The Third BOOK of the History of the Dutch AFFAIRES.

*BY the Duke of Parma's Death, the Expedition in∣to France was broken off, and the Regiments stay∣ing upon the Borders, took some French Castles lying near them; and not long after, the Town of Nayon, the 16th day after it had been besieged, the French being first filled up, and the Works that were interposed, begun to be undermi∣ned. But the King of Spain was willing now to make a Peace, that he might the better employ his whole Endeavours a∣gainst the Low-Countrey-mens present good Fortune; and for the winning their good will, he confers greater Honours on those Noble-men, who, by their continued Obedience, were known faithful to him: Bestowing upon them the Command of several Provinces, and while one could be pitched upon Page  302 for the chief Regency, Peter Count Mansfeld• obtain'd the Name of Governour, a man, as well in Age, as Experience▪ before others, being now in the Eightieth Year of his A•▪ The Chief in the Council were Peter Herrique Count F•∣tayn, and Stephen Ibarra, both Spaniards. This, in the Ag•∣ment of Artois, formerly had consented, That the Publike Go∣vernment should be in the Citizens: But discovering the Fra• he prevail'd for the Institution of a Council of War, that might by degrees, though not directly, draw all Things under th• Care and Cognizance: That Council consisted for the 〈◊〉 part of Spaniards; to whom, at this time, were added Fon∣tayn and Ibarra; who had Order, by Command, to moder• the publike Charges, and to overlook the Treasury, which it was rumour'd in Spain that he had perform'd with fidelity: The cause of believing this might be, as it then hapned, the unexpected Charges of the War, though oftentimes under that pretence, are hidden all manner of Deceit and Polling; and the Mind being never throughly purged, but the stain still increasing, so that at last it becomes past all hope of Re∣medy. They said, who cast an Eye backward to those Things, that the States did more with Two Hundred Thousand •∣rens a Moneth, than was done on the King's behalf with nine hundred thousand, while Interest, superstuous Sallaries, and private Defraudations, scarce left the third part of the Re∣ceits, for the true intended purposes; That King Philip's For∣ces were sufficient both to Conquer the Netherlands, and to assist the French, if they were rightly look'd after, because his Father Charles the Fifth, with far less Wealth, had oftentimes maintained many great Armies, in several parts of the World. Therefore, that there might be setled in the new acquired Empire of the Provinces a greater Authority, or because the Regent should not be in fear, there were added several Regi∣ments, and Money sent thither in abundance; and this was no more than necessary, because the Sea-men, that were con∣tinually to Guard Antwerp, unless they had present satisfa∣ction, Page  303 would be ready to mutiny for their Pay, and threaten to behave themselves as Enemies. And the Garrisons of 〈◊〉 and Berck were no less audacious than they: But the Spaniards who were newly come, as they were ignorant of many things, so they endeavour'd all they could, to repair what they saw amiss, that so they might creep into grace and favour. And, upon a certain day, Fontayn coming into the Senate, was the Author of a cruel Sentence; and calling that them, which was inforced by Necessity, he began to abolish all the Customs of War; for he said, That the Dispute had his been thus long maintained by the Wealth or Valour of the Hol∣landers; But that mean and inconsiderable people, and if they were looked upon with the Eye of Reason far unequal to the whole Netherlandes, did thrive and increase, not onely by the Spani∣ard's Treasure, but by their very Forces and Vices: That their own negligence and ignorance was the great hinderance of their own fortune, and that they fearfully wrought any Evil against a pub∣like Enemy: That the vast compass of Ground, among the Cities, under the King's power, do yield Tribute to the Enemy without danger; as if it were an easier matter to do an injury by Arms, than to repell it. Rather then so, let all the Inhabitants be forced to take up Arms and so by doing, and suffering all Acts of Hosti∣lity become liable to the same batred with the Souldiery, that they alone among all hazards, may not go free distributing their Affe∣ctions at their pleasure, but should behold the fortune of both Par∣ties in one anothers bloud: But if the Enemy could not be withstood in all places, yet certainly it were better, that the whole Country should lye wast, and be altogether uninhabited, than as it is now to lye open to the Enemies Invasion, and yield them Contribution, and other means of Treachery, to know all is done: That now all the Regiments were weakned and corrupted, as it were by a Contract of Sluggishness, while every one laying aside Arms, seeks by Obli∣gation of others to confirm his own safety. Hence it proceeds, that they are ready to flee at the thought of a Battel, and chuse rather the Trade of a City, than to indure the first shock of their Enemy. Page  304 The Romans, who were the perfect Exemplars of Military Disci∣plines, always took care, that no Souldier should have 〈◊〉 Employment than that of his Arms: How oft it hath been 〈◊〉 that even the stoutest Minds have been worn out of Courage • the hope of Safety, when on the other side, the most time •∣dants, have, by Desperation, become Valiant: The Souldier, •¦der his Colours, should be taught, that there is no third thing •¦tween Death and Victory, to be admitted among them: 〈◊〉 Peace mix'd with War, is nothing else but a hindrance of p• Peace, and a means to yield daily nourishment to War.] W• words being deliver'd in a fierce Tone, drew many to 〈◊〉 with him by his Authority, and the pretence of his well-b• Counsel: On the other side, some few who had Experie• of those things, and did mind the Duke of Alva's Seve• how it was repressed; averred, That all things were not c•¦venient at all times; that the Customs of this Age were far 〈◊〉 for such a Discipline especially now when no man will take 〈◊〉 Oath, unless he be allured thereto by Reward, and the easie •s;e•¦vice of the War; That such Rigour is not the way to Peac• Concord; nor is the War with the Bordering Neighbours so •¦tal, that it must needs be managed with the utter Reine of 〈◊〉 and Depopulation of the Country; but as in the frequent Differen∣ces of Neighbours and Companions, all hope of Reconciliation 〈◊〉 to be thrown away; so in civil Discords, there is a moderation be used as being all under the pleasure of Fortune. Nor 〈◊〉 the Rule both of Commanders and Souldiers be wanting, if 〈◊〉 Dispute may be argued by Examples, who would never execute• Severity of War upon any, but in the heat of Battel; And the •¦ring of Corn, releasing Captives without Ransome hath for a• Ages made their Clemency adde a Lustre to their Fame a• Prosperity.

Discourses thus bandied pro and con, at last it hapned be• as it doth too often in many Businesses, that the majo• carryed from the better. And therefore, Count Ma• Page  305 made it a Law, That all Prisoners taken in War, should be con∣demned to some corporall punishment, and so should all that assist∣ed the Enemy, by payment of Contribution.

The United States, as they were necessitated, set forth an Edict to the same purpose, That within a certain time, this Cru∣elty of the Spaniards, with bitter Invectives, might be resented. And now the Villages and Fields were Forraged with wan∣dring Incursions; the Souldiers, so soon as taken, were hang∣ed, and many Examples of strange Fortune were shew'd up∣on all.

First of all, the Priests and Nobility, intreat the Removal of this miserable Destruction from their Possessions, in re∣gard they could not always be provided, to resist a suddain violence upon their Fields, lying open to be invaded. But the Souldiery decreased, and such as remained, fearfully en∣deavoured by all means, to shun any meeting with the Ene∣my, if they could but hear one anothers Voices at a distance. Beside, they cryed out, That they sold their Lives but for a little Money▪ and yet could never have that when it was due; but whether they had or no, they were sure to be drawn out to fight, and must venture all manner of Wounds, and the Victory it self yielded them little advantage.

If at any time, by the Averseness of Fortune, a Souldier sell into the Enemies hands, while he was suffering death by the Executioner's hand, he was laughed at, because he had not fled in time.

The Captains and Tribunes, trembled in silence to think, that the more fortunate they had been, the greater was their hazard.

These things made them admire Antiquity, in the Obe∣dience of the present Times, and at last made them return to their old Custom, to redeem their Lands with Tribute, to make Exchange of Prisoners; and that he who Ransom'd himself, should, for the same, give a Months Pay.

Page  306Which for the future was punctually observed, and if 〈◊〉 one violated these priviledges, the same severity was 〈◊〉 to him by the Enemy. Thus with an equall terrour, and punishments of some innocent persons, the Laws of 〈◊〉 were re-established.

In the Winter, some Horse, and a few Foot, under the Com∣mand of Philip of Nassau, were sent out to constrain •¦zenburg, and the outside skirts of the Netherlands to 〈◊〉 Tribute, and they wanted but a little of winning the To• of St. Vit, the fault of missing it, being wholly in the Sco• who brought word, that on that side which they intended 〈◊〉 fall upon, they had onely two Gates to hinder them▪ when as they found a third after the two other were beaten down. After they had continued abroad full fourteen dayes a •¦raging, the Enemies Garrisons all the while as occasion o•¦fered, picquering with them, when either taking away, 〈◊〉 burning whatever came in their way, they returned safe 〈◊〉 their Quarters, and loaden with spoyl. The Condition o• the Borders at this time, was most miserable, for a select •∣ty of Count Mansfeldts men, wasted and took away what¦ever the Nassavians had left; the noyse of the French W• being also at the same time rumoured, which by triviall di•∣cords, threw both Lorrain and Strasburg into a vast abys• of mischiefs. Hence arose innumerable Complaints▪ but the• got very little remedy or redress.

As soon as the conveniency of the season permitted, the Hollanders being the chief of the Union, turned their mind from forreign business, to domestick cares. They concluded that without doubt, it was very necessary to take Gertruyde•¦burg, for that one Town being torn from their Body, 〈◊〉 much torment Holland: Therefore while it was yet Winter they hastned to prepare all things fit to that future intend least either the Enemy should prevent them, or the Friz• should draw their Forces that way. But now the Fortifica∣tions, not so well proved of late in the former frustrated Siege Page  307 of the place, were defended by a stout number of Souldiers, to wit, fifteen Ensigns of Walloons and Germans, and the con∣tinued care of their Officers. And the Winterly Waters, and frequent shoures, had more than ordinary augmented the continual moysture of the Fields: Against all which, there •as onely hope in celerity, while the flower of the Enemies Army was yet detained upon the Borders of France: The •se out of Brabant, were commanded to environ the Town, and that their store might be diminished to stop all provisions going to them for succour. And forthwith the Prince, having prepared all things for for War, carried thi∣ther in Ships all his Foot-forces, which in truth, could not be called many, (for the Frizons had their own men, and Prince Maurice in vain desired Count William to come thither to him with ayd.) A great Lake lies before the Town, and washes indeed the greater part of it, spreading it self back∣ward from the mouth of the Maes, since the year one thou∣sand four hundred twenty and one, at which time, the Sea in a most impetuous manner, broke through all its boundaries, and drowned seventy and two Villages.

This (they call it Merow, by one common name with the Channel of the Wael, and it is probable, that it first re∣ceived that name from some of the antient Kings of France) is washed on the right side by the River Dungen, springing out of the fields thereabout adjacent. The Land on the other side of the Bank, is in the Jurisdiction of Holland, although for that it is doubtful, the Brabander lay a claim to it. It is part of the possessions of Nassau, by right of pledge. The Prince of Aurange, after the Peace made at Gaunt, fortified it as an entry or inlet into Brabant. There were famous Pools that abounded with Fish, but now the Fish is almost all gone, being driven thence, either by Fords and shallow Sands continually encreasing, or else by the voyce and thunder of War about them, and the daily mischiefs done them by men. In the Bank, which contains the water (for Page  308 the rest onely hiding the water with a thin film of Earth, can∣not be wrought to any thing) are many turnings and coverts which lead to the Works of the Town, lying beyond the Trench. But the Northerly blasts of the Spring, by tempest upon the Lake, had broken down that part of the Bank, it being weakened before by digging: And again, the same way (for there remained no other) the Darts and Shot out, of the Castle, which the Enemy yet held on the neighbouring Bank of Dungen, infested all that attempted it; This was dif∣ficult in the access, but a kind of hurdles being made, and covered with Loam, were put there, that they might cover, and be as a Trench for such as should assault the place. And out of the Isle of Dungen, which is hard by, were made many Shot, and at the same time Count Hohenlo, least fresh men should be sent out of the Town to supply the Castle, invades the narrow and strait passage (a happy adventure) where∣upon it was surrendred.

In these labours, and fortifying the Camp, almost a month was spent before Mansfeldt approached. He sent part of his Troops before to Turnehout, but Prince Maurice his Horse, voluntarily made an incursion upon them, while yet they were but coming together into a Body; for they being of no use among the Marshes, the Prince had quartered them in Town, so as they could well infest the Enemies marche. And Count Mansfeldts Son Charles, being safe returned from the Enemy, was in danger among his own men; for being called out of France, by hasty Messengers, where he had first taken Noyon, as is before mentioned, and afterwards Vallery, as he required a Centurion of a Spanish Band (being then in the Borders of Artoys) who had been found guilty of a Rape, to be brought forth to punishment, he scarcely escaped the fury and madness of the rest, himself being struck at with the Souldiers Weapons under his Command, they also casting off their Knapsacks, as if they had been going to fight: These tumultuary licentiousnesses, were customary in forreign pla∣ces Page  309 with them, in regard there was wages due to them for a •s;e• moneths. Mansfeldt being a German, and having a re∣gard to his own Honour, and his Fathers greatness (which be perceived envyed,) was much vexed, wherefore leaving them in the Town of St. Paul, which they had set upon and gotten, himself, with some trusty Regiments slipping away, castle to the Army and augmented its number, which the Commande•s marched with•ll but very slowly, its own multitude hindering its speed. For having 12000 Foot, and about 3000 Horse, their Confidence was su•h, that they be∣lieved immediately to over-run their Enemy, who was not all so strong as they, for Prince Maurice had not much a∣bove 5000. Wherefore from this action, Honour was to be gained to the new Governour, and they hoped from hence, is to purchase glory to the one, so to strike terrour into the other. Neither did any suspect the immense largeness of the Fields, in regard there were such incertain bogs, and so ma∣ny Moores scattered up and down among them, and they were so inclosed, that as the place yielded not room for the Armies to fight, so the Fords and shallowes afforded no place for stratagems or Ambuscadoes. Wherefore observing, I suppose, the face of the Siege, and in what manner the War was ma∣naged, he thought fit only to venture with a few, because the other part of the Camp did not merit the like fame, either in the danger or event; and truly this first example of his, was given with a very true consideration, in praising the po∣licy of the Antients, who ever made use of all things to the purpose, rather than for ostentation.

The Prince had pitched his two Camps in several Fields that had easie ascents, that he himself might defend the left side of the River and other places near to the City towards the West, the other part towards the East, Hohenlo had the charge of; the whole Leaguer, every Regiment having his proper Station and Tents, between which Page  310 were the Ways and Markets, was like a City, and was on every side fortified with a strong incurvated Rampire, whe•e∣on were planted many Cannon: This could not be much weakned at a distance, and the Enemy could not come near to fight, without great hazard and damage. Near the Trench that ran before it, wherein there was a double Rowe of Pa∣lizadoes, headed with Iron, least the falling off of the Water should leave them bare; or, on the other side, by a too great increase, should overflow the Works: There were Seluces and Engines fitted on purpose, to let out the Water. Dungen being also fitted with two Bridges, by which means there was a very near way to the Camp, and a Cross-way being made over the Marishy places with Cawseys, where they were cover'd before with the Hurdles and Baskets, stuffed and cover'd with Mud and Loam; all that passed that way, were secured on one side: And then whatsoever part of the Fields had been more wet than was convenient, it soon be∣came firm, by the throwing in of Faggots, Bavins, and other like Stuff; and, if any where they were hindred by Estuaries, and the force of the Waters, were like either to throw down, or carry away the great Heaps cast therein, immediatly the Border of the Bank was fastned with great Stakes headed with Iron: So that the places were no more like themselves, but quite changed; the Marishes were made solid, and where the Enemy formerly was afraid to fall into a Quagmire, there were now firm Fields. All the Ground lying between the Camps, was encompassed round with a large Rampire and Trench, hardly to be walked in three hours: Here and there scatteringly were some Watch-Towers set up, and in the more open places Forts, that frighted any from approach∣ing them with Guns, and Darts thrown by the Souldiers: yet for all these things, the outwarder parts were never the more carelesly strowed with Calthraps, and digged full of Pits, which every where yielded nothing but danger, though from causes to them unknown; but the Horse especially, were Page  311 on all hands afraid thereof: The Fords and Inclosures pro∣mised easier Entrance on any part. Part of the Ships with long extended Horns, menaced the City, being tyed fast one to another, with strong Cables and Anchors: by which means, not onely Relief, but any Messengers, were kept out of the Town: Some Ʋessels also were thrust forth into the Quag-Mires, which, according to the Ebbe or Floud, either swo•, or •ock fast, hiding other Boats, that served to carry Provision, and other things necessary for the War, to both Camps, in fit and convenient Creeks; and the Marriners being com∣manded to come a shore to assist Hohenlo, without murmur∣ing, were very serviceable. Most of the Works boasted the Industry of the Souldiers, as being built by their hands, a great Novelty in that time, whose pains was a great saving to the greater charge of Day-Labourers; besides the Excuse of the Country-People, whose Mul•itude being forced from their common business in the Fields (as is usual with the Ene∣my) rather procures an Envy in them to Liberty▪ or else be∣ing slothful in time of danger, are by their unskilful Crowd rather burthensom, than helpful to an Army. But by the dili∣gent Care of a strict Discipline, so far were the present Cu∣stoms of the Country People different from those of former Ages, that here the Camp was both to themselves, and their Cattel, a place of Refuge. The Souldiers placed and secu∣red them, they sold their Provisions, and received ready Mo∣ney for the same, in whose Fields, if the Spanish Comman∣ders had pitched, all the Money they could ever have raised, would hardly have been sufficient to have redeem'd them from spoil and injury. Whereas here, under the Fortifica∣tions of the Camp, they Manured their Fields, and sowed them with Seed, as being assur'd of Security, not onely for the present, but the future time. And it was found by practice▪ that they who are L•vers of Justice and Honour, shall volunta∣rily receive those advantages, which others shall hardly ex••et by Cruelty, and other thwarring Endeavours: It is scarcely Page  312 credible, how much this Continent abated the price of Vi∣ctuals, when they that forcibly commanded the same, were afflicted with all kind of Penury.

Mansfeldt having viewed all these strong Fortifications, grew much troubled; and, as it is the Custom of an exceed∣ing great fear, resolved on nothing; and, among the rest, that which at first seem'd to please him best of all, was now most disliked: however, he fortified himself, not far from Prince Maurice, with so great a quantity of Artillery, and other En∣gines, as if he had rather been going to assault a City, than a Camp: When he had staid there ten days, and the Horse coming out from Breda had straitned him in Provisions, bo∣ping that all things might more readily be brought from Boisledue, he removed towards Count Hohenlo's Camp, pre∣paring immediatly to drain the overflowing Lake, into the Channel of the Maes: But supposing that too great a Ta•k, anon he thought to drive away thence the Enemies Ships, or to break off the remainder of the Horse left there, that so be might the more freely enjoy, and have the benefit of Fo∣tage.

At length he gathers together Faggots, Bavins, and other Brush-wood, as if he intended to break over the shallow Fordable places of the Marishes into the Town; not so much out of any certain hope, as that least he should seem to have no hope at all: Which while he vainly attempts, and that he ought not to try his Fortune in divers places, the sight of the Town, and the last hopes of the Besieged Souldiers forbad: By this Idleness, and lying still of the Enemy, Prince Mau∣rice's Works were mightily forwarded; but the small num∣ber of his Souldiers was the greatest Trouble he had, for that they were almost spent with continual Labour and Watch∣ing: And the Frizons being again desired. That they having been helped before, would not now leave their Companions wanting Aid: Having for some time delayed, at last send four En∣signs, but not before Verdugo was come with Three Thou∣sand Page  313 Men to Slochteren. While these things were doing, there were several light Skirmishes about the Fields, Count Ho∣henlo being more ready thereto, than was necessary: No∣thing more was done, because Prince Maurice being wary, beyond the Nature of Youth, would not hazard a danger in the open Field; and Mansfeldt was utterly out of hope of prevailing upon the Prince's Camp by Assault. But the Town however, was continually batter'd with the great Artillery, whose greater number being with Prince Maurice, had broken and spoiled the Houses, and made unserviceable most of the Cannon in the Town: So that now the Galleries plainly appeared, advanced as far as the main Bulwark, which stood before the Rampire: And on the South part unto the Fort, which was least of all feared, not for the joyning thereof to the Town, but because it was encompassed with a great Trench, a Bridge was made over in the Nigh•, the Contex∣ture where of was great Bull-Rushes. The Keepers hereof we•e easily surpriz'd, as they lay scatter'd here and there, and negligent by the industrious Souldiers; (for they that took upon them the confidence of being Spyes, and looking in thither, brought back such Intelligence) a few of that negligent Guard escaping into the Town, filled the same with great fear.

Before this time, there was no Obedience given to Com∣mand; for, it seems, he that properly was the Governour of the Town, was then absent, being gone out a little before the beginning of the Siege, and there was none other in the place fit for that Employment: From whence it came to pass, that Works were often erected, and as often thrown down, ac∣cording to the wavering Counsels of the several Comman∣ders; of whom, two, to whom the Government of the Town had been committed during the Siege, dyed before; and now the Third, while he runs to meet the Noise of Terrour before-mention'd, being kill'd with the stroke of a Stone, clearly made an end of his Government. Thus there was no Page  314 fear of any thing but the Enemy, which Prince Maurice did greatly augment in them; when having interposed Mans∣feldt's Letters to them, which he might have detain'd, he yet sent them to them: For now Mansfeldt, having taken coun∣sel to draw away, admonish'd the Besieged, That they should not therefore abate or diminish their Courage giving them (though falsly) an assurance, that he would, by some other means, divert the Enemy. But the Besieged staying no longer, Article for their Lives onely: They deliver'd to Prince Maurice fifteen Ensigns, there were six hundred that went out sound men, free either from Wounds or Diseases, who left behind them great store both of Provision and Ammunition. But they that had had any hand in the former betraying of the Town, were ex∣cepted out of the Articles; both the Prince and Army being all new ex•sperated, by the memory of the Treachery, from the sight of the Town, and their former and present Labour and Toil in the regaining it. And so, the same day, the Prince took Gertruydenberg from the Buyers; he made the Sellers expiate their Crime with their Lives.

Count Mansfeldt understanding how matters went, know∣ing that his old Age would be blamed, and much worse Coun∣sels prevail after the Event, and that the Reports of these things would be tossed to and from in the Ears of the Peo∣ple, was much afflicted; suspecting moreover, the Fidelity of the Town of B•isleden, least that the People thereof, being of a busie and crabbed Disposition, and having no Garrison to awe it, should fly from them, in a tottering and decaying con∣dition, to their Enemies, crown'd with the growing Successes of smiling Fortune: For Prince Maurice's Souldiers, who then held the Castle of Creviceur, by making a Dam over∣thwart the River Dies, which, at that City, runs into the Maes, had made it overflow all the adjacent places: from thence, Corn-Fruit, and Pasture for Cattel, being lost, by the damage of private persons, they molested the publike Peace: Wherefore it was thought fit to appease them with Benefits Page  315 and Kindness, whom they were not able to restrain by Fear or Force: And the Prince finding that Mansfeldt made hast to besiege that Castle, prevented him, by sending before some Horse, which should hinder and stop the Enemy, at the Pas∣sage over the Maes, and keep them out of the Isle of Bommel; and presently after, himself with his whole Army, coming by Water, places himself in the middle, between the Castle and Mansfeldt; and having fetched a convenient number of Cannons and Engines from the next Towns, there being no Rampire or Bulwark yet about the Castle, (for which cause be suspected the suddain surrender thereof) he compelled them, leaving their Tents behind, to take little less than a shameful flight into the Fields about •uyck-Anons placing a Bridge upon the Maes, as if he would fall up•n Boisledue: by that false fear, he put a stop to any n•w Endeavours of the Enemy. At last the Commanders departing, with part of the Forces towards Frizeland, began to make that the Seat of War.

Since the taking of Ste•nwic and Coevorden, scituate more inwards upon the Issel, and the other Frizon Cities and Ca∣stles, had cut off from Groning, both the benefit of the Sea, and of Rivers; there remained onely one Passage out into Germany, and that was the Bourtang: The cross-way whereof is not very broad, and begins at the Bay of Dullart, not far from thence, running through great Marishes, environing the whole Country of Drent, with a long Circumference. The vio∣lent coldness of the Winter, troubled also with cross Winds at the beginning of the Year, had hindred Count William of Nassau, who was contriving by what means he might fru∣strate the Enemies last hope; but now the Spring being to∣wards, he put to Sea, where, as he sailed, he spyed Verdugo, stirred up thereto by Messengers, to have possessed all the streights of the passages; and being forbidden to fight by Command, and considering, that it was an unadvised Act to proceed further than they were sure of Provisions, he landed Page  316 in the next place; from whence, by opening the Schises, he might drown the Fields with Water; or shutting them • might, at his pleasure, hinder them, when overflow'd, to be drain'd; and thus, to retard the Enemies March. But when Verdugo had sent part of his Souldiers, to wast the Country of Frizeland, Count William not willing to suffer or pass by that Damage, least he should give matter of Complaint to that Faction of the Frizons, who did not love him (for there were some private Feuds broken out) he himself went thi∣therward, and, where he could, fortified the Border against the like Incursions for the future: Here the Enemy being de∣ceived with vain Rumors of other Attempts, the Count sup∣plies Coevorden with all manner of Necessaries, which before was in great want of many Things.

Thus the Summer being spent, and the Enemy turning his Forces towards Gertruydenberg, after they were gone, Count William removes the Forces he had receiv'd, marching by Land, and taking into his power all the Castles between Coevorden and the Bourtang: Upon the very Bourtang it self, where there is a narrow passage between the Country of We∣den, and the Lands belonging to Munster, the Marishes that are next being disjoyned, (for the Summer and Labour toge∣ther had made this place more passable) by a kind of Sandy Cliff, he commanded five Companies of Souldiers, to erect some Huts against the Weather, and to raise a strong Fort: Himself, with the other part of the Forces, (because he had Intelligence of Recruits coming to the Enemy) went behind Greening, being induced thereto by an early conceived hope, that the City would Revolt to him, as soon as Verdugo was gone, who as yet lying in the Suburbs, waited for more help.

In this mean time, Frederick Count Heremberg was sent by Count Mansfeldt with a strong party of Souldiers, (because either the Enemies Garrisons, or the Nature of the place had precluded all other ways) to the Town of Otmarsen, and the Page  317 Castles, which we told you before were deliver'd to Count William; and these he took with great Force, but not without the loss of some Bloud: From thence puffed up with that success, he went with Verdugo, to destroy the Fortifications, raised upon the Bourtang: But the greatness of the work, in so short a time, the inaccessibility of the Marishes frighted them from their Design; and Count William, being daily in∣formed by his Scouts, that they were coming against him, augmented and strengthned the Fortifications of his Camp; wherein remaining safe, he slighted their Power abiding in the Fields: Nor did he march with any Colou•s, wisely con∣sidering, there was no necessity thereof for him, and that every thing would infest the Enemy. With this kind of delay, and some light Skirmishes, the Enemy even wearied out, make towards Coevorden, through moist and troublesom ways; but finding there was firm Ground underneath, they dry'd up the upper moisture with great heaps of Bavins. And when the place made them know, that Stratagems and suddain Heats, would be to little purpose, with them who were ready to receive them, Verdugo goes away to the Castles, hoping the Souldiers inclosed therein would quickly want Victuals. But herein his In∣telligence failed him; for they had been twice of late furni∣shed with all Things possible: Then they tempted the Fide∣lity of Caspar Ensem the Governour, both by Rewards and Terrour, but he was resolv'd against both.

But now the Year wasting very fast, the Spanish Forces be∣tween Mud and Showers of Rain, were ready to sink to no∣thing, besides there grew among them a scarcity of Victuals, and they had scarce received in 8 Months, so much Pay as was due for two, and they pillaged and wasted all the adja∣cent places, running out even into Germany. Afterwards, the Cold that follow'd, added to their misery of Want, and both of them bred a sad Disease among them, with a great Flix.

Page  318Some part of the Souldiers fled both from their miseries, and the Siege together, and not as of old did they run away by single men, now one, and then one; but by whole Com∣panies at once. And Count William did encourage them there∣to, promising them rewards, who ever would come over to him. From hence the Besieged, began to gather both Cou∣rage and Confidence, to make Sallies. Shortly after the Winter made them quiet, while both sides prepare Provisi∣ons and other ayd for their friends: But the Friz•ns had Commanded Count William, to besiege the Castles that had been lost about Groiuingen: but now the lateness of the year, and the bitterness of the Weather, rather than their Officers Commands, hindred any further motion. Onely a part of the Regiment raised for Verdugo in Germany, being ignorant in the use of Arms, was met by some of Prince Maurice's Souldiers, and slain; But in several other accidental meetings, they fought variously, they being generally, either killed, or taken, that were loaden with Provision or Knapsacks. And Count Solmes harassed all the Land of Wase, that refused to pay Tribute, with the taking away of their Cattel, and some Prisoners: The Castles which he took in his passage, were after his return recovered by the Enemy, and Philip of Nassa• making a Road out of the City of Limburg, depopulated all the Country lying round about. But the ambushes layd by the Prince himself, to surprize Bruges, deceived him, at which time, passing by the Sea and divers Rivers, with the dewes and cold, he w•s thrown in•o a Disease, by meanes whereof, the •eturn of the Ships being hastned, one was cast away. The faul o• both these miscarriages, was in the Officers, who un∣dertook the Conduct of them in the night.

But in the King• Army, where mony began again to grow scant, the Souldiers fell •o mutiny, the very Spaniards them∣selves beginning the first Sedition: and so little Reverence did they shew to Charles Mansfeldt who commanded them, that they intercepted and kept the Provisions that were sent Page  319 to 〈◊〉 whose wickedness the Souldiers of other Nations, a great while detested, but soon after, observing that the Muti∣nous received their pay, they refused any longer to be quiet, but inclined to the same courses, and turning out their Cap∣taine, which they believed to dislike such tumultuous pro∣ceedings, they set up the most abject among them, by the con∣sent and choyce of the whole Bands: This Fellow was thus made a Lord over life and death, terrifies all, and feares all, but now will; no longer acknowledge his Authority from an∣others will; but taking courage, he may now with equall danger, either take or refuse the Command: However, be∣ing full of discord and cruelty, while they impose upon themselves, both Counsel and Laws, and there is no pardon admitted to any offence among them, they confess the neces∣sity of a Law, themselves being witnesses of that good, which they chiefly violate.

There was another thing that added fuel to the fire of the Souldiers rage, and that was, the sudden and too great parsi∣mony of those Spaniards, who managed and ordered the Trea∣sury, in the revoking all augmentations of Wages, which the Duke of Parma had granted to any for their more wor∣thy Service, or out of favour. And this mad mutinying frenzy was not onely in the consines of France, but among all the Garrisons of Germany, maintaining it self by Rapines and Tributes: At which time, the City of Nuisse, while part of the Souldiers there resident, were gone abroad to fetch in booty, turned out the rest: And this Rule was followed by as many as could, and served to the Souldiers for a Lesson, that either they should moderate their avarice, or increase their strength; In Berck, that was kept by seven Companies of Souldiers, who had cast off all their obedience, there the Mutineers would have no Captain, as the rest of the Souldi∣ers, but chose out of themselves a Senate of one and twenty: nor was that Honour perpetual, but changed acco•ding to the times. They exacted Tribute of the Country, lying round a∣bout Page  320 them, but with a better Discipline, than of late was done under the Command of their Prefect.

This Revenue, which within fourteen moneths, had come to near an hundred thousand Florens, was divided among them as part of their pay. And the rest was afterwards given them together with indempnity: Upon such termes did Herm•n, Count Herenberg, make an Agreement with them: Many ac∣cused the Bishop Bojarus his negligence, that might have re∣covered his Town with a little charge, and chiefly, because the Duke of Parma onely had kept it: But now being forced to stay in expectation of the coming of the new Regent Er∣nestus, in whose favour he was confirmed, he was for a while quiet. But the Hollanders, though they were free from all the before mentioned mischiefs, yet were afflicted by the angry countenance of the Heavens; for in the end of the year, a very grievous Tempest falling upon the Ulye, sunk in the angry Ocean, a Fleet of Ships lying there at Anchor, to the number of fifty Sayl, that were ready to go into Italy, among the Islands and Shelves filling all the adjoyning shores with Shipwracks and Lamentations.

1594. Ernestus Duke of Austria, sent at the beginning of this year, came into the Netherlands, and undertook the Go∣vernment thereof, which proved fatall to himself, and very unfortunate and lamentable to the Spaniard. For the Frizons were absolutely taken from him; France withdrew it self: his Arms proved unsuccesful: the treacheries of his peace were infamous: the Enemies Affairs were famously happy and flourished, but the Spaniards under him, were poor and mutinous. All which evills prevailed, either to make life irk∣som, or death to be necessitated. There were many causes that had procrastinated his coming, as the Turkish Affairs, want of money, and the Gout, a Disease familiar and custo∣mary with him. But when he came, there were many solemn acts done by the Netherlanders, in Honour of the Regent, and with great shews of joy, such as they had hardly used in for∣mer Page  321 times to their Princes, even in the best of times; for now being almost tyred beyond all patience, they interpreted the diminutions of evill for great happiness. Neither had they now a Count Mansfelda, who under the vain shew of Au∣thority, was equally ridiculous, both to his own Souldiers, and his Enemies: they had changed an old feeble man, for a person of great Nobility; and therefore they gloried at once, of that Honour, and their restored Laws, that according to the antient Custom, one was sent to govern them that was of Royal Blood, and by Kinred allyed to the King: They re∣membred, that Alva and Requescuse had stirred up the War by their forraign Authority: And the Duke of Parma, (though otherwise we I enough liked) was maligned for his Country sake; That Don John, who had attained Royal Blood, by all wayes, both of Birth and Vertue, wanted rather the moderation, than the affection of the Nobles and People. But that now there was truly come, the off-spring of Empe∣rours, with a German uprightness, neither infected with ha∣tred or malice, and consequently, more prone to concord: He had governed in behalf of his Brother, the Emperour, both the Pan••nia's, or Hungary, beloved by the Subjects for his mildness, in the taking care of them, and the blandishments of his leisure time, not much provoking the Enemy, nor himself by them often provoked: Not averse from fighting, when the Barbarians urged him, by disturbing his peace, and it may seem, that he was the rather chosen, as one who might compose the Netherlandish Affairs, the Citizens being even tyred with War, and the King well knowing, that it would be in the Conquerours power, to make what Laws he pleased for the settlement of peace.

This Duke Ernestus, was of such gravity in Conversation, that the Netherlanders interpreted it to pride. But which is proper to his Countrymen, being not Superiour in his Af∣fairs, he was easily ruled, either by Counsel or Command: With this mediocrity of disposition, he had so pleased Philip, Page  322 that he intended to have married him to his Daughter, and strongly argued in the French Counsel by Embassadors, 〈◊〉 confer upon him the Kingdom of France: fearing perchance, that if he should marry her to any Frenchman, and at any time after his Issue male should fail, that Spain, by access••• to the Crown of France, would become a Province there••. But Providence provided otherwise in that affair, 〈◊〉 brought Henry of Burbon, through divers variety of Fortune and setled him in the Kingdom: for he being grieved • himself, that being born to a Kingdom, he should onely • depelled for the oretext of Religion.

Many of the Princes protesting, they resisted him for 〈◊〉 other causes, and by that means alone, could not submit their Fortunes to him; seeing his Forces almost consumed, and 〈◊〉 other things that were the main supports of his hope: He ••∣gan to grow unsetled in his mind, between some of his Friends, applauding his noble constancy, and others persua∣ding for most advantage.

At length, either that he believed nothing more, sacred▪ than the Peace of a Kingdom, or that he had embraced his former kind of living, more out of Form than Judgement, he was Reconciled to the Church of Rome: which thing, was not of so much disadvantage to the Spaniard, but that for many years after, be continued his hatted and War against him, neither till of late, by the strong endeavours of Anmarle, were the Cities of Picardy, adjoyning to the Borders of the Netherlands, reduced unto his obedience. Nay, at Rome, a great while he incensed Pope Clement, and the most power∣full in the conclave, by threats and force, least they should open, or propose a way for the Kings Repentance, and Re∣conciliation, calling him a Renegado from Religion, and a dissembler of novel Piety.

But at the first being had in suspicion by both Parties, as well that he departed from, as that he came over to, after∣wards by a sweet and well-constituted moderation, by giving to Page  323 these the chiefest Power; to those, Safety, in the Exercise of their Religion, and some Honour, he exceeded both their 〈◊〉, and made a Harmony between them, among whom before, there was nothing but Discord: So that now all were pleased, except a few, ignorant how great a benefit they had receiv'd, whom no Felicity could ever please, no Revenge sa∣•.

In short, Trade and Commerce beginning, in this Cessation of Arms, and the People well pleas'd with this Quiet, it came to pass, that the strongest and most potent Cities, with the Metropolis of them all, Paris, and the chief Heads of the Fa∣ction and Revolt, submitted to him, caused either by private ••scords among themselves, or the fear of a Forreign Autho∣rity.

The Spaniard hereupon, when the Duke de Mayn came to ••xels, were of opinion to restrain him, as one that was averse to their Design; but the Regent Ernestus, having more regard to his Fame, hindred it; although it were known, he was the chief Instigator of the chief Leader of the Faction, to go in to the King, and merit thereby his Pardon: yet there were some, who detain'd by their own Covetousness, or the Spaniard's Policy did all they could to hinder Peace, delaying by the same the performance of their Expectations. Picardy chiefly, and the parts thereabouts near Henalt and Artots, were molested and perturbed by the Spanish Forces. And the first Spring Charles Mansfeldt, who made War in those parts, had forced Capelle, a free City there, having assaulted the Rampires, when the Trench was dry, to surrender, before King Henry could send thither any Succours. Shortly after, the King himself being conducted with some Troops to Lau∣dune, staying upon those Confines: Towards the end of Sum∣mer, Mansfeldt being driven away, who had indeavour'd to raise the Siege, the Town came again into the King's Power. The Confederate States, about this time, had given a Summe of Money to King Henry, upon condition, That he should Page  324 turn his Force upon the Netherlands: But that Queen Eliza∣beth would not hear of; who fore-saw that, together with the War, all use of him, and respect to him, would cease. This De∣fection of the King from the New-Religion, was variously re∣ported both in England and Holland; so as hardly any thing had bin further examined and discoursed, with more variety of Language, and freeness of Judgment: Others look'd upon it with Hatred and Detestation. The Catholikes hereby con∣ceiv'd a hope, that in time, that other differing Religion Rites, though at present receiv'd in publike, might at last re∣unite; and that as France had follow'd the Rule of German so the rest would follow the Pattern of France.

But all Leagues and Alliances with Neighbors, were by the King inviolably observ'd: And now the States being 〈◊〉 by what private Policies the Enemy gain'd upon them, or∣dered very diligent Care to be taken, That no sort of Writing that might prove dangerous to the Publike, might be foisted 〈◊〉 the People; And that Masters which instructed Youth in Lean∣ing should not instill into their Minds evill Opinions. Which done they turned all their Counsel to the carrying on of the war, while the Enemy would seem to seek after a peace: And be∣cause Ernestus having recruited the Army, was reported to have enhanced the Fame and Terrour of his new Regency, be sent out some with Commissions, both into England, and into Germany, to raise Four Thousand Foot, and some few Horse: These Souldiers supposed to be met by the Enemy at the Rhine, though in vain, marched safely and unknown to the Enemy: But, on the contray, Ernestus his Musters were im∣peded by want of Money, and other Casualties; for the Re∣giment of Francis Saxon Lawrenburg assembling by little and little within the Territory of Munster, part of them being slain by the Hollanders, the rest melted away to nothing, and Count Oldenburg denied passage to those that remain'd toge∣ther of them, through the Land.

Page  325The Lord of Cimace also gather'd Souldiers, consisting of Flandrians and Waloons, being partly promis'd, that he should be put into Garrison. But they that were Listed by Verdugo, a great part of them ran away; the rest were consumed either by Poverty or Diseases. Another Regiment belonging to 〈…〉tzenburg, were kill'd, partly by the Enemy, and partly by the Boors, about Carpen and Aquisgrave. Others went a∣••y into Hungary to those Wars: So that the new raised men being either dispersed, or voluntarily departed, and the old Souldiers disobedient and refractory, all their hopes were 〈◊〉 frustrated; and their boasting, That they would divide 〈◊〉 Army of Thirty Thousand Men into two parts, and there∣••th at once make War on both sides the Rhine, came to nothing. Whereby Ernestus himself, by how much he had raised mens Expectations of him, by so much he fell into present Con∣tempt; especially when Leasure and Pleasure, Idleness and Lust, began to be seen as publike stains upon him: So that he was lashed at by eminent and most bitter Invectives. Be∣sides, he overcharged his Fame among the Netherlanders, in that he would have imposed Spanish Garrisons, upon several of their Cities: And was with great Contumacy refused, both by them of Namur and Lisle.

At the first beginning of the Spring, marching into the Field, Ambushes were laid, but in vain, for the surprize of two Ci•ies which would have been of great advantage; Bois∣ledue was the one, which very seldom gave opportunity to such undertakings, and now preserved by fortune; for the Guards had no other notice of the Enemies approach, than the falling down of a Stone: Maestricht was the other, and there also was a miscarriage by the fear of the Captains which the Prince had sent before in a Ship, and because there were some Souldiers, who unskilled in such Expeditions, knew better to pillage than fight, unless by chance some∣times, we have no more power to command our Courage, than Success, when a fatall Cowardise, and a suddain fear Page  326 shall weaken, and infatuate the Counsel and Courage of those, who at another time, are Sons of Valour, and start back at no danger.

From hence Prince Maurice went beyond the Rhine, re∣solving to set an end to all those great Enterprises formerly begun in Frizeland, to which purpose, not only Count Wil∣liam's strength, but several new Companies were drawn into a Body; leaving behind only Count Hohenlo, with two Regiments to guard the Borders of Holland: Not long be∣fore this, Verdugoe's Souldiers, while yet the Waters were all covered with Ice, assaulted Delphzile, a Castle scituate 〈◊〉 the River Ecnus, they came on at first in a deep silence, 〈◊〉 on a suddain, made hideous out-cryes, on purpose to re••• the Defendants, and they rushed on so unadvisedly, that 〈◊〉 the Maritime Bank, which by the unskilfulness of the Buil∣ders, being carried beyond the Trench, reached the Bulwark, there was a sudden tumult, and long dubious Fight, untill a Neighbouring Ship coming in with Darts and Guns, and the valour of the Defendants beat off the assaylants with great slaughter.

Then the Groeningers sent to Ernestus Gifts, with humble Supplications, that he would not defer forthwith to send the General, and all the Strength of the Army so often promised, to avert and prevent the common ruine and destruction of the City.

But the Prince, knowing that he was feared in Brabant, and therefore that part of the Enemies Forces stayd there, and that another part was engaged in the French War, sending before him Pioneers and Engineers, as well to secure him in his march, as in a Battel, if need should be, steers his course towards Coevorden. He had ten thousand Foot divided into seven Bodies, every of whose Flanks and Rere, were guarded with Horse. It was a new divised Policy, that the Souldiers armed with Lances and Pikes, and a few Engines, or Guns in the Front, should break the Enemies Troops, (for Ver∣dugo Page  327 put the greatest confidence in that part of his Forces) and then the Cavallery being wearied, would easily be rout∣ed. Upon the left side, were placed the Carriages and Wa∣gons that brought Provisions to the Besieged, with some of the best and stoutest Regiments. At the right side they were •nclosed with Artillery, and the River Vidre; Verdugo also had drawn up his men in Battel-Array before the Works, as if he had desired to see the Strength and Courage of the E∣nemy, knowing he could easily retire into the Coverts of his defences upon occasion. Here the Prince took Counsel, whe∣ther he should break through the Fortified Marshes, to the Besieged, or seek a more secure way to get to the Castle. But 〈◊〉 Spaniard, under the silence and covert of the night, draws of his Regiments cruelly shattred with long penury, and ••y to mutiny at the eminent danger, together with the Duke of Parma's old Souldiers, marching with them towards Oldenzeel: there he pitched his Tents, and suffered the Soul∣diers to glut themselves with prey, instead of pay, wasting the Fields of Germany, robbing and stealing with so much more greediness, for that they believed they should not stay long there, for fear of the Enemy.

Some of these Souldiers were sent beyond the Eems to Lugen, a Town under the King's Command. Others were dispatched away to Groening, that the common people, who are naturally unstable, might be kept in awe by them, and any danger, arising from sudden fear, be prevented: After the appearance of day had discovered the nocturnal slight, and that the Castle was open: and the deliverers and Be∣sieged, had with joy among themselves, and extraordinary thinks to the Prince, saluted one another: the next thing in design was, what had hitherto been aimed at, to set upon Groening by force, which in the former years, they had so sorely te•tified. Although it was very strongly fortified both with Walls and Bulwarks, neither wanted any thing, either as to Victuals, or other Warlike preparations for defence: Page  328 And not a few of the chief Frizons, had rather the City should have continued in the Enemies power, than come into their own, as believing it would draw the Trade from all parts thither. However, the Horse being sent away, that they might stop all passages against the Enemy, as well at Steenwic as at Coevorden, and the Bourtange, leaving only the Zu•phen Regiment, to trouble and restrain the Enemy, if need should be, the great Guns were carryed by Sea.

The Prince at his first setting out, came into those Fields, that formerly had been unfortunate in the great slaughter of many of his party: for he was descended originally by the Mothers side, from the Saxons, who dyed in the Siege of this place, or else his l•bour long in vain, compelled him to omit that unhappy possession▪ nor had it been of mean advantage to his Uncles, that the Civil War had invited them thither. The ancientest Inhabitants thereabout, and such as had sur∣vived the many years of the troubles, shewed the very place, wherein Adolphus of Nassau dying, stained with his Noble Blood, the spo•l• taken from Count Aremberg, by him slain, and the first success in this quarrel: They could point out also the Castles, by whose Sieges, the Count Lewis of Nassau, in vain, hoped the defection of the Cities, and the peoples reciprocal endeavours for liberty. Then not far from thence, Lemmingere, and the Coast hard by, fatall for the slaughter of seven thousand men.

But the Prince and Count William (for they both com∣manded alike, without either discord or emulation) as if ha∣ving survived the glory of their Ancestors, they would re∣move the unlucky Omen from those places, they take up their Quarters round about the Town, the Prince himself lying on that side, where Groening turning away, as it were from the Frizons, looks full upon Germany, but not any thing stronger in that part with Towers, Forts, or Rampires annexed to the Bulwarks, or with any out-lying Fortifications. But before I declare the Siege of this famous City, it will be worth our Page  329 time, to shew the scituation of the place, and the several sorts of Nations, that frequently meet there on several occa∣sions, and the rather, for that we have nothing any where else to this purpose.

The Nations beyond the Rhine, included within the River Eems, wi•hout all peradventure, are of famous Anti∣quity: the greatness of whose Age, as is common with other people, was made fabulously incertain, before the Roman Empire propagated the fresh memory of things by their Ar∣mies: then was the Valour and Fidelity of the Frizons highly renowned: The name of the Frankes was of a later Edition, part of whom lived, as is believed, by the River Salium, which the Antients named Sala, and we by adding a syllable to the word, call it Isala, or Issell. And from this River Sala, were the Salike Laws denominated. I cannot set forth the Foun∣ders and Original of them, more then of all Germany, the Antients maintaining with a constant Opinion that they who lived there, were Aborigines, that is, at what time the Gene∣rations of mankind increased, or ambition forced them to ha∣zard, the Sea in quest of new Habitations, they were such as first possessed this utmost shore, or boundary of the Ocean: But in the mean time, I may not deny, that part of the Nor∣mans and Saxons, and what other Nations frequent those Ma∣ritine Coasts with their Fleets, being left in those places, grew up together into one Government, and used the same Cu∣stoms; And afterwards, they by the same example, poured out the superabundance of their increased Generations, at further distance into the next, and also into remoter places: But chiefly it is to be observed, in two Kingdoms, to wit, of the French in Gaul, and of the Angles, or English in Britain, whose beginnings must be drawn from these and other bor∣dering Nations: But I cannot asser• their manner of living, of what manner of Government they had in those ruder Ages, with any certainty, unless I should suppose they had alwayes bad Kings: but then that was not a name of arbitrary and Page  330 unlimited power, but as it still is in Germany, where the chief managery of all great affairs, is as well residing in the people as the Princes. But afterwards, the Empires of Germany and France, being united (though quickly disjoyned) the middle people ran one way after liberty, the Princes drew another way, to subject them, by which means, all things became un∣setled, and nothing stable. And then Christian Religion not being alike received by all Nations, as it disjoynted the Go∣vernment, so it disaffected mens minds one towards another, while others assuming the vizor of Sanctity, made themselves Imperious Priests. The wiser sort, rather chuse themselves a Captain, and seek forreign Wars against Barbarians, in∣croaching upon them by Sea and Land; from hence they fell to War among themselves, and though they agreed in Religion, yet there wanted not quarrels, which under the pretence of Piety, were at last disputed with fire and Sword Thus the Bishops and Counts, dividing the Hollanders among themselves, seized likewise at once, all the bordering Nati∣ons they could gripe within their reach; for in the first place, Zutphen beyond Issell, was added to Gelderland: Hence, all that Region, which is properly called Over-Issell, and under that name the people of Twente, Zalland•, and Drente, were all subjected to the Bishops of Ʋtrecht. But that part of Friza∣land which lies within the Ulye, after a long contest and Re∣bellion, submitted to the Jurisdiction and Customs of Hol∣land. That part which lies beyond the Lake, and divided by it from the rest, was cruelly afflicted with War, and mortall Battels, being oftner beaten than subdued: because the Princes of Holland, scorned to rule at the pleasure of others. And the Frizons esteemed their liberties, both descending to them from th•ir Ancestors, and also confirmed by several Decrees of Emperours: Wherefore taking Counsel among themselves concerning a moderation, out of their own num∣ber, they chose one to be a Moderator in their chief Affairs, giving him the name of a Podestate. But Groeningen, a most Page  331 strong City, from all Antiquity, and the chief of Frizeland, was much advantaged by the conveniency of the River Eemes, and the Neighbour-hood of Germany. From thence of old, besides the fierceness of their n•ture, this City had nourished a certain hope, that as it was the Metropolis of that Region, so in time it should command over all the Coun∣try of Over-Issell. Which being denyed by the Fortune of War, remaining yet great in its contracted Jurisdiction, ex∣tended its bounds to the Rivers Leck and Eemes, and for∣bidding any Merchandizes to be exported into other places, unless they were first brought, and offered to be sold in the City.

A Fortress of this Potency, after it had once gained Re∣nown by Covenants, and the use of right sometimes chose for∣reign Princes, and as oft changed, and cast them off, to whom they payd Tribute in Honour, as their defenders, but ever with a Salvo for preservation of their Laws; and this was well enough at present, while they endeavour to get favour; but when these Tributes were afterwards consumed in envy and prodigality, the mischief of the example appeared, it being natural to Princes, by any meanes to keep what they have gotten, and to increase by force, their beginning Wealth, if they be not absolutely obeyed; wherefore the City growing stubborn, and not contented with the liberty it enjoyed at present, but impatient of servitude, though at the same time shaken with many intestine discords, yet from the hatred of the present Lords, it still chose other, being ignorant of that good, for which Arms are taken away from the people.

Thus first experimenting the Bishop of Utrecht, it fled from them, for fear of the Saxons, to the protection of some living beyond the Ems, then to Gelders, and lately devolved to the House of Austria; yet the Groeningers kept to them∣selves a power of chusing all Magistrates, one onely except∣ed, who was the Prince's Legate or Deputy, who sate as Chief Page  332 in the Supream Assembly of the Judges, that had Cogni∣zance of the Rights of possession in Lands. In this Warre, wherein all things have been unrivetted, being vexed with most horrible Seditions, at last it consented to the Spanish Dominion, under the pretence of Liberty: This was not, as other Cities, tormented with Disterences in Religion; for when the Laws aged most furiously against all the Profes∣sors of the New Religion, those that fled from all other pla∣ces, found here a Refuge and shelter: But because there arose great Discords between them and the Citizens, the Confederate Lords, either out of a Love to Turth, or in favour of the Nobility, gave Sentence against the Citizens: But the Spaniard being more crafty, favoured the City, and there upon it submitted to his Government; being perswaded by this one thing, they rejected Religion, and all Leagues, to follow Renneberg, (so prevalent in all men is Thirst of Hatred and Revenge.)

It is to be remembred, as we before declared, that the Groeningers had refused a Garrison; for so they had agreed with the King, who also to gratifie them, indulged them with the freedom from many Burdens: But of the common for of Spaniards, they hired Three Thousand: The Forreign Soul∣diers, to the number of Nine Hundred, kept the Suburbs: There was hardly any where to be found so great a quantity of Provisions, Guns, Gunpowder, and other Military Engines, as was here: The Camp was placed a great distance from the City, that the great Artillery might do the less harm to the Houses, but was most strongly fortified, both against In∣vaders from within and without: A firm and wholesom Plain extended it self between the Rivers Horn and Scuy•∣diep; which Rivers beginning in the Marishes of Drente, 〈◊〉 through the Trenches of Groeningen and intermingle with the Sea at a place called Reidiep. And because all the Army was not sufficient to incompass the City, therefore on this side they thought fit to make their Assaults and Approaches, be∣ing Page  333 here also able to receive the Enemy if he came, that so they might, by opening the Rivers, overflow all the circum∣jacent parts: And it was found by Experiment, that the ad∣joyning Waters were no less advantageous to the Tows, for keeping away the Enemy, than it was prejudicial to the in∣closed Succours. And the Prince also carryed the Rivers so, that he might easily bring his great Guns over the Fields, against the scattering Forts: some whereof, being deserted, were easily won. But the best and noblest of them all named Adoardysel, when the Governour had defended it with more Resolution than the present necessity requir'd, the Bridges and Ladders being taken, it was assaulted by the Souldiers with so great fury, mad to revenge the slaughter of their Companions, made in the same place the Year before; that neither the too late delivery was accepted, nor the word of Command, how, and when to give the Onset was staid for: Thus they made a great slaughter, which was also increased by an accidental fire then hapning: This Fort being taken, provisions were more easily brought out of Frizeland into the Camp, the people of Embden sending in no small quantity, until Verdugo terrified them with Threats, bidding them take heed, they betrayed not their Affection: Some successful Sallies were made, both out of the Town and Suburbs, the Keepers of the New Works being tyred out with continual show•s; for those Works, out of a Military Ambition, were more hastily, than warily promoted.

The next and greatest Care was, by little and little, to un∣dermine on both sides the Port; the one whereof was defen∣ded by the Bulwark adjoyning to the Trench; the other, by an outlying Fo•t. The great Guns, on both sides, plaid very furiously; and however the Rampires, •nd other Works made of Earth, resisted the Force of the Attempt, yet the Bridges, Gates, Towers, and other Buildings, were utterly overthrown: And some Letters being taken, that were sent to Verdugo, it appear'd by them, that their store of Gunpowder, what be∣tween Page  334 a prodigal Expence thereof, and other Accidents, was well near consumed. They were advised therefore, least be∣ing left by their Associates, some of whom were in France, and other continued mutinous and full of Sedition, that they would not, being thus shut up by the Army, rashly, and without reason, seek their own ruine.

To this it was answer'd, but not as if it came from the Be∣sieged, but such as were proud with the Memory of their ol∣der and more novel Affairs, That they should not be provoked by the greatest of their Commanders, without danger, although they were not all of one mind, but had many causes of difference among them. The Assemblies of the Commons, whose Authority was greater in the publike Affairs, than was necessary, had de∣liver'd all their power to the Magistrates; and a little before the Siege they had sent Messengers, to get them some Suc∣cours: But the Netherlandish Cities, took no Thought of their so great danger, all their Labours and Endeavours be∣ing busied about the New Regent, they knew so profusely to wast their Money, as if they had not known, that by the want thereof many times, the greatest Affairs are hazarded, and Opportunities lost: Therefore, there were some who propo∣sed, that the City should be deliver'd to the Duke of Bruns∣wick; Hohenlo was a main stickler in that Advice, because, if it succeeded, he promis'd to himself, that he should be his Deputy-Governour. But the Siege utterly blew away all those Imaginitions, which being once begun, there follow'd fre∣quent Treaties between the Besiegers, and Besieged; some∣times, that they might bury their Dead; other times, that they might exchange Prisoners, and upon many the like occasions: Sometimes also, they made short Truces, which, at l•st, the Townsmen desire one to be continued, until they could send to Bruxels, for a more certain Reply, but it was meritedly re∣fused.

Jorgius, who was the principal person among all the Ma∣gistrates, before that the Co•sul, and now a Collonel, withstand∣ing Page  335 Peace, and confirm'd therein by the incouragement of the Jesuits, had drawn unto himself the Rout of the poorer sort of People, who had neither any hope or fear in the continuance or change of the Weal-publike: These threatned death to all Messengers that should come from the Enemy; and like∣wise to every one else, who but spoke well of Peace; not ab∣staining, in the interim, from committing Murthers and Rapines: But now the Ravelins, and other nearer places, be∣gan to preach Ruine; among which Evils, it was far the most miserible Spectacle, when the Darkness of the Night was turned into Light, by the burning of Houses, fir'd by the Enemy throwing and shooting Fire-Works into the Town: And, as the People gather'd together in Heaps and Multi∣tudes, to save their Houses and Estates, either were them∣selves burned in the Houses, or else maimed and mangled with the Besiegers Bullets. At last, what should they now, being between Hope and Despair, avoid? or what should they defend? since all places were equally fill'd with Hor∣rour and Lamentations: But, for all this, the Priests, and such as the Spaniard had obliged to him by Pension, attribute to this obstinate stubbornness of their peculiar Faction, the name of Constansy: Nay more, at this time, some out of the Gar∣rison, that lay in the Suburbs, passing the Trench in little Boats, took the confidence to enter the City: These, on the one side, calling them in: those, on the other, forbidding them: from whence there arose a most violent Sedition, wherein, at the beginning, there was some bloud spilled, but soon after it abated, for fear of the Enemy abroad.

The Prince, that by the prosecution of the War vigorously, he might, at some time, force to thoughts of Peace, began to undermine the greatest of all their Forts within the Trench, wherein there remain'd some marks of the Fort or Castle, rai∣sed there by the Duke of Alva; and that he might the better conceal the Policy, by some other more apparent Design, he seems to threaten the taking by storm of the Bulwarks alrea∣dy Page  336 batter'd and shaken. But when the Assailants saw the vast concourse of the Townsmen to the place, as if afraid to come on, they retired; at which instant, the Gunpowder that was hid in the Mine, being set on fire, the torn up Ground threw the dispersed Multitude into the adjacent Ditches and Trenches, and cast some, at a greater distance, into the very Camp or Leaguer: Others of them were swallow'd alive in∣to the gaping Chasma of the disbowel'd Earth. Then might have been seen some Souldiers (Scots by Nation) whose Hast and Valour carryed them towards the City, together with such as fled, but hindred from entring it, because the Planks that made the Bridge passable were broken; how∣ever, they maintain'd the place, opposing great Bags, fill'd with Sand, against all Shot and Darts thrown at them: And now all the whole Army burned with a desire of doing some∣what more, earnestly requiring the Slaughter and Ruine of the City, which they said must be won by force: That this was the City, by whose wickedness all places beyond the Rhine, for 14 Years together, had either been exhausted by War, or at least spoil'd: Wherefo•e, now they ought to require in the punishment thereof, satisfaction for the Ruine of so many Castles, the laying wast of so many Fields, and the Bloud shed in so many cruel Battels: That this might be an Example unto the rest, that they should resist until they were subdued; and malapertly, with insulting Answers, scorn Mes∣sages, and Offers of Peace: For what could be more glori∣ous for a General, than to take the benefit of his Victory upon a Rebellious City, Triumphing in the S•aughter and Spoils of all that relate to him? But if he should prefer the pub∣like good, before the Injuries offer'd to his Bloud, or the Re∣venge of his Ancestors, yet this City was not to be preserv'd, having always been injurious to the Neighbours, untractable against the Laws, and perfidious to Liberty; against which, having for some time opposed, it had almost brought Ruine; and, at last, if it should be subjected, would yet be infamous.

Page  337These Things were publikely urged, as every one had be∣fore-hand, in his Imagination, divided the Spoil of this most opulent City: But the Prince, and the Senators, who were present with him, thought it more convenient, for carrying on the Remainder of the War, that the Souldier should be restrain∣ed from his licentiousness and cruelty against the Citizens: Thus Embassies and Prayers prevailed; within the Agreement were included several Degrees of Things; nay, the very Priests, who had departed out of the City, and all that belonged to them, consented to the League; and that they, together with their Companions, would, by an equal Right, be admitted within those Articles.

Thus they accepted a Garrison, while they were accustomed to this New Government, and Count William of Nassau was made their Governour, being before the Governour of Frize∣land: Both the Forreign Souldiers, and those that belonged to the City, marched out safe the Seventh of the Calends of August, (that is, July the 26.) The Prince entring the City, restored the Protestant Religion, casting out all Images, and, as he had concluded, appointed MAgistrates, especi∣ally chusing them out of those who bad before been banish'd for their Religion, the Laws, for the future, being in force: Concerning the Discords of the Natives, which formerly being disputed by Arms and Fighting, were not yet appea∣sed; there was a Settlement made by the States of the Confe∣derate Ʋnion.

And, in the interim, Otho Hartius, and Hierome Comannus, came from Bruxels to the Hague, as if they had been sent up∣on private Business to the Lord of Cimace's Wife, who fly∣ing from the Severity of her Husband, lived here, as it were, in Banishment among the Hollanders.

They did not Treat of Peace, as a Business of so high a Nature did deserve; but onely cursorily seemed to bring Letters from Ernestus, wherein were discover'd the Charges Page  338 and Burdens of War, and the great Commodities of Antient Commerce and Obedience: That there were never any Discords had continued perpetually, but some few had been decided by War, but the greater part thereof setled by Peace: Wherefore, If they had hitherto been terrified by any Treacher∣ous Dealings, yet he hoped they would not blame the well-known Reputation of the House of Austria, or have him in suspition,〈◊〉 desiring to be the Author of Peace: Nay, that he left his own Country and his Brother's House, with to other hope, than that he might restore a true and sincere Harmony and Concord among Christian Nations: That it would be seem the States, inter∣changeably on their part, not to hazard the prosperous estate there∣of, their Affairs, and the ambignous condition of their Adver∣saries, upon the Danger and Fortune of an uncertain Warre, but rather take advantage from the present Times, wherein they may rather prescribe, than receive the Terms of a Peace.

Hereunto the States, being now more firmly setled, an∣swer'd, as to their Cause, magnificently,

That it was for Religion and the Laws, which in the time of the Emperour Maximilian, the Arch-Duke Matthias, the Bro∣ther of Ernestus, had by the Sword protected; That since that, by the implacable Malice of the Spaniards; having been forced to Arms, they have not been ignorant of the various Chances of Warre, but God had appeared for them, even gasping under the Burden of Oppression.

And now being raised by qreat Alliances, and their own Valour, they had rather chuse that (to wit, War) to be a Judge of the Event, than an Enemy so often found persidi∣ous.

And as the Spaniard could not lay aside Arms, without the Consent of the Kings his Allies; so also the same Impe∣diment lay upon them by several Leagues. And here they shewed several Examples, when Peace had either vainly or falsly been pretended to be sought; and they had no more Page  339 Reason, at this time, to hope for better, of more safe pro∣ceedings: For Philip was so far from remitting old Offen∣ces, for advancement of the Peace of Christendom, that he would rather suffer the Barbarians to enjoy all Europe, than he himself would leave off, to infest and trouble other King∣doms by Arms and Treachery.

That it was most evident, from Letters of the same Philip, written to William Clementius, wherein he was commanded to delude Caesar with fair Words and Promises: adding, That the Turkish Power would easily be diverted from the Spanish Empire by Gifts and Presents: Nor did the States forbear to signifie, That the power of concluding a Peace was Deputed unto the Praefects, but the Right and Power of preserving it was in the Lords.

In short, what hope could they have, while the Nether∣lands were oppressed with Forreign Souldiers, and the Spa∣niards, who still sit at the Helm, would by their nefarious and cruel Counsels, would absolutely reverse all the good which Ernestus intended.

The Opinion of many among the Romanists, in hatred of Pease, was too commonly cast abroad, That no Faith is to be held with such as differ from them: Meritedly sure was the Mischief of that Invention turned upon their own Heads, while they, by an endeavour of setting Men together by the Ears, break off and spoill all Commerce.

To all those that practice Equity and Honesty, they never alter their Evil Habit; and least they should enjoy their Perfidy too long, themselves became an Example against themselves: Nay, the very Common People, who, for the most part, are first weary of Warre, being inraged with the Memory of the late Villanies of the Enemy, would not by any means hearken or incline to any Thoughts of Peace.

Page  340And now the Spaniards fearing Prince Maurice's youth, grown famous by so many Victories, and the league of two Kingdoms, from the greatness of their terrour they so far con∣temned infamy, that they hired murtherers by particular stabs to bring that to passe, which they were not able to com∣pass with all their Armies: And without doubt, there was no time so detestible for such horrid wickedness, insomuch, that from hence, no one could expect from them any true peace, who by giving place to hatred and revenge, would even violate the Laws of Arms. For in this very year, wherein they desired a Treaty, first a Priest of Namar, afterwards another Renegado Souldier, were hired to become assassine•, but prevented barely by suspicions, gathered from the extra∣vagancies of their looks; but the designs of so great Treaso•s being once, though with difficulty, and but darkly, discerned, were soon after, for fear of the wrack, laid open, and the whole contexture of the horrid villany discovered; wherein first the Prince himself, then his Brother, Henry Frederick, and after them, several other persons, eminent in the Com∣mon-wealth, were designed to be slain: and every one for a particular cause; as Leominus, bec•use he had revoked from the Kings party; Ald•gu•d, because he had excited the Duke of Parma to disloyal mistrusts of the King; Olden bar∣•evelt, because he was looked upon to be averse to peace.

The Traytors names were Michel Renichon, and Peter Furius: but let us see the Authours, who being persons in eminent place, and capable of Honour, yet had bound them∣selves to the perpetrating this infamous act. And they were as fellows. First Fontayne and Ibarra, two Spaniards, Stanley the betrayer of Deventer, and of the Netherlanders; La-〈◊〉 and Barlaymont, the heyr of an inveterate hatred to the House of Nassau, and also Assonvile, of old suspected, for the murther of the former Prince of Aurange: Of all these, the Traytors gave particular accounts and demonstration, partly by force; but chiefly, by a voluntary confession, after Page  341 they were condemned to die, and could not hope for any re∣ward or favour, for casting aspersions upon others.

Nay more, the Promises and Exhortations of Ernestus him∣self were related, to Renichon, by assuring a large Pension for his Reward: but to Furius in these very words. [If thou performest, what thou promisest me, and dost kill that Tyrant, thou shalt surely go the ready way to Paradise:] yet there wanted not some, who from hence would interpret, that the countenance of peace, which the Regent would seem to have put on, was but dissembled; averring, that he onely coun∣terfeited a face of modesty, the more neatly to hide the cru∣elty of his heart: However it was, 'tis certain, that Comannus and Hartius, who were in Holland, when this Treason of Re•ich•n was discovered, denyed Ernestus to be in any man∣ner culpable therein: adding also, that Barlaymont would be ready, if they would give him a safe conduct to come and send pledges for his safe return, to appear and refute the before mentioned scandalls; but in regard he could be ad∣mitted no otherwise, than to be punished, if he were con∣vict, the conditions were refused.

About the same time, Lodowick Lopez, a Portuguese, but of Jewish extract, being a Physitian in England, was appre∣hended, who was convict by proofs and Letters, to have un∣dertaken to poyson Queen Elizabeth, for fifty thousand Du∣cats promised to him by the Spaniard, for the same, for which he was, as he well deserved, put to death.

The Authours of the Treason, were said to be Christopher More, Fontayne and Stephen Ibarra, then residing at B•uxells, whom Queen Elizabeth contented her self, to have sharply reprehended in certain Letters to that purpose, sent to Er∣nestus: wherein she gave the name of Jesuites, to the inciters of such villanies, and desired that they might be delivered to her, to be made a publick example: this she urged, not that she imagined to obtain her Request, but that she might thereby cast the greater ignominy on the Spaniard's Reputa∣tion. Page  342 There were several other Attempts of the like so• broke out not long after, from a sort of men, wonderfull by their vast increase, their Lenity being as ready to promise the perpetrating of a Crime, as to discover it.

Towards the end of the Year, the Order of Jesuits began to be infinitely hated through all France, by means of o• John Castel, a young man bred up and tutor'd among them, and perswaded by his Masters, that no Kingly Rights or Pri∣viledges belonged to him that was separated from the Ro∣mane Church: This Fellow, when the King returned out of Picardy to Paris, endeavour'd to have stab'd the King into the Neck; but the blow, by the bending of his Body, hit him upon the Tooth: The Parliament of Paris so abhorred the monstrous Fact, that they were not content with the punish∣ment of the single Offender, but pulled down the House that nourished such a Viper, with all its Superstructures; they raised a Pillar to preserve the abominable Memory of so hor∣rid a Fact, and from thenceforth banish'd the Jesuits. For to these, chiefly, both the English, Hollanders, and French, did impute the fostring of such Doctrines, on purpose breeding Youth, whom, under the Notions of Piety and Magnanimi∣ty, they inflame, and incouraging them with Old and Ne• Examples, how often Tyrants, who are Enemies to the Pub∣like, have been destroy'd by the Fortunate Darings of pri∣vate Hands. Concerning this Order, because Opportunity presents it self, and others have spoken little concerning them, I intend succinctly to Discourse.

The first Founder of that Order was Ignatius Loyala, who being much weakned by a Wound received in the Ward Navarre at Pumpeiopolis withdrew his Mind, being yet War∣like, and full of Courage, unto Businesses of a more peace∣able Concern. Among the rest, he grew ambitious of Erect∣ing a New Order: To which, in hope of its future Great∣ness, he would not, according to Custom, give it the Name from some more famous Man or Woman, but even Page  343 from JESUS himself. Being Assembled by Authority of them who can License such Novelties, they reverenced with incredible study two Things chiefly, to wit, the Pope's Power, and the Spaniard's Wealth: And at their beginning, they were main and eminent Props to the decaying Cause; indu∣cing in defence thereof, what had hitherto been neglected, Manners unblameable, and sound Learning; they exercised themselves in frequent Disputes against divers Religions, which in those times had insulted over the Romane Name. They augmented their Glory both in America, and the In∣dus, where, among Barbarous Nations, by the Teaching of Christianity, they adde mightily to Philip's Empire: yea, and many famous Miracles have been done by them, as is belie∣ved with great facility from confident Asseverations; for that the Longinquity of places excludes further Tryals: how∣ever, they are in abundance, whether in real Truth, or but pretended. They are the persons, in whom thou may'st re∣quire fidelity and modesty; Their Authority with the Vul∣gar is very great, by reason of their Sanctity of Life; and because they instruct Youth in Learning, and the Precepts of Wisdom, without taking any Reward for their pains: They have their Provincials in every City and Nation, and there is one Superiour over all the rest throughout the World, who is for the most part a Spaniard: They command with great Wisdom, and obey with equal Fidelity: They follow not the common Custom of other Orders to live all together: It see∣med too poor to include within Walls their growing Socie∣ty; They Baptize and solemnize Matrimony; and the first thing they are taught, is, To lay aside all Humane Affections, and to cast away the fear of Death: They chiefly take into their Society none but such as are very eminent, either for In∣genuity, Bloud, or Riches; and they reap a great benefit from all those things: For, first, they distinguish Ingenuity no less prudently, than they chuse it, pitching always upon such whom they hope will grow famous, either for Eloquence, or digest∣ing pious Meditations into Writing.

Page  344By their Nobility, they are admitted into the greatest Coun∣cils, being of an incomparable Sagacity, in making Searches and Experiments; and because there is no Engine so strong as Religion, for the laying open of Secrets. And their Wealth fits them for Embassies, and all other publike Employments: By which Policies, though they are the youngest of all other Orders, yet they have far surpassed all the rest in a short time, both in Reputation and Wealth; and therefore are hated by them, and their manner of Life upbraided, as contrary to Rule: But they being above the Envy of their Emulators, even rule Prince's Houses, by a laudable moderation; for they ob∣serve a mean between sordid submission and severe arrogant, neither totally eschewing, nor following other mens Vices. These are the main Wheel, whereon the Spanish Greatness and Empire moves, by which they maintain Peace at Home, and sow Trouble and Sedition abroad. For those Catholikes have receiv'd a portion of these mens Spirit, which through France and England, yea and Holland it self, do in the former maintain the Rights of a Kingdom, and in the last dispute against it. And although they are banish'd all those places, upon pain of Death, yet is that Danger no Obstacle to them, nor doth impede either their Confidence or Policy. But the Emperour did not forbear again to motion the making of Peace, although before refused, and stain'd with such mon∣strous Actions, as we before related, upon the common pre∣tence of Germany, viz. the Care of his Brother's Honour: Not did he seem onely to admonish them to it, but calling a Diet at Ratisbone, of the Princes and Cities of the Empire, he had caused it to be concluded, That they should be compelled ther• by Arms, for that they dampnified both themselves and the• Neighbours, by the perpetual miseries of War. But these things, as they made onely a Noise, never proceeding further than Words and Threats, so they were accordingly taken no∣tice of; for the Turk then chiefly, being ready to fall upon the Cities of Hungary, as well the Care as the Forces of Ger∣many, Page  345 was taken up, and could not have leisure to mind the Affairs of such as belonged not to them.

This year also, the States of the United Provinces, received a very great and most honourable Signal of Affection from James King of Scotland, as well as the Kings of France, Eng∣land, and Denmark, who were invited to the Baptizing of his Eldest Son, born by his Wife, who was the King of Den∣mark's Daughter. And their Liberality was correspondent to the Honour done to them, as witnessed their most rich Pre∣sents given to the Princely Infant, who was named Henry Fre∣derick. They renewed their antient Amity with the Scots, and restored all the Rights of Trade and Commerce, and all other matters formerly concluded with the Princes of the Netherlands, and particularly with the last Charles: But a Partnership in Arms was in vain wished for by the Scot, and the Dane; and that the Princes of Germany should be inga∣ged to the same Affinity; for their Peace was safe and un∣molested, and there was no reason why they should go to thrust themselves into other Folks Troubles: 'Tis thought there was some hope gather'd from Scotland, not without cause, offended with the Spaniard, who had for many years disturbed the Peace of that Kingdom by Factions: From hence proceeded many of those sharp and severe Laws a∣gainst Catholikes; and hence, by increasing hatred, came those who would transfer the most just Hope and Title of James to the Kingdom of England upon the Spaniard's D•ughter, but surely by most absurd and incongruous Arguments; but ne∣vertheless, such as discover'd a mind ready to do him any in∣jury. But as well the Scot, as the rest of the Princes, cast off from one to another the beginning to thwart a Power so for∣midable to all. The Embassadors that had been sent into Scotland, returning by England, the chief whereof Waldgrave Br•derode, whose Noble Birth advanced the Honour and Worth of the Common-wealth, together with James Count Valquin, consul•ed of certain Matters, relating to the Page  346 League: Then began to appear, how much those Presents were envyed, which had been bestowed, to gain the King of Scots Affection; the Queen of England objecting to them, Their unseasonable Magnificence, while yet themselves wanted Forreign Aid. Nor did it proceed so much from the Hu∣mour of her Regal Disposition, that would endure none to vye with her, as that she being a wise and subtle Woman, and who would keep the Succession incertain, as one of the main strengths of her Kingdom, she would not, that a Prince, though next to her, both in Kingdom and Bloud, should be appointed her Heir by the Option of her Neighbours: There∣fore, according to the Custom of angry persons, she requir'd a part of her old Debt, and if they gave her not satisfaction, she threatned War: Whereto a modest Excuse being made, they were at quiet for some time. And, in the mean time, that they might make amends for their Offence, upon her Request, They obey and grant, That they will adde some Mo∣ney and Ships to her Fleet, for driving away the Spaniard from Bretaign in France: For the Enemy being setled in some strong Ports, lay at lurk upon both Shores, to get the posses∣sion of that Sea, which passeth by both France and Spain: From whence proceeded the English-mens fear; nor could the Hollanders sail to the Westward with any safety: But now the English and Dutch Fleets being joyned, they drove the Enemy from most of the strong Holds scituate on the Sea-Coast.

But the War, after the taking of Groening, continued in the Countries beyond the Rhine, although there were other Things, which promised their Hope a Reward of their La∣bours.

But at the instance of Mounsieur Buzanual, King Henry's Embassadour, it seemed more just, since their own Affairs had so well thriven, to look towards their Allies, because then there was sharp War upon the Borders, between the Nether∣lands Page  347 and France: Some there were that would not have sent Souldiers to the King, but Money, which Buzanuall withstood, affirming, That the King his Master had better learned to order Souldiers, than Money: And so far did his Reasons prevail, that he had not onely very great hopes, but the Charge likewise already begun, would forthwith be laid aside for a New Expedition thi∣ther.

The Spanish Souldiers, who had hitherto made War upon the French Borders, after they had received their Money, and taken the benefit of what Licentiousness they pleased, being excluded from all Cities, lest they might grow more insolent by Idleness, under the Conduct of the Lord of Cimace, besieged Cambray: For that City, as is be∣fore set forth, was delivered in the Name of the Kingdom of France, to Balagny, to be kept for King Philip; but he, on the contrary, usurped it to himself, from thence the Neigh∣bouring Country was wasted: Nor had the Spaniards long continued the Siege, but they wanted all Things necessary, not excepting Provisions: However, lest that they might seem to do nothing, they surrounded the City at a distance, but with very careless Gua•; for being in their Friends Country, they supposed themselves terrible enough to the Enemy, being in no manner changed from what they were before; but onely in this, that now being under Command, yet they re-acted the Crimes of Sedition; among other of their Exploits, many times, fetching great Booty out of France.

But Henry, the greatest part of the Traytors being sub∣dued, finding himself really King, and that he was so increa∣sed in strength, that, though till this time he had been able but weakly to defend his, now he appeared able to vindicate himself, and to threaten an equal Return for Inju∣ries.

Page  348He accused Philip in an Edict, That he had, without any probable Reason, broken the League that he had made with France five and twenty years before; That he being King of France, 〈◊〉 content with the Dominion of his Ancestors, which by the Divine Providence, he now enjoyed, and being an august and magnificent Possession, he did not desire to intermeddle in the business of other Princes. That he would not seek a cause of War, against the Neighbouring Cities of the Netherlands, and hoped he should not be forced to one, by injuries put upon him: but since they had com∣pelled him, he exhorted the People of Henalt and Attoys, and others his Subjects, to fall upon those forreign Souldiers, general•y hated and burthensome to all about them, whom none ever hated without danger but an Enemy, and to drive them out of the French Territories, and also from Cambray: which if it w• not done by a set day, he would bring thither his Armies, and t• his force upon them: This was all received in silence, as if it had been denyed, for the Cities durst make no answer: but Philip shortly after, mindfull of his affections to the Catholick Religion, and remembring the League himself had formerly made with France, declared that the Prince of Bearns, (for he would not vouchsafe the King of France any other name, who had vainly pretended himself an honourer of that Reli∣gion which he had opposed, and now called himself King of France, was to be prosecuted with War on all hands: Be this came too late, for after they had for a whole year, dis∣played their Ensign on the Netherlandish Borders, all after actions seemed to claim a shadow of right; But to this for∣reign War, King Henry appointed Commander in Chief, Turnis Viscount Turen, who then raised the Repute of the name of Bulloyn, renowned also by Alliance to Prince Maurice, whose Sister Elizabeth descended by the Mothers side from the Royal Stock of Bourbon, he had marryed. And in this he would be more affectionately diligent, in that thereby he ad∣vanced above the power of the League, a Prince bound 〈◊〉 Page  349 him by private Allyance, and also very high in the King's favour.

It was thought convenient, to carry the War into the Pro∣vince of Lutzenburg, because this way he might have a pas∣sage for his Italian and German Levies: for the Hollanders hoped, that if new forces were raised, it might be possible to bring to nought the old, being neither many, nor well agree∣ing; and this either by the Netherlanders consent, of the conjunction of War: But a Messenger met Philip of Nassau, as he was hastening his march towards the French, with sup∣plies, consisting of eight and twenty Foot-Companies (for the States having onely promised twenty, had now of their own accord, augmented the number) that they understood by four Switzers, whom they had taken, that Charles Mans∣feldt, lay in the middle between them. Therefore for secu∣ring the Journey, he took five Troops under the leading of Sir Francis Vere, and a well ordered number of Foot, least he should give any opportunity to Mansfeldt pressing upon him, and leads them beyond the River Moselle, to the Bor∣ders of Metz, for the Enemy had prepossessed all the places more inward.

The greatest part of the Troops, having either gained by leave or force, a passage through Germany, returned into Holland, but the greatest strength of their Horses was consu∣med in the length of their Journey. But the greatest damage that fell upon those was, that the Horsemen being far from home, became licentious, committing many robberies and Rapes, which either for that Reason, or else in regard of their Religion, or some other causes, mightily turned the Peoples hearts against the Hollanders: But the Earl of Bul∣d•s having in charge matters of greater concernment, but his Forces not able to compass the same, not daring to be∣siege Lutzenburg, after he had received the Auxiliary Forces, about the latter end of Autumn, went to Paris for further Counsel and Instructions.

Page  350And it appeared by the Event, that by reason of the con∣stant allowance of Pillage and Rapine, the Strength sent for supplies were hastned, both with great damage at home, and other hazard: And that the Enemy came not into the very heart of Holland, during the sudden and most sharp Frost fol∣lowing, was not the success of their Counsels in their own defence, but the evill Fortune and Discipline of their Ad∣versaries. For Sedition had spread it self all over the Kings Army, and the end of one mutiny, was but the beginning of another.

This madness, as well for the generality thereof, as the se∣verity of the remedies applyed thereto, far surpassed all be∣fore it; because the Tumults began not in single Regiments, but several Nations at once: not in the Borders, but in the very Bowels of the Netherlands; for now hatred had enfla∣med the Souldiers avarice, which is the prime cause of all such extravagancies: The Italians, a Nation by Nature emu∣lous and spiteful, observing that the Spaniards had their Wa∣ges payd them, in regard there was likewise at the same time, pay due to them, presently imagined themselves slight∣ed and affronted: At first a few of them onely complained, That then they lost the esteem of their labours and blood, when the Duke of Parma, the chief columne of their party, and a most just rewarder of vertue in all, dyed; but although he were dead, yet from him the Spaniards possess the benefit and Grandeur, that at present makes them insolent: That they were now as despicable, hurried from place to place, at the option of a few, who make a stalking-Horse of Ernestus his good Nature, and the Kings Wealth: But it should sud∣denly appear, that they had Arms, wherewith they could challenge their due against all those that defrauded the King of his Treasure; neither ought they (the Spaniards) to be displeased at the Example, since they themselves first broke the Ice: And if any one resisted them, he should find, what Page  351 men Italy bred, who before this time, had brought in sub∣jection the reall Spayn, not that which is now so called, be∣ing an abominable sink of the basest Nations, who reckon Pride and cruelty, instead of all other Vertues.

These first threats were now seconded, not onely by Cor∣porals and inferiour bands of men, but the valiantest of their Commanders began to speak the same Language: with which incouragements, as if they had been possessed with some sudden frenzy, all the Italian Souldiers marched with their Colours to Sichenen, a Town of Brabant, which, in re∣gard of its strength and Scituation they seized, from whence they fetched in booty all about, even as far as Bruxels: with these, many Souldiers of other Nations joyned, as French, Irish, Epirots, and even from Italy, such as had formerly been in service for the Netherlanders, and all under pretence of peace, and hope of rewards, they refusing to entertain none but Spaniards onely.

At all these disturbances, the Officers were present, which, in tumults of such nature, is very rare, as if they had now been about to contest the honour of their Nation, not by any right of Authority, but so prevalent more or less, as they ap∣proved themselves notably active in heading the Souldiers rage. New men were daily listed, and enrolled in the Com∣panies: the mark and badge of their faction, was a swarm of Bees, before which stood the King, and this by a military jest, and facetious quip, they called the Common-wealth. They imposed Tribute upon Lands, and exacted Toll of all things that were carried out of the Country. Prince Maurice, and the Hollanders, politickly fomented this Sedition, for fear, least if they should reunite, they might receive thereby some unlooked for damage; and the rather, because there was a very great Frost, which had continued rear seventy dayes, and had covered with Ice, both the Marshes and Rivers, that they would bear the greatest and most weighty Carriages.

Page  352Thus while the Enemies Country, was tormented on one side with the French War, on the other side with mutinies of their own Souldiers, first precluding all places to reduce them to poverty, and afterwards, by raising all Provisions to an excessive price; The Treasury was taken into considera∣tion: and therefore they being graciously heard, who were sent to Prince Maurice, declaring, that they were not obli∣ged to the Spaniards by any right of Country, Kinred or Al∣lyance, but only served them for pay; which not being given to them, they supposed themselves no longer tyed to their defrauders. And if any should come to assayl them, they would make use of the Law of Nature, which hath com∣mended to all Creatures, even by instinct, self-preserva∣tion.

Thus a Truce was made with them, but when they de∣manded Tribute in the Land of Cuycke, where the Prince had some paternal Possessions, Herman Count Heremberg, was ready to defend the Country people denying the same, if the Prince upon his Request would have permitted him. But here also the Souldiers necessity, who could not so much weaken one side, was more prevalent, than all the Reason of the unarmed multitude, which things, when they came to be related at Court, as they were by the Spaniards represented to the worst, there was a division in Judgments thereupon, some averting a necessity of mercy; but others replyed, that although in some Cases gentleness was necessary to be used towards Souldiers, yet these being grown most insolent, and having also a national hatred, were to be made exemplary, least the Souldiery should make it a Custom to mutiny, and throw off their obedience, as often as they should fail of their pay, so soon as it was due. Besides this, the necessary of the time did incite and provoke the most moderate per∣sons, because otherwise, when there was the greatest occasion for them, they would obey no orders or Commands.

Page  353Among all these advices, it was not concealed from them, what further rigour was thought upon for them; for they, according to the subtlety and craft of their Nation, had hired Spies, who gave them Intelligence of all that passed. Nay, and some of the Noblemen did voluntarily favour the Italians, out of hatred and impatiency of bearing with the Spaniards. Victualls, Ammunition, and all things else fit for War, were reasonably provided for them, when the Spaniards come into the same Province with a strong patty of Souldiers: at first they dissembled the cause of their coming; but when they were not able to come near the Italians in these Arts, they marched out seriously to shut them up in the Town, and being so inclosed, by Famine to reduce them to Reason.

Anon greater numbers are gathered together, and several Castles assaulted, with the loss of much blood, and so much cruelty was used, that they are reported to have been pri∣vately slain in the Spanish Camp, that either by foresight, or other affection, repugned those Counsels. But now none would suffer it, that they should come to punish a fault in others, whereof themselves but lately, yea, and often before, had been guilty.

Thus on both parts, they shewed a most pernitious ex∣ample. These, in that they would savagely shed the blood of those who had been mutually engaged with them, and were bound by the same sacred tye of an Oath: Those, that being taken for Enemies, they desired Ayd from Enemies indeed. For though they made their first Address to the King of France, yet he commended them to Prince Maurice as nearer, that so keeping the Sedition a foot, he might, when time should serve, have ayd from them, and enjoy the Va∣lour of so many Couragious Men; whereupon, Pledges being delivered on both sides, they confirmed the Truce formerly made.

Page  354Then they delivered up the Forts and Castles, and because they durst not rely upon the Town, against an Army ap∣proaching with Cannon, and other Artillery, the whole Bands, accompanied with their Wives and Children, march∣ed away in the Covert and silence of the night, through pla∣ces not infested by the Enemy.

They took up their Winter Quarters not far from B•i•le∣due, being secure both in their Rear and Flanks, for that the City of Breda, Hesden, and Gertruydenburg, did inclose them, and were at all Essayes, places of refuge for them, when in danger; and in the Iuterim, for their more useless Company, places of aboad. If they wanted either Victuals, or Provisions of War, they were supplyed not otherwise than as Allies and Companions; And besides this, the Prince not despising the fame of liberality, even from Enemies, furnished them with Artillery, and added to them some Horse, that in their going abroad, they might more power∣fully compell the Country to pay Tribute, or revenge them∣selves upon occasion by depopulations. Thus daring to do even the greatest acts of Hostility, yet not positively become Renegadoes, they made up as it were, a third party in the War.

Things being at this passe, shortly after, the Regent Er∣nestus sent Messengers to them, promising their pay, impu∣nity, and a free P•sse-port; But when they understood by some intercepted Letters, that they should be circumvented and brought to punishment, a long time after they suspected all things: Nor were the onely troubles in these parts, round about they were as unquiet; for not a few, both Horse and Foot-Souldiers, when they fled from Verdugoes Camp, be∣ing pinched with the extream want of all things, and help∣ed by the People of Cleves, went beyond the Rhine, and so into the parts next unto Brabant. Besides the Garrisons of Dunkirk, and of St. Amand, and Capelle began to grow re∣fractory to Commands: And to be brief, the very Spaniards themselves, but a little while before appeased, now again Page  355 wanting their pay, had begun a Sedition in the Town of St. Paul. And the causes of all these evils, proceeded from that old negligence, and ill husbandry in the disposing of mony, and that Ernestus was not able to punish the meanest offen∣ders. As also that the American Fleet was shattered and knised by cross Winds, and retarding diseases, almost into as forlorn a Condition, as the Spaniard's Credit: Moreover, there were other damages they suffered by the English, who although they were not so fortunate this year, in the South parts of America, yet in Brasile, their Voyage proved well, having taken the Town of Fernambuck, where they got a most wealthy and plentiful spoyl.

The following Winter, as it proved very dangerous by the fierceness of the Frost and cold, and other wants, to the Spaniards lying at the Siege of Cambray, so it gave oppor∣tunity to Verdugo, to make a Journey into Frizeland, and the parts about Groeningen, wherein he only vented his malice, in wasting the Country, and burning the Villages. And now the Cavallery belonging to the United States, when he returned out of Germany, least he should often do the like, lay in the way to hinder him. This Winter also, the Hollanders suffered very great loss by inundations; for the Waters having been long frozen up in the Rivers, as soon as it began to thaw the force thereof, together with the Snow dissolving, and falling violently from the tops of the Hills, which was much in∣creased by great Rains, made both the Maes and the Rhine s•ell over their Banks, and drown all the adjacent places, making a great destruction of Cattel, and doing infinite da∣mage to the Country all about.

Towards the end of this Year, an uncertain expectation had attracted the mindes and eyes of all People, concerning a famous Judgment, while some think severity expedient, but others by too strict and nice a scrutiny, blame every pretence given to such as are studious in mischiefs.

Page  356Arnold Dorpius, sometime Governour of Zyriene•, when it was besieged by the Spaniards, and familiarly convers• with the Prince of Aurange, with whom he was very free in Discourse, so managed both his own, and the publike Affairs, that he was become the Object of Envy, from the common peoples vanity, in giving him the Name of The Rich Dor∣pine. He, at the Death of the Prince of Aurange, being laid aside, had received from Monenius, lately returned from a Danish Embassie, so of the Covenants agreed upon with the Dane: It fortuned, that the Embassadors sent from Ernestus shortly after to the Dane, objected the same things, that there might be an Alliance with them, whereby the Hollan∣ders might be dispossessed of, at least disturbed in, their Nor∣therly Navigations. Thus the Secret was known to have been disclosed by Dorpius: From hence a stronger suspicion was conceived of him, and while his Papers are perused over and over; at last, a Copy of the Letter is found, wherein he exhorted Ernestus, To put himself into a Disguise, and come to the Hague, where professing himself hitherto unconcerned in the War, but now the Author of Peace, he would strike a fear into his Enemies from the common people, and would win both to himself, and to all Lovers of Concord Repute and Trust. But when Dorpius constantly averred, That this Letter was written to 〈◊〉 other purpose whatsoever, than to try his Wit, and exercise his In∣genuity, he was freed from Prison, and confined to his own House; but afterwards, by giving in Pledges, he was dischar∣ged; the heat of the Judgment, as is usual in such cases, vani∣shing by little and little: and, as in the power of many, so at last he procured his Pardon. But Menenius, who descending from the great and publike Session of the Judges of Holland, to be an Assistant in Dort, had made himself a part of the Commonwealth: being now degraded from that, was put after∣wards to write the Annals of his Country, and had therefore an Annual Pension; not so much for any great hopes of his La∣bour, Page  357 as that the Leisure of the Man, being of a great Inge∣nuity, and well Learned, but of an active and restless Spirit, might seem to be employ'd in some Noble Affair.