi per participationem. This colour is in Heraldry blazoned Sable, and is expressed in Graving by lines hatch∣ed cross each other.

Now as touching Colores medii, or mixed Colours, it is to be understood that they are raised by the contemperation or mixture of the two Simples formerly handled, as may appear by the Definition of Scribonius, who saith, Mixtus color est, qui ex Simplicium contem∣peratione producitur.

All mixt or midling Colours, that we call Colores medii, are reckoned more Noble, or Ignoble, by participation; that is to say, as they do partake more or less of the nobi∣lity of white, which is resembled to light; or of black, which hath a resemblance of darkness, or deprivation of light.

Of these according to Scribonius, some are

• Exactly compounded of both Simples.
• Declining more to the one than to the other, in an unequal proportion.

[illustration]

That Colour which is said to be exactly com∣pounded, doth partici∣pate of the two Simples indifferently in a just proportion, as Red; which Scribonius thus defineth, Rubedo est co∣lor aequali simul Albedi∣uis & Nigrediuis combi∣natione constans. A∣mongst Colours (next after Metals) this Colour, Vermilion, or Red, hath the prime place, forasmuch as it representeth the Fire, which of all other Elements, is the most lightsome, and approacheth nearest to the quality and vertue of the Sun: In regard whereof it was ordained, That none should bear this Colour (which betokeneth nobleness of Courage, and valorous magnanimity) but persons of honourable birth and rank, and men of spe∣cial desert. This colour inciteth courage and magnanimity in persons that do grapple to∣gether in single or publick fight. We read, that those that strengthened their Bat∣tels with Elephants, when they would pro∣voke them to fight, they produced before them resemblances of this martial Colour, as the blood of Grapes and of Mulberies. This Colour is likened to the precious Rubie. A∣mongst Vertues it is compared to magnani∣mity or boldness of Courage. And amongst the Complexions it is resembled to Choler. In Armory it is called Gules. And it is ex∣pressed in Graving by Lines drawn streight down the Escocheon.

[illustration]

This Colour is bright Yellow, which is compound∣ed of much White, and a little Red, as if you should take two parts of White, and but one of Red. This colour in Arms is blazed by the name of Or, which is as much to say as Aurum, which is Gold: And it is commonly called Gold Yellow, because it doth lively represent that most excellent Metal, the possession whereof inchanteth the hearts of Fools, and the colour whereof blindeth the eyes of the Wise. Of the excellency of this Metal, Hesiodus hath this saying: Au∣rum est Corporibus sicut Sol inter Stellas. And therefore such is the worthiness of this Colour, which doth resemble it, that (as Christine de Pice holdeth) none ought to bear the same in Arms, but Emperours and Kings, and such as be of the Blood Royal, though indeed it be in use more common. And as this Metal exceedeth all other in va∣lue, purity, and fineness, so ought the Bear∣er (as much as in him lieth) endeavour to ••urpass all other in Prowess and Vertue. It is expressed in Graving by Pricks or Points.

[illustration]

This Colour is Green, which consisteth of more Black, and of less Red, as appeareth by the De∣finition; Viridis est color Nigredine copiosiore, & Rubedine minore contem∣peratus. This Colour is blazoned Vert, and is called in Latin Viridis, à vigore, in regard of the strength, freshness, and liveliness thereof; and therefore best re∣sembleth youth, in that most Vegetables, so long as they flourish, are beautified with this verdure: and is a Colour most wholesome and pleasant to the eye, except it be in a young Gentlewomans Face. This Colour is expressed in Graving by Lines drawn towards the right hand.

[illustration]

Blew is a Colour which consisteth of much Red, and of little White, and doth represent the Colour of the Skie in a clear Sun∣shining day. This in Bla∣zon is termed Azure. Coe∣ruleus color, à Coelo di∣ctus est, quod tanquam so∣lers & diligens nescit o∣tiari. Farnes. 2. 18. In Graving, this Colour is expressed by Lines drawn cross the Shield.

[illustration]

Purpure is a Colour that consisteth of much Red, and of a small quantity of Black, and is thus defined; Pur∣pureus color est, qui à multa Rubedine, & pau∣ciore Nigredine com∣miscetur. Chassaneus ha∣ving formerly handled those former six Colours, viz. White, Black, Red, Yellow, Green, and Blew, saith, that of them all (being com∣pounded and mixed together according to proportion) this Purpure Colour is raised. This Colour usually hath no other name in Blazon.

Purpure Colour hath some resemblance of a withered red Rose, which after long ga∣thering, the glorious lustre thereof fading, becometh somewhat blackish, as if it were a proportionable commixture of Red and Black together. This Colour hath its Denomination of a certain Fish called in La∣tin Purpura, a kind of Shell-fish, whereof in times past, great store have been found near to that famous City of Tyrus, situated next to the Sea-coast in the Country of Phoeuicia: this kind of Fish hath in the mouth of it an excellent and precious liquor, or juyce, of singular use in dying of ••loaths, the in∣vention and use whereof was first found out by the Tyrians, for which cause this Colour is called Tyrius Color. They must be taken alive, and that chiefly in the Spring Season, at which time the juyce is most plentiful in them at other Seasons it is more scarce: They are gathered alive, and cast together on a heap, that so by their continual moti∣on they may vent out this rich liquor toge∣ther with their spirit, which done in some near place or other provided for the clean keeping thereof, it is taken up and spared for necessary purposes. This Colour, in an∣cient time, was of that precious esteem, as that none but Kings and Princes, and their Favourites, might wear the same, as we may see, Dan. 5. 16. Now if thou canst read the writing, and shew me the interpretation thereof, thou shalt be clothed with Purple, and shalt have a chain of Gold about thy neck. Also, 1 Macchab. 10. 20. And Alex∣ander sent Jonathan a Purple Robe, and a Crown of Gold. And again; When his Ac∣cusers saw his Honour as it was proclaimed, and that he was cloathed in Purple, they fled all away. Hereof (perhaps) it cometh that this Colour is found of so rare use in Armorial Signs. Moreover it is said; And the King commanded that they should take off the Garment of Jonathan, and cloath him in Purple, and so they did, 1 Macchab. 10. 62.

[illustration]

Tawny (saith Leigh) is a Colour of Worship, and of some Heralds it is called Brusk, and is most commonly born of French Gentlemen, but very few do bear it in England. In Bla∣zon it is known by the name of Tenne. It is (saith he) the surest Colour that is (of so bright a hue, being compounded) for it is made of two bright Colours, which are Red and Yellow: nei∣ther shall you have any Colour so made a∣mong all that may be devised; and not to be stainand.

[illustration]

The last of the se∣ven mixed Colours, we do commonly call Murrey, but in Blazon, Sanguine, and is (as most truly saith Leigh) a Princely Colour, be∣ing indeed one of the Colours appertaining of ancient time to the Prince of Wales. It is a Colour of great estimation, and very stately, and is in use in certain Robes of the Knights of the Bath. Some Heralds, of ap∣proved Judgment, do hardly admit these two last mentioned for Colours of Fields, in re∣gard they are reckoned Stainand Colours. Yet some Coats of Arms there are, and those of reverend Antiquity, whose Fields are of those Colours, for which respect they have been allowed for Colours of Fields, as Sir Iohn Ferne, in his Glory of Generosity, no∣teth. This kind of bearing, Leigh doth in∣stance in two English Gentlemen of ancient Houses, that have of long time born Tawny in their Arms; the one of them he nameth Hounzaker, and the other Finers.

I have purposely, for the avoiding of prolixity, omitted here to speak of the Ele∣ments, Vertues and Complexions which eve∣ry one of these Metals and Colours are re∣spectively resembled unto, because Ferne, in his Blazon of Gentry, hath a large Dis∣course of the same subject, to which I re∣ferr the Reader.

CHAP. IV.

HItherto of Colours and Metals: Now of Furrs, according to the Series and Course of our Distribution before de∣livered, pag. 10.

Furrs (used in Arms) are taken for the Skins of certain Beasts, stripped from the Bo∣dies, and artificially trimmed, for the fur∣ring, doubling, or lining of Robes and Gar∣ments, serving as well for State and Magni∣ficence, as for wholsome and necessary use. And these thus trimmed and imployed, are called in Latin pellicei, à pellendo, of driv∣ing away, (quite contrary in sense, though like in sound, to pellices, à pellicendo, for drawing all to them) because they do re∣pel and resist the extremities of cold, and preserve the Bodies that are covered with them in good temperature.

These are used as well in doublings of the Mantles pertaining to Coat-Armours, as in the Court-Armours themselves.

Furrs do consist either of One colour alone, or, More colours than one.

[illustration]

That Furr that con∣sisteth of one Colour alone, is White, which in doubling is taken for the Lituits Skin, before spoken of, p. 11. An example whereof we have in this Esco∣cheon. Some perhaps will expect, that in the handling of these Furrs, I should pursue the order of Gerard Leigh, who giveth the preheminence of place unto Ermyn, for the dignity and ri∣ches thereof: but that form suiteth neither with the Method that I have prefixed to my self; nor yet with the Order of Nature, which ever preferreth Simples before Com∣pounds, because of their priority in time: For as Aristotle saith, Priora sunt composi∣tis incomposita: which order, as it is of all other the most reasonable, certain, and infal∣lible, so do I endeavour by all means to conform my self, in these my poor Labours, thereunto: Natura enim regitur ab intelli∣gentia non errante. Note that this, and all other the Examples following throughout this Chapter (as they are here placed) must be understood to be doublings or linings of Robes, or Mantles of State, or other Gar∣ments, wherein (according to Leigh) they all have one general Name, and are called Doublings; but in Escocheons they are cal∣led by Nine proper and several Names. What those Mantles are, shall be shewed hereafter, when I come to the handling of the second Member of Division before made. In the blazoning of Arms, this Colour is e∣vermore termed Argent, unless it be in the description of the Arms of one that is Reus Laesae Majestatis: but being a doubling, it is no offence (saith Christine de Pice) to call it White, because therein it is to be under∣stood only as a Furr or Skin.

Furrs consisting of more than one Colour, are either of Two Colours, or, More than two.

Such Furrs as are com∣pounded of two Co∣lours only, are sorted either.

• with Black, and are ei∣ther
  • Black mixt with white, as Ermyn, and Ermyns. or,
  • Black mixt with Yel∣low, as Ermynois and Pean.
• or without Black; such are, accord∣ing to Leigh,
  • Verrey, sez. A. and B.
  • and Verrey, Or, and Vert.

Knowledge is no way better or more rea∣dily attained than by Demonstration: Scire e∣nim est per demonstrationem intelligere, saith Aristotle. I will therefore give you parti∣cular example of their several Bearings.

[illustration]

Ermyn is a Furr con∣sisting of White, distin∣guished with black spots. Albane Earl of Brittain, unto whom William the Conqueror gave the Earldom of Richmond, and Honour of Middlesham, bore this Coat. You must Blazon this by the name of Ermyn, and not Argent powdred with Sa∣ble. This is the Skin of a little Beast, less than a Squirrel (saith Leigh) that hath his being in the Woods of the Land of Arme∣nia, whereof he taketh his name. The tail thereof is of a Thumbs length, which is of colour brown. The Aegyptians did propose this little Beast for an Hieroglyphick of Cha∣stity, Farnes. lib. 2. fol. 15. So greatly is this little Beast affected unto cleanness, as that she had rather expose her self to the hazard of being killed, or taken by the Hunters, than she would pollute her Coat with the filth of the Bird-lime laid before the entrance of the Cave to take her at her going in. Leigh, in the former part of his Accidence, fol. 132. seemeth therein to contradict himself, in that he affirmeth Ermyn to be no Colour, but a Compound with a Metal, and serveth as Me∣tal only. For mine own part, I do not see

how in doubling of Mantles it should be reckoned a Metal, for that all doublings or linings of Robes and Garments, though per∣haps not altogether, yet chiefly are ordain∣ed for the repelling of cold and weathers drift: to which use Metals are most unfit, as King Dionysius declared, when coming into a Church where the Images were attired in most rich golden Robes, he took them a∣way, saying, Such Garments were too cold for Winter, and to heavy for Summer. A fair pretence to cloak his Sacrilegious Ava∣rice. The same Author in his said Accidence, fol. 75. making mention of this Furr, taketh occasion to commend a late prescribed order for the distribution of this rich and rare Furr, according to the dignity of the persons to whom the wearing thereof is allowed, which is this; That an Emperour, a King, or a Prince, may have the powdering in their Apparel as thick set together as they please: a Duke may have in his Mantles cape, only four Raungs or Ranks of them: a Marquis three Raungs and a half: an Earl a cape of three Raungs only. In some Coats these are numbred, but then they extend not to the number of ten. These rows or ranks before named are of some Authors called Timbers of Ermyn: for no man under the degree of a Baron, or a Knight of the most honoura∣ble Order of the Garter, may have his Man∣tle doubled with Ermyn.

[illustration]

This is that other Furr, before mentioned, to consist of a mixture of White and Black, and hath some resem∣blance of the former: but differeth in this; that where that is com∣posed of White powder∣ed with black; contra∣riwise this is Black powdered with White. But neither in that, nor in this, shall you make any mention in Blazon of any such Mixtures, but only use the name appropriated to either of them, which doth sufficiently express the manner of their composition to the understanding of those that are but meanly skilled in Blazon; the name peculiarly allotted to this Furr, is Ermyns.

Mr. Boswell is of this Opinion, That Er∣myn and Ermyns ought never to be sorted in Arms with the Metal of their colour, be∣cause (saith he) they are but Furrs, and have no proper Blazon with any Metal. Yet doth he particularly Blazon the Coat of Wal∣cot, fol. 106. in the Atchievement of the Right Honourable Lord, Sir William Cecil Knight, late Lord Treasurer of England, where he might fitly have taken exception against such bearing, if he could have produced any good ground for warranting such his Opinion; in default whereof he there passeth the same over with silence, knowing that Antiquity and Custome (which hath the vigour of a Law, where there is no Law written) are powerful in things of this nature: he secret∣ly relinquisheth his Opinion, forasmuch as it is manifest, that not only Walcot, but Kings∣mell, and many others, both ancient and mo∣dern, have used such bearing without contra∣diction.

[illustration]

Of those Furrs be∣fore mentioned, that are compounded of Yellow and Black, this is the first, and is termed in blazon, Ermynois, whose Ground or Field is Yel∣low, and the Powdrings Black. Though this be rich in Arms (saith Leigh) yet in doubling it is not so rich. Of the use of this Furr, Bara maketh mention in his Book, entituled, Le Blazon des Armoiries, p. 14. and Edel. Hiryssen, in his Book, entituled, Le Iardyn d' Armoiries, in the Arms of Leefwelt.

[illustration]

This is that other Furr composed of the same Colours, but di∣sposed in a contrary manner to the former; for whereas that con∣sisteth of Yellow pow∣dered with Black, this is Black powdered with Yellow; and in Blazon is termed Pean.

These are other sorts of Furrs or Doub∣lings, consisting also of two only Colours, which as they are much different in form, so do they also receive a diverse Blazon from these before specified, which are these that follow, and their like.

[illustration]

He beareth Verrey, Or and Gules, by the name of Ferrers, and is the Coat of Io. Fer∣rers of Walton upon Trent in Derbyshire, Esquire. In Coats of this sort of bearing, in case where it may be holden doubtful whe∣ther should have the precedence, the Colour or the Metal; the Metal must have the pre∣eminence as the most worthy. The French men, from whom we do borrow our terms of Blazon, do call all sorts of Doublings or Furrs of this form, by the name of Vaire••

perhaps, Quia ex diversis coloribus alterna∣tim variantur. To this sort of bearing, there are no other terms of Blazon allowed. If your Vaire doth consist of Argent and Azure, you must in Blazon thereof, say only, He beareth Vaire; and it sufficeth: but if it be composed of any other Colours, then you must say, He beareth Vaire of these or those Colours. The Latin Blazoners, making men∣tion of this sort of bearing, do thus describe them, Portat arma variata ex pellibus al∣bis & caeruleis, accounting them for Skins of little Beasts. For that in ancient times they were used for linings of Robes, and Mantles of Senators, Consuls, Emperours and Kings, and therèupon are skilfully termed Doublings. Of this use of them, Alex. ab Alex. Genial. dierum, lib. 5. fol. 285. saith, Legimus Cali∣gulam depictas penulas induisse.

Sometimes it was permitted to men grown to years, to use a kind of short Cloak, called Penula, in time of wars, though it were in substance but sleight and thin: For Alexan∣der Severus the Emperour, in favour of a∣ged men, did grant them a Priviledge for wearing of this kind of Garments: Wolf. La∣zius, lib. 8. The Garments of the Tribune of the People, and of the Plebeian Sect, were most commonly this Penula before mention∣ed; like as also was Sagum, which was a Souldiers Cloak or Cassock, and Endromis, which was an hairy Garment much like an Irish Mantle and Hood. These were apt Garments for repelling of Cold. These were not Habits beseeming an Emperour, or chief Commander to wear; nevertheless we read that Caligula ware oftentimes Depictas Pe∣nulas, Alex. lib. 5. Amongst the rest this is to be observed, That Consuls were habi∣ted sometimes in Coat-Armors, called Palu∣damenta, and sometimes in Kirtles called Tra∣beae, which was a kind of Garment worn by Kings under their Mantles of State. So that they were sometimes said to be Trabeati, and sometimes to be Paludati, according to these several Habits. Also the Lictores were Officers that usually attended these Consuls, and were like unto Sergeants, or Ministers appointed to inflict corporal punishment up∣on Offenders, and were most commonly in number Twelve. These also attended the Consul to the wars, invested also with Coat-Armour.

Concerning those Depictae Penulae former∣ly mentioned, they are said to have been in use with Emperours of later Ages, that were addicted to wantonness and delicacy, whereof Tranquillus in Caligula, writeth in this manner, Vestitu, calceatuque & caetero habitu, neque patrio, neque anili, ac ne vi∣rili quidem, ac denique non humano semper usus est: saepe depictas gemmatasque Penulas indutus. Wolf. Lazius in Comment. Reip. lib. 8. 857. If you observe the proportion of this Vaire, you shall easily discern the very shape of the Case or Skin of little Beasts in them; for so did ancient Governours and Princes of the World (saith Sir Iohn. Ferne in Lac. Nob. pag. 68.) line their pompous Robes with Furr of divers Colours, sewing one Skin to another, after the plainest fashion. There is yet another kind of Furrs much differing from all other the Furrs before expressed, not on∣ly in shape, but in name also, as in Ex∣ample.

[illustration]

This sort of Furr or Doubling was (as Leigh noteth) of some old He∣ralds called Varry Cup∣py, and Varry Tassa, which (saith he) is as much to say, as a Furr of Cups; but himself calleth it Meire, for so he reckoneth it well Blazoned, very ancient, and a Spanish Coat. But I hold it better Blazoned, Potent coun∣terpotent, for the resemblance it hath of the Heads of Crowches, which Chaucer calleth Potents, Quia potentiam tribuunt infirmis, as appeareth in his Description of Old Age, in the Romant of the Rose.

So eld she was that she ne went A foot, but it were by potent.

So much of Furrs consisting of two Colours only: now of such as are composed of more than two Colours, according to the Division before delivered.

Such are these, and their like, viz.

• Ermynites.
• Vaire of many Colours.

[illustration]

This, at the first sight, may seem to be all one with the second Furr, before in this Chapter expressed, but differeth in this, that herein is added one hair of Red on each side of every of these Powderings. And as this differeth little in shape and shew from the second Furr, na∣med Ermyn; so doth it not much differ from the same in name, that being called Ermyn, and this Ermynites.

The other Furr that is composed of more than two Colours, is formed of four several Colours at the least, as in Example.

[illustration]

This differeth much from all the other Furrs, and (according to Leigh) must be bla∣zoned Vaire; this is composed of four di∣stinct colours, viz. Ar∣gent, Gules, Or, and Sable. Here I will note unto you a ge∣neral Rule that you must carefully observe, not only in the blazoning of these Furrs, but generally of all Coat-Armours, viz. that you describe them so particularly and plainly, as who so heareth your Blazon, may be able to trick or express the form and true por∣traiture thereof, together with the manner of bearing, no less perfectly, than if he had done it by some pattern thereof laid before him.

Although I have here in the Blazon of this kind of Furr, as also in the Table of this first Section put a difference between these three words, Vaire, Verrey, and Var∣rey, in ascribing to every one of these a particular property in the Blazon of Furrs differing in Metals and Colours; in which I must confess, I have followed Leigh; yet I do for my own part rather agree with Sir Iohn Ferne, who in the 86. pag. of his Book entituled Lacy's Nobility, writeth, That there is no other blazon allowed to a Doubling or Furr of this nature, than only Vaire, or vari∣ated; for which word variated I have ob∣served, that our English Blazoners use Ver∣rey, from the French Masculine participle, vaire; and Sir Iohn Ferne there further saith, That these differences of terms, Verrey, Var∣rey, and Vaire, are meer phantasies of Leigh his Blazon, and newly by him devised, with∣out any authority of Writers to inferr the same: And that before Leigh his time, all Authors had called this sort of Furr or Doub∣ling, Vaire: And if it be varied, or compo∣sed of Argent and Azure, then it is so cal∣ed, and no Colours named: but if it consist of any other Colour, then it is blazoned Vaire, of such and such Colours. And I shall here∣after in this my present Edition, always blazon a Furr of this nature, of what Me∣tal and Colours soever composed, yea, al∣though it consist of two Metals and two Colours, Vaire or Verrey, always naming the Metal and Colour, except it consisteth of Argent and Azure: And thus concluding the Chapter of Tinctures, being the first kind of Accidents of Arms, I will now go on to the second sort.

CHAP. V.

HAving hitherto handled the first part of the distribution before delivered touch∣ing the Accidents, viz. Tincture: I will now go forward to handle that other member of the same, namely, Differences; shewing first what Differences are; and so proceed in order to the Division of them.

But before I proceed to the definition and division of them, it is not unnecessary to ob∣serve, That Arms may be resembled to Arith∣metical numbers, for like as in numbers, the addition, or subtraction of an unity, maketh the said number to receive a diverse form from that it hath before; in like manner by the apposition to, or exemption of any one thing from the Coat-Armour, be it either difference, or whatsoever else, the Coat-Armour is not the same, but varieth from that it was before. This variation (occasioned by the addition or exemption of some adventitious thing) ne∣vertheless altereth not the substance of the Coat-Armour, but maketh the same to dif∣fer in form only from that it was before; for these adventitious Appositions are of the nature of Accidents, whose property is Adesse & abesse sine subjecti corruptione; as I have formerly shewn out of Porphyrius, p. 16.

Differences have no existence of themselves, but are of the quality of Adjectives, which need the ayd and support of some substantive, to be annexed to them, and were devised, for the distinguishing of Coat-Armour, of par∣ticular persons, of one and the same family each from other among themselves, accord∣ing to that saying of Chass. Differentia sunt quaedam aceidentia per se non existentia, quae inducunt diversitatem separativam, per quam dignoscuntur talia Arma, in quibus sunt inserta, ab armis alterius. But I will proceed to the definition and division of Differences.

Differences are extraordinary additaments, whereby Bearers of the same Coat-Armour are distinguished each from other, and their nearness to the principal Bearer is Demon∣strated.

Of Differences some are

• Ancient,
• Modern.

Those I call ancient Differences, that were used in ancient time for the distinguish∣ing, not only of one Nation or Tribe from a∣nother, but also to note a diversity between particular persons, descended out of one Fa∣mily, and from the same Parents. Such are Bordures and Imborduring of all sorts. The Bordures that were annexed unto Coat-Ar∣mours, in the beginning were plain, and (in all likelyhood) were of some one of the Co∣lours or Meals before spoken of: But after∣wards in process of time (by reason of the multiplication of Persons and of Families)

men were constrained to devise other sorts of Bordures, to induce a variety, whereby each particular person might be distinctly known, and differenced ab omnibus & singulis ejusdem domus & familiae. Of these there are divers forms, as by these examples follow∣ing may appear.

[illustration]

The first devised Bor∣dures were born plain, after the manner of this, which is thus blazoned. He beareth Argent, a bordure Gules. Here you shall not need to mention the plainness of the bordure; for when you say a bordure of this or that colour or metal, and no more, then it is always understood to be plain, al∣beit the same be not so expressed. But if it have any other form than plain, in such case you must not omit to make express mention of the fashion thereof.

The plain Bordure, used for differing of Coat-Armour, is resembled to those Fimbria's, or Bordures, that Almighty God, by the mouth of his Servant Moses, commanded the Israe∣lites to wear about the skirts of their Gar∣ments, to put them in mind of their duties touching their observation of his Precepts; In respect that the people were yet rude, and unexercised in obedience, therefore was this Ordinance prescribed unto them; as St. Hierom noteth in these words: Rudi adhuc populo, & hominibus ad obedientiam insuetis, per Moysen imperatur à Domino: ut in sig∣num memoriae quod praecepta Domini recor∣dentur, per singulas vestimentorum fimbrias habeant cum cocco Hyacinthini coloris Insig∣nia, ut etiam casu huc illucque respicienti∣bus oculis, mandatorum Coelestium memoria nascatur. Of these Bordures were the Pha∣risees reproved by Christ, because they per∣verted the use thereof, by wearing them, not for the putting of them in mind of the observation of Gods Precepts, but for a bra∣very, and their own vain ostentation, and to the end they would seem more strict and se∣vere observers of Gods Precepts, than others were.

The Content of the Bordures (saith Leigh) is the fifth part of the Field. Also it is to be observed, that when the Field and the Circum∣ference or Tract about the same, drawn (as in this example) be both of one Metal, Co∣lour or Furr, then shall you not term it a Bordure, but you shall say, that he beareth such Metal, Colour or Furr imbordured. Leigh reckoneth this sort of imborduring here spoken of, to be of the number of Dif∣ferences of Brethren; but Bartol (saith he) hath committed the distribution thereof to the Heraulds.

Before I proceed to the Compound Bor∣dures above specified, I will give some few Examples of other several forms of simple Bordures; (Quia simplicia priora fuerunt compositis) as followeth.

[illustration]

He beareth Sable, a Bordure ingrailed, Ar∣gent. This word in∣grailed, is derived from the Latin word Ingre∣dior, which signifieth to enter, or go in: Quia ista linea ex qua confi∣citur Bordura, Campum plus aequo ingrediatur. Or else it is derived of Gradus, which sig∣nifieth a step or degree, and thereof it is called a Bordure ingrailed; Quia (as Vpton noteth) ejus color gradatim infertur in Cam∣pum Armorum.

The next sort of Bordure that I will note unto you, is a Bordure invecked; and the same is formed as appeareth in this next Escocheon.

[illustration]

This Bordure is form∣ed meerly contrary to the last precedent, and is blazoned in this manner. He beareth Or, a Bordure invecked, Gules. As the former doth dilate it self by way of incroaching into the Field, contra∣riwise this doth contract it self by inversion of the points into it self; in regard whereof (it seemeth) it receiveth his denomination, and is called Invecked, of the Latin word Inveho, which signifieth, To carry in: Qv••a ipsa linea gibbosa, in borduram plus aequo invehatur.

[illustration]

This Bordure differ∣eth in form from both the other, and is thus blazoned; he beareth Gules, a Bordure indent∣ed, Argent. Mr. Wyrly, in his Book intituled, The true use of Arms, treating of the honour∣able life, and languish∣ing death of Sir Iohn de Gralhye, Capitol de Buz, and one of the Knights elected at the first foundation of the Garter, by that victo∣rious King Edward the Third, doth there∣in make mention of one Sir Perducas Dal∣breth, to whom this Coat-Armour did pro∣perly appertain, and describeth the same in this manner.

Sir Perducas Dalbreth to the French return'd, Who Guly Shield about his neck did fling, Wrapt with dent Bordure silver shining.

This Bordure is said to be indented, because it seemeth to be composed (as it were) of Teeth, whereof the same hath a resemblance as well in property as in form: For Teeth (especially those of Beasts of ravenous kind, or of prey) have that part of their Teeth next to their Gums, broad and strong, and their points sharp, after the manner above specified; and they are called in Latin, Den∣tes a demendo (as Isidorus noteth) which signifieth to take away or diminish, Quia a∣liquid de cibis semper demunt. In the same manner also do every of these Indentings, entring into the Field, lessen and take away some part of them as they go.

Note that all sorts of Bordures are subject to charging with things, as well Artificial, as Natural; as by examples following, in part shall appear; wherein I purpose not to be curious, either in their number, or yet in their order; but as they shall come to hand, so will I set them down in their proper places.

Hitherto of Bordures simple. Now of such as are compounded, as followeth:

[illustration]

He beareth Azure, a Bordure counter-com∣poned, Or, and Gules; which is as much to say, as compounded of these two Colours coun∣terly placed. Note that Counter-compony consisteth evermore of two Tracts only, and no more. Note further, that the manner of dif∣ferencing of Coat-Armours by Bordures is ve∣ry ancient; but if you respect their particu∣lar forms and charge, they are not so.

[illustration]

He beareth Gules, a Bordure purslew, Verrey. Note here, that this term Purflew, is com∣mon to all the Furrs be∣fore handled, so often as they are used in Bor∣dures. Therefore when∣soever you shall find a Bordure of any of these several kinds, you must (for the more cer∣tainty of the Blazon) express by name of what sort of Furrs the same is, if the•• be a peculiar name appropriate thereunto. O∣therwise, if it be one of those kinds that have no certain name, whereby it may be distinct∣ly known from the rest; or if it be so, that the Bordure be composed of some such of the Furrs, as do comprehend under one name, divers and distinct Colours, then must you of necessity particularly name the Colours whereof every such Bordure is so composed, except it consisteth of Argent and Azure, as this doth, and then it sufficeth to call it only Verrey, as in this Example I have done.

[illustration]

He beareth Gules, a Bordure checkie, Or, and Azure. Albeit this hath a near resem∣blance of Counter-com∣pony before handled, yet it is not the same, for that never exceed∣ed two Tracts or Panes, and this is never less than of three: Therefore you must take spe∣cial heed to the number of the Tracts in Blazon, else may you easily err in mistaking the one for the other. And this Rule hold∣eth not alone in Bordures, but also in Bends, Fesses, Barrs, &c. born after those manners.

[illustration]

He beareth Vaire, a Bordure Gules, charged with eight cross Cros∣lets, Argent, by the name of Molesworth; and is born of Hender Molesworth of Spring-Garden in the Parish of St. Katherines in the Island of Iamaica, Esq one of his Majesties Council in the said Isle; second Son of He••∣der Molesworth of Pencarrow in Cornwall, Esq. who was lineally discended from Sir Wal∣ter de Molesworth of Northamptonshire, who flourished in Martial Prowess in the days of King Edward the First, and went with him to the Holy War.

Sometimes you shall find the Bordures charged with things living, as in these Ex∣amples.

[illustration]

The Field is Argent, a Bordure Azure, charg∣ed with Enaluron of Martlets, to the number of eight, Or. In your blazoning of Bordures of this kind of bearing, you must mention what sort of Fowl or Bird your Bordure is charg∣ed withal; for that this term serveth gene∣rally for all kinds of Bordures charged with things of this kind.

A like Bordure doth Iasper Earl of Pem∣broke bear, that was half-brother to King Henry the Sixth, and was created Duke of

Bedford, by that most prudent Prince, King Henry the Seventh.

[illustration]

He beareth Azure, a Bordure Gules, charged with eight Lioncels pas∣sant, Or. Such a Bor∣dure is set forth for Hamlyne Plantagenet, that was Base-brother to King Henry the Se∣cond. This term Enur∣ny is proper to all Bor∣dures charged with any Beasts, whose kinds must be specially observed, and expressed in Blazon, for the more certainty thereof.

Sometimes you shall find two of these sorts of Bordures before handled, commixt in one, as in these next Examples following.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a Bordure quarterly, as followeth: The first Gules, Enurny of three Lioncels passant gard∣ant, Or. The second, Azure, Verdoy, of as many Flowers de Lis, Or. The third as the second: The fourth as the first. Such a Bordure did Henry Court∣ney, Earl of Devon, and Marquess of Exeter, bear, (who lived in the time of King Henry the Eighth) environing the Royal Arms of England, which he received as an augmen∣tation of Honour. And this Coat-Armour may also be thus shortly blazoned, Argent, a Bordure quarterly England and France.

[illustration]

He beareth Gules, a Bordure, quarterly com∣posed of Purflew, Er∣myn, and Counter∣compony, Or and A∣zure. Such a Bordure did Henry Fitz-Roy bear, who was Duke of Richmond and Somer∣set, as also Earl of Not∣tingham. He was base Son unto King Henry the Eighth. Sometimes you shall find Bor∣dures charged with Leaves or Flowers, and o∣ther Vegetables, as in Example:

[illustration]

He beareth Sable, a Bordure, Or, charged with Verdoy of Tre∣foils, slipped to the number of eight pro∣per. Note that this term Verdoy is appropriated to all Bordures charg∣ed with Leaves, Flow∣ers, Fruits, and other the like Vegetables•• Wherefore to make your blazon more certain, it behoveth that you should expresly mention what kind of Vege∣table the Bordure is charged withal.

Otherwhiles you shall have Bordures charg∣ed with other sorts of things inanimate, or without life, as in this next example.

[illustration]

He beareth Or, a Bordure Sable, charged with Entoyre of eight Besants. Such a Bor∣dure did Richard Plan∣tagenet, King of the Ro∣mans, and Earl of Corn∣wall bear, that was Son unto King Iohn, and Brother to King Henry the Third. Note, that this term Entoyre is proper to all Bordures charged with dead things. Therefore you must name what kind of Entoyre the Bordure is charged with, whe∣ther with Roundles, Crescents, Mullets, An∣nulets, or whatsoever other dead thing. A Besaunt, or (as some call them) a Talent, is taken for a Massive Plate or Bullion of Gold, containing (according to Leigh) of Troy weight, 104 l. and 2 Ounces, and is in value 3750 l. sterling, and had for the most part no similitude or representation upon it (as some hold) but only fashioned round and smooth, as if it were fitted and prepared to receive some kind of stamp. But others are of Opi∣nion that they were stamped, and that they were called Bezants (or rather Bizants) of Byzantium, the place where they were an∣ciently coyned. Note, that whensoever you shall find any Bezants or Talents born in Arms, you shall not need to make mention of their colour in blazoning of them, because they be evermore understood to be Gold.

Sometimes you shall find Bordures gobo∣nated of two Colours, as in this next Exam∣ple.

[illustration]

He beareth Ermyn, a Bordure gobonated, Or and Sable: And such a bearing is so termed, because it is divided in such forts, as if it were cut into small Gobbets.

As this Bordure is gobonated, so shall you find Bordures, either Bendy, or Bendwaies, or charged with Bends, as in this next Escocheon in part may appear.

[illustration]

He beareth Gules, a Bordure Sable, charged with three Bends, Ar∣gent. I give it this blazon in respect that the Sable doth surmount the Argent, and stand∣eth (as it were) in stead of a Field: but if they both were of even pieces, then should I have termed it a Bor∣dure Bendee, or Bend-ways, of so many pie∣ces Argent and Sable, or Sable and Argent, as it should happen.

There resteth yet one Example more of Bordurings, which I have here placed, to the end the same may serve in stead of ma∣ny particular demonstrations, otherwise re∣quisite for the full understanding of the ma∣nifold several sorts of Diapering that may be u∣sed in Bordures, as in Example;

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a Bordure Gules, diaper∣ed, Entoyre, Enurny, Enaluron, Verdoy, &c. Note, that you may have Diaper of any two, three, or more of these, or any other their like, in one Bor∣dure, and that not on∣ly Bordures, but also Fields of Coat-Armours, are found diapered. That Field or Bordure is properly said to be diapered, which being fretted all over, hath something quick or dead, appearing within the Frets. And albeit things having life and sense, or their parts, may be born diapered: Yet Plants, Fruits, Leaves, Flowers, and other Vegetables, are (in the Opinion of some Armorists) judged to be more fit for such kind of bearing.

This kind of bearing Diaper in Coat-Ar∣mour is sometimes seen in Coats of France and Belgia, but very rare or never in Eng∣land, as Sir Iohn Ferne noteth. Diaper (saith he) is known of every man to be a fantastical work of knots, within which are wrought the signs or forms of things, either quick or dead, according to the invention of the Work-master, as is well known in Ipres, Bruges, and some Cities of Heynault. In the blazon of such Coats you must first name the Colour or Metal of the Field.

As touching their first several Charges impo∣sed upon these Bordures aforehandled, I should not (I acknowledge) have made mention of them at all in this place (the order of my Method respected) sed propter necessitatem nonnunquam recedendum est à regulis. But the occasion offered to treat of the differences of Bordures in this place, enforced me to make untimely mention of those Charges, to the in∣tent I might yield some satisfaction to the Reader touching these variable forms, which I could no way better perform than by demon∣strative Examples: Exempla enim ponimus, ut sentiant addiscentes.

Notwithstanding, that I take here only mentioned a Bordure and Imborduring, for ancient Differences, yet I do not thereupon conclude, that Antiquity was not acquainted with any other than these: but the Reason, that I do not particularly here discourse at large of those other ancient Differences, is, because the use of divers of them now, as Differences, is antiquated; and some of them are now used, as Ordinaries, or some other Charge of the Field, which I shall afterward handle, but not here, because it sutes not with my intended Method; others of those ancient ones are still in use, as Differences, but to demonstrate some other younger Brother than anciently they did, and therefore now termed modern, by changing of their first use. Let it therefore suffice only to name some of those first sort here mentioned, as Orles, Cotizes, Bends, &c. Which how they then were disposed of, in the Terminal, Col∣lateral, and Fixal Coat-Armours, I refer you to Sir Iohn Ferne and others, who have writ plentifully of them. In those elder times al∣so, the variation of Metal or Colour, Trans∣position of Charge, yea, sometime change of the Charge, or of part of the Charge, were used for distinctions of Families, as you may observe in divers Authors, and in the Coat-Armours of younger branches of many ancient Families.

CHAP. VI.

HItherto of the ancient manner of differ∣encing Coat-Armours: Next, such as we call modern Differences, come in order to be handled. I call those modern Differences that are of a latter institution, and put in use sithence the invention of Bordures. Such are these that follow, and their like, viz. the File, Crescent, Mullet, Martlet, An∣nulet, Flower de lis, &c.

What these Files are, I cannot certainly a∣vouch, because I find that divers Authors, and those very Judicial in matters of this kind, do diversly judge of them, according to their several conceits. Vpton, a man much commended for his skill in blazon, and of some Armorists supposed to have been the first that made observation of their use (but they are therein much deceived, for that such use was made of them many Ages be∣fore Vptons time) calleth them Points, such as men usually fasten their Garments withal,

and saith, they may be born either even or odd, to the number of Nine. Budaeus, an ancient Writer, affirmeth them to be Tongs, and that they may be born but odd. Al∣ciatus in his Parergon nameth them Plaitez or Plaits of Garments. Bartolus calleth them Candles. Some other Authors call them Files, and others Lambeaux or Labels. In this so great uncertainty, I forbear to determine a∣ny thing, seeing those so Learned cannot certainly resolve among themselves what they are. Only concerning their divers manner of bearing, these Examples following will give light: wherein I will begin with their single bearing, and so I will proceed to their Compound use.

[illustration]

The Field is Argent, a File, with one Label, Gules. This form of bearing is found in the Chappel of the Castle of Camphire, alias Tre∣voir, in Zealand. Such is the dignity of the File, as that the He∣raulds in their sound discretion, have caused many poor decayed Gentlemen, and Persons newly risen, to lay aside the bearing thereof, because of the dig∣nity of the same, being such, as the Son of an Emperor cannot bear a difference of higher esteem, during the Life of his Fa∣ther.

Vpton saith, that Files are not born for Arms, but for differences of Arms: Tales lingulae sive labellae (saith he) non dicuntur proprie signa, sed differentiae signorum. Ne∣vertheless in practise it falls out otherwise, as in this Coat here expressed, and others following may be seen. For we find that Labels are born both single and manifold, without any other manner of Charge; so that it is clear that they are born sometimes for Arms, and not always for differences of Arms, as by the second Escocheon following more plainly appeareth.

[illustration]

He beareth Azure, a File of three Lambeaux, Argent. This (saith Leigh) is the first of the nine Differences of Brethren, and serveth for the Heir or eldest Son, the Father living. Honorius saith, That one of the Labels be∣tokeneth his Father, the other his Mother, and the middlemost signifieth himself.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a File of five points, or Lambeaux, Azure. This seemeth to me a per∣fect Coat of it self, for I find the same ancient∣ly set up in a Glass∣window in the Church of Estington in the County of Gloucester, and is born by the name of Henlington. Whence may appear that this File is born as a Charge sometimes, and not for a difference of Coat-Armour always. The File of five Lambeaux, saith Leigh, is the Difference of the Heir whilst the Grandfather liveth; but his Grandfather being deceased, then he leav∣eth this, and taketh that of three, which was his Fathers difference. But herein his Rule faileth; for that they have been anciently born with five points for the difference of the eldest Son, in the time of King Edward the First, as appeareth by divers Seals, and other good authentick proofs of Antiquity.

Note, That as the Bordures before men∣tioned, so also these Files are oftentimes charged with things, as well quick as dead, whereof I will give you some few Examples in these next Escocheons.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a File of three Lambeaux, Azure, each charged with as many Flowers de lis, Or. Such a File did Henry the Fourth, Duke of Lancaster bear, (over the Arms of Eng∣land) who was Son to Henry Earl of Lanca∣ster, whose Father was Edmund, surnamed Crookback, that was first Earl of Lancaster, and Son to King Henry the Third.

[illustration]

He beareth Azure, a File of three Lambeaux, Argent, each charged on the dexter side of the foot thereof with a Canton, Gules. A like File did Lionel Plantagenet bear (who was third Son unto King Edward the Third) over the Arms of France and Eng∣land; saving that those Cantons were pla∣ced in the highest part of his Labels afore∣said.

The Label of the Heir apparent (saith Wyrly) is seldom transferred unto the second Brother, but when the Inheritance goeth to the Daughters of the eldest Brother. In

which case, it was permitted unto him, to bear the File as Heir-male of his Family, and as one that remained in expectancy of the Inheritance, if the Issue of his Neeces should fail. Note, that the second Brother might not intrude himself into the absolute Signs of his Family, the Inheritance being in his Neeces or Kinswomen. Hugh de Ha∣stings being a second Brother, and his Poste∣rity did bear a Label for their difference up∣on the like occasion, and for the reasons here mentioned.

[illustration]

The Field is Vert, a File of three points parted perpale, Gules and Argent, on the first six Towers, Or; and the second as ma∣ny Lionceaux rampant, Purpure. Such a File was born by Edward Plantagenet, Son and Heir to Edmund of Langly, Duke of York, which Edward lived in the time of King Richard the Second, by whom he was crea∣ted Duke of Aubemerle, and was slain in the Battel of Agincourt in the time of King Henry the Fifth.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a File of three Lam∣beaux, Gules, each charged with as many Towers, Or. Such a File did Robert d' Ar∣tois bear, who guided K. Edward the Third in all his wars against the French. This Ro∣bert was a Frenchman, and was thought to have been the first that moved King Edward the Third to make his challenge to the Crown of France. Many more Examples might be given of the divers manners of bearing and charging of Files, but these here expressed may suffice to inform the Reader that they are no less subject to Charges than the Bordures before expressed: as also to move him to take a more strict observation of them, as they shall come to hand.

Forasmuch as it hath been anciently que∣stioned (and for ought that I could ever see, resteth as yet undecided) by Bartholus, Bu∣daeus, and other Judicious persons of their times, Whether Files or Labels should be born with even points, or odd? some holding that they could not be born but odd, others maintaining they might be used indifferent∣ly as well even as odd. In my former Im∣pression I followed the stronger Opinion, and in all the precedent Examples have produ∣ced patterns of unequal points. Neverthe∣less, not so resting satisfied, I have sithence endeavoured to examine their use (the faith∣fullest Interpreter of things doubtful) to which end I took occasion to peruse certain Mis∣cellanean notes of Seals, which I had ga∣thered long ago: by which Seales it appear∣ed they had been anciently used to be born as well even as odd; whereupon (out of my desire to clear all doubts, and to make e∣very thing as perspicuous and manifold as I could) I resolved to cut such Seals as came to my hands, for the better approbation of this my assertion, and content of the Read∣er; and withal to set them down according to order of even bearing, viz. two, four, six, &c. before I would conclude this Chapter of Files. As in Example:

[illustration]

Sigillum hoc appendet Chartae cujusdam Ioh. ap Howell de Monnemoth fact. Christianae Ball. con∣tinenti quoddam escambi∣um unius Curtilagii, in vico vocato Mowkentstreet, &c. Dat. Anno Regni Re∣gis Edward. III. 32.

This piece of Evidence resteth amongst the Writings or Deeds of George Thorpe of Wanneswell, Esquire, and one of his Maje∣sties Gentlemen Pensioners, whose residence is in the Parish of Barkley in the County of Gloucester.

An Example of a File with four points fol∣loweth in this next Escocheon.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, two Cheverous, Gules, on a quarter of the se∣cond, a File of four points of the first. This Coat was, amongst o∣thers, taken out of an old Mass-book at Gos∣worth in the County of Chester, wherein they were found, fair limmed, many years ago; as appeareth by a Book of Visitation of that Shire, remaining in my own hands extant to be seen: which Visitation was made by Wil∣liam Flower, alias Norroy, King of Arms of the North part beyond the River of Trent, who was associated and accompanied therein with Robert Glover, Somerset Herauld, his Marshal, Anno Dom. 1580.

This Coat might have been more aptly placed hereafter in the second Section, a∣mongst Ordinaries of divers kinds, born one upon another; but that I desire to place all my Labels of even points together without interruption, though I digressed somewhat therein by giving way to necessity, albeit with breach of Rule and Order; Nonnun∣quam enim propter excellentiam seu neces∣sitatem receditur à Regulis. This form of

bearing of Files with four points, is also warranted by Rolls of great Antiquity; as appeareth by the Coat of Sir Thomas Ley∣bourne, that bare Azure, six Lionceaux Ram∣pant, Or, a File of four points, Gules, which I do here pass over, as well for brevity, as for impertinency thereof to this place, in respect of the Lions, the principal charge there∣of. Note here a strange bearing of a File.

[illustration]

This Seal was affixed unto a certain Deed of one William de Curli, as appeareth by a Trans∣cript thereof in my Book of Seals, the effect where∣of is brief, as followeth in these words.

Will. de C. fil. Will. de Curli, &c. pro Salute Antecess. &c. terr. in Ter∣ritorio de Langle, 20 Henr. 3. Teste Hug. le Poer. Vicecom. Warwick. He••r. de Napford, Roberto de Clopton milit.

This Example serveth to confirm my form∣er assertion, That Files are not only born for differences, but sometimes for the only charge of the Coat-Armour, as appeareth by the Coat of Henlington, whereof I have gi∣ven Example elsewhere: And herein we may observe a rare form of position thereof in bend Sinister.

[illustration]

I have also seen a like File of three points born dexterways in Bend for the only Charge of the Field, as in this E∣scocheon, which may receive this blazon, He beareth Argent, a File of three points in bend, Sable. This Coat-Ar∣mour belonged to one Morien an Alien born, buried in St. Maries Church in Oxford.

For the shunning of multiplicity of Exam∣ples, I will give an instance of a Coat-Ar∣mour, comprehending both sorts of Files, viz. even and odd points, which for that it is sim∣ple, and unmixt with any ordinary or common Charge, may serve in stead of all: As in Ex∣ample.

[illustration]

The Field is Or, three Files born bar-wayes, Gules; the first having five points, the second four, the last triple pointed: Here I am constrained to say Tri∣ple pointed, lest by the iteration of the word Three, I should break the Rule given, pag. 9. This is, as I take it, a Dutch Coat, born by the name of Laskirke, quasi lis Ecclesiae.

Now if any man will demand of me, why I do spend my oyl and travel in things of so small moment? To such I answer, that so long as I travel to find out the truth, I rec∣kon my travel well bestowed, though the matter be of never so small importance, Suave enim est in minimis etiam vera scire.

There is yet another form of bearing of Files, diverse from these before mentioned, which albeit the same be not in use with us, but seemeth to be a National Custome peculi∣ar to the Kingdom of France: Nevertheless, sithence I have undertaken to treat amongst things of the use of blazoning of Coat-Ar∣mour, I would not willingly omit any form of bearing, or other remarkable thing, that might make either my self or the Reader more expert in the use of Blazon. This form of bearing Files, which I will now shew you, is not distant some little space from the up∣per part of the Chief (after the most usual fashi∣on) but groweth immediately out of the Chief it self.

[illustration]

The Field is Azure, a File issuing out of the Chief, without any in∣termission at all, and is thus blazoned in French, Il port d' Azure, un file de Gules, movant du Chief. These Armori∣al differences are in France observed upon the Robes of Honourable persons issued out of Princely Families amongst themselves; such Robes (I mean) as are given them, either at the Marriages or Funerals of Kings and Queens. As for Example; It hath been noted that the Lambeaux, Gules, upon the Mantles of Orleance, have been adorned with Flowers de lis. The Lambeaux of Artois with Castles, Or. Those of Anjou moving out of the Chief, only Gules.

In like sort divers other Noble Houses of France, viz. of Valois, of Berry, and of A∣lencon, have Bordures either plain or engrail∣ed, or charged with Besants, those of Eve∣reux Bastons, Or, and Argent, and they of Bourbon Bastons, Gules.

Here may rise a Question not unworthy our observation, viz. Whether like as the eldest Brother is preferred before the second, so the Son of the Eldest Brother shall in like sort be preferred, or take place before his Uncle? And this hath been holden a great and difficult Question a long season; until at length, Otho the Emperour of Germany, be∣ing at Trevere with his Barons, this matter was there questioned, he ordained that the cause should be decided by Combat, where∣in the Nephew hardly obtained the Victory;

because it was deemed to have proceeded by the secret Judgment of God, it was decreed that from thenceforth the Nephew should be preferred before the Uncle. Of this mind are Nich. Boerius, Lucas de Penna, and Iohn de Montolero, that the Nephew should take place.

The like Question hath risen in France between the Second Daughter, and the Son of the Eldest Sister, as well in Avignon, a City of Narbone in France, as in other parts thereof, which remained long undetermined. At length it was finally adjudged in the Court of Parliament (holden at Paris) for the Ne∣phews, for whom also it was likewise decreed in the City of Avignon.

If any man shall demand of me, How it cometh to pass that the Diminutions or Dif∣ferences of Arms beforementioned, are so di∣versly born, not only in forraign Countries, but also in one self Nation? Or why there is not one set form observed in the use of them with all Nations? I answer, That it is not possible, because of the infinite actions of men, which are no less infinitely subject to mutability, and therefore can by no means be reduced to a Set-form of bearing universal∣ly, according to that saying of an uncertain Author, Res sunt infinitae, infiniteque muta∣biles, idcircò praecepto generali comprehendi non possunt.

Besides these Di••••••rences beforementioned, other sorts of Modern Differences were de∣vised for the distinguishing of Brethren and Persons issued out of one Family, which for the reach they extend unto, do more mani∣festly express, (and as it were) point out with the finger, how far their several bear∣ers are distant in degree from their Original Ancestors; as also, how each of them stand∣eth in Degree one to another among them∣selves, as by the Examples ensuing may ap∣pear.

[illustration]

The First House.

[illustration]

The Second House.

[illustration]

The Third House.

[illustration]

The Fourth House.

[illustration]

The Fifth House.

[illustration]

The Sixth House.

To these single Differences, expressed in the first of these Ranks, doth Gerard Leigh add three other, to make up the number of Nine; which number he laboured much to make compleat throughout all his Book. The form of which three are these: viz. the Rose, the Cross Molin, and the Double Caterfoil.

[illustration]

It hath been evermore one Observation with Nations in bearing of Arms, that as e∣very particular Family (saith Sir Iohn Ferne) did bear Arms, different in substance from those of other Families, so those that are descended of the self same Bloud, should like∣wise bear the Arms of that House and Fa∣mily whereof they are descended, in a dif∣ferent manner each from other (not in Sub∣stance but in Accidents) for the distinguish∣ing of their Line of Agnation. And the ap∣position of these Differences, albeit they seem to make some alteration in the Coat-Armours whereunto they are annexed, yet is the same but meerly Accidental, the Substance still re∣maining as it was before; the Nature of these Appositions being such as is of all other Ac∣cidents, Vt possint abesse, & adesse sine sub∣jecti interitu.

And these Differences annexed to Coat-Armours are of some Authors termed (and that not improperly) Diminutiones Armo∣rum, in respect they do derogate from the Dignity of the Arms whereto they are ad∣ded, as expresly manifesting them to be of less esteem than those from which they are derived: Multiplicitas enim individuorum, in eadem specie diminutionem arguit. But doubtless, the conceit of Apposition of these Differences to Coat-Armours was grounded upon the necessity (the common Parent of all Inventions) as well that thereby all con∣fused bearing of Arms might be avoided; as also that the Prerogative of the Eldest Son should be preserved inviolable. And for this cause hath the Eldest of every Noble and Generous Family, his peculiar manner of sole and plain bearing, which he will in no case permit any other man to use, though he be of the same Family and Surname, but with addition of some kind of Difference, because the sole bearing of Arms pertaineth only to the first begotten: In primogenito enim (saith Lyra) tanquam in capite stat, & remanet splen∣dor geniturae.

As touching the Dignity of the Firstbe∣gotten, Tremellius in his Annotations upon the 49th of Genesis, maketh mention of two chief Prerogatives due unto Re••ben, had he not defiled his Fathers Bed; the one of Ho∣nour, whereby he had his Brethren in Sub∣jection unto him; the other of Strength, by reason of his double portion of Inheritance.

And Chassanaeus saith, Ea quae acquiruntur Primogenito, acquiruntur titulo universali, item acquiruntur ut constituto in dignitate. For these respects the Arms of the Family ought to remain entire to the Eldest, be∣cause the second, third, and fourth begotten Sons cannot arrogate to themselves any such Prerogative, and therefore may not bear their Coat but with Difference.

Furthermore, these Differences here spo∣ken of, are of some Authors called Doctrinae Armorum; and that very aptly, in regard that by the apposition of them to Coat-Ar∣mours, our understanding (upon sight of them) is informed from what Line of Consanguini∣ty the Bearer of such Difference doth abstract himself, whether from the Line Ascending, Descending, or Collateral; as also in what Degree he standeth; as, whether he be the second, third, or fourth begotten Child of such a Parent. And such apposition in no less lawful, than is the addition of Names of Baptisme unto the Surname of the Family: Sicut enim nomina inventa sunt ad cognoscen∣dos homines, ita arma vel insignia ad fa∣milias & personas distinguendas singula∣tim.

There is yet a further use of these Dif∣ferences, in that they serve to prevent and avoid Dissentions, Debates, Challenges, Com∣bats, and Slaughters. For as to all Brethren there is but one Surname allowed; yet for Difference, that one of them may be dis∣cerned from another, there is added unto each Brother a Praenomen, or Name of Bap∣tism; so is it necessary, that since the Coat-Armour of the Ancestor is competible to all the Children (as the Mark of the Family whereof they are descended, that a Differ∣ence should be added to the Coat-Armour of every Brother, to mark and limit out to all mens sight the diversity of their Birth and Line whereupon they depend, that so all occasion of Challenge may be prevented, when each man knoweth not only his place of precedence, but also his nearness and place of title to the Inheritance.

Whereas I have formerly, among the Ex∣amples of Bordures, used demonstrations of Differences in the Blood Royal, of some of the younger Sons of Kings, I hold it fit, be∣fore I conclude this Tract of Differences, to give a little touch of the necessity why these

should be more eminent than those of ordi∣nary use, with Persons of inferiour Estate. First, in regard that if the Coat-Armour of others should have too near a conformity and resemblance with the Soveraign Ensigns, the Vulgar sort perhaps might (in some cases or pretences) be seduced to follow such a one as were not their King, to the great distur∣bance of the State, and no less peril to the Person of their lawful Soveraign. And not only is it so in Coats pertaining to the Blood Royal, but also in other inferiour Callings: For in ancient time (saith Wyrly) when men could not sufficiently distinguish their Coat-Armours by changing their Devices into o∣ther Colours, for the Number of Leaders, that many times were of one House or Fa∣mily; then were they forced to very their Marks by the said Additions. And very sel∣dom should you see in those times, Cres∣cents, Mollets, of such small things born for a Difference: or if any such were, they were made so large; that they might easily be discerned by the distance of forty foot. Fur∣thermore, the Soveraign Estate and Dignity being compared with the quality of any Sub∣ject, the Difference will be found so great between them, and the one so far surmount∣ing the other of them, as that Reason it self willeth that so great a Difference should be put between the Royal Ensigns and the Arms of a Subject, as there is between their E∣states and Degrees, since those Ensigns are the Marks of their worthiness and esteem.

For these and other respects, it hath been, and yet still is in use, that in Addition of Dif∣ferences to the Arms of Kings younger Chil∣dren, the skilful Heralds have given some of the Honourable Ordinaries, for more appa∣rent Distinctions, as a Fess, Chief, Bend, Pile, Bordure, and such like, as we may ma∣nifestly see in divers ancient Coats born by such Noble Personages as have descended from the Collateral Lines of the Kings of Eng∣land, France, Scotland, &c.

Concerning those Modern Differences be∣fore expressed in the form of Six Ranks, p. 25. viz. Crescents, Mollets, Martlets, &c. not∣withstanding their institution was ingenious, yet hath tract of time discovered their use to be dangerous, especially in Martial Affairs, by reason of their darkness and unapparent forms, occasioned by imposition of one Dif∣ference upon another; the peril whereof hath not a little extenuated their estimation. Ne∣vertheless, their invention is not therefore to be condemned, inasmuch as the Events have not fallen out answerable to the intention of their first Deviser: Neither can it be there∣fore justly said to be done without ground of Reason, as a certain Author noteth: Si fi∣•••• in intellect•• operantis sit rationabilis, e∣tiamsi non sequatur quod intenditur, non id∣circo dicitur irrationabiliter operari.

Here it is to be observed, that Differences do in no ways appertain unto Sisters, for that they are reputed to be separated and divided from the Family whereof they are descended, inasmuch as when they are once married, they do lose their own Surname, and do receive their denomination from the Family whereof their Husbands are descend∣ed. And so much doth the word Soror no∣tifie unto us, as Sosinus saith: Soror est quasi seorsim nata, & à familia separata.

To Daughters it is permitted to bear the Arms of their Father, even as the Elder Bro∣ther doth after his Fathers decease, without any scandal or challenge of their Elder Bro∣ther; for that to Daughters never were any Differences allowed, and that for three cau∣ses: First, Because their Coats are never, or very seldom advanced in the Field, foras∣much as to that Sex War is reputed odious. Secondly, For that the Coat-Armour is no longer born by them than during their life, for the same extendeth not to their Issue. Lastly, Because so long as Issue continueth of any of the Brethrens Lines, they are de∣barred from the Inheritance. Yet in some ••ases they shall bear the Coat-Armour to them and their Heirs; as in Example, If all the Issue of the Brethren happen to become extinct, then the Daughters shall Inherit the Land of their Ancestor? In which case, they may therewithal assume his Coat-Armour, and bear the same by themselves and their Heirs for ever. But betwixt 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sisters be allowed no Differences of Ba••••es of Pede∣grees: the Reason whereof is, for that since by them the Name of the House cannot be preserved; therefore they are admitted to the Inheritance equally: and are adjudged but one Heir to all intents and purposes, in Laws as well Martial as Civil, without any eminent Prerogative either of Honour or Possession, betwixt Elder and Young∣er.

CHAP. VII.

SO much of the Accidents of Arms, viz. Tincture and Differences, comprehend∣ed in the first part of our premised distri∣bution.

Now of the second Member thereof, viz. Parts of Arms.

The parts of Arms are,

The

• Escocheon.
• Ornaments without the Escocheon.

An Escocheon is the form or representa∣tion of a Shield of what kind soever, and is

so called of the Latin word Scutum; which hath the same signification: whence also an Esquire, or Page, takes his name of Scutiger, signifying primarily a Target-bearer. And the Target is not unaptly deduced from the Latin word Tergus, a Beasts hide, whereof at first Shields were made: whereupon Pliny saith, Tergus ad scuta galeasque impeuetra∣bile, An impenetrable hide fit to make a Shield. And the Poet Statius,

—caesis clypeos vestire juvencis. With Bullocks hides they clad their Shields.

Whence Virgil calls Ajax his Buckler, Septemplex, for the sevenfold doublings of Leather: As elsewhere he describes a Target,

—duo taurea terga:

—made of two Ox hides. But the clearest Star of our Profession, Mr. Clarenceaux takes it from the British word Tarjan, and that from the French Thireos, which Pausanias saith, is the Buckler in use amongst the old Gaules. If any here should ask me, Why then Es∣cocheons-should be used in Heraldry, since o∣ther men are invested with Ensigns of Ho∣nour, besides Martial men? I answer them, that as to Military men that token is proper for reward of that kind of Service; so if o∣thers by their Vertues, Arts, or Actions, ad∣vance either the honour or the welfare of their Country, their service is as be••oveful as the othe•• and themselves as Defenders of Preservers of their Countries Peace and Happiness (as I have formerly shewed) deserve likewise the reward of the Escocheon, be∣ing the Hieroglyphick or Emblem of De∣fence and Preserving. In which respect that good Prophet Elijah was called The Chariots and Horsemen of Israel. And by the Civil Law (Imp. in L. Advoc. C. de Advoc.) an Ad∣vocate is said to be Miles, a Martial man, and to have the same Prerogatives, in that they do civium vitam & patrimonium de∣fendere, defend the Life and Livelyhood of the Subjects. Touching the divers forms of Shields, I will not here speak; every Coun∣try almost having their divers makings: amongst which, the smallest were in use a∣mongst our old Britains, as being most man∣ageable; and the greatest amongst the Ro∣mans and Grecians, as may appear by Alex∣ander, who being to pass a River, used his Shield for his Boat, and his Spear for his Ru∣ther to guide himself over. And it was e∣ver held more dishonourable for a man to lose his Buckler than his Sword in Field, be∣cause it is more praise-worthy to defend a Friend than to hurt a Foe, as a Noble Ge∣neral once said: Mallem unum Civem, &c. I had rather save one good Subject, than kill an hun∣dred Enemies.

The Accidents in this Escoche∣on are

• Points.
• Abatements.

Points are certain places in an Escocheon diversly named, according to their several Po∣sitions.

Whereof some are

• Middle.
• Remote.

The Middle Points are those that have their location in, or near to the Center of the Escocheon.

Such are these, viz. the

• Honour
• Fess
• Nombril

Points.

The Fess Point is the exact Center of the Escocheon. The Honour Point is the next a∣bove the same in a direct Line. The Nom∣bril is next underneath the Fess Point, an∣swering in a like distance from the Fess Point, as Gerard Leigh hath set them down.

Remote Points are those that have their si∣tuation naturally in places further distant from the Center of the Escocheon.

Of these there are

• Superior.
• Inferior.

The Superior Remote Points are those that have their being in the upper part of the Esco∣cheon.

Of these there are

• Middle.
• Extremes.

The Superior Middle Point doth occupy the precise midst of the Chief, between the two Extremes. The two Superior extreme Points do possess the corners of the chief part of the Escocheon.

And are termed

• Dexter.
• Sinister.

The Superior Dexter Point hath his begin∣ning near unto the right corner of the Es∣cocheon, in the Chief thereof. The Supe∣rior Sinister Point is placed near the left An∣gle of the Chief, in opposition to the Dex∣ter Chief; whereunto, as also to the Middle Chief Point, it answereth in a direct Line.

The Inferior Points do occupy the Base of the Escocheon, and thereof have their deno∣mination, and are called Inferior, because they are seated in the lower parts there∣of.

Of these also there are both

• Middle.
• Remote.

Note, that each of these do answer in op∣position unto the several Superior Chief Points above mentioned, in a direct Line, insomuch as by them the Location of these might be easily conceived without any further Descrip∣tion of them, Quia posito uno contrariorum, po∣nitur & alterum. Nevertheless, because those things that are delivered dividedly, are best

conceived and understood, I will particularize these as I have done the former, beginning with the Middle Point.

[illustration]

The Middle Base Point doth occupy the exact midst of the Base of the Escocheon, and answereth perpendicularly to the Middle Superior and Inferior Points. And in like sort do both the Inferior Base Extremes an∣swer in an Equi-distant proportion to the Ex∣tremes of the Superior Points placed in the corner of the Escoche∣on. That Extreme Base Point on the right hand is named the Dex∣ter Base Point; and that on the left hand is the Sinister Base. And for the better explana∣tion of that which hath been here delivered touching the Points of an Escocheon, I have here (because Examples add light) expres∣sed the same by manifest Demonstrations, placing several Letters upon every of the said Points, according to the Description before-mentioned. As there is a preheminence in the priority of nomination of things, so is there also in their local distribution: where∣fore you must have respect unto the Points of an Escocheon, for therein also consisteth a Dignity, inasmuch as one Point or Place of the Escocheon, is more worthy than an∣other, whereunto you must have regard in Blazoning, Quia à dignioribus semper est in∣cipiendum. What those Points of an Esco∣cheon are, appeareth in the last precedent Escocheon, and here made more manifest, as in Example.

A	Signifieth	Dexter Chief	Point.
B	Precise Middle Chief
C	Sinister Chief
D	Honour
E	Fess
F	Nombril
G	Dexter Base
H	Exact Middle Base
I	Sinister Base

The knowledge of these Points is very requisite, in respect, that when divers of these Points are occupied with sundry things of different kinds (as oftentimes it falleth out in some Escocheons) you may be able thereby to assign unto each Point his apt and peculiar Name, according to the Dignity of his place. For no man can perfectly Blazon any such Coat, unless he doth rightly under∣stand the particular Points of the Escocheon.

CHAP. VIII.

WE come now from Points, the first part in our partition of Accidents of an Escocheon, to the second part, which is Abatements.

An Abatement is an accidental Mark an∣nexed to Coat-Armour, denoting some ungen∣tleman-like, dishonourable, or disloyal de∣meanour, quality, or stain in the Bearer, whereby the Dignity of the Coat-Armour is greatly abased.

Abatements do consist in

• Diminution.
• Reversing.

Diminution is a blemishing or defacing of some particular Point or Points of the Esco∣cheon, by reason of the imposition of some stain and Colour thereupon. Note, that all these Marks of Diminution, in the Escoche∣ons next following, must be evermore of some one of the stainand Colours, viz. Taw∣ny or Murrey, and must in no wise be of Me∣tal, neither must they be charged in any case, for so should they be Additions of Wor∣ship.

These are placed on

• The Midle.
• Some other part of the Escocheon.

Such as are placed in the Middle are ex∣pressed in these next two Escocheons follow∣ing, whereof the first is a Delf, as in this Ex∣ample.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a Delf, Ten, to him that revoketh his own Chal∣lenge (as we call it) eating his word (saith Leigh) is this Abate∣ment given in token thereof. Note, that whensoever you shall find two or more of them in one Escocheon, you shall not rec∣kon of them as Signs of an Abatement, but of Honour; and in like manner, if either they be of Metal, or Charged upon; and so is it also in some other Abatements, which either by their Number or Colours, do Change their quality, and become Char∣ges of perfect Bearing.

[illustration]

He beareth Or, an Escocheon reversed, Sanguine. This is that other Abatement that occupieth the middle point of the Escocheon, and is given unto him that discourteously in∣treateth either Maid or Widow against their will; or to such an one as flyeth from his So∣veraigns Banner: he shall bear his Arms after this sort, until such time as he have done some valiant exploit, worthy to be noted by the Heralds; upon whose true report, it may please the Soveraign to restore him to his former Bearing; which admission must be done in no less private Assembly than in the Muster∣ing of a Camp.

Such Diminutions as are placed upon some other part of the Escocheon.

Do occupy

• One point alone.
• More than one.

That which occupieth one alone, is called a Dexter point parted, an Example whereof you may see in this next Escocheon.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a Point dexter parted, Tenn: This Diminuti∣on is due unto him that overmuch boasteth him∣self of his Martial Acts. If a man do perform any praiseworthy A∣ction, the self Deed will sufficiently com∣mend him, though he hold his peace. And therefore Seneca lib. 2. de Benefic••s, doth re∣prehend this kind of vain boasting; ••es lo∣quatur (saith he) nobis tacentibus, Let our Deeds speak, let our Tongues be silent: or if we will needs have verbal praise, let us seek it by the direction of that wise King, Lau∣det te alius, & non os tuum, al••ena labia non lingua tua. Let another man be thy Trumpeter, and not thine own mouth. For indeed, that mark wherewith Judicious Vir∣gil brandeth Drances, doth seldome deceive, Lingua melior, sed frigida bello Dextera, Whose Tongue is quickest to speak his Arm in fight is weak. And albeit a man be tru∣ly valiant in Deeds of Arms, yet Laus in ore proprio sordescit, It is ungentleman-like to boast of it. Plutarch writes of young Ma∣rius, that his talk and gesture was so stout that he got the name of Martis filius, the Son of Mars; but when it came to the proof, he was so far from what he seemed, that he gained a new name of Veneris filius, the Son of Venus.

Such Diminutions as do occupy more than one point of the Escocheon.

Do comprehend

• Four points.
• Less than four.

That Diminution of the former sort, is this which you see in this Escocheon, and is due to him that is sloathful in the Wars.

[illustration]

He beareth Or, a Point in Point, San∣guine. Herein you may see in part how neces∣sary it is to know the Points of the Escoche∣on before expressed. In∣asmuch as this one A∣batement compriseth these four Points, viz. the Honour, together with the Dexter and Sinister, and the exact base Points. For it is very manifest, that the one of these Arch∣lines hath his beginning from the Dexter, and the other from the sinister base Points, and do meet in an acute Angle in the Honour point, answering perpendicularly to the pre∣cise base point. In former Ages this Vice was chastised by another kind of punishment, saith Chassanaus, Quando Miles se male ges∣serit in bello potest Iudex scutum suum per∣forari facere, ut hoc exemplo alii Milites in praelio sint fortiores: If a Souldier demean himself not well in fight, the Judge Martial may cause his Escocheon to be pierced, to teach other by this Chastisement, to be more valorous. But contrariwise, it is honoura∣able for a man of Arms to have blows ap∣pear in his Buckler, given by his Foes; as is memorable in our ancient Country-man Scaeva (the principal man who taught Iu∣lius Caesar the way to conquer Britain) whose Valour Caesar hath eternized with this acknowledgment, that it was he alone who saved the Fortification against Pompey at Dyr∣rachium, where Caesar perused his Buckler, and found Two hundred and thirty holes pierced in it. And therefore because the Dastard dares not come so near the Enemy to bear his strokes on his Shield, he must be content to take this piercing of some of his own side in Arms.

Those Diminutions that do comprehend fewer than four.

Are either of

• Three.
• Two.

Such are said to comprehend three Points, whose Lines do bound so many within their Limits, as in Example.

He beareth Or, Point Champain, Tenn. This is the first of those Di∣minutions, that do com∣prehend three Points, and is formed of one Arch-line, which ta∣keth his beginning from the Dexter Base (and including the mid∣dlemost) and endeth in the Sinister Base Point. This is due unto him that killeth his Prisoner (humbly submitting himself) with his own hands, though in extreme need it is allowed by the Law of Arms, rather to kill, than to hazzard himself to be slain. Always (saith Sir Iohn Froysard) by right of Arms a man ought to grieve his Enemy, and good company of Arms is mercy to Knights and Souldiers.

[illustration]

He beareth Or, a plain Point, Sanguine. This Abatement com∣prehendeth the same Points that the last precedent doth, but differeth from the same herein, that the form∣er is framed of an Arch-Line, and this of a Right-line. This Abatement is due to him that telleth Lies, or other false Tales, to his Soveraign. For if light ears incline to light lips, harm ensueth; and War is then easily begun, but hardly allayd again, when mis∣report and light credence meet together.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, a Goar Sinister, Tenn. This Abatement consi∣steth of two Arch-lines drawn from the Sini∣ster Chief, and bottom of the Escocheon, and meeting in a sharp An∣gle in the Fess Point. This is the third and last of the Abatements, that occupieth three Points of the Escocheon, and is due to him that is a Coward to his Enemy. For we must conceive that Goars, and likewise Gus∣sets, are things in use among Women, espe∣cially Semsters, and therefore are fit notes of Cowards and Womanish Dispositions. But as for the Dexter Goar, we must otherwise e∣steem of it; for (saith Leigh) though it be of Stainand Colour, yet it is exempted out of the number of Abatements, and it is a good Coat for a Gentlewoman; many of which Sex are so far from the stain of Cowardize, as they will not turn their Backs to men of greatest Valour; but like the Valiant Penthesilea,

—Audetque viris concurrere virgo, The Damosel fair dares meet the stoutest man;

saith Virgil 1. Aencid. But if there be both Dexter and Sinister (saith he) it is too bad to be born, for although it be charged, yet doth it dishonour the thing that is there∣upon.

That Abatement that comprehendeth on∣ly two Points of the Escocheon, is called a Gusset, and is formed of a Traverse Line, drawn either from the Dexter or Sinister Chief Point of the Escocheon tending to the Honour Point, and descending from thence perpendicularly to the extream base parts of the Escocheon; as in this next Example ap∣peareth, wherein are expressed both the Dex∣ter and Sinister Goars.

[illustration]

He beareth Argent, two Gussets, Sanguine. In Abating (saith Leigh) there is but one Gusset: and he that is too much devoted to the Smock, shall wear the Gusset on the right side; but he that com∣mitteth Idolatry to Bac∣chus, the Gusset on the left side, shall be his Reward. If he be faulty in both, then he shall bear both, as in the Escocheon pre∣sent. Such a Coat as this I find born by the Name of Coningham, saving that the Field is Sable, and the Gussets Argent, and therefore not to be taken to be of this kind, according to the Rule touching the Delf.

Hitherto of such Abatements as do abase the estimation of the Coat-Armour whereun∣to they are annexed, in some parts or points of them only, being the first sort of Abate∣ments whereof we promised to speak.

Now followeth the last and worst of all the rest, which is a Coat-Armour reversed. Re∣versing is a preposterous manner of location of a Coat-Armour, by turning of the whole Escocheon upside down, contrary to the usual form of bearing, after this manner.

[illustration]

He beareth light Blew, four Mollets, yel∣low, two in the Fess, and as many in the Chief. This Form of bearing is peculiar to a Traytor, such a one (saith Leigh) was he that owned these Arms, whose name was Sir Armery of Pavy, a Lombard born, an un∣worthy Captain of Calais, and Traytor to King Edward the Third, in selling the same to Sir

Geffrey Charney for 20000 Crowns. To this kind of bearing is this form of Blazon (begin∣ning at the Base first) peculiar, and to no other, in respect that as this Escocheon stand∣eth, the Base Point is the highest part thereof. By this inglorious subversion of the Escocheon the Dignity thereof is not blemished only in some points, as the former, but is essentially annihilated in the whole. In all other Crimes, though Capital, the Punishment transcendeth not the person of the Offender, Quia nullum delictum patris innocenti filio poena est (saith Chassanaeus) the Innocent Son shall not bear the punishment of the Fathers Offence. But in this which we call Crimen Laesae Majestatis, or High Treason (being an Offence so horrible and de∣testable before God and Man) it is far other∣wise; for herein, as well the Children of the Offenders, as the Traytors themselves, shall participate of the heavy. Vengeance due to so great an Impiety, although not in that deep measure that the Father doth; and that by the imitation of the Divine Justice; that so men might be deterred, not only from the actual committing, but also from the Confederation and Concealment of an offence so highly dis∣pleasing God, and abhorring Nature. For when a Fact is committed or intended against the Person of him that swayeth the Soveraign State (wherein he representeth the Image of the Divine Government) it is not so much of∣fensive against the person of the Prince, as it is against the Majesty of the Eternal God, whose Image he beareth. And the welfare of the Subjects depending on the safety of the Sove∣raign, the danger intended to the one, hath in it a guilt of endamaging the lives of Milli∣ons.

As touching persons convicted of High Treason in the Justice of the Law of Arms, for the further coercion of so heinous a Fact as Treason is, and for a further punishment both of the Traytor and of his whole Progeny; it is to be observed, that if a Gentleman of Coat-Armour hath Issue divers Sons, and committeth Treason, he hath forfeited his Coat-Armour for ever, neither may his Issue bear the same, Quia eorum memoria destrui debet: For that the memory of them may utterly be extin∣guished. For since it is held they may be law∣fully killed, seeing they are said to be Enemies to the King and People, much more is it law∣ful to prohibit to their Heirs, together with the Inheritance. their Arms also, and stile of Gentry: Insomuch, as some are of Opinion, that the Son loseth Iura Sepulchrorum, the Rights and Ceremonies of Burial accustomed to Gentry. And of Marcus Manlius (who was condemned of Treason against the Roman State) we find a Law that none should ever bear that name. A notable Example whereof we saw of late on the Instrument of that De∣villish Parricide on the late puissant King of France, for the obliterating of the Name and Memory of such a Villain out of that Kingdom. And in Ireland, such Traytors as are convi∣cted by the Acts and Ordinances of the High Court of Parliament, are by force thereof ad∣judged to suffer damage in their Name, State, Preheminence, Dignities and Honour to them due in fore-passed times. As in all their Offi∣ces, Lordships, Castles, Mannors, and in all their Hereditaments whatsoever: Moreover, that they shall sustain corruption of their Blood and Family, and both himself and his Posteri∣ty are (by force of such Conviction and Judg∣ment) disabled to demand, receive or recover of any man by descent from any of their Ance∣stors, either Lineal, or Collateral; neither are the Children of persons so convicted, permitted to make their Pedegree, or to derive themselves from such Parents.

Finally, if such an one were invested with any honourable Dignity, the Laws adjudge not only his Coat-Armour to be razed, and his Shield reversed, but also his Spear truncked, his Spurrs hewen from his Heels, his Horse docked, his Sword to be broken upon his Hel∣met, his Crest divided, his Statues pulled down, his Blood corrupted, and his Body to death (ni∣si speciali Regis rescripto intervenerit gratia, without the Kings special pardon) his Family at an end, his Possessions taken away and (for a greater terrour) given to some other Family, whose profitable Service to the King and State may better deserve it. So loathsome is this Offence to Nobility, that she cannot suffer the Marks of him that hath offended in so high a degree, to possess any place with her Ensigns; but that the same shall be without all reverence defaced, and spurned into some base place: So that by such his Degradation, he receiveth far greater shame and ignominy, than ever he re∣ceived Honour by his Advancement, according to the old Proverb,

Turpius ejicitur, quam non admittitur hospes:

The shame is less ne'r to attain, Than having won to lose again.

The end of the first Section.