Musæum regalis societatis, or, A catalogue and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge made by Nehemiah Grew ; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts by the same author.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE RARITIES Belonging to the ROYAL SOCIETY, And preserved at Gresham Colledge.

PART I. OF ANIMALS.

SECT. I. Of Humane Rarities.

AN AEGYPTIAN MUMMY given by the Illustrious Prince Henry Duke of Norfolk. It is an entire one taken out of the Royal Pyramids. In length five feet and ½, defended with several linnen Co∣vers, all woven like ordinary Flaxen Cloth. But by the spinning, distinguished into three kinds. The utmost, is like Flaxen Cloth of two shillings an Ell: the inmost, of half a Crown: the middlemost, of three shillings, or there∣about.

The utmost Cover is divided into several pieces, each of doubled Linnen, and adapted in figure to the part it covers,

as one on the Breast, another on the Belly, and so on all the principal Parts. On each of these pieces is laid a white Paint, of a kind of chalky or limy substance, of the thickness of a Hen-Egg-shell. Upon this chalky ground are drawn the Hieroglyphick Figures of Men, Women and Birds; in Gold, yellow, red and blew. But with very rude shapes, and the Colours no where mixed together. So very mean was the Art of Painting amongst the Aegyptians here∣tofore. For we have reason to believe, that what was done for one of their Kings or Nobles, was done with their best skill.

The middlemost Cover consisteth of one single and entire piece of Linnen, almost like a Winding-sheet. It is also tinged with some kind of Paint, but very lightly, and without any Figures.

The inmost Covering is wrapped round about the Head, Trunk, each Arm, and each Leg apart, about thirty or forty times, like so many swathing Bands. About twenty of the utmost of these folds are lightly tinged, all the other inmost more fully, with a blackish and gummous substance. But the Flesh so fully, as it seems to be converted into a black Rosin; which being held to the flame of a Candle, is a little odorous and inflamable. The Bones also, are not only outwardly, but also quite through of a black colour, as if they were burnt.

From hence it is very probable, That the way of Em∣balming amongst the Aegyptians, was by boiling the Body (in a long Cauldron like a Fish-kettle) in some kind of liquid Balsome; so long, till the aqueous parts of the flesh being evaporated, the oily and gummous parts of the Balsome did by degrees soak into it, and intimately incorporate there∣with. Much after the same manner, as the Sugar doth, in the conditing of Pears, Quinces, and the like.

'Tis also likely, that a better way might be taken, than this used by the Aegyptians. And that is, by boyling, or rather soaking the Body in some white sort of Oyl, and such as will dry, (as that of Walnuts) made and kept so hot, as to evaporate the watery parts by degrees, and to keep the flesh white, and not brittle, but limber and plient. Which, especially in the business of Anatomy, would be of good use: because, that all the Muscules of the Body,

being first parted one from another, might hereby be pre∣served sound, clean, and limber upon the Bones; and so all the motions of the parts be explicated with the greatest ease, and without any offensiveness.

'Tis equally probable, that the whole Compages of the Muscules, as they lie upon the Bones, might with little trouble, and less charge than by the former way, be truly Tanned, or reduced to a limber sort of Leather; whereby also the westage of the fibers, or other mechanisme of the Muscules might more easily and leisurely be observed. For the skins of Beasts, whereof Leather is daily made, are Muscular; and in mans body consisteth, for the most part, of the same carneous fibers, as the Muscules, but more closely woven or matted together.

Mummy, saith Wormius a 1.1 (and so most Writers here∣of) is of great use against Contusions, clodded Blood, Hard Labour, &c. But let them see to it, that dare trust to old Gums, which have long since lost their virtue.

By some Chymists are also prepared Mummiae Tinctura Quercetani; Mummiae Extractum Crolly; Oleum Olivarum Mummiatum. b 1.2 But the prudent Reader will take heed of words.

A MALE HUMANE FOETUS. Given by Thomas Cox Esq An Abortive of about the 4th Month. In length five inches. The Head, from the hinder part to the face, an Inch and ½. The Face, an Inch and ¼. The Back, from shoulder to shoulder, an Inch and ¾ broad. The Buttocks an Inch. The Arms and Thighs ½ Inch over. The Wrist and small of the Leg, ¼ of an Inch. The Na∣vel-string 1/•• of an Inch; twisted like a Rope; and cut off five Inches long. The Eyes shut. But the Mouth open. It hath neither Nails, nor Hair. The Skin white and smooth, almost as in Children newly born. See Dr. W. Needham's curious Book de Foetu Formato. c 1.3

The largeness of the Head and Chest, with respect to the other parts, is observable. The mouth being open, shews that the Foetus, even in the 4th Month, may that way take part of its Aliment. d 1.4 The Skin hath been kept white and smooth for so long a time, scil. above fifteen years, by being in∣cluded with rectified spirit of Wine in a Cylindrical Glass; to the middle of which the Foetus is poised, by means of a

Glass Buble of an Inch diametre, the Neck whereof is fastned to the Anus of the Foetus by a wyer.

The entire SKIN of a MOOR. 'Tis tanned with the Hair of the Head, and even the smallest in all the other parts remaining on it.

Herein are observable, the Fibers in the skin of the Penis, which are very white, and exquisitely small, like the thread of a Spiders Web. Likewise the thinness of the true Cutis in the sole of the Foot; and on the contrary, the extraordinary thickness of the Cuticula, especially in the Heel, exceeding the sixth part of an Inch: which is about fifty times the thickness of that in the ball of the Hand. Bartholine a 1.5 mentions a Farrier who had several Callo∣sities on his Right-Hand Fingers, as big as Walnuts.

The same Author b 1.6 shews the way of tanning a Hu∣mane Skin. I believe it may be tann'd by all the ways which are us'd upon other Skins.

He saith, c 1.7 That a Thong hereof ty'd about the middle, is of good use for facilitating the Birth; and especially against Mother-Fits. Whether any other way, if so, than by raising and fortifying the phancy (which will sometimes produce strange effects) I leave to the Reader to judge.

All the Principal VEINS, ARTERIES, and NERVES, both of the Limbs and Viscera. The ge∣nerous Gift of John Evelyn Esquire. He bought them at Padoa, where he saw them with great industry and exact∣ness (according to the best method then used) taken out of the body of a Man, and very curiously spread upon four large TABLES, whereon they are now preserved. The Work of Fabritius Bartoletus then Vestingius's Assistant there, and afterwards Physician to the King of Poland.

The Veins and Arteries are so exceedingly well done, as to shew the most curious Schemes which Laurentius and other Physitians have given us of them, are real and not fictitious. But the Nerves have been much more truly and fully represented to us of late by Dr. Richard Lower, in Dr. Willis. d 1.8 Especially as to their Plexus and Inosculations, and their admirable Distributions to the Organs of the Sen∣ses, and the Viscera.

Aristotle e 1.9 by the account he gives of the Doctrine of the Naturalists of his Time, and before him, seems to

have been the first, who to any purpose, observed the Di∣stribution of the Sanguineous Vessels. Yet he describes them only from the Heart upward. Nor makes he any distincti∣on betwixt the Vena Portae, and the Vena Cava. So that even here he comes far short of that exactness which Ana∣tomists have since arrived at; as appears, upon inspecti∣on, by the TABLES above mention'd.

The SCELETON of a Man. Wherein the num∣ber of Bones (about two hundred and fifty) together with their dimensions, figures, and articulations are all easily observable. Given by Thomas Povey Esquire.

The History of the Bones, as finished, is well perform'd by most Anatomists. But the manner, and order of their beginning and perfection, hath been given us, so far as I know, by the diligent Observations of Kirckringius a 1.10 only.

Of all Humane Bones indifferently, as well as of the Skull, are prepared, Spiritus simplicior, Spiritus oleosus, Oleum rectificatum, & Magisterium. Amongst which, the spiritus oleosus, if well prepared, is of undoubted use against Hyste∣rical Passions; and in some other Cases, where the Nerves especially are affected.

The SCELETON of a Woman; of equal height with the former. By comparing these two together, it may be noted, That the Os Ilium is larger and more out∣ward in the Female Sceleton, than in the Male; sc. for the more easie Labour, as Bartholine and others have also observed by the like comparison. I add, That the same Bone is also broader by ½ an Inch in the Female Sceleton, than in the Male: sc. for the better sustentation of the Foetus in the Womb. Again, That the Os Sacrum is half an Inch longer in the Female: both for the forementioned reason, and also the better proportion of the Parts. On the contrary, That the Vertebrae, especially of the Loyns, are much broader, thicker, and stronger in the Male Scele∣ton, than in the Female; being hereby better fitted for the bearing of burthens. And, that as in the Male Sceleton there are 32 Teeth, as is usual, and in the Female but 28; So the nether Chap in the Male Sceleton is half an Inch broader than in the Female, as being made to accom∣modate a bigger Muscule for the motion of those

Teeth. And for the same reason, the Angles subjected to the Os Jugale are above ½ an Inch more distant; For that a Man being fitted, in other respects, to undergo more labour; his Chaps also should be the better made to eat the more. Once more, That the Skull of the Male Sceleton, is much bigger, than of the Female; and so ca∣pable of more Brains. Although a little House may be well furnished, and look better than a great one that stands empty.

The SCELETON of an Abortive Humane Foetus. 'Tis not above two Inches long. The parts of the Head, Chest, and Limbs are all entire, but not perfect. For the extremities of the Bones of the Arms and Leggs, are at both ends plainly cartilagineous. They are in thickness like a Taylors stitching Thread. Given by Thomas Povey Esq. See Kirckringius de Foetûs Ossibus.

It may possibly be conceived by some, That the Bones, at least some of them, are hard at the first; as Salts and other like Crystallizing Bodies are as hard upon the very first instant of their shooting, as they are when grown into great Crystals. But it is so far evident, that all the Bones are soft at the first, that I am of opinion, That originally they are a Congeries of Fibers or fibrous Vessels, as true as any other in the Body; which by degrees harden into Bones: even as the inmost Vessels in a Plant, do in time harden into Wood. a 1.11 And that as in a Plant, there are successive additions of Rings or Tubes of Wood, made out of Vessels: So in an Animal, it seems plain, That there are additions successively made to the Bones out of the Fibrous parts of the Muscules; especially, those whitest Fibers which run transversly, and make the stamen or warp of every Muscule. So that as in the Barque of a Plant, part of the Vessels are successively derived outward to the Rind, and part inward to the Sap, which afterwards be∣comes hard wood. b 1.12 So in the Flesh of an Animal, part of the white transverse Fibers are successively derived to the Skin (of which this chiefly consists) and part of them in∣wardly, making still new Periosteum's one after another, as the old ones become so many additions to the Bones.

A HUMANE SKULL that was never buried. Whereof there are several Medicines prepar'd, c 1.13 as Cra∣nium

Humanum praeparatum, Cranium Humanum Calcinatum. Cranii Humani Magisterium, Spiritus Essentificatus, Oleum, Sal Volatile, Tinctura, Galreda, i. e. Extractum Cranii Theo∣phrasti. But the Cranium praeparatum, and the spirit are most, and most deservedly, in use.

A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with Moss, by the Paracelsians call'd Usnea. This Moss is by them commended for its peculiar Virtue in stopping of bleeding at the Nose.

Upon comparison it appears to me, to be the same, in specie, with that described by Johannes Bauhinus under the Title of Muscus facie Abietis. So that we may probably expect the same advantage from the use of this, as of that which grows upon Skulls. For a Skull can have no fur∣ther influence, than hath the alteration of the soil: which although it may produce some differences, yet is sel∣dom or never known to alter the specifick Virtue of a Plant.

A HUMANE SKULL cover'd all over with the Skin. Having been buried, as is probable, in some Limy, or other like soil, by which it was tann'd or turn'd into a kind of Leather.

The GALL BLADDER, together with the VASA BILARIA, taken out of the Liver, and filled with soft red Wax. Performed, and given by Dr. Swam∣merdam.

The SPLEEN most curiously EXCARNATED, and the Vessels filled with wax: whereby its Fibers and Ves∣sels are very well seen. Performed, and given by the same Hand.

A Portion of the PENIS and Urethra: wherein the Corpora Nervosa are most conspicuous. By the same Hand.

A Portion of the INTESTINUM JEJUNUM: wherein the Valvulae conniventes observed by Rhuysserius, delineated by Kirckringius, are well seen.

It is observed a 1.14 by Dr. William Cole, That not only these Valves, but the Fibers of the inner Muscular Mem∣brane of the Guts are admirably continu'd in a spiral Line, all along from the Stomach to the very Anus.

The PROPER VESSELS of a HUMANE

TESTICLE, separated and expanded, from their most close and numerous into wider folds, for the space of a foot in length, and half a foot in breadth. Performed by Dr. Edmund King.

It is taken for granted, I think almost by every body, That Van Horne and de Graaf were the first Observers of these Vessels. But that every one may have his due, it is worth the Readers notice, That ten years before de Graaf's Book con∣cerning the same, a Description with Figures thereof, in the Testicles both of a Boar and of a Man, were first published by Vauclius Dathirius Bonglarus, sc. in the Year 1658. Where∣of also Mr. Oldenburgh hath given an account in the Philo∣sophical Transactions. N. 42.

The WOMB of a WOMAN, blown up and dried. Together with the Spermatick Vessels annexed; and the Arteries in the bottom of the Uterus, undulated like the Claspers of a Vine; all filled up with soft Wax. Also the Membranous and Round Ligaments of the Womb, the Ureters, Bladder, Clitoris, Nymphae, Hymen, Fallopian Tube, and the Ovarys, commonly called the Testicles; all made most curiously visibly, and given by Dr. Swammerdam. The Descriptions and Figures hereof may be seen in the same Authors Book, printed at Leyden, 1672. and presented to the Royal Society.

Of the Organs appropriated to Generation in both Sexes, see also Van Hornes Prodromus, and Regnerus de Graaf.

Of the manner and use of filling the Vessels with Wax, or other like substance, see the Honourable Mr. Boyle, in his First Part, Of the Usefulness of Natural Philosophy; who, I think, was the first that made mention of managing and representing them this way.

A TOOTH taken out of the Testicle or Ovary of a Woman, and given by Dr. Edward Tyson. 'Tis near ½ an Inch long, pointed like the Eye-Tooth of a Man, but more slen∣der. As hard and white as any in the Head.

Here is also the Draught of another TOOTH, taken also out of the Ovary of a Woman, by the same Hand, being shaped pretty like one of the Grinders or great Teeth, and as big. It is as white and as hard as the former. The Womans Husband keeps the Tooth it self by him.

HAIR taken out of the Ovary of a Woman, and given by the same Hand. It is fine, and most of it grey. The length of one Hair (longer than the rest) ¼ of a yard.

HAIR found by the same Person in the Ovary, and Hornes of the Womb of a Bitch: as also in the Omen∣tum, Veins, and Heart. 'Tis all short, answerable in length to the Hair of a Dog; and of a brown colour.

The BONES of a Humane LEG and FOOT grown together, and in some places rarified like a Sponge or Pumice-Stone. 'Tis very probable, it was a Disease in the Bones somewhat like to that which Chirurgions call an Exostωsis; and that they became such, by some malignant and strumous Ulcer.

A piece of a BONE voided by Sir W. Throgmorton with his Urine. Given by Thomas Cox Esq. 'Tis about the 3^d. of an Inch over, and almost square. Smooth on one side, and spongy on the other, on the edges rugged. About the bigness of a little green Peas.

In the Philosophical Transactions (Num. 41.) there is a Relation of a BULLET that was voided by the Penis with the Urine. Communicated by Dr. Nath. Fairfax.

A STONE voided from the Penis or Urethra of a Man who lived at Exeter. Given by Dr. Cotton. It is of a whitish colour, and soft substance, almost like Chalk. In length two Inches and a quarter. Of a Py∣ramidal figure; with an obtuse Cone. Near the Base an Inch over. Where it hath a little Hole or Canale tending towards the Cone. When it first slipped out of the Blad∣der into the Penis, it was neither so thick or big, nor so hard, but that, as it seems, the Urine pressing forward, forced a hole for its passage through the middle of it. Which be∣ing opened, the Stone continued fixed in the same place, viz. about an Inch behind the Glans Penis, for the space of Thirteen Years. In which time, it gradually grew bigger, till it came to the bulk above mention'd. And the said Hole or Canale being by the continual accretion of new matter, at last stop'd up, the Stone was then forced out of the end of the Penis.

This Man, in all this time, scarce felt any great Pains; neither did he omit his usual Recreations or his business. And once he took a Journey (on Horseback) from Exeter

to London, is about an hundred and thirty eight miles, without any trouble.

Bartholine a 1.15 mentions a Stone as big as a Walnut, of an Ounce weight, which was voided at the upper end of the Urethra, through which it there forced its way.

Of Humane Stones bred either in the Kidneys or Blad∣der, are prepared, The Crystalline Salt, and the Elyxir. Medicines hardly to be got, and at last, to little pur∣pose.

Of the Nature of the Stone, and of those Medicines which are most effectual to prevent the Generation of it, see some experiments of the Authors in his Book of the Luctation arising from the mixture of Bodies.

SECT. II. Of Quadrupede's.

CHAP. I. Of Viviparous Quadruped's; particularly, such as are Multifidous.

A MONKEY. Cercopithecus: qu. Simia caudata. See the Descriptions and Figures of several kinds in Al∣drovandus, Marggravius, and others. Aldrovandus speaks of some as big as a Mastiff, having Tails five Cubits long. In Brasile there is a sort of yellowish Monkey, which smell like Musk. b 1.16 In which place they are numerous, and in great variety. c 1.17 As also in all the Mountanious places of the East Indies. d 1.18 As they climb the Trees, if in danger of falling, they save themselves not only with their Feet, but their Tails, by wraping them round about the next Bough. The Zygantes in Africa esteem them good meat.

The SCELETON of a MONKEY. Where∣in the distance betwixt the Os sacrum and the Ischia, as it is much greater, than in the Sceleton of a Woman, is observable. Likely so, in other Viviparous Quadrupede's:

for which cause, partly, they have all more easie Labour than a Woman.

The THROTTLE BONE of a Male AQUI∣QUI; which the People of Brasile call the King-Mon∣key; being far bigger than all the other kinds; described by J. de Laet, a 1.19 out of Lerius. 'Tis a Bone, so called by the English, with the help of which he makes a very great noise. For 'tis hollow, and very hard. Exceeding thin, and so half transparent. In length two Inches and ½. In height an Inch and ¼. In breadth almost two Inches. At one end, hath an Aperture an Inch wide every way. On the top furrow'd, so as to resemble a Puppies Skull▪

I suppose it is placed in the Throat, or at the upper end of the Larynx, near the Epiglottis. Joh. Lerius describing of it, b 1.20 falsly calls it a Membrane.

The SLOATH. Ignavus sive Pigritia. An Animal of so slow a motion, that he will be three or four days, at least, in climbing up and coming down a Tree. c 1.21 And to go the length of fifty Paces on plain ground, re∣quires a whole day. d 1.22 The Natives of Brasile call him Haii, from his voice of a like sound: which he com∣monly repeats about six times together, descending, as if one should sing, La, sol, fa, mi, re, ut. e 1.23 Whatsoever he takes hold of, he doth it so strongly (or, rather stifly) as sometimes to sleep securely while he hangs at it. f 1.24 See his Description in Clusius, Marggravius, Piso, and others. They all seem to omit the length of his fore feet, which is almost double to that of his hinder.

From the shag of his Body, the shape of his Legs, his having little or no Tail, the slowness of his gate, and his climbing up of Trees, as little Bears are us'd to do, he seems to come near the Bear-kind: from which he chiefly differs, In having but three Claws upon a foot. He breedeth prin∣cipally in Florida and Brasile.

Two BLACK-BEAR CUBS. The Description of the Bear, see in Aldrovandus, Gesner, &c. The Ana∣tomy, in the Philosophical Transactions, N. 49. They breed most in Nova Zembla, and other of the more Northerly Countries. In Norway they hunt him, and so in Helvetia and Muscovy, and if he be fat, they account him a delicate Dish. g 1.25

'Tis observed by Aldrovandus, That a Bear hath Hair on both the Eye-lids, as a Man, which other Quadrupedes have not. Natalis Comes (cited by the same Author) com∣paring his parts with those of a Man, reckons his Claws among them, which are much more like to those of a Lion. So easie it is, to drive on the comparison too far, to make it good.

The FOOT of a white Groenland BEAR, which is half a foot broad. Vadianus a 1.26 saw a Bear-skin five feet long, and broader than a Bulls Hide. The Bear to which this Foot did belong, might be as big.

A LEOPARDS SKIN. 'Tis a yard broad. From the Snout to the hinder end of the Tail near three yards. The Tail a yard. See the Description of the Animal in Al∣drovandus, &c.

If they are well compar'd, he is every way, in shape, like a Cat: his Head, Teeth, Tongue, Feet, Claws, Tail, all like a Cats. His actions also like a Cats; he boxes with his fore-feet, as a Cat doth her Kitlins; Leaps at the Prey, as a Cat at a Mouse; and will also spit much after the same manner. So that they seem to differ, just as a Kite doth from an Eagle.

The Leopard (and all of this kind) as he goes, al∣ways keeps the Claws of his fore-feet turned up from the ground, and sheath'd as it were in the Skin of his Toes, whereby he preserves them sharp for Rapine, extending them only, when he leaps at the Prey. See somewhat to this purpose in Gesner, out of Pliny.

He is begotten by a Lion, upon a Panther, b 1.27 which hath her name from her being so fierce. Yet in Tartary they keep Leopards tame, and breed them up for hunting of Deer, and other Beasts; especially for the Great Cham's use. c 1.28 They are most numerous in Africa and Syria.

The SKULL of a young TIGER. Both as to the Teeth, and otherwise it well resembles that of a Cat. Except that in the room of the Transvers Suture in a Cat, there is one in the figure of a great Y; so wonderfully close and firm, as the Bones seem to be continuous. Except also the outward Si∣nus's of the lower Jaw, where the Musculi Temporales and the Mansorii primi are inserted: as being, rateably, much deeper than in a Cats; and so better fitted to receive those Muscules which are here also much more robust.

Two CLAVICULAR Teeth or Tusks of a Tiger. A little crooked like those of a Dog or Cat. Their exerted part very white. By the bow, almost five Inches long. From the top of their Root, or from the seat of the Gooms, to their apex near two Inches. An Inch over, and two and ½ about. The Animal to which they belonged, was kill'd in Java major, and weighed 435 pounds. A great weight, considering, that not feeding on Grass, but Flesh only, they have no great Belly. Aldrovandus saith, He saw the Skin of one above five foot long, and therefore guesses the Animal was almost as big as a Horse. Which this also may well be thought to have match'd.

One of the fore-CLAWS of the same TIGER. 'Tis somewhat white and half transparant, very flat, sharp pointed, and extreamly hooked; every way in colour and shape like the Claw of a Cat. At the Basis, 'tis an Inch broad, and measur'd by the bow, 'tis two Inches and ½ long. Note, That as the Bone, whereon the Claw is set, receives it into a little Fovea or Groove; so is the Bone, again, by a double Epiphysis, inserted into the Claw: by which means it is more strongly and immovably contained in its place, for the surer grasping of the Prey.

Two other lesser CLAWS of a TIGER.

The Tiger excels in swiftness; from whence he hath his Arabick Name, as well as the River call'd Tigris. As also in Fierceness: and yet in fondness and love to her Cubs; of which see divers instances in Gesner. An Im∣pression which Nature hath stampt upon all Creatures, to secure the succession of Generation. They abound in Mexico, Brasile, and in the East Indies.

A Great STONE taken out of a Dogs Bladder. Given by the most Reverend Seth Lord Bishop of Sarum. The figure hereof is Oval, but flat on both sides. 'Tis above an Inch and ½ thick, two Inches and ½ over, and above three Inches long. Of a limy or chalky colour, and all over rough.

Note, that nitrous spirits dropped here upon, scarce produce any ebullition; although dropped on the redish Stones, bred in a mans bladder, it produceth a great one. Of a like Stone bred in a Dogs bladder, see a Relation in the Phil. Trans. N. 84. Taken out of the Roman Journal de Letterati.

The GREAT TAMANDUA; by the People of Brasile, Tamandua-guacu; by the English, the Great Ant-Bear; Because he feeds upon Ants, and is shagg'd, and hinder∣footed almost like a Bear. He hath also a very long and sharp Snout, a slender Tongue, and extensible to a great length, also a long and brushy Tail: which are his prin∣cipal Characters. See him described in John. de Laet, out of Lerius, in Guliel. Piso, Marggravius, and others. Abbae∣villanus, quoted also by Joh. de Laet, a 1.29 hath given a different Description; and probably a false one.

He catcheth Ant's by scratching open their subterraneal Hives, and then thrusting his Tongue into them; which after a while, he draws back into his mouth laden with the Prey. b 1.30 He useth his Tail for a Cover, which, like a Squirrel, he sometimes spreads over his whole body. c 1.31

The SKULL of the RIVER-HORSE or HIP∣POPOTAMUS. If we respect his Figure, he were more properly called BUPOTAMUS, or RIVER-OXE. And accordingly the Germans rightly call him Wasser-Ocks; and the Italians at Constantinople BOMARIN. The same Animal, which in the Book of Job is called BEHEMOTH; as is solidly proved by Bochart, in his Hierozoicon. He is almost every where described very falsly. Aristotle falsly gives him a Maine, like that of a Horse: deluded, 'tis likely, by the Name. Kircher d 1.32 falsly gives him all Horse Teeth. In the Musaeum Roma∣num, he is described with double Hoofs like an Ox, and pictured with four or five Claws like a Bear; neither truly. Bellonius, who saw one alive, but yet very young, was the first that hath given any tollerable Description of him. Yet as to the Teeth, he is mistaken, comparing them all to those of a Horse: probably because they were not yet grown. e 1.33 But Columna, who also saw one, and that full grown, hath given a most accurate Description hereof, his principal Characters being these; Four yards and half long, about two yards high, a yard and half broad. Short leg'd. Cloven-hoofed; yet not with two, but four Hoofs. Tailed like a Tortoise. (Or like a Hog, f 1.34 which he also twists in the same manner) Head almost like an Ox. His Chaps wide. His Eyes small. His fore Teeth prodigiously great, being some of them ½ a foot round about, above ¼

of a foot long; as is evident in the Skull here preserved; and other particulars mention'd by Columna in his copious Description hereof.

The great prominency of the Os Jug••le is also obser∣vable; as being thereby fitted for the reception of marve∣lous great and strong Muscules for the drawing of his Chaps together.

Rings made of his Teeth, are believed to be very ef∣fectual against the Cramp. a 1.35 Those that sell Artificial Teeth, usually make them of the long Teeth of this Ani∣mal, as being supposed the best for this purpose.

His Teeth, says Columna, are so hard, that being struck against Steel, produce sparks of fire. And thence concludes it probable, That this Animal, by striking his Teeth one against another, in the night time, might produce the like, and so seem, as it were, to vomit or breath out fire; a thing attributed to him by the Ancients. But the error of this Conjecture is double: First in his not considering, That the fire (could any be produced by striking Steel against these Teeth) would be struck not out of the Teeth, but out of the Steel. And next, In that, in truth, no fire can be produced by either striking of these Teeth one against another, or against Steel it self; as I have try'd.

He is found in the Rivers Nile and Bamboth; b 1.36 as also near the Indian; and in Zaire, the great River of Congo. c 1.37

Several Teeth, both of the upper and nether Jaw of the Hipopotamus. Some so big, that they seem to have belonged to a much bigger Skull, than this here.

A PISLE said to be that of the HIPPOPOTAMUS. It seems to be only that part of the Pisle which he exerts. 'Tis in length, above a foot. The Glans even now it is dry, above seven Inches about. The other end very slender.

The fore-TOOTH of a BEVIR, so called from FIBER by a transposition of Letters. 'Tis three Inches and half long, with the Root, or that part which is fixed in the Chap. Near half Inch broad. A little crooked, and distorted or writhen. Triangular, the inner Angle more obtuse. Its end sharpen'd very obliquely, after the manner of a Chizel. So that these Teeth may properly be called DENTES SCALPRARII: wherewith this Animal, as with so many strong Chizels, pairs off the Barques of Trees for his use.

The TAIL of a CASTOR or BEVIR. Of a peculiar shape, being very broad and flat, like an Apothecaries Spatula, but much bigger, being ten Inches long, and five broad. Almost bald, though the Beast very hairy; and cancellated with some resemblance to the Scales of Fishes. Nature having hereby, as well as in other respects, marked him for an Amphibious Animal. The Scythians a 1.38 eat the Tail of a Castor, as a dainty, being sometimes as fat as bacon.

The PISLE-BONE of a CASTOR. So I find it inscrib'd. 'Tis very smooth and solid. In length four Inches and ••/••. Chonical, about 1/•• Inch over at one end, ¼ Inch at the other. At both ends inflected like the let∣ter S.

See the Description of the Animal in Gesner, and others. His parts most remarkable, are those now described, and the Castor-Bag. His Anatomy see in the Philosophical Transactions, N. 49. Many strange Stories of his Inge∣nuity in Aldrovandus, Wormius, and others. He breeds in Italy, France, and other places: but our best Castor is from those of Russia. The great and principal use whereof inwardly, is in Hysterical and Comatose Cases.

An OTTER. Lutra. See him describ'd in Aldrovan∣dus, &c. The Toes of his hinder feet, for the better swim∣ming, are joyn'd together with a Membrane, as in the Bevir. From which he differs principally in his Teeth, which are canine; and in his Tail, which is feline, or a long Taper. So that he may not be unfitly called Puto∣reus aquaticus, or the Water Polecat. He makes himself burrows on the water side, as a Bevir. Is sometimes tamed, b 1.39 and taught, by nimbly surrounding the Fishes, to drive them into the Net. In Scandinaria they will bring the Fishes into the very Kitchen to the Cook. See some Observations of this Animal in the Philos. Trans. N. 124. He breeds every where.

The QUILLS of a PORCUPINE. Tela Histricis. The Animal is described by Aldrovandus, and others; but the Quills not so fully. They are very smooth, and thick as a Goose-quill. With black and whitish portions alter∣nately from end to end. Their Root ••/•• of an Inch long. Their Point not round, but flat and two-edg'd, like that

of a Sword, or of some Needles. So that they both bore with their Point, and cut with their edges at the same instant, whereby they wound the more surely.

The Porcupine erects his Quills, at his pleasure, as a Pea∣cock doth his Tail. And, partly by stretching his Skin, a 1.40 shoots them at his pursuing Enemy. It may also be noted, That being rooted so little a way in the Skin (nothing near so deeply as the Quills of Fowls) they are the more easily ejaculated. They breed in India, Africa, and Ethiopia.

An HEDGHOG, or Urchan. Echinus, Herinaceus. See him describ'd in Aldrovandus. Anatomiz'd in Bartho∣line's Acta Medica. The Urchan, though a Viviparous Ani∣mal, yet hath his Testicles lying within his Body, as in the Oviparous kind. b 1.41 In the Island Maraguan, in the North of Brasile, are some Urchans very great, almost as big as Boars. c 1.42 He makes his Bury with two Entries, to the North and South; and according to the weather and season, keeps the one stopt up, the other open. d 1.43 The Liver, Stomach, and fat of this Animal are sometimes me∣dically used.

The GREAT SHELL'D HEDGHOG. By the Natives of Brasile, called TATU; By the Spaniards, ARMADILLO; as Names common to the several species. And by Latin Authors, Echinus Brasiliensis. This once belonged to the Duke of Holstein. See the Description of this Species in Clusius, and others.

Those Creatures which are cover'd with Feathers, Scales, or Shell, saith Aristotle, e 1.44 have no Auricula or outward Ear. So that he never saw this Animal; nor many others now known, and some which he ventures to describe; as appears by those general Assertions, whereof he is too often guilty.

He gathers himself up, Head, Feet and Tail, within his Shell, as round as a ball: as Piso hath also pictur'd him. f 1.45 And this he doth, not only when pursued, but also when he sleeps. Unless he be ty'd, he will dig out his way under the very walls of a house. g 1.46 For it is his na∣ture to dig himself Buries, as the Coney doth; which he doth with very great celerity. h 1.47

For the tenderness, whiteness and delicacy of his Flesh, he is reserved for Feasts; i 1.48 and therein prefer'd before

either Conies or sucking-Pigs. a 1.49 The Plates of his Shell being powder'd and given in a draught of the Decoction of Sage in the quantity of 3j, provoketh sweat; and are a singular remedy against the Lues Venerea, saith Barlaeus. b 1.50 If it provoketh sweat, it may be used to good pur∣poses, whether it cureth that Disease, or no.

The PIGHEADED ARMADILLO. Tatu Por∣cinus. Nierembergius hath described this Species, but yet imperfectly. The best of any Wormius; who also omiteth some particulars, and in others is mistaken.

From his Snout-end to his Tail, about ten Inches and ½; being younger and lesser than that of Wormius. His Body four Inches over. His Head an Inch and ¼, and three Inches long. The end of his Nose scarce half an Inch over, shaped like that of a Pig; from whence I have taken leave to name it. His Ears not above ¼ of an Inch distant one from the other. His fore-foot two Inches and ½ long, above ½ Inch over. On which he hath four Toes; the two foremost of which are an Inch long, the other two ½ an Inch. The hinder-foot of equal length, but thicker. On which there are five Toes; the three foremost, and thickest whereof are an Inch long, the other two ½ an Inch. His Tail about 11 Inches long, at the Buttocks an Inch and ¼ over, at the end as small as a Shoomakers waxed Thread.

His Head, Back, Sides, Legs, and Tail, are all cover'd with a shelly Armour. His Head, with Shells, Scales for the most part, five and six angled. His Shoulders, with round ones, and lesser, about ¼ of an Inch over; betwixt which other lesser ones are interjected. The Back-piece consisteth of about ten shell Plates, joyned together by the mediation of as many parallel Skins. Every Plate is about ½ Inch broad, curiously composed of small triangular or wedge∣like pieces, indented one against another, and pounced or pricked all along their edges. His Buttocks adorned in the same manner as his Shoulders. His Shell ending next his Tail, with an Elipsis. The fore-part of his Tail is encom∣pass'd with shelly Rings, in number eleven; composed not of triangular, but sixangl'd and square pieces. The other half with Scales set together, as on his Head. His nether Buttocks, Belly, Breast, Neck, and Ears are all naked. His

Eyes black, round, and very little; resembling a black Bead of the bigness of a Vetch. His Grinders in each Chap about twelve. More properly Tunsores; because they are level and smooth on the top. No thicker than a great Needle. Besides these Teeth, I find none.

By the help of the aforesaid Plates, and parallel Skins toge∣ther with the Muscules that lie under them, this Animal is able, like the Hedge-Hog, to gether up himself into a round ball. For the better performance of which action, Nature hath also left his Throath, Neck, Breast and Belly naked. As also his Ears, that he may turn them more expeditely for the reception of sounds from every quarter. His Eyes, like those of a Mole, very little, as most suitable to a Creature living for the most part in the dark, and under ground. His hinder feet, like a Conies, more strong, for the better working of his Buries.

Piso a 1.51 maketh the action of conglobation peculiar to this species, but very falsly, as will appear by the following Description.

The WEESLE-HEADED ARMADILLO. Tatu Mustelinus. I find this species no where describ'd. For that Description of a third species in Clusius, was taken only from some Picture, no way answering to the Animal before us.

His Head in figure almost like a Weesles, whence I take leave for his Name. 'Tis three Inches and ½ long; his Forehead two Inches and ½ broad, and very flat; the end of his Nose ½ Inch. His Eyes small, ¼ of an Inch long. His Ears two Inches distant one from another; an Inch long. His Body or Trunk 11 Inches long, about six broad. His Tail 5 ½ long; near the Buttocks an Inch and ¼ over, the extremity ••/•• of an Inch. His fore-Leg two Inches and ½ long, ¼ broad. On which there are five Toes; whereof the three foremost are an Inch long, the other two half an Inch: all with Claws the ••/•• of an Inch. On his hinder foot (which is somewhat bigger) he hath also five Toes, as in the foremost.

His Head, Back, Sides, Legs, and Tail are cover'd with a shelly Armour. His Head-piece, as also the shells on his Legs, are composed of roundish Scals, a ¼ of an Inch over. His Neck-piece is a single Plate, composed of little pieces, a ¼

of an Inch square. His Shoulder-piece consisteth of several Ranks or Rows of such like square pieces, but not set toge∣ther by any Articulation, or movable Conjunction. His Back-piece, reaching also over his Buttocks to his Tail, is com∣posed of several Plates, in number eighteen, moveably joyned together by as many intermediate Skins. The fore∣most and greatest of these Plates, consist of square pieces ½ Inch long, and a ¼ broad. The hindermost, of square and round ones together. The extream part of the Shell next the Tail, is Parabolick. The fore part of the Tail is sur∣rounded with six Rings; consisting of little square pieces. The other half with Scals. His Breast, Belly▪ and Ears all naked; for the same purposes, as in the former.

This Species, by the greater number of Plates, seemeth able to draw, especially his hinder parts, more roundly in∣ward, than the other.

The FLYING SQUIREL, qu. Sciurel, from Sciu∣rus. Not described, unless by Scaliger. The colour of his Body a dark grey. Of his Tail, almost that of straw. Lesser than the common Squirel, not above five Inches and ½ from his Nose end to his Buttocks. His Skin, from his Sides, Thighs and Legs (almost as the wings of a Bat) is stretched out about an Inch in breadth, or more or less at his plea∣sure: by means whereof he leaps further, and alights the more safely; and is therefore called The flying Squirel. In other respects, like the Europaean kind. It was sent from Virginia, its breeding place.

He seems to be the same Animal which Scaliger de∣scribes under the Name of the Flying Cat. Exercit. 217. S. 9.

The Squirel, when he hath a mind to cross any water for a good Nut-Tree, picks out, and sits on some light piece of Barque for a Boat, and erecting his Tail for a Sail, he makes his Voyage. a 1.52

CHAP. II. Of VIVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S, Particularly such as are BIFIDOUS, and SOLIDIPEDOUS.

THe LEG of a GREENLAND STAG. It is scarce four Inches long. Nor above ⅓^d of an Inch over. Cover'd all over with very short hair, of the ordi∣nary russet or reddish brown colour. The hoofs somewhat black, ½ inch long, ⅓ broad, and ¼ high. Given by Mr. Palmer.

The BONES of a STAGS heart. About an inch and ¼ long, and ¼ broad. Very thin, but yet hard and solid. They seem to be a help for the stronger and more steady motion of the Muscules of the heart. Butchers often find the like in the heart of an Ox; which are easily substituted for the former: and I would as soon trust the one, as the other.

A STAGS TEARS. A thicken'd Excretion from the inward Angle of his Eye. In colour and consistence almost like to Mirrh; or Ear-wax that has been long harden'd in the Ear. Of a strong stinking smell, like that of the Animal's sweat. They are generally affirmed to be sudorifick, and of an Alexipharmick nature. And if they were as easie to be had, as some Womens, it were worth the trying.

They are quite a different thing from that little round and hard Bone, which Scaliger describes a 1.53 by the Name of Lachryma Cervina, and which he affirms to grow in the great Corner of a Stags Eye to the Bone, after an hundred years old. I doubt a stranger sight, than the Ludus Secu∣laris; such as no man (but himself) ever saw, or shall see.

The MUSK DEER. Capreolus Moschi. Gesner reckoning up the Names, tells us, That the English call him a Musk Cat. But is better at other Languages. He breeds in China, and the East Indies. Not ill pictur'd

in Calceolarius's Musaeum. That in Kircher's China Illustrata faulty as to the Snout and Feet. That of Johnston ab∣surd. Almost every where worse describ'd. That he is a two-horn'd Animal, says Aldrovandus, all agree, except Simeon Sethi, who saith he hath but one. Neither of which is true. The Description likewise given by Scaliger, and out of him by Chiocco in Calceolarius's Musaeum is false, and very defective. The best I find is amongst the German Transactions. To which I would have refer'd the Rea∣der, but that comparing it with That I had drawn up before I met with it, I see some differences.

From his Nose end to his Tail, a yard and ½ a foot long. His Head above ½ a foot. His Neck ¼ of a yard. His Fore∣head three inches broad. His Nose end scarce ¾ of an inch, being very sharp, like that of a Grey-Hound. His Ears like a Coneys, about three inches long, and erect. As also his Tail or Scut, which exceeds not two inches. His fore-Leg a foot and two inches long, taking in Foot and Thigh. Near an inch over: the Foot deeply cloven; with two fore-Hoofs, an inch and ¼ long, each ¼ of an inch over; and two Heels, almost as big, and therefore conspicuous. His hinder feet are here wanting.

His hair on his Head and Legs about ½ inch long, and rateably small. On his Belly an inch and ½ long, and some∣what thicker. On his Back and Buttocks three inches long: thicker in proportion, than in any other Animal, except perhaps some of the Deer kind, sc. three or four times as thick as Hogs Bristles: consisting of brown and white porti∣ons alternately from the Root to the top. On the Head and Legs, brown; On the Belly and under the Skut, whitish. As it were frizled, especially on the Back and Belly, by a kind of undulation. Softer than in most Animals, and exceeding light and rare. For being split, and view'd with a Glass, they appear to be made up of little Bladders, like those in the Plume or Stalk of a Quill: so that it is a thing betwixt a common Hair and a Quill. On each side his lower Chap, almost under the corners of his mouth, there is a peculiar Tuft (about ¾ of an inch long) of short, thick and hard hairs, or rather Bristles, of equal length, as in a scrub∣ing-Brush.

The Musk Bladder or Bag is about three inches long,

two over, and swelling out from his Belly one and ½. Standing before his Groin about as much. I find it cut open, whereby the observation of its natural Aper∣ture (which I suppose it hath as the Castor-Bag) is pre∣vented.

He hath 26 Teeth. In his lower Chap, sixteen; of which there are eight little Cuters before; behind, four Grinders on each side, rugged and continuous. As many like Grin∣ders in the upper Jaw. About an inch and ½ from the Nose end, in the same Jaw, on each side a Tusk, two inches and ½ long, hooked downward, and backward, and ending in a point. Not round, but flat, the breadth of ½ an inch; thin, and having a sharp edge behind: so as it may not unfitly be liken'd to a Sithe. There are no Horns.

The Hair of this Animal, by its softness and rarity, are a singular contrivance of Nature to keep him warm. For all Garments, the softer and rarer they are, (caet. par.) they are the warmer. For the same cause, the Hair on his Back, is also the longest; sc. for the better protection of the Spi∣nalis Medulla, His two Tusks, by the Figure, appear to serve for fighting partly, and partly for feeding; by the help whereof he is able either to stub up edible Roots out of the ground, or to tear off the Barques, or break down the Boughs of Trees. By the help of his great Ears, he hears his approaching enemy the further off, to make his flight. So also the Hare, being a fearful Animal, hath the like. Nature hath furnished him with great heels, both to en∣able him to make the greater leaps, and to light also upon his Feet the more safely, for by their means, the force of his weight is gradually broken.

Scaliger's mistakes a 1.54 about this Animal, are principally these two; In saying his Tusks grow out of his nether Jaw; and in calling the Musk, A postemated Blood. For he might as well call Civet and Castor the Blood of those Animals that yield them. And if it were apostemated, it would not be separated from the Flesh, but contiguous to it: whereas it is plain, that the Musk was here inclosed on all sides, in an entire Cystis or Bag made by nature for that purpose.

The VELVET HORNES of a Greenland Roe-Buck.

They are a yard high, with numerous, and round Branches. Covered all over with an ashcolour'd hair, a ¼ of an inch long, and standing upright, as the Pile of Velvet.

The HORNES of an Indian Roe-Buck; which the people of Brasile call Cuguacu-apara. See the Description of the Animal in Marggrarius. His Picture in Johnston; but under the name of the Capreolus Marinus.

The HORNES of a Roe-Deer of Greenland. They are very little more than an inch long, and half an inch over. They are pointed at the top, and knobed or tube∣rous at the bottom.

Deer in New Mexico so big, a 1.55 that they breed them up to draw with, as we do with Oxen and Horses. So strangely does the Climat alter the Bulk of some Animals. Dear, and they only, may be suppos'd to cast their horns, because they have neither a long Tail, as Oxen; nor so long hair as a Goat or a Ram; by either of which is made a conti∣nual consumption of the same matter, which in Deer goes into the horns. The horns of Deer, are of all other the fullest of Volatile Salt. Which may lead us to con∣jecture of the like nature of his flesh, and blood; and the cause of his great salacity.

The ROCK-DOE. Ibex foemina. A kind of wild Goat. See the Description of Pliny, and Bellonius. She breeds chiefly upon the Alps. A Creature of admirable swiftness. And may probably be that very Species men∣tion'd in the Book of Job. b 1.56 Her horns grow sometimes so far backward, as to reach over her Buttocks.

The HORNES of the WREATHED-Horn-Goat, or Antilope of Barbary, called Capra Strepsicerotes, and Gazella. See the Description of the Animal in Wormius. These Hornes are about a foot and ¼ long. But in Septa∣lius's Musaeum there is one pair said to be above a yard in length. They are twisted into a kind of spiral shape, but the Rings which seem to be spiral, are really circular.

The BONE of the ANTILOPES HORN; which is solid, and also spiral or twisted, but without Rings. Given by Henry Whistler Esq.

The HORNES of the SYRIAN GOAT; called Capra Mambrina 1. Syriaca being. Mambre, a Moun∣tain

near Hebron; where about, chiefly, this Goat breeds. a 1.57 See Gesner's Description of him. And compare it with the Picture he gives, which seemeth to be the truer, as to the hornes. His Ears are so long, b 1.58 as to reach almost to the ground. A sufficient supplement for the shortness of his hornes: being not above two inches and ½ long, and a little crooked backward, almost like a Dogs Tooth.

The HORNES of a DOG-GOAT. I find them inscribed, The hornes of a Dog. Johnston giveth the figure of the Animal, without any Description. According to that figure, he is headed like a Dog, and of the bigness of a Tumbler. But footed, and horned like a Goat. To whose also the hornes here preserved are like in colour, and somewhat near in shape: but nothing near so big; being not much above two inches long. Not only the hornes them∣selves, but also the bones whereon they stand, are hollow to the top. They were sent from a certain Kingdom near China.

The HORNES of a HARE; so I find them in∣scribed. Although it is probable, that they are the hornes of a small kind of German Deer. Yet Wormius saith, There are horned-Hares in Saxony. See also Gesner of the same. Johnston gives the Picture, without a Descripton. This pair, once belonged to the Prince Elector of Saxony.

A pair of very great English Rams HORNES.

The HORNES of a Spanish-Ram. In length, ¼ of a yard. The Tips a yard distant. Somewhat flat, wrin∣kled, and twisted, as those of an ordinary Ram.

The HORNES of a MUSCOVY-Ram. I meet no where with the Description of the Animal, or these Hornes. He seemeth to be of kin to the Hircus Cotilar∣dicus, which Johnston hath pictur'd. These hornes are black: and somewhat wrinkled. Consist of four Branches: The two greater whereof are a foot long, and as thick as an ordinary Rams, very strait, standing in the form of the letter V, or like the legs of a pair of Compasses, and a little writhen. The two lesser are seven inches long, not so thick, winding downward, and inward one towards another, in the form of two half Moons. The points of all four very blunt.

A very great HORN of the ROCK-BUCK, or

of the Ibexmas. In shape almost like a bended Cross∣bow. By the string, ¼ of a yard long; but by the bow, about an Eln. It was formerly tipp'd with silver, and kept in a Gentlemans house, and shew'd (to some special Friends) for the Claw of a Griffin. See the figure hereof in Moscardus's Musaeum.

The HORNES of a WILD BULL; called Bu∣balus sive Buffalus. They are broad at the Roots, but grow very sharp of a sudden; and bended inwards about the middle; so that the Tips are not above two inches distant. See the Animal describ'd in Bellonius, and others. He is much bigger than the Europaean Bull. This kind breeds most in Asia. But they are also kept in Italy, in their Cities. In India they sell the Milk of the Female about the streets, as they do Cows Milk here. The Leather call'd Buff, is made of the Hyde. These Hornes were brought from Africa.

The HORNES of the BUNCH-BAK'D BULL. Cornua Bisontis. This pair belongeth to that Species, which hath a great Maine. These, contrary to the former, stand wide, and especial upwards, their Tips being ½ an Eln distant. See the Description of the Animal in Aldrovan∣dus, his Picture in Johnston. He is swifter than any other Bull, and untameable. He breeds in Lithuania. To the hornes is joyn'd the fore-part of the skull, together with the skin, which is very thick and tough. The skin of any Bulls Forehead, either for its toughness, or other cause, is the only part of the Hyde made use of by Horners, whereupon they shave their Hornes (which they take out of a Tub of warm water by them) to fit them for Lamp∣horns.

The TAIL of an Indian COW. The Male is call'd Bonasus. The hairs hereof are greyish. Above a yard and ••/•• long. Yet almost as soft and fine as a Womans. The Cow is said to be worshipped by the people that live near the River Ganges.

A little STONE out of an Oxes Liver. Inscribed Tetraedrum inventum in Hepate Bovis. But I find it broken into several pieces. It is just of a liver-colour. And is compos'd, as the Bezoar Stone, of several crusts or soft shells one over or within another.

A MONSTROUS CALF with two heads. Each head is a little less than usual; the rest of the parts according to Nature.

The SKIN of a CALF with two heads, tann'd with the hair on. There is a very strange story of a Mon∣strous Calf in the Philos. Trans. N. 1. & N. 2. compar'd together: communicated by the Honourable Mr. Boyle.

The TUSK of a Wild BOAR. It winds about almost into a perfect Ring or Hoop; only is a little wri∣then. In measuring by the ambit, 'tis long or round about a foot and two inches. Its basis an inch over. Almost all the way triangular, especially towards the point.

Another BOAR-TUSK, somewhat slenderer, and of a semiannular Figure.

The wild Boar breeds in Helvetia, especially near the Alps. In Barbados very great. Ligon a 1.59 saith, he saw there one so big, that when his head was off, and his en∣trails taken out, weighed 400 l. It was well observed by Aristotle (as to those Beasts which he had seen) that no one was horned and tusked too: b 1.60 the superfluous parts of the blood proper for their production, not being sufficient to feed them both.

The SKULL of the HORNED HOG. By the people of the Island Bouro, not far from Amboina, he is called Baby Roussa. c 1.61 See the Picture hereof in Bartholine, d 1.62 taken in Java, from whence he received it. As also the Description, though but imperfect. See likewise Guiliel∣mus Piso, e 1.63 who gives a figure somewhat different, making him slenderer and shaped in Body like to a Deer. But his Description seems to be taken out of Bartholine. His principal Characters are these, About as big as a Stag, shouted and tailed like a Boar, footed like a Goat: besides what is observable in the skull, which I shall now particularly describe.

It is a foot long, seven Inches high, and about five over. The Snout scarce two. The Teeth are 32. In the upper Jaw, four Cuters; in the nether, six. In each Jaw, ten Grin∣ders. In the lower Jaw, two Tusks, one on each side, like those of a Boar, standing outerly, an inch behind the Cut∣ers; near their Root, ¾ of an inch over, sharp-pointed, hooked very much backward; by the bow, four inches long.

On his upper Jaw, he hath two Horns, of the same hard∣ness and substance with the two great Teeth now describ'd: and Bartholine a 1.64 calls them Teeth. Yet are they not Teeth, but Horns; because they are not, as all Teeth, even the Tusks of an Elephant, fixed in the Jaw with their Roots upward, but downward: and so their Alveoli are not open downward within the Mouth, but upward upon the top of the snout: where these Horns bore or pierce the flesh and skin, as the Teeth do the Gooms. Yet being two, they stand not in the middle, as in the Rhinoceros, but on the sides of the snout, sc. behind the Cuters about two inches. Near their Roots about half inch over, ending in a sharp point, bended upward and backward like a fish-hook, by the bow about ½ a foot long.

Piso b 1.65 describing of it, saith, That in his nether Jaw (his upper Jaw he describes after) there are two great Tusks which stand upright, and bore through his snout (Rostrúm{que} perforantes): which is a senseless mistake. Bartholine indeed saith of the Horns (which he calls the Teeth) of the upper Jaw,—prodeunt ex superiori Maxilla carnem Rostri perfo∣rantes: which Piso transcribing, mistakes, and feigns as great an absurdity, as if Nature had put a Padlock or Bolt upon the Creatures Mouth.

Aristotle, as was before noted, said well, as to the Ani∣mals he had seen, That no one hath both Tusks and Horns. But of his fault in affirming too generally, this Animal is not the only instance, by many. The reason why this hath both, may be, because neither of them are very great, and his Horns, proportionably to what they are in others, are very little. Besides that he is cover'd with hair, and not, as the Boar, with Bristles, which probably spend more up∣on the same matter, which in other Creatures makes the Horns. For Bristles seem to be nothing else but a Horn split into a multitude of little ones.

This Creature is said c 1.66 to breed only in the Island Bouro. Yet that which the Brasilians call the Tajacuguitas, d 1.67 may be the same. As also Pigafeta's Porcus Quadricor∣nis. There are Swine, saith he, e 1.68 in the Philippick Islands, with two, three, and four Horns. He might mistake the two Tusks for Horns; and from those which he saith had but two or three, they might be violently broken off.

Another SKULL of the BABY ROUSSA. It is altogether like the former, saving that the Tusks and Horns are not so crooked. So that one seems to be of the elder, or the Male, the other of the younger, or else the Female. Both the Natives, and others that live amongst them, esteem this Animal a delicate sort of Venison. a 1.69

The SKIN of a young RHINOCEROS, com∣posed indifferently to the shape of the Animal. In the Description whereof Jacobus Bontius b 1.70 comes the nearest to the truth. Yet is he very short and defective. To whose therefore, as far as may be by this Skin, I shall add a better.

'Tis a yard long, and almost a foot over; his head nine inches long, almost eight over at the top. His Snout broadish, as in a Calf. His Eyes little, as those of a Hog, about ¼ of an inch long. They stand low, not much more than three inches above his Nose end. His Ears also like a Hogs. His Legs, as of the Hippopotamus, rateably short; about ten inches long. His Tail, five and ½; flat, as that of the Castor; but not so broad, near the Buttocks an inch and ½, at the end ½ an inch.

The said Skin is every where thick, and very hard; excepting only his Ears which are softer, and extream thin. It hath about ten Plicae or Folds; two under the nether Jaw, one on the Breast, in the figure of the letter V, on the Neck one on each side, one between the Shoulders semi∣circular, on the Back two transversly extended to the bot∣tom of the sides, with two more strait ones, carry'd obli∣quely on the Buttocks.

The lower part of the Forehead and Snout cover'd with a kind of hard Crust. His Ears naked and smooth. All the other parts rough with round scaly Crusts; on the Back, Sides, and Belly, lesser, near a ¼ of an inch over; on the nether Chap and Shoulders, bigger; on his Buttocks and Legs, the biggest, about ½ an inch over. His Hair is black, short, and fine. So few, that there are not many more than scales or shells; growing for the most part, out of the centre of the shell; so that he is almost naked. His Dock is also naked on both sides, but on the edges there grows a considerable quantity of longer and thicker Hair. The Animal being very young, had no Horn, nor so much as any sign of it.

The Rhinoceros, says Bontius, a 1.71 is near as big as an Elephant, saving that he is not so tall. He will lick a Man to death, b 1.72 by raking away the flesh to the Bone with his rough and sharp Tongue.

In Piso's Figure, which he hath added to Bontius's De∣scription, and which, he saith, was taken from the life, the Eyes are placed very low, as they are also in this Skin. But the Cloven-Feet, in the same Picture, I find not here: peradventure, the Skin not being well taken off the Feet.

In the time of Domitian the Emperour, there was one so big, as to toss not only a Bear, but a Bull upon his Horn. c 1.73 But what Martial means, speaking of the Rhino∣ceros,

Nam{que} gravem gemino Cornu sic extulis Ursum, &c.

I do not well understand. The Figure given by Piso, as above, represents but one Horn only. Neither doth Bontius (who saith he hath seen great numbers of them both in houses and in the woods) describe or mention any more than one Horn, And those who do speak of ano∣ther, yet make it a very small one, and not over against the other, but on the forepart of his back, and so in a place where it is immoveable, and can no way be made use of for the tossing up of any thing, as the other on his Nose.

The Rhinoceros breeds not in India, d 1.74 but in Bengala and Patane, where they much frequent the River Ganges.

A piece of a great RHINOCEROS-SKIN, tann'd. 'Tis wonderful hard, and thick, about ½ inch; exceeding that of any Land Animal which I have seen.

The HORN of a RHINOCEROS. It once belonged to the Duke of Holsteine. Although Bontius describes the Animal the best of any before him, yet nei∣ther he, nor others describe the Horn to any purpose. 'Tis in colour and smoothness like those of a Bull. Almost a yard long. At the base, above half a foot over; and there surrounded with a Garland of black and stubby Bristles. Sharp-pointed. A little crooked backwards, like a Cocks Spur. Quite through solid. An instance con∣trary

to that Assertion of Aristotle, a 1.75 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Another HORN of a RHINOCEROS, as big as that now describ'd. Given by Sir Robert Southwell, pre∣sent Embassador to the Prince Elector of Brandenburge.

A THIRD, almost as big as the former.

A FOURTH, a little one, about a foot long.

The Rhinoceros fights the Elephant with his Horn, and sometimes overcomes him. In Septalius's Musaeum there are several Vessels mention'd to be made out of this Horn, as well as divers others. The Rhinocerous Horn, in India, as also his Teeth, Claws, Flesh, Skin, Blood, yea Dung and Piss, are much esteemed, and us'd against Poison, and many Diseases; and sold at great rates. b 1.76 Yet some for an hundred times as much, as others of the same colour and bigness; for some difference which the Indians (only) discern betwixt them. c 1.77

The TAIL of a great RHINOCEROS. Not well described by Bontius. The Dock is about ½ inch thick, and two inches broad, like an Apothecaries Spatule. Of what length the whole, is uncertain, this being only part of it, though it looks as if cut off near the Buttock; 'tis about nine inches, black, and very rough. On the two edges, and there only, grow also very black and shining hairs, a foot long, stubborn, and of the thickness of a smaller Shoomakers Thread. Yet not round, as other hair, but rather flatish; like so many little pieces of Whale-Bone.

A SPIRAL or WREATHED TUSK of an ELEPHANT. Presented from the Royal African-Com∣pany by Thomas Crispe Esq. 'Tis about an Ell long. At the base, a foot about. From the thin edges whereof, it is cho∣nically hollow to the depth (or height) of near ½ a yard. It is twisted or wreathed from the bottom to the top with three Circumvolutions, standing between two strait lines. 'Tis also furrow'd by the length. Yet the furrows sur∣round it not, as in the horn of the Sea-Unicorn; but run parallel therewith. Neither is it round, as the said Horn, but somewhat flat. The Top very blunt.

Pausanias (cited by Gesner) affirms, and seems to speak it as a thing well known, That the Tusks of Elephants, which he calls, and useth arguments to prove them Horns, may,

by the help of fire, like Cows horns, be reduced to any shape. Whether this be naturally twisted, or by art, I will not determine. Terzagi in Septalius's Musaeum mentions though not a Spiral, yet strait Tusk of an Elephant, two yards high, and 160 pounds in weight.

The LEG BONE of an ELEPHANT. It was brought out of Syria for the Thigh-Bone of a Giant. But the proportion which the thickness bears to the length of the Bone, shews it to be the Bone not of a Man, but an Elephant. For the Leg-Bone is usually about ••/•• of an inch over: and so its traverse Area contains about (49) square eighths of an inch. But this Bone is above four inches over, in the transverse Area whereof therefore, are contained about (1088) square eighths of an inch. Which number (1088) being divided by (49) gives (22) for the Quotient. So that it is two and twenty times as thick as the Leg-Bone of a Man: I mean, the transverse Area of the one contain∣eth that of the other 22 times. Yet is it but three times as long; and therefore should contain the same but about nine times, were it the Leg-Bone of a Man. 'Tis about a yard and ••/•• foot long, and above a foot about in the slenderest part. And the shape of it, shews it to have belonged to the Leg, and not the Thigh. The Elephant to which it did belong, might be about five yards high.

Another LEG-BONE of an ELEPHANT, scarce so long, but of equal thickness. Given by Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich.

Elephants are brought into Europe out of Ceylan, Sumatra, Cochin, Siam, Bontam, Melinda, &c. But they breed most in the Kingdoms of Aracan and Pegu. a 1.78 In the Island of Ceylon, most docile. The Aethiopians behind Mosambique eat them, and sell their Teeth. The Indians use them to draw, and ship their Goods. In Winter, when it begins to rain, they are altogether mad and ungovernable, and so continue from April to September, chain'd to some Tree; after that, they become tame and serviceable again. b 1.79 See more of the nature, and ingenuity; and of the way of hunting and taming them, in Linschotus and Tavernere. c 1.80

One of the GRINDERS of an ELEPHANT. He hath four of these Teeth in each Jaw, wherewith he grinds his meat. This here is above a foot long. But

the exerted part, or that part which stands above the Goomes, is but seven inches in length, and three in breadth. 'Tis not above ½ an inch above the Goomes, but fasten'd within the Jaw ½ a foot, where deepest. The said exerted part looks like eight or nine Rows of Teeth, three, four, and five in a Row, all coalescent. The sides all along waved. The furthermost Roots like the folds of an old set Ruff. It weighs above eleven pounds and ½ Haver-du∣poyse.

ANOTHER of the same Teeth, somewhat lesser.

A THIRD, having part of it broken off.

The Elephant, in my mind, hath some affinity with the Boar. Both are Taper-Tail'd, hunch-back'd, little-Ey'd, arm'd with Tusks, have the nether Chap sharp before, and a moveable Snout; the Elephants Proboscis being but a long Snout, and the Boars Snout a short Proboscis.

The HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal. It was brought from Angola. Perhaps of a kind of Zebra there, answering to the Indian described by Pigafeta. 'Tis much about the shape of a Horse's, but not so big; two inches and ½ broad, two inches long, and as much in height. Somewhat thick and strong. For the greatest part, black∣ish; but just before yellowish, and half transparent. Within this is contained another young one (together with its inclosed Bone) all over of a yellowish colour. The Zebra, Indica, a 1.81 is in all his parts like a Mule, saving that it is not barren.

Another strange HOOF of a Solidungulous Animal. It is of a blackish brown and opacous colour. Very thin, like that of a Calf. But rateably much broader than in other Animals, being not much above an Inch over fore∣ward, yet expanded side-ways two inches and a ¼.

Another HOOF of the former kind, a little less, blacker, and altogether opacous.

APPENDIX. Of certain BALLS found in the Stomachs of divers Beasts.

A NAKED and round HAIRY BALL; almost three Inches over, taken out of the Stomach of a Calf.

Another somewhat Oval, and more compact.

Several other lesser ones, and with the hairs more loosely composed.

Another, with the outward parts of the hair not com∣plicated, as in the former, but standing parallel, and some∣what winding, as in the Crown of a Mans head.

Two HAIRY BALLS, SPHAERICAL, and INCRUSTATED. About two inches Diametre, cover'd with a smooth and very thin Crust, of the co∣lour of Occidental Bezoar, having neither tast or smell, nor stirring at all, upon the effusion of Acids.

A HAIRY BALL, incrustated, and FLAT. Taken out of the stomach of a Bull in Brasile. 'Tis very smooth, and of the colour of Oriental Bezoar. Figur'd just like a Bowl. Somewhat above two inches thick, and three, over. Ferranti Imperato a 1.82 hath another like it. If you scrape a little of the Crust off, and pour spirit of Nitre upon it, it makes a conspicuous bullition, as it doth upon Bezoar. b 1.83

Another BALL, in figure, colour, and substance, like the former; but bigger, being above three inches Diametre. It was taken out of the stomach of a Cow.

Another with the like Incrustation, but of an Oval Figure.

A FIBROUS BALL. Consisting, not of Hair, but for the most part of the fibers of Plants. Perfectly Sphaerical. An inch and ½ Diametre. Cover'd with a brown, and very rough Crust. The like substance being also mixed with the most intimate parts of the Ball.

Another like Ball, but somewhat less.

Half a FIBROUS BALL taken out of the stomach

of a Sheep. Two inches over, and a little flat. It con∣sisteth of most fine herby Threads or Fibers, short, and very closely compacted. Cover'd with a black, shining, and most thin Cuticle. A piece hereof fired, burns like Match-cord, all away to ashes.

These Balls, especially those of Hair, we may suppose to be made by the motion of the stomach, which in these Creatures is very strong, and frequent: by which motion the Hair is wrought and compacted together, as Wooll is, by the Workmans hand, in the making of a Hat.

CHAP. III. Of OVIPAROUS QUADRUPED'S.

A Femal LAND-TORTOIS. Testudo terrestris foe∣mina. Usually described, but no where fully, nor without errors. This here is eight inches long, and five broad. The Head an inch and ½ long, almost as broad; in shape somewhat like a Toads. The Orbits of the Eyes very large, almost ½ inch over; a ¼ of an inch behind the Snout. The lower Chap is received by a groove into the upper. The Tail three inches long, and sharp-pointed. The Feet two inches and ¼, and above ½ inch over. The fore-Feet have five very short Toes, with Claws about ¼ inch long. The hinder feet have but four Toes, with some∣what bigger Claws.

The Head, Back and Belly, have all bony Covers, faced or over-laid with shells. The head and back-pieces blackish, with citrine or straw-colour'd specks sprinkled up and down upon them. The back-piece convex, and almost Oval. On the sides, for the length of two inches as it were doubled inwards, and joyned to the Belly-piece. 'Tis cancellated with little squares on the Margin; on the top of the back, sexangularly; and with the largest Area's between. The Belly-piece is party-colour'd black and citrine, almost flat; but turned up a little at the ends. Cancellated in the mid∣dle with squares, with triangles before, and behind with Hyperbolick lines. The Feet are cover'd with small round Scales, the Tail with square ones. He breeds in the Deserts of Africa.

Three little LAND-TORTOISES of the same kind.

Another little LAND-TORTOISE, of kin to the former. 'Tis somewhat rounder.

A lesser LAND-TORTOISE, almost circular and ridged on the back.

A great CHEQUERD TORTOISE-SHELL. Testa Testellata major. It was sent from Madagascar. I find the Animal no where describ'd or figur'd. It is above half oval; being of all that I ever saw, the most concave; a foot long, eight inches over, and almost six inches high.

The Convex is curiously wrought with black and whitish pieces, alternately wedged in, one against another, and notched, as it were, with transvers Incisions. Those near the Margines and on the sides are composed into several Pyramidal Area's, or great Triangles, whose Bases are about two inches broad. On the Back, into sexangular ones, each of them convex. On the sides, and quite behind, the Shell is carry'd somewhat inward. Before, and hinderly, the edges are toothed, and bended outward and upward. The inward edges are cover'd with shelly Plates above an inch and ½ broad.

The Concave is composed of six and forty Bones. Along the middle of the Back, are twelve, all, except the foremost and the four last, almost square. Next to these, are eight on each side, like to so many contiguous Ribs; together with two lesser square Bones before: Next to these, eight more, as it were, under-Ribs, on each side. To the twelve middlemost Bones, the Ribs are joyned by an al∣ternate commissure, so as one of them answers to the halfs of two Ribs, & vice versa. To these, the under-Ribs, in a wonderful manner, scil. by a branched Suture or Inden∣ture. For the great Teeth of the under-Ribs, being first inserted into those of the upper-Ribs; the Indenture is af∣terwards repeated, by lesser Teeth, out of the sides of the great ones. The Belly-piece is here wanting.

Besides the most elegant ordering of the Work in the Convex, there are three-things chiefly observable, which serve for the greater strength of the Shell. That is to say, The Convexity of the several Area's on the Back, the

branched Sutures, and the Alternate commissures of the Bones. Answerable to the Rule of Nature, in a Humane Skull: and of Art, in the laying of Stones in Buildings; and in cover∣ing of broader Vaults, not with one Arch, but several lesser ones, for the greater strength.

A lesser CHEQUER'D SHELL. Perhaps Stellata Wormii, a 1.84 or a kin to it. The Convex work is compo∣sed of black and citrine pieces, cancellated, and transversly notched; ten, eleven, or twelve of them meeting in a square, and rugged centre; each looking like a Star sur∣rounded with Rays. The several Area's rise up into a con∣vexity somewhat greater, than in the Shell above describ'd. Just before the Tail, the edges are bended a little upward; over the Tail, downward. The Belly-piece is joyned to the Back-piece for the length of two inches and ½, with the edges turned upward. The middle of it flat, streak'd, and cancellated; the hinder part endeth in a double broad point.

Two more CHEQUER'D SHELLS of the same Species; saving, That here are not so great a number of Rays to each Star.

Another of the same; excepting, that the several arched pieces are not so high, as in the former.

A CHEQUER'D-SHELL, from Suranam. I think no where describ'd, or figur'd, unless perhaps by Moschardus. The convex work is composed of black and citrine pieces, in the Margin, of a Pyramidal or wedged Figure, oppositely set, and with transverse Notches: amongst which there are also little square, rugged, and citrine pieces intermixed. All the rest, which are also black and citrine, are six times as big, adorned not with transverse but paralell Notches. Neither are they Radiated, but several of the same kind contiguous side to side. They are compos'd into Area's almost flat: the centres whereof are also rugged, but much bigger than in the Shell last described. The Belly-piece is also less convex.

Another of the same Species.

Another CHEQUER'D SHELL from Suranam, of kin to the last describ'd. The edges of this are round about, excepting before, turn'd up outward. The Back also is less convex; the Belly, more deep.

Another of the same Species.

A CHEQUER'D SHELL from Virginia. 'Tis in figure somewhat like the femal Tortoise first describ'd. Sa∣ving that it is more convex, and divided into Area's also somewhat convex, and with transvers Furrows or Notches. 'Tis also near the Tail, turned up outward; but the hinder∣most part bended inward.

Another Shell of the same Species.

Another, like the first describ'd, excepting also, That it is more convex; and instead of specks, hath long streaks, and great blotches.

A SCALY TORTOISE SHELL. It seems to be of the Lutarious kind. I find it not describ'd, or figur'd. Above a foot long, ten inches broad, convex to the height of 3 ½. The convex, all along the middle, high ridg'd. Composed of Scales, very smooth, particolour'd, of a brownish red and citrine; in the utmost edge lesser, and almost square, but with acute Angles prolonged towards the Tail, and towards the Head doubled downwards. The rest are five, six, and eight times bigger, set alternately, as the Scales in Fishes, or Slate-work upon a house. The Con∣cave is strengthened with a Back-Bone, and eight Ribs, ob∣liquely appendent, on each side. The Belly-piece is here wanting.

A SEA-TORTOISE. Curiously figur'd by Besler. a 1.85 Described by Aldrovandus and others. He differs from the Land-Tortoise, chiefly, in having a more rude, and softer shell, and Feet rather like the Finns of a Fish, as proper to swim with. As also in Bulk. In the Brasilian shore, said to be big enough, for one sometimes to dine fourscore men. b 1.86 In the Indian-Sea so big, c 1.87 that the shells serve the Natives for Boats. In the Island Cuba so great, that they will creep along with five men upon their Backs. d 1.88

He squirts the water out at his Nostrils, in the same manner as the Dolphin doth at his Spout. e 1.89 In Genera∣tion, the embraces of the Male and Female continue for a whole Lunary month. f 1.90 They take them, by turning them on their Backs with staves, in which posture they lie, till they are fetch'd away. g 1.91 As they lie on their Backs, they will sometimes fetch deep sighs, and shed

abundance of Tears. a 1.92 They kill them, by laying them on their backs, and so ripping them up round about where the Back and Belly-pieces meet. b 1.93 They abound in the Caribdy and Lucayick Islands, and in Jamaica, As also in the Red-Sea.

Of their Nature, Generation, and inward Parts, see some Observations in the Philos. Transactions. c 1.94 The flesh hereof maketh a most pleasant jelly. d 1.95 The Callapee, i. e. the Belly-part so called, baked, is an excellent Dish. e 1.96

The Legs, saith Schroder out of Solenander, applied to the part affected, are a most experienced Remedy in the Gout. In Turky, the Shells are used for Bucklers. In Ta∣brobana, to cover their houses. f 1.97 In China, g 1.98 to make Girdles for Noble men.

A LITTLE SEA-TORTOISE, taken out of the Egg.

The SHELL of a Sea-Tortoise.

The HEAD of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis large, and so shews the make of the Mouth the better: where the sharp and toothed edge of the nether Chap, strikes into a Canale cut into the Bone of the upper; and the toothed protuberance of the upper, into a Canale in the nether: by which means he easily sheers the Grass, or other Plants, whereon he feeds. Given by Mr. John Short.

The SKULL of a SEA-TORTOISE, Nine inches long. The head of a Sea-Tortoise a foot long, is but about two inches. Therefore the Tortoise to which this skull belong'd, was a yard and half in length.

Three other SKULS about the same bigness. One whereof, given by Henry Whistler Esq.

Two pieces of the SHELL of a very great TORTOISE, each with a Rib fixed in it. Given by Sir Robert Southwell.

The HEART of a SEA-TORTOISE. It is about as big as a Lambs. Herein both the single Ventricle, and two Auricles, are all plainly visible. The Hearts of all great Animals, saith Aristotle, h 1.99 have three Ventricles; of lesser, two; of all, at least one. One would a little wonder, how so observing a man, should discover so many mistakes, in so few words.

The PISLE of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis four∣teen inches long, and two and ½ round about. In substance like a Bulls. There are three more about the same bigness.

See the great efficacy attributed hereto by Ligon, a 1.100 in curing him of two Fits of the Stone.

An EGG of a SEA-TORTOISE. 'Tis very white, and Sphaerical, which I find no Author distinctly to say, but only to be like the Eggs of Fowls. About the bigness of an Hand-Ball. The shell rather thinner and softer than of a Hen's. She lays them in the sand, where they lie till they are hatch'd. Sometimes above a hundred at a breed.

The CHAMAELEON. By Wormius well described. Johnston's Figure, especially as to the feet, very false. A most curious one in Calceolarius. As also in Besler, saving that his eyes are drawn somewhat too little. Of the skin it may be noted, that 'tis every where rough, as it were, with little round blisters or knobs; on his Head and Back, greater; on his Legs, Sides and Belly, lesser; of the bigness of Silk∣worms Eggs. As also, that his hinder Feet are thicker than the fore-Feet: and the Heels or hinder Toes as long again, as the other; whereas in the fore-Feet, they are all of a length. The shape of his hinder Feet is therefore the better fitted to assist him in the climbing of Trees; the Heels be∣ing like strong Leavers to hoist him up. And the make of his Skin, for the changeableness of his Colours; which seems to depend on the falling or swelling of the said Knobs; whereby the light, receiving different Reflections, produceth different Colours. Of his Colours, saith Sca∣liger, b 1.101 from the Observation of Joh. Landius, it is not so properly said, that they are chang'd, but only the several Species highten'd or deepen'd. He hath a long Tail, as a Lizard, but slenderer: which, c 1.102 as he descends from a Tree, he laps round about the Boughs, to keep himself from fall∣ing. His Feet also are all made where with to take fast hold.

Of the inward Parts, see the Philos. Trans. N. 49. But especially Dominicus Panarolus, who together with his Me∣dicinal Observations, hath published the Description and Anatomy hereof. Amongst other particulars, the Mus∣cular Membrane of the Eye, by which singly all those motions are perform'd, which in other Animals require six, and in some seven Muscules, is remarkable. As also the distinct continuation of the Optique Nerves from their Original to each Eye; whereby the uniform or conjunct motion of both his Eyes is not necessary, as in other

Creatures; but he is able to move one upward or back∣ward, and the other downward or forward, or any other way, at the same time. No less the fabrick of his Tongue; which being hollow from end to end, with a string run∣ning through the hollow, fasten'd behind to the Os hyoides, before to its extremity, it darts out and contracts it self in an instant: and with a Viscous substance at the end, catches the Prey, which are Flys and other Infects, as we use to do Birds with Limetwigs. Thus far Panarolus.

In the High-hoe, and other Birds of this kind, there is a peculiar Cystis, wherein a Viscous matter, like that above mention'd, is stored, and a Pipe deriving it thence into the Mouth; the Description whereof I may hereafter publish. I suppose therefore, that upon further examination, the like Contrivance will be found in a Chamaeleon.

It may be noted, That Panarolus, about the beginning of his Description, calls the Chamaeleon a slow Creature: Yet saith afterwards, (towards the end) that he climbs Trees so wonderfully swift, as if he flew. He is not there∣fore so properly slow, as perhaps sullen and humerous.

Bartholine a 1.103 hath also the Anatomy of this Animal, but transcribes it all out of Panarolus. In one particular much forgets himself, saying about the beginning of his Discourse, that the Chamaeleon hath very great Lungs; and in the end, that they are but little.

A young brown CHAMAELEON.

A third, with black, yellow, and ash-colour mixed toge∣ther.

A CROCODILE, about two yards and ½ long. He differs not much from a Lizard; chiefly in his Bulk, and the hardness of his Skin, which on his Back hath Scales proportionably hard and thick. In Paname there are some an hundred feet long; as is affirmed both by Joh. de Lopez, b 1.104 and Joh. de Leri. c 1.105 In the Musaeum Romanum, there is a Tragical Relation of a very great one that devoured a Virgin, Cap. 6. The same Animal which in the Book of Job is called the Leviathan, and hath been commonly taken to be the Whale; but falsly, as Bochart hath demonstrated. He is tolerably well described by most; and curiously figur'd by Besler. He breeds in divers places in both the Indies, as well as in Egypt.

Nature, saith Aristotle, hath denied a Tongue to this Animal. Which Sir Thomas Brown takes notice of as a Vulgar Error. On the hinder half of his Tail he hath firm leathern upright Finns, wherewith he governs himself, as a Fish, in swimming.

He is esteemed good meat, not only by the Natives in Brasile, but also by the Hollanders there. a 1.106 He is taken thus; They fasten a thick long Rope to some Tree by the Water∣side, and to the other end, a strong iron Hook, which they bait with a Weather. b 1.107

In Brasile, they hunt them much for the sake of their Fat, which they commonly and successively apply to their Wounds, when bitten by him. c 1.108 As also for his Testicles, which smell like Oyntment, and which they sell very dear. d 1.109 In New Spain, the Kernels under their Throat, smell like Musk, and are a present Remedy against burning Fevers. e 1.110 The Stomach dry'd in the Sun, powder'd, and taken to the quantity of ʒj, is an admirable Diuretick, and brings away Stones from the Reins and Bladder. f 1.111 The same taken to the quantity of a spoonful in the Morning, after Dinner, and before Supper, or as often as the Patient can bear it, is an excellent Remedy for the Dropsie. g 1.112

A CROCODILE, which, with part of the Tail that is broken off, is about a yard long. Perhaps that lesser sort which breeds in Brasile, whereof Linschoten saith, That they will come into the Houses, and let the Children play with them harmlesly.

Another young CROCODILE not a foot long.

The SKELETON of a CROCODILE. Given by Sir Robert Southwell; to whom it was sent from the East-Indies. 'Tis about four yards and three quarters long. The Head about two feet. The Neck, from the hinder part of the Head, almost a foot and ½. The Trunk, from the fore-Ribs to the Tail, four feet. The Tail, seven. From the top of the Back to the Breast, a foot and 1/•• high.

The Orbites of the Eyes proportionably little; what ever Piso saith of his great Eyes.

The Articulations of the lower Jaw with the upper; and of the Occiput with the foremost Vertebra of the Neck; are here both made in the same manner, as in other Quadru∣peds:

notwithstanding the Tradition of his moving the upper Jaw.

The Teeth are about threescore, thirty in each Jaw. All of them Claviculares, or Peg-Teeth, not much unlike the Tusks of a Mastiff; and scarce bigger: notwithstand∣ing that Aristotle calls them great Teeth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. a 1.113 And yet, whereas a Dog hath but four Tusks, or exerted Teeth, in this Animal being all of that figure, their smallness, with respect to so great a Head, is fully compensated by their number. For the most part, those that are new and not worn, are toothed, like a small Saw, on their sides.

The Vertebrae, in all, sixty. Those of the Neck, are seven, as in a Man. The first whereof, in a Man called the At∣las, hath a Processus in the figure of the Epiglottis. The other six, have each one Processus or Prominent Part, which is long, broad, sharp, and upright: and two that are trans∣verse, and short; to which are joyned, by a Cartilage, so many Ossa mucronata, one shorter than another from the Head toward the Trunk. But the Vertebrae, one lesser than another, from the Trunk towards the Head.

The Vertebrae of the Back, nineteen; that is, three sevens running one into another. Each of which hath three Prominent Parts, which are sharp, broad, and long; one perpendicular, and two that are transverse, or at right angles.

The Ribs 24, twelve on each side. Seven of which, have each of them double Cartilages, that is, one after another, appendent to them.

The fore part of the Sternum is plainly bony. The hin∣der part, cartilaginous; shaped like the Os Hyoides in a Man.

The Vertebrae of the Tail, are 34; or (if you add the last of the Trunk as common to both) 35; that is seven times seven. The first fourteen, have each three Prominent Parts, like those of the Vertebrae in the Back. The next nineteen, have only an upright Processus. The last of all, hath none. The first 14, are double, in number to those of the Neck, the next 19, are equal to those of the Back; the last answers to the Head. To all the Vertebrae of the Tail, except the last, are also subjoyned so many

Ossa Mucronata, directly opposite to the upright Pro∣cessus.

The Shoulder-Blades are two on each side; each ½ foot long.

The Bones of the fore-Foot, 27. The Thigh-Bone near a foot long; an inch and ¼ over. The Leg-Bones, two; each a little above ½ a foot long; and of equal thickness, sc. about ¼ of an inch over. The Foot strictly so call'd, the length of the Thigh. The Bones of the Pedium, four. The Fingers or Toes, five. The inmost, the thickest, like a Thumb. From thence, the third, the longest. The Bones of the Thumb, three; of the next Finger, four; of the next, five; of the two outmost, four; in all 20. All armed with black Claws, a little crooked, and not much above an inch long.

The Hip-Bones are three; each of them ½ a foot long.

The Bones of the hinder Foot, 24. The Thigh-Bone above a foot long, and an inch and ½ over. The Leg Bones almost eight inches long. The inmost, above an inch over; the other, but ½ an inch. The Foot, so called, the length of the Thigh. The Bones of the Pedium, four. The Toes, four; whereof the inmost, the greatest; the third, the longest. The Bones of the great Toe, three; of the next, four; of the third and fourth, five. The Claws somewhat bigger than in the fore-Foot.

Amongst other things worthy of note, the senselesness of the tradition of the Crocodiles moving his upper Jaw, is plain from the structure of the Bones, that is, the Articu∣lation only of the Occiput with the Neck, and of the nether Jaw with the upper, as above said.

The first Author of it was Aristotle, in his Fourth Book de Partibus Animalium, Cap. 11. And thus much is true, not only of this Creature, but of all others, which have a long Head, and a wide Rictus, that when they open their Mouths, they seem to move both Jaws; as both the Viper, and the Lizard. And for the same reason, Columna a 1.114 might say as much of the Hippopotamus, that he moves the upper Jaw, as the Crocodile. So all Birds, especially with long Bills, shew the contemporary motion of both the Mandi∣bulae; the Musculi splenii pulling back the Occiput, and so a little raising the upper, while the Musculi Digastrici pull

the other down. But that this motion was not meant by Aristotle, appears in his First Book de Hist. Anim, c. 11. & lib. 3. c. 7. where he saith more plainly, That of all other Animals, only the Crocodile moveth the upper Jaw. So that he speaks of it, as a motion strange and peculiar; as if the upper Mandible did make an Articulation with the Cranium: contrary to what is here seen. And if we will hear Piso, who probably speaks Aristotle's meaning, as plainly as he doth his own, he goes further, and saith, a 1.115 That the Crocodile doth not only move his upper Jaw, but that his nether Jaw is immoveable. Than which As∣sertion, to one that hath any competent knowledge in Anatomy, and seeth the Head and lower Jaw of this Ani∣mal articulated in the same way, as in other Animals, nothing can appear more ridiculous.

The WINDPIPE of a CROCODILE. It is almost an inch and ½ over. Composed of Cartilaginous Rings, not broken off, with a Membrane betwixt their ends, as in most Quadrupedes, but entire.

The GREEN LIZARD. It was brought from the West-Indies. See the Description hereof in Gesner, and others.

The SENEMBI, a Lizard so called in Brasile. Also called Igvana. Curiously figur'd by Besler. Well describ'd by Marggrarius, and after him, Wormius. Saving as to the odd structure of the hinder Foot. The inmost Toe is joyned to the next, by a Membrane, for the length of an inch and ½. This to the third, by a like Membrane for the length of an inch. This again to the fourth, for the length of an inch and ½. The fourth, almost loose from the last. The Picture also, commonly given, falsly represents the fore-Leg equal to the hinder, which is far longer and thicker.

Another SENEMBI lesser than the former.

The SWIFT, or SPOTTED LIZARD. Com∣monly called STELLIO, or the STARRY-LIZARD; but not properly, the Stars, in the Figure given by Aldro∣vandus and others, being feigned. For the Animal is not marked with Starry, but with round Spots. The lesser are sprinkled up and down. The greater composed into about 13 half Rings or Girdles. On the Back the spots

are also more distinct, than on the Tail. They breed in Thracia, Syria, and Sicily. The Powder hereof being taken, is believed by some plurimum stimulare Venerem.

The SWAPTAIL LIZARD. Uromastix, vel Cau∣diverbera. Called also CORDILUS. In Calceolarius's Musaeum there is a curious Picture hereof, under the Name of CROCODILUS TERRESTRIS. As also in Besler. Gesner, from Thomas Erastus, hath very copiously describ'd him, especially his Tail.

The BUGELUGEY. Of kin to the former. Al∣drovandus and Johnston give only his Figure, with the Name of Lacertus Indicus. He is distinguished from other Lizards, chiefly, by the Scales on his Belly, which, like those of a Crocodile, are very great; sc. five or six times bigger than those on his back. It was brought from Africa. This Lizard, saith Wormius, moveth his upper Jaw, as the Crocodile. Which, in what sense it is false and absurd, I have above shew'd.

The SCALY-LIZARD. He is well pictur'd in Besler. As also in the Musaeum of Olearius. Aldrovandus gives only a rude half draught, and without any Description, as well as the former. Clusius only saith, He remembers that he had seen one of them. Bontius a 1.116 hath his Picture, but a very bad one. Else-where I find it not. He hath also described him, but very defectively, and with several mistakes.

He is a yard and ½ long. His Head from his Nose-end to his fore-Feet not above three inches. He hath no Neck. His Trunk, from the fore-Legs to the hinder, not above ten inches and ½. His Tail exceeding long, sc. a yard and half a quarter. His Head above two inches over. His Nose near an Inch. His Trunk almost four. His Tail mode∣rately taper'd, and ending obtusely. The under part of the Tail is plain or flat; the upper part, hyperbolick. His fore-Legs, contrary to what they are in other Lizards, are longer than the hinder; these, not above three inches and ½; those, above four. The Claws also of the fore-Feet are longer; the longest about an inch; those of the hinder, but ½ an inch. He hath only four Toes and a Heel, both before and behind.

He is all over, except his Throat, Belly, the lower part

of his fore-Leg, and the inward part of his hinder, cover'd with Scales, very thick, and in hardness answering to the most solid Bone. The basis of each Scale (perhaps through age) of a blackish yellow, the Cone betwixt yellow and straw-colour, or like old Ivory. Adorned with Striae pro∣ceeding from the base to the Cone. Set together, with an alternate respect, as the Scales of Fishes. In the Trunk, there are 10 or 11 filed to each Rank. Towards the end of the Tail, but five. The greatest, near two inches broad; the least, a quarter of an inch. On his Forehead, Back, and fore part of his Tail, they are flat. But on the edges of the Tail, they are doubled into an acute Angle, the one half of each standing on the Convex, the other on the flat of the Tail.

He is said to be a most tame and innocent Creature. Which is very likely; according to the way of Nature, which usually leaveth dangerous Animals, as Serpents, and other hurtful Lizards, naked: but defendeth the Bodies of fearful and innocent Creatures, as the Tortoise, the Tatu, and the like, with Armor.

Johannes Lerus, quoted by Linschoten, mentions a white scaly Lizard in Brasile, as thick as a Mans middle, and five or six feet long. Perhaps a bigger of the same kind with this above described.

There is a sort of little Lizard, a 1.117 which when he swelleth with anger, like the Chamaeleon, changeth his co∣lour, from green to a kind of Hair-colour or Russet. The Eggs of some, if not of most Lizards, eat very pleasantly. And in b 1.118 Brasile there are a sort of Water-Lizards five feet long, which being flay'd and sodden, for whiteness, sweet∣ness, and tenderness, surpass all other meats.

A LAND-SALAMANDER. Described by Aldro∣vandus, and others. Much like a Lizard; but his Mouth is shorter, and broader, more like a Toads: and seldom ex∣ceedeth a foot in length.

Bartholine tells of one that was kept alive in a Glass nine Months without food. c 1.119

The LITTLE COMMON EFT. He hath a thicker Trunk, a blunt Oval Snout, his hinder feet are very distant from the foremost.

The SLENDER EFT. His Head is rateably very

great; his Snout also longer and sharper than in the former. His Trunk slenderer and much less belly'd. His hinder Legs also stand nearer to the foremost.

The THICK-TAIL'D EFT. His Head is here wanting. His Tail is not so slender or tapering as in both the former, but ends more obtusely. And his hinder feet stand yet nearer to his foremost.

The SCINK. Described by Wormius, and others. Curiously pictur'd by Besler. Like a Lizard; saving that he hath a shorter Neck and Tail, short Legs, a flat and broad Foot like a Hand, with very short Toes, and without any Claws. The Powder hereof is said, Potenter Venerem stimulare.

SECT. III. OF SERPENTS.

A SNAKE preserved in Spirit of Wine. In Bar∣bados there are some about a yard and half long, that a 1.120 will slide up the perpendicular Wall of a House out of one Room into another. A greater agility without feet, than we see in most Creatures that have four. Much helped, as it should seem, by their great length; whereby they can, in an instant, reduce themselves into so many more undulations for their better assent. In Brasile, saith Joh. de Laet, b 1.121 there are Snakes found sometimes 25 or 30 feet long. The Indians, in some places, eat Snakes very greedily.

The greater SLOW-WORM; Caecilia. Called also the BLIND-WORM; so commonly thought to be, because of the littleness of his Eyes. His Skin also is very smooth and glistering. His Teeth very small. Of a lighter colour than the Adder; which are his principal Notes. See the Descriptions of Gesner and Aldrovandus. The Female is Viviparous, as well as the Viper. Bellonius saith, that out of one, he hath taken above forty young ones.

The VIPER. Vipera, qu. Vivipera; because she only among Serpents hath been thought to bring forth her

young Ones. All Animals, saith Aristotle, a 1.122 that bring forth their young, have also external Ears: yet knew that an Adder which hath no Auricle is Viviparous. And this, indeed, he observes with a good Remark, which is, That she first lays her Eggs within her Womb; b 1.123 wherein they are afterwards hatched. Which had been a fair Intro∣duction to him, to have observed, That all other Vivipa∣rous Animals are Oviparous within themselves. And 'tis much, that the hint hath not been long since taken from the Raya, and some other Fishes. The Viper, saith Sir Tho∣mas c 1.124 Brown, from the experience of credible Persons, in case of fear, receiveth her young Ones into her Mouth; which being over, they return thence again.

The chief use of Vipers is for the Medicine called The∣riaca Andromachi. But there are also divers Medicines made out of them: as

• ...Oleum per Infusionem,
• ...Sal Viperarum
• ...Spiritus,
• ...Oleum Stillatitium,
• ...Volatile,
• ...Essentia,
• ...Vinum Viperinum,
• ...Fixum,
• ...Alcohol Burgravii, d 1.125
• ...Theriacale,
• ...Pulvis Viper': Germanus. e 1.126

Of the nature of the Viper, see the Observations of Bourdelot, Redi, & Charas. See also the Phil. Trans. N. 87.

The SLOUGH of an ENGLISH VIPER. That is, the Cuticula. They cast it off twice every year, sc. at Spring and Fall. The separation begins at the Head; and is finish'd in the space of 24 hours. From all parts so entire, that the very Tunica Adnata, or outward Skin of the Eye it self is here plainly to be seen.

A Gelly made hereof, is order'd to be used for the making up of the compounded Powder of Crabs Claws into Balls. Which way of preservation, were no less pro∣per for divers other Cordial Powders; especially such as are Aromatick, and whose Virtue lies in parts that are of themselves volatile and easily evaporable. Of which kind, there are none in this Powder.

The SKIN of a BOIGUACU; a Serpent so called, by the Natives of Brasile. As far as can now be seen, 'tis mixed of ash-colour with cancellated work of brown;

somewhat after the manner, as in divers other Indian Ser∣pents. Towards the Head it is somewhat slenderer, than about the middle; where it is in compass, half a yard. 'Tis almost seven yards long. See the Description of the Serpent in Piso. He is of all other kinds the greatest. But not so venimous, as are many others. I have now at home, saith Bontius, the Skin of a Serpent (of this kind) twelve yards long, which I kill'd in a Wood in Java. And, that in that Kindgom, was one taken thirteen yards and ½ long, with a Boar in her Belly; of which, being boyl'd, the general D. Petrus, and others did eat a part. a 1.127 And Joh. de Laet. reports, b 1.128 That in Rio de la Plata, a Pro∣vince of the West-Indies, there are some quatuor Orgyas longi, and so big, as to swallow a Stagg whole, horns and all. Of such kind of Serpents, see also Marcus Paulus Venetus, and Athan. Kircher. c 1.129

This Serpent, says Piso, will thrust his Tail up a Mans Fundament, and gird him about the middle till he kills him. d 1.130 Yet is it probable, that they communicate no Venime by their Tail, but only are so cunning as to use that way, whereby to take the faster hold. Not only the Natives, but the Hollanders that live amongst them, make them part of their food. e 1.131

The SKIN of the IBIBABOCA. Another Ser∣pent of Brasile, so called by the people there. 'Tis a foot round about, and almost three yards and half long. His colours, originally, are white, black, and red. f 1.132 Of all the kinds of Serpents, his Bite is the most pernicious, yet worketh the slowest. g 1.133 'Tis healed by a Cataplasme made of the Head of the Serpent. h 1.134

Two SKINS of the same kind, about eight feet long; and with their colours elegantly chequer'd, as in the former.

The SKIN of a RATTLE-SNAKE; a Serpent so called, from the Rattle at the end of his Tail. By the Natives of Brasile, BOICININGA. Well described by Franciscus Ximenez; and from him by Joh. de Laet. But his Rattle is no where well pictur'd. Neither doth Ximenez, or any other Author observe the true structure of it.

It is composed of about 8, 10, or 12, some times, as

this before us, of sixteen white Bones, but very hollow, thin, hard, and dry, and therefore brittle, almost like Glass, and very sonorous. They are also all very near of the same bulk; and of the self same Figure, almost like the Os Sacrum in a Man. For although the last of all only, seems to have a kind of a Ridged Tail or Epiphysis adjoyned to it, yet have every one of them the like; so, as the Tail of every uppermost Bone, runs within two of the Bones be∣low it. By which Artifice, they have not only a moveable coherence, but also make a more multiplied sound, each Bone hitting against two others at the same time.

By this Rattle, those that travel through the Fields, or along the High-ways, are warned to avoid coming near so noxious a Creature. For those that are bitten with him, sometimes die miserably in 24 hours; their whole body cleaving into chops. a 1.135 They commonly bury the Limb that is bitten, and so keep it, till the pain wears off. b 1.136 By thrusting the end of his Tail, saith Piso, up into a Mans Fundament, he kills him immediately. But he seems here falsly to attribute that to this Serpent, which he doth much more probably to the BOIGUACU. For this is but a lesser sort, seldom exceeding a yard and ¼, and therefore cannot do it by girding a Man about. And for there be∣ing any Venime in the Rattle, it was, I believe, hardly ever imagin'd by any other man. Their progressive motion, saith Joh. Lerius, is so swift, that they seem to fly. Which makes the Rattle to be so much the more useful, in giving timely notice of their approach. Some of the largest are in Panuco, a Province of Mexico. 'Tis said, that the smell of Dittany kills him. c 1.137

It is affirmed by Marggrarius and others, that as many years old as the Serpent is, the Rattle hath so many joynts. Which if it be true, then they will live at least sixteen years, some Rattles (as this here) consisting of sixteen joynts. Which makes the Tradition very suspicious.

About fourteen more SKINS of the RATTLE∣SNAKE. Some of them are all over of a dark-brown. Others chequer'd with a brown, upon ash-colour.

Several RATTLES of the same Serpent; most of them composed of above ten joynts.

A POWDER said to be taken out of a Serpents

Head. 'Tis as white as Starch, and tastless. Makes a noise between the Teeth, like that Mineral called Agaricus Mine∣ralis. Acid, and especially Nitrous Spirits dropped upon it, produceth a considerable effervescence.

The SERPENT-STONE. Said by some, to be factitious, By others, to be a Natural Animal Stone. Par∣ticularly by Sir Philiberto Vernatti, an observing Person, to be taken out of the Head of a Serpent in Java, from whence it was sent by him hither. It seems to be that called Bul∣golda, which Boetius, out of Ferdinando Lopez, saies is taken out of the Head of an Animal, which the Indians call Bul∣goldalf. Whether it be natural or artificial, I shall here de∣scribe it.

'Tis about ¾ of an inch long, above ½ over, and ¼ thick; flat and almost orbicular, like a Cowslip-Cake, or other like Confection. All round about very smooth, and shining, for the greater part, black; but with some ash-colour inter∣mixed; so as to look like a River-pebble. But of a substance soft and friable, like the Oriental Bezoar. And in like manner, as the same Stone, is easily dissolved with any Nitrous Spirit dropped upon it, but not with other Acids. Which is to me an argument that it grows within some Animal: it being the nature of most Animal-Stones, to be dissoluble only by Nitrous Spirits.

Sir Philiberto a 1.138 amongst other passages of this Stone, saith, That if it be laid to a Wound, made by any Ve∣nimous Creature, it is said to stick to it, and so to draw away all the Venime. And the like I have heard affirmed of the same Stone by a Physitian of Note in this City.

SECT. IV. OF BIRDS.

CHAP. I. Of Land-Fowls, and of their Parts.

A Great BAT or FLITTER-MOUSE of the WEST-INDIES. Vespertilio Americ. The Bat stands in the Rear of Beasts, and in the Front of Birds. I meet with no full Description of this kind. From his Nose-end to his Anus almost a foot. His Body almost three inches over. His Head two inches and ½ long, one and ½ over. His Nose like a Dogs, the end about ½ inch broad. His Ears extream thin, about ¾ of an inch long, and as broad; an inch and ½ asunder. His Eyes ⅓ of an inch long. He hath six and thirty Teeth. In each Chap before, are four little ones, roundish, blunt, and almost flat-ended; rather Tunsores, than Incisores. The next are large, shaped like the Tusks of a Dog, two in each Chap. Next to these, two more of the first kind in each Chap. And last of all twenty Grinders.

The Wings stretched out, are two or three inches above a yard wide from end to end. The upper part of the Arm that governs them, about four inches long, and fleshy, sc. an inch over. The next, or the Cubitus also four inches long, tendinous, and slender, not above ¼ of an inch thick. The Fingers are five, or four and a Thumb. Each hath three Bones. The first Bone of the fore-Finger or Thumb, is above ½ an inch long; the middlemost, an inch and ½; the last very short, sheathed within a sharp and crooked Claw, ¾ of an inch long, almost like that of a Hawk. The first Bone of the next Finger, is above three inches long; the middlemost, but ¾ of an inch; the last, about ½ an inch; having a very little Claw. The first Bone of the third or middle Finger, is four inches long; the middle∣most,

three; the last, three and ½. The first of the fourth, is also four inches long; the middlemost, two and ½; the last, as much. The first of the fifth or utmost Finger, is also four inches long; the middlemost, two; the last, as many.

His Thigh an inch and ½ long, and fleshy, yet not much above ½ inch over. His Leg two inches long, tendinous, and about ¼ of an inch thick. The Pedium, above ½ inch long. The Toes, five; each of them about an inch and ½ long; and each having a Claw, like that on his Thumb. The two inmost, have each two Bones; the other have three.

The Membrane which makes the Wings, excepting only his Head, Neck, two joynts of his Thumb and the bottom of his Feet, is spread from the top of his Back, over all his Parts.

He hath no Tail.

The shape and number of his Teeth, shew him to be a Voracious Creature. The Claws of his Thumb and Feet, that he is also Rapacious. The structure of his Wings is admirable. For were they to be always stretched out, they were (as to the length of the Bones) the most irregular and ill contrived of any thing that ever was seen. But being made to open and shut, shew the greater Artifice, in having the Bones of such a length, as might serve for all the Positions betwixt being quite open and quite close. The particular explication whereof, notwithstanding, can∣not be made, without examining the several Muscules, by which all the said positions are determin'd.

Another WEST-INDIAN BAT of the same kind. There are many of them in Brasile. The Chine∣ses esteem of them as a delicate sort of meat. a 1.139 Barlaeus mentions a Water-Bat, which the Natives of Brasile call Guacucua. b 1.140 In the same Island, there is a sort of great Bat, that as Men lie asleep with their Legs naked, will suck their blood at a Wound so gently made, as not to awake them: whereby they are oftentimes in danger of bleeding to death. c 1.141

The HEAD of an OSTRICH. Caput Struthio∣cameli. He is accurately described in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia. His Head, like that of a Goose; he hath

great thick black Hairs on his upper Eye-lid, as in Quadru∣pedes; his Tail standing in a Bunch, and not expanded, as in other Birds; his Wings very short and little; and his Foot not divided into three or four Toes, as in other Birds, but into two only; which are his principal Cha∣racters.

The Ostrich is the greatest of Birds; when he holds up his Head and Neck, near two Ells high. a 1.142 In the King∣dom of Abasia, they are as big as Asses. b 1.143 The American, are lesser than those of Africa. c 1.144

He flys not, because his Wings are short. But with their help, is able to out-run a Horse. d 1.145 He is a gregarious Bird. His Feathers are made use of for the adorning of Hats, Caps, &c. for making of Womens Fans, and the like. e 1.146 The Stomach of an Ostrich, saith Schroder, taken in power, wonderfully dissolves the Stone.. f 1.147 'Tis probable it may bring away Gravel.

The Leg of an OSTRICH. 'Tis near half a yard long without the Foot. The Foot, no less than ten inches, as long as of most men. The Leg-Bone in the smallest part four inches about, and in the Joynt nine inches: which is thicker than in most men. It hath but one triangular Claw; of that substance, as to look liker a little Hoof, and seems rather harder than that of a Horse.

The CASSOWARY. Emen. Accurately described by Clusius, and pictur'd in Willughby's Ornithologia. His Bill, almost like that of a Gooses, but not so broad. Next to the Ostrich, he is the greatest of Birds; and in Bulk little inferior, but not near so tall. On the top of his Head, hath a horny Crown, which falls off when he moulters, and grows again with the Feathers. His Wings extream small. The plumage of his Feathers so little, that he seems at a distance to be hairy. Hath three Toes without a Heel, as the Bustard. Hath no Tail: which are his chief Marques. He is brought from Tabrobana, the Molucca Islands, and others of the East-Indies.

The HEAD of a CASSOWARY. The Bill is longer, but not so broad, and so the mouth not so wide, as of an Ostrich.

The LEG of a CASSOWARY. 'Tis almost as long, and as thick, as that of an Ostrich.

The HEAD of the SEA-EAGLE or OSPREY. Caput Haljaêti.

The CLAWS of the same BIRD. See the full Description of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia.

The Eagle breeds abundantly on the Mountains Taurus and Caucasus. Not only comes into England, a 1.148 but is said to build yearly on the Rocks of Snowdon in North-Wales. In b 1.149 the Year 1668. on the Peke in Darbyshire, was found an Eagles Nest, flat or level, and about two Ells square; together with a young one in it.

The BIRD of PARADISE. By the Natives of the Molucca Islands (where they breed, and by whom they are worshipped,) called MANUCODIATA, i. e. The Bird of God. Because they know not from whence they come; and for their beauty. From his swift flight to and again, the Indians, in their Language, call him a Swallow. Marggravius reckons up several sorts of them, and describes them all. The least kind, Clusius calls the King. Because (as he saith, from the report of the Dutch Mariners) as they fly together, about 30 or 40 in a flock, he always keeps higher than the rest.) Besides the smallness of his Body, in respect to what his copious Plumes shew him; the long Feathers which grow upon his sides under his Wings, and are extended thence a great way beyond his Tail; and the two long Strings or Quills which grow upon his Rump, do most remarkably distin∣guish him from all other Birds. He is elegantly figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum, with the Title of Chamaeleon aereus.

Antonius Pigafeta was the first that brought this Bird, or any certain knowledge of him into Europe. c 1.150 Before which, he was believed, not only by the Vulgar, but by Na∣turalists, (amongst whom Scaliger d 1.151 was one) that they had no Legs, but always flew up and down suspended in the Air, by the help of their Wings and Tail spread all abroad. According to which silly fancy, he is also pictur'd in Gesner.

Agreeable to this conceit, it is likewise commonly thought, and by Georgius de sepibus, who describes the Musaeum Romanum, is affirmed, that those two long Quills that grow upon the top of this Birds Rump, being at his pleasure twined or wrapped round about the boughs of

Trees, serve quietly to suspend him. Whereas, as Mr. Wray hath also rightly observed, a 1.152 not being Muscular, it is im∣possible they should be of any such use. His hooked Claws shew him to be a Bird of Prey; and he ordinarily flys at Green-Finches, and other little Birds, and feeds on them. b 1.153 The Tarnacenses shoot them down with Darts. c 1.154

Two more MANUCODIATA'S of the same Species.

The GREAT RED and BLEW PARROT. Psittacus Erythrocyaneus. All the great kind called also MACCAW and Cockatoone. It was sent hither from Java. See his Description in Willoughby's Ornithologia. There are of these greater, the middlemost called Popin∣jayes, and the lesser called Perroqueets, in all above twenty sorts. Their more remarkable Parts, are their hooked Bills, whereby they catch hold of Boughs, and help to raise themselves up in the climbing of Trees. Their broad, thick, and muscular Tongues, for which they are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and by which they are the better enabled to speak, and to rowl their meat from side to side under the edges of their Bills: and their Feet, which, like those of the Woodpecker, have two Toes before and two behind, with which they bring their meat to their mouths; and that after an odd way, sc. by turning their foot out∣ward. d 1.155

The Parret only, saith Scaliger, e 1.156 with the Crocodile, moves the upper Jaw: Yet the same is affirmed of the Hippopotamus, by Columna; of the Lizard, by Wormius; and of the Phaenicopter, by Cardan. Which confirms what I have said under the Description of the Skeleton of a Crocodile, and in what sense it is absurdly said of them all. In their Cheeks, saith Piso, f 1.157 in each Nostril, and on the top of their Heads, in a certain Tumor, there lies, about August, a thick Worm; all which, in a little time, fall out of their own accord, without any sign left of their ever being there. They are a gregarious sort of Birds. g 1.158 They breed very numerously in both the Indies. In Bar∣bados, fly in flocks like Clouds. In Calechut they are forced to set people to watch their Rice-Fields, least they should spoil them. h 1.159 The flesh of their Chickens eats just like a Pigeon. i 1.160

The BILL of a BIRD, by the people of Brasile, called COA. It is of a blackish-brown mixed with ash-colour. In shape, and bigness, very like that of the least sort of Parret called Perroqueets. He is said to feed upon all manner of venimous things: and to be himself a Cordial. Which, if true, yet is it not to be much admir'd. For if by veni∣mous things, be meant Animals that have a venimous bite; Do we not know that the flesh of such Animals, as of Vipers, is esteemed a Cordial? Or is it under∣stood of things that are Tota substantiâ Venimous, or at least malignant to humane Bodies, do not Ducks feed on living Toads? Again, what is a Cordial? are not many things so call'd meerly from their collateral effect? Car∣duus Benedictus it self, and other things given as such, Nature doth certainly abhor: but being able to cast them off, by Vomit or Sweat, and so perhaps something else that offends her together with them, they are therefore called Cordials.

A young LINET which being first embowel'd, hath been preserved sound and entire, in rectified Spirit of Wine, for the space of 17 years. Given by the Honourable Mr. Boyl. Who, so far as I know, was the first that made trial of preserving Animals this way. An Experiment of much use. As for the preserving of all sorts of Worms, Caterpillars, and other soft Insects in their natural bulk and shape, which otherwise shrink up, so as nothing can be observed of their parts after they are dead. So also to keep the Guts, or other soft parts of Animals, fit for often repeated Inspections. And had the Kings or Physitians of Egypt thought on't, in my Opinion, it had been a much better way of making an everlasting Mummy.

A young CHICKEN emboweled and put into rectified Oil of Turpentine, at the same time, with the Linet, and preserved sound; Only there is a little sedement at the bottom of the Glass.

The HEAD of the HUMGUM, or Horned-Crow; called RHINOCEROS Avis. It was brought from the East Indies. 'Tis of kin to that described by Bontius. Mr. Willoughby gives the Picture, but no Description. It hath a Crown on the top of the Bill, of the same colour and substance therewith, and prolonged in the shape of a

Horn, to the length of ¾ of a foot. Yet not bended up∣ward, as in that of Bontius, but standing horizontal. It is spongy behind, and hollow before; so that it is very light, although so big. The Bird described by Bontius, and probably this also, breeds in Bantam and Molucca.

The nether BEAK of the RHINOCEROS Bird. If we believe, saith Georg. de Sepibus, a 1.161 the Reverend Fa∣thers, which are us'd to go to the Indies; the Bill of this Bird is a most precious Antidote against all manner of Poisons. For which cause also, the Indian Kings pre∣serve it as a great Treasure, and account it a Royal Present.

The HEAD of the CROWNED CROW Mr. Wil∣lughby pictures it. But I meet with the Description here∣of no where. 'Tis almost a foot long. The Skull not above two inches and ••/•• long, above two broad, and as high. The Bill likewise as broad. The nether Beak an inch and ¼ high, one forked Bone, in the shape of the Os Hyoides in a Bird, hooked or bended downward, the edges indented like a Saw; but with the points of the Teeth directed for∣ward. The upper Beak an inch and ½ high, consisteth of one concamerated Bone, bended downwards, and Toothed as the other. To this and the Skull, grows a square horny-Crown, about six inches long, three and ½ over, and one and ½ high, spongy behind, and hollow before. The Nostrils, which are about ¼ of an inch wide, open between the Eye and the top of the Bill.

The Teeth of the Bill, not being made to point inward, but forward or outward, plainly shews, that they serve not, as they do in some other Birds, to hold fast the Prey; but rather, for some purpose or other, to perform the use of a Saw.

The HEAD of the TOUCAN, so called by the Indians. From the noise he makes, Aracari. b 1.162 And Pica Brasilien∣sis, for the likeness of both their Tails. c 1.163 In the Musaeum Romanum, this and the Rhinoceros Avis, are confounded. They breed not only in Brasile, but also in Guajana, and other places. This Bill was sent from Peru. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornithologia. That which is most remarkable of him, is, that his Bill is almost as big as his Body, which is not much bigger than

that of a Black-Bird. The Bill and Head I shall describe more fully.

They are in length eight inches. The Skull but a little above an inch and ½ square. The upper Beak, which is prominent above the Skull near 1/•• an inch, is almost two inches high, and an inch and ••/•• over; consisting of one not hollow, but very spongy Bone, as the Crown of the Indian Crow, or rather more; with a ridge all along the top, which is blunt behind, and very sharp before; the end or point hooked down like that of an Eagle; and both the edges Toothed, as in the Indian Crow. The nether Beak near an inch and 1/•• over, one and ¼ high, hollowed, ridged underneath, and Toothed as the upper.

The Nostrils stand strangely, in a place altogether un∣usual, sc. on the top of the Head, behind the top of the Bill. The Teeth serve, doubtless, for the same purpose, as in the Humgum, and the Indian Crow.

Within his Bill, saith Piso, a 1.164 in the place of the Tongue, is contained a moveable Feather or black Quill. Were it really such, it were most absurd to think it any other, than one there by chance. But if a Tongue, or natu∣ral Part, it might have some such odd figure, as to have some resemblance to the stump of a Feather.

The BILL of the FLEMING of Suranam. Very like to that of a Toucan, saving, that it is not so sharp-ridged; neither is it spongy within, but perfectly hollow. So that the Bird seems to be an other Species of the Toucan kind.

The LEG of a DODO. Called Cygnus Cucullatus, by Nierembergius; by Clusius, Gallus Gallinaceus Peregrinus; by Bontius called Dronte; who saith, That by some it is called (in Dutch) Dod-aers. Largely described in Mr. Wil∣lughby's Ornithol. out of Clusius and others. He is more especially distinguished from other Birds by the Membra∣nous Hood on his Head, the greatness and strength of his Bill, the littleness of his Wings, his bunchy Tail, and the shortness of his Legs. Abating his Head and Legs, he seems to be much like an Ostrich; to which also he comes near, as to the bigness of his Body. He breeds in Mauris's Island. The Leg here preserved is cover'd

with a reddish yellow Scale. Not much above four inches long; yet above five in thickness, or round about the Joynts: wherein, though it be inferior to that of an Ostrich or a Cassoary, yet joyned with its shortness, may ren∣der it of almost equal strength.

The LEG, as it seems, of a certain MONSTROUS BIRD. 'Tis half a foot long. Two inches and ••/4 about. Hath five Toes. The second from the inmost, the longest. The fourth, the shortest. The fifth or utmost the thickest. It hath a very great black Spur, yet not crooked as a Cocks, but strait, and sharp-pointed, two inches long, and next the Leg an inch and ¼ about.

A KING-FISHER, Ispida. Described by Mr. Willughby and others.

Two HEADS of the GROSSBEAK called Coccothraustes. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby's Ornith. There is a most curious Picture hereof in Dr. Charlton's Onomasticon Zoic. They breed in Germany and Italy: but rarely, and not except in Winter, seen in England. They will crack Cherry-stones, and Olive-stones too (which are as hard again) very easily; a 1.165 his Bill and Temporal Muscules are so strong.

The HUMING BIRD. By the Brasilians, called Gua∣numbi. By Clusius, Ourissia, i. e. a Sun-beam; because of his radiant-colours. By the Spaniards, Tomineius; be∣cause b 1.166 one of them with its Neast, weighs but two Tomino's, a weight so called by the Spaniards, consisting of 12 Grains. Marggravius reckons up and describes nine sorts of them.

Yet whether he hath taken in this amongst them, seems doubtful. It is of the greater kind. From the point of his Bill to the end Tail, above four inches and ••/•• long; His Bill black, almost an inch and ••/•• long, as thick as a Shoomakers waxed Thread; sharp-pointed, and crooked all along like a Sithe, or exactly as the Bill of the Guara or Indian Cur∣lew. His Head the third of an inch long, and as broad. His Neck two thirds. His Trunk an inch. His Tail an inch and ½. In which there are ten black Rudder-Quills ••/•• of an inch broad. Each Wing is two inches and ½ long. Wherein there are sixteen Oar-Quills, of a blackish-brown or Eagle-colour, a little more than ¼ of an inch broad.

Of which colour are the rest of the Feathers, and no where radiant, as of the other Species. His Thigh, ½ inch long. His Leg, ¼. On which are four Toes, above ¼ of an inch long, and thick as a Taylors Stitching-Thread. His Claws near ¼ of an inch long.

The Lesser HUMING BIRD. His Head is lost. From the top of his Breast, to the end of his Tail he is two inches long. But his Trunk or Body alone, is not above ¼ of an inch in length. The other Parts are answerable. His colour various: on his Wings and Tail, a dark-brown; on his Belly, a yellowish-Red; on his Breast, White; on his Back, Green, mixed with glorious golden Rays.

The Huming-Bird is every where ill pictur'd: even in Mr. Willughby, for want of the Bird it self. But all those Birds, at least, whereof he had the sight, are most curiously and exactly represented. He is said to have a loud, or shrill and sweet Note, emulous of that of a Night∣ingale. a 1.167 He moves his Wings swiftly and continually, whether flying, or sitting on a Flower. b 1.168 He feeds, by thrusting his Bill into a Flower, like a Bee. c 1.169 For which purpose Joh. de Laet, describing this Bird, (whether out of Oviedus or Lerius is not plain) saith, That his Tongue is twice as long as his Bill. Which Clusius hath omitted; because he took his Description from the Picture only. Gulielmus Piso observeth also the same. And it is very likely to be so, as a Part more apt, by its length, and flexibility, to thrust and wind it self to the bottoms of the deepest, and most crooked Flowers: in which, and not the upper and open parts of Flowers, it is, that the Honey-Dew which these Birds, as well as Bees, do suck, is usually lodg'd.

His Feathers are set in Gold by and sold at a great rate. d 1.170 The Indians make of them very arti∣ficial Images. e 1.171 They take them by mazing them with Sand shot at them out of a Gun. f 1.172

Piso relates, g 1.173 as a thing known to himself, and many curious and credible men with him in Brasile, That there are there a sort both of Caterpillars and of Butterflys, which are transform'd into this Bird: and that in the time of Transformation, there is plainly to be seen half a Cater∣pillar or half a Butterfly, and half a Bird, both together.

Yet the same Author saith, That this Bird buildeth her Nest of Cotton-Wooll, and layeth Eggs. That a Cater∣piller should produce a Bird; and a Butterfly too, the like; and yet this Bird lay Eggs to produce its own kind, are three greater wonders than any thing that hath been said of the Barnacle. But we will rather suppose these men were themselves deceived, than that they designed to de∣ceive others.

CHAP. II. Of WATER-FOWLES, particularly, of the Cloven-Footed.

THe HEAD of the JABIRU. The Bird is described by Marggravius, Piso, and Willoughby. He is bigger than a Swan. I will take leave to describe the Bill a little more fully.

'Tis above a foot and ¼ long; The Skull about three inches, and two broad. The Bill black, 13 inches long, an inch and 1/•• broad underneath. Both the Beaks are bended upwards and crooked all along. The upper, an inch and ½ high, consisting of one triangular Bone, having a sharp Ridge on the top, and is sharp-pointed. Its hin∣der edges are carved with oblique Furrows or Grooves. The Nostrils ½ an inch long, an inch and ½ before the eyes. The nether Beak an inch high, and concave, but one Bone, or if you please, two joyned together for the length of half a foot from the point.

The oblique Furrows in the Margins of the upper Beak, are a singular Contrivance of Nature, not only here, but in many other Birds, for the more safe reception of the nether Beak; vidt. least it should go awry either with∣in or without the upper, as often as it is forceably pull'd to it, and so cause a dislocation, or a strain.

Another HEAD of the same kind and bigness.

The HEAD of an INDIAN HERON. I meet nei∣ther with the Animal nor with the Head any where de∣scribed, or figur'd. The Skull is about three inches square.

The Bill above ¾ of a foot long. The upper Beak from edge to edge near two inches over. Consists of one Bone, Triangular or Ridged at the top, a little crooked down∣ward, Concave, and sharp-pointed. Its hinder Margins are obliquely furrow'd, as in the Jabiru. The nether Beak underneath two inches and ••/2 over. Consisteth of two Bones, joyned together for the length of not above an inch and ½ from the point, which is not above a fourth part of the length of Conjunction in the Jabiru. The edges of both the Beaks run along in a strait line.

Of the use of the oblique Furows, before. According to the length of the said Conjuction of the bones of the nether Beak from the point, the Bird may be conjectur'd more or less voraceous. For by how much this is the shorter, by so much more may the Skin of the Beak be dilated for the comprehending of the greater Prey: as is more remarkable in the Pelecan.

The HEAD of an INDIAN STORK. I find not the Bird, nor the Head▪ any where describ'd, or figur'd. The Skull is four inches high, and almost square. The Skin of the Neck, as it is stuff'd up and stretched out with Wooll, is a foot about; standing out with a bunch in the usual place of the Crop. The Bill it self is above a foot long: and three inches and ¼ high. The upper Beak, from edge to edge, two inches over; is one triangular, and sharp-pointed Bone, ridged at the top, and a little crooked downward; but with strait Margins, and obliquely fur∣row'd behind, as in the Jabiru. The Nostrils ¾ of an inch long, and two inches before the Eyes. The ne∣ther Beak consisteth of two Bones joyned together for the length of three inches from the point; the edges whereof are a little crooked upwards. Underneath, above two inches over. The edges of both the Beaks are made rough, like a Saw, with numerous small and oblique Inci∣sions directed backward, or looking towards the Throat.

The same oblique and small Incisions are visible in the Bills of divers other Birds of the Rapacious kind; in all made for the more secure retention of the Prey.

Of our Europaean Storks, several of the Parts are used in Medicine, at least put into the Materia Medica; as the Stomach, Gall, Fat, and Dung. Of the same also are

prepared Oleum Stillatitium, Sal volatile, Aqua Antepi∣leptica, &c. Vulgus, si decipi vult, decipiatur.

They sometimes (saith Mr. Willughby a 1.174 of the Storke) devour Snakes and other Serpents: which when they be∣gin to creep out at their Breeches, they will presently clap them close to a Wall to keep them in.

A BUNCH of black FEATHERS, of the Crest that grows on the Head of the lesser ash-colour'd or grey Heron. The length of those whereof Mr. Willughby makes men∣tion, was five inches; but of these, above eight. The Turks value these Feathers at a great Rate. It is reported, saies Wormius, That in England it is death, to kill a Heron. But our Lawyers know of no such Law.

The BALEARICK CRANE. He differs, as to his out∣ward shape, but little from the European: saving that on his Head he hath a Crown of thick Hairs or Bristles very full and spreading. See the Description and Picture of the Bird in Willughby's Ornithologia.

I once dissected this Bird, but found not the same kind of Windpipe (with curious flexures) as is described by Bar∣thol. b 1.175 and Mr. Willughby, and by them observed in the European Crane. They are therefore so far two different Species.

The HORN of the UNICORNE BIRD; In Brasile called ANHIMA. Described by Marggravius, and Wil∣lughby, out of him. His principal marks are these; Headed and Footed like the Dunghill Cock, Tail'd like a Goose, Horned on his Forehead (with some likeness) as the Uni∣corne is pictur'd; Spurd on his Wings; Bigger than a Swan. The Male, say Marggravius and Piso, as big again.

The HORN was given by Father Hieronymus Lobus. In the Bird which Marggravius describes, the Horn was but a little above two inches long. But this is above three, and about as thick as a Bodkin. The top also of this is not sharp, as figur'd (and I doubt feigned) by the same Author, but blunt; and, contrary to what is seen in Horns, rather thicker than toward the bottom. It is but of a softish and brittle substance, inferior to the softest sort of Horns. Considering which, and the bluntness of it, as well as smallness, compared with the Bird, it cannot be

thought to be defensive or offensive, as a true Horn, but must have some other use.

Being taken in any convenient Liquor, saith Piso, to the quantity of about ʒij, it is often successful in Malignant Fevers, and against Poyson, by provoking sweat.

The SPUR of the UNICORNE BIRD. It grows as is above said, on the fore-Joynt of the Wings. Triangular, sharp-pointed, and an inch and ½ long. Said by Marggra∣vius, mistakingly, to be strait; it being crooked (a little upwards) as a Cocks Spur; and thereby fit more effectually to wound.

The HEAD of the SHOVLER or SPOONBILL. The former Name the more proper, the end of the Bill being broad like a Shovel, but not Concave like a Spoon, but perfectly flat. The extremity of each Beak is a little hooked downward. And they are both made very rough within with numerous and crooked Striae. A device of Nature, for the better holding of the Prey.

This Bird is of affinity with the Heron-kind, from which he scarce differs in any Part, saving the Bill. He feeds on Shell-fish. Wherewith having fill'd his Crop, he lets them lie there, till the heat of it makes them open: whereupon disgorging them, he picks the meat out of the Shells. Related by Gesner out of Aristotle, Aelian, and Cicero. a 1.176

The SEA-CURLEW. By the people of Brasile, called Guara. By Clusius and other Latin Authors, Numenius Indicus, and Arcuata Coccinea. Given by Dr. Walter Charl∣ton. See the Description hereof in Willughby's Ornithologia. About as big as a Shoveler, long Leg'd, short Tail'd, with a Bill slender, long, and crooked like a Sithe. But that which is most remarkable, is the alteration of his colours, being at first black, then ash-colour'd; next white, after that scarlet, and last of all crimson, which grows the richer die, the longer he lives. b 1.177

The BRASILIAN MOOR-HEN, called Jacana. Given by Dr. Richard Lower. See Marggravius's Description hereof. The Colours not the same in all parts, as in that of Marggravius; the hinder part of the Back and Tail being here of a bright Bay or Chestnut, inclining to red: in his, only black and green mixed. Perhaps

depending on the difference of Ages as in the Guara. The Membrane wherewith he saith the Head is cover'd, in this, growing on the Bill, is extended only over the Forehead like an inverted Peak. He saith, that on all the four Toes there grows a Claw, ½ an inch long: whereas the Claw of the hinder Toe or Heel is at least an inch and ½ long. On the fore Joynt of each Wing, grows a Spur, as in the Anhima; but not above ⅓^d of an inch long, round, and exceeding sharp. Which is omitted also by Marggravius, but mention'd by Piso. She is remarkably distinguished from all other Birds, by the slenderness of her Legs and Toes.

CHAP. III. Of PALMIPEDE'S, or WEBFOOTED FOWLES.

THe PHAENICOPTER; So called from the scarlet∣colour of his Wings. By the French, Flammant, for the same reason. Given by Thomas Povey Esq. There are an abundance of them in Peru. a 1.178 In Winter they feed in France. See Willughby's Description. His Neck and Legs are exceeding long. When Scaliger therefore saith, b 1.179 That he hath the shortest Legs of any Animal yet known; he would have said, the longest. But that wherein he is most remarkable, is his Bill. Which I shall describe more particularly.

The Figure of each Beak, is truly Hyperbolical. The upper is ridged behind; before, plain or flat, pointed like a Sword, and with the extremity bended a little down. Within, it hath an Angle or sharp Ridge which runs all along the middle. At the top of the Hyperbole, not above ¼ of an inch high. The lower Beak, in the same place, above an inch high; hollow, and the Margins strangely expanded inward for the breadth of above ¼ of an inch, and somewhat convexly. They are both fur∣nished with black Teeth (as I call them from their use)

of an unusual figure, sc. slender, numerous and parallel, as in Ivory-Combs; but also very short, scarce the eighth of an inch deep. An admirable invention of Nature, by the help of which, and of the sharp Ridge above mention'd, this Bird holds his slippery Prey the faster.

What Cardane affirmeth of the Phaenicopter, That he moves the upper Jaw or Beak, I have observed, saith Wor∣mius, to be true. Menippus the Philosopher also, a 1.180 cited by Rondeletius, saith the same. But Wormius adds, That the cause is not so manifest, as in the Crocodile: yet shews not, in what respect. Hereof see Sect. 2. Chap. 3.

As for the Phaenicopter, it must needs be said, That the shape and bigness of the upper Beak (which here, con∣trary to what it is in all other Birds that I have seen, is thinner and far less than the nether) speaks it to be the more fit for motion, or to make the appulse, and the nether to receive it. But there can be no determination of these matters, without Inspection into the Muscules and the Ar∣ticulation of the Bones.

Another PHAENICOPTER. The Tongue of this Bird, as Apicius saith, was a delicious Morsel amongst the Romans.

The GREATEST LOON. Colymbus maximus sive Arcticus Clusii. Given by Mr. Houghton an Apothecary in London. Described by Mr. Willughby. b 1.181 This is as big as a Goose: of a dark colour, dapled with white Spots on the Neck, Back, and Wings; each Feather marked near the point with two Spots. They breed in Farr Island.

The GREAT SPECKLED LOON of NORWAY. By the people there called LUMME. Described by Wor∣mius, and out of him by Mr. Willughby. In the former, the Spots are fewer on the Neck, more on the Back: In this, more on the Neck, and fewer on the Back. There, each Feather hath two Spots; here, but one, near the point.

The Legs, both of these and the other Species of the Loon kind, are broad and flat, by which they are distin∣guished from all other Birds. c 1.182 Their Claws are also broad, in shape almost like a mans Nail; as Mr. Willughby also observes. d 1.183 They are called Colymbi, because they are

great Divers. Their Legs are joyned to the Loins near their Rump; That they may both swim and dive with the greatest swiftness and ease. a 1.184 And their Bodies being hereby extended so much the farther from the centre of gravity, it becomes the more laborious to them to walk, and so inclines them to keep more on the water, as their fittest place; b 1.185 as the same Author much to this purpose.

The Skin of this Bird is sometimes worn on the Head and Breast to keep them warm; and preferred before the Swans.

The BILL of the GREATEST LOON. It belongs to the first Species, but the Bird was of lesser growth.

The two FEET of the GREAT NORWEGIAN LOON. c 1.186

The FOOT of the LESSER LOON, called the DIDAP∣PER or DOBCHICK. See the Description of the Bird in Mr. Willughby. All the Loons breed in Mona, Farra, and other Scotish Islands.

The FOOT of the SHAG, called Graculus Palmipes. See the Bird in Mr. Willughby. He is a little bigger than a Tame Drake. His Foot stands more sloaping than in the Loon; the inmost Toe being the longest. It is obser∣vable, that of all Web-footed Fowl or Palmipede's, only the Shag and the Cormorant, are known to sit and build their Nests in Trees. d 1.187

The PELECANE. Onocrotalus, from the noise he makes like an Ass. See the Description hereof in Aldrovandus, Willughby, and others. I add, That the shortness of his Trunk or Body, in respect to the other Parts, is observa∣ble; not being a foot long: whereas from the end of his Bill to his Rump, he's near an Eln long: and to the end of his Toes, he's above a yard and half. I shall describe his Bill a little more particularly.

The upper Beak, from the bottom of his Forehead, is fourteen inches long; behind an inch over, and convex or ridged; before, an inch and half over, and almost flat. It is composed of three Bones; the end of the middlemost is hooked like a Hawks Bill; the edges of the two utmost are sharp, and bended downwards; all made rough with∣in with five or six edged-lines running through the length of the Beak: thus well contriv'd for the holding the most slippery Prey. The end of the nether Beak, is almost like

the Poop of a Ship. 'Tis in length sixteen inches, being extended (I think further than in all other Birds) an inch beyond the Eye: whereas the usual Picture, makes it to end as much before, or on this side it. Partly by this unusual production; the swallow is the greater, as fit for so vora∣ceous a Bird. It consisteth of two Bones, united together only at the end. To which, and part of his Neck, is sub∣joyned a Membrane vastly expansible; as appears in the Bird here preserv'd, capable of above two gallons of Wa∣ter, and which Franciscus Stellutus, quoted by Mr. Willughby out of Joh. Faber, saith, he lets hang down and contracts again at his pleasure. It may not be improperly called the Crop, which in other Birds lies under the Neck, but in this is extended to the very end of his Bill.

'Tis probable, that the use of this Bag is not only for the reception, but also the maceration of his Meat. And that having taken his opportunity to fill it, by contracting it, presses the meat down into his Ventricle and Guts, by degrees, as they are able to subdue it. Besides the luxury of the Tast, which perhaps he enjoys all the while it lies in his Throat. 'Tis also probable, that the meat being herein warm'd, and made a little tenderer, the Fe∣male doth disgorge part of it, wherewith to feed her Young. And might occasion the Fiction, of this Birds feeding her Young, with her own Blood.

The HEAD of a PELECANE. Another of the same. Also the nether Beak of another.

The SOLUND GOOSE. Anser Bassanus. See the De∣scription hereof in Gesner and Willughby. He is in bigness and Feather very like a tame Goose. But his Bill longer, and somewhat pointed, more like that of the Guilemot. His Wings also much longer, being two yards over. Near Colshill in Warwick-shire there was one found, Nov. 1669. (by some means fall'n on the ground) alive, not able to raise her self up again for the length of her Wings. a 1.188 But they scarce breed any where except on the Rocks of the Island Bass in Scotland, b 1.189 from whence the Name.

She hath this strange property, that she will swallow and disgorge again a great many Fishes, one after ano∣ther; and at last, return with one (in her Crop) to her

young Ones: related by Gesner from an observing Scot. It seems probable, that she trys which, of many will best agree with her own stomach, and when she finds one more delicate than the rest, she carries that to her Young. When they come to build, they bring so great a quan∣tity of broken Wood with them, that the People there supply themselves from thence with as much as serves them for firing all the year. a 1.190

They are extraordinary fat. Out of their Fat the Scots make a most excellent Oil to be used in the Gout, and other Cases: Not inferior to that Oleum Comagenum, so much celebrated by Pliny. b 1.191 The young Goslins are by them also accounted a great Dainty. c 1.192

The PENGUIN. So called from his extraordinary fat∣ness. For though he be no higher than a large Goose, yet he weighs sometimes, saith Clusius, sixteen pounds. His Wings are extream short and little, altogether unuse∣ful for flight, but by the help whereof he swims very swiftly. See his Description at large in the same Author; as also in Wormius, and Willughby out of both. I shall give a more full Description of the Bill.

'Tis black; from the corners of his Mouth four inches and ½ long. But the Horns, or horny portions, whereof it chiefly consists, are shorter; in the upper Beak, a little more than three inches long; in the nether, two. Again, in the upper, it is obliquely prolonged from the Margins to the Forehead; contrariwise, in the nether, it is ob∣liquely shorten'd from the Margins to that part under the Tongue. The upper Beak is an inch high, between the corners of the Mouth as wide, but presently rises up into a sharp Ridge. Its Edges about the middle, a little con∣vex; about the end, concave and sharp. They are double Grooved, sc. before and behind. In the end, 'tis crooked. The nether Beak behind as much over, as the upper; towards the end, more compressed. Hollow like a Trough. Its edges sharp, and convex before; behind, they are groov'd. In the middle, it bunches out underneath. The upper Beak, is out with seven or eight oblique and crooked Notches; the nether, with as many strait ones.

The height of the upper Beak; the sharpness, and the extuberance of the lower; together with the grooved

Edges of both, do all give the Bill a sure hold, and won∣derful strength. The three Grooves, as so many Joynts, keep the Beaks from distortion, when in case of missing the Prey, they are swifty and forceably clapt together. The sharp Edges of the nether Beak, serve instead of Teeth. The Bunch underneath, answers in some measure, to the strength of an Arch. The hight of the upper Beak, to that of a Board, when set upon its Edge.

The Penguin breeds in Canada, in the Island called New∣land, in those of Fero, and of the Magellanick-Sea, and is therefore by Clusius called the Magellanick-Goose. They work themselves, as the Coney, deep Buries by the Sea∣side. a 1.193

The AUK, RASOR-BILL, or MURRE. Alka Hoiari. See the Description in the forementioned Authors. She breeds on the Rocks of the Island Mona in Scotland. As also in those of Fero. Scarce so big as a tame Duck. His Bill is like that of the Penguin. But the upper Beak is sharper Ridg'd: and the Horny part of it shorter. The nether hath a lesser Bunch. The Notches also on both are fewer; whereof one or more of them are white, as Mr. Willughby rightly observes.

The HEAD of an AUK.

The GUILLEMOT, so called especially in Northumber∣land; in Wales, the Guillem; in York-shire, the Skout; in Cornwall, the Kiddaw. b 1.194 LOMWIA HOIARI. He's like the Auk, but bigger. See the Description hereof in Willughby; as also in Wormius. They build in Norway and Island. As also in Farra an Island in Scotland.

The HEAD of the GUILLEMOT.

The PUFFIN; called also Bottlenose, Coulterneb, Mullet and Pope. Anas Arctica Clusii. Hereof see Clusius, Wor∣mius, and Willughby. They are less than a tame Duck. Their Bill is much like to that of a Penguin, saving that the Horn of the nether Beak is not shorten'd, as there, but contrariwise obliquely prolonged from the Margins. 'Tis also shorter, and answerably higher, and therefore rather stronger. When they fight, they will hold by their Bills so hard, as sometimes to break one anothers necks, be∣fore they'l part. Whatever c 1.195 they eat in the day, they disgorge a good part of it in the night into the mouths

of their Pullen. They breed in Island, in the Isle of Mona in Scotland, in those of Fero and the Syllies; also in Ireland, and other places; laying their Eggs under ground.

The Puffin, Penguin, and Guillemot; all want the Heel or hinder Toe. Have all black Backs, but their Bellies, which are much under water, are White. All lay but one Egg at a sitting: proper perhaps to other Birds of this kind. a 1.196

The HEAD of a PUFFIN.

The HEAD of the MAN of WAR; called also Al∣bitrosse. Supposed by some to be the Head of a Dodo. But it seems doubtful. That there is a Bird called The Man of War, is commonly known to our Sea-men; and several of them who have seen the Head here preserved, do affirm it to be the Head of that Bird; which they de∣scribe to be a very great one, the Wings whereof are eight feet over. And Ligon, b 1.197 speaking of him, saith, That he will commonly fly out to Sea, to see what Ships are coming to Land, and so return. Whereas the Dodo is hardly a Volatile Bird, having little or no Wings, except such as those of the Cassoary and the Ostrich. Besides, al∣though the upper Beak of this Bill, doth much resemble that of the Dodo; yet the nether is of a quite different shape. So that either this is not the Head of a Dodo, or else we have no where a true figure of it. I shall describe it as follows.

The SKULL is four inches long; the Bill, seven; two and ½ high; one and ½ broad. The upper Beak is hollow. Is composed of six Bones. The uppermost whereof is four inches and ½ long, above ½ inch high, and convex. The middlemost on each side, also four inches long, and about 1/•• of an inch high or thick. The lowermost, above five inches long, and ¼ high. Their Edges are furrow'd with oblique and deep Grooves both before and behind. All these five Bones are resimated or bended upward, with some resemblance to a Saddle. The sixth, at the end of the Beak, is a wonderful strong Bone, crooked exactly like the Bill of a Parret, and hollow; by the bow, almost three inches, and near an inch over. Its Edges are very keen, and standing out with two sharp or pointed Angles. The Nostrils are ¼ of an inch long, and almost two inches

before the Eyes. The nether Beak is composed of three Bones. The two hinder, four inches long, near an inch high, and bended answerably to those of the up∣per Beak. Their Edges are cut with deep Furrows. The third, at the end of the Beak, is hollow, above an inch long, near as high. Its Edges very sharp, and hard, and exceedingly convex or bended downward. Underneath, a round and sharp Pin grows out from it in a level towards the Skull, near an inch and ½ long. It was brought from the Indies.

The shape of this Bill shews it to belong to a Bird of Prey, and as is most likely, some great Sea-Fowl; which I will venture to call The Great Indian Gull. The strength of the end of the upper Beak is remarkable: as also are the sharp and hard Edges of the nether; and the Grooved Edges of both; the use whereof see in the Description of some other Birds, as of the Jabiru and the Penguin. The up∣per Beak seemeth to be composed of so many Bones, partly, that if a Fracture should happen to one, it might there ter∣minate, and the rest be secur'd.

The GREAT GREY GULL, or the Herring-Gull. La∣rus griseus maximus. Perspicuously described by Mr. Wil∣lughby. Who only omits to say, that the upper Beak is bended upwards, as in the Bill above described; and (which is observable) that the Edges of the nether are not sharp, as is usual, but broad or expanded inward (and almost contiguous) as in the Phaenicopter. They a 1.198 are very nu∣merous near Gravesend.

Another GREY GULL, whereof the Rump, Tail, and upper part of the Wings are very white. Given by Henry Whistler Esq.

The TROPICK BIRD. So called, because said never to be seen but between the Tropicks. Avis Tropicorum. Well described by Mr. Willughby. He only omits the Denticu∣lation of the edges of his Bill, or those small oblique In∣cisions, which, from their inward respect, are plainly made for the better retention of the Prey. Besides some very short Feathers on his Tail, he hath two Quills above half a yard long.

Another TROPICK BIRD like the former.

Another all over WHITE, except the fore part

of the Wings. Both given by the forementioned Per∣son.

The HEAD of the TROPICK BIRD.

The two Tail-Quills of the same.

CHAP. IV. Of the EGGS and NESTS of BIRDS.

OF EGGS, there is here a considerable number: which therefore I thought fit to put altogether in this Chapter. Their Figures, as they stand together, appear the more various. For some are almost Sphaerical or Round as a Ball: others, as the most, are more oblong. Of these, some few are perfectly Oval, i. e. with both the ends defined with two equal Ellipses: but most are Conical, or with one end sharper than the other. Of these again, most have their smaller end but Blunt; some few, very sharp. Lastly, almost all both Blunt and Sharp are Con∣vexly Conical, i. e. they are all along Convex, not only per ambitum, but between both ends: whereas some few are Plano-Conical, whose Superfice is in part level be∣tween both ends.

Their Colours are also various; as White, Pale, Livid, Ash-colour, Blew, Brown, Green. Their Spots, and Speckles, are also Iron-colour'd, Red, Bay, Musk-colour, Black, &c. the Causes of all which, both Figures and Colours, were no unfit subject of enquiry. But here I can do little more than shew, to what Eggs in particular any of them do belong.

The EGG of an OSTRICH. 'Tis very smooth, and white; all over prict as it were with extream small brown Specks. Almost of a Sphaerical Figure. About half a foot, by its Axis, from end to end. Round about, by the breadth, sixteen inches, i. e. near five inches and ½ strait over. Both the ends of an equal Convexity. Sometimes so big, saith Mr. Willughby, as to weigh fifteen pounds. The Shell is of answerable thickness, in regard to its bigness, to that of other Birds Eggs. They are sometimes set in Silver, and used as Cups.

Another white EGG, almost Sphaerical. 'Tis scarce so long as a Hens Egg, yet is as thick, as that of a Goose.

A third white EGG, almost Sphaerical. 'Tis scarce big∣ger than a little Nutmeg.

The EGG of a CASSOARY. The Shell underneath or within is white: without, it is all over rough-cast with a Testaceous Crust of a pale Green colour. It is of an ex∣act Oval Figure, or with both ends equally Convex. In length, by its Axis, five inches, round about the breadth, eleven; i. e. a little above three and ½ strait over.

Another EGG of a CASSOWARY, like the former.

Another EGG perfectly Oval, or with both ends equally Convex. Exceeding white, as big as a Pigeons Egg.

Another EGG perfectly Oval, but somewhat lesser, and of a light Ash-colour.

Another EGG exactly Oval, and also of a light Ash∣colour, but no bigger than a Nutmeg.

The EGG, as I take it, of the lesser DIVER or LOON. In bigness equal to a Hens. Of a pale wan colour. Ob∣tusely Conical, so as to come very near to an exact Oval.

The EGG, I think, of the WIGEON. It is of the same Colour and Figure as the last described: but some∣what lesser.

Another EGG like the two former, but a little lesser. Inscribed, Arts: perhaps of the Anas Arctica or Puffin.

The Egg, as it seems, of the AUK or RAZOR-BILL. Of a pale and livid colour, with Iron-colour'd Spots sprinkled all over it. Obtusely Conical. In bigness, between those of a Turkey and a Hen.

The EGG, perhaps, of the biggest Arctick Loon. It is of a dark Green colour, besprinkled all over with Spots of a sad Bay. Both in figure, and bigness, like that of a Goose.

The EGG of a CROW. Of a Blew colour, besprinkled all over very full with dark brown Spots. Obtusely Co∣nical. As big as a Pigeons.

The EGG of a GOLDFINCH. Of a whitish Ash-colour, besprinkled with dark brown spots. Yet not every where, but only on the thicker end. It comes near to an exact Oval.

The EGG, I suppose, of a HOOP. It is longer than a large Damascene Plum. Obtusely Conical. Of an Ash∣colour, stained with spots of a sad or deep Bay, and of a dark Brown.

The EGG of the KITTY. In Colour, Figure, and Big∣ness, not much unlike the last described: yet somewhat lesser, and almost exactly Oval.

The EGG of the CADEY. Perhaps the Jackdaw, by some also called the Caddo. It is of a pale Blew, besprinkled with dark Spots.

An ash-colour'd EGG, speckled with Spots of a sad Red. Obtusely Conical; and as big as that of a Pigeon.

The EGG of the SEA-MOIT. In colour, almost like the last described. In bigness like to that of the Hoop.

An EGG in shape and bigness, like a Damascene Plum. Dyed with a full Blew, and sprinkled here and there with a few spots of a sad Bay.

The EGG of a REDSTART. Of a whitish Ash-colour. Speckled on the thicker end only, with a few spots of a sad Bay. In figure and bigness almost like an ordinary Acorne.

A pale wan coloured EGG, in bigness not much unlike the former.

The EGG of a WAGTAILE. Of the same bigness with the last, but more Conical. Of a white colour besprinkled with very small and numerous specks of a blackish tincture.

An EGG of the same colour with that of the Redstart, but more Conical.

The EGG of a THROSTLE. Of a pale Blew, and speckled with a few spots of a sad Bay. As big as a lesser Damascene Plum. But with one end sharp.

The EGG of a STONERUNNER. Of an Ash-colour, besprinkled with sad Bay spots. Conical, and sharp. Of the bigness of a little Walnut. Here are four of them.

The EGG of a ROOK. Painted all over with Green and dark Brown spots. Conical, and sharp. Somewhat less than a Crow's.

An Ash-colour'd EGG, besprinkled with sad Bay spots. Conical, and sharp. Almost as big as a Pullets.

The EGG of the SEAMEW; perhaps, of the lesser

GULL. Of an Ash-colour tinged with blackish spots. In bigness equal to that of a Hen. But acutely Co∣nical.

An EGG of a kind of Greenish Ash-colour. In bigness, and in shape like that of a Stonerunner. Here are two of these.

The EGG of the HORNPIE; perhaps, the SEAPIE. Of an Ash-colour mixed with a kind of Citrine, and stained with blackish spots. Almost as big as that of a Hen.

The EGG of a RED-SHANK. Of a kind of Straw colour, tinged with sad Bay spots. Most acutely Conical, or with one very sharp end. In bigness like to that of a Rook; but a little shorter.

The EGG, as I take it of the GUILLEMOT. Of a Green colour, stained with Black spots. Acutely Coni∣cal; and also, in part, level between both ends or Plano∣conical. Somewhat bigger than that of a Turkey.

The EGG of a LAPWING. Of a kind of Citrine colour, stained with large black spots. Sharp, and Plano-conical. A little bigger than that of a Redshank.

The EGG of the SEACOB; a kind of GULL. Of an Ash-colour, besprinkled with little black specks. In shape very like to that of a Lapwing. But not above half as big.

The EGG of a HEN, with a thick knob so growing on its greater end, as to appear to have been originally liquid.

The EGG of a SWAN with another within it. Given by Sir Thomas Brown of Norwich. Who hath also observed the like both in Hens and Turkeys. The utmost seemeth to be a little bigger than ordinary, sc. near five inches long by its Axis, and ten round about, or three and 1/•• strait over. In shape like a Turkeys. The other which is in∣cluded sticks fast to the side of the greater; whether it did so originally, as also whether both of them contained White and Yelk, is uncertain. It is of the same figure, about four inches long, bigger than the biggest Hens Egg. The Shell of the same hardness and thickness as that of the greater.

'Tis plain, that the lesser Egg was first perfectly form'd.

But not being big enough to provoke the Vterus to exclu∣sion, new matter gather'd round about it for another Egg: and was the more easily supplied, because so little spent upon the former. And it may be noted, That Na∣ture is so intent upon finishing her Work, that she may be observ'd much oftener to over do, than under do: you shall find twenty Eggs with two Yelks, or hear of twenty Animals with two Heads, for one that hath none.

From the Egg with the Lump at the greater end, it seems also plain, That the Shells of Eggs, although as hard as any Animal Stones, yet are not bred, as those, out of stony Parts visibly praeexistent in liquor, and so cluster'd together: but out of a liquid substance, not much un∣like to that which is separated by the Reins of Birds.

Of the figure of the Egg, it is observable, That it usu∣ally answers to that of the Body or Trunk of the Bird to which it belongs: as the Fruit is longer or broader, an∣swerable to a tall or spreading Tree. And as it is a Tran∣script from the Original; so it self an Original for the next Copy. So those Birds that have a Rump and hinder Parts more Oval and spreading, as the Duck; or more Conical, as the Dunghill-Hen; breed, and are bred of Eggs alike shaped, viz. That so there may be sufficient, yet no superfluous Room, or Matter, for the Chick.

Of the Number of Eggs laid at one Breed, it is also worth the noting, That Land-Fowl, and of these especi∣ally, such as are Domestick, and whereof there is conti∣nually great destruction made, for the most part lay a considerable number of Eggs for one sitting. Whereas some Sea-Fowls, (as Mr. Willughby observes of the Pen∣guin, and some others) lay but one. Because building upon the Rocks, where they are seldomer destroy'd, were they greater Breeders, there would not be room enough for the reception of the hundredth part of them.

The NEST of a little Bird of CHINA. Almost of a Semilunar Figure, and about two inches and 1/•• broad. Of a white substance, becoming soft, being moistened, and transparent like a Gelly; whereinto it seems to be convetrible, in part, being boiled: and by the Gentry of China is esteemed a delicate sort of meat; although, like that of Harts-Horn, it hath no Tast. Outwardly, it is

more close and solid; within, consisting of parts loosly Netted together, as those in the middle of Harts-Horns, or some spongy Bones. See also a short Description hereof in Wormius.

The Birds breed in Coromandel, and build their Nests (as is supposed of the Sperm of Fishes) a 1.199 on the sides of the high Rocks; from whence the Natives fetch them, and sell them to the Chineses at a great rate. b 1.200

The TREBLE NEST of an Indian Bird, made to hang down from the Bough of a Tree, with three Venters or Bellies, and three Necks all open one into another. See the Picture of such a like one in Willughby's Ornithologia.

The NEST of another East-Indian Bird, which, to avoid the rapine of Apes and Monkey's, she hangs down from the Bough of a Tree, by a very long Neck. See the figure here∣of also in Mr. Willughby.

The NEST of a little BIRD of BRASILE, which she hangs also on a Tree out of the reach of Serpents. About ten inches in length. The Structure admirable. The up∣per part by which it hangs to the Tree is a flat Label, about four inches long, and three over. To this the other two Parts, sc. the Neck and Belly of the Nest, are suspended. The Neck is five inches long; below, an inch and ½ over; above, a little straiter. The Belly is likewise about the same length as the Neck, of an Oval figure, in the middle two inches and ½ over. The Neck is open, not above, but be∣low, at the very end: for this and the Belly hang at the Label, as you would imagine a Sack of Corn hung up by the middle, quite double. So that the Bird first ascends by the Neck, and then descends into the Belly of the Nest. It is composed of Reeds and other parts of Plants curiously woven together, like a piece of Hair-Cloath.

A GREAT NEST of an other West-Indian Bird. Above three quarters of a yard long, besides part of it broken off. Where broadest, near a foot over, and almost flat. Nar∣rowed from the bottom all the way to the top. It hath two Apertures. Above, about a foot from the top of the intire Nest, one larger and longer; below, sc. ½ a foot above the bottom, another perfectly round, and three inches over. It consisteth of the parts of Plants some∣what loosely woven together. The Invention seemeth

very subtile. The entry above, for the Bird her self; her Eggs and Chicks hanging safe at so great a depth; the lower, till these are fleg'd, being in the mean time stop'd up with Feathers, Moss, or other like materials: but after∣wards laid open for them, that cannot reach the top, to fly out at below.

SECT. V. OF FISHES.

CHAP. I. OF VIVIPEROUS FISHES.

THe RIB of a TRITON or MAREMAN. About the same length with that of a Mans, but thicker and stronger; and nothing near so much bended. The Fish to which it belonged, was taken near Brasile. Of this kind, Wormius, in his Musaeum, gives us divers Relations, toge∣ther with the Descriptions of several Species. See also Joh. de Laet. a 1.201 of the same. And Barlaeus, who saith, That in Brasile he is called Ypupiapra.

A BONE said to be taken out of a MAREMAIDS HEAD. It is in bigness and shape not much unlike that called Lapis Manati; but the knobs and hollows thereof are somewhat different.

One JOYNT of the ••••CK-BONE of a WHALE. By Anatomists called a Vertebra. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one of those Parts or Joynts which answers to one single Rib on each side. It weigheth Thirty pounds Haverdupoi•• In length, i. e. by the length of the Back-Bone, near ¼ of a foot; above a foot high; and three quarters of a yard broad, i. e. by the bredth of the Whale. The Hole in the middle of it, which the Marrow of the Back passeth through, near half a foot over. All its Knobs, are much alike those in Qua∣drupedes.

The PISLE of a WHALE. In length, above a yard. Near the Root ½ a foot round about, notwithstanding its being now dry and much shrunk. From thence it tapers to the very end, which is scarce one inch about. 'Tis now as hard as a Horn.

Part of the EAR-BONE of a WHALE. 'Tis as hard, and heavy for its bulk, as any Bone whatsoever. As big as a labouring mans Fist: The same Bone which in an Ox, is little bigger than a Nutmeg.

Part of a BONE said to be taken out of the Brain of a Whale, taken near the Bermudas. Given by Dr. John Wil∣kins, the late Bishop of Chester, to whom it was sent from thence. It seems to be part of the Brain-Pan, that was broken off and struck into the Brain, when the Whale was taken.

A ROUND BONE of a WHALE. Given by Dr. Walter Pope. 'Tis almost a foot Diametre, and in the middle about five inches thick. 'Tis rounded on the Edges, and thinner than at the middle, resembling a thick Holland Cheese.

Three more Round BONES of a WHALE; all of them lesser, and one ratably thicker than the former; the other thinner, like a white penny Loaf. The third the thinnest, almost like a Tansey.

Wormius a 1.202 makes mention of a Manuscript, entituled, Speculum Regale▪ but written in the ancient Danish-Tongue, as he saith is supposed, by King Suerron; in which are reckon'd up two and twenty kinds of Whales: of all which he gives a brief account in his Musaeum. Of which, the last save one, is said to be sometimes almost an hundred and thirty Elns long. The last of all, liker a little Island, than an Animal.

Bartholine b 1.203 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••••••kons up the same number; but with some different Names, and a different Account; which he gives from a Manuscript History of the Fishes of Iceland: which, saith he, a curious and observing Shep∣herd of Iceland sent to Wormius some years before his death, with all their Figures. But how these two accounts agree, I see not. I would not think, That Wormius did here put in the King, and leave out the Shepherd, to make the story better.

On the Snout of one of these Whales, called Hoddunefur, grow about five hundred horny flat pieces, which Taylors in Denmark use in making of Cloaths. a 1.204 The same in substance, with that we call Whale-Bone, belonging to the Finns. In Island they are so commonly taken, That the hard Bones are there used for the impaling of Houses and Gardens. b 1.205

The HORN of the SEA-UNICORNE. Given by Sir Joseph Williamson now President of the Royal-Society. It is an entire one, eight feet long, or about two yards and three quarters. Very beautiful in length, straitness, whiteness, and its spiral Furrows bigger and less, making about seven Rounds from the bottom to the top, or point. At the Basis or bottom, about seven inches round. From thence, for about a foot, it swells a little, and then again grows slenderer, all the way, and so ends in a sharp point. 'Tis also conically hollow at the Basis, for near three quarters of a foot deep.

The same Horn (together with the Fish it self, some∣times above 30 Elns long,) is described by Wormius. c 1.206 But I cannot, with him, call it a Tooth. In that, it per∣formeth not the office of a Tooth, but of a Horn. Nei∣ther doth it stand as a Tooth, but horizontally. Nor is it fixed in the Mouth, where all Teeth stand, but in the Snout. The reason why he calls it so, is, because it is fastened in the Snout, as Teeth are in the Jaw. See also the Description hereof in Bartholine. d 1.207 But in that he makes it to be Gyris Intortum, is not (at least as to this Horn) so clearly expressed: the Horn it self being strait, and not writhen, but only surrounded with spiral Furrows. The same is also transcribed by Terzagi out of Wormius, into Septalius's Musaeum.

Of the Virtue hereof, Wormius mentions two Experi∣ments. The one, upon its being given to a Dog, after a Dose of Arsenick: but he expresseth the quantity of neither. The other, upon twelve Grains hereof given after a Drachm of Nux Vomica. Both the Dogs lived; whereas two other Dogs having the same Doses, without the Horn, died. Both experiments are attested by several Physitians of Note.

The credit of these Persons is not doubted. But the

question is, Whether these Dogs might not have liv'd without the Horn. As some Dogs that have been bitten by an Adder, have been observ'd to get over their Con∣vulsions, and recov••••. It is also said in one of the Expe∣riments, that the Dog which liv'd, vomited: and in the other, there is nothing said to the contrary. The question therefore is, Whether many other things, which will cause vomiting, may not do as well, as this so much celebrated Horn?

Whatever it may perform against Poison, it hath, saith Bartholine, been very successfully used by Physitians in Malignant Fevers. As in that, which at Coppenhagen in the years 1652, and 1653. was very brief: and which it carr'd off with very great Sweats. a 1.208 It was used also by Albertus Kyperus at Leyden in the Year 1655. in the like Case, and with the like success. b 1.209 And that the sweating proceeded not meerly from Natures own strength over the Disease, but as she was helped by the use of the Horn; seems probable from what Bartholine further saith, c 1.210 That a scruple or ʒ§ hereof being given in Carduus-Water, or other convenient Liquor, causeth a free and copious sweating, even in those that are not used to sweat, except with much difficulty.

Heretofore, the chief Bishops in Denmark, used to make their Episcopal Staffs of these Horns. d 1.211 The Natives of Groenland, and other Places where the Sea-Unicorne is taken, arm the sharp ends of the thickest and longest of these Horns with Iron Beards, and so use them for the wound∣ing and taking of Whales.

The Sea-Unicorne is it self a lesser Whale, and is that Spe∣cies which the People of Island, where there are many, call Narwhal. The figure which Olaus Magnus gives of the Head, is fictitious.

A PIECE of the SEA-UNICORNS HORN.

The SAW-FISH. Pristis. Johnston hath given a good figure e 1.212 hereof, but without either Name or Description. And that of Wormius is defective, and in some particulars, out.

This here is a young One; from the end of the Saw to the end of the Tail, four feet. The Saw it self above a foot; near its Basis, two inches broad; at the fore-end,

one. Armed, on each side, with seven and twenty Spikes, each ½ an inch long, bended a little backward, and with two sharp edges behind, as the Spur of the Unicorne Bird hath above.

His Head very flat, about three inches long; behind, almost four inches broad; before, two. His Eyes an inch long, as much behind the Snout, two inches distant. Above ½ an inch behind his Eyes he hath two Spouts, about ¼ of an inch wide, by both which (as some Fishes by a single one) he casts out the Water, which in taking the Prey, or otherwise, he receives into his mouth. Beneath, close by the Root of the Saw, are two oblique Nostrils, an inch distant, figur'd like the letter S. An inch behind these, his Mouth, two inches and ½ over. His Lips are rugged with extream small round knobs. He hath no Teeth.

The Apertures of his Gills are five; placed obliquely, not on his sides, but his Breast, about four inches behind his Mouth.

His Trunk or Body presently behind his Head, becomes fives inches broad, and about three high; from whence it is again extenuated all the way to the end of his Tail.

He hath seven triangular Finns. On the bottom of his sides, two Gill-Finns, not behind the Gills, as in most Fishes, but for a good part before them; near eight inches long, above three broad, and almost horizontal. Three inches behind these, two Belly-Finns, two inches broad, five long, and as much distant. Directly over these, on the Back a fifth, four inches long, above three high. On the Back also, but near the Tail, a sixth, four inches long, and as high. The Tail-Finn, as it were half a Finn, being ½ a foot high, but underneath level with the Tail.

Cover'd all over with a tough and dark-colour'd Skin, somewhat rough, as you draw your hand forward: from the Belly-Finns to the end of the Tail, as it were pinched together into a little Ridge on each side. There are many of them in the Indian-Sea.

The reason why he hath two Spouts, seemeth to be the flatness and breadth of his Head or Mouth; in which the Water lying more spread, could not so expeditely be carri'd off by a single one in the middle, as by one on each side.

He is said to defend himself from the Whale with his Saw. Wherewith, by its structure, 'tis plain, that he fetches his stroak backward or side-ways, the Spikes being bended, pointed, and edged, and so made to prick and cut, that way.

The SAW or SPIKED SNOUT of the SAWFISH. 'Tis a very large one, four feet long, or above an El'n by three inches. Its Basis, excluding the Spikes, seven inches broad. On each side are seventeen Spikes, most of them two inches and ½ long, and figur'd as above described.

The length of the Fish before described, from end to end, if compar'd with the Saw is as four to one. Therefore the Fish, to which this Saw belong'd, was near five yards and half long. Again, the number of Spikes in the Saw of the Fish now describ'd, compared with those in this great Saw, is somewhat more than as three to two. Therefore had the said Fish liv'd to the Age of this to which the great Saw belonged, it would have been eight yards in length.

Five more such like SAWS, somewhat less.

The HEAD of the RAPIER-FISH; called Xiphias. By the Brasilians, Araguagua. He is pretty well described by Rondeletius. Grows sometimes to the length of five yards. The Sword, which grows level from the Snout of the Fish, is here about a yard long, at the Basis four inches over, two edged, and pointed exactly like a Rapier. He preys on Fishes, having first stab'd them with this Sword. a 1.213 The Whale, saith Ligon, to shake off the Sword-Fish and Theshall, his two mortal enemies, leaps sometimes more than his own length above water. b 1.214 He is taken frequently in the German Ocean; as also in the Black-Sea; and sometimes in the Danuby.

The HEAD of the TUCK-FISH. Of the Sword-fish kind, but a different Species from the former. Whether it be any where describ'd, seems doubtful. The hinder parts of the Head are here broken off. The Snout is not so flat as in the Rapier-fish, but thicker and rounder, more like a Tuck, from whence I take leave to name it. 'Tis half a yard long; near the Head, two inches over; about the middle, one. Not with a flat point, but one perfectly round. The upper part hereof is smooth, the nether

rough, the smooth and rough parts continu'd obliquely from the Point to the Root. Both the Chaps are also rough in the same manner, in the place of the Teeth, which this Fish hath not. The nether Chap hath also a different shape from that of the Rapier-Fish: this being not above four inches over, that half a foot; yet both are a foot long. It is composed of two Bones, so joyned together, for the space only of an inch and half, as to make a sharp point.

Marggravius and Piso (and out of these Johnston) de∣scribe an American-Fish by the name of GUEBUCU, of kin to this, the Head whereof is here describ'd. But cannot be the same, unless both the Pictures which they give, and Marggravius's Description (who particularly saith, That the Snout is sixteen inches long, the nether Chap, ten) be false. For in this Head, the nether Chap is broader, and comparatively not near so long.

The HEAD of the UNDER-SWORD-FISH. It is de∣scribed by no Author that I have perus'd. The Fish seems to be a smaller kind. The Head is of a triangular figure, having one acute Angle below, and a blunt one on each side. An inch and quarter high; the Forehead an inch over, flat, and scaly. In length 'tis about two inches and a quarter. The Eyes, proportionably, exceeding great, sc. three quarters of an inch over. The Snout half an inch broad, not above ¼ of an inch long, a little ridged in the middle. The Chaps, instead of Teeth, are rough with many little Asperities, almost as the skin of a Scate.

The Sword grows in a level, not from the upper but the under Jaw, from whence we may give the Fish his Name. In length three inches; near the Jaw half an inch over, from whence growing narrow all the way, it endeth in a Point like that of a Sword. It is not round, but flat, as that of the Rapier-Fish, and in like manner two-edged. It seemeth to be composed of two Bones, but very firmly coherent edge to edge all the way. Whether this Fish be Viviperous, is uncertain; yet being of the Sworded-kind, I have ventur'd here to describe the Head.

A pair of the MANATEE-STONE'S. Taken out of the Head of the SEA-COW, by the Indians called Manati. Bigger than the biggest sort of Walnuts; with several

knobs and hollows, like as in the Ear-Bone, but much greater. It is said by Joh. de Laet to be much com∣mended against the Stone. There are two of them in every Head.

The Head of the Manati is like that of an Ox or Cow, from whence the English Name; his Eyes little; his Body long, like that of an Otter; his two Feet like an Elephants. Sometimes he is about thirty five feet or twelve yards long, and four broad. a 1.215 He feeds not on Fishes, but the Grass on the banks of the Creeks and Bays. b 1.216 Calves and suckles her Young (as some other Fishes) with two Duggs. c 1.217 A certain Indian King kept and fed one of them with Bread six and twenty years in a Lake near his House, which grew tame, beyond all that the Antients have written of Dolphins: He would sometimes carry ten people on his Back, with ease, a cross the Lake. d 1.218 They breed in Hispaniola, Jamaica, Brasile, and other places.

The BALANCE-FISH. Zygaena Libella. Curiously pictur'd in Salvian. Where also see the Description. He hath his Name not unaptly from the shape of his Head, very different from that of all other Fishes, being spread out horizontally, like the Beam of a Balance; his eyes standing at the two extremes, as the iron Hooks do at the end of the Beam. He grows sometimes to the length of four or five yards: but this is a young one. They breed in the Mediterranian, especially, saith Bellonius, near Smyrna.

The HEAD of a great BALANCE-FISH. It is two feet ½ over, or from eye to eye. The Head of the lesser now mention'd, is five inches over, the Fish, 20 inches long. That therefore to which this great Head belong'd, was ten foot long.

The SKULL of the MORSE: so called by the Musco∣vites; by the Danes, Rosmarus. He hath four feet, and his Body shapen not much unlike the SEA-CALF. But grow∣eth sometimes to be bigger than an Ox. In his upper Jaw, he hath two remarquakble TUSKS, bended a little inward. In this Skull, the exerted part is five inches long, and four round about at the Root. His other Teeth are undescrib'd. They are sixteen, eight on each Jaw. Not Grinders but Punchers, or somewhat answer∣able

in shape to the Tusks of a Dog. In the upper Jaw, the longest; standing on each side, two or three of them, within side of the Tusks. They have a small flat on their insides, against which the Teeth of the under Jaw work; which are much smaller, and flat-sided. The shape of these Teeth seems no way fitted, and their strength very superfluous, for the eating of green Leaves at the bottom of the Sea, as this Animal is supposed to do.

The Figure which Olaus Magnus gives of this Animal, is fictitious. But that in Joh. de Laet (as to the Head at least) is a very good one: from whom Wormius borrows his. One of the Cubs is accurately described by Everh. Vorstius, quoted by John de Laet, by Wormius, and by Ter∣zagi in Septalius's Musaeum. This Animal, when he goes, drags his hinder part after him, as the Seal. They always, saith Scaliger, a 1.219 come on Land in Companies; and when they sleep, one of them, as among Cranes, is set to watch. They climb upon the Rocks on the Sea-side by the help of their great Tusks, wherewith, as with two Hooks, they hold themselves from sliping. They breed numerously near St. Lawrence Isle.

Their Tusks are used by the Turks and Tartars for the making of Sword-Handles. b 1.220 I have a Girdle, saith Wor∣mius, c 1.221 composed of Plates made of these Tusks; which being worn, is an infallible Remedy against the Cramp: à Spasmo proculdubio immunes reddit.

A piece of a MORSE-HIDE. Than which, saith Wormi∣us, I believe there is no Animal hath one more close and solid. I add, nor perhaps any that hath a thicker, being above half an inch thick.

A PISLE, said to be that of the MORSE. 'Tis above a foot long, and seems to be only the exerted Part. At the Glans, half a foot about, now it is dry. The Muscovites, saith Vorstius, d 1.222 take the Powder hereof to bring away the Stone.

The MALE or WHITE SHARK. Canis Carcharias mas. See the Description hereof in Rondeletius. This is about two yards long, and near ¼ of a yard over, where thickest. But they are found sometimes seven or eight yards in length, and more. One hath been taken, saith Gesner, from an other person, near four thousand pounds

weight. The sharpness and multitude of his Teeth espe∣cially, and the widness of his Mouth, are remarkable. They will often bite off the Legs or Arms of those that ven∣ture into the Sea in a Calm; and sometimes swallow them up whole. a 1.223

Their Teeth generally stand in a six-fold Row; but Bellonius observes one with four Rows only. There are some other Fishes which have as many, and the Scate hath more: but take their Number and Bigness together, and they are more considerable. In Septalius's Musaeum, there is one, saith Terzagi, (in words at length) with a thou∣sand and two hundred Teeth. But neither hath this here, nor had any other that I ever read of, near half so many.

Of his Optique Nerves, Rondeletius observes, That they are not, as in other Animals, but plainly Cartila∣ginous.

The Goldsmiths in France, saith the same Author, set the Teeth of the Shark (which there they call Serpents Teeth) in silver-Cases; and the Women hang them about their Childrens Necks, to make them breed their Teeth the bet∣ter. The Brain of the Shark, saith Wormius, b 1.224 is highly commended by some for the Stone. The people of Island, saith the same Authour, boil them for Lamp-Oil. They are found sometimes upon our own Coast, near Corn∣wall.

The LONG-SNOUTED SHARK. So I call it, be∣cause it is much longer, than in the above-mentioned; so as to be as it were the beginning of a Horn. The Body of this likewise, in proportion, is much shorter and thicker. Rondeletius seems to give the Figure of this particular Species.

There is no sort of Animal, saith Aristotle, c 1.225 about us, which hath a double Row of Teeth. So that he never saw a Shark, nor divers other Fishes that are commonly known, and such as are not unlikely to breed about Greece. That he includes Fishes, is plain by the Con∣text.

The GILL-FIN of the long-snouted Shark.

The JAWS of a SHARK. There are six or seven pair of these here preserved. Terzagi mentions one pair

in Septalius's Musaeum, that were wide enough to have swal∣lowed any Man.

Two great TEETH of a SHARK. They are both curiously indented, like a Saw, on each edge: as also the Teeth are in younger Sharks, but not so visibly. One of these is above an inch and half long. But one of those in a Shark of above two yards in length, is not half an inch. The Shark therefore, to which This belonged, was about eight yards long.

What the Teeth of a Shark wants in thickness, they have in breadth, whereby they are the more terrible; both pricking with their Points, and cutting with their Edges at the same stroak.

Part of the BACK-BONE of a SHARK.

The TOOTH of a PICKED-DOG. Not much un∣like that of a Shark. The difference is, That the exerted part of this is bended, not inwards, but side-ways.

The SPOTED HOUNDFISH or SEA-PANTHER; Galeus Asterias; because of the Stars or Spots upon his Skin. But the radiation of the Spots in the Figure commonly given, is fictitious. See Rondeletius's Description. He hath a rough Skin, as have all of this kind. Yet this Author saith, he hath a smoother Skin, than the Galeus laevis: which, however comparatively taken, it may be true, is not well expressed of either. The said Roughness is caused by an infinite number of most hard and sharp Prickles, composed in the same manner as the Scales of Fishes.

The Female brings forth often times twice in one month, and so is said to Superfoetate: which, saith Aristotle, a 1.226 seems rather to be, because her Eggs are hatched (in her Womb) one after another.

The PICKED-DOG. Galeus Acanthias. Because he hath two strong and sharp Spikes growing on his Back, behind the two Finns, and pointing towards his Tail. See the Description in Salvianus and Rondeletius. Besides the two Finns which grow on each side the Anus, the Males, saith Salvian, b 1.227 have also two Appendices, one on each side the Anus. But betwixt the Anus and the Tail there is no under-Finn; by which he differs from the rest of the Dog∣kind. He is said scarce to grow so big, as to exceed twenty pounds in weight. His Skin is rough with the like Prickles,

as in the former; so small, as scarcely visible without a Microscope. But easily felt by drawing your hand towards the head. The shape also of the Teeth is odd and un∣usual, being armed with little sharp Hooks on each edge. They are taken sometimes upon our English Coast.

The Anatomy of the Galeus (the Male) is given us by Sir George Ent, in Dr. Charleton's Onomastic. Zoic. Some of the most observable Remarks, are the peculiar shape of the Pancreas, and especially the Spleen, having a Label produ∣ced from one side, above twice its own length. Likewise the Purse at the farther end of the Duodenum, into which it opens only by a very small round Hole, not so wide as to receive the end of ones little finger: all which are de∣scribed and figur'd. He hath also growing on the lower Eye-lid, a thick and firm Membrane, wherewith he often winkles or covers his whole Eye: the same with that called the Periophthalmium, common to very many Birds.

The Description of the Viviparous Eggs in the Female; which are not unlike to those of the Raya, is given by Ron∣deletius. Bellonius hath seen an indifferent One, to bring forth thirteen young ones at a Birth. So soon as ever she hath brought them forth, they swim along with her, and if any of them are afraid of any thing, it runs imme∣diately into the Mouth, say some, into the Womb of the Dam: when the fear is over, returns again, as if by a second Birth.

The Skin is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory Works.

The HEAD of a DOLPHIN, about a foot and ½ long. The Dolphin therefore to which it belong'd, was above two yards and half long. In the Skin, 'tis hard to find any passage of sound for Hearing. And Aristotle denies that the Dolphin hears. But Rondeletius truly saith, that he doth, and that the whole structure of the Internal Ear may be seen in the Skull. See Bellonius's Description and Figure of the Dam and her Foetus.

The HEAD of a DOLPHIN, lesser than the former.

The TAIL of the DOLPHIN. It is expanded (as al∣so in the Porpess) in a way peculiar, not uprightly, as in other Fishes, but horizontally: by the help of which, he makes his Gamboles above the Water. And at the same

time takes his Breath: as Mr. Ray hath well observed of the same use in the Porpess. It is also of use to cast him forward by strong and repeated jirks, whereby he is so ad∣mirably swift, as it's said, above all other Fishes. a 1.228 There is also another Dolphins Tail here preserved of the same bigness.

The SKELETON of a PORPESS, or Sea-Hog. b 1.229 The Description and Anatomy of the Animal is given us by Bartholine (Hist. Cent. 2.) By Mr. Ray (Phil. Trans. N. 76.) By Dan. Major (Miscel. Curios. German. An. 4.) And lately more largely by Dr. Edward Tyson. Some of the particu∣lars more remarkable are, That the Fat, which is an inch thick, encompasseth the whole Body, as in a Hog. That the Fibers which run through the Fat from the Membrana Carnosa to the Skin, do obliquely decussate one another like a Lattice. And I may here observe, That the like Decussation is made betwixt the white and red Fibers of all Muscules.

'Tis further noted, That the Fat is nothing else but Oil contained in a great number of little Bladders. I add, That all these Bladders are the continuation of the Fibers which decussate, in a finer Work. And that there is no difference betwixt the said Fibers and those of the Membra∣na Carnosa, saving their Relaxation, (as when a Spung swells with water) by the interposition of Oil.

The Stomach remarkable, consisting of three Bags. The Guts eleven times the length of the Fish. The Glands of the Kidneys so distinct, that each having a white substance in its centre, and out of that its Papilla, seemed to be another little Kidney, about the bigness of a large Peas. And I shall here take notice, That the whitish substance within every Gland, and the same which is in the Kidneys of other Animals, is truly Carneous or Muscular, by which the conveyance of the Urinous parts of the Blood into the Pelvis is promoted.

The Paps are placed one on each side the Pudendum. The Ovaria (it being a young Fish) not above an inch long, and thick as a Goose-Quill. The Diaphragme, with∣out the usual Tendon in the centre. The Heart, with two Ventricles and two Auricles. The Foramen Ovale, closed. The Lungs consisting of two great Lobes. The Larnyx

very prominent, oddly shaped, like an old fashion'd Ewer. The Spout with strong Muscules; and Papillae for the issu∣ing of Snot. The Eye with the Musculus Suspensorius, as in Bruits. The Brain large, weighed above lbj averdupois, the Fish lbxcvj. The Musculus Psoas, and two others on the Back, very large and strong.

The Teeth (96 in all) so placed, that those of one Jaw, are received into the distances of the other. Stand not in distinct Sockets, but all in one common Furrow. The Ear-Bone is oddly seated in a hollow, and encompassed with Muscules. The Drum well braced, but no Incus stapes & Malleolus to be seen. The Brain-Pan five inches broad, and but three long; the Brain answerable. The Back-Bone is composed of sixty Vertebrae. The same number, as is before observed to be in that of a Crocodile. The Bones of the Fore-Finns, resemble those of an Arm with Hand and Fingers. Of the Tail, like those of two feet joyned together.

From the Nose to the Tail-end about an Ell long, and roundish, the Eyes and the Gape of the Mouth small, the Back and upper parts black, the Belly white, the Tail hori∣zontal: much like a Dolphin, saving that she is shorter snouted.

The SEA-CALF or SEAL. Phoca. Vitulus Marinus; From the noise he makes like a Calf. See Rondeletius's Description. His Head comparatively not big; shaped rather like an Otters; with Teeth like a Dogs; and Musta∣ches like those of a Cat. His Body long, and all over hairy. His fore-Feet, with Fingers clawd, but not divided; yet fit for going. His hinder Feet, more properly Finns, and fitter for swimming, as being an Amphibious Animal. The Female gives suck, as the Porpess and other Vivipa∣rous Fishes. This here is about a yard long. But some∣times they are as big, saith Mr. Ray, as a Heifer of two years.

The Skin of this Fish is commonly used for the cover∣ing of Trunks. They are innumerable in the Atlantick-Sea; especially the Bay there called The Seal-Bay. a 1.230 Our Mariners and Fishermen often take them in the Isle of Wight, as they lie asleep upon the Shore. b 1.231 As also about Cornwall.

Another SEAL like the former, only somewhat thicker. Given by Mr. J. Houghton, Ph. L.

The LONG-NECK'D SEAL. I find him no where distinctly mention'd. He is much slenderer than either of the former. But that wherein he principally differs, is the length of his Neck. For from his Nose-end to his fore-Feet, and from thence to his Tail, are the same measure. As also in that instead of fore-Feet, he hath rather Finns; not having any Claws thereon, as have the other kinds.

The SKULL of a SEAL. Given by Henry Whistler Esq. The Teeth are shaped somewhat like a Dogs. The tops of them all are flat, being doubtless filed off. The processus of the Os Frontis which makes up the Orbit of the Eye in Land-Animals, is here wanting; and the said Bone pinched up much more narrowly: Both to make room, as it should seem, for a very large Eye. The passage into the Ears stands very oddly. In Dogs, Cats, and most other Land-Animals, forward and outwardly. But here it stands just oppositely, sc. behind and inwardly.

The FORE-FOOT of a very great SEAL.

The VIVIPAROUS EEL-POUT. Mustela marina vi∣vipara. (the Male, Lupus marinus Schonfeldii.) 'Tis well pictur'd by Adam Oleareus, a 1.232 who calls it a Sea-Wolf (Ein See-Wolf). As also by Johnston; but not described. But in Gesner's Paralypomena 'tis both figur'd and described by Ge. Fabritius under the Name of Klipfisch (i. e. Rock-Fish,) so called by the people near the Baltick (where he breeds.) Fabritius is particular only as to the Teeth, and is also mistaken in some things. I shall there∣fore add the Description I drew up before I met with his.

'Tis a yard long. The Head ½ a foot long, and almost as high; being compressed on the sides, three inches and ½ over underneath, her Forehead but a little above two. Her Snout a little Convex. The Eyes very high, an inch long. The Nostrils before the Eyes ¼ of an inch. Both the Chaps blunt-angled before, from the Corners of the Mouth three inches long, between the Corners, as much.

The Teeth all very thick, like those of Quadrupedes; both in figure and scituation, very unusual. In the upper Jaw, five before; not Incisors, or Cutters, but thick Pun∣chers. To the Roots of which, within side, grow as it were nine little Teeth. Behind, are three Grinders; one

of which, on each side, is fasten'd obliquely inwards, half an inch broad, and above an inch long. The third, and the great∣est, stands betwixt them in the middle of the Palate. Each of these having deep Incisions, seem, as it were, eight or ten Teeth. In the under Jaw, are two Punchers or Claviculars, each of them having two sharp Processes within side. Be∣hind, there seems to be only one Grinder on each side, half an inch broad, and above two inches long, arched inward, and with sixteen or eighteen Incisions looking like so many Teeth.

Her Gills open almost from the top of her Head to her Throat. The Fins are four. The Gill-Fins about five inches long, and as broad, placed so low, as to meet in the Breast, and so to supply the Breast-Fins. The Back-Fin is extended from Head to Tail; before, an inch high; behind, above two. The Belly-Fin reaches from the Anus (which opens a foot behind the Head) to the Tail, about an inch deep. The Body, where highest, above ½ a foot, the Back a little convex, grows slender all the way to the Tail, the extre∣mity whereof is here wanting. She is cover'd with a tough Skin, now of an Iron-colour, besprinkled all over with round spots.

That which is most remarkable in this Fish, are his Teeth: which are so made, as to be fit either for Ravine, or for the eating of Grass and other Herbs on the Rocks, and un∣der Water. They seem also to be made for the Cracking of Shell-Fish. As likewise for Rumination: which may as well be ascrib'd to this Fish, as to the Scarus.

This Fish is one, amongst divers other instances of Aristo∣tle's error, where he saith, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. a 1.233

The tops of this Fishes Grinders are commonly sold for Toadstones. As Dr. Christopher Merret hath also observed in his Pinax.

The SCATE, or Angel-Fish. Squatina, sive Angelus Marinus. The figure in Johnston is tollerable. But the De∣scription very short and imperfect. That of Rondeletius is better, yet not full. And either the Fish he describes is a different Species, or his Description of the Teeth is not true.

This is above an Ell long. His Head about ¼ of a yard

long, and near as much over, (here) with several Angles or Ridges: His Mouth five inches over, his Lips almost Semilunar.

Each of his Jaws are armed with about six and thirty Rows of most sharp Teeth, and in every Row there are four Teeth. So that in all they are about two hundred four∣score and eight, all couched a little inward.

About three inches behind his Nose-end stand his Eyes, as it were on the top of his Head, and three inches and ½ distant. Proportionably very small, sc. not above ½ an inch over. About an inch and quarter behind his Eyes, and a little lower, he hath two Spouts, one on each side, above an inch long, and convex before. His Neck ½ a foot over. His Back before, three inches above a foot, expanded (here) on both sides, as if it were shoulder'd. His Middle or Wast about eight inches. The lower part of his Back, ten inches, spread like a pair of Buttocks. From his Shoulders to the bottom of his Buttocks about a foot and ½. The length of his Tail, as much: the forepart whereof above four inches over, growing slenderer all the way to the end.

He hath seven Fins. His Shoulder-Fins with Cartilagi∣nous Rays, expanded ½ a foot out like a pair of Wings, and almost square. His Buttock-Fins prolonged hinderly ½ a foot, stand continguous to the Tail on both sides. On the top of his Tail, two lesser; three inches high, and couched backward. At the end a forked one ½ a foot long, and almost as high. From hence half a foot forward, the Skin is as it were pinched up into a little Ridge or Doublet on each side.

Above he is very rough with innumerable small Prickles, especially felt upon drawing your hand forward. And the edges of the four side-Fins are all thorny. But underneath the Skin is so thick or closely cover'd with little hard round knobs, as it seems almost smooth.

This Fish hath two Spouts, like the Saw-Fish, because of the breadth of his Head. His Teeth admirable for taking sure hold of the most slippery Prey. Those Doublets on the sides of his Tail, seem to add strength to the Muscules which move the Tail-Fins. And so in some other Fishes. By the posture of the Fins he seems to make at the Prey, not by a forward stroke, but by ascending as a Dog to his

Meat, or descending as a Hawk when she stoops. With the broad Fore-Fins, saith Oppian, the Female shelters her Young, as a Hen her Chickens with her Wings. But Aristotle affirms, That she gives them protection as doth the Dogfish, by receiving them into her mouth. He also saith, That of the Cartilaginous kind the Scate only beareth twice in a year, sc. Spring and Fall.

Salvianus a 1.234 saith, That the Skin of his Back is smooth; deceived by the Authorities of Aristotle, Epicarmus, Athenaeus, and Pliny: witnesses enough to prove an Error. The Skin of this Fish is used for the polishing of Wooden and Ivory Works. He is taken, saith Mr. Ray, sometimes near Cornwall.

Another SCATE. 'Tis a young one, but in shape altoge∣ther like the former, saving that the Shoulder-Fins are here produced, more like a Wing, into a sharp Angle before.

The HEAD of a SCATE, about the bigness of that above described. Sometimes they grow to the weight of a hundred and sixty pounds.

The HEAD of the GREAT MAID. Caput Rajae Oxyrrhynchae majoris. See the Description of this and the other Kinds in Rondeletius, and Bellonius. They all differ from other Fishes, in having a broad and squat Body, with a long slender Tail appendent, but not so slender, as in the Cat-Fish. The end of the Snout in this, is all beset with little sharp Hooks pointing backward. And with the same Hooks, both the Jaws: but far bigger, and standing in se∣veral Rows, eight, ten, or twelve in a Row.

The Skin of the Raja, being artificially reduced to a monstrous shape, is by some shewed, and is commonly taken, for a Basilisk.

The EGG of a THORNBACK. Ovum Rajae Clavatae. Or rather the Bag or Case of the Egg. Hereof see Ron∣deletius. 'Tis very smooth, and (now) black and horny. Seven inches long, and four over. From each of the four Corners is stretched a sharpe ended Membrane two inches long. In the middle it swelleth up on both sides: so that in shape 'tis just like a Pulpit-Cushion. There are some other lesser ones of the same shape and colour.

In the upper part of the Womb, saith Rondeletius, are a great number of Eggs of several sizes, consisting only

of a Yelk, as in the Ovary of a Hen. These successively ripening, are found in the lower part, consisting of Yelk and White, and cover'd with the said horny Case. Out of every one of these mature Eggs, another Foetus is also suc∣cessively generated. Whereby it is intelligible, How this Fish produceth but one at once, and yet so numerous a breed.

The SKREW-GUT of the RAJA, described by Steno's Son. Sent by Dr. Swammerdam with some other particulars mention'd in the first Section. It winds between parallel lines like a Screw or Stair-case.

The knobed TAIL of a THORNBACK. Of an ash∣colour, and about a yard long.

The spiked TAIL of a THORNBACK, almost black. The knobs of both are so hard, that they will file Iron or Brass. The Skin of this Fish is used for Knife-hafts, &c.

The smooth CAT-Fish. Pastinaca marina laevis. Fabius Columna, a 1.235 hath described two Species of this kind: but both of them seem to be different from the Fish here. It is somewhat phantastically stuffed; yet I shall give the De∣scription as well as it will admit.

From the tip of his Snout, to his Tail, a foot and three inches, about a foot over, and ½ a foot (being, I suppose, thrust out somewhat more than the natural dimension by the stuffing) in height. His Eyes ½ an inch long, two and ½ inches distant, three and ½ behind his Nose-end. Just be∣hind his Eyes, and a little more distant, he hath two Spouts, one way, an inch and ¼ over. His Snout prolonged for∣ward an inch and ½ with an Obtuse Angle; and extended towards the side-Fins, wherewith it is also joyned by the mediation of a Skiny-Border ½ an inch broad. His Mouth very little, not an inch and ½ over; curiously rough-cast like a file, underneath, and behind his Snout-end two inches and ½. Over his upper Chap hang two little Labels above ½ inch long.

His Gills are five on each side, but towards the middle of his Belly. He hath four side-Fins. His fore-Fins are stretched out two inches in breadth, extended in length towards the Tail, almost a foot. The hinder-Fins are almost two inches broad, and above an inch and ½ long.

The Tail a foot and two inches long, at the Root about an inch and ½ over, the extremity very small like a Shoo∣makers Thread. The Skin not very thick, nor stubborn, (now) of a yellow colour on the back, on the Belly straw∣colour'd: every where very smooth, excepting on his Tail, where there are some few very short prickles.

Whether this be not a young Fish, and upon that ac∣count only wanteth the Radius (as the sharp Saw upon the Tail is called) to me is uncertain. With this Radius he is said to strike and kill his Prey, for which he lies as it were dormant, till it swims within his reach. Aelian, cited by Rondeletius, saith, That he sometimes flies. Which that he may do a little above the water, as the flying Fishes, seems possible by the horizontal production of all his Fins, and their extension all along his sides.

The Chineses and Moors eat this Fish greedily.

The nether LIP of the smooth CAT-FISH, two inches long.

The BRASILIAN FROG-FISH. Rana Piscatrix minor. In Brasile, GUACUACUYA. The figure which Johnston gives is tolerable; but his Description very defective. The length of this is eight inches. His Mouth open makes a Circle ¼ of an inch over. His Lips, in the usual place of Teeth, are rough; as also is his Tongue. He hath a black Horn on his Forehead, stooped forwards, round, an inch and ½ long, one third over at the bottom, pointed, and having little Spikes round about it. What Johnston means by the Cuteus Nervus, appears not. At the top of his Head, just under the Horn, stand his Eyes a ¼ of an inch over, and (here) no more distant. The Nostrils a little before the Horn.

His Body two inches and ½ long, and four broad; be∣fore, Semilunar. His Back convex, his Belly flat; with a Border or Fin all along each side ½ an inch broad. Behind are subjoyned a pair of Fins almost two inches long, and an inch and ½ wide. In the middle of his Belly are two other lesser close together, above an inch long, but not more than ¼ broad.

The length of the Tail four inches and ½. At the root 'tis round, and an inch over; at the end, with the sides com∣pressed, and ½ an inch high. The Tail-Fins three, one

above, another just under it, the third at the end much bigger. The Skin of his Belly and Tail underneath, whi∣tish, thin, and rough. Of his Backside, Fins, and Tail above, black, thick and set with short spikes arising from a round Base radiated like a Star. He seems, by his shape, to be near of kin to the Thornback; and therefore to be less appo∣sitely Nam'd.

A lesser Brasilian Frogfish of the same kind.

The TRUMPET-FISH. So called from the figure of his Bill, which is an entire Pipe, shaped almost like that of the Snipe-Fish. Acus Aristotelis. Well described by Ron∣deletius; saving, that he describes the Body to be Sex∣angular all along. Whereas from the Head to the Anus it is Septangular. The Scales are also engraven with small lines almost of an Elliptick figure. Salvianus errs in saying he is not scaly. Another also of the same Species.

The Female, saith Rondeletius, hath a Canale extended from her Anus, in which the Eggs are hatched into young Ones. Of the use of the Bill, see the Snip-Fish.

The lesser TRUMPET-FISH, or Viviparous Needle-Fish.

The HORSE-FISH. Hippocampus. A small Fish. So called, because his Head is shaped like a Horses, and his Tail divided by several Incisures, somewhat like those of Caterpillars, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Given by Mr. Scotto a London Merchant. It hath the same number of Fins, and in the same place, the same kind of Bill, the fore-Body Septan∣gular, and the Tail square, as the Trumpet-Fish. And is, therefore probably, also Viviparous: and so I have ventur'd to place it here.

Another HIPPOCAMPUS taken in the Mediter∣ranean.

A STURGEON. Acipenser. Sturio, because one of the greatest of edible Fishes; for Stur, in the Danish-Tongue, signifies Great. a 1.236 See Wormius his Description. Especially that of Salvianus, with his curious figure. The like in Besler. The parts by which he is best distinguished, are his very long and sharp Snout, his little Mouth, to be seen only when he lies on his back, and his thick and bony Scales; which stand in Rows so, as to make the Fish al∣most Pentangular. The figure of most of the side Scales

is Rhomboidal. It is affirmed by Moufet, a 1.237 That the Scales of a Sturgeon turn towards the Head; borrowing his Error herein of Pliny.

Lately, a piece of a Sturgeons Gut was shewed me by Dr. Edward Tyson, which he had cut off of a great One sent to my Lord Major. It is very thick, strong and Mus∣cular. And the inner Coat made of Fibers, so loosely woven together, as to look like a Net; and that above the eighth of an inch in thickness. In which a plenteous Chyle is conveniently lodged, and thence gradually trans∣mitted to the Lacteal Veins.

Scaliger saith b 1.238 of the Guts of a Sturgeon, that being taken out and cut all to pieces, those pieces will still move. Which may partly depend upon their great thickness and muscularity; the like being observable in cutting the Heart and other Muscular parts of divers Animals.

The Sturgeon is taken in most great Rivers, as well as in the Sea. He hath sometimes been seen, saith Bellonius, six yards long. The bigger he is, as all other Fish, the better meat. The Italians c 1.239 prefer the Belly before the Jole. His Liver very delicate. At Hamburge and Dantsick they eat (or did in Moufet's time, who reports it, eat) Sturgeon roasted. In the same Author, see a most excel∣lent Pickle for this Fish. The Eggs being salted and made up into a Mass, were first brought from Constantinople by the Italians, and called Caveare. Of the way of making it, see Gesner. The pickled pieces made of the Chine, are by some called Schinalia. Of the long Bag d 1.240 which grows next the Chine, the people that live near Tanais make Glew.

The HEAD of a great STURGEON.

MOON-FISH. Mola Salviani Luna; Because the Tail-Fin is shaped like a Half-Moon, By which, and his odd trussed shape, looking as if he were only the Head of some great Fish cut off from his Trunk, he is sufficiently distinguished from all others. Well described by Rondeletius and Sal∣vian; and by this latter, very curiously pictur'd. The Gill-Fins, as he observes, are so postur'd, as not to move from Head to Tail, or vice versa, but from Back to

Belly, & è contra. The use whereof seems to be, To ena∣ble him to make a more direct and sudden descent; that so when any Ravenous Fish makes full speed at him, he may in an instant strike himself under his way, and so escape him. It may also be noted, That being a tall Fish, and with his sides much compressed, he hath a long Fin upon his Back, and another answering to it on his Belly: by which he is the better kept upright, or from swaging on his sides.

Another MOON-FISH of the same Species, but some∣what lesser. Neither of these is above ½ a yard long. But that which Salvian describes, was above an hundred pounds weight. They are taken, as Mr. Ray saith, about St. Ives and Pensans in Cornwall.

CHAP. II. OF OVIPEROUS FISHES, particularly such as are NOT-SCALED.

THe HEAD of the RIVER-WHALE. Caput Siluri. Johnston gives the figure of this Fish, but without a Description. That of Rondeletius is not full. This Head is ½ a foot long, as broad, and half as high. The Snout flat. Both the Chaps before of a Semilunar figure. Armed with an innumerable company of prickly Teeth, standing like those in a Card wherewith Women Comb Wooll. The nether Chap stands out above an inch before the upper. The Eyes round, and for such a Head, very small, scarce the third of an inch over. Distant three inches and ½. An inch above the corners of his Mouth, he hath two strings, smooth and round, here (for they are broken) ½ a foot long, about the thickness of an Earth-Worm, taper'd and bended backward; outwardly nervous, inwardly Cartila∣ginous or Grisly. His Gills descending almost from the top of his Head, meet under his Throat.

What may be the use of these strings is uncertain, and to be collected only from observing their communication with other parts, and the manners of the Fish. But the

intent of their structure is less obscure; the Nervous part serving to draw it too and fro; the Cartilage, as the spring in a Pendulum Watch, to stint the motion and make it more steady. And being flexible, it does the same as a joynted Series of many little Bones.

The little SEA-UNICORNE. Monoceros minor. It was sent from Brasile, I find it not described nor pictur'd in any Author. Nor is it certain whether it be Ovipa∣rous. Yet I have ventur'd to place, and shall describe it here.

'Tis ½ a yard long, almost ¼ high, with its sides very much compressed, being not above two inches and a ½ over. High-Bac'd, like a Perch. And also (which is unusual) bow-Belli'd. His Head hath some resemblance to that of a Baboone; from the top to the bottom four inches and ½. His Mouth, which stands below, not much above an inch over. His Teeth, in both Chaps, the thickness of a midling Needle, the eight of an inch long. His Gills subtended to his Eyes and Mouth like the segment of a Circle. His Eyes stand near the top of his Head; and are an inch over.

From the top is prolonged a smooth (now) blackish, round, taper'd, strait Horn, couched a little down below the level, two inches round about the Root, and three inches long. It seemeth not to have any Bone within it; nor is it inserted into any, as in the Unicorne of the Cetace∣ous kind before described; but is the Skin it self prolonged and hardened (as the Cuticula turns to Cornes) into a kind of horn.

The Fins are seven. The Gill-Fins two inches long, and one broad. The Back-Fin is extended from Head to Tail, above an inch and ½ high. The Breast-Fins ¼ of an inch before the Anus, near two inches long. The Belly-Fin, like that of the Back, and extended from the Anus to the end of the Tail. That at the end of the Tail triangular, two inches and ½ long, three high. The Anus, if you measure by a perpendicular from the Gills, opens, oddly, not above an inch and ½ behind them. He is cover'd with a (now) blackish, thick and tough Skin, and when you draw your hand forward, also rough.

The SHIPHALTER. Echeneis. Remora. Johnston hath

given an indifferent figure of it. But I meet with no tolerable Description any where.

'Tis about ¼ of a yard long. His Body before, three inches and ½ over; thence tapering to the Tail-end. His Mouth two inches and ½ over. His Chaps ending some∣what angularly. The nether a little broader, and produced forward near an inch more than the upper. His Lips rough with a great number of little prickles. His Eyes round, ¼ of an inch over, an inch behind his Mouth.

His Head squat, adorned with a kind of Oval Coronet, somewhat Concave, five inches and ½ long, above two broad, cut traversly with three and twenty Incisions or long Apertures, making so many distinct Membranes, with rough edges, joyned altogether with a Ligament running through the middle of the Coronet, and perforated on each side the Ligament.

The Gills wind from an inch and ½ behind the Eyes down to the Throat. The Fins seven. The Gill-Fins above four inches long; The Breast-Fins as long. About a ¼ of a yard behind the Coronet a fifth extended on the Back above ¼ of a yard. A sixth like it on the Belly. The Tail-end, like a Spear, a little compressed. The Tail-Fin three inches and ½ long. The Anus open about the middle of the Fish. His Skin is (now) brown, smooth, and tough, or like tan'd Leather.

Perhaps the same Fish, which Ligon a 1.241 saith, always swims along with the Shark, and frequently sticks to some part about his Head. At least, it is very probable, that this Fish is able to fasten himself to any great Fish, Boat, or Ship, with the help of the Coronet or Sucker on his Head; which seems to be most fitly contrived for that purpose. In some sort answerable to the Tail of a Leech, whereby she sticks her self fast to the smoothest Glass. Or to those round Leathers, wherewith Boys are us'd to play, called Suckers, one of which, not above an inch and ½ diametre, being well soaked in water, will stick so fast to a Stone, as to pluck one of twelve or fourteen pounds up from the ground.

Of the stupendious power which this Fish is supposed to have, there are many concur in the story; as that he is able to stop a Ship in its career under full Sail: and what not?

and great pains is taken to assign the Cause; and to prove, That though the Moon be made of a Green Cheese, yet is not the only Nest of Maggots. Rondeletius alone, in ascribing it to his easily altering the position of the Helm, and so the motion of the Ship, coming near to good sense: especially if he had proved, That the Name of the Fish, and the Story, were not Things much older than the Helm of a Ship.

'Tis plain, that the Tradition had a very early beginning, when little light Boats were the Ships which people us'd. To the side whereof, this Fish fastening her self, might easily make it swag, as the least preponderance on either side will do, and so retard its Course. And the Story once begot upon a Boat, might still, like the Fish it self, stick to it, though turn'd to a Ship. Assigning as great a power to this Neptune in the Sea, as the Poets have done to Apollo the God of Life in the Heavens; who yet appears by the best accounts of him put together, to have been at first no better than a Crafty Mountebank.

The TOBACCOPIPE-FISH. By the People of Brasile, and by Marggravius who describes it, called Petimbuaba. He hath only omitted the Line, which, like a very small Chain, runs along both sides, as in the Sea-Scorpion, from Head to Tail: Both the Body and Snout are long and slen∣der, from whence its Name. 'Tis also pictur'd, and in some sort described by Piso.

The PRICKLED TURBUT. Rhombus aculeatus. So called from his figure and the prickles on his Back or brown side. Described by Rondeletius. The two strings that hang at the nether Chap, are here wanting. He is said, having hid himself in Mud, with these, to Prey upon little Fish, which seeing them rigle, make at them, supposing them to be Weeds.

The little GLOB-FISH. Orbis minor. So called from his Orbicular figure. Described in most Musaeums. Most curiously figur'd in that of Calceolarius. He is armed with long, round, hard, and sharp Spikes or Needles all round about, almost like those of a Hedg-Hog; and is a sort of Porcupine-Fish.

'Tis probable, That the Fish swims with these Needles all closely couched down round about, for that otherwise

they would hinder her swimming. But if at any time she is pursu'd, she immediately advances her Pikes, and bids the enemy come at his peril.

This and the other kinds are found, especially, in the River Nile.

The SEA-PORCUPINE. Histrix Piscis. Johnston hath figur'd it (Tab. 45.) but not well. Neither do I find any tolerable Description of it.

This here is above a foot long, near half a foot over, and as high, round, and almost of an Ovale figure. His Chaps about ½ an inch long, shaped somewhat like the Bill of a Sparrow, each of them one single Bone, without any Teeth, but sharp-edged; at the corners of the Mouth an inch over. His Eyes ½ an inch over, an inch behind his Mouth, and two and ½ distant.

The Gills but ¼ of an inch long, Convex before, very high, viz. in the same level with the Eye. As also the Gill-Fins, which are about two inches long, and three broad. Two inches and ½ before the end of the Tail, a third an inch and ¼ broad and two inches long. An inch and ½ be∣fore the end of the Tail underneath, a fourth somewhat less. The Tail-Fin above two inches long, an inch and ½ high, with its extream edge Convex.

He is cover'd with a Skin on the Back (now) of a brownish yellow, on the Belly whitish. Armed all round about, excepting his Tail, with round, hard, and most sharp Needles, about an inch and ¼ long, ½ an inch distant one from another, each having three Roots (now) visibly spread under the Skin, one on each side, and a third before.

'Tis most probable, That to these Roots are fasten'd so many Muscules, whereby these little Pikes are govern'd in their motion, and kept steady in their posture of defence.

Another SEA-PORCUPINE like the former.

The FROG-GLOB-FISH. Orbis Batrachoides. Fi∣gur'd by Johnston under the Title of Gestachelt meer Taube, Tab. 24. But I find it not described to any pur∣pose.

This is seven inches long, three broad, and as high. His Forehead above an inch and ½ over, by the eminency

of his Eye-Brows a little hollow. His Eyes round, above ½ an inch over. His Mouth very broad and semilunar, like that of a Frog; from whence I take leave for his Name. His nether Chap a little broad and more forward than the upper. Without any Teeth, but rough like a File. The Gills ½ an inch long, an inch and ¼ behind the Eyes. The Fins are five. The Gill-Fins above an inch long, almost as broad. Before the end of the Tail, one above about an inch long, that underneath broken off. The Tail-Fin above ½ an inch long, near as high. The Anus opens an inch and quarter before the Tail-end.

He is cover'd all over with a very hard and tough Skin, (now) of a yellowish straw-colour. Armed round about with strong Spikes about ¼ of an inch long, couched back∣ward, and fixed with three Roots, as in the former. But not, as those, round, but flat with two edges like the point of a Sword.

It may further be noted of these Spikes, That being fixed in the Skin, both here and in the other kinds, so as to couch and point backward, the fish needs not to tack about, but is at the same time in a posture of defence, and of flight, for its surer escape.

The EGYPTIAN GLOB-FISH. It differs from the rest, especially by the smallness of its Prickles, which are rather like the little Thorns on a young Rasperry-Bush. He is not armed with them, as Rondeletius saith, all over; the Skin behind the Gills for the length of ¼ of an inch, and on the lower part of the Tail, being bald.

The HARE-GLOB-FISH. Orbis Lagocephalus. I find it not any where pictur'd or describ'd. 'Tis above a foot long, ½ a foot high, almost five over. His Head almost like a Hares, from whence I have Nam'd him. His Fore∣head plain and almost square, an inch and ¼ broad. His Eyes round, above ¼ of an inch over, and stand high. Three quarters of an inch before the Eyes, two holes like Nostrils. From thence to the Nose-end a little above an inch. The end above ½ an inch over, and round. His up∣per Lip stretched thence to the breadth of ½ an inch. Each Chap as it were divided into two great Teeth ¼ of an inch broad.

The Gills an inch and ¼ long, behind the Eyes an inch,

below them ½ an inch. The Fins are five. The Gill-Fins stand obliquely between the Back and the Breast, an inch and ½ long, and three broad. Three inches before the Tail∣end, a third almost two inches long and one broad. Un∣derneath, a fourth somewhat less. This, which may be noted, being couched backward, the other foreward. The Tail-Fin two inches and ½ long, and as high, with its utmost edge Convex.

His Skin Membranous and limber, on the top of his Head, Back, upper Sides and Breast, and round about his Tail, smooth and bald. On his Belly and lower part of his Sides and Breast, armed with little short Prickles, about the third of an inch distant, and fixed with little Roots, as in the former.

From the Crown of his Head are drawn two Lines al∣most to those holes like Nostrils. From the hinder part of the Head, two more all along the Back and Tail, in the figure of the Letter s. And two others from the Gill-Fins towards the Anus, and from thence to the end of the Tail. By these Lines, were there no other marks, it is easie to distinguish him from all the other Species.

An OVAL COMPAGES of BONES, said to be the Sceleton of a Globe-Fish.

The RED-GOURNET. Pavo Salviani. Cuculus, from the noise he makes like a Cuckow when he is taken. Well described by Rondeletius. But his figure, especially in ma∣king him with a long Snout, answers not, unless it be of ano∣ther Species. For the Forehead of this is square, and the Head almost cubical, like that of the Scorpion-Fish. From which this chiefly differs in not having the Fins of the Back prickly or spiked, and having a Line running from the top of the Back on each side the Back-Fin to the Tail, like a small linked Chain.

The LONG-SNOUTED GOURNET. Cuculus Ron∣deletii. By which Author 'tis well described. It differs from the former Species, chiefly, in having a much longer head, and a saddle-Nose.

The STAR-GAZER. Uranoscopus. Because he looks directly against the Sky: whereas, as Rondeletius observes, the Ray and several other fishes, although they have their Eyes standing on the top of their Heads, yet the Pupils of

their Eyes are not directed upwards, but side-ways. The Fish is accurately described by the same Author. Saving, that he hath omitted the arching or bowing of his Body with the Head and Tail upwards: unless both the shape of the Fish here be forced, and his own figure thereof false.

This Fish, when alive, hath a slender Membranous string, which he projects and draws in, at pleasure, as a Serpent doth his Tongue. With this he duckoys little fishes, and then preys upon them. For plunging himself in Mud (Ron∣deletius saith, he hath seen him) and then lifting up his head a little, he casts out the said string; which the little fishes taking for a Worm, and nibling at it, he immediately plucks them both in together.

The SQUAR-FISH. Piscis quadrangularis. I think it is not described or figur'd by any. There are two square fishes described by Wormius, the former of which he sup∣poseth to be made so, not bred. But neither is this, as that is, spiked behind; nor as the other, horned before, besides other differences: 'Twas sent from the East-Indies.

'Tis about fifteen inches long, four high, in the middle three and ½ over. His Forehead square, by the eminency of the Eye-brows, a little hollow; two inches and ½ over. His Eyes near an inch. His Nose blunt, not very steep, an inch and ½ long. Two small holes in the place of Nostrils. His Mouth exceeding little, ½ an inch over. His Teeth also very small.

The Gills are strait, an inch and ¼ long. His back a little Convex; towards his Tail, and on his sides blunt angled. So also his Belly, but plain or flat; and consi∣derably rising up towards his Tail. He hath five Fins. The Gill-Fins are two inches in length, and two in breadth. They stand a little obliquely. Like these, a little before the Tail, one above, another under. The Tail-Fin three inches long, and three and ½ high.

Some part of both the Chaps and of the Tail are cover'd only with a Skin. The rest of the fish with a kind of Crust: yet not altogether so hard as in the Crustaceous kind. This Crust is all over adorned with innumerable little round knobs reduced, for the most part, into hexagonal figures, subdivided into equilateral Triangles.

Wormius calls this Crust a Leathery Skin: but not rightly; as any one that compares it with the true Skin upon his Chaps and Tail, whereof he takes no notice, may easily judge. That it may be bent, proves it not a Skin; for so may the Crust of a Lobster. To which this seemeth to stand in the next degree, as that doth to a shell. Or to speak properly, it seems neither a Skin, nor a Crust alone, but a Medly of both together, or a Crust upon a Skin: Nature having here, as in many other examples, united two extreams by a third Thing in the middle.

Another SQUARE FISH stained with black Spots. Given by Mr. John Short.

The CONEY-FISH. Piscis Triangularis. Described by Marggravius. Wormius also supposeth his first Square-Fish to be the same. But neither of them are particular enough.

'Tis above ½ a yard long, above ½ a foot high, the Belly flat, and almost ½ a foot over. From whence his sides rise up into a sharp Angle. His Head somewhat like that of a Coney; from whence his Name. His Eyes great, sc. an inch and ½ long; and stand high. His Forehead almost square, and by the eminency of the Eye-brows a little hol∣low; an inch and ¼ broad. Half an inch before the Eyes two little holes like Nostrils. His Nose descending almost perpendicularly, three inches deep, and blunt-ended. His Mouth not above an inch over. The Teeth ⅓ of an inch long, and sharp: ten in the lower Chap, in the upper twelve. His Back arched between the Head and Tail, and, as is said, very sharp. On each side his Belly he hath a strong sharp Spike ⅓ of an inch long, standing near, and pointing toward his Tail.

His Gills are strait, above an inch long, and parallel to his Nose. The Fins five. The Gill-Fins here broken off. A little before his Tail, one above, another below, both two inches long, an inch and ½ broad. The Tail-Fin three inches long, and two and ½ high. Excepting his Chaps and Tail, which are naked, he is cover'd all over with the like Crust, as the former. On the upper part of the Tail, also grows a distinct Crust, of an Oval figure.

The Chaps and Tail of this Fish, and the rest of the kind, are both left naked, for the more easie and convenient

motion of the one in eating, and of the other in swim∣ming. And for the same reason, the Gill-Fins do also stand upon a naked Membrane.

The Female-CONEY-FISH. The Nose here descendeth not so steeply. The Belly not so broad. The Crust every where, except the middle of the Belly, stained with a great number of round black Spots. Hath not many of the triangular subdivisions. Nor the Oval Crust upon the Tail.

Another of the same Species, with that now de∣scribed.

The HORNED CONEY-FISH. Piscis triangularis cornutus. Johnston hath figur'd it. a 1.242 But without either Description or Name. It differs from the fish last described chiefly by its Horns, which he hath upon the top of his Forehead, ½ an inch long, near an inch about the bottom, and pointed; almost like an Horses Ears when he pricks them forward. His Teeth are also smaller, his Mouth lesser, and more naked. His Belly narrower, and so his sides more compressed. The Tail-Fin longer. And the Oval Crust on the Tail, not above but beneath.

ANOTHER of the same Species, with two Oval-Crusts, one on the top of the Tail, the other underneath.

A THIRD, without the said Oval-Crust, and the triangu∣lar subdivisions.

Two more HORNED CONEY-FISHES. All five of one unmixed ash-colour.

CHAP. III. OF SCALED-FISHES.

THe HEAD of the CUCUPU-GUACU; so called by the people of Brasile, where it breeds. Described by Marggravius. Who saith it is sometimes two yards long, and a yard and half about. The Mouth of this Head standing quite open, makes a circle of a yard in com∣pass. So that, probably, 'tis the biggest of Scaled-Fishes,

excepting the Sturgeon. Of all our European Fishes, it seems to come nearest to the Cole-Fish or Black-Cod.

The SCALES (perhaps) of the same Fish. They are almost circular, above three inches in Diameter, and an∣swerably thick. Like other Scales, they are horny, trans∣parent, and elastick or springy. That part of their edge which is inserted into the Skin, bluntly Toothed. They have a great many exceeding small Striae, hardly visible, but by holding them up against the light.

The FILE-FISH. CAPRISCUS. It was sent from the Bermudas. Curiously pictur'd and described by Salvian. a 1.243 I call it the File-Fish, from the likeness which the foremost Bone upon his Back hath to a file. There are three of them: which, saith Salvian, he raises and depresses at his pleasure; yet so, as not one alone, but altogether. And although you press the foremost, and greatest never so hard, it will not stir: but if you depress the last and least of all never so softly, the other two immediately fall down with it: just as when a Cross-Bow is let off by pulling down the Tricker. For which reason also the fish is called, at Rome, Pesce Balestra.

Another thing peculiar to this fish is, that his Scales (as Salvian calls them) are separated by cancellated lines, or Lattice-wise. I add, and that they are all incrustated, and rough-cast with little round knobs. So that the cover of this fish, is near a kin to that of the Square-Fish; that be∣ing only one entire Crust, this divided into many little ones.

It may be noted, That where Salvian describeth this fish to be compressum & latum, at{que} fere orbicularem, he hath not properly expressed his shape. For he is not Broad, but Tall; and much nearer to a Rhombus or Diamond∣square.

This fish seems to be the same which the People of Bra∣sile call GUAPERUA; described and pictur'd by Marg∣gravius and Piso, and out of them by Johnston. b 1.244

The TALLEST FILE-FISH. This seems to be that Species particularly described by Salvianus. It differs from the foregoing only in being taller and narrower: and in having the Tail-Fin with longer horns.

The PRICKLE or longest FILE-FISH. It is a young

One. Differs from that of Salvian. In that on the sides hinderly, grows a little short Prickle upon the centre of every Scale, pointing backward. It is also ratably much longer and lower, his Nose a great deal shorter, and less steep, and his Tail-Fin less spread.

Another LONG-FILE-FISH of the same Species, and about a foot in length. But the Prickles above-said are here worn off.

The STREAKED FILE-FISH. Capriscus striatus. This differs from the last, In that its Scales are not prickled, but streaked with many small Lines; forward, entire; but hin∣derly composed of many little knobs.

The SNIPE-FISH. Scolopax. It was taken in the Baltick-Sea. I find it no where well described.

It is a little fish, when at full growth, as Rondeletius, who had seen three of them all small, and full of Eggs, well observes. This here, about three inches and ••/•• long, ••/•• of an inch high, the sides much compressed, being not ••/•• of an inch thick. The Orbits of his Eyes very great, sc. a ¼ of an inch over. His Forehead as much.

He hath a tubular or pipe-like Snout, resembling that of the Hippocampus, or the Horse-Fish. It consisteth of only one hollow Bone, strait, and from his Eyes above an inch long, or one third of his whole length. At the root, above ••/•• of an inch high; at the extremity, ••/••. Where he hath an exceeding little Mouth; which openeth not before, but above.

His Gills large, behind the Eyes ••/•• of an inch, from whence carry'd to his Snout or Bill, they describe ••/•• of a circle. The Fins four. The Gill-Fins almost ½ an inch long, in the same level with his Mouth and the bottom of the Eye. The Tail-Fin as long, ••/•• of an inch high. Before and above the Tail a fourth, a ¼ of an inch long, ••/•• broad.

A little before this Fin, stands a white and very sharp Spike, or Saw, above an inch long, couched a little backward, and armed with a double row of small sharp Teeth, all pointing upward. To this great One, are subjoyned two lesser, by one common Membrane, as in the File-Fish.

His Skin grey with some few rays of red; possibly more

in the living fish. He is scaly, and rough with a single Row of very small Prickles near his Eyes, with a treble one on his Belly and Sides; hardly visible without a Glass.

By the great length and structure of this Fishes Bill, he should seem, upon dilating his Throat at his pleasure, to suck in his food, and so to use it as a Sirynge. Withall, his Mouth not being open before, but on the top of his Bill-end, like a Gutter-Trough, doth much promote the current, of all that comes in at it, to his Throat. And so in the Trumpet-Fish.

The three Spikes on his Back (whereof Rondeletius and others only observe the greatest) being associated in the same manner, and having the like mutual proportion, as in the File-Fish; it may reasonably be supposed, that they have also the same Motions, depressions and erections, as, in speaking of the said fish, hath been described. And that therefore, while the fish swims secure, they are all couched down close to his Back, that they may not hinder his course: but that when ever he is pursued, he strait erects them all, and by the help of the lesser, keeps the great one tite up against his Enemy.

The SQUARE ACARAUNA; by Mariners, The Old Wife. It hath some marks of kindred with the tall Acarau∣na, described and pictur'd in Marggravius and Piso. But hath also divers others of distinction from it; as the diffe∣rent position of the Spurs, the different shape both of Head, Body and Tail, &c. as may be observed by comparing the Descriptions and Figures of both together. The tall Aca∣rauna is figured also by Johnston, a 1.245 out of Marggravius; but without any Inscription of Number or Title.

This here was brought from Suranam. Eight inches long and ½, above three high, about one and ¼ over. His fore parts and Tail are (now) of a pale straw-colour; all the rest are of a blackish brown. He is cover'd all over with Scales engraven with small parallel Lines: except on his Forehead and Chaps before, where his Skin is only ruged as you draw your Finger downward.

The Crown of his Head rises up into a blunt Angle, his Forehead flat, above ½ an inch broad. His Eyes round, ••/•• an inch over, and stand high. A little before them, two small holes like Nostrils. His Mouth also stands high, and

is extreme small, scarce ••/•• of an inch over. His Teeth con∣tiguous, like small Needles.

On his upper Jaw grow four little Prickles on each side. On each side his nether, two great Spikes or Spurs, hard, and very sharp, about an inch long, pointing obliquely down∣ward, and bended a little like a Cocks Spur. From the Root of these several little short Prickles run in a strait Row to the Eyes.

The Gills behind make a strait Line, and an Angle, from whence they are produced forward. The Fins seven. The Gill-Fins hang under the Spurs, an inch and ½ long near an inch broad. The Breast-Fins also an inch and ½ long, ••/•• broad. The Back-Fin from the top of his Head, the Belly-Fin from his Anus are carry'd to the Tail-Fin, so as to stand betwixt two parallel lines, making the fish almost square; from whence I have Nam'd it. They are both stretched out beyond their roots with two sharp Angles. The Tail-Fin an inch and ••/•• long, and higher, with its utmost edge Convex.

The Spur above describ'd, is a dangerous, and as it seems, a malicious Weapon; wherewith the fish strikes side-ways, and as it were under-hand, not suffering, in its doged humor, any other fish to consort with it.

The SWALLOW-FISH. So called from the length of his Gill-Fins, which reach to the end of his Tail, like a pair of very long Wings. By some, the Flying-Herring, from a likeness in the shape of their Body. Perhaps Ronde∣letius's Mugilis Alatus. But by Salvian called Hirundo, by whom it is well described. a 1.246 That Line (saith he) which in other fishes goes either from the Head or Branchiae by the sides to the Tail; here runs from the Belly-Fins along the Belly to the Tail. Johnston also describes it out of Aldrovandus, but omits the just number of seven Fins. In the figure also which he gives, the Belly-Fins are wanting. And the Orbits of the Eyes, which are extraordinary great, he representeth little.

His Gill-Fins he useth as Wings, wherewith he flyeth, for escape, above the water, when pursu'd by another fish; especially, as Piso saith, by the Dolphin. But as they fly (as the same Author) they often become a prey to Water-Fowl. Hundreds of them are sometimes seen above the

Water at once. When they fly, they make a kind of Stridor, as some Fowls with their Wings.

KITE-FISH. So called also from his Wings or Gill-Fins, which, what they want in length, they have in breadth and strength. Figur'd by Rondeletius, and accurately de∣scribed. Saving, that he mentions but seven of his eight Fins.

This fish seems to be the same with that which Marggra∣vius describes by the Name of PIRAPEBE.

Another KITE-FISH of the same Species. Figur'd by Johnston, Tab. 17. N. 9.

Of the GILL-FINS of the FLYING-FISH, it is further observable, That they are fastened very high near their Backs; that so at the same time their Bodies may be in some part sustained by the Water, and their Wings have a little scope to play above it, for their easier advance into the Air.

The BEARDED-LOACH or GROUNDLING. Gobi∣tes Barbatula. It is a small fish about five inches long, bearded with six small Threads, three on each side. Yet Bellonius mentions but four. Nor doth Gesner picture more in his corrected figure. See them both.

The MAILED-FISH. Cataphractus Schonveldii. It was brought from Guiny. But is also often taken in the Mouth of the Elb. It is well described by the Author of the Name. And by Johnston well figur'd, Tab. 46. But in Tab. 24. but scurvily, unless it be another Species. It is a small fish about five or six inches long, with a broad squat head, and thence taper'd to the end of the Tail. His Scales are as it were doubled, by which he becomes of an angular figure, with about eight Angles before, and six behind. His Nose-end armed with two Prickles standing together in a semilunar figure; supposed to be venemous.

The TAMOATA pictur'd and described by Piso, seems to be the same with this fish.

Another MAILED-FISH of the same Species.

The MAILED-FISH of Brastle. It hath a near re∣semblance to the former; from whence I have Nam'd it. I find it no where describ'd. 'Tis ½ a foot long. His Head an inch and ¼ long, and near as broad. On the hinder part of his Head he hath three Angles, one on each side,

and a third in the middle. The Forehead almost flat. His upper Chap Elliptick. The Orbits of his Eyes round, ½ of an inch over, an inch behind his Nose-end, ¼ distant. A little before the Eyes, two large holes like Nostrils. His Mouth a little prominent, near ••/•• an inch over. His Lips in the place of Teeth, only rough. His lower Jaw and Belly flat. His Body before, an inch and ••/•• broad, an inch and ¼ high, his Back round, the Sides ending in two Angles. His Tail taper'd, and with the Sides a little flat.

One half of the Gills opens on the sides, the other under∣neath in the Breast. The Fins are eight. The Gill-Fins of an unusual structure, having their utmost Spine or Bone very rough, thick and strong, above an inch and ½ long, flat and crooked, almost like a Reaping-Hook, seven or eight times as big as any of the rest of the Fin-Bones. The Belly-Fins much less, and above an inch behind. Just over these the Back-Fin. On the Tail one above, underneath, and at the end: But the two first are here broken off.

His Head is cover'd with a brown and rough bony Hel∣met. His Back, Sides and Tail with Scales of the same colour, but a little lighter, rough, engraven with small parallel Lines, and of a Rhomboidal figure. His Breast and Belly only with a thin limber Skin.

The BRASILIAN NEEDLE-FISH; by the People of Brasile called TIMUCU. Acus Brasiliensis. Marggravius hath described and figur'd it well. 'Tis a long slender fish, from whence its Name. It hath also a pair of Chaps like a long Bill. He only omits the two scaly Lines which run along the Belly and Tail of the Fish, which every where else hath a naked Skin.

The CHAPS (perhaps) of the GREENLAND NEEDLE-FISH. The Teeth which stand in single Rows on the Edges of the Chaps are thick and strong, yet very sharp. In the lower Chap, near the two edges, are two furrows, into which the Teeth of the upper Chap strike. The two Bones which compose the Chap, are joyned together by an indented Suture, most curious to look upon. The fish seems next a kin to the common great Needle-Fish, or the Girrock, which is described by Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, and others, and pictur'd by Johnston, Tab. 15.

It is an Observation of Aristotles, a 1.247 That most fishes

having no Gullet, but their Stomachs standing just behind their Mouths; it often comes to pass, that while the greater pursue the lesser, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, their Stomachs come out into their very Mouths. Some re∣semblance whereof, in a low degree, may be felt by those that with an eager Appetite first begin to eat; the Gula rising up a little as it were to meet the meat half way; which, upon its retreat, it sucks in after it. Which hath happened in some with that violence, as to have endanger'd their be∣ing choaked.

CHAP. IV. OF EXANGUIOUS FISHES.

THe Rough HORNED-LOBSTER. Given by Dr. Tho∣mas Allen. I call it so, from the many pointed knobs which he hath all over his Back. Squilla Crangone. De∣scribed by Rondeletius. See also the figure hereof in Gesner, p. 1099.

This fish, instead of the Plates on the Tail of a common Lobster, hath so many Fins, which for the far greater part of them are naked, or without a Crust upon them.

All Lobsters use their Tails, as Fins, wherewith they commonly swim backward by Jirks or Springs; reaching sometimes ten yards at a Spring. For which purpose, whereas the Gill-Fins of other fishes, which are their Oars, are a little Concave backward; these have the Plates of their Tails when they bend them down, as they use to do, a little Concave forwards.

Another HORNED-LOBSTER with a smoother Back. These fishes are the most pleasant meat of all the Crustaci∣ous kind; except perhaps the Punger.

A CLAW of the GREAT LOBSTER. Astacus Leo. 'Tis above a foot long, and a foot and three inches round the middle. So that, ratably, the Lobster it self must have been about a yard in length.

TWO more of the same, a little lesser.

The CLAW perhaps of a rare sort of CAMARUS, with the inner Joynt forked.

The MOLUCCA-CRAB. Cancer Molucensis. The best figure hereof is given by Besler, who alone shews the Eyes; yet not so clearly as could be wished. Not ill de∣scribed by Joh. de Laet. That which Clusius makes to be the fore part, he makes the hinder: and Wormius doth the like; and saith, it is plain, from the position of the Legs; With both whom I agree. And to what Wormius saith, I also add, the position of the Eyes; for from Clusius's Description, it would follow, that they stood in the hinder part of the Crab. Here are eight or nine of them; the entirest and largest, given by Henry Whistler Esq.

The Eye of this Crab, hath a horny Cover. But stands almost flat, or in the same plain with the rest of the shell. 'Tis pleasant to look on, being latticed like the Eye of a Butterfly. The latticed-work is discernable to a naked Eye, but much better through a Glass.

The People a 1.248 that live near the River Chovacoêl in Nova Francia, pile their Shafts with the Tails of this Crab, which breeds there abundantly.

The CLAW of the PUNGER, or the VELVET-CRAB, called Pagurus. It is one of the biggest sort; and the best meat of any. Linschoten reports, That some (but he saith not of what kind) in India, have been found so big, that whensoever they got any man with in their Claws, it cost him his life.

The PRICKLED-CRAB. Hippocarcinus, or Cancer asper, because of the Spikes that grow upon his Back. They breed near Norway.

Another with a great number of Center-shells growing upon its Back.

It is noted by Aristotle, b 1.249 That all Lobsters and Crabs have their Right Claw, the greater and stronger. Crabs have no Tail, nor need it, saith the same Author, c 1.250 as Lobsters do to swim with; because they live much upon the Land.

CRABS-EYES. Oculi Cancrorum. A Crustaceous-stone so called, growing as is commonly (but I doubt falsly) said, in River Crabs. Especially, saith Cerutus, d 1.251 in the Female, at that time, when the new shell begins to grow.

Both the Powder and the Magistery of Crabs-Eyes; and the Claws, and Distilled-Water of Crabs, are all used in Medicine.

The NAKED-SHRIMP, commonly called The Souldier-Crab. Cancellus. Here are two of them housed; one in a Sea-Snail-shell; the other in that of a common Wilk. It is accurately described by Aristotle. a 1.252 His fore part is armed with crustaceous Plates, as the Lobster, but rather resembles the Shrimp. His hinder part is naked, or without a Crust: from whence I take leave for the Name: Neither the usual English Name, nor the Greek, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (according to which the Latin) being sutable to the shape of this Animal, a quite different kind from a Crab.

Two NAKED-SHRIMPS unhoused, or without a shell.

This Animal, because his hinder part is naked, always houses himself in some empty shell, or other capable Body. When he hath filled one shell with Excrements, saith Bello∣nius, or grows too big for it, saith Aristotle, he transplants himself to another. Those that house themselves in the shell of the little long Wilk, or the Purple-Wilk, are called Little Souldier-Crabs, those in the great Wilk-shell, the Great Souldier-Crab: and so, if in other shells of like bigness.

The INMATE-CRAB. Pinnophylax. Because it is said to watch for the Prey, and to give notice to the Pinna when to apprehend it. 'Tis shaped like a Crab; but seldom grows bigger than a Chesnut. They are of a lovely white, and some with rays of a light Red or Pinck-colour. One difference betwixt the Cancellus and this, is, That that always chooses an empty shell, this hospitates with the living Animal in the same shell. He cohabits not only with the Pinna, but also the Muscle, Oyster, and Scallop.

The PREKE or POULPS. Polypus. See the Description in Rondeletius and others. 'Tis a Naked-Fish, having eight Fingers or Arms spread out almost like the Rays of a Star-Fish, and the Mouth in a manner in the middle of them. Their Arms serve them both to swim with, and to Attaque the Prey. When they are pursu'd by a fish, they presently cast forth a black Liquor, which they have always ready in a Bag, and wherewith they darken the water, and so make their escape. Being boiled with Wine and Spices, they are, saith Moufet, b 1.253 a very excellent meat.

The SMOOTH STAR-FISH or SEA-PAD. Stella

marina laevior. It was sent from the East-Indies. I find it not described. When alive, it is of a flesh-colour. It hath five Arms or Rays, each an inch broad, and proportion∣ably very long, sc. above five inches; the Trunk being not above an inch and ½ Diameter. The upper or convex side is wrought all over with very little lenticular knobs, almost like a Chamaeleon's Skin; with small Concavities interjected, like those in Poppy-seed. Underneath, each Arm is furrow'd, the Margins of the Furrows being set with a kind of curious Fring. The Margins of the Arms wrought with Lenticular eminencies set in a straight Row, and besprinkled as it were with little Century-seed.

All Stars have their Mouths in the middle underneath, as the Sea-Urchin. They feed upon Shell-fish. And seem, saith Rondeletius, to have no other passage for their Excre∣ments, but their Mouths. Whereof I much doubt. They take the Prey, as the Polypus, and swim very swiftly, by stretching out or contracting their Arms at their plea∣sure.

The BRANCHED STAR-FISH. Stella marina arbores∣cens. A rare kind. It was taken in the Bay of Mastachuset in New-England. See the Descrisption hereof in Rondeletius, and out of him in Wormius. As also in the Philosophical Trans. a 1.254 under the Title of Piscis Echinostellaris Visci∣formis. Before I had perused these, I had drawn up a Description of my own, which I will take leave to subjoyn. It is above a foot Diametre. The Mouth, in the middle, is divided into five Lips. The figure both of this and of the Trunk or Body is pentangular. The Diametre of the Trunk almost three inches. The sides grow thin from the Mouth to their Edges, which are so many exact Hyper∣bola's.

From the five Corners of the Trunk, as many Branches being produced, are presently each divided into two others, about an inch in compass; round, but by a double Row of little knobs, seeming to be square. Each of these, are again subdivided into lesser and lesser Branches. The last whereof, are scarce thicker than a Horse-Hair. In number, by a moderate estimate, above a Thousand.

As he swims, he spreads and stretches out all his Branches to their full length; but so soon as he perceives the Prey

within his reach, he hooks them all in, and so takes it as it were in a Net.

The PRICKLED STAR-FISH. Stella marina hirsuta. Perhaps Rondeletius's Pectinata prima. It hath five Arms, each Arm pointed, and also slender or narrowed next the Trunk, but spread in the middle. Two inches and ¼ long; the Trunk it self not above ½ an inch Diametre. The upper part hath a rough shag of short Prickles; the other, of longer: where also the Arms are furrow'd. These innu∣merable Prickles upon their Arms, are all movable, as in the Sea-Hedg-Hog.

Three more PRICKLED STAR-FISHES; which indifferently answer the second, third, and fourth of Ron∣deletius.

The CROWN'D-STAR-FISH. Stella marina Coronalis. It was taken in the Danish-Sea. I meet not with the De∣scription any where. 'Tis a little One. It hath five short Arms, bluntly pointed, about two inches long. The Trunk two inches and ••/•• over, the five Sides whereof are Hyperbolick. The upper part rises up like a Crown, adorned with round Knobs of the bigness of a green Peas, with other little ones, on both sides like Pins heads, ranged into five even Rows from the ends of the Arms to the top of the Star; in some sort, as precious Stones are set upon a Royal Crown: from whence I have named it. The spaces also between them are beset with little knobs. The edges of the Arms and Sides are in like manner set round about with lesser upon greater. Underneath, the furrows of the five Arms meet in the middle, paved with little Stones almost like Teeth; the broad Margins, with other round knobs or stones.

These Stones, are in colour, substance, and nature con∣generous, with those which are commonly called Crabs-Eyes.

The HIGH-CROWN'D STAR-FISH. It differs from the former, in being much taller, and in having no Knobs, but only Spikes, the one half whereof are ranged into certain correspondent Orders.

A FLAT SPIKED STAR-FISH, taken in the German Ocean.

Little STAR-FISHES with five Arms, taken in the British Seas.

A STAR-FISH with six Rays or Arms. They are almost like those of the smooth Star-Fish; excepting, that two of them are as short again as the rest. Whether a monstrous Production, or a distinct Species, I cannot say.

A STAR-FISH with TWELVE RAYS; by some called Sun-Fish. 'Twas taken in the British-Sea. The Basis of each Ray is much slenderer than by the figure in Johnston is represented. Neither is it shag'd only on the edges, as in the same figure, but all over.

SECT. VI. OF SHELLS.

CHAP. I. Of whirled and single SHELLS.

THere is a large Treasure of Shells in this Musaeum: in all, great and small, about six hundred. The Reduction of all which to the Order of Nature, whoever shall go about, will find to be no little Task. Nor can it be perfectly done here, because as yet the Collection it self is not perfect. According to the best Method I can at present think of, I shall here place them. And that it may be the better judged, how far it is natural, or not, I shall afterwards digest them into Schemes. Most of them are Strangers in England and the British-Seas, and therefore I must be allowed a little more than ordinary liberty for the English Names.

Note, That when I speak of the Right or Left Lip of a Shell, I mean, as it is held with the Mouth down∣wards.

The FROG-WILK. Murex Coracoides. Described and pictur'd by Johnston out of others. As are also most of those that follow, which are only named. It hath three Appendices on each side, like fingers or feet, and one at the end.

The BROAD-LIPP'D WILK. Aporrhais. The Lips of this are pale and even. Of this kind, three great Ones are here preserved, one of them above a foot in length.

The BROAD-LIP'D WILK, with wrinkled Lips, and dyed with a deep purple. See a curious figure of this in Calceolarius's Musaeum, a 1.255 under the Title of Conchilium Muricatum. This Shell, saith Cerutus, b 1.256 the Indians use as a Trumpet, both in their Wars, and in Hunting.

The MARBLE WILK. Murex marmoreus, from its mixed colours, which make it look like spoted Marble. Of these, here are five.

The ORIENTAL WILK. Murex Orientalis. The right Lip of this is even. Here are four great Shells of this sort, near a foot in length.

Another ORIENTAL WILK, with the right Lip undulated.

Betwixt the three sorts of Shells above mentioned, there is this difference, That the right Lip of that commonly call'd The Oriental, is only expanded; that of the marbled, expanded or spread, and turned outward; of the Broad-Lip'd, spread outward, and as it were Finger'd.

A SHELL like the ORIENTAL, with a KNOBED Turban or Whirle.

Another of the same sort with an EVEN Whirle. It is a small shell, not above an inch and ¼ long. Forward, somewhat flat, and white as Milk. Hinderly, stained with tauny spots. The left Lip is turned or spread out. The right, at the bottom wrinkled, and stained with a light purple. Towards the Cone or fore Corner, is gather'd into an open Angle. The Whirle is smooth, not very high, maketh six Rounds.

The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK. Murex Labris paral∣lelis. Both the Lips of this are plain or even on the Surface. I call it Long-Mouth'd, because the Mouths of all that have been nam'd before, are very wide.

The LONG-MOUTH'D WILK, with oblique furrows on the left Lip. Here are four of this sort: whereof one is near ½ a foot long. Each of the inner Rounds of the Whirle or Turban, is one third part lesser than that next without it.

The SPIKED-WILK. Murex Aculeatus. This, of all

the rest, hath the Name, Murex, most properly given it; from the spiked Instrument used in War, so called. The Spikes of this are round. Here are three of these Shells, one of which is ¼ of a foot long. Well figur'd by Olearius. a 1.257 And better by Besler.

The SPIKED-WILK, with doubled or PLAITED Spikes. Here are two of this sort, one of them near ½ a foot long. Both the Lips are a little drawn outward, and so the Mouth almost Oval, both the corners thereof pretty long, the left Lip spread outward, the right wrinkled; the main Body somewhat Conical, the Whirle low, consisting of six Rounds; both striated, and armed with plated Spikes standing in a spiral Order.

The BOSSED or KNOBED-WILK. In the place of spikes it hath round knobs. Here are five or six, all lesser ones, about the length of a Katharine-Pear; so that 'tis probable they grow not much bigger.

The CONICK SNAIL. Cochlea Cylindrica; so it is commonly called by Zoographers, but very improperly, the figure hereof being Conical. Here are about fourteen of this sort. Whereof some have a plain, others a knobed Turban. Some are all over white, or yellowish, others are stained white and black, or blackish-bay, white and brown, or white and yellowish. In some the colours are laid in spots, in others undulated, and in some others Lattice-wise. Rondeletius saies, That this Shell seldom exceeds the thickness of the Thumb. Yet one of these is above ½ a foot long, and the Base above three inches over. The rest are small, all of them plain Cylinders. Not unelegantly express'd in some variety of figures by Olearius, Tab. 31. and Fig. 3. of Tab. 32.

The Whirle maketh nine or ten Rounds: which hold the same proportion one to another, as in the Long-Mouth'd Wilk. In the Kingdom of Congi, and some other places in the East-Indies, these Shells go for Money.

The CONICK SNAIL a little convex, and with the Rounds of the Turban also convex.

Another Convex Conick Snail, with the Rounds of the Turban Concave.

The GREAT PERSIAN WILK. Concha Persica major. Of this sort there are four here preserved, of which, two are above ½ a foot long.

This Wilk yields a purple juyce, anciently used for deying. The Cover of this Shell is called Onyx or Unguis, because in shape like the Claw of a Carniverous Bird. The best of these Opercula or Covers are found in and brought from the Red-Sea.

The lesser PERSIAN WILK, with furrow'd Lips. Of this sort there are five here preserved of a middle size. The Great Persian Wilk is knobed, and hath only one Series of wrinckles. This even, and with a double Series of wrinckles a cross one to the other. Each of the outer Rounds of the Whirle is double the thickness of the next within it.

The lesser PERSIAN WILK with even Lips. 'Tis a small shell, scarce bigger than the Kernel of a Filbert. The Mouth is almost Oval, each Corner ending in a small Channel. Both the Lips are turned outwards sideways, and as far as the end of the Turban. The Back is speckled with white, red, and blew. The Turban not high, nor hath more than three Rounds.

The PERSIAN WILK, with the Rounds of the Whirle plated and interrupted; so as the Plates of the several rounds do anticipate one another. Of these here are three.

The FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL. Cochlea sinistri Labri angulo duplici. Not described. In a manner half a long Oval. The left Lip is flat, whereby it hath a double edge. Deep within, 'tis stained with a shining Bay. The left Lip near the Turban almost an inch broad; before, it ends sharp. The Turban maketh but about two Rounds. Both this and the Body are beset with knobs in a spiral order, and are cover'd over with a pale purple Crust.

The short FLAT-LIP'D SNAIL. 'Tis white within; yet the left Lip is stained with two Bay spots. The Back of a light ash-colour. The Knobs of this have no Incrustation. The Rounds of the Turban are three.

The WRINKLED-SNAIL. Cochlea rugosa. Here are two of these, whereof one is near ½ a foot long. Each of the outer Rounds of the Turban is twice as big as the next within it. One of these is curiously figur'd by Besler.

The HOOK-NOS'D SNAIL. Cochlea Rostro recurvo. So

I call it, though it is not properly the Nose or Beak of the Snail, but of its shell. The Turban is pretty high. Both this and the Body are wrought with knobs and lines in an oblique and spiral Order.

The SNAIL with the SPIKED TURBAN. Cochlea Turbine aculeato. This shell is described and figur'd by Fabius Columna. a 1.258 Yet in some things he hardly reaches it. The Mouth is a kind of long Oval. The right Lip is spread, and as it were doubled outward. The Back faced with smooth Plates like so many more lips, carry'd ob∣liquely from the left Lip to the Turban, and there set with short but very sharp Spikes. The spaces betwixt these are ½ an inch broad, wrinkled with very small furrows, and curiously stained with pillars of white and brown lines meeting together in several Arches, as if it had been done by a Painter.

The SHORT-NOS'D SNAIL, with a low and plain or even Turban.

The DIPING-SNAIL, Cochlea Immerso Turbine. Not described. In other Snails the Rounds of the Whirle stand either in or else above a plain; here, they dip or run down within the shell. Here are divers of them; all very smooth, and of an Oval figure. One of a white colour, besprinkled with an innumerable company of small brown specks; about the bigness of a little Horse-Plum. The rest are smaller.

The LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL. Cochlea Labris paral∣lelis, s. Cylindrovalis. The figure hereof is betwixt Cylin∣drical and Oval. One half only of the left Lip is turned outward, and uneven with oblique furrows. The right Lip plain. The fore-angle of the Mouth crooked. The Rounds of the Turban furrow'd, not high, four or five in number. The Back is painted with a mixture of yellow, bay, blew and black specks. It is about two inches long. There are some more of the same Species that are less.

The NAVLE-SNAIL. Cochlea Umbilicalis. The Turban of this is smooth. The end of the inmost Round is produ∣ced like a Navle, whence its Name.

Another sort of NAVLE-SNAIL. The Turban of this is set with short doubled or plated Spikes. It is almost a foot in length.

The OVAL LONG-MOUTH'D SNAIL. Scarce bigger than a Filbert Kernel. The Lips are parallel. The right turned or doubled outward. The left uneven with three oblique furrows. The Back speckled with white and red. The Whirle hath four Rounds pretty high.

The PURPLE-WILK with solid Spikes. Purpura aculeis solidis. This and the other kinds commonly found in the Dead-Sea.

The PURPLE-WILK with long plated Spikes. Purpura Aculeis plicatis longissimis. By Ferranto Imperato, called Echinata. Olearius gives a good Figure, a 1.259 Fab. Columna the Description, with the Title of Purpura muricata sive Murex Rostratus parvus. I will add my own a little fuller. The main Body is not much bigger than a good big Nutmeg. But hath a Horn no less than two inches and ½ long, near the Mouth ¼ of an inch over, and sharp-pointed. Almost a Pipe, but a little open underneath by the length. Along the right Lip and the Turban it self, in three Rows, stand several long sharp plated or gutter'd Spikes triangu∣larly. But on the Turban they a little anticipate each other. As also do the Plates of the several Rounds. The right Lip is in some sort toothed, the left turned outward.

The PURPLE with REDOUBLED SPIKES, i. e. with the greater doubled Spikes collaterally subdivided into lesser. Of these there are four. Two of them white, described by Columna with the Name of Purpura sive Murex Pelagius marmoreus. Another, ash-colour'd; and a fourth, brown.

All Purples have a Canale or Gutter'd Horn long or short, in which is lodged that part which is called the Tongue; but performs the same Office as the Gills in other Fishes. b 1.260 The Animal creeps and directs its own way with its Horns, like a Snail: yet hath it not four, but two only. c 1.261

The Purple Tincture it yields, is contained betwixt that part which is called the Papaver and the Neck. d 1.262 It is of a different degree; in some, more upon the Red, like that of Cochinele; in others, more upon the Blew, like that of Violets. It was anciently (pressed out of the living e 1.263 Animal, and) used especially for the deying of Silks. But is now grown out of use, as is likely, from the great

abundance of a sort of Fucus, which the Italians call Roc∣cella, wherewith Silk-Dyers do now make very rich Purples of all varieties, with less labour and charge. a 1.264

That little Shell called Blatta Byzantia, is the Operculum or Lid of the Purple.

The SQUARE-WILK. Buccina Rhomboidea, i. e. It hath in a sort four equal sides, with unequal Angles. I find it not describ'd. The Mouth almost Oval, both the Corners a little gutter'd. The right Lip is first turned out∣ward, and then doubled or returned back again inward; and the edge a little toothed. Just opposite to this Lip, is laid upon the shell a kind of list, and doubled down in the same manner. Upon every Round of the Turban also are certain edged pieces in two opposite Rows. By these and the list above said the shell is made square. Both the main Body and the Turban are wrought over with knobs great and small standing in oblique and spiral Orders.

All WILKS that have the Rounds of the Turban thus edged, are betwixt a Purple and a common Wilk.

The LONG SQUARE WILK. Neither do I find this described or figur'd. Both the doubling of the right Lip, and the opposite List, are less close, than in the former. Neither hath it any of the larger knobs.

The LONG THICK-LIP'D WILK. The right Lip of this is swoln or stands thick outwardly; and on the Rounds of the Turban are many edged pieces.

The same sort of WILK, with few edged pieces on the Turban.

The THIN-LIP'D WILK. The fore Corner of this ends in a gutter'd-Horn. Columna describes and pictures it with the Name of Bucciunm Rostratum. b 1.265

The GREAT THIN-LIP'D WILK. Strombus magnus. This sort hath edged pieces on the Rounds of the Turban. The biggest of turbinated-shells: this here is almost 1/•• a yard long, and above 1/•• a yard round about.

The TRIANGULAR WILK. No where describ'd that I find. The Mouth almost Oval. The fore Corner hereof ends in a gutter'd-Horn bended a little upward. The left Lip only turned outward. The right is first bended out∣ward, and then doubled or returned inward. From thence

at the distance of ⅓^d of the circuit of the shell, is laid a a List, in shape imitating the said right Lip. At the same distance, a pretty broad-pointed knob. By both these and the right Lip the shell is made Triangular. The knobs on the right Lip and List, are white, the other parts tawny, and as it were wrinkled. The Turban, which hath six rounds, is also a little angular.

The COMMON WILK. This sort is short-snouted, or hath no horn. Of this sort are several here pre∣serv'd.

It is affirm'd by Aristotle, a 1.266 That you may know how many years a Wilk is of, by the number of Rounds in the Turban. Of the manner of laying their Eggs, see Bello∣nius. They are desired by some, as a rare sort of Meat. The best are in clean Creeks. That which Mr. Lyster de∣scribes, b 1.267 by the Name of Buccinum maximum, is fished out of the Sea at Scarbrough.

A Wilk, saith Nicolaus Myrepsius, being burnt, pow∣dered, and mixed with old Oil to the consistence of Glew, and so the Head, first shaved and rub'd, anointed there∣with, is an admirable Remedy against Baldness and Morph of long standing. 'Tis usual to give Drink to Children that have the Chin-Cough, out of a Wilk-shell; and it is observed, saith Wormius, c 1.268 to do them good.

The WILK-SNAIL. Buccicochlea. So I call it, because, in Figure, it approaches to the Wilk; to the Com∣mon Snail, in the thinness of its shell. Columna d 1.269 describes and figures this with the Title of Buccinum exoticum varie∣gatum.

The WILK-SNAIL winding, from the Mouth, towards the right Hand; whereas almost all other shells wind the contrary way. The Mouth is white as Milk, and almost Oval. The left Lip spread and turned outward. The Rounds are Convex, as in the Wilk. In number six, speckled with yellow Bay and blew spots. The shell is as thin as that of common Land-Snails. Of kin to that shell described by Mr. Lyster under Tit. 1. lib. de Cochl. Mar.

The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE. Turbo Ventricosus. This shell runs all into a Whirle or Turban. It is also belly'd, i. e. swells out a little betwixt the Mouth and the Cone. And the left Lip is uneven with oblique Furrows.

The WHIRLE-SNAIL. Turbocochlea. The rounds of this sort wind from the Mouth to the right Hand, and that very obliquely, in number six, speckled with Chestnut spots in Rows. The Mouth very long, and one Lip ridged. 'Tis thin like a common Snail-shell. Columna a 1.270 describes and figures one pretty like this by the Name of Turbo alter minor.

The SMALL WHIRL-SNAIL, with numerous rounds, and also winding from the Mouth toward the right Hand. There are about fifty of them in a Bottle. They are of a brown colour; and thin as the shell of the common Snail. Their Mouth almost round. The right Lip hath a little Angle. It hath nine rounds with very small transvers Striae. Columna describes and figures one like this with the Title of Turbo Terrestris non descriptus. Mr. Lyster b 1.271 calls it Buccinum pullum; and very aptly compares it, both as to shape and bigness, to an Oat. He saith it is found in England in the Cracks of old Trees, and in Garden-walls.

The BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE, with small spiral Furrows.

Another BELLY'D-LONG WHIRLE, with little knobs in spiral Orders.

The LEVEL-WHIRLE, or the SPIRE. Turbo planus sive verè Conicus. The rounds are all knobed, and the right Lip gather'd into small wrinkles.

Another KNOBED SPIRE, with the right Lip plain or even. Here are several little Ones of this sort.

The SMOOTH SPIRE, with high or swelling rounds. Here are two sorts of these; one with oblique, the other with spiral small Furrows. This shell is described by Mr. Lyster. c 1.272

The SMOOTH SPIRE, with flat rounds. Here are also two sorts of these; the one furrow'd, the other not, described and figur'd by Columna under the title of Buccinum Persicum eburneum nitidum maculosum. Of all these here are several small Ones.

The Natives of Brasile make a sort of Musical Instru∣ments with these kind of shells. d 1.273

The LOOSE WHIRLE. Penicillus. The one half of it windeth loosely like a Worme; the other is a small long Turban.

The SHORT WHIRLE. Trochus. This is somewhat more prolonged than some others of this kind, the Base broader, and the Rounds in a level. Of this sort here are two great Ones, curiously stained with Crimson waves from the Base (which is about four inches over) to the Cone. It is of kin to that which by Columna is called Turbo Persicus maximus.

Another level SHORT WHIRLE, also somewhat longer than the rest, and with the Rounds in a level, but the Base narrow.

A thin level SHORT WHIRLE, shorter than the former, and with flat rounds. Here are two sorts of this; the one with smooth, the other with ruged or knobed rounds.

A fourth WHIRLE of the same kind, with high rounds. Here are also two sorts of this; the one smooth, the other ruged.

The BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE with spiked rounds. 'Tis no where described that I find. The Base two inches broad, the Cone as high. The Mouth almost round, and within of a Pearl colour. The whole shell without whitish. The Base all over wrought with round, and obliquely radiated wrinkles. The rounds are knobed, and the under edges of every round with flat doubled Spikes. Here are two more of the same sort, with the Spikes ground off.

Another BELLY'D SHORT WHIRLE, almost smooth, having only very small wrinkles, without any Spikes.

The CONCAVE SHORT WHIRLE. Trochus centro latè concavo. Hitherto undescrib'd. 'Tis two inches broad, an inch an ¼ high, being Belly'd, and having the Cone much depressed. As also the Mouth, which is therefore a flattish square. Both the Base and the Rounds are wrought with small spiral and radiated wrinkles running across. It hath five or six rounds, somewhat swelling. Not, as in most other shells, contiguous in the centre, but thence receding, leave a wide space in the middle of the shell, representing in some sort a pair of Winding-Stairs. The ridges also of the rounds are wrought with Tooth-Work, answering to the Sculpture on the edges of a Stair-Case.

There are several sorts of short Whirles or Trochi, saies Mr. Lyster, a 1.274 found in England, as at the Mouth of Umber, and in Lincoln-shire by the Sea-side.

The LITTLE ROUGH WILK. Nerites Turbine rugoso.

The LITTLE KNOBED WILK. Nerites Turbine tube∣rato.

The GREAT ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL, with a Pearl colour. Cochlea caelata. Here are three of these; of which two, are each above 1/•• a foot wide. Their pearly gloss, on the outside is artificial; within, natural. The natural colour without is sometimes green, with white and bay spots.

One way whereby it receives a bright pearl colour, is by being steeped in Vinegar; which eats away the rough and duller surface.

The GREAT NAVLE-SHELL. Umbilicus marinus Indicus major. It is the lid of the Cochlea Caelata; and hath its Name from its shape. Very well described by Wormius.

The LITTLE NAVLE-SHELL, with wrinkled edges.

A SECOND, with the Convex side more plainly wind∣ing like a Navle.

A THIRD, with the same side besprinkled with a great company of small round knobs.

The little Navle-Shell is well express'd by Olearius, Tab. 33. Fig. 7. Here are several of them kept in a Glass.

Not only this, but other turbinated shells have their lid. Which, as Mr. Lyster well observes, is as it were another Valve.

Spirit of Nitre droped upon this Shell, riseth up with a strong efferrescence. The admirable Virtue of this Shell is experienced, saith Wormius, a 1.275 by men of very good note, in stainching of Blood; the flat side hereof being only applied, with Spittle, to the Forehead. 'Tis usual to lay a cold Key or Stone in the Neck. But if the same, especially a good big Pebble with one side flat, like a Painters Mullet, were apply'd to the Forehead, I should expect as good advantage from that, as from the application of this shell.

The Women in France, saith Boetius, b 1.276 nimio Mensium fluore laborantes, commonly take this shell reduced to a fine powder, which they find to be a very good remedy, and keep it as a Secret.

The LESSER ROUND-MOUTH'D SNAIL, with a shorter knobed Turban.

The SPIKED or TOOTHED SNAIL. Cochlea Echinophera sive Echinis plicatis. Of an ash-colour. The Mouth round. The Turban short, having only three rounds almost flat. The Base wrought with circular wrinkles. The utmost round, as it were toothed with short flat-doubled Spikes.

The FINGER'D SNAIL. Cochlea Dactylata. Not yet described. The Spikes of this are doubled and redoubled, yet not flat, but thick and round, so as to resemble so many little Fingers. Without, it is of a sad brown. Within, of a Pearl colour. The Mouth round. The Turban low, making only three rounds, which so recede from the centre, as to leave an empty space in the middle of the shell. 'Tis all over rough with small plated Spikes, and pointed wrinkles in a spiral Order.

The HIGH-CROWN'D SNAIL, with a semicircular Mouth.

The LOW-CROWN'D SNAIL, with a semicircular Mouth.

The HALF-LIP'D SNAIL. So I call it, because one half of the inner Lip being spread outward, the other half seems as if it were clip'd off. Of this here are two sorts; one with the upper, the other with the nether half deficient.

Another SNAIL like the former, saving that the inner Lip is whole, and the Turban somewhat higher.

Another SNAIL with the Turban somewhat lower. Of this here are two sorts; one with the rounds of the Turban even or smooth; the other, wrinkled.

The SEMICIRCULAR MOUTH, TOOTHED on both sides. The Teeth of the outer Lip are the lesser; they stand not on the edge of the Lip, but deep in the Mouth, just over against the inner Lip: where the white parts of the shell on both sides are defined or circumscribed by a Circle, whose centre is at the edge of the inner Lip. Out∣wardly, the shell is speckled with white, red, and black Spots, and ruged with spiral wrinkles. One like to this is described by Columna with the Name of Cochlea marina marmorea.

The BLOBBER-LIP'D SNAIL. Cochlea Labrosa. The Mouth of this is also Semicircular, the outer Lip being

round and spread out a little; the inner strait, like white Marble, its inner edge toothed, and spread outward almost as far as the Navle of the shell; from whence I have nam'd it. The Turban is low and almost flat. It maketh scarce more than two rounds, which therefore immediately run from great to small. On the outside 'tis ruged with transverse wrinkles, and speckled with red and black spots upon white.

The toothed Lips of both these last Shells, most pro∣bably, serve as Joynts to hold their lids, so much the more close and steady.

The FORE-WHIRED SNAIL. Cochlea Turbine antico. This is no where described. 'Tis smooth, of an ash-colour. The outer Lip is spread a little backward; and toothed with∣in: as is also the edge of the inner Lip. Both the corners of the Mouth are placed on the circumference of the utmost round. Whereby, contrary to all other shells I ever yet saw, it hath the Turban or Whirle made before. 'Tis much de∣pressed, consisting of five flat rounds. The assertion of Aristotle, a 1.277 That the Turban always stands behind, is here proved false.

The FLAT-WHIRLE. This Snail is a perfect Helix, all the shell lying as it were between two levels. Of this kind Mr. Lyster b 1.278 describeth three sorts. Of which he ob∣serves, That upon the sprinkling a little Salt or Pepper, or the like, into their Mouths, they yield a Crimson liquor.

The same Author c 1.279 hath observed some particulars of the parts of Snails; as their Horns, Eyes, (as he supposeth them) Teeth, Anus, Lungs, milkly Veins (which are all they have) parts of Generation, &c. Which last, saith he, are so like, as to make it seem very probable, That they are Her∣maphrodites. In the time of Coition, they strike a sort of small testaceous Needles (Spicula testacea) into one an others Necks. For what cause, or in what manner, he could not so well observe.

No Shell with a Turban, hath less than two rounds, nor hath any, saith the same Author, d 1.280 of English Shells, above ten.

The slick SAILER. Nautilus laevis. This sort is brown on the Back, and black on the Belly. Curiously figur'd both

in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and by Besler. Here are two of them, whereof one is near ¼ of a yard long.

One half of the same sort of shell cut down the middle. By which it appears to be divided by about 40 oblique transverse Partitions.

The Animal is of kin to the Polypus. Famous for the Art of Navigation. He rises to the top of the Water with his Shell inverted; and being there, returns it. Then having a thin Membrance spread against the Wind for a Sail, two Feet for the Rudder, and two for the Helm, he sails along. If any fear arises, he pulls all in, and filling his shell with Water, immediately sinks himself to the bottom of the Sea. a 1.281

The PEARLY SAILER, 'Tis both within and without of the colour of the best Oriental Pearl. This sort is brought from India and the Persian-Gulf. Hereof Neck∣laces are sometimes made. As also Images and Beads used at Devotions.

The SPIKED SAILER. The Back and Belly of this are flat with two ridges, and on each ridge grows a row of short Spikes.

The MAILED SAILER. Nauticlus Laminatus. I meet with it no where. Both within, and especially without, of the colour of the richest Pearl. It is composed of a con∣siderable number of Plates, as if in Armor. Yet the Plates continuous; furrow'd along the middle, and produced with a blunt Angle, almost like a Widows-Peak. From under each of which, emergeth a kind of little Tongue, like that of a Shoo-Buckle.

VENUS-SHELL. Concha Veneris. Because beautiful. Or else, saith Terzagi, quòd partem Veneris Imperio subdi∣tam referat. The first I shall name is that with Blobbed-lips, or having as it were a white thick Facing. They are also furrow'd, and stained with Chestnut Spots. But the Back with a Purple.

VENUS SHELL, with the right Lip furrow'd, but neither of them faced or turned out.

A SECOND of this kind with the left Lip furrow'd.

A THIRD, with both Lips furrow'd.

The HIGH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL. Of this kind, here are three of a Chestnut or Bày-colour; one stained

with Green, another with Brown, a third with white spots. And a fourth, white, speckled with yellow, red, and purple.

The NAVLED VENUS-SHELL. 'Tis also somewhat high-back'd, and with each Lip furrow'd. On the thicker end, it hath some resemblance of a little Turban or Navle.

The LONG-VENUS-SHELL. Of this sort here is one stained with white spots upon a Bay ground. The rest of the same Figure, are somewhat rough, having, as 'tis likely, been steeped in Vinegar, or some other ways cor∣roded.

The BUNCH-BACK'D VENUS-SHELL. Described and figur'd by Columna under the Name of Concha utro{que} latere se colligens. It hath a transvers Angle or Ridge in the mid∣dle. Where also, there is a distinct piece, most closely inlaid into the Back of the Shell. The Lips also are both even.

The VENUS-SHEL with smooth or even Lips, and without any ridge on the Back. The little white Ones of this kind, are those which are particularly called ENTALIA. With these, saith Rondeletius, the French adorn their Horses Bridles, and other parts of Equipage. Of these and Jet mixed together, they also make Bracelets, and other Ornaments, for Widows in Half-Mourning. Many of this sort, striated, are found, saith Mr. Lyster, near Hartle-pool in the County of Durham, where the People call them Nuns.

Divers other lesser VENUS-SHELLS of several kinds, and stained with several colours, are here collected.

The Italians use this Shell for the polishing of Paper, and other things. a 1.282 The people living near the Red-Sea gather them in abundance, and sell them to those that trade to Memphis; for with these the Egyptians smooth their Linnen Cloth. b 1.283 Goldsmiths cut them in two, and make Spoons of them. They are commended against those Ulcers in the great Corner of the Eye, which usually turn to Fistula's, because of their admirable drying qua∣lity without heat. c 1.284 Yet we have no reason but to believe, that most other shells may be of equal Virtue. But if we observe, it is usual for people to have a high esteem of those things, even as to their Medicinal Virtue, that look prettily, or that are rarely to be had. Whereas, it is

plain, that Nature generally supplyeth us with the greatest plenty of those things, which are the most useful.

The round SEA-URCHIN or BUTTON-FISH. Echi∣nus orbicularis. Here are several Species hereof. The first I shall name is the Edible Button-Fish. These have very great Prickles, with Seats or Bases proportionable, in five double Orders. And the shells are orbicular. See the full Description in Rondeletius.

They were anciently eaten raw before Supper, as Oysters are now, and as much esteemed.

The ROUND BUTTON-FISH, with ten Orders of midling Prickles. Of these Prickles it hath five Orders of bigger, and five of less, all Conical at each end, and bounded by ten more. Of this kind, here are some more, others less round. Some also that are White, and others Redish.

The ROUND BUTTON-FISH, with the least sort of Prickles, and disposed into ten Orders. Of this sort here are White, Brown, and Green. These, Mr. Lyster saith, are found in the English-Seas.

The GREAT OVAL SEA-UR CHIN. Echinometra Aristotelis. See the Description hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum. The greatest, and so as it were the Mother of all the other kinds; from whence its Name. This here is near ½ a foot long. Its Figure is not orbicular, but comes near an oval or flatish Heart.

The MARE-MAIDS-HEAD, or lesser Oval SEA-URCHIN. Echinus Spatagus. This differs from the for∣mer, only or principally in being much less; seldom exceeding the bigness of a Hens Egg. These are shells rarely found.

The Sea-Urchin maketh its progressive motion with its Prickles which it useth instead of Feet. a 1.285 And it is affirm∣ed, by Moufet, particularly of the Great Oval, that it moveth in a spiral line.

The SEA-EAR. Auris marina. It hath its Name from its Figure, somewhat like a Mans ear. The inside is of a Pearl-colour, the outside brown and ruged with many small radiated and spiral wrinkles running across. There are several Holes on one side it, through which the Ani∣mal admits and expels the water at pleasure. Here are three

of them, whereof two, are each about five inches long. This shell is found in abundance near Garnsey Island. a 1.286 The Gold∣smiths in France b 1.287 split them into thin Plates, wherewith they beautifie Cabinets, and other Works.

The VAULTED-LIMPET. Patella concamerata. No where described, that I know off. It seems to be of the Limpet-kind, or to stand betwix this and the Sea-Ear. It is in a manner a half Oval split by the length, which is an inch and half. It hath a Navle, as the Sea-Ear, winding to one side. The Back is rough, and of a whitish ash-colour. Within, very smooth and of a pale purpleish white. The hinder half is vaulted with a most white Plate, joyned to the sides ¼ of an inch below the edges.

The EVEN OVAL LIMPET. See the figure hereof in Johnston. That part which may be called the Navle, stands a little above the convexity of the shell. The Seat of the Animal is shaped so, as in some sort to resemble the Stag-Beetle. The edges thereof curiously angul'd, parti∣colour'd white and bay. The edge of the shell is perfectly Oval, and the inner Margin of a pale blew. Here are two fair Ones of this sort, about three inches long.

The PEARLY OVAL LIMPET. The inside hereof is of a curious pearl colour, with some rays of purple. It hath a greater convexity than the former, and is waved all round about.

The OVAL LIMPET, with very deep furrows round about. Whereby the edges also are very angular. The Seat of the Animal white. Columna c 1.288 seems to have de∣scribed this by the Name of Lepas sive Patella maxima striata.

The LEVEL-LIMPET. Patella Plano-convexa. The sides of this lie level betwixt the edges and the top. 'Tis also furrowed, but not deeply. Yet the edges are more angu∣lar than of the former. The Seat of the Animal is white, surrounded with a kind of double Glory. The outer Mar∣gins are of a blackish shining Bay. There are several small ones of this sort, having the inner side streaked with black and yellow.

The CONICK-LIMPET, with the top high, and the sides and edges level round about.

The CONICK-LIMPET, with part of the edge raised

toward the top or Navle of the shell. This sort I meet with no where. Without of an ash-colour, rough with wrinkles in rays, and waved Circles. Within smooth, the Margin white, about ¼ of an inch broad; the Seat of the Animal yellow spread out both ways.

The Animal it self is headed and horned like a Snail. See Bellonius's Description. Our Fishermen use the ordinary kinds to bait with, who find them every where in our Seas on the Rocks near the shore. a 1.289 If they feel themselves touched, they stick so very fast to the Rock, that they can hardly be loosened thence without a Knife. b 1.290

CHAP. II. Of SHELLS Double and Multiple.

NOte, That when I speak of the Base, I mean, that part on which the Teeth, Joynts or Hinges stand. When of the Navle, the peeked end of the shell, which for the most part stands behind the Base; as also that part which answers to it, where it doth not. When of the sides, not the Concave and Convex, but the edges produced from the Navle on the right and left.

The SEA-WING. Pinna. Each Valve is very like in shape to the Wing of a large Fowl, from whence I name it. Where broadest, near ¼ of a yard over. In length two feet: being the largest and longest of all the shells that I know. The two Valves are naturally ty'd together with a sort of Tow; whereby they are also fastened to some Stone or other Body under Water. The Animal is very good meat.

The SEA-OYSTER; in distinction from the common, which may be called the Shore-Oyster. Ostrea Pelagia. Here are several of this sort, all of them but small. Rondeletius saith, that in India they are sometimes a foot long.

The CHESTNUT-OYSTER. I meet with it no where described or figur'd. It is near two inches and ½ long, of an Oval Figure, and somewhat writhen. The outside is of a dark-brown, very uneven with large Oval Furrows. The

inside of a dark-Bay; from whence I name it. Held up against the light, it looks like a deep Tincture of Safforn or Myrrh. The Seat of the Animal is rough with small frizled or undulated Wrinkles, surrounded with a smooth Margin, on one side above ½ an inch broad, after an odd fashion turn'd or spread outward, Convex inward, and entirely encompassing the Navle of the shell. Here are three or four smaller Ones of the same Species.

A SHELL with the Base a little cover'd. Ostrea Basi Cooper∣ta. I find it not described. It's somewhat doubtful whether a Limpet or an Oystershell. I think the latter. The Navle stands obliquely. But the sides make equal or similar lines from the Base. Somewhat above an inch in length, very Convex, the Margin oval. The Base is as it were shaded with a transverse Plate ⅛^th of an inch broad. The inside, blew; the outside speckled below with tawny and black spots, above with white and purple, with very small lines running across or Net-wise.

The PLAIN ROUND ESCALLOP. Pecten Valvis rotundis & aequalibus.

The ROUND FURROW'D ESCALLOP, with smooth Shells or Valves.

Another of the same sort, with rough shells.

The LONG ESCALLOP. These and the other kinds seldom exceed the bigness of the palm of the Hand. But Linscholen a 1.291 saith, That by Malacca are shells found like Scallops, so big, that two strong men can hardly draw one of them, with a leaver, after them. Scallops will move so strongly, as oftentimes to leap out of the Catcher wherein they are taken. b 1.292 Their way of leaping or raising up themselves, is, by forcing their under Valve against the Body whereon they lie. c 1.293 They are taken amongst other places, near Portland, and at Purbec and Selsey, where they are excellent good. Rondeletius prefers them, for Meat, before Oysters.

COKLE. Pectunculus. Here are of these, both White, Red, and speckled with various Colours.

The CORALLINE SCALLOP. Concha Corallina. I call it a Scallop, because it seems to be but another sort without ears. This is only waved. See Rondeletius's De∣scription. He saith 'tis rarely found, and seldom, except

in the Dog-days, after long Southern Winds, cast on the shore.

The CORALLINE-SCALLOP both waved and wrink∣led; the Wrinkles and Waves standing not across, but the same way.

The long GAPING COCKLE. Chama. 'Tis thiner and more easily broken than most other shells. The Valves are seldom or never close shut. The sides are produced from the Base by similar lines, as in the Cockle, and the figure of the shell oblong: from whence I have taken leave for its Name. Whether the Anatomy of the Animal would suggest a better, I know not. This here is about an inch and ½ long; and of an ash-colour.

Of this, and probably all the other Species, it is omitted by those that describe them, that from each of the two Joynts at the Base, is produced a kind of bony Epiphysis, about ¼ of an inch long, thin, sharp and flexible: where∣upon some of the muscular parts of the Animal seem to be fastened, for the restraining the opening of the shell from any inconvenient degree.

The BLACK GAPING COCKLE. This is somewhat lesser than the former, and of a rounder Figure, radiated, and the edges wav'd. As thin as the former, and hath the like Epiphyses.

This sort, when the South-Wind blows, rise up to the top of the Water, and setting their two shells wide open; with the one under them, as a Boat; and the other, on one side as a Sail, they scoure along. a 1.294

The Broath of this Shell-Fish is affirmed by Dioscorides to be both Laxative and Diuretick. They have a kind of biting tast, like Pepper; and are therefore called, by the French, Des Flammes: and the Italians, for the same rea∣son, call them, Peverazas. b 1.295

The SHEATH-FISH; commonly so called from its similitude to the sheath of a Knife. Solen. Unguis. As the Sea-Wing is the longest, so this is the most expanded of all Shells; though usually call'd A long Shell, but impro∣perly. For it may be noted, that the length of a shell is properly from the Navle to the edge directly opposite; the breadth, between the two sides thence produced, which in this Shell are the two ends: as if you should crush

the two ends of a mouldable substance of an Oval figure, till you made the two sides become the two ends. Some of these are ½ foot wide, or more.

This Shell is found on the shore near Scarbrough after long Winter-Storms. a 1.296 The Animal shines much in the dark, especially when the shell is full of liquor, the drops whereof glister where ever they fall; by virtue of which, it is most probable, that the Flesh it self becomes shining. b 1.297

The ROUND-OYSTER, with similar sides produced from an oblique Navle. The Convex is very white, and finely wrought with circular, and radiated lines across.

The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER with a bended Base. The Convex is smooth, and stained with Chestnut upon white. Its Base is in a manner semilunar, produced a little forward from the Navle. Upon this Base are fourteen, sixteen, sometimes twenty small Joynts, standing obliquely, and also in a bended line answerable to the Base. To the two ends whereof, the Seat of the Animal is con∣tiguous. The fore-edge and Margin are furrowed and toothed within. Here are four of this sort.

The BROAD-OYSTER, with similar sides.

The FISTULAR OYSTER. Concha Valvis Fistulosis. Described by Columna with the name of Concha exotica mar∣gine in Mucronem emissa; who hath also figur'd it well. It hath not only several Furrows or Gutters reaching from the Navle to the edges round about, but the Fur∣rows are also cover'd over, and so properly fistular; whence I have nam'd the Shell. The circumference or edg is also prolonged into several Peaks, which have some kind of likeness to Sword-points. But Columnas name is somewhat obsurdly given, unless instead of divers, there had been one only.

The MULTARTICULATE OYSTER, with a strait Base. Described and figur'd by Columna with the name of Concha 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Here are two of this sort. The chief marks hereof are, that it hath a great number (twenty or more) of slender Joynts, about ¼ of an inch long, placed parallel, upon a strait Base.

The ASSE-FOOT OYSTER. Ostrea Gaderopoda, So

called from its Figure. Described by Bellonius. Its chief Characters are, that it hath very great Joynts, like the eye∣teeth of a Man, and upon a strait Base. It grows not loose, as other Oysters, but fixed to the Rocks under Water: and therefore in those Seas only, which ebb and flow not, a 1.298 as the Aegean, the Hellespont, &c.

The CORALLINE-OYSTER. Spondylus Echinatus & Corallinus. I meet with it no where. 'Tis of an unusual Figure. The Base hereof is strait, and an inch and ½ over. In each end hereof is a roundish cavity, doubtless for the reception of answerable Joynts. An inch and ½ or more beyond this, the Navle, which is a little bended upward, smooth within side, and scaly without. The inner part of the shell is exceeding white, smooth, hard, and thick. The outward Crust thiner, yet also very hard, wrinkled, spiked, and of the colour of red Coral. Part of it is bro∣ken off.

MOTHER of PEARL. Concha Margaritisera. See a true, and good Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum. It is naturally within of the same colour with that of a Pearl. It is sometimes seen with a pearly Knob growing within it, as in this here, near the centre. But the Pearls themselves grow within the Animal: within the Flesh (as Athenaeus b 1.299 affirms) as that sort of Kernel in a Hog, called Grando. Although more probably in the Stomach, as Bezoar, and the like, in other Animals. c 1.300 As Eggs in the Belly of a Pullet, saith Tavernier. d 1.301 The Shell is said to be found near the Island Borneo sometimes so big, as to weigh forty seven pounds. e 1.302

Take Mother of Pearl, the small White Venus-Shell of each equal parts. Pour upon them, being first powdered, the juyce of Lemons, and let them stand together (a day or two) then filtre the liquor, and keep it, as the best wash for the Face in the World. f 1.303

MOTHER OF PEARL, with the backside cover'd all over with those little Shells called DENTALIA, as having some little likeness to Teeth: that is to say, White, Smooth, Conick, and bended Tubes, which grow to this and other Shells. See Gesner of Entali & Dentali, p. 940. The inside of the Sea-Ear, of some sorts of Limpets, and of divers other Shells, are commonly sold in Shops for true Mother of Pearl.

ORIENTAL PEARL, round, and with a good Water.

PEARLS of the bigness of a large Peas, and perfectly round, but without a Water.

ROUND PEARLS, of divers Colours, sc. White, Ashen, Brown, Red, and Bay.

PEARLS of divers Figures, sc. Oval, Cylindrical, Flat, Conick, Twins, and three and four together.

WELSH-PEALR. Given by the Honourable Mr. Boyle. They are most of them flatish, and of a shining blackish colour.

Heretofore, the most rich fishing for Pearls, was at the Island Margarita. Whence their Name. a 1.304 At this time the chief Fishings in the East-Indies are three, the Persian-Gulph, on the Coast of Arabia the Happy, and in the Island Ceylan. In the West-Indies, five; along the Islands Cubagna, and Manguerita, at Camogete, Riodela Hacha, and St. Marthas. They fish in twelve-fathome Water, five or six leagues off at Sea, Spring and Fall. b 1.305

Of Pearls we have these following Preparations, and probably the first, of all, the best, if perfectly ground.

Pulvis, Essentia, Flores, Sal, Tinctura, Magisterium, Liquor, Arcanum,

Commune Butyraceum Plumaceum Riverij.

The PEARLY OYSTER. Concha Coelata. 'Tis shaped much like the Mother of Pearl, but is somewhat oblong. It hath also a pearly-colour within-side; but of a more leaden∣water.

The SQUARE-MUSCLE. Concha Rhomboidea, s. Mus∣culus striatus Rondeletio. That part where the Valves joyn, i. e. the Base, is long, not rounded, but strait, and standeth erect or perpendicular, by which it may be distinguished from other Shells. It lies in the deeper parts of the Sea, and is rarely found.

The RUGGED-OYSTER. Not described, that I know. The Joynts hereof very shallow. The Navle very oblique. The Sides thence produced, dissimilar. The Back cut with round Furrows; and the Furrows edged, and beset with a

number of little short prickles. It is of a dull ash-colour, roundish, and somewhat bigger than a Half-Crown.

The SAND-MUSCLE. Tellina. They live much in the Sand; for which reason, unless they are shaked long in water, before they are boyl'd, they are very gritty. a 1.306 At Rome, they are esteemed a pleasant Junket. b 1.307 Here are several shells of this sort.

The TOOTHED-MUSCLE. It is of a roundish Figure, and the edges, especially before, toothed almost like a Saw.

The GREAT WAVED-MUSCLE. Well described and figur'd by Columna with the Name of Concha Maxima marmorea exotica imbricata. It is also called Concha Tri∣dachna: because it contains as much meat, as a Man can swallow at thrice. A certain number put for an uncertain: for some of them hold meat enough almost to fill a mans belly, being a foot in length, or rather in expansion or breadth; this here ¼ of a foot. The Back is waved with broad and deep Furrows, and the edges indented answerably. It is c 1.308 commonly found in the Red-Sea.

The LONGISH-MUSCLE, with rough Wrinkles or Rays.

ANOTHER with smooth Rays, i. e. Concha Rondelet. Striata 3.

The ROUNDISH radiated Muscle.

The PLAIN LONGISH MUSCLE. This hath no Rays on the Back.

The PLAIN BROAD MUSCLE. Of these here are two sorts▪ the one less, the other more expanded. This lat∣ter is by Rondeletius called Concha longa; mistaking what is properly the breadth, for the length of the shell. Of this d 1.309 Shell, is commonly made a sort of Lime.

The BROAD-MUSCLE, with deep Joynts.

The TOOTHED BROAD-MUSCLE. Described and figur'd by Mr. Lyster, e 1.310 with the Name of Tellina intus ex Viola purpurascens, &c. 'Tis a little shell not much above an inch broad, the edge indented round about with curi∣ous small Teeth; and having within-side a faint purple blush.

ANOTHER little broad Muscle, without Teeth, or even∣edged.

A BLOBLIP'D-SHELL, which seemeth to be a kind of Muscle. I find it no where. Here are several single shells of this sort, but not one pair: which makes me somewhat doubtful what to make of them. Most of them have about an inch of expansion. The Concave in the inside, is triangular, with small strait transvers Wrinkles, one Angle obtuse, two acute. From the two longer sides of the triangle, the Margin is spread out, and on one side as it were doubled backward. It hath also one, sometimes two Joynts, very deep, and for so small a shell, remarkably strong.

The Natives of Brasile use Muscle-shells for Spoons and Knives. a 1.311 The ashes of Muscle-shells, saith Wormius, are of a Caustick-nature. As if it were peculiar to this shell. Whereas the shells of all sorts of Shell-Fish, being burnt, obtain the like. Most of them, being so order'd, and powder'd, make excellent good Dentifrices.

Hitherto go the Double Shells, or with two Valves. There remain some which are made up of several shelly pieces conjoyn'd to make one Concave-shell: as

The Conick CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus major. De∣scribed by Rondeletius, and others. It is in shape somewhat like a Tulip, the several shelly Plates which compose it, being pointed at the top, and standing together, as so many leaves. They always grow fixed to some other Body. When boyl'd, they are a delicate sort of Meat.

The SPUNG-CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus Spongiarum. So I name it. Commonly, but somewhat absurdly, called Lapis Spongiae. For being well observed, they appear to be little Centre-Shells, which probably never grow very big; and wherein the leaves seem to be a little more separate, than in the former Species. They look just like small petrifi'd Buds of Trees.

A small Centre-Shell, growing upon a Branch of Coral.

The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL. Balanus compressa. Com∣monly called the BARNACLE-SHELL; and CONCHA ANATIFERA. Because supposed to be the Egg of the Barnacle. And by some b 1.312 it is confidently deliver'd, that in the Orcades there are certain Worms grow in Hollow-Trees, which by degrees obtain the Head, Feet, Wings and all the feathers of a Water-Fowl, which grows to the bigness of a

Goose. Scaliger also describes this (supposed) Bird within this shell. a 1.313 And with respect to so worthy a Person as Sir Robert Moray (who never meant to deceive) I my self was once induced to publish his Description of the same. b 1.314 But having examined the Shell it self, I am of Opinion, That all that is said of a Bird, is fabulous. Bartholine c 1.315 would have it to belong to a kind of Cancellus. But I rather agree with Columna, that it is a sort of Centre-Shell; as being fixed in like manner upon it's Base, and composed of several shelly parts.

Of these Shells two Species are here preserved. One of them consisting only of five shelly pieces. Two greater, almost like little Muscle-shells. To these are joyned, edge to edge, and oppositely, a much lesser pair, sc. in such manner, as their Base stands over the Cone, and their Points descend half way towards the Base, of the greater pair. Both these pairs are on one side hem'd in with a fifth piece, narrow, long, and inwardly Concave, almost like a Larks Heel. The Neck to which they are fasten'd is here wanting. This Spe∣cies is figur'd, and in some sort described by Wormius. But the Figure in Calceolarius's Musaeum answers not.

The FLAT CENTRE-SHELL with the Scaled Base. Balanus compressa & Squamata; so I call it. This Species is in some sort figur'd by Rondeletius. But his Description worth nothing. 'Tis near an inch long, and ¼ of an inch broad at the Base, where it is somewhat narrower than in the middle. Whitish, and with some Rays of blew. It consists of five greater pieces, whereof the middlemost pair, the greatest and the longest. The lesser pair are joyned to them edge to edge, reaching half their length, but not oppositely with their Points downward, as in the former Species, but upward. The fifth piece not joyned to this lesser pair, as in the other Species, but to the opposite edge of the greater. Round about the Base of the Shell several little pieces, some bigger and some less, stand after the manner of Scales, with their points also forward. So that it looks almost like a great Bud crushed flat. 'Tis joyned to a Neck about ¼ of an inch over; an inch, sometimes more, or less, in length; of a brown colour, rough, and composed of an innumerable company of small Knobs, almost like those on some Fishes Skins. Several Shells, by the like Necks, commonly grow all together in a Cluster.

I have seen some of these Shells perfectly formed in all their parts, not much bigger than a Cheese-Mite.

Thus far the Titles and Descriptions; the Schemes fol∣low, which take in all, save one or two of the Sub-Species: and wherein the Order is a little more corrected.

Scheme 1.

Shells are

• Single
  • Not Whirled. Scheme 2.
  • Whirled. The Whirle
    • Apparent, with more
      • Body
        • Conick. Scheme 3.
        • Oval. Scheme 4. Scheme 5.
      • Whirle. Scheme 6.
    • Latent.
• Not Single.
  • Double. Scheme 7.
  • Multiple. Scheme 7.

Scheme 2.

Not whirled

• A little open
  • Orbicular, with
    Button-Fish, or Edible Sea-Ur∣chans. Echini es∣culenti.
    • Five Orders of Prickles
      • The Greater
        • White
        • Red
      • The Lesser
        • White
        • Brown
        • Green
    • Ten Orders of Prickles.
  • Oval
    • The Greater. The Great Mare-Maids-Head, Echinometra.
    • The Lesser. The Little Mare-Maids Head. Echinus Spatagus.
• Wide open
  Limpets. Pattellae.
  • Level, or plain-sided
    • Low.
    • High or
    • Conick. With the edge
      • Level.
      • Not level.
  • Oval. With the Navle.
    • Prominent, with sides
      • Equal or even,
      • Uneven. With
        • Waves,
        • deep Furrows.
    • Winding
      • Only a little obl••quely. The Vaulted
      • ...Limpet. Patella concamerata.
      • Spirally. Auris marina.

Scheme 3.

Conick, with the Turban.

• Long. With
  • The Right Lip Broad
    • Expanded and Turned out.
      • Armed with Fingers
        • On both Lips. Frog-Wilk. Murex Coracoides.
        • On the Right only. The Broad-Lip'd Wilk. Aporrhais.
      • Naked. The Marble-Wilk. Murex Marm.
    • Only ex∣panded.
      • More
        • Even Lip'd. The Oriental-Wilk. Murex Orientalis.
        • A little angular.
      • Less. With the Whirle
        • Knobed.
        • Even.
  • Parallel Lips. With the Body
    • Belly'd. With
      • Lips Even.
      • The left Furrowed.
    • Level. With the Turban.
      • Knobed.
      • Spiked. Murex Aculeatus.
• Low. With the Mouth.
  • Oval. The Wilk with plated Spikes.
  • Long. With the Body
    Conick Snails. Cochleae Coni∣cae; vulgò Cylindricae.
    • Level. With the Whirle
      • Even.—
      • Knobed—
    • Belly'd. With the Rounds of the Whirle
      • Concave
      • Convex

Scheme 4.

Oval. With

• Both Lips turned out. The Mouth
  Persian-Shells. Conchae Persicae.
  • Even
  • Furrowed. With the Rounds of the Whirle
    • Un-interrupted With the Body
      • Knobed.
      • Wrinkled.
    • Plated
• One only
  • The Left. With a
    • Double Edge. With the Body
      The Flat-Lip'd Snail.
      • Oblong.
      • Short.
    • Single Edge. The Mouth
      • Even. The fore-Corner
        • Produced
          • Strait. Cochlea Rugosa.
          • Crooked. The Hook-Nose.
        • Reduced With the Whirle
          • Low. The Short-Nose.
          • Immersed. The Diping-Snail
      • Furrow'd. With the Mouth
        • Long. Cochlea Cylin∣drovalis.
        • Round, With the Whirle
          • Smooth C••c••l.
          • Spiked Umb
  • The Right. With the Mouth
    Snailes.
    • Even
    • Furrowed. With the Turban
      • Smooth
      • Spiked

Scheme 5.

Shells More whirled with the Mouth

• Longer. With the Whirle
  • Plated. With the Mouth
    • Horned. With Spikes
      Purpurae.
      • Entire
      • Plated, or Gutter'd
        • Singly.
        • Redoubled.
    • Only prolonged. With
      • Both Lips single. The Right
        • Thin. Strombus magnus.
        • Thick.
      • The Right Lip'd doubled. Buccina Rhomboidca.
  • Uninter∣rupted.
    • Short. With the Mouth.
      Little Wilks. Buccinae.
      • Horned. With
        • The Lips single.
        • The right doubled. Buccina Triangularis.
      • Not horned. With the Whirle
        • Smooth. Wind∣ing from the
        • Mouth to the Wrinkled.
          • Right Bucci∣cochlea.
          • Left
    • Long. With the Whirle
      Long Whirls Tur∣bines.
      • Wholly Compact
        • Convex or Belly'd
          • Smooth
            • Thin. Turbo co∣chlea.
            • Thick.
          • Rough. With Knoby Rows
            • Strait
            • Spiral
        • In part Loose. Penicillus
        • Level
          • Rough.
          • Smooth. With the Rounds
            • Convex
            • Level
  • Shorter. With the Crown.
    • Low. With the Whirle
      Short Whirls Trochi.
      • Level. Prolonged
        • More. With the Base
          • Narrow
          • Broad
        • Less. With the Rounds
          • Level
          • Convex
            • Smooth
            • Rough
      • Belly'd. With the Centre
        • Fill'd The spiked short Whirle wrinkled.
        • Hollow. The concave short Whirle
    • High. With the Mouth
      • Round. With the Tur∣ban
        • Promi∣nent
          • More
            • Wrinkled
            • Knobed.
          • Level
          • Less
            • Knobed.
            • Spiked. With spikes
              Cochlea Caelata.
              • Single Cochlea Echinophera.
              • Redoubled. Cochlea Dactylata.
      • Corner'd. With the Whirle.
        • Behind. With
          • Neither Lip turn'd back.
            • More high.
            • Less high.
          • The Crown. One Lip. The
            • Outer.
            • Iner.
              • Half way.
              • Wholly. With the Whirle.
                • Less low.
                • More low. With the Mouth
                  • Even. the Back
                    • Even
                    • Furrow'd
                  • Toothed.
                    The Back with wrinkles
                    • Spiral.
                    • Transverse. Cochlea labrosa.
        • Before. Cochlea Turbine Antico

Scheme 6.

Shells With a Latent Whirle. With the Body

• Compressed
  Sailers. Nautili.
  • Even
    • Brown and Black
    • Pearl-colour'd
  • Uneven
    • Spiked
    • Plated
• Expanded With Lips
  Venus-Shells. Conchae Veneris.
  • Not Doubled
    • With Furrows, on
      • One Lip. The
        • Right.
        • Left.
      • Both Lips
        • Thin.
        • Thick
        • Lips
          • High-back'd
          • Long.
            • Navled
            • Not Navled
    • Smooth-Lip'd. With the Back
      • Plain
      • Bunclied
  • Turned out or doubled.

Scheme 7.

Shells

• Double
  • Inarticu∣late
    • The Great One, called Pinna. Sea-Wing.
    • Lesser. With the
      • Circum∣ference
        • Heming in the Navle. Chestnut-Oyster.
        • Running through it. With sides
          • Similar.
          • Dissimil ar.
      • Base shaded.
  • Articu∣late. With the Navle.
    • Strait. With Valves
      • Less Concave
        • Eared
          • Rounder
          • Longer.
            Scol••ops. Pectines.
            • Even
            • Furrow'd
              • Smooth
              • Rough
        • Not Eared Gaping-Muscle.
          Conchae Corallinae.
          • Waved
          • Waved and wrinkled. Chama.
        • More.
  • Oblique. With the sides.
    • Almost similar.
      • Strait. The Sheath-Fish. Solen.
      • Crooked.
        • Few. With Valves
          • Expanded.
          • Round∣er
            • Solid.
            • Fistular
        • Numerous.
    • More dis∣simular. With the Circum∣ference
      • In part strait. The
        • Base. With Joynts
          • Few. Ostrea Gaderopoda.
          • Numerous. Conchs 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
        • Side
          • Erected. Square▪
          • Muscle.
          • Produced
            • Less.
            • More. Concha Margari∣tifera.
      • Crooked round about. With Valves
        • Uneven. With Fur∣rows.
          • Circi∣nated
            • Rough.
            • Smooth. Tel••inae.
          • Radia∣ed. With the Edge
            • Even
            • Une∣ven
              • Toothed. With Valvs
                • Round.
                • Expanded.
                • ...Concha Tridact.
              • Fu••ro••'d. With Valvs
                • Longer.
                • Shorter.
        • Even
          • Long.
          • Expand∣ed.
            • Less.
            • More. With
              • Joyncs
                • Deep.
                • Shallow. VVith the Edge
                  • Even.
                  • Tooth∣ed.
              • Plated Valves.
• Multi∣ple
  • Conick
    • Greater.
    • Centre∣shell.
    • Less. Sponge-
    • Centre-shell.
  • Flat. With the Base
    vulgò, Conchae Ana∣tiferae.
    • Naked
    • Scaled.

SECT. VII. OF INSECTS.

CHAP. I. Of Insects with Naked-Wings:

THe Bigger HUMBLE-BEE. Bombylius major. First, With a broad-Belly, colour'd with Ashen, White, and Brown.

Another, with a Broad-Belly, Yellow and Citrine.

A Third, with a Long Tawny-Belly, and Brown Wings.

The Middle HUMBLE-BEE, with a Scarlet Breast, and Wings spoted with white and brown.

The Lesser HUMBLE-BEE, painted with Citrine and Iron-colour.

A WILD-BEE, with her Follicle or Bag, near the big∣ness of a Wrens-Egg.

Another sort of WILD-BEE, with their BAGS. They are about ½ an inch long, of a Cylindrical Figure, very thin and transparent, like the inner Coats of the Eye. Admira∣bly placed, for warmth and safety; sc. length-ways, one after another, in the middle of the Pith of an old Elder-Branch, with a thin boundary betwixt each Bag. The little Bees are somewhat thicker than the Flying-Ant; and their Bellies marked with four or five white Rings.

Another sort of WILD-BEE, which breeds in the stocks of old Willows. Curious to observe. They first bore a Canale in the Stock, which, for more warmth, they furnish afterwards with Hangings, made of Rose-Leaves, so rowled up, as to be contiguous round about to the sides of the Canale. And to finish their Work, divide the whole in to several Rooms or Nests, with round pieces of the same leaves. Hereof see in the Philos. Trans. a 1.316 the Obser∣vations

of Dr. Edm. King; whereto some others are added by Mr. Willughby, and explained by Figures.

Some parts of the NEST of another WILD-BEE. Not much unlike the first of those not inelegant figures, which Johnston gives under the Name of WESPEN∣STOCK.

The under or hinder Wings of a Bee, are the least; that they may not incommode his flight. a 1.317 The Honey-Bag, is the Stomach, which they always fill to satisfie, and to spare; vomiting up the greater part of the Honey, to be kept against Winter. A curious Description and Figure of the Sting, see in Mr. Hook's Micrography. In windy Weather, Bees often hold a little stone in their hinder Feet; which serves as a Ballast to make them sail through the Air more steadily. b 1.318 The History of Bees, the best that Aristotle hath given us, c 1.319 of any one Animal. Of their Polity, Generation, Conservation, Diseases, and Use; see also Moufet, Butler, and a late Treatise of Mr. Rusden. All that Authors speak of the Spontaneous Generation of Bees, is fabulous. The ashes of Bees are put into most Composi∣tions for breeding of Hair.

A WASPES-NEST. Vespetum. Given by Sir Jonas Moore, who received it from New-England. See the Figure of one in Johnston. 'Tis above a foot high, and near a foot over. Composed of a great number of little Cells, as in the Wild-Bees Nest, and encompassed with a Cover of the same stuff. All wrought about the Branch of a Tree.

Both this, and the Bees-Nest now mention'd, consist of the small Fibers of Plants, cohering, altogether as in Paper; as may be seen by a Glass. So that the Stuff may not be improperly called BEE-PAPER.

Another WASPES-NEST, like the former. Given by Dr. Thomas Allen.

A LONG-OVAL FOLLICLE (perhaps of a sort of Hornet) with this peculiar, That the Silk is cover'd with a kind of brown Crust, marbled with blackish Veins.

A NESTED FOLLICLE, or one within another. Here are three of this sort, not fortuitous, but according to Nature. The utmost, is about an inch long, brown, and composed of Stiff-work, with a great many small Interstices: so that

it looks just like an Oval-Net. Within this, lies loose another much smaller, of a light Ash-colour, and made like other Insect-Bags.

The Polish'd FLESH-FLY; that which is of a blewish∣black, like Steel.

Another FLESH-FLY with a strong Proboscis or Trunk, tawny Wings, black Eyes, bunched Back, brown, long, and sharp Belly, forked Tail, Chesnut Feet, the hinder the longest.

The GOLDEN-EYE. Musca Chrysopis, as Moufet calls it. The Eye of this Fly is very curious, not only with its golden colour, but in being most elegantly latticed, like that of a Butterfly. Whilst alive, they have a very stinking scent.

The OX-FLY. Musca Boaria. Asilus.

The WHAME. Musca Apiformis. Tabani species.

The WASP-FLY. Tabani species altera.

The TWO-BRISTLED-FLY. Musca Bipilis. He hath two Bristles upon his Tail, standing level. Moufet describes five Species.

The THREE-BRISTLED-FLY. Tripilium. Of these Moufet also describes five sorts. Here are two of them; One greater, the other less. They are most in May and June before and after the Rains.

Flys, at the end of their Proboscis, have a Piercer where∣with they broach the Skin. a 1.320 They go only, saith Moufet, with four Feet, using the two foremost instead of Hands. b 1.321 This latter part of his Assertion is true; but the former, con∣trary to common Observation.

The Hair of the Head being often wet with the water of common Flys distill'd in Balneo Mariae, will grow to a very great length. c 1.322 Almost all Flys, being chew'd and swallow'd, cause violent vomitings. d 1.323

Two FLY-NESTS; with some of the Flys. They are all black, with four Wings, the Horns and hinder Legs both long, and the end of the Tail thick. Of kin to the M. Bipilis.

The Nests are fasten'd or wrought, one, upon a head of Cypress-Grass; above ½ an inch long: the other, on the top of a Branch of Fern; and is about an inch long. Both oval, and white like Wooll; very porous and compressible,

like a fine Sponge; and perforated with several little round Holes. Cuting one of them down the middle, I found, within, the more elaborate Work, consisting of a great number of little oval Cells, as in a Wild Bees-Nest. These Cells are placed in their length transversly to that of the Nest. In each of which, each Fly is bred a part from the rest.

The Great BUTTERFLY. Papilio major. This is of the second magnitude. The Wings are painted with citrine and black, both in long streaks and spots.

The Great PLUMED BUTTERFLY. The Wings are painted with black and scarlet Rings. In the place of Horns, he hath a pair of Plumes in his Forehead.

Another, with LONGER PLUMES. The Wings of this are spotted with black and tawny.

The lesser BUTTERFLY, with scarlet Wings; the fore∣most of which are far shorter than the other.

Another, having the Wings speckled with red, yellow, brown and black spots.

Of the larger, middle, and lesser kinds, Moufet reckons up and describes five and thirty sorts. a 1.324

That which seems to be a Powder upon the Wings of a Butterfly, Is an innumerable company of extreme small Feathers, not to be discerned without a Microscope. b 1.325

Butterflys, as most Insects, saith Moufet, are very Diure∣tick (urinas egregiè movent) and with more safety. c 1.326 'Tis worth the trial.

The Great ADDERS Boult; from the strait long figure: Dragon-Fly, from the colour and bigness. Water-Butterfly, because they most frequent Rivers and watry places. Perla, from its colour. Libella, from its figure, when the Wings are spread out. In this, the Bases of the Wings are spoted, the Belly almost triangular, the Tail pointed, painted with black and gold-colour.

Another GREAT ONE, with silver Wings, a golden Mouth, a green Forehead, Chesnut Eyes, a round Belly painted with citrine and black.

A THIRD, with citrine Wings, a green Back, and a yel∣low Belly. It is furnished both with Horns and Plumes in the Forehead.

The Middle ADDERS Boult. It is of a dark-Green.

The Head small, the Chest or middle part short, the Belly very long and slender. Moufet reckons up in all about 20 sorts.

The LANTHORN-FLY of Peru. Cucujus Peruvianus. A quite different Species from that described by Moufet. And, with respect to his Wings, is no way of kin to the Beetle or Scarabeus-kind, but rather the Locust. I find it no where described.

'Tis above three inches long, and thick as the Ring-finger. His Head, in bigness and figure, admirable; near an inch and half long, in the thickest part of it above half an inch over. From the Eyes forward it first swells or bellies out, afterwards contracts into a smaller, yet blunt end. 'Tis also crowned with a broad blunt knob, and the end resi∣mated or bended upward. In its Circumference it hath seven low Ridges or Angles, marked with so many black lines, an eighth line being added betwixt the two upper∣most Angles. The greater part hereof (now) betwixt yellow and straw-colour. Yet stained with brown and red streaks and spots, neatly ranged, especially on the top and both sides. It seems, at least in the fore part, to be hollow, and almost like a Bladder blown up.

The Eyes, for the bigness of his Body, very small. Of a dusky-colour, yet glossy, and Sphaerical, looking just like two brown Seed-Pearls. Under these stand two small round parts, open at top, which seem to be the Roots of a pair of Horns: unless any will conceit them to be his Ears. Both these and the Eyes are guarded with a semilunar Ridge.

The other parts, being more or less spoil'd, cannot be perfectly describ'd. His Proboscis sufficiently strong, about ½ an inch long, and as thick as a stitching or Taylers Needle. The Feet all broken off. His Body an inch and ••/•• long, not much exceeding the length of the Head; about ••/•• over. Composed, besides the Shoulders, of about ten Rings. He hath four Wings, almost like those of the Locust; the uppermost somewhat stronger and stiffer than the other. Both Pairs are of a dun-colour, sprinkled with dark-brown spots. They are extended considerably beyond the Body; yet the ends are worn off.

That which, beside the figure of the Head, is most

wonderful in this Insect is the shining property of the same Part, whereby it looks in the Night like a little Lanthorne (Lamphorne.) So that two or three of these fasten'd to a stick, or otherwise conveniently disposed off, will give sufficient light to those that travail or walk in the Night.

A BAULME KRICKET. Cicada. It is the fourth in order described by Moufet. The upper Wings of this Insect also are stiffer than the other, like those of the Locust. But that which is most remarkable, is the broad Hood which is spread over his Head and the top of his Shoulders. It is a Stranger here in England.

This Insect, saith Moufet a 1.327 after others, feeds only upon Dew; and hath no Excrement; which is most unlikely. It is by some given inwardly instead of Cantharides, both as a safer, and more effectual Diuretick. And so far also a better Remedy in Veneris languorem. b 1.328

A Great WINGED-LOCUST. Given by Sir John Hoskins. It seems to be the second Male described by Moufet. In length almost three inches. The Face perpen∣dicular, from the Mouth to the Crown of the Head ½ an inch. The Wings Membranous; the upper pair, the stiffest, stained with dark brown spots, and a few Rays of Red. It is one of that Swarme which some years since destroyed all the fruits in the Island of Tenariffa.

Of the Winged-Kind, Moufet reckons up about a dozen Species. Of their Generation, and the Description of the Parts thereunto subserving, see the same Author. The Description and Figure of the Lungs in Malpighius. c 1.329

Locusts hurt the Corn, Meadows, and Hort-Yards, not only by eating, but also by their Dung; and an ill-natur'd Spittle, much of which they spew out of their Mouths, as they eat. d 1.330 'Tis probable, That the Spittle (if they spew any) is not ill-natur'd; because the Jews were per∣mitted to ••at this as a clean Animal. Yet may prove hurtful to the Corn, as a Nest fit for the breeding of small Worms, or other Animals, which may disease it.

The Ethiopians, and divers other Nations, eat them, being first salted and dryed. e 1.331

The FEN-KRICKET or CHUR-WORME: Because towards Night, when he comes out of his Buries, he

makes a noise like that of a Kricket. So great, saith Moufet, as to be heard above a mile off. Gryllotalpa: so called by the same Author, for that with his fore-feet, which are very strong and broad, and shaped like those of a Mole, he continually digs up, and makes himself Buries in the Earth. His hinder Feet are very long, wherewith he leaps; and by which, as well as by his Hood, he borders at least, upon the Grashopper-Kind. His Hood or Mantle, which Moufet I think omits, is about ½ an inch long; extended forward, over part of his Head; behind, over part of his Wings; before Concave, behind Convex.

His Eyes protuberant, yet not great (as Moufet would have them) but very small if compared with his Body: in colour, shape, and bigness like a Strawberry-seed.

His Wings, saith the same Author, are longer than his Body. Whereby it appears, that he did not take notice, That this Animal hath four Wings, whereof the uppermost pair are not above ¾ of an inch long. The other indeed are prolonged above ¼ of an inch beyond the Tail. Each of these apart is most curiously foulded up inwards with a double Roll, so as to end in a point; having their middle Rib (as I may call it) which covers the two Rolls, flat and edged, and divided with transverse lines at right Angles. Their being thus folded up, is a contrivance to secure them from being torn, as he runs to and fro under ground.

CHAP. II. Of Insects with sheathed-Wings.

THe TINGLE-WORME. Proscarabaeus. He's remark∣able, especially, for his Teeth, which are two great Hooks bended inward, almost as in the Squill-Insect. He differs from the Scarabaeus, chiefly, in that the Vaginae or Wing-Covers are very short, reaching but about ½ way toward the end of the Tail. His Wings, notwithstanding Moufet calls them Alarum rudimenta, are very perfect, and by a treble fold lodged under their Crustaceous Covers. He

also omits the Description of his Eyes, which, through a Microscope, are a curious sight.

This Insect▪ with the least touch, drops a kind of Oily liquor from his Mouth; for which cause Moufet calls it The Oil-Clock. a 1.332 Being bruised, it yields a fragant smell. b 1.333 They are numerous in Heidleburge and other parts of Ger∣many.

The Great BULL-CHAFER. Taurus volans maximus. Johnston out of Marggravius in some sort describes four Species of Bull-Chafers, of which, as I take it, this is one. I meet also with the Picture of it in Olearius. c 1.334 He hath three Horns. The first is only the Snout produced and bended upward, and is therefore moveable with the Head. In length, according to the figure in Olearius (for it is here broken off) about an inch and ½ forked at the end, and with one upper branch a little before the Eyes. The Head very little. Upon his Shoulders he hath two im∣movable or unjoynted Horns, about ¾ of an inch long, ¼ of an inch over at the Base, directed forward, and with their points inward, like a Bulls-Horns. From the end of his Snout or fore-Horn to the end of his Tail he is about five inches long, over his Back above two and a ¼; the bigest of Insects yet known. His fore-Feet are armed with Spikes, as so many Claws; wherewith, 'tis likely he digs himself Buries. Of his Wings it is Observable, That at their utmost Joynt, they are laped up, or doubled inward towards the Head, and so kept safe under the Wing-Covers; being, when out at their full length, almost twice as long as the hinder Body or Section of the Animal. The like is observable of the Wings of some other Beetles. His Horns, Legs, Back and Wing-Covers are all black; his Belly brown.

Another Great BULL-CHAFER. Of the same sort.

The Lesser BULL-CHAFER. Nasicornis Triceros minor, so it may be called. 'Tis all over of a shining-black. Above two inches long, almost one broad. The Snout-Horn is not bended upward, as in the former, but downward, 2/•• ^ds of an inch long, and edged above. On the top of his Back or fore-Section he hath two other little Horns, about ••/•• of an inch long, thick as those of a Snail, and bended down as the former.

The HEAD and Fore-SECTION of the same Animal; but of one far bigger.

The TODDY-FLY. Taurus volans Marggravii Quartus, or Nasicornis Diceros. This here came from Guinea. 'Tis very well described by the said Author. Except, that he doth not well compare the Eyes to a Hemp-seed: for they are not only Sphaerical, but as big as a well grown green Peas. But that shelly-Guard, which, as it were, hoops in the Eye, and hides the greater part of it, unless you lay the Insect on his Back, might occasion his mistake. He hath but two Horns, yet those great ones. A Snout-Horn bended and toothed upward, and a Shoulder-Horn bended downward. From the end of which to the end of his Tail, about five inches. But he is not so broad as the Great Bull-Chafer.

Thirty or forty of these together, rasping or sawing off part of the Barque of the Toddy-Tree by the help of their Snout-Horn, will drink themselves drunk with the liquor that flows from it: from whence their English Name. For which purpose, Nature hath well placed the Teeth of the said Horn, above: for that here, the Work is not done, as by a Man in sawing, by the weight of the Animal, which is inconsiderable; but by the strength of his Legs, which force the Horn upward.

See the Description of the Parts subserving to Generation in the Philos. Transact. N. 94. Communicated by Dr. Swam∣merdam.

Two more TODDY-FLY'S, like the former.

The RHINOCEROS BEETLE. Scarabaeus Rhinoceros. See the Figure and Description hereof in Imperati. It hath only one Horn upon the Nose standing almost upright, only bended a little backward, as in the Rhinoceros; whence its Name.

The PRICKLE-NOS'D BEETLE. Scarabaeus Naso acu∣leato. I meet with it no where else. So I call it, because that in the place of the Horn above-said, it hath only a small short Prickle. The fore-Section also, near the Head, is depressed and somewhat Concave. 'Tis very near as big as the former, and of a like Chesnut-colour.

The STAG-BEETLE. Cervus Volans. Described by Moufet, Imperati and others. He hath his Name from

his two Horns, which are branched like those of a Stag: but yet moveable. His Head is very big and broad; ratably, far bigger than in any other known Beetle, much exceeding the bigness even of the fore-Section. Under his fore-Feet, he hath Tufts of short brown Hair. His Wings are doubled up inward and towards the Head, as in the Great Bull-Chafer. From the Tips of his Horns (which are about an inch long) to the end of his Tail, above three inches in length.

His Horns being moveable, he useth them to catch hold with, as a Lobster doth with his Claws. For which pur∣pose, they are not only branched inwardly, but also toothed with a numerous Series of little knobs, by which to take the surer hold.

The Description and Figure of the Lungs of this Insect is given by Malpighius. a 1.335 Some Observations of his Nature, see in the Philosoph. Trans. N. 127. Chioccus saith, That there are many of them in Lombardy. b 1.336

The Horns of this Insect being set in Gold, and so worn as an Anulet, are said to be of excellent force c 1.337 in easing of Pains, and against the Cramp. Read Fienus, Of the Power of Phancy.

Four more STAG-BEETLES; but lesser than the for∣mer.

Another, with the Head broken off.

The little THREE-HORNED BEETLE. Scarabaeus Triceros minor. Moufet seems to describe it by the Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; but imperfectly. His Head is guarded with two Shoulder-Horns, and one in the Neck between them, not in his Forehead, as Moufet mistakes. They are all three immoveable or unjoynted, of the thickness of a little Pin, or the bigness of short Gooseberry Thorns. That in the middle stands reared upward, the other two are bended a little downward. In all other parts 'tis shaped like the Sca∣raboeus Melanocyaneus with furrow'd Wing-shells; of which anon.

The NOCOONACA. So called by some of the Natives of the West-Indies, from whence it came. I meet with it no where else. 'Tis three inches long, and an inch broad. The Head 1/•• an inch broad, ⅓ of an inch long. The Horns rooted on each side the top; but are all broken

off, saving a Joynt or two: which are of that thickness, as he seems to be of kin to the Capricorne-kind; and may be called The Great West-Indian GOAT-CHAFER.

His Back-Piece near ½ an inch long, ¼ broad, armed with two black sharp Prickles, 1/•• of an inch long, and bended a little backwards. The Wing-shells almost square, knobed on each side before, where each of them hath one, and at the hinder end two more very short Prickles. They are cover'd with a kind of Down, or very short and fine Hair, like the Pile of Velvet; for the most part brown, but adorned with Dashes of Red and Yellowish, or Citrine, of an answerable shape upon both shells. The brown spaces before are also rough-cast with a great number of small round black knobs, like Mourning Pins-Heads. The fore-Feet are four inches and ••/•• long, as long again as the other; contrary to what, at least, for the most part, they are in other Beetles. They are also set with sharp black Prickles like those on the Back-Piece. The rest without them. All of them vary'd with the aforesaid Colours.

Another NOCOONACA of the same bigness.

The Great European GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus maximus Europeus. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. Described by Moufet. 'Tis about two inches long. Of a dark brown or Musk-colour. He hath on his Forehead two slender Horns, knoted or with many Joynts; above an inch long, and commonly standing backward, like those of a Goat, from whence his Name.

The Goat-Chafer, saith Moufet, being weary with flying, to spare his weak Legs, wraps his Horns (I doubt weaker than his Legs) about the Twig of a Tree, and so rests himself.

The LONG-SHELL'D GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus Vaginis longioribus. I think no where describ'd. It is above an inch long, and the Wing-shells of themselves an inch, being prolonged near ¼ of an inch beyond the Anus; and near ½ an inch broad; so deep, as to come down below the Belly on both sides. All over of a straw-colour. The Shoulders a little knobed. The Neck, red; and about ••/•• of an inch square. The Head still lesser, scarce so big as a Flesh-Flys.

The MUSK-GOAT-CHAFER. Capricornus odoratus. It is of the Middle-kind. Described by Moufet. a 1.338

While it lives, and for sometime after its death, It hath a fragrant smell; from whence the Name.

The lesser Goat-Chafer blew and green. Minor Chloro∣cyaneus, as it may be called. About ••/•• of an inch long, the Head and Neck green, the Wing-shells blew, both glossy. The Horns 1/•• of an inch. The Legs like bright Steel.

The little Saffron-Goat-Chafer. Minimus rubrocroceus. About ½ an inch long. His Horns ••/••. His Legs like polish'd Steel.

The little Brown Goat-Chafer. Minimus pullocroceus, as we may call it. About ½ inch long, and slender. Of a brown colour, with a yellow Ring on the upper part of his Neck, two more on his▪ Wing-shells, and two sloap streakes upon each: His Horns and Legs of a Chesnut.

The GREAT GOGLE-EYED BEETLE. Carabus Indiae Orientalis maximus. I find it no where described or pictur'd. Two inches and ½ long, and an inch broad. His Head of a middle size. His Face perpendicular, about ••/4 of an inch long, in the middle of a golden green. His Teeth like polish'd Steel, of great thickness and strength. His Eyes of a fine colour betwixt a light Chesnut, and that of red Coral; of an Oval figure; and ratably, very great, sc. ¼ of an inch long. Which also, so far as I have observ'd, is the principal Character of all the Carabus-kind, so far, as distinct from the Capricorne: whence I take leave for the English Name. His Horns rooted between the Eyes and the Snout; but they are here broken off. His Shoulder or Back-Piece almost square; yet edged with a Convex Margin on each side; above ¾ of an inch broad, and ½ an inch by the length of the Insect; burnish'd with two large spots of the colour of polish'd Bellmettle; betwixt which, and on the edges or margins of a shining-green.

The Wing-shells almost two inches long, with small furrows running by the length, and united with short transverse lines, all together, like Network. Not Oval, but rather expressing the figure of a Speer-Mint-Leaf. At the end of each, two very small points or prickles. In the middle, of a glorious golden red like that of burnish'd Copper; On the edges of a shining blewish green. The Belly of the same colour with the middle of the Wing-shells; saving, that the fore part of every Ring (whereof there

are three) and the Tail-piece, is also variegated with a curious sort of small white Streaks, which, at the first, look like fine Hair.

The great Joynts of the Legs (as is also best observable in other larger Insects) are joyn'd together, not only by Ligaments, as are the Bones in other Animals; but the glo∣bular knob of one, is entirely inclosed▪ and so winds, within the globular Concave of another. The imitation whereof, may be seen in the Joynted Images, which some Stone-Cuters make use of, for their direction as to Postures.

The THICK GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-Indies. Carabus Orientalis crassus. I find it not describ'd. About an inch and ½ long, ••/4 of an inch over where thickest. His Eyes near the colour, shape and bigness of golden Millet-seed. His Teeth of a sad Chesnut, and very robust. His Horns are broken off. His Forehead, the sides of his Breast, Shoulder-piece, and Wing-shells, all rough cast, especially the two parts last nam'd; the Shoulder-piece with numerous small punches, the Wing-shells with greater and fewer; two whereof before, rounder and larger than the rest.

On his Breast he hath a short, thick and sturdy Thorne or Spike directed forward, and somewhat downward. He is all over of a curious green, bright and with strong Rays of Gold, but mostly on his Belly, Forehead, and the inward Margins of his Wing-shells. The hinder ends of which have one or two little Indentures. His Legs bro∣ken off.

The long GOGLE-EYED BEETLE of the East-Indies. Neither is this describ'd, that I find. About an inch and ¾ long; where broadest ½ an inch. His Head small, somewhat bigger than that of a common Bee. His Eyes great, Oval, and of a Chesnut colour. His Forehead between them of a shining green, and rough cast. His Teeth very strong. His Horns broken off. His Shoulder-piece almost square, but somewhat broader behind. This, his Wing∣shells, and his Breast of a glorious green mixed with some faint Rays of Gold; but their outer Margins, especially, as you turn him on his Belly, look of a pure Bice-Blew. Their hinder ends (as also the Tail) tinged with the

colour of bright Copper. Their ends are likewise indented like the leaves of some Plants; and so rounded, as both together to make an Elliptick. His Feet are lost.

The LONG STRIATED CARABUS. Carabus sextus Aldrovandi. Above an inch long, and ¼ broad. The Wing∣shells are furrow'd by the length with small Striae, and also wrought with punched or pricked lines in the same Order. The fore-feet are soled each with four little Tufts of Down or short Hair. Here are Three of this sort. One, all over of a blackish colour. A second hath his Shoulders and the Rimms of his Wing-shells, blew. The third hath Crimson shoulders, or like pure Lake, and the Wing-shells of a sad green with some Rays of Gold.

Another Carabus of the same kind with the former, but lesser, being not above 1/•• or ⅔ of an inch long. Here are of this Species of several colours. Some, of a dark-brown; others, cole-black; others, of a gilt-green; and others, of a gilt∣red like bright Copper. None of these are punched, but only striated.

The LONG SMOOTH CARABUS. 'Tis all over of a shining-black; very smooth, without either prick'd or striated Lines. Only a row of very small Pricks just above the Rimm of the Wing-shells. Also in proportion some∣what longer and slenderer than the former.

The little GREEN CARABUS. About ½ an inch long. His Head small, scarce so big as of the common Black-Fly. His Snout oblong. His Eyes gogling, and of a Chestnut colour. His Neck also little. His Belly and Wing-shells much broader, especially behind, which is unusual. Above, of a curious green; the Wing-shells marked with seven or eight white Specks on the Margins, and two in the middle. Underneath of a golden red.

The Little BROWN CARABUS. Like the former, saving his colours; his Snout being of a shining straw-colour; as also his Eyes, and very great; finely Cancellated; through a Glass a curious sight. His Wing-shells brown, with whitish Spots, fewer and bigger. His Legs of a golden red.

The Little BROAD CARABUS. Shorter, and propor∣tionably broader, than any of the precedent Species. All over black. The Head extream small. The Shoulder-piece

broad, smooth, and almost square. The Wing-shells striated, each with three ridge-lines, and each having a nar∣row and level Rimm or Margin; as in the other Species. Of this sort, here are three or four; the bigest ••/•• of an inch long, and 1/•• broad.

The common slender SPANIHS-FLY. Cantharis vulgaris. It seems to border both upon the Capricorne and the Carabus.

Spanish-Flys, being taken in too great a dose, will ex∣ulcerate the Bladder. Some bold Whores take them to kill and bring away their Conception. Moufet a 1.339 speaks of a singular Remedy which he had, Contra Veneris Languorem. Which seems to be some Praeparation of Spanish-Flys, by the Symptome which he saith did once follow the use of it, which was bloody Urine. Yet this hath sometimes hap∣pen'd, only ex effraenatâ Venere.

℞ Spanish-Flys ʒj, Rhenish-Wine, or rather Spirit of Wine ℥iiij. Digest them, without fire, for some days. Then filtre the Spirit through a brown Paper. To every spoonful of this, add seven of clean Wine or Ale. Of this mixture take the first day, one spoonful; the second, two; and so increasing every day. Against a Virrulent Gonorrhaea, a suppression of Urine, and the Stone, the happy success of this Tincture, saith Bartholine, b 1.340 hath been experienced by Dr. James-Francis Kotzbue. I mention it, for a safe way of using this Insect inwardly, if in any Case we may expect more from them, than other Medicines.

The BROAD GILDED BEETLL. Cantharis latus Moufeti. Here are several of them. They all agree in shape; their Principal Characters, That they are broad Back'd, and Headed, like the Scarabaeus Melanocyaneus; Tail'd, like the Scarabaeus Fullo (of both which anon) and have a small Part indented betwixt the fore-ends of the Wing-shells, like the Tongue of a Buckle. But their Colours are various. Two of a golden green on the Back, and like burnish'd Copper on the Belly. One like Bell-metal on the Back and Belly. And one like Copper on the Back and Belly.

The DORR or HEDGE-CHAFER. Scarabaeus Arboreus. Described by Moufet. His chief marks are these, His Head small like that of the common Beetle. This and his Eyes

black, notwithstanding Moufet saith these are yellow. His Shoulder-piece and the middle of his Belly also black; but just under the Wing-shells spoted with white. His Wing∣shells, Legs, and the end of his Tail (which is long and flat∣pointed) of a light Chestnut. His Breast, especially, cover'd with a downy-Hair.

The LEOPARD-FLY. Scarabaeus Fullo. Described also by Moufet. 'Tis bigger than the Dorr. His Nose as black as jet, his Wing-sheaths, and almost all other parts, speckled with ash-colour and black: in other respects like the Dorr.

The little TAIL'D-BEETLE. Scarabaeus caudatus minor. The Head and Shoulders are wanting. The Wing-shells almost two thirds of an inch long and ⅓ over. Of a dull ash-colour besprinkled with extream small blackish specks. His Legs and Belly of the same. He hath a strait, pointed Tail prolonged beyond the Wing-shells ⅙ of an inch, from whence I have nam'd him; and by which he seems of kin to the Hedge-Chafer.

The SHORT-SHELL'D BEETLE. By Aldrovandus, called Scarabaeus Serpentarius, somewhat absurdly, sc. for that he once found them in a Serpent. But his Description is not ill. He seems by the shortness of his Wing-shells to border on the Dorr or Hedge-Chafer, as the former. As also by their colour, composed of black and Chesnut Rings indented together. Here are five of this Species.

Another of the same Species, with the Wing-shells all over of a Chesnut colour. Described also by Aldrovandus. Of this sort here are several small ones.

The BLACK and BLEW BEETLE. Scarabaeus Me∣lanocyaneus. See Moufet's Description. Of this, the Wing∣shells are striated or furrow'd by the length. All the upper parts are black, the under parts blew, exactly like that colour which Watch-Makers and others give to their Steel-Works. Sometimes the nether parts are rather reddish, just like pure bright Copper. Sometimes their Tails and Belly of a golden Green, of which is that called by Wormius, Scarabaeus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Here are of these, in all, about half a score.

ANOTHER, of the same kind. But this hath both the Shoulder-piece, and also the Wing-shells very smooth.

A THIRD, a kin to the former. Yet different from them, not only in being all over black, but especially in the make of his Feet. In those, hard and sharp with several little Prickles standing in a Row, with some stragling hairs. In this, having only two sharp Hooks or Claws at the end of his Feet, and his Feet soled with a treble Tuft of a close short tawny Down.

The SQUARE-SHELL BEETLE. The Head and Shoul∣ders of this are lost. The Wing-shells together, make almost a long square; being flat on the top, which is unusual, and the sides making right angles with their upper end. They are also striated or furrow'd by the length; and the sides curiously punched or pricked.

The BEETLE with pointed shells. The Head and Shoulders of this also are lost. All over of a very dark shining Bay. The Wing-shells above ½ an inch long, and of a peculiar figure; being not only much narrower, but also pointed behind.

The LONG-HEADED BEETLE. Here are several of them; all of a dun or blackish brown. But that whereby they differ from all other Beetles, is the shape of the Head, which, in proportion, is very long and slender.

The small PURPLE BEETLE. Of this sort here are two somewhat flat; and one thick and round.

The BLEW ROUND BEETLE. Viola. One as big as a Lady-Cow, but longer: the other near ½ an inch long; Both of a Violet colour.

The GREEN ROUND BEETLE, burnish'd with glo∣rious golden Rays.

The Round Chesnut BEETLE, not without some Rays of Gold.

It may be worth the trial, Whether any of the Gilded sort of Beetles, are of the same Nature with Spanish Flys, or may produce the same effect, with less pain.

The SPIKED WATER-CLOCK. It seems to be that which Aldrovandus describes (but very imperfectly) under the Name of Scarabaeus Aquaticus. 'Tis about two inches long, and ¼ over where broadest. All over of a shining black: excepting, that his Eyes are brown; his Antennae, tawny, his fore-Belly overlaid with a kind of Lemon colour'd Velvet. On his Back, there is a triangular piece indented

between the Wing-shells. The Legs are much broken, on the third Joynts, at least of four of them, grow a pair of black sharp Prickles about the length and thickness of the sting of a Bee. But that which is most remarkable, is a strong and sharp Spike or Needle which stands horizon∣tally on his fore-Belly, and with its point towards the Tail. His Wing-shells are carry'd down considerably below his Belly: so that being turned on his Back, he looks as if he lay in a Boat.

By the shape of the Wing-shells, this Insect seems, like the Notonecta (whereof presently) to swim on his Back. In which posture, in case of an approaching enemy, the aforesaid Needle is also ready for his defence.

The Great English WATERCLOCK. Hydrocantharus major Anglicus. Described a 1.341 and figur'd b 1.342 by Moufet. It comes near, in bigness, to the former; as also in shape; but hath no Needle, neither are the Wing-shells below the Belly. That part most observable in him, is his Eye, which is of a curious bright colour, almost like a Butterflys.

Another Water-Clock of the same Species.

The small brown Water-Clock. 'Tis flat and narrow, and ⅔ of an inch long.

The smallest Water-Clock. Scarce bigger than a Sheep-Tick, all over of a shining black.

These Insects make use of their hinder Feet instead of Oars. They are seldom or never seen in the day, excepting in the Water, which they leave in the night, and fly up and down, c 1.343

The BOAT-FLY. Notonecta. Described by Moufet, but very briefly. d 1.344 A Water-Insect, in shape like that which lives in Cuccow Spittle, but six times as big, sc. ••/•• of an inch long. The upper Wings are opacous and thicker before; at their hinder ends, where they lap over; transpa∣rent and extream thin, like the Wing of a Fly.

He swims, faith Moufet, e 1.345 contrary to other Creatures, on his Back. And the shape of his Back seems to favour it, being very like the bottom of a Boat. Nor do his hinder Legs, which are thrice as long as the former, unaptly resemble a pair of Oars.

The Great WINGED PUNEE. Cimex sylvestris alatus major. Moufet f 1.346 hath given three good Figures of this

Kind, but scarce describes them. All the Species agree, in having a very small Head, broad Shoulders, a Pyra∣midal Back-piece, and the upper Wings somewhat like as in the Boat-Fly, sc. half Crustaceous and half Membranous. This, is almost ¼ of an inch long, near ½ an inch broad. His Shoulder and Back-Pieces yellow, shining and rough cast. The fore half or crusty part of the upper Wings of a russet, the Membranous of a sad green. The Belly straw colour'd and Chesnut, and divided into several Sections with black Lines, half of them meeting at the ridge of the Belly.

The SPIKED PUNEE. In proportion longer and nar∣rower than the former. The Back russet, brown and black. The Belly, ashen. Where, that which is most observable, is a short, flat, and very sharp Thorne or Spike standing level, as in the Spiked Water-Clock, but with the point the quite contrary way, sc. towards the Head.

The HIGH-SHOULDER'D PUNEE. He is otherwise of the shape and bigness of the former: all over of a brown or dun colour, especially the Membranous parts of his Wings.

The SQUARE-WINGED PUNEE. Scarce ¼ of an inch long, and almost as broad. Partly colour'd with a shining black, and three spots of white on each side.

Another Square PUNEE, with the Crustaceous part of the Wings russet.

The SHORT-WING'D PUNEE. In which respect chiefly, it differs from the former; the Wings being in those prolonged to the end of the Tail; here, but half way.

The LONG-PECKLED PUNEE. This kind, Moufet hath pictur'd among the small Beetles; but by a mistake, it being really a sort of Flying Punee, with Wings partly Crustaceous and party Membranous, which is their Cha∣racteristick. The Shoulder-piece, Back-piece, Sides, Belly, and crusty part of the Wings, are all red bespeckled with black spots; the Membranous part, dun and speckled with white.

CHAP. III. OF CREEPING INSECTS.

THe SMALLEST ANT or EMMET. When well grown, they are then hardly bigger than a good big Flea. In Barbados, saith Ligon, there is a larg sort of Ants, that build their Nests, with Clay and Lome, against a Wall or a Tree, as big as Bee-Hives, and divided into several Cells. a 1.347 Of the Ingenuity of this Insect, see divers Relations in the same Author. b 1.348 They are exceeding nu∣merous throughout all India. So that they are forced to set the feet of their Cupboards and Chests in Cisterns of Water to preserve their Cloaths and Victuals c 1.349 from them.

Of their Kinds, and Generation; as also their use for feeding of Pheasants and Partridges, see some Observations in the Phil. Trans. d 1.350 Communicated by Dr. Edmund King. Of their Nature, some others in the same Transact. e 1.351 Communicated by Mr. Ray from Dr. Hulse and Mr. Fisher. The former observing, amongst other parti∣culars, That the Liquor which they sometimes let fall from their Mouths, droping upon the blew Flowers of Cichory, immediately gives them a large red stain; and supposeth, it would produce the like in other blew Flowers. The latter, That not only the Juyce, but also the Distill'd Water or Spirit of this Insect will produce the same effect, &c. Amongst which, Mr. Ray mixeth some Notes of his own.

The Liquor of Ants is commended by Schroder f 1.352 for a most excellent Ophthalmick.

The BAHAMA-SPIDER. It is of the Tarantula kind, and may be called Phalangium maximum Indicum; being the biggest of all the Species, sc. two inches long. Described by Wormius, and others. He hath six Eyes, not so big as the smallest Pins head. They stand not in a circle, as repre∣sented by Laet, Wormius, Piso, and Olearius, but two and two on each side, and two betwixt them transversly, thus :··: He hath two strong black shining Teeth, like crooked Claws, standing parallel, and with their points

downward, above ½ an inch long by the bow. These Teeth being set in Gold, are used a 1.353 by some for Tooth-Pickers. Being vexed, they strike with a Sting so very small, as it is hardly visible. b 1.354 They will live several Months without eating any thing.

The Nhanduguacu, a great Spider in Brasile c 1.355 so called, is probably of the same Species.

The TOOTH of the NHANDUGUACU or Bahama-Spider.

The WEB of a Bermuda-Spider. It is so strong, as to snare a Bird as big as a Thrush. d 1.356 'Tis here wound upon a Paper like Raw-Silk.

Spiders, saith Aristotle, e 1.357 cast their Threads, not from within, as an Excrement, as Democritus would have it; but from without, as the Histrix doth his Quills. Of the spining of Spiders, and the rest of their History, see the curious Ob∣servations of Mr. Lyster. f 1.358

The CLAW of a SCORPION. 'Tis long and slender, and belongs to the first Species described by Moufet.

A thick and short CLAW of a Scorpion, belonging to the third Species in Moufet.

The TAIL of another, with the Sting at the end, which is a little crooked, and as sharp as that of a Bee. The other parts of all three are broken off and lost.

In the Musaeum Cospian: is the Figure of a very large Scorpion, three times as big as I find any where, yet said by Lorenzo Legati, to be drawn after the life.

This Insect aboundeth in Brasile. Those that are stung with them, suffer extraordinary pains for about twenty four hours, but seldom die upon it. g 1.359

Of Scorpions are prepared, Oleum Compos. Magnum, i. e. Matthioli, Sanguineum h 1.360 Magni Ducis, & Ol. Scorp. pur∣gatum. i 1.361

The GRFAT GALLY-WORME. Scolopendra. De∣scribed both by Moufet and Aldrovandus: but yet imper∣fectly. Neither is this here entire. Yet thus much remains Observable of the Feet; That each of them is armed, in the room of Claws, with three, four, or five Needles, of different thickness and length; some of them above ¼ of an inch long; of a black shining colour like the Sting of a Bee, and equally sharp; in respect to which the

Figure neither of Moufet nor of Aldrovandus doth any way answer. Besides these, there are a great many more on each side, of the like shape and bigness, but of the colour of Copper or tarnish'd Brass. The Back and Sides are shag'd, the Belly smooth or bald. He is about three inches and ½ long.

The Teeth of this Animal, are said by all to be venimous. And probably, all the Needles above described, are so likewise.

The middle Bald GALLY-WORM. Julus glaber. They have commonly betwixt forty and fifty Legs on a side answering to so many crustaceous Rings, with some resemblance to a Triremis; whence Moufet gives it the English Name.

Another Bald Gally-Worme, of a yellowish colour, and fewer Feet; being the third sort mention'd by Moufet.

Of the Gally-Worme Mr. Lyster conjectures, That it may yield an acid Spirit, like that of Ants. a 1.362

The SILK-WORME. Bombyx. The full History hereof is written by Malpighius; as to the manner of his feeding, the several changes he undergoes while a Worme, and while transformed into an Aurelia, and thence a Butterfly, with the business of Generation afterwards. But princi∣pally in the Anatomy of the Parts; as Feet, Mouth, Mus∣cules, Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Medulla Spinalis, &c. in the Worme. And in the Butterfly, the Penis, Parastata and Testicles of the Male; and the Womb and Ovarium of the Female. Particularly, of the Lungs, he saith, That the Silk-Worm hath not only these, or Parts analogous, but that almost every Ring hath two pair, which are branched out to all the other Parts abovesaid: their several Orifices being remarquable, by so many little black Circles which encompass them, on the sides of the Worme. If any of these Orifices be oiled over, so as to exclude the Aer, the Parts to which they belong, presently grow Paralytick; and if all, the Worm will die within the space of a Pater Noster. Of the Medulla Spinalis, he saith to this purpose, That, from the Head to the Tail, there are about thirteen large Nodes therein; which he conceives to be, as it were, so many little Brains; the Worme having no visible Brain distinct from these Nodes.

A very large Aurelia and Slough of a Silk-Worme. Mou∣fet affirmeth, That in the Transmutation of the Worme into a Fly, the Head of the Worme makes the Tail of the Fly; and the Tail of the Worme the Head of the Fly. But Sig^r. Malpighius makes no mention hereof; neither is it any way likely to be so.

Two BAGS of the Virginian Silk-Worme. They are of an Ash-colour, and about the bigness of a Pullets Egg. Of exceeding thickness, thrice as thick as the shell of a Hen-Egg. It seems not to be one entire piece of Work, but composed of several Skins one within another, woven by so many Worms, ready for spining, one after another. And accordingly, in each Bag, being opened, I find four Aurelias.

The RED or CRIMSON CATERPILLER. Vinula. So called, because, while living, his Body is dy'd all over with a deep Claret colour. See Moufet hereof.a 1.363

The YELLOW-CATERPILLER. Eruca flavescens. Both this and the two former are all smooth or bald. This is also mention'd by Moufet.

The PALMER-WORM. Ambulo. For that he hath no certain home, or diet, but pilgrims up and down every where, feeding upon all sorts of Plants. In respect of his great shag, called also The Bearworme.

EARTH-EGGS. About the bigness of Nutmegs, and somewhat Oval. So called, because made of Earth by some sort of Caterpillar, or other Insect, for their Nests, wherein to breed under ground.

The SQUILL-INSECT. Described by Moufet.b 1.364 So called from some similitude to the Squill-Fish: chiefly, in having a long Body cover'd with a Crust composed of several Rings or Plates. The Head is broad and squat. He hath a pair of notable sharp Fangs before, both hooked inward like a Bulls Horns.

The WATER-SCORPION. Moufetc 1.365 figures three sorts; to the third of which, this answers. He describes it not. Nor can I well, being glewed to a Paper with the Belly upward. But it may be easily known by its pointed Tail. He hath four Legs, and two Arms or Claws, be∣twixt which a very small Head. He's about ¾ of an inch long.

The SHARP-TAIL'D SEA-LOUSE. Pediculus marinus cauda acuta. Moufeta 1.366 describeth an Insect by the Name of Pediculus marinus. But with a bunched, not a taper'd Tail, nor with long nodous Horns, like this. 'Tis about an inch and ½ long, and ½ inch broad, compos'd of several shelly Plates, like the Asellus or Wood-Louse, with as many Feet on each side.

ANOTHER, with a Tail of four Spikes or Bristles, about ¼ of an inch long, thick as a small Needle, sharp, and spread horizontally.

OSCABIORN. An Insect so called in the Danish-Tongue, the name signifies as much as Ursus Voti, or the Lucky Bear; Because the people commonly believe, That he who for a good while holds a certain Stone or Body contained in it under his Tongue, shall enjoy his Wish. It is usually found adhering to a kind of Asellus or Cod-Fish in the Island-Sea, to which it is very troublesome. This account together with the Insect it self were sent hither by Mr. Olaus Borrichius. Not disagreeing from That which is described in some sort by Wormius, by the same Name: nor from That in Piso, called by the Americans, Acarapitamba. Yet I find not the Figure any where to answer to the Animal; the entire length where∣of, is about two inches and ½. The fore part Oval: whence it narrows all the way to the Tail. Where broadest above ¾ of an inch. Its shelly Armor consisteth of about twenty Plates, of a straw colour: The Legs on each side in number answerable. The Eyes are most curiously latticed with cross lines, so as to divide them into an infinite number of Rhombs. He seemeth to have notable sharp Chisell-Teeth, whereby partly he becomes so troublesome to his Bearer. The other parts are lost.

The SEA-HORSE-LEECH. Hiru••do marin••••. Described by Rondeletius.b 1.367 He hath a harder Skin, than the Poole-Horseleech: for which cause, he cannot draw up himself so round, but exerts and contracts his Head and Tail only.c 1.368

A WATER-WORME. Lumbricus Aquaticus. Not four inches long: but doubtless shrank up much when it died.

The HAIR-WORME. Vermis Setarius. Given by Mr. Malling. 'Tis little thicker than a Horse-Hair or a Hogs Bristle; Of a light Flesh-colour; and about ¾ of a

foot in length. 'Tis commonly believed, but erroniously, that this sort of Insect is nothing but a Horse-Hair animated. By some, that they are bred out of Locusts. See Aldrovandus hereof. But especially the Observations of Mr. Lyster in the Phil. Trans.a 1.369 who found them in the Belly of a kind of black and not uncommon Beetle; in some one only, in others two or three together: of all which he hath several Remarques.

Whether there are not a sort of Eggs first laid by some Animal upon the Beetles Breech, which being hatched eat their way into his Belly, may be a Question. And therefore, whether the like Wormes, may not sometimes be also found in the Bellies of Locusts.

A SEA-WORME NEST. 'Tis a piece of TUBULATED WOOD; part of the sheathing of a Ship. Brought in, by Wormius, improperly amongst Woods; as not being naturally Tubulous, but made so by a sort of Sea-Wormes; described by Rondeletius, and out of him, by Aldrovandus and others. The Tubular Holes are numerous, of that width as to admit a Swans-Quill, very round, equally wide, and winding every way too and fro, so as some times to run one into an other. Most curiously lined, or as it were Wanscoted with a white Testaceous Crust, of the same substance and thickness with those called Tubuli Marini.

PART II. Of Plants.

SECT. I. OF TREES.

CHAP. I. Of WOODS, BRANCHES, and LEAVES.

A Piece of LIGNUM ALOE, with its own GUM growing upon it. Given by the Honorable Mr. Boyle. The tast of the Gum is perfectly like to that of the Wood. The Colour, like that of the purest and most lucid Aloe, called Succotrina: for with the light reflected, it looks almost like Pitch; with the light trans∣mitted, it glisters like a Carbuncle; powder'd, it is of a reddish yellow. This, or some other like Aromatick Gum, the Aloe of the Hebrews: whence the other, from simili∣tude, hath its Name.

The Tree is described by Linschoten;a 1.370 about the bigness of the Olive. This Wood is the Heart of the Tree, the outward part, commonly called the Sap of a Tree, being whitish and soft. 'Tis said by Sir Philiberto Vernatti,b 1.371 formerly Resident in Java major, to yield a Milk so hurtful, that if any of it lights in the Eyes, it causeth blind∣ness; or scabbiness, if on any other part of the Body. But this, doubtless, is to be understood neither of the Heart, nor the Sap; but only of the Barque: there being no Milk-Vessels in either of the former, that I remember, in any Tree, by me observ'd.

Of this Tree there are two sorts: a 1.372 The best, called Calamba, and grows most in Malacca and Sumatra. Much used in India for the making of Beads and Crucifixes. The wilder, called Palo Daguilla, and grows most in Seylon and Choromandel. With this, they burn the dead Bodies of their Bramenes and other men of account, in token of honor. See hereof also Jac. Bont••us. b 1.373

A piece of Indian-Wood, called GARON. Very oily; in colour, hardness and weight, like to Lignum Aloe. But being held a little to the fire, hath a strong fragrant scent, much like to that of Cloves▪ and seems therefore, as well as by its Name, to be the Wood of the Clove-Tree. The Clove-Tree is described by Li••schoten. c 1.374 Shaped like a Bay-Tree. It grows in Amboyna and the Neighbour Islands. The best sort in Makian and Tidor.

The BARQUE of the Tree LAWANG. Sent from Java major, where it is so called. Being well chewed, it hath the self same Tast with that of Sassafras-Barque, so that, probably, the Tree is a Species of Sassafras.

Part of an Arm of the STINKING-TREE; as it may well be called: for it naturally smells like the strongest humane excrements, especially, as upon the emptying of a House of Office. It grows in the Isles of Solon and Timor, from whence Sir Philiberto Vernatti procur'd it and sent it to this Musaeum. d 1.375 Where, though it hath now been preserved many years, yet seems to give as full and quick a scent as ever. Yet in burning, it yields no smell; as do Lignum Aloe and some other Woods. 'Tis ponderous, hard, and of the colour of English-Oak; and as that, hath large Aer-Vessels; yet but few. I should have conjectur'd, that this Wood belong'd to the Tree called Ahovaj, which hath a stinking smell, but that this is said to be the more odious when it burns.

A piece of SERPENT-WOOD. Lignum Colubrinum. There are divers sorts of Woods so call'd. This here is different from all those Species described by Garsias, and out of him by J. Bauhinus. Yet comes nearest to the Second. 'Tis above three inches in Diametre, the Barque thin, the Wood solid, more than that of Pear-Tree. Of a very bitter Tast; especially when reduced to powder.

A piece of an other sort of SERPENT-WOOD. Within

of a pale yellowish colour. Full of great Aer-Vessels. And also very bitter, as the former.

They grow in divers places of the East-Indies, as in Seylon, &c. And have their Name from one of their espe∣cial Uses, being an excellent Remedy a 1.376 against the Bitings of Vipers and other venemous Serpents. They are also, saith Bontius, given in India against Intermittent Fevers. From whence, and their bitter Tast, one may guess, That they are either of kin to the Tree whereof the Pulvis Pa∣trum; or might give occasion, to some who have been in both the Indies, to find out the Virtue of it.

The WOOD of a Tree of Angola, there call'd Tacusa. 'Tis very solid and ponderous, like that of the Lignum vitae, and with a blackish grain.

Another sort of Angola-Wood by the Inhabitants called CHICENGO. 'Tis somewhat hard and ponderous, and of the colour of Spanish-Oak. Being power'd, it hath a bit∣terish Tast. Both these Woods, may be of the like use with the former.

Part of the Trunk of a young MOUNTAIN CAB∣BIGE. Sent from Jamaica by Mr. Sam. Moody to the Author. Now it is dry and shrunk in, not above a foot and ¼ in compass. Consisteth of a great number of very thin fibrous Rings or Tubes one within another, now, by the shrinking up of the pithy parts, distinct.

'Tis said by Mr. Stubs b 1.377 who lived for some time in Jamaica, where this Tree grows, That it is one sort of Palm-Tree. It grows also in Barbados: where, as it was confidently reported to the same Person, there was one about three hundred feet high, i. e. about thirty yards higher than the great 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Pillar in this City called The Monument. The young tender Sprouts of one year, are eaten both boyl'd and raw, and are both ways excellent good meat.

The BARQUE of a kind of Pine-Tree in Nova Scotia. Hereupon grow up and down many Knots, about the bigness of a Horse-Bean, hollow, and filled with a liquid, clear, and fragrant Turpentine; which, as it drops, the Natives gather and use as the Balsom of Peru.

A natural KNOT of Wood of an Oval Figure, and as big almost as a Turkeys-Egg: the fibers whereof are

prettily waved by the transverse eruption of several small sprigs.

A supposed naturally entire RING of Wood, almost in the shape of a Womans Head-Roll, but not so big as now worn, about four or five inches Diametre. Wor∣mius also mentions one in his Musaeum like this, but some∣what bigger.

PITT-WOOD. Lignum fossile. Colour'd like that of the Cedar, but a little brighter. Smooth, light and soft; yet hath no conspicuous pores. Hath neither tast nor smell. Whence this was dig'd, is uncertain. But in Lan∣cashire, and some other places here in England, the people find the Bodies of large Trees at a good depth under∣ground, and which the poorer sort burn, being splinter'd, to save Candles.

A BRANCH of a Tree, by some called The COCK∣SPUR Tree. Perhaps more properly, Oxyacantha Ameri∣cana, or the AMERICAN HAWTHORNE. I meet with it no where described or mention'd. This Branch is an Eln long, without any appendent Branches. An inch Diametre. Of the solidity of Hawthorne-Wood. Encom∣passed with great Thornes alternately placed on every side, so ascending, as every two Thornes on the same side are about four inches and ½ one above another. Most of them about 1 ½ inch, some an inch and ¾ long, of the thick∣ness of a large Cocks-Spur, and very strait. Not meerly Cortical, as the Thornes of Raspis, Gooseberry, and the like; but Lignous or Woody, as those of Hawthorne.

A BRANCH with a great WEN. It seems to be of the Hawthorne. The Branch, not above an inch in com∣pass; the Knot or Wen, almost ••/4 of a foot. 'Tis tuberous and spiked. So that it seems to be made by the casual eruption of several sturdy Buds together, which having begun the draught of the Sap, it still continu'd to swell the Knot, after they were faln off. And it is probable, that Animal-Wens are then produced, when two or three sprigs of a Nerve bigger or more than ordinary, shooting into a part of a Muscle, do thereby more invigorate it, and so make it capable of a more copious nourishment.

Another tuberous Knot like the former. There is one like these in the Musaeum Cospianum. a 1.378

A little Oaken BRANCH with a great WEN growing round about it. 'Tis above a foot in compass, as big as a midling Bowl.

A WARTED-BRANCH. 'Tis of Oak, about as thick as ones middle Finger; the Warts the bigness of Hasle-Nuts.

Another BRANCH with four or five great Warts or Wens upon the sides. Wormius, who hath one like to these, not of Oak, but Hasle, calls it Lignum Strumosum.

An Oaken BRANCH permitted to grow for some time, after the Barque had been cut round about to the Wood. By which means, that part of the Branch above the Cutis, is grown much thicker, than that underneath; the one being little, more than an inch about, the other almost two inches. Neither is it only the swelth of the Barque, but the Wood it self is augmented. An Experiment lately made by Sig^r. Malpighi; and may seem an argument for the Circulation of the Sap. In what manner the Circulation of the Sap is performed, especially in the Root, the Author of this Catalogue hath some years since explicated. a 1.379

A piece of a BRANCH naturally shaped like a Penis with a pair of Testicles annexed. Wormius hath one like to this, which he calls Lignum Inverecundum.

A WINGED-BRANCH of Ash. About two feet and ½ long, and subdivided into two lesser. Where the division begins, the Barque is spread out from the Wood for the breadth of above an inch, and of the thickness of Sheeps Leather, and so joyns both the Branches together for the length of about a foot. From thence they are perfectly divided, and so wind two several ways, almost like a Rams Horn; the Barque being spread out all along to their ends: yet only so as to make them edged. The two ends, with Buds like little Claws on the edges, look like a Seals Feet. Wormius hath some Branches, not of Ash, but Firr, which seem in some part answerable to this now described.

A HASLE BRANCH seeming as if it were naturally TWISTED. But made so by a Woodbind or some other Convolvulous Plant. In the Mus. Cospianum is such another of Hawthorne.

A WILLOW BRANCH, winding to and agen, like a Snake, with six or seven close flexures. A Figure not uneasily given to a young Twig.

A Pipe made of a hollow BRANCH, and twisted into a loose Knot, in which one part of the Branch is incorpora∣ted with the other.

Two large BRANCHES incorporated in the form of a St. Andrews Cross.

Two lesser, growing together in the same form.

Two BRANCHES growing together in the form of our Saviours Cross.

'Tis probable, That these were bound together (as may be any other) when they were young, and with the Barque pared off, where contiguous; and so, by a kind of ingrafting, became coalescent.

A PALMETO LEAF. Palmae humilis folium. 'Tis a yard and ½ long. Hath about a hundred and forty Plates, seventy on each side the middle Rib, whereupon they are all folded. Which Rib also distributes it self into Plates towards the top of the Leaf. The Plates are of several bredths from ½ an inch to an inch and ¼. Most of them are now broken or torn asunder. But originally they make all one entire piece, rudely imitated by a folding Fan.

These are the Plates, which both the Arabians and Indi∣ans make use of to write upon, by Impression with a Style.

Part of another sort of PALM-LEAF. 'Tis ¼ of a yard long, and at one end seven inches broad: but rolled up, and with the ends of the Fibers unwoven, so as to look like a Broom. Of a wonderful substance, in some places 1/•• of an inch thick, and very dense and stubborn work. Consisteth of great and lesser flat Fibers; and small round ones; somewhat alike as in the Palm-Net, whereof pre∣sently.

The Leaves of some Palms, are used, where they grow, for making of Garments, and thatching of Houses. The Country-People Tap the Wine-Palm about two feet above the ground, and of the Liquor which runs from it, and which they catch in Earthen Vessels, they make an excel∣lent Wine called Mignol, like the White Champane. a 1.380 The fruitful kinds flourish chiefly in Aegypt and Syria: as also in the hotest parts of the Indies; and in the Canary-Islands: amongst which, there is one called,

The Palm-Island. a 1.381 The barren kind in Italy and Sicily.

The PALM-NET or BAG. The Tree which pro∣duceth it called, Palma Saccif•••••••• Whether Bauhinus giveth this under the Name of ••olium Nucis Indicae, is uncertain. If so, both the Figure and Description are very imperfect.

Some part of it hath been cut off both at the bottom and on the side; yet is it above two feet long; at the bottom a foot broad; from whence it tapers to the top. Originally entire, like a taper'd Bag, commonly call'd Hippocrates's Sleive: but by some inconsiderate hand cut open on one side.

'Tis naturally sewed or woven together with admirable Art. And yet not with more, than that which may be observed in every Plant; though not so visibly, and with variation. There is a five-fold Series of Fibers herein. The greatest of all swell out above the rest, and like so many Ribs, are obliquely produced on both hands, so as to encompass the Sack. Along each of these woody Ribs, on the inside the Sack, runs a small whitish Line; which seems to be a Thred or Fiber of Aer-Vessels growing there∣to. Betwixt the said large Ribs, there are others, as it were lesser, parallally interjected. On the inside a third Series also obliquely produced, and transversly to the former. The fourth and fifth, consist of the smallest Fibers, not only transversly produced, but also alternately from the outside to the inside of the Sack, & vice versâ. By which all the rest are most elaborately woven into one entire and strong piece of Work. A Cover which Nature hath provided, to protect the delicate Fruit of this Tree, from all the extre∣mities of the weather, and the ravine of Birds.

Another PALM-SACK or Net, almost a yard long, and made of different Work. See one like to this in J. Bauhi∣nus. b 1.382

About the Year 1599. the Hollanders, saith Clusius, re∣turning from America, in an Island there, by them called Coronopes, found whole Woods of this Tree: and, probably, then first discover'd the same to Europe.

A LEAF of the ROCOUR-TREE. 'Tis near ½ a foot long, four inches broad, the lower end Oval or Elliptick,

pointed like a Spear. From the middle Fiber divers other collateral ones (all prominent underneath) are produced alternately, and at acute Angles. 'Tis smooth on both sides, and of an obscur•• ••••dish colour. Of this Tree (which I think grows in New England) is made a sort of red powder, used for a dry colour; but being wet, at least, mixed with Oil, makes but a dull one.

CHAP. II. Of FRVITS; particularly such as are of the Apple, Pear, and Plum-Kinds.

PArt of a PRICKLE-APPLE. The Tree is in some sort described by Ligon. a 1.383 The Fruit is remarkable for the several Tussucks or Bunches of Thorns wherewith it is armed all round about: each Bunch consisting of about six or eight Thorns; some of which stand erected, the rest couched down a little and crooked outward; of several lengths, from one inch, to above two; altogether, if pull'd off, somewhat resembling a Jack a long-legs.

A MALE-ORANGE of Chio, commonly called Sio.

A FEMALE-ORANGE of the same Island.

A CROWNED-ORANGE: that is, having an Orbicu∣lar Piece on the top.

A FRUIT like a little ORANGE: perhaps, Aracynap∣pil Paludani; described by J. Bauhinus. b 1.384 This here is crowned with a circle of ½ an inch Diametre.

A sort of BASTARD-QUINCE. Cotoneaster Ges∣neri. c 1.385

An HERMAPHRODITE-LIMON, exhibiting the pudenda of both Sexes.

A FRUIT of BRASILE, probably described in Bauhi∣nus by the Name of Bras. d 1.386 Of the bigness and shape of a little Limon. 'Tis now yellowish, when fresh, likely, of a golden colour. Filled with an innumerable company of Seeds, which Bauh. describes not. They are almost as hard as Stones, ¼ of an inch broad, and flat, almost as the seeds of Lillies.

An INDIAN FRUIT, having its surface (now) very uneven, with Furrows and Knobs all round about. The Furrows, ten. Both the Description and Picture hereof taken by Bauhinus a 1.387 from Platerus; But ill placed.

A Round Indian FRUIT with one end pointed, and a (now) granulated surface. Described as I take it by Bauh. b 1.388 With the Name of Fructus Peregrinus orbicularis cuspi∣datus.

The POLVILLERIAN-PEAR: because either it grows most about Polvilla in Alsatia, or was first taken notice of there. A very small fruit, (now) no bigger than a Nutmeg. See Bauhinus.

The MOUNTAIN SERVIS. Sorbus Alpina. Chiefly upon the Alps.

MYROBALANUS CHEBULA. The largest and longest of all the five Kinds known in Shops. Next to which is the Citrine, also long. Then the Belliricks and Emblicks, but both these are round. The Indian or Black, the smallest, and long. The Stone of the Emblick Myrobalan, of a pecu∣liar angular Figure. This, and the five Myrobalans are all figur'd in Besler.

The GREAT CITRINE MYROBALAN. A rare kind. In shape like that which Bauhinus c 1.389 gives by the Name of Myrobal. Rauwolfij; but is much bigger, near two inches long, and above an inch and ½ over.

Myrobalans grow most of them in Cambaia, Goa, and Malabar; Chebs, in Bisnagar and Bengala; Emblicks and Belliricks, in Java; the Great Citrine, in Palestine.

These Fruits, say Fallopius and others who have pur∣posely made enquiry, are no where mention'd by any of the ancient Greeks; but by the Arabian Physitians first of all. In the Countries where they grow, and may be had fresh, they are doubtless of good Medicinal use to the Natives. But as they come over hither, they are most of them meer rubbish, whereof, with the plenty of far better Medicines, we have no need. The Chebs, Belliricks and Indians, are Preserved with Sugar in India, and sent thence into all the Neighbouring Countries. The Emblicks are there used, as Sumach, &c. for the tanning of Leather.

SEBESTEN, i. e. Fructus Mixae. It grows naturally in Aegpyt and Syria: And is also nourished in Italian Gardens.

The JUJUBE of Cappadocia. Bacca Ziziphi Cappado∣cicae. In shape like the wild, but lesser, and somewhat redish. Of a dryish substance, almost like that of Hawthorne-Berries. The Tree well described by Dalechampius. It grows, to the bigness of the Willow; especially in Syria and Ethyopia.

A Black round FRUIT of the shape and bigness of the largest Red Cherries. Perhaps, Prunula Insana.

A STONED-FRUIT in shape and bigness like a Quince. The Flesh or Pulp being now dry'd and shrunk, very thin. It comprehends three very great Oval Stones, thin, and brittle: in each of which is also included a Kernel of an∣swerable bigness.

An ORBICULAR STONE of an Indian-Plum. Os Pruni Indici fere globulare. Of the bigness of a midling Wallnut, of a dark bay colour, knobed all round about, extraordinary hard, at the base and top a very little pro∣minent.

Another GLOBULAR STONE. In shape and bigness, like the former; excepting, that the base is a very little broader. Of a citrine or straw-colour. Hard as a Wall∣nut. Very uneven and ruged all round about, with small furrows and holes intermixed.

A third GLOBULAR STONE. Yet so, as to be divided into five Valves or Sides, all ruged as in the first, equally hard, and of the same bay colour. But not bigger than a midling Cherry.

An OVAL PLUM-SONE. As big as a Pigeons Egg, and of the same shape. Somewhat rough, of an Iron colour, and hard substance, but not very thick.

Another OVAL STONE. As big as a Hens Egg: and almost of the same figure; saving that the Base is a little blunter, the Cone or top a little smaller. Of a bay colour. Wonderful hard. Divided into five sides, ruged and un∣even, with a great many holes and deep furrows. The Sides distinguished by as many strait Fissures, beginning a little above the Base, and thence prolonged towards the Cone. Within each of which also grows a stony, and as it were toothed piece above an inch long. This, the Third, and the First, are all of kin.

A LONG OVAL STONE. In length two inches, and one inch over; shaped like that of an Olive. Cover'd

with a kind of straw-colour'd Membrane. Under which, 'tis all over unequal with furrows. Of a dark ash-colour without; inwardly, whitish. Exceeding hard.

Another LONG OVAL STONE. Naked or without any Membrane. Much bigger than the former, being two inches and ½ long, and an inch and ¼ over. The furrows also of this are more, and deeper.

A THIRD of kin to the former, but far less, not much bigger than the common Cornelian-Cherry. These three last are all of kin. Not to be suppos'd the elder and young stones of the same fruit: for that they are all equally hard, and therefore at their full growth.

A PLUM-STONE almost like a Wallnut. An inch and ¼ long, half an inch broad at the Base, which is a little hol∣lowed in; in the middle an inch and ½, the top a little sharp and prominent. It hath three sides, all uneven with many furrows, and somewhat deep. Of a straw-colour, and very hard.

A STONE figur'd into a SPHAERICAL TRIANGLE. Near two inches long. Hard, rough, and of a Wallnut colour. The three sides unequal: one above an inch broad, the others narrower; all united at acute angles, and a little prominent. This Stone seems to belong to the fruit which, together with the Tree, is described in Laet a 1.390 by the Name of Totocke.

ANOTHER, of like shape, substance and colour with the former. But much less; and ratably, broader; sc. about an inch long, and as broad. Consisteth of three sides; whereof one the greatest, and convex; the other two almost plain or level.

A STONE ANOMALOUSLY figur'd. Above two inches long. One way, almost two, over. Another, an inch and ½. Of a dark citrine, and somewhat rough, as it were besprinkled all over with sand. On one side, flat∣tish, but unevenly. On the other swelling up into a double Lip, very rough; and having a Fissure running by the length.

Another ODDLY figur'd Stone. Above two inches long; In the middle, two over. At the Base, in a manner, an inch and ½ square, 1/•• an inch over at the top. Almost smooth, and of the colour of spruce Oker.

A THIRD. Three quarters of an inch long; one way, 1/•• of an inch over; another, ¼. One side, Concave; the other, Convex. The Margin pinched out into a sharpe edge. Of a dark bay.

A Great MAMMEE-STONE. Two inches and ½ long, an inch and ½ broad in the middle, flat, and somewhat sharp at both ends. Bauhinus gives the Description and Figure hereof both out of Clusius, by whom it is called Avellana Indica. 'Tis also curiously figur'd in Calceolarius: but with the same Name. And with the same, described by Matthiolus. All of them mistaking it for a Nut. Whereas in truth it is the Stone of a kind of Fruit like a great Peach, and bigger; in which there are commonly two of these Stones.

A little MAMMEE-STONE. Described by Clusius with the mistaken Name of Avellana Indica minor. And, out of him, by Bauh. a 1.391

A ROUND MAMMEE-STONE. Of the same colour with the former; but that which is here the far greater part, of an obscure brown, and somewhat uneven with a few crooked furrows. The remainder and here the far less portion, of a shining bay. 'Tis of the bigness of a good large Walnut.

The Fruit grows in Jamaica, Barbados, and other parts of the West-Indies. Of the flesh or pulp whereof, they there make very good Conserves.

A NETTED-STONE. Described by Bauhinus b 1.392 with the Title of Fructus reticulato corio: mistaking it for a Nut. The greater part of the Stone is of the same substance with that of other Plum-stones. But over this is spread a netted Work of larg woody Fibers. It was brought from Guiney; but it grows also in Virginia.

Another WOODY STONE. A very great one; but ratably short, sc. two inches long, and two and ½ over, like a midling Pippin. Very little stony, but all its outer part, at least, perfectly woody, or made up of a multitude of woody Fibers. The largest whereof are prolonged from the Base to the Cone, associated all along by lesser ones run∣ning betwixt them.

A Third WOODY STONE. Almost of the shape and bigness of a Pigeons-Egg. But a little compressed. 'Tis

cover'd all over with Liguous Fibers, so extream closely woven together, that it looks as if it were all Wood. Some of the greater run directly from the Stalk to the Flower or top. So great a difference there is betwixt these Indians Stones, and those of our Europaean Fruits, which have very few, and most not above two or three on the outside.

The STONE of the Brasilian Fruit called AND A. Wor∣mius hath given hereof but a bad Figure: but describes it better. Yet with a mistaken Title, as if it were the entire Fruit. 'Tis a very hard and great Stone, as big as a mid∣ling Bell-Peare, but a little compressed: broad at the Base, and sharp pointed, with some resemblance to a Heart. The sides of the Shell of a wonderful thickness. Penetrated to the Kernel with three great holes.

Amongst many observable Instances of the Contrivances Nature makes for the growth of the Seed, in whatsoever Cover a 1.393 it be included; this Stone is one. For being so extraordinary hard and thick; it were impossible the Kernel within it (which is also great) should be supplyed with Aer and Sap sufficient for its growth; were not those three great holes made on purpose, for a plentiful admission of both.

And as great an instance it is of the seemingly wonder∣ful force of the Radicle, or that small and tender part of the Kernel, which becomes the Root of the Plant; by which, chiefly, the sides of the Stone, those thick Walls, are made to cleave asunder to make way for its descent into the ground. But Time seems to do the same thing here, as Celerity doth in the Statera; where a small Weight set at a greater distance from the Centre of gravity, will ballance a big∣ger that's nearer: because, what it wants in bigness, is made up by the Celerity of its motion. So the Radicle of a Ker∣nel, having though a slow motion, yet some, and that continu'd, it is able in time to master a sturdy Body which hath no contrary motion at all, but is at rest.

One or two of the Kernels, which are as big as Dama∣scene-Plums, both Purge, and sometimes Vomit. If taken raw, they work roughly: but boyl'd and preserv'd with Sugar, may be given to Children. b 1.394

Another POYNTED-STONE. A very great one: three inches and ½ long, an inch and ½ over, one way; another

near two inches. On one side, very Convex; on the op∣posite, almost flat. The Base Oval; the top, presently sharpen'd into a point. Of a russet colour, very hard, ruged, and having broad Furrows, most of them running by the length; out of some of which arise several woody Fibers.

Another like STONE. 'Tis as big as a Pullets Egg. On one side more Convex, as the former. Of a russet colour, hard and granulated. All over uneven with many, though not very deep Furrows, divers whereof are produced from the Base almost to the Cone.

The said Furrows, both in this and all the other Stones, are to be understood the Seats of woody Fibers, wherewith they were originally fill'd up.

A TWIN Almond-Stone.

GUM LACK, naturally adhering to a small Branch of its own Tree, called Ber Indica; a sort of Plum-Tree grow∣ing in Pegu, Martaban, and some other parts, sometimes as big as a Wallnut-Tree. a 1.395 'Tis generally agreed, That this Gum is made, in Summer-time, by Winged-Ants, out of the Tree it self. Garsias adds, as Wax is by Bees. How far the Comparison holds, requires examination. In the mean time, 'tis most likely, That these Ants finding the Sap or Gum of this Tree agreeable for their food or other use, and nibling the Barque to come at it, it thereupon issues at the Wounds they make.

The Indians make several sorts of artificial Lacks, by mixing this Gum with other Materials of all colours. With these, all the turn'd Wood-Works in India and China are wrought and burnished. Trochisci Dialaccae, a Medicine formerly much commended, but now obso∣lete.

CHAP. III. Of CALIBASHES, and some other like Fruits.

THe Great OVAL CALIBASH. In length, almost ¼ of a foot; above a foot and ½ in compass. Its Figure answerable to that of a Hens-Egg, one end, sc. the top, being somewhat smaller than the other. 'Tis now of a kind of tawny colour, or like that of an old Pomgranate-Pill. About as hard as a Wallnut, and the shell somewhat thicker. Originally fill'd (as may be seen by some of them) with a Pulp and a great number of Seeds, as is a Melon or Gourd. Yet a Calibash is the Fruit of a Tree. In some sort described by Ligon. a 1.396

The Middle OVAL CALIBASH. Of the same tawny colour, as the former; as also a little slenderer at the top, than the bottom. In length four inches and ¼, and 3 and ½ broad; of the bigness of a China Limon. It hath a little round knob at the top, as big as a Great Pins Head. The Seed, almost of the colour, size and shape of an Apple-Kernel; saving that the top is shaped like the common Picture of a Heart.

The little OVAL CALIBASH. Of a like colour with the former, but stained with some black Spots. Three inches and ½ long; two and ¼ over; somewhat bigger than a Turkeys-Egg. Of a perfect Oval, that is, with both the ends cut by the same Ellipsis, yet both a very little prominent. And the top apiculated, as in the former. It seems a kin to the Cucurbita Indica minor Taberna Montani; and that the said Author mistook a Calibash, for a Gourd.

An ORBICULAR CALIBASH. Of the shape and big∣ness of a Jack-Bowl.

The halfs of an ORBICULAR CALIBASH, four inches and ½ Diametre.

The Middle b 1.397 FLAGON CALIBASH. Figur'd after a manner by Bauhinus with the mistaken Title of Cucurbita Indica Lagenaria: it being not a Gourd, but the Fruit of a Tree, as is abovesaid. It hath a Head and Belly divided by a Neck, somewhat resembling an old fashion'd Flagon.

The Belly, about five inches and ½ long, and four and ½ in Diametre. The Neck, two inches long, and about an inch over. The Head, about as long, and above an inch and ••/•• over. Originally, of a straw colour: but by the Indians painted, after a rude manner, with a dull red. The Shell very hard, and about a ¼ of an inch thick.

The little FLAGON or BOTTLE CALIBASH. About four inches and ½ long. The Belly, three inches over. The Head, an inch and ¾. The Neck, a little above an inch. The Shell, at the top of the Head above ¼ of an inch thick.

The PEAR-CALIBASH. In length about five inches, the Neck somewhat long and slender, the Belly two inches and ½ over: so as both in figure and bigness to resemble the Pear figur'd by Bauhinus with the Name of Pirum Stran∣gulatorium. On one side, colour'd with a light, on the other with a deeper yellow.

A Double PEAR-CALIBASH.

A TRIANGULAR CALIBASH. 'Tis smooth, and black, shaped like the Egyptian Cucumer, called Chate. About five inches long. The Neck triangular; whether naturally, uncertain. From thence belly'd like a Pear; two inches and ½ over. The shell very hard, and as thick as of the Flagon-Calibash.

These Fruits grow in Guiney; as also in Virginia, Barba∣dos, and other parts of the West-Indies. Where they are used, either whole or cut through the middle, for Cups, Dishes, Basons, Buckets, Flagons, &c. according to their big∣ness. The Natives sometimes line their insides with some kind of Rosin (as we rosin Wooden-Cans) the better to preserve the Liquor they put into them; which, if spiri∣tuous, would otherwise either drench through, or loose of its strength. Whether the Rosin they use, be such as gives no ill tast to the Liquor may be a query.

The BAOBAB. Abavi Clusij. Of affinity with the Fruit by Scaliger called Guanabanus. Wormius, I think mistakingly, makes it the same. 'Tis well described and figur'd by Bauhinus. a 1.398 This is of the bigness of a mid∣ling Pomecitrine, and of answerable shape. The shell of a good thickness, but not very hard; of a kind of dusky green, and faced almost all over with a velvet Down.

When fresh gather'd, 'tis fill'd with a soft Pulp, and as it should seem, much more juycy, than in the Calibash. With∣in the Pulp is contained a great number of Seeds, or little Stones, of the bigness, and with somewhat of the shape, of Indian Wheat. Besler hath a good Figure hereof, repre∣senting it cut open, to shew the Seeds.

The GREAT LONG BAOBAB. I meet with no Descrip∣tion answering to this Species. 'Tis in length ten inches, a foot in compass, being ratably much slenderer than the former, and almost Cylindrical. The upper end, made a lit∣tle slenderer; the top of all, flat, and an inch and ¼ over.

The GREAT BELLY'D-BAOBAB. Much bigger than the former, and no where describ'd, that I find. In length, an inch above a foot; and above a foot and ½ in compass. Towards the upper end, belly'd. But the end it self pointed almost like a Limon.

The Baobab grows in the Island Zeilan, and in Aegypt. The Juyce hereof is of an acidulated Tast, very grateful: of which the Aegyptians make much use, especially when they travail, to quench their thirst.

The MACOCQUER. A Virginian Fruit, described by a 1.399 Bauhinus. It seems to be of affinity with the Calibash, or perhaps a small Species thereof. It is of an Orbicular-Figure, and of the bigness of a little Hand-Ball. Though Clusius affirmeth b 1.400 it to be sometimes four inches in Diametre. The shell is thin and brittle. Originally fill'd with a soft and juycy Pulp, in which a great many Seeds of the colour and bigness of an Apple-Kernel.

The Natives, having empty'd the shells of the Pulp and Seeds, and in the room hereof, put in some little Stones, use them as Rattles, wherewith to rejoyce upon any special Occasion.

The GENIPAT, Junipap, or Junipappeeywa. A Brasi∣lian Fruit so called. Described by Bauhinus. c 1.401 And probably by Piso with the Name of Janipaba. This also is a kind of little Calibash. Of the bigness of a Wallnut, and almost Oval; containing a Pulp and Seeds much like those of the Macocquer. It grows upon a tall Tree.

The Natives use this Fruit against Diarrhae'as. As also to paint themselves. They chew the Pulp, and then

squeezing the Juyce out, rub it upon their Body: as it drys, it turns to a blackish blew. This they do, when they visit a Friend, or upon any solemn Occasion, would be fine.

Another FRUIT, of kin to the former, with a pointed top. It was brought from Guiney.

A FRUIT resembling that described by Bauhinus a 1.402 under the Name of Charameis Acostae. Yet this here, by the reduction of the point or seat of the Flower to the Base, a little flatish.

CHAP. IV. Of NUTS, and Divers other like Fruits.

THe JACAPUCAIO-NUT. A West-Indian Fruit. Both this and the Tree tolerably well described by G. Piso. b 1.403 It is about the bigness of a Boys Head of ten or twelve years old, somewhat oblong, with a circular Ridge toward the top. Now all over, without and within of a dark or blackish colour. The sides extraordinary warm, being an inch thick. Within, divided into four Quarters. In each of which (saith Piso) are contained about thirty Kernels. But here they are wanting. Described also in part, and figur'd, in Calceolarius's Musaeum, out of Jos. Acosta c 1.404 by the Name of Amygdala dell' Anidi.

Of these Kernels, much bigger than Almonds, the Na∣tives make both Medicines, and pleasant Meats. Sometimes the Fruit of one Tree, hath served to Victual a whole Camp. Those that fall are, with leave, greedily devoured by the Cattel. Of the Timber of the Tree, are made the Rowls of Sugar-Mills; as being tougher, or otherwise fitter for that purpose, than other Woods.

Another of the same NUTS of equal bigness.

The COVER of the said NUT. A like colour'd, and in shape almost like a Mushroon. When the Nut is ripe (which always hangs down) this Cover, with the least shake, falls out, and the Kernels after it, into the Laps of the Natives.

One half of the MALDIVE-NUT; called Coccus de Ma∣ladiva.

Tavarcare, in the Language of the Island. Described by Chioccus a 1.405 out of Clusius and Garzias ab Horto; and well figur'd. Piso b 1.406 also hath the Description and Figure, toge∣ther with a prolix Discourse hereof. They are said to be no where found, except upon the Sea-shore. Nor is the Tree it self to be seen any where in the Island. The entire Nut, somewhat like a double Box, or a pair of Panniers. This half, about a foot long, and near ½ a foot broad; a kind of half Oval; yet flat on that side, where the two halfs are conjoyn'd. The shell about ••/••th of an inch thick, and as hard as that of a Coco-Nut. As black as a Coal. This is empty; but originally they contain a certain white Pulp, of no great Tast.

Of this Pulp both the People and Princes of Malabar have a high opinion, as if of great Virtue against most Diseases; especially in case of Poyson, or Epileptick and other like Affections. So that sometimes they value them at about five and twenty pounds a Nut. 'Tis also highly com∣mended for the same purposes, by Piso, both from the ex∣perience of others, and his own. They sometimes make Drinking-Cups of the Shells, and tip them with Silver or Gold-Plate. 'Tis Death for any to be known to take up any of them; because those things that are cast upon the shore, are the Kings.

The COCO-NUT. The Fruit of a very tall Tree, both in the East and West-Indies, growing only upon the top of it. Mention'd by many Writers of Natural History, but not by any one distinctly describ'd. As by one sent me fresh by Mr. Sam. Moody from Jamaica, I had the op∣portunity to observe. Here are three of them entire. The bigest whereof is about a foot in length, and one and ¾ in compass. With three sides, one whereof more flat; bel∣ly'd in the middle, and somewhat Conick at both ends; so that it is a kind of Sphaerical Triangle. The Husk or outmost part of the Nut on the sides, about an inch thick; at the Corners, an inch and ½; almost wholly consisting of tough woody Fibers; so that being cut transversly, it looks like a stiff Scrubbing-Brush. Next within this Fibrous Part, lies the Shell, brown, hard, and brittle, like a Plum-Stone; the 1/•• of an inch in thickness; about three inches Diametre, and of an Oval Figure, not much unlike that of an

Ostriches, or sometimes a Cassowarys-Egg. Yet so, as always to be Trivalvous, i. e. composed of three Sides or Plates joyned together by the length of the Shell; one Side being commonly much bigger than either of the other two. At the Base of the said Shell, are always like∣wise three conspicuous Holes, by which originally are ad∣mitted a considerable number of Fibers into the Concave of the Shell. Next within the Shell is a thin, dry and Mem∣branous Coat, branched or veined all round about with a great number of Fibers, chiefly for the conveyance of Sap. Within this Veiny-Coat, lie's a soft, white, thick and Oval Body, commonly; but falsly, supposed to be the Kernel: it being only the Cover next or immediate thereunto. In thickness about ½ an inch, and of a sweet and pleasant tast. This Body, while the Nut is yet unripe, is filled full with a very limpid and sweetish Liquor; which, in the Nut I had sent me, was in all about 1/•• a pint: all con∣veyed from the said fibrous Coat, and filtred through this thick soft Boby. Out of this Liquor, the true Kernel is in time produced: the Liquor diminishing, as the Kernel in∣creases, in the same manner, as in an Egg, the White wasts, as the Chicken grows. Or as, indeed, in the Seeds of all Plants whatsoever, a 1.407 which are not meerly Metaphori∣cally, but really so many Eggs (like those of many Ani∣mals) without a Yelk.

Letting this Liquor stand in a Bottle, corked up, for some months; although at first as clear as Rock-water, yet was it not only grown very fetid, but being after left open for some time, did let fall a Sediment above ••/2 an inch thick. Arguments of its being impregnated with a sufficient store of seminal Principles.

And as no Animal Egg is vital without the Male: so neither is this Liquor, without the above-said Fibers; which communicate their prolifick Vertue to the same. Amongst which Fibers, being many Aer-Vessels, they also serve for the hardening of the Shell. As in like manner do all those that compose the outward brushy part of the Nut. For were the Shell not only fill'd with so great a quantity of Liquor; but also, as in many Fruits, surrounded with a juycy Pulp; betwixt both, it would remain a soft Paren∣chyma (as all vegetable Stones at first are) and never, or not soon enough, harden into a shell.

For the more easie and convenient eruption of the Radi∣cle, the Shell is not one entire piece, but divided into three (as are most Seed-Covers into two or more) distinct Plates; which gradually cleave asunder, to give way to the descent of the said Radicle into the ground.

Two more LONG COCO-NUTS, somewhat less than that now describ'd.

A THIRD, about as long, but much slenderer. Of the rounder kind, there is a good Figure in Besler; as also of the Shell.

A LONG OVAL COCO-SHELL. About ½ a foot in length, and three inches and ½ over. One of the three Holes at the bottom, cut wider by some Body, who had a mind to cheat the Spectator by imitating a mouth. Al∣most in shape and bigness like a Cassowarys-Egg.

Another Shell of the same shape.

THREE short Oval COCO-SHELLS.

An ORBICULAR COCO-SHELL; four inches and ¼ long, and as much in Diametre.

Another Great ORBICULAR one. 'Tis a foot and ••/•• in compass. A Coco-Nut of a foot and ••/4 compass, hath a Shell in compass about nine inches. The Nut therefore to which this Shell belong'd, was in compass above three quarters of a yard.

The COCO is one of the most useful Trees in the World. Of the Husk or outmost fibrous Cover of the Nut, all manner of Ropes and Cables are made throughout India. Of the Shells, the Indians make Ladles, Wine-Bot∣tles, and many sorts of Vessels. The inmost Cover next the Kernel, while it contains only Liquor, they eat with salt, as a very pleasant meat. The said Liquor, is commonly used, as a clear sweet and cool Drink. Sometimes they cut away the Blossom of the young Nut, and binding a con∣venient Vessel to the place, thereby obtain a sweet and pleasant Liquor, which they call Sura. This standing an hour in the Sun, becomes good Vinegar, used throughout India. The same Distill'd (I suppose after fermentation) yieldeth a pretty strong Brandy, called Fulo, and is the first running. The second, is called Uraca, the only Wine of India. Of the same Sura, being boil'd, and set in the Sun, they also make a sort of brown Sugar, which they call Jagra.

From the Kernel it self, when fresh, and well stamped, they press out a Milk, which they always mix and eat with their Rice-Meats. Of the Kernel dry'd (called Copra) and stamped, they make Oil, both to eat, and to burn. Of the Leaves of the Tree (called Olas) they make the Sails of their Ships: as also Covers for their Houses and Tents; and Summer-Hats. Of the Wood, they make Ships without Nails; sewing the several parts together with the Cords made of the Husk of the Nut. a 1.408

A small ORBICULAR FRUIT, as it seems, of the Nut-kind, not bigger than a Physical Pill; a little flattish on that part which grows to the Husk. Very hard. And of a shining colour, like that of red Coral. Described b 1.409 also by Clusius: and neatly figur'd in Calceolarius's Mu∣saeum. c 1.410

ANOTHER of the same hardness, shape, and bigness; but of a shining black.

ANOTHER hard and orbicular Fruit, by Casp. Bauhi∣nus called Milium Indicum. For what reason I see not, it having no similitude thereto. That for which it is ob∣servable, is, that it looks as if it were artificially turn'd upon a Lath. See a rude Figure hereof in J. Bauhinus.

An Oval Stone or Shell, of the bigness and shape of a midling Olive. Given by Mr. Anth. Horneck. It seems doubtful, Whether of the Plum or Nut-kind. 'Tis all over smooth, and of a shining light bay, like that of a Mammee. Excepting only the Base which is of a dull colour, and ruged, and having two narrow smooth Mar∣gins like a pair of Lips, or an open mouth: from the cor∣ners whereof runs a natural Notch round about the Stone or Shell.

The YECOTL. The Fruit of a little Tree in New-Spain, which the Spaniards call Palmam Montensem; and which I take to be all one with the Palmapinus, or the Palma Coni∣fera. 'Tis described and figur'd both by J. Bauhinus, and by Wormius. Who Reports out of Laet, That these kind of Nuts are always found empty, or without a Kernel. Which is a mistake; for this here hath one. 'Tis likely all that he saw (and so he should have said) were barren. The length of this, about two inches and half; the Dia∣metre, one and 1/••, the Figure Oval. Smooth, and of a

shining Bay▪ Composed of Scales, from the middle (where they are about ½ an inch broad) growing lesser towards both ends, so as in some sort to resemble a Cone, of the Picea Latin: or Male Firr-Tree. Yet a quite different Fruit: for whereas in a Cone, the Seeds or Kernels are nu∣merous, all placed between the Scales of the Cone; here (so far as can be guess'd by the sound) we have but one single Kernel, within the hollow of the Shell.

But that which is most observable, and whereof no Author takes notice either in the Description or Figure of this Fruit, is this, That the Scales which compose the Shell, are not so set together, as to have their open ends or points upwards, as in a Cone: but on the con∣trary, so as to have their roots uppermost, and their open and outmost ends or points downwards, or towards the Base of the Shell, as of the Slates upon a House towards the ground. A singular contrivance of Nature, to prevent the rain from running into the hollow of the Shell, and so rotting the Kernel. And although the Scales of a Cone are open towards the point of the Cone, yet even hereby they answer the same end; because it always or most com∣monly hangs upon the Tree with the point down∣ward.

This Fruit is pictur'd in Besler, Tab. 1. But mistakenly, for the Arecca or Faveel.

The CONICK YECOTL. I find it not describ'd. 'Tis much less than the former; in length, an inch and ⅓ ^d; in the middle near an inch thick. Slenderer at both ends, and the upper plainly taper'd. The Scales, as in the former.

Of the Leaves a 1.411 of this Shrub, the Indians make a sort of Thread.

A SCALED FRUIT a kin to the YECOTL. 'Tis of a rounder Figure, almost like a Pippin, and about as big as a midling Peach. See the Figure hereof in Bauhinus, un∣der the Title of Nux Indica Tessellata. They grow in Guyana.

A Great PALMACOCO-NUT. Bauhinus describes b 1.412 another Species by the Name of Fructus Palmae Nuciferae. Perhaps the Tree may not be improperly call'd Palmacocus, as bearing a Fruit, though small, yet resembling the Coco∣shell.

This is the biggest of several here preserved, which make it doubtful, Whether it belong to a Cocus or a Palme. In length, near 1/•• a foot; in the middle, two inches over. The Base somewhat Oval, and Prominent, with three large Holes, as in a Coco; the upper end Conick, and a little inflected. Composed of three Valves or Plates, making so many Angles, below, obscure; above, more sharp. The colour mixed, according to the distribution of the woody Fibers.

A middle PALMACOCO-NUT. As big as a larger Walnut. In length, an inch and 1/••; the Base, an inch over. Figur'd into a kind of Convex Cone. Upon the Margins of the three Holes in the Base, are finely spread a great many small black Fibers; like the Fibrillae of the Lig. cili are round about the Crystal Humour. See also Clusius's De∣scription hereof in Bauhinus. Two of this Species are here preserved.

ANOTHER also Conick, but less: In shape like the Pear called Moscatellinum: but is scarce so big as a small Nutmeg. Of a woody substance, and the colour of Box. With three open Holes, as in all the rest.

The DOG-PALMACOCO. Bauhinus describes and figures one of these Nuts by the Name of Nux larvata. The like is performed in the German Ephemerides. But I take this to be a different Species from them both. In length, an inch and 1/••; an inch over, where thickest; and of a Conick Figure. The Crown or thicker end of the Shell is encompassed with a great many small Fibers, ori∣ginally spread all over the Shell, but here clip'd off by some Body, to make it look like a Head of Hair. About the middle of the Shell are two natural Holes, ratably large, like a pair of Eyes; and the upper Margins prominent, like Eye-brows, whereupon are naturally spread a number of small black Fibers, like the Hair on the Eye-brows. Underneath a third Hole, also hairy, standing in the place of a Mouth. Betwixt which, or before, there are three little Knobs, which together make no ill resemblance of a Nose, and the upper Lip all natural; So that, at the first sight, one would take it to be a little Head of a Greyhound carved in Wood.

TWO more, of the same kind, but much shorter.

An Oval PALMACOCO, about the bigness of a Nutmeg.

Another, of a straw colour, wrinkled, knobed, and some∣what compressed, Figur'd in some sort by Bauhinus, a 1.413 under the Title of Avellana Indica peculiaris Came∣rarij.

A BROAD PALMACOCO. An inch over or in breadth; from the Base to the top directly, not above ¾. That al∣most flat, this with a blunt point. It hath three Holes on the sides, almost equidistant.

An ORBICULAR PALMACOCO. Yet a little com∣pressed, as a Bowl. Not above ½ an inch Diametre; of the colour and hardness of Box; furrow'd as a Peach-Stone. On the sides are three equidistant Holes, over-spread with black capillary Fibers.

A RHOMBOID-NUT, of affinity with the former. An inch and ¼ long; ¼ broad, and ½ an inch thick, the sides being a little compressed. Cover'd round about with small woody Fibers, produced from the Stalk or Base to the top of the Shell.

The FAVEEL or FAUFEL. The Fruit of a kind of Palme, by the Malabarins called ARECCA. Described by Garcias, Bauhinus, and Wormius. But by none of them well. It hath a three-fold Cover, of so many sorts of work. The utmost, consisting of straw-colour'd, soft and (as Garcias rightly) downy Fibers. The middle, of yel∣lowish, and sturdy ones, of the thickness of a sewing Needle: about ½ an inch longer, than to the top of the Shell, yet couched down round about it. The inmost, a thin slender Case, but woody. Yet lined with a pithy sub∣stance. All contrived for the greater warmth, and gra∣dual exposing of the Nut within to the Aer. This Nut is about the bigness of a little Nutmeg; but not so long.

This Fruit grows in Malavar and the Island Mombaim. Being eaten unripe, it stupifies, and as it were inebriates. For which cause, b 1.414 some eat them to make them unsensi∣ble of great pains. Garcias saith, That he used their Distill'd-Water, in Bilious Diarrhaea's, with great success.

A FRUIT very like to the Faufel. Bauhinus describes and figures it out of Clusius, by that Name. Yet it seems, to me, to be the Faufel it self in the Bud.

The DATE-NUT, qu. Nucidactylus. I find it neither described nor figur'd by any Author. 'Tis above two inches long; near the Stalk, above an inch over; towards the top near two, being belly'd like a Pear. Along one side, a little ridged. The Stalk cover'd with a whitish Down, like a Quince's. The outward Skin of a dusky Bay, smooth, soft, and thin. Next under this is a Work of Fibers, not produced, as in other Fruits, by the length, but standing bolt upright, like the Pile of Velvet, about a ¼ of an inch in depth; or rather, like the Bristles upon a Hogs back. So that the outward Skin being taken off, the Fruit looks and feels like a round Scrubing-Brush. These Fibers are continuous all round about with the next Cover, which is of a woody substance, and very tough, about ¼ of an inch thick. Next within this Cover or Rind, is contained a soft and light substance, which, by the space it hath left, appears to have been originally a very fleshy and sappy part. Within This lies the Stone, about as big as a young Pigeons-Egg. This Stone is not hollow, like others, but altogether solid, like the Stone of a Date, and is within of the same whitish, dense, and horny substance: from whence I have taken leave for the Name. At the top of the Stone is formed, like as in a Nutmeg, a little round Cell, in which the true Seed is contained, no bigger than a midling Pins head.

A TWIN DATE-NUT of the same Species.

A THIRD, a single one, with the outward Rind taken off, whereby the said brisly Fibers are conspicuous.

A CACAW-NUT. Given by Francis Willughby Esq. 'Tis five inches long; and about two, over; shaped like a Garden-Cucumer; but the Stalk-end a little slenderer. Now it is dry, angular with five wrinkled and black Ribs an inch broad. The spaces between, half as broad, smooth, and of a redish Bay: the blackness of the Ribs proceeding also from a fuller and deeper Red under the Skin; as in many other Fruits: or as Scarlet Blood makes blew Veins. Within the Rind are contained about fifteen or twenty Kernels, near as big as a Garden-Bean, but smaller at one end; some∣what like a little Birds Heart. Yet the shape, I suppose, in different Nuts, may have some variation.

Another CACAW-NUT, like the former; given by Mr. John Short.

This Fruit grows principally in New Spain, and the Province of Guatimalla in Mexico. In which, and other places of the West-Indies, the Kernels are used, saith Jos. Acosta, a 1.415 instead of Money; and commonly given to the Poor, as Alms. With Chacawlate, the Indians Treat Noble Men, b 1.416 as they pass through their Country.

These Kernels being well pounded, as Almonds, in a Mortar, and mixed with a certain proportion of Sugar and Spices (according as the Trader thinks or finds it best for Sale) are commonly made up in Cakes or Rowles; which are brought over hither from Spain, and other parts. But those that would have a good quantity for their own private use, had much better procure the Nuts themselves (as fresh and new as may be) and so prepare and com∣pound them to their own Constitution and Tast. And for those that drink it, without any Medicinal respect, at Coffee-Houses; there is no doubt but that of Almonds finely beaten, and mixed with a due proportion of Sugar and Spices, may be made as pleasant a drink, as the best Chacaw∣late.

The BUTTER-NUT: a Fruit growing in New England, and there so called, because the Kernel yieldeth a great quantity of a sweet Oil. I meet with it no where. In length, two inches and ½; in the middle, near an inch and ½ over; the two ends narrower, and a very little promi∣nent, shaped somewhat like a small Cucumer. The Skin smoothish, and (now) brown. The substance within it, black: originally, a kind of Pulp or fleshy Rind about ¼ of an inch thick, answering to that of a Walnut. The Stone almost Oval, and edged with six or seven Angles by the length, the greatest, which are also opposite, ending in a sharp point. The Spaces betwixt the Angles, very uneven with a great many ruged and thin plates and knobs.

With a Decoction of the Barque of the Tree, the English Planters dey their Linsey Woolsey of a Cinamon colour, with∣out Alum, or any thing else being added.

The EDGED-WALNUT of New England. In colour, as the common kind. Near an inch long, as broad, and a little above ½ an inch thick. The Base, and especially the point, a little prominent. Figur'd with eight Angles or Edges, whereof one half sharper than the other. The Ker∣nel shaped, as in the common kind.

A WALNUT shaped like a Pear. Whether mon∣strous, or of any Species, is uncertain. 'Tis two inches long, at one end ¼ of an inch thick or over, and the other, above an inch.

Another, with one Concave of the Shell twice as big as the other.

A Third, with a Shell composed of three Valves or Plates.

A NUT, which seems to be a sort of Indian Filbert. I find it not describ'd. Of a triangular Figure, one greater side subtended to two lesser. The Base 1/•• an inch thick; an inch and ¾ long, or wide; from thence to the Cone as much. Of a brown ash-colour; and ruged all round about by the distribution of a great number of Fibers. Only the true Base, by which it joyned to the Husk, is smooth; and, as that of a Filbert, cleavable along the middle.

The HAZLE-NUT of New England. Neither is this describ'd. Here is a Box of them. They are shorter, and broader, than the common sort; the point depressed, and the Base more produc'd. In colour, both alike.

HAZLE-NUTS, some three, and some four growing together.

The NUT called MEHEMBETHENE. It grows upon a small Tree, like a Hasle, in New Spain. Described in Bauhinus. a 1.417 'Tis somewhat Oval, an inch and ¼ long, ⅔ ^ds over. Divided by a triangular partition into three Cells, for the lodging of so many Kernels.

The BARBADO-NUT. The Fruit, in truth, of a kind of Plum-Tree. b 1.418 Yet the Name prevailing, I have placed it here. Described in Bauhinus, Wormius, and others by the Name of Avellana purgatrix Americana s. Ben magnum Medicorum vulgò: c 1.419 but not well. 'Tis about the big∣ness of a Filbert. The shell blackish, thin, and brittle, and somewhat angular. Within, there is a white soft Body, commonly, but falsly supposed to be the Kernel. For this Body is not divided, as are all Kernels, into two distinct Lobes, but is one entire part. Yet so as to have some little hollowness in the middle, capable to lodge a very thin Filme. This Filme, is the true Kernel, consisting not only of two large and perfect Leaves (answerable to the two

Lobes in other Kernels) but of those parts also, which in time become the Trunk and Root of the Tree.

These Nuts work strongly both by Vomit and Stool; a 1.420 four or five of them a great Dose. Being eaten tòsted, or injected in Clysters, b 1.421 which is the safest way of using them, they are a present Remedy in the Cholick. One thing, very observable, is mention'd by Mr. Boyle; c 1.422 and since, also by Mr. Ligon: d 1.423 and that is, That the Ca∣thartick Power of the Nut, although so great, yet lies only or chiefly in that very thin Filme above-said, by me affirmed to be the Kernel: for this being taken out, the rest may be ••aten, as any other Nut.

A small Indian Nut, about an inch long, and about half an inch over; with a pretty hard Rind, and of a shining black. Excepting the colour, very like to that de∣scribed and figur'd in Bauhinus, with the Name of Nucula Exotica Pistacij specie.

The ANGOLA NUT. About ¼ of an inch long, and as broad, on one side Convex; on the opposite, flat; and of a tawny colour. The Shell very hard. The Kernel thin and leafy, and loged within a thick white Cover, as in the Barbado Nut.

They purge upward and downward: one of them will give about a dozen Stools.

The Purging-CHESNUT. Càstanea purgatrix. Well described and figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum. e 1.424 The Figure in Bauhinus (who describes f 1.425 it by the Name of Fructus Indicus decussatus) not so good. 'Tis a blackish Fruit, about an inch and ¼ long, almost square, and pretty flat. But that which is most observable, is the double Sinus which compasseth it both by the length and breadth, as if it had been girded across with a string. And, as it were, a Crescent on that side, by which it grows to the Shell.

A FRUIT in figure like a Chesnut; but 'tis much less, at least, than the common sort. The outward shell of a dusky colour, and thin, yet almost as hard as a Pebble; or like that of the Seed of Gromwell. Under this lies another of the usual hardness of a Fruit Stone. Within which is included a whitish Kernel, of a pleasant tast, yet producing a roughness in the Throat.

The New England CHESNUT. In figure, like the common sort; but a little less. The Chesnut was first brought from Sardis in Lydia, a 1.426 into Italy, France, and England. In some places where they abound, the people make Bread b 1.427 of them. Heretofore, saith Bruyrinus, c 1.428 they were brought, with the last course, to the Tables of Princes. In his time, (about an hundred years since) the French used to make and eat Chesnut-Pottage.

A kind of small HORNED NUT. Not so big as a little Nutmeg, 'tis of a brown colour, and with two pointed knobs at one end, bended outward, like little Horns. Figur'd, as I take it, in Bauhinus d 1.429 by the Name of Fructus peregrinus, exiguus orbicularis, cum Sex Nervis.

A Virginian AKORN within its Cup. There is one like this described and figur'd in Bauhinus out of Clusius, by the Name of Calix cum Glande incluso maximus ex Wingandecaow, i. e. Virginia. The Cup is about an inch and ¼ Diametre, and the sides very thick; composed of a great number of Scales, as the Empalement of a Thistle, and many other Flowers; but here very hard: of an Or∣bicular Figure, only open at the top about the breadth of ½ an inch. The Akorn it self, little bigger than the com∣mon sort. But their tast and substance may be more grateful. For in Virginia they are dry'd and preserved for food. They steep, and boil them, and so eat them either with Flesh or Fish.

The ANACARDIUM. A fruit so called from some likeness it hath to a little Heart; but yet flattish, and near as big as a Garden-Bean. Described and figur'd by Garcias, Bauhinus, Wormius, Moscardi, Besler, and others. Being held to the flame of a Candle, e 1.430 it spits Fire, or sparkling flashes of divers colours. Anciently much used in Medicines, now obsolete, as Confectio Anacardina, &c. The Oil or Mellagi∣nous Succus betwixt the Rind and the Kernel is that which is called f 1.431 Mel Anacardinum. Either the Name of Oil (given it by most) or of Honey, must be improper. It is of a very Caustick and ve••imous Nature. Being mixed with Lime, 'tis used for the marking of Cottons g 1.432 through∣out India. The Indians pickle the green Fruit, h 1.433 and eat them as Olives. When perhaps they contain little or none of that Caustick Oil.

The ACAJU, or Cajous-AKORN. The Fruit, or rather one part of the Fruit of a Tree growing in Brasile (where it is called Acajaiba) and other West-Indian Coun∣tries. Chiefly described and figur'd by Linschoten, a 1.434 and Piso. b 1.435 The whole Fruit is called Acaju. That part next the Branch, by Piso, the Apple; but is shaped more like a Pear. To the top of which grows this part, which he calls the Akorn. In shape almost of an Hares Kidney; saving that where it grows to the Apple 'tis thicker, than at the other end. Of a smooth Surface, (here) mixed with ashen and brown.

Piso in describing this Fruit contradicts himself. Flori (saith he) succedit Castanea, exqua crescit Pomum. A little after, Pomum hoc, tum Glans ei superinnascens—. Wherein he is false to himself, but true to Nature; the Apple not growing upon or after the Akorn, as he had affirmed at first; but the Akorn, upon the Apple: as by one I have now by me, may be seen.

Wormius confoundeth the Picture of the Acaju, with the Description of the Anacardium. As may be seen by com∣paring Chap. the 22. and 24. of his Second Book.

The Kernels being pounded or ground, as Walnuts, yield abundance of Oil by expression. That Oil (so called) which is distinctly contained in the Shell or Rind of the Akron, is of a hot biting tast, and of a kind of caustick quality. Used by the Indians to cure the Itch, Shingles, Malignant Ulcers, c 1.436 and St. Anthonys Fire. d 1.437 But the Kernels are accounted a great dainty, either eaten raw with Wine and a little Salt; or especially, when they are roasted, or else preserved in Sugar. For the sake of this Fruit only, e 1.438 the Natives sometimes go to Wars; the Victors keeping possession of the Place, till they have pluck'd the Trees upon it, all clean.

By comparing what hath been said hereof, and of the Anacardium, together; they seem to be two Species, under one Kind.

The ANOVAI. The Fruit of a Tree, or rather the Name of the Tree it self, growing principally in Brasile. Piso distinguishes a lesser sort, from the Greater, or Aho••∣guacu, the Tree whereon this Fruit groweth. Of a tri∣angular Figure, almost like a little Pouch; about an inch

from corner to corner, very hard, smooth, of a Chesnut colour, and now made hollow, the Kernel being pick'd out; and a hole cut on the top for that purpose. Figur'd in Bauhinus, Piso, and others; but more neatly in Calceola∣rius's Musaeum.

The Kernel, being eaten, is a strong Poyson. The Na∣tives of Brasile a 1.439 especially when they go to Dancing, hang the empty Shells, for Ornament, and the pleasure of the Noise they make, about their Legs: as Carriers do Bells about their Horses Necks. The Wood b 1.440 or Boughs being broken, stink intollerably; somewhat like to Gar∣lick.

The true METHEL; or the VOMITING-NUT com∣monly so call'd. Nux Vomica Officinarum. Very well de∣scribed c 1.441 in Bauhinus. Of the shape and bigness of a midling Troch, cover'd with short Hair, of a greenish brown. Very hard, and horny, and almost solid; saving that in the middle it incloses, as the Barbado-Nut, a thin Filme, which is the true seed; whereof the said horny Body, called the Nut, is only a great thick Cover.

This Fruit is, by Celaspine, most absurdly called Fungus Orientalis. And Wormius d 1.442 speaking of it, saith, That no Body knows certainly what it is. Whereas, by Dissecti∣on, it plainly appears to be a Fruit.

I find, that Cordus goeth thus far, as to observe, That within this Nut is contained a Rudiment of the future Plant, consisting as it were of two little pretty veined Leaves, and a Stalk. But that these Leaves were the two Lobes or main Body of the Seed, that the Stalk of these Leaves, as he calls it, was the Root, and that between these Leaves was cooped the Bud, of the future Plant, are things whereof he had not the least notion. Neither did he know (for he speaks of it as a peculiar) that the like conspicuous foliation, is, as in truth it is, observable in the seeds of a great many other Plants.

Half a Drachm of this Nut, given to a Dog, in powder, hath kill'd him, saith Bauhinus, in four hours. About ʒj, hath put a Dog into so great Convulsions, that he hath dy'd in less than half an hour.

The true VOMITING-NUT. Nux Methel Officinarum. So that by a mistake, the Names of the Nut before describ'd,

and of this, are commonly transposed. An East-Indian Fruit described by Bauhinus a 1.443 with the Name of Nux peregrina oculata & compressa: from its flatness, although a little swelling on one side; and from the resemblance which the Seed-Cells, in number five, have to so-many little Eyes.

Two Drachms hereof being given to a man in Powder, purgeth strongly, and especially by Vomit, but also by Stool.

CHAP. V. Of BERRYS, CONES, LOBES, and some other Parts of Trees.

CEDRE-BERRYS. The Tree by some called Cedrus Phaenicea; although Baccifera were better, thereby to distinguish it from the Coniferous or great Cedre. De∣scribed by Clusius under the Name of Oxycedrus; from its sharp-pointed Leaves. It grows wild in France and Spain. The Berry bigger than that of the lesser Juniper, and of a deep Purple; with little knobs about it, and some resem∣blance of Scales.

Great JUNIPER-BERRYS. Beccae Juniperi majoris Clu∣sio. As big as Myrtle-Berrys, round, soft, odorous, and of a redish colour. The lesser Juniper-Berrys (and probably these) are of good and various use in Medicine, if they are fresh. One of the best ways of using them, is by extract∣ing a deep and strong body'd Tincture of them with Spirit of Wine, whereof a spoonful, or more or less, to be taken in Wine or other convenient Vehicle.

The BERRYS of the MASTICH-TREE. Baccae Len∣tiscinae. About half as big as a midling Peas, round, and of a blackish colour. The Tree flourishes in Italy, Spain, and divers other places.

AROMATICK INDIAN BERRYS. Cocculi Indi Aro∣matici. There are a sort called Cocci Orientales, used for the taking of Fishes; but not so round as these: neither, as

I take it, are they Aromatick. Of these some are not much bigger than a Black Pepper-Corn; others, as big as a Black Cherry: all of them of the colour of Cloves. They seem to come nearest to that Fruit commonly called Jamaican-Pepper.

A CONE of the CEDRE of Mount Lebanon. Conus Cedri magnae s. Libani. Given by Abraham Hill Esq De∣scribed and figur'd by Bauhinus. a 1.444 Yet with the Scales represented by far too narrow or not enough expanded: in which Besler is more exact. 'Tis about three inches and 1/•• long, and two and 1/•• over; of an Oval Figure, saving that the top is flat. Of this Tree it is affirmed by Melchior Lussy, b 1.445 That upon the said Mount (on which he hath seen them grow) there are some so thick, that six or seven men can hardly encompass one of them with their Arms stretched out: which may be supposed above half as thick again, as the thickest Oak in England.

A CONE of the MALE-FIRR. Conus Abietis maris s. Piceae Latinorum. Described by Bauhinus. It grows abundantly in Burgundy, and the Alps; sometimes in height c 1.446 above a hundred and thirty feet. The Cone almost Cylindrical, about eight inches long. To each Scale underneath, two winged Seeds or little Kernels are adjoyned. Curiously pictur'd by Besler.

A little Twin PINE-APPLE. Pini Conus gemellus.

Several CONES of the WILD-PINE. Of this Tree they make great store of Pitch in Burgundy.

A CYPRESS-NUT. Strobilus Cupressinus. By Caesal∣pine not so properly called a Cone, because of its Figure, which is rather Orbicular. Yet any Cone is appositely called Strobilus, from the winding order of the Scales. 'Tis not much bigger than a large Nutmeg. The Tree grows abundantly in France and Italy, and there bears Nuts.

CAMPHIRE. The Gum of a Tree about as big as the Hazle; and probably of the Coniferous kind. Formerly thought a Mineral; and by Kentman d 1.447 called Bitumen Odoratum. There are two sorts hereof. One of China, which is carried in Cakes and Balls, into all Places, in great abundance. The other of Borneo, which is far the best.

A LONG FLAT LOBE. Lobus Buglossoideus, so I call it for its being somewhat like a Cows Tongue. De∣scribed

by Bauhinus a 1.448 with the Name of Ceratium Mono∣coccon Indicum. But this here, is thrice as big as his. 'Tis ten inches long; in the middle, 4 ½ over; both ends some∣what Oval. Very flat, scarce above ½ an inch where thick∣est; the Belly level, the Back Convex and with a blunt Ridge. Of a dull russet, and all over rough with a great number of small Knobs. Its whole Cavity is filled up with one single Fruit; which Bauhinus not well examining, only calls it Fructum ex fungosa quadam materie compactum. Whereas it consisteth chiefly of a wonderful Congeries of white Fibers; not produced by the length, or breadth, but the thickness of the Fruit, both ways, as the Teeth in a double Comb. The spaces betwixt which are filled up with dust or powder; which was originally, the sappy Pa∣renchyma or Flesh of the Fruit.

Another LOBE of the same Species, but much less.

A THICK LOBE from Virginea. Lobus ex Wingan∣decaow. Not ill describ'd by Clusius. This here is not much above three inches and ½ long, an inch and ¼ broad, and an inch thick. Unciam densus, saith Clusius improper∣ly; that word not expressing the Dimention, but closeness or little porosity of a Body. There are some Lobes, saith Laet b 1.449 of the same Species, that are two or three times the bigness of This.

A short FIBROUS LOBE. I meet with the Descripti∣on hereof no where; nor the Figure, excepting in Besler, c 1.450 by the Name of Fructus reticulato corio. 'Tis almost three inches long, an inch and ¾ broad, near an inch thick. At one edge it is cut through by the length; where, if you try to spread the sides open, it resists, from its great fibro∣sity, like a thick sturdy piece of tann'd Leather. Lined within with a most smooth and thin Membrane. The Ca∣vity all over even, or without any Sepiment: shewing it to have been fill'd up with only one large Fruit.

A Great SCALLOP'D LOBE; or rather part of it. Of ki•••••• that described and figur'd in Bauhinus d 1.451 by the Name of Lobus Brasilianus ingens Siliquae Acaciae formâ. The whole Lobe, is above two feet long; where broadest, near four inches, flat; and composed of six or seven Joynts, as Bauhinus calls them; rather Cells, so rounded or scallop'd on both Edges, as to look like so many

Joynts. In this part of the Lobe, are only three. In each of them is contained a great NUT round and flat, and of a shining Bay; an inch and 1/•• Diametre, and half an inch thick. In the Lobe Bauhinus describes they were not ripe.

A round FRUIT (probably) of a sort of SCALLOP'D LOBE. 'Tis almost of the colour, bigness, and shape of the former; saving that the sides are not so flat, but both of them a little Convex.

ANOTHER, almost of the Figure of a Cat's Kidney; having at the edge a shallow Sinus or depressure where it was fasten'd to the Lobe. Described in Bauhinus a 1.452 by the Name of Phaseolus Novi Orbis, Cordis sigurâ. But, as is most likely, very improperly; This being so like the Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe above describ'd, which he him∣self makes the Fruit of a Tree; Neither doth the Kernels, its being naturally cleft into two halfs, (ut sunt omnia Pha∣seolacea, as Clusius speaks) argue any thing. For that is not peculiar to the Phaseolous kind; but all other Seeds whatsoever, excepting Corn and that Kindred, are natu∣rally cleft b 1.453 into two or more Lobes. This Fruit is said to be Cathartick: and therefore 'tis probable, the other Species are so likewise.

A long FRUIT of another LOBE. Described and figur'd in some sort in Bauhinus c 1.454 by the Name of Faba Americana purgatrix longior. 'Tis two inches and ¼ long, an inch and ½ broad, flat, the edges thick, of an Oval shape, and dusky ash-colour. Where it was fasten'd to the Lobe, not depressed, as in the former, but a little produc'd.

A broad FRUIT of another LOBE. Probably de∣scribed and figur'd in Bauhinus d 1.455 by the Name of Lobus Membranaceus planus niger. If so, he should not have called it a Lobe, but the Fruit contained in it. 'Tis about an inch and ¾ long, and almost as broad, flat, and very thin, and of a blackish brown. One of the edges sharp, the opposite somewhat thick.

A square FRUIT of an other LOBE. I find it no where. 'Tis almost an inch and ¾ long; at one end, an inch and ½ broad, at the other, an inch; above ½ an inch thick in the middle, where it swells up on both sides. Two of the edges opposite, Convex; the other two, Concave. Smooth, and of a blackish Bay.

So many of the above-said Fruits, as are described by Bauhinus, or other Authors, are number'd amongst Herbs, as if a sort of Beans. But by comparing them all toge∣ther, and with the Fruit of the Scallop'd Lobe; they appear to have been all included in the Lobes of several sorts of Trees.

The COD of the wild LOCUST of Virginia. Arbor. Lanif. Species. Described by a 1.456 Ligon. The Cod somewhat hard and brittle. In length, ½ a foot; sharp at both ends, in the middle an inch and ½ over, Convex on the back, the Belly plain. Fill'd with white Down, not like Cotton, but that of the Pappous kind of Plants, appendent origi∣nally to the end of the Seed: but the Seeds are here wanting.

A sort of SILK COTTON with the SEEDS. Given by Th. Povey Esq. They seem to have been taken out of the Cod of a Tree which grows about Bantam; described in Bauhinus b 1.457 out of Clusius, by the Name of Lanifera Arbor peregrina. That this Cotton is not so white as that of Clusius, may proceed from Age, or some difference in the Tree. 'Tis rather of the colour of raw Silk, and hath a gloss like it; extream soft and fine, but not so long as Cotton wooll; and therefore unfit for Spinning.

Of this Cotton I suppose the Chineses make their soft thin Paper. And it is probable, That many of our English Plants yield a Down, which would be altogether as fit for the same purpose. 'Tis also used, by the Indians, instead of Feathers, for the stuffing of Pillows.

SECT. II. Of SHRUBS and ARBORESCENT Plants.

CHAP. I. Of SHRUBS, chiefly.

THe DWARF-OAK. The Leaves shaped like those of the Ilex, but not prickly. It differs not in the hardness of the Wood or Boughs, from the common Oak; nor in the shape of the Acorns it bears; some whereof are also here preserved. Yet is it not above a yard in height. Sent hither by Mr. Winthrop, not long since Governour of Connecticut. In the Inland Parts of New England grow whole Forrests of this Oak.

The SEED of the Male HOLLY-ROSE, called Cistus, mas; and the first in number, according to Clusius. 'Tis included in a shelly Cover of a Pentagonal Figure; and is it self also angular, about the bigness of the Seed of Patience, or Lapathum Sativum.

The SEED of the second Male CISTUS.

The SEED of the Female CISTUS. The shell of this, not so big, nor so sharp at top, as of the Male; and both this and the Seed it self blacker. It may be, because older.

Upon the Root of the Cistus grows a Parasitical Plant, called HYPOCISTIS: the Juyce whereof, is commonly condensed, and so formed, like that of Liquirish, into Balls, and sold as a Drug.

The SEED of the CISTUS LEDON; being the first in order according to Clusius.

The SEED of the fourth CISTUS LEDON.

Off of the Cistus Ledon is gathered, the Drug called LADANUM: which is a kind of Gummous Exudation, chiefly found upon the Leaves. 'Tis gather'd a 1.458 in the Dog-Days, and when the Sun shines hottest, and therefore not without intollerable labour. These Shrubs grow in

Cyprus, Creet, France, Spain, &c. In Creet, the Principal Place for Ladanum is at the Foot of Mount Ida.

The BERRYS of the Indian JASEMIN with a yellow and most fragrant Flower. The Oil of the Ben Nut being impregnated with the odor or spirit; especially of these yel∣low Flowers, and so mixed with Pomatum, is that which is commonly called Jasemin Buttyr.

The FRUIT of the NAMBUGUACU, a Shrub so called by the Natives of Brasile. Described by Piso and others with the Name of Ricinus Americanus; & Palma Christi. Curiously figur'd by Tobias Aldinus. a 1.459 Where note, That in the said Author, through some inadvertency, the Titles of this Plant and of the Spinacia Fragifera are transpos'd. The Seeds are of the bigness of a Horse-Bean, somewhat long, smooth and glossy, ash-colour'd and mix∣ed with black specks. The Kernel white and very oily. Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of Chester, and to him, by Captain Hinde.

The Oil expressed out of these Kernels, is not only used in Lamps, but by the Natives of Brasile against all cold Distempers b 1.460 both outward and inward. Six or seven of the Kernels taken inwardly, purge and vomit with great vehemency. But a Tincture extracted out of them, is well proposed by Piso c 1.461 as the safer Medicine. Although the Kernels themselves work so strongly; yet is it affirmed by Mr. Stubs, d 1.462 That the Oil which is expressed out of them, hath no Physical (Cathartick) Operation, although a spoonful of it be taken down at once, or three put up in a Clyster. The Leaves, saith the same Person, e 1.463 are the only Remedy, which the Indians use for the Headach. Being steeped in Water or Vinegar, they are daily experienced to cure the Shingles f 1.464 and other like Affections.

The FRUIT of the URUCU, a Shrub growing in Brasile. Described by Clusius and Piso. Bauhinus ventures to call it Bixam Oviedi; although Clusius only saith it is like it. In shape and bigness, saith Wormius, like an Aurange-Tree. This Fruit is about two inches long, an inch and ½ over; composed of two Concave Valves; below, Oval; above, Conich and sharp-pointed; beset all over with brisly hairs 1/•• of an inch long. Within their Concaves, thirty or more little Grains, figur'd like a Pear, and origi∣nally of a curious bright red.

The Shrub grows wild: Yet the Natives cultivate it in Gardens with great Care and Industry. For with the scarlet Grains abovesaid, they paint and adorn themselves. The Tincture also which they extract from them, called Orella∣na, they sell to the Portuges, and others which Trade with them. They likewise beat and make them up into Balls and Tablets, which they send into all parts of Europe. a 1.465 The same Grains are sometimes mixed with Chacalet, for the grateful colour and tast which they give to it. b 1.466 Of the Barque of the Tree, they make Ropes. c 1.467

A small Grain, in colour and shape not much unlike that above-said, and probably belonging to a Species of the same Kind, is brought hither from the Barbados by the Name of NOTTA. Yet used by Deyers, made up in Cakes, for a Limon-colour. With whom, nothing is more usual, than to alter the colours of their Ingredients, by the admix∣ture of Salts, and other ways.

BEIDEL OSSAR, i. e. The Egg or Cod of the Ossar, a kind of Syriac Dogs-Bane so called; Beid, being the Ara∣bick word d 1.468 for an Egg. Accurately described by Honor. Bellus. And by Wormius very well figur'd. Yet Wormius in his Description, which he borrows of Alpinus, (with his Author) mistakes, in giving the Name to the Plant, which belongs only to this Egg or Cod. 'Tis soft or skinny, with some asperity. About four inches long, at the upper end sharp, and (now) hooked backward. Filled with a com∣pany of small flat Seeds, enclosed in a fine and white Down.

This Shrub grows near Alexandria, upon a Branch or Arm of Nilus e 1.469 called Calig. One Plant, at an Incision of the Barque, will yield no less than four pounds of Milk. A Drachm and half of this Milk, f 1.470 will purge a Man to Death. But used outwardly, is an excellent Remedy for the Itch. g 1.471

A COD, with the Wooll and Seeds, of the COTTON SHRUB; called Xylon Herbaceum. Said h 1.472 to have grown heretofore only in Aegypt; but now is sown, and grows abundantly in Creet, Sicily, and divers other Places in Europe. The Cod is trivalvous, almost like to that of a Tulip, or the Peony. Upon the Seeds which are black Oval, and near as big as a Horse-Bean, hang the greatest part of

the Wooll. They are composed chiefly of two long and thin Leaves, admirably rowled up into an Oval Figure; as I may have occasion else where to represent. They are sometimes an Ingredient in Pectoral Medicines. Some Cotton Wooll, though of its self, pure white; yet contrary to Flax and Hemp, looseth of its whiteness by being washed. But whether it be that of this Shrub, or that of the Cotton-Tree; or whether, according to the Climate, &c. there is not good and bad of both, I determine not.

SAVINE-BERRYS. About as big as those of the com∣mon Juniper, and of a blackish blew. The little Sprigs, (of which there are some here) are square; and not prickly, as those of the other Species. The Shrub, called Sabina Bac∣cifera, and described by Bellonius, grows plentifully in some places in Asia.

The ROSE of JERICO, or CHRISTMAS-ROSE. Rosa Hierichuntina. Either an ignorant, or a crafty Name, agreeing neither to the place, nor nature of the Plant. For about Jericho 'tis no where found, a 1.473 but in Arabia, upon the shore of the Red-Sea. A woody Shrub, but grows not above a foot or there about in height. Originally of an Aromatick smell. The Leaves of this are soft, but the Flowers remain, somewhat less than those of Cumfrey, and seem to consist only of two Leaves. All the Branches are closed up together, with some resemblance to the Um∣bel of the Plant called Bees-Nest, or some others of that kind.

Being set in Water, its several Branches will gradually be expanded. Which some Imposters knowing, choose Christmas-Eve for the Experiment, and so make people be∣lieve that it only opens at that time.

ANOTHER of the same less globous, or with the Branches more erect.

Part of an INDIAN PLANT, in shape like a Wooll-Combe; being composed of a number of strait black Teeth, very sharp, near as thick as a Cock-Spur, and most of them two inches long, naturally set upright, as it were, in a wooden-socket.

CHAP. II. Of ARBORESCENT Plants.

A SPIKE of LONG PEPPER; a sort of Climber or Winder, after the manner of Hops, and other like Plants. Not much differing from the Round, saving in the Spike. It grows in Malabar, Java, and Sumatra; but especially in Bengala, where it is called Pimpilim. See Piso hereof. a 1.474

AETHYOPIAN-PEPPER, or rather the Coded-Fruit hereof. Well described by Bauhinus. b 1.475 By Besler cu∣riously figur'd. Here, upon one Stalk, hang about 15 Cods, most of them three inches long, thick as a Goose-Quill, fibrous, and of the colour of Cloves; containing ten or twelve blackish and longish Seeds, each in a Cell by it self; not half so big as the least of French-Beans, which Bauhinus affirmeth them to equal, but more like the Seed of the Laburnum majus. Neither, according to the same Author, hath it the tast of black Pepper, but rather of the Clove; viz. not much biting, yet very Aromatick, especially being well heated at a fire.

POYSON-BERRYS. So they are inscrib'd. The fruit of a Plant growing in the Burmudas, somewhat like to Ivy. They grow in Bunches, almost as those of Round Pepper, and are much of the same bigness, almost of a stony hardness, yet inclosed in a thin brittle and pellucid Cover. Whether they were gather'd full ripe, appears not.

The COD of a West-Indian Plant, called TAXOCO∣QUAMOCHIT. This Cod, but not the Plant, is described and figur'd in Bauhinus. c 1.476 'Tis five inches long, ½ an inch broad, and sharp-pointed. Divided into twenty or four and twenty distinct Cells, made by so many thin Mem∣branes, for the lodging of as many Seeds apart, of a dark Bay, and somewhat like those of Broom.

The COD of a KIDNEY-BEAN of Brasile. d 1.477 I find it not described. 'Tis Divided into two Cells, by a Partition ½ an inch thick. Each of the Cells near two inches and ½ long, and as broad, swelling out on both sides the Lobe, which out∣wardly is very rough and tawny, hath two furrows along

the Belly, the Back much bowed, and both of them about ½ an inch thick.

The BEAN belonging to the said COD. Bauhinus seems to describe and picture a 1.478 under the Title of Phasiolus peregrinus magnus, colore Castaneae, cum magno hilo, laevis. About half as big again as a Chesnut, flatish, and having a broad, blackish Seat, reaching above half its compass. Whereby it appears to be of the Bean-kind, and no Phasiolus; the Seat whereof, like that of the Lupine, is always round. Of these Beans, are here preserved both black and bay.

The COD of another Brasilian KIDNEY-BEAN, with the Beans enclosed. It differs from the former in being black, and in the number of its Cells, which are three. The Bean is somewhat Oval, and wrinkled, and having a Seat which reaches almost its whole compass. See a good Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum.

HERCULES'S CLUB. Rubi facie senticosa Planta. A tall woody Plant, described in some sort, and so called, by Lobelius. Near three yards long; how much longer, is uncertain, being cut off at both ends; almost seven inches in compass, strait, and but very little taper'd. Ori∣ginally, had two or three Branches, here cut off. En∣compassed with a great many pointed Studs, (whence its Name) thick set, and sometimes growing double, flatish, and about an inch broad by the length of the Club, after the figure of the Thorns of the Rasberry-Bush. Like to which they are also meerly cortical, having not one fiber of wood in them, whereby they break like Cork, but are not so soft. The wood is as hard, as that of Holly, and the Pith but small. So that notwithstanding the simili∣tude of their Thorns, yet is it a different Plant from the Rubus.

The STALK of a Plant like a NET. 'Tis only the woody part of it, the Barque and Pith being both taken away. 'Tis above an Eln long; likely, when entire, much longer, for now 'tis broken at both ends. Almost six inches about. The spaces between the reticulated portions of Wood, are about ¼ or 1/•• of an inch over, and from two inches to four, in length. Prince Maurice, looking upon This as a Curiosity, upon his Return from Brasile, brought it thence with him.

This being, as is likely, an Annual Plant, and therefore having a large Pith, and very open Net-work, is a conspi∣cuous example of the like Work (though more or less open, yet) observable in the woody part of all other Plants what∣soever. a 1.479

Several SPIKES or Heads of MAYZ or Indian-Wheat; with the Grains, as is not unusual, of three or four colours. The Description of the Plant, with a large Account of its Culture, and Use, were communicated by Mr. Winthrop sometime since Governour of Connecticut in New England: and by me lately published, in a succinct but full Relation, b 1.480 with some alteration of the Method. The Plant grows to the height of six or eight feet; and is joynted like a Cane. 'Tis also full of a sweet juyce like that of the Sugar-Cane. On the Spike grow several strong thick Husks, which, before it is ripe, shut it close up round about. Thereby defending it, not only from all Weathers, but also the Ravine of Birds, to which, the Corn, while tender, is a sweet and enticing food.

The Stalks of this Corn, are good Fodder for Cattel. As are also the Husks about the Spike. The Indian Women slit the Husks, and weave them into Baskets of several fashions. Of the Juyce above-said may be made a Syrup as sweet as Sugar: which probably, may also be made of it, by the usual method. The Indians eat the ripe Corn either boil'd; or more usually parched; of it self, or, as Bread, with Flesh. The green Corn also, which, as is said, hath a sweet Tast, being boil'd, dry'd, and kept in Bags, and when they eat it, boil'd again, they account a principal Dish. The English, of the ripe Corn, make very good Bread: but it must be mixed nothing near so stiff as our Wheat-Meal. But the best sort of Food made hereof; they call Samp. Having water'd, and ground it to the big∣ness of Rice, and winnow'd or sisted the Hulls from it, they boil it tender, and so with Milk, or with Butyr and Sugar, make it a very pleasant Dish. 'Twas often prescribed by Dr. Wilson to his Patients here in London. The Indians that live much upon it, seldom troubled with the Stone. The English also make very good Beer, both of the Bread, and of the Malt, made of this Corn. But it will not make good Malt the ordinary way, because, not without sprouting

both ways to a considerable length: whereby it is so matted before it is fully malted, that it cannot be opened without breaking the Come. To avoid which, they pare off a Turff about three inches thick, and laying the Corn all over the bare ground, cover it with the Turff, till the Plot looks like a green Field, at which time, the Corn is well malted. Then taking it up in matted pieces, they dry it on a Kiln, or in the Sun.

The SPIKE or HEAD of the AEGYPTIAN MAUZE. Given by Sig^r. Boccone (formerly Botanick to the Great Duke of Tuskany) who brought it with him from Sicily, where it is frequently nursed in Gardens. The Figgs (as Acosta calls them) here grow upon it in several Bunches, nine or ten in a Bunch; two inches and ½ long, and as thick as the middle Finger of a labouring man; being now shrunk up, and perhaps also dwarfed by the place of its growth.

This Plant, as it grows in Aegypt and the Indies, is de∣scribed by Thevetus, with the Title above; by Oviedus, un∣der the Name of Platanus, absurdly received by some, as himself noteth; by Piso, who, with the Natives of Brasile, calls it Pacoeira; by Acosta, with the Name of Musa, from the Arabian Mous. It grows three or four yards in height, and ¾ of a yard a 1.481 in compass. Yet this Trunk, so great, is b 1.482 but annual. It hath Leaves above a yard and ½ long, and more than 1/•• a yard broad. The Figs grow toward the top of the Trunk, near the shape and bigness of a midling Cucumer, sometimes one or two c 1.483 hundred of them: Of a soft melting substance, and a sweet and most delicious Tast. In Brasile, either eaten by themselves, or with their Mandioca-Flower; boiled, or fryed d 1.484 with Butyr.

Part of a sort of MAMBU, a great Indian Cane. In Bauhinus's Pinax called Arundo Arbor. Described by Wor∣mius. But whereas his was black, This is of a straw-colour: and much smaller, sc. about seven inches in compass. Some of them grow nine or ten yards high. 'Tis hollow, quite through, excepting, that at every Joynt, 'tis closed up with a transverse Plate or Floor. Necessary, for the adding strength and sturdiness proportionable to so great a height.

It grows in Malabar, especially about Coromandel, near the Sea-side. In the several hollows is found a curdled juyce, whereof the Natives make a sort of Sugar, by the Aethyopians called Tabaxyr, much valued by the Arabians, because of the Medicinal Virtue, a 1.485 they at least suppose it to have. In Bantam, the Cane is much used for the building of their Houses.

The SUGAR-CANE. Arundo Saccharina. In Brasile called Tacomaxeé; to which place b 1.486 it was first trans∣planted from the Fortunate Islands. A great Reed about seven or eight feet high, with many Joynts, one at about every ½ foot, and a large close Pith; out of which, the greatest part of the Juyce, whereof the Sugar is made, is expressed. See the Description hereof at large in Piso c 1.487 and Ligon; d 1.488 together with the way of Planting, gather∣ing and pressing the same; and of ordering the expressed Juyce, for the making of several sorts of Sugar, and Brandy: as also the Engines, and contrivance of Vessels for the same purposes.

The principal knack, without which all their labour were in vain, is in making the Juyce, when sufficiently boil'd, to kerne or granulate. Which is done, by adding to it, a small proportion of Lye made with (vegetable) Ashes: without which, it would never come to any thing by boiling, but a Syrup, or an Extract. But a little of that Fixed Salt, serves, it seems, to Shackle or Crystallize (which is a degree of Fixation) a very great quantity of the Essential Salt of this Plant.

In refining the Sugar, the first degree of pureness, is effected only by permitting the Molosses to drain away through a hole at the bottom of the Sugar-Pots; the Pots being, all the time, open at the top. The second degree is procur'd, by covering the Pots at the top with Clay. The reason whereof is, for that the Aer is hereby kept out from the Sugar, which, in the open Pots, it hardens, be∣fore it hath full time to refine by separation. And there∣fore, whereas the first way requires but one Month, this requires four. The finest Sugar of all, e 1.489 is made with Lime-Water (and sometimes Urine) and Whites of Eggs. Sugar-Candy (Saccharum cantum, because it shoots into an∣gular Figures) by placing a great many slender sticks across a Vessel of liquid Sugar, for it to shoot upon.

That which Dioscorides calls 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; Galen, Sacchar; & Archigenes, Sal Indum; is the same thing for substance, saith Matthiolus, with that we call Sugar: saving that, whereas this is made of the Juyce expressed and boil'd; that of the Ancients, as is likely, was only the Tears; which bursting out of the Cane, as the Gums or Milks of Plants are used to do, were thereupon harden'd into a pure white Sugar. That the Sugar of the Ancients was the simple Concreted Juyce of a Cane, He well conjectures: and what is above said of the Mambu, may argue as much. But that it was the Juyce or Tears of the Sugar-Cane, he proves not. Nor, I think, could be, if, as is supposed, it was, like Salt, friable, and hard. And in affirming our Sugar to be the same for substance with that of the Ancients, he much mistakes; that being the simple Juyce of the Cane, this a compounded Thing, always mixed either with the Salt of Lime, or of Ashes; sometimes of Animals too.

The COD and SEED of the true Greater CARDA∣MUM, figur'd by Besler, in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and others with the Name of the Middle Cardamum. The Plant it self, both Lesser, and Greater, described and figur'd by Bontius; a 1.490 who glories himself the first that hath done it will. The Lesser grows about a yard high, with a joynted Stalk, like a Reed. But bears its Spikes, with the Flower and Seed, near the Root. The Greater grows two yards in height, the Stalk not joynted, with a Spike of Flowers at the top, somewhat like to that of a Jacynth. Both of them plentiful in Java.

The Indians season all their boil'd Meats herewith, pre∣ferring it before other Spices, as not being biting.

That which is commonly received amongst Botanicks for the Greater kind, from the fiery hot Tast of its Seeds (called Grana Paradisi) seems to be no Cardamum, but of another Tribe.

The PAPYR-REED of Nile. Papyrus Nilotica. By the Aegyptians called Berd. Given by Sig^r. Boccone, who brought it out of Sicily, where it grew. Described and figur'd in Bauhinus; b 1.491 who with Gesner, makes it a Species of Cy∣perus, to which (in Leaf and Stalk) it is like; but hath a more compacted Head. This seems to have been no tall Plant: but upon its Native Bed, sc. near the Banks of the River

Nile, it grows above three yards high, (as high, saith Alpi∣nus, above the Water) and abundantly. Which Moses's Mother knowing, chose well, to lay her Babe in Pharaohs Daughter's way, yet, in the mean time, under good shelter from the scorching Sun.

Both the Barques and Leaves of some Plants, are used for writing upon by Impression. But this Plant hath its Name, not from the use either of its Leaves or Barque, but of its Pith; whereof, being beaten into a Pulp, the Pulp spread into thin Leaves, and several of those Leaves clapt together, Papyr fit to write upon was formerly made, as now it is of Rags. It was also used by Chirurgions, as some∣times Spong, or Elder Pith is now, for the dilating of Fistu∣la's, and imbibing the sanious matter of ill-natur'd Ulcers.

Another Head of the same Plant.

SECT. III. Of HERBS.

CHAP. I. Of STALKS and ROOTS.

THe BULBIFEROUS GARLICK. Given by Dr. Daniel Whistler. So called, because in the place of Seed, it bears Bulbs at the top of the Stalk. Described by Bauhinus a 1.492 with the Name of Allium proliferum: al∣though Bulbiferum, be more apposite; for that every Plant which bears Seed, is proliferous; the Seed being Plantae Proles, or the Foetus of a Plant. The Bulbs (not fully described) are about twenty; in a round Head or Cluster as big as a Nutmeg; each Bulb equal to a mid∣ling Peas; consisteth of four or five shells; of which, the outmost is shrunk up to a dry Skin, on one side, of a pur∣plish colour; the inmost incloseth that little Particle which in time becomes another bulbiferous Stalk, with a Root.

The STRINGY BRITHWOORT. Aristolochia Polyr∣rhizos. So called in distinction from the other kinds with tuberous Roots. Described a 1.493 by Bauhinus. It grows in France and Spain; but this came from Virginia. Of all the Species the most Aromatick, as by tasting the Roots, although now very old, may easily be perceiv'd.

The upright PENYROYAL. Pulegium erectum, Virgi∣nianum. It hath a Leaf almost as large as that of the Pulegium montanum. Yet smells rather like Thyme. Which is all the description it admits, now wither'd.

A sort of SNAKEWEED, growing near the River in Connecticut. So called, because the Root is used for the biting of the Rattle-Snake. The Roots, especially pow∣der'd, are of a fragrant smell, and very Aromatick tast. Yet seems a different Plant from the Serpentaria of the Shops, as having a Leaf deeply jagg'd or scallop'd, as that of Ladies-Mantle.

The ROOTS of a sort of Asarum, found about Stani∣ford in the Western parts of New England. It seems the same with the Serpentaria of the Shops, i. e. the Virginian Snakeweed. A Plant of excellent use in some Feavers.

The ROOT NINZIN, corruptly called Gensing. Taken from a parcel sent over by a Chinese Physitian, and given by Dr. Andrew Clench. Described b 1.494 by Guliel. Piso. Almost of the colour of a Parsnep, with something of a yellowish hue. No bigger than a little Skirret; and of like consistence. Not stringy, as that in Piso, but divided, as often the Mandrake and some other Roots, into two Legs. Of a sweetish Tast, as Piso saith rightly. But this here is also bitter; sweet in the first or lowest degree, and bitter in the second.

This Root is not known to grow (wild) any where, but in the Kingdom of Corea. In which place, as also in Tun∣quin, China, and Japan, it is much used, and relied upon in Epilepsys, Feavers, and other both Chronick and Acute Diseases; either alone, or in composition c 1.495 as the Basis. In China, accounted so great a Cordial, that one pound hereof, is there sold for three d 1.496 pounds (weight) of Silver. Which shews, That there 'tis no Native, but only a Drug. So that if the Root or Seed be desired fresh for propaga∣tion, or other purpose, it were better sought for, where it grows wild, than from thence.

The ROOT of the Aegyptian ARUM. Described by Fabius Columna, a 1.497 with the Name of Arum Aegyptiacum: but called by Alpinus, b 1.498 Colocasia Strogulorhiza s. rotundâ Radice; not rightly, as Columna notes. Nor do either of their Descriptions well reach it.

This here (as it is often) is a double Root; each of them round, and somewhat flat. The uppermost like the dry'd Root of Arum, white and friable; but the Tast is extinct. Full and frim, in breadth or transversly, two inches; encompassed with three or four very small Circles, whereupon several Leaves did once grow: underneath, are the portions of several small dead Stalks; on the top and sides, the Buds of others to come. To this, by a short Neck between, hangs the lower; which being also the elder, is more fuzzy and shrunk up.

This Description cannot be understood, without know∣ing that, which is very observable of this, and a great number of other Plants; and whereunto, no one Botanick hath adverted: viz. That the Root is annually repaired, or renewed out of the Stalk it self. Particularly, of this Plant, that one of its two Roots doth every year perish, the other is new made; not out of the other Root before it perishes, but out of the Stalk it self. The Stalk descending by such degrees, as that part thereof which, the last year, was the lowermost above ground; this year, being sunk (or rather by the appendent strings pulled) under ground, becomes the upper Root; the next year, the under Root; and the year after, rots off; another new Root being still yearly made out of the Stalk. By which way, and not as Trees by the same numerical Root, this and other like Plants are perennial.

This Root, the Egyptians eat very greedily, both raw, boil'd, and all manner of ways; supposing them, praevalidè excitare venerem. The Roots of the common Arum boil'd, were heretofore eaten among the Greeks: and may tast as well as boil'd Onions.

A pair of large GINGER ROOTS; one of which, when green, might weigh four or five ounces. And is said to be dug up, sometimes, of fourteen Ounces. The Plant un∣certainly describ'd. Acosta compares it to that call'd La∣chryma Jobi; Lobelius, c 1.499 to a Reed; Garcias, to a Flag;

and Bauhinus pictures it accordingly with a trivalvous Cod. Piso, out of Bontius's Papers, gives two Figures, one of the Male, the other of the Female: and supposeth, that the uncertainty of Relations hereof may proceed partly from the not distinguishing betwixt them. The Stalk of the Male indeed seems to have some little likeness to a Flag. But the Seed-Cod is there neither figur'd nor describ'd.

The best Ginger grows upon the Coast of Malabar. That which is preserved with Sugar, comes, or did at least in Lin∣schotus's time, from Bengala and China.

CHAP. II. Of FRUITS.

THe great FLAGON GOURD, or rather CALA∣BASH, for such I take it to be, and that therefore it should have been placed with that sort of Fruit. Bauhi∣nus a 1.500 describes a Gourd in shape pretty like to this by the Name of Cucurbita Lagenaria; but mentions neither how big, nor of what hardness the shell; in which latter re∣spect the Fruit here before us, (as do most Calibashes) far exceeds all the sorts of Gourds that I know. 'Tis very smooth, and of a parchment-colour: near eleven inches long. That part of the Neck next the Tree three inches and ¼ over; next the belly three and ¼; the belly it self, nine inches; or two feet three inches about; the top depressed. The shell as hard almost as a Plum-stone, and at the small end above a quarter of an inch thick.

A LONG Indian GOURD. I find it not describ'd. Almost of a golden colour; in length, ten inches; in the middle, where it is thickest, three over; from thence it grows slender to the Stalk; the top Oval. Made angular with ten Ribs, or great Fibers produced by the length, in the middle about an inch distant one from another, and appearing the higher, by the shrinking down of the sides between them. The Rind not hard, within, whitish and very fibrous. The Seeds, black and rough, near ½ an inch

long, flat, oval, and horned, as it were, with two knobs at the Base: being chewd, of a very bitter tast.

The WARTED GOURD. Figur'd, and in some sort described a 1.501 in Bauhinus. Probably, Lobelius's Sicyopepon Strumosus. This is above a foot and ½ about, near ½ a foot long, thickest towards the top, and there a little depressed as an Apple. Soft and brittle, and now just of the colour of Buff-Leather. The Warts or Knobs all round about it, are neither blisters, nor solid, but embossed parts of the Rind.

Another of the same Species, but lesser.

The LONG WARTED GOURD. Not described. Almost two feet in compass, and near a foot in length. In other respects, altogether like the former.

ANOTHER with small and few WARTS. About four inches long, towards the upper end, as much over. The colour, and shape at the top, as of the rest.

The BROAD TUBEROUS GOURD. Probably that described and figur'd in Bauh. b 1.502 by the Name of Cu∣curbita Clypeiformis s. Melopepon latus; at least of kin to it. Of a Buff colour, as the former; four inches long, four and 1/•• broad; surrounded with undulated Knobs an inch or 1 ½ over, with furrows between each Knob and by the length; depressed at the bottom; the top with a knob 1/•• an inch over.

The FLAT GOURD. Melopepo compressus alter, Lo∣belio. This came from Virginia. 'Tis three inches long, or from the Stalk to the top, and three and 1/•• inch broad; at both ends, compressed like a Bowl. Of a dusky yellow mixed with tawny.

The Little, Round, Bitter GOURD. Figur'd in Bau∣hinus c 1.503 under the Title of Cucurbita amara, fructu parvo, globoso, colore varia. The Description lies in the Name. A sort of Colocynthis.

The Yellow, Round, GOURD. In Bauh. the Fruit and Plant together, entitul'd, Cucurbita aspera, minima, sphae∣rica, crocea, variegata. With a conjecture of its being the same with that which by Tabernamontanus is called Pepo In∣dica minor.

Not only the shells of Calabashes, but also the Rinds of Gourds, are used as Vessels for Gums, and other matters

better than Earth or Wood, as being both light, and not brittle. The little bitter Gourd, being eaten, worketh by Vomit and Stool. The Water distill'd from unripe Gourds, applied with Linnen, is most successful, and a great Expe∣riment against that Heat, called Syriasis, a 1.504 especially in Infants.

A FRUIT in shape somewhat like a WILD CUCU∣MER; yet not, as that, hairy, but smooth. The Seeds also of both are in figure, colour, and tast, altogether alike. So that perhaps it may not be improperly called Cucumis Sylvestris glaber.

A FRUIT, supposed by Clusius, b 1.505 to be that of the EGYPTIAN-BEAN of Dioscorides, a Water-Plant. 'Tis of a brown Bay, and of a softish and light substance; the top, which is broadest, above three inches over, and flat; divided into about twenty round and open Cells, almost like an Honey-Comb. In each Cell is contained a Bean or Nut, alike colour'd, of an Oval shape, as big as a small Akorn, and in the same manner pointed at the top. See also the Figure in Bauh.

A slender COD of GUINY-PEPPER. Capsici Siliqua angusta. Piso c 1.506 describes and figures nine or ten sorts, all growing in Brasile, and there called Quiya; of which this is the longest and most slender. 'Tis used as a great Sto∣machick Medicine, and in Sauces, both in substance and infusion, in America, Spain, and other Countries, and by many prefer'd before the best Pepper.

The COD of the Broad Leav'd DOGSBANE. Siliqua Apocyni latifolij. Given by George Wheeler Esq. Described and figur'd in Bauhinus: d 1.507 but with the Cods shorter and thicker than their natural shape. Of kin to that which Lobelius calls the Scammony of Montpelier. Along the middle or centre of the Cod, runs a slender fibrous pillar, to which, and not to the sides of the Cod, the Seeds are fasten'd on both sides it; and so encompassed about with Down, wherewith the Cod is fill'd up. A provident fore∣cast of Nature to keep them warm. The said Down con∣sisteth not of single Hairs, but Plumes, affixed to the Seeds, wherewith they are winged for their being more dispersed∣ly wafted by the Aer, and prevent their falling in a ruck on the ground.

The CODS of the wild WOAD, (Glasti Sylvestris) together with the Seeds therein contain'd.

A small SPIRAL FRUIT. Above an inch long, and ¼ over. It consisteth of five little Cods, all growing upon one Stalk, and thence twisted all together (as several strings in a Rope) are at the end united in a slender point.

The WATER-CALTROP. Tribulus aquaticus. De∣scribed in Bauhinus. A kind of shelly Fruit of a brown colour; divided into four thick and sharp-pointed Spikes, quadrangularly. In the centre of which is lodged a white and well tasted Kernel. They grow in the Rivers and Lakes in Italy and Germany. Where, in times of scarcity, the people make Bread of the Kernels.

Some EARS of Tangier WHEAT. Given by the Ho∣nourable Charles Howard of Norfolk Esq. The Plant described in Bauhinus by the Name of Triticum cum mul∣tiplici Spicâ. For it is a great broad Spike, as it were branched out into several little lesser ones; yet all closely compacted: in the middle ½ inch thick, and an inch and 1/•• broad; four long, and sharp pointed.

Some more EARS of the same sort, brought from Por∣tugal where it grew.

CHAP. III. Of SEEDS.

THe THICK FRENCH-BEAN. Phaseolum maximè tumidum. An inch and ¼ long, ¼ broad, and ½ an inch thick. The seat of the Bean, or of its Plancentula, that is, the part whereon it grows, as long; of a brown colour, with a black rimm.

The slender FRENCH-BEAN, of several sizes and colours, sc. Red, Black, White or Ash-colour, and the same spoted with black. Although these are quite different from the Fabaceous kind, yet I have retained the English Name, because in use.

The ROUND scarlet Phaseolus. Abrus coccineum majus. Bauhinus a 1.508 describes it under the Title of Pisum America∣num; improperly, for that the Peasen, and the Phaseolous

kind, are very different. And for the Figure hereof, by some oversight, is placed that of a sort of Palme-Nut. 'Tis a scarlet Fruit about as big as a Rounseval Peas, and some∣what flat.

The LESSER AMERICAN-BEAN. About ¼ of an inch broad, almost square, and very thick. The seat of the Placenta, black; which reaches almost half round the Bean. Here are preserved both Black ones, and of a Scarlet or Coralline colour.

An ORBICULAR Indian PEAS. A large one, sc. ¼ of an inch Diametre: of a shining straw-colour, mixed with yellowish Striae as it were in rings: not much unlike the little round stones wherewith Children play, called Marbles.

Another ROUND Indian PEAS. About as big as the former, and also round. But somewhat flat on both sides, as a Loaf. And of a whitish colour.

An OVAL Indian PEAS. A very large one, sc. near an inch long, and above ½ an inch over; of a long Oval Figure, so as to resemble a Sparrows Egg. But of a shining blewish ash-colour, like a Jaspis. Bauhinus a 1.509 figures and describes a Fruit (or Seed) pretty like to this, with the Name of Phaseolus Ovo Columbino ferè similis. But by his De∣scription it is neither of the Phaseolous, nor Fabaceous, but of the Peas-kind; as both This, and the two precedent ones, also are. The Characteristick of which kind is, To have the Placenta, and so the Seat of it, always very small.

The GUINEY-PEAS. Described in Bauhinus by the Name of Pisum Americanum coccinem s. Abrus minus. Al∣though the Abrus majus be of the Phaseolous kind. 'Tis of the bigness of a young Peas, of an Oval shape, and Scarlet colour, when fresh very pure; and adorned upon the seat of the Placenta with a black spot. Here are some also of the same sort, all over black. They grow in Mada∣gascar and China; where they eat them not, but only use them for weights. In Europe, sometimes for Necklaces and Bracelets for the Wrists.

The great CICHE. Cicer ruffus major. In Italy, Spain and France Ciches are commonly sown (as Clover-Grass) in the Fields. In some parts of France, they use them not only medically, but for food.

The great LENTIL. Leus major. This also is sown, in France, in the Fields, as the Ciche.

The great Wild VETCH. Vicia maxima sylvestris.

The CANDY VETCH. Arachoides Honorij Belli, s. Cretica. Described, in Bauhinus, a 1.510 by the Author from whom the Name. The Seed it self, like a little Lentil. Seldom more than one in a Cod. The Cod is short and broad, about the bigness of a Silver Half-peny; On the outside cancellated or favous, almost as in the seed of Poppy.

What H. Bellus affirms b 1.511 of this Plant, is observable, sc. That it bears Cods not only on the Stalk, but also on the Roots under ground.

The KIDNEY-VETCH. Semen Anthyllidis legumi∣nosae.

The CRIMSON GRASS VETCH. s. Catanance.

The MEDICK FITCHLING. s. Onobrychis.

The EVERLASTING VETCH; so it seems to be. Vicia multiflora perennis.

The EVERLASTING PEAS. Lathyrus perennis.

The PRICKLY HEDG-PARSLY Seed. Semen Cauca∣lidis echinatum. s. Lappulae Canariae latifoliae.

The Seed of MACEDONIAN PARSLEY.

The AZORICK sweet FENIL Seed. Shaped like that of the Shops, but much less.

The Seed of the stringy BIRTHWORT of Virginia. s. Pistolochiae Virginianae.

The Seed of Indian SCABIOUS. Somewhat bigger than the common.

The Seed of the BUGLOSS with the yellow Flower.

The Seed of a SENSITIVE Plant. s. Herbae mimosae. There are several Species described by Clusius, and others. That of Clusius, about five handful high, and hath the tast and smell of Liquirish. This Seed is of a dark brown, not much bigger than that of a Purple Stock, angular, and frequently of a Rhomboidal Figure. It takes its Name (as is commonly known) from its Imitation of sense or Animal motion. For so soon as you touch the Leaves, they pre∣sently fall, till they lie upon the ground. After a while, they rise again; but being touched, fall as before.

The Seed of VENUS LOOKING-GLASS. Of the

shape and bigness of a Fly-blow, but of a dark glistering colour, like polish'd Steel. Figur'd and describ'd by Mr. Hook. a 1.512

The Seed of PRICK MADAM; Sedi minoris. In co∣lour, shape and bigness, almost like to that of Pancy-Seed, or the Viola tricolor, but a little less.

The Seed of Wild GARLICK.

The SEED of the Carduus headed HAWKWEED. The Plant described by Bauhinus, but not the Seed. 'Tis 1/•• of an inch long, as thick as that of the lesser Hawkweed, and of a yellowish straw colour; a little crooked, with the top swell'd and pointed, and view'd in a Glass, appears wrinkled round about.

The lesser Champaine TREACLE MUSTARD-Seed. s. Thlaspios Campestris.

The Seed of the great STAR of BETHLEHEM. s. Or∣nithogali sl. pleno. Of the bigness of Mallow-Seed, and very black; on one side round, on the other angular.

The Seed of the VERVAINE MALLOW of Japan. s. Alceae Japonensis. As small as that of the common Mallow, but longer and more like a Kidney; of a brownish yellow, yet cover'd with a white, thin, and very short Down.

Summer WHEAT of New England. So call'd (though less properly) because sown and ripe the same year. Whe∣ther from the Nature of the Grain, or the Soil and Climate, trial hath not been made.

SECT. IV. Of MOSSES, MUSHROONS, &c. Together with some Appendents to Plants.

OF MOSSES here are about four and twenty Species. Most of them gather'd in a Wood in Surrey, and given by John Evelyn, Esq.

The CREEPING TREE MOSSE of America. 'Twas found betwixt Virginia and Florida. It consisteth of seve∣ral Threds, somewhat thicker than a Taylors, cover'd all over with little skiny Scales, hardly visible without a Glass.

The greater number of these Threds put forth two or three more, and so those as many, repeating them after every two inches, all of equal thickness. In which manner they spread wonderfully both in length and breadth. 'Tis probable, that under those little Scales may lie the Seed of the Mosse.

The SHIELDY Tree MOSSE. Muscus arboreus scutel∣laris. So called, for that it grows with several broad round Heads, from a ••/4 to ½ an inch over, and a little Concave, not unlike a Buckler. Described and figur'd in Bau∣hinus.

The soft BEARDED Tree-MOSSE. Muscus arbor: barbat. Imperati. Described by the Author of the Name. It consisteth of a great number of strings in a cluster; some of them at the bottom, as thick as a Knitting-pin, and ½ a foot in length; all ending as small as a fine Thread; and not unaptly resembling a Beard.

The Crisp BEARDED MOSSE. Different from the for∣mer, only in being more rough and woody.

The FISTULAR Tree-MOSSE. Described in Bauhinus by the Name of Muscus arbor: Villosus. By whom it is mistakenly said to be woody: it being wholly of a pithy substance, and having all its Branches hollow as so many little Pipes: from whence I have nam'd it.

The Dwarf PIPE-MOSSE. Different from the prece∣dent in being shorter, and more spread thick and bushy. That which is called Usnea Officinorum.

The HORNED Tree-MOSSE; consisting of short crooked Pipes.

The greater FLAT-MOSSE. Muscus arbor: ramosus, s. latiramis major. Figur'd, as if it were nothing else but a branched Skin.

The dwarf FLAT-MOSSE. M. latiramis humilis.

The CROWNED FLAT-MOSSE, having a flat Head or Crown on the top. Thus far of Tree-Mosses.

The greater CAPILLARY-MOSSE. Polytrichum majus.

The lesser CAPILLARY-MOSSE.

The greater BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE. Described and figur'd in Bauh. with the Title of Muscus terrestris re∣pens à Trago pictus.

The lesser BRAINCHED Ground-MOSSE. Muscus terrestris ramosus minor. Of the same Species with the Skull-Mosse. Described in Bauhinus, as I take it, with the Title of Muscus Abietis facie.

The FIRN-MOSSE. M. silicinus; so called from its likeness to a young Firn-Branch.

The TOOTHED-MOSSE. M. terrestris denticulatus. The several strings hereof, border'd on both sides with jag∣ged or toothed Membrans. Figur'd and describ'd in Bauhinus, under the Name of Muscus pulcher parvus re∣pens.

The smallest CREEPING MOSSE. M. terr. repens mi∣nimus.

The lesser ground MOSSE with REVERTED Leaves; that is, with their points doubled backward. So small, as hardly to be observed distinctly without a Glass.

The CROWNED Ground-MOSSE. The Branches hereof are of an ash-colour, ½ an inch log, flat and skinny, and crowned at the top with round, flat, and blackish Heads.

The greater FISTULAR Ground-MOSSE. The Pipes of this Mosse are also of an ash-colour, about an inch long, and as thick as an Oaten straw.

The lesser FISTULAR MOSSE. The Pipes of this are an inch and ½ high, and as thick as a good big Needle.

The FLORID FISTULAR MOSSE. M. Tubul. Esslo∣rescens. The Pipes of this are also ashen, slender, an inch long, with jagged and redish Heads, somewhat like little Flowers.

The CUP-MOSSE. Musc. Pyxidatus; so called, be∣cause its several Sprigs have Concave Heads like little Cups.

Of Mosses, it may be Noted, That they are all compre∣hended under two general kinds. One whereof, is pro∣perly to be called WOODY, or That, in which we find a stringy or fibrous Part, included within a Cortical: and are therefore to be number'd amonst perfect Plants. Of which sort, are the Terrestris repens, Denticulatus, Ramosus, Capillaris, Filicinus, Folijs retroversis, Barbatus, Scutellatus, & Americanus. The other simply CORTICAL, whether flat or round; and therefore to be reckon'd of the Family of Imperfect Plants.

Of which sort, are the Pyxidatus, Terrestr. Tubularis, Arbo∣reus Tubularis s. Usnea offic. Latiramis, Latiramis Coronatus, Corniculatus, Terrest. Coronatus & Tubul. efflorescens.

The Jagged Tree-LIVERWORT. Lichen arboreus laci∣niatus.

The Curled Tree-LIVERWORT. L. laciniatus crispus.

A Great FISTULAR MUSHROON. So I call it. Given by Sir Rob. Southwell. I find no Description of this Spe∣cies. They commonly grow upon the Elm. This is ½ a Cone, as having grown to the side of the Tree without stalk. The Diametre of the Base, near ½ a yard; from whence it rises above ¼ of a yard in height, narrowing all the way to the top. Girded with several Rings of various breadth. Outwardly, very hard and dense. Inwardly soft and compressable, like a Pith, and is in substance really such. Consisting of an innumerable company of small soft Fibers, wrought together almost as pure fine Wooll in a Hat. The bottom is all over perforated with Pores; of the bigness of those little Foveae in the seeds of Poppy; and are the extremities of as many small strait and parallel Pipes of a considerable length, probably, almost through to the top, as I have seen them in a lesser of the same kind. These Pores or Pipes may be distinctly seen without a Glass. With one, a Slice of the Mushroon looks like a piece of wood out of which Button-Moulds have been turn'd. Both the sub∣stance of the Pipes, and of the other parts of the Mushroon, so far as visible, is answerable only to the Cortical, or pithy Part of a Plant. So that it seems to be but half of a per∣fect Plant: or wanting the Lignous Part, by which all Plants receive their various Figures, is a kind of Vegetable Mola; in comparison, a rude mishapen thing.

That which hath formerly a 1.513 been by me observed with the help of Glasses, by the Pith of this Mushroon is further confirm'd, and clearly represented to the naked eye, sc. That the Pith of a Plant, as well as the Wood, is wholly fibrous.

A smaller FISTULAR MUSHROON, about four inches in diametre. In which the aforesaid Pipes apparent∣ly run parallel for the length of near two inches and ½, or from the bottom almost to the top.

A THIRD and FOURTH still lesser than the former.

Part of the CORK-MUSHROON. 'Tis eight inches in Diametre, exactly of the colour and substance of the best Cork, sc. light, soft, compressible and springy: from whence I name it. In the middle, an inch and ½ thick, the Circumfe∣rence very thin; the upper side solid, the under divided into several Plates by the Diametre, frequently so joyn'd together, as to make a great many little Cells, somewhat like to those in a Honey-Comb.

The SPONGE MUSHROON. So it may be call'd, for that it is porous almost after the manner of some Sponges, particularly the Cup-Spunge hereafter describ'd. And is al∣so of the same colour. But hath the substance of a Tree-Mushroon.

The CORAL-like MUSHROON. Described in Bau∣hinus amongst Mosses, with the Title of Muscus Coralloides. Figur'd by Lobelius.

The SCARLET CATSTAIL MUSHROON of Malta. Fungus Typhoides coccineus Melitensis. Given by Sig^r. Boc∣cone, and by him described and figur'd. a 1.514

The round Venimous MUSHROON of the Hazle. F. Coryleus orb. venen.

The HART-FUSBAL. Tuber cervinum s. Cervi Boletus. So called, from a false Opinion, that they are there only found, where Deer go to Rut. Described by Bauhinus.

I find no Description hereof. 'Tis in length ½ a foot; at the lower part, half an inch thick, or in Diametre; in the middle, two inches and ½; the top, oval or elliptick; not unaptly resembling the Boon critton-Pear. Of a brown colour, dense, and tough, almost like Glew. Being fir'd, it burns with much flame, melts into a good deal of Oil, and yields a smoak of a grateful Aromatick smell.

The KERMES BERRY. Coccum s. Granum Infectorium. Commonly, but absurdly, so called; as not being a Fruit, but only a round Ball or Button, nourished on the Boughs and Leaves of the Dwarf-Ilex, or the Ilex Coccigera; a kind of Shrub, in France, Spain, and Italy, with prickly Leaves, like a little Holly-Bush. This Berry when fresh gather'd (which is at the end of May and the beginning of June) is full of a Crimson Juyce, or Pulp, so called, which, for

the most part of it, is a heap of small red Mites. And con∣taineth also, as is probable, one or more Maggots, which feed upon the Mites.

The said Juyce or Pulp (as it is called) is made use of for the Confection of Alkermes, and other purposes. For the Deyers use, the Berrys are spread abroad upon Linnen, and to prevent heating, turned twice a day. When the Mites creep out and cover the Berrys, they are sprinkled with Vinegar, and rub'd a little, and so separated by a Searce; repeating, till the Berrys yield no more. Of this Pulp, Powder, or Heap of Mites, are formed little Balls, and so exposed to the Sun to dry. The use of the Vinegar, is to kill or weaken the Mites and Maggots, which other∣wise would turn to little Flys (rather Bees.) The empty Husks, being washed with Wine and dry'd, are put up in Sacks, either alone, or with a quantity of powder in the middle. This Account I have drawn up out of the Ob∣servations communicated by Dr. William Croon a 1.515 from Mr. Verny an Apothecary at Montpelier, and those of Mr. Lyster, b 1.516 which illustrate each other.

To the Remarques above mention'd, I shall add one more, which is, That as the Pulp or Powder, so called, is a Cluster of small Animals: so the Husk it self is an Animal Body, as it were grafted on the Stock or Leaf, whereon it grows; and so converteth all the nourishment it deriveth thence (as Bread eaten is turned to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into its own Animal Nature. And that the said Husk is really an Animal Body, appears by that fetid scent it gives, like that of Horns, Hair, and the like, upon its being burnt. A property, which I find belonging to no Plant whatsoever, except to some Sea-Plants, as in the following Section shall be insta••••••ed. So that, though in compliance with the Vulgar Opinion, I have placed it here, yet ought it to be treated of amongst Animals.

English KERMES BERRYS. Observed, and sent by Martin Lyster Esq. Together with several Remarques, re∣lating both to the Foreign kind, and to This. c 1.517 This, he found upon the Plum, Vine, and several other Trees, es∣pecially the Cherry. The Husk of a Chesnut colour, con∣taining four or five Maggots of the Bee-kind, producing a Bee less than an Ant; together with a Pulp or Heap of

Mites, (as the other Kermes) on which the Maggots feed. The empty Husk, rub'd upon a white Paper, tinged it with a beautiful Purple or Murrey.

The principal difference which I note betwixt the For∣reign and these English Berrys, now dry, is, That in those, the powder is red, and more bitter, in these white, and less bitter. But whether the powder in these also was not once red, I cannot say. For in some even of the Forreign Berrys, I find it white. Which I the rather note, that they may be separated by Apothecaries from the rest, as be∣ing stark naught.

COCHINELE. Coccus Radicum. The former Name, seemeth to be but the diminutive of Coccus. The latter, grounded upon the Opinion, That as the Kermes Berry grows on the Body and Leaves, so this, on the Roots, of Plants, especially on those of Pimpinel; yet in some places only. Further, I find no certain account. To me, thus much seems evident, That 'tis neither a Vegetable Excre∣scence, as some surmise; nor an Insect, as others: yet an Animal Body, as the Kermes Berry, by some Insect affixed to a Plant; and thence nourished for a time, but ga∣ther'd before it be fill'd with Mites or Maggots. For being held, as the Kermes Berry, in the flame of a Candle; it usu∣ally huffs and swells, but always stinks, like Hair or Horn when they are burnt.

A scruple of Cochinele added to an ounce of Saccharum Saturni, makes a most curious Purple; but I believe fading.

A GREAT GALL, which grew upon that sort of Oak described by Clusius in the third place; and frequent in Spain. 'Tis now of a dark brown, and smooth; of a Sphaerical Figure, with a few small knobs here and there; as big as a little Apple, sc. near two inches in Diametre.

SECT. V. Of SEA-PLANTS.

CHAP. I. Of SHRUBS.

I Find, upon particular Observation, that of SEA∣SHRUBS there are two general kinds. Such as are strict∣ly woody, that is, have the colour and fibrosity of Wood, and burn and smell like Wood. And such as are, in a man∣ner, horny, or look, bend, burn and smell like Horn.

A WOODY SHRUB. Frutex marinus verè ligneus. 'Tis here cut off from the Root. About a foot in height, with four Branches spread out as broad, and cover'd with several thick Knobs of a sort of softish white Coral; the sides of which Knobs are a ¼ of an inch thick; the surface almost like that of Poppy-Seed.

ANOTHER, near a ••/4 of a yard high, as thick as the Ring-Finger, with white and hardish Incrustations upon the tops of its Branches. Any strong Acid droped on the said Crust, causeth an Effervescence: so that it seems to be a Coralline substance.

A THIRD, with the Branches broken, and without a Crust, three or four inches high, and as thick as the middle Finger.

A FOURTH, with the Branches also broken, and with∣out a Crust. 'Tis a small one; but hath a very large Root, curiously spread all over the backside of an Oyster-shell.

And it may here be observ'd, That the Roots not only of this, but almost all Sea-Shrubs, instead of being Rami∣fied, are spread out in the form of a Skin or Membrane, and so stick fast to some hard and steady Body as their Base.

Another slender one, about a ¼ of a yard high, but the Root broken off.

A FLAT WOODY SHRUB. Frutex M. ligneus, expan∣sus, ramulis coeuntibus. In all the former, the Branches are expanded every way: in this, only one way, or in breadth. 'Tis also of a softer substance, and more brittle. Of a Pur∣ple colour, almost like the woody part of Alkanet Root. Above ½ a foot high, and as broad. Several of the Branches united together, as in the Sea-Fan. Some of these Shrubs were found near the Straights of Gibraltar.

The Horny SHRUBS are also of two general kinds; either with the Branches loose; or else united together.

A great tall HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE BRAINCHES. Frutex Corneo-ligneus major erectior solutis Ramulis. 'Tis above a yard and ½ high. Consisteth of five or six principal Branches, equal to a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk where thickest; having scarce any callateral ones. Bends like Whalebone, and both without and within, looks not unlike to that, or Black-Horn. And in like manner, curles, huffs or swells, and stinks in burning. The Root cut off.

ANOTHER of the same, ¼ of a yard high, and more branched.

A THIRD, with more numerous Branches than the former. Cover'd with a very thick, but soft Incrustation; originally of a Purple colour, but now for the most part turned brown; curiously perforated, as it were with Pin∣holes, all round about. Probably the foundation of one sort of perforated Coral.

A great ARBORESCENT HORNY SHRUB. Half a yard High, and a foot in breadth, being spread in the form of an Oak, with great Branches about as thick as a mans Thumb. The Stock, six or seven inches in compass. The Root spread upon a stony Base, and of a brown colour. The Branches black both without and within; and swell, or huff, and stink, like Horn, in burning.

ANOTHER, spread also, in part, as a Tree. Half a yard high, and near as broad. Of a blackish colour; and stinks a little in burning; but swells not. Cover'd with a very thick, but soft purple Crust. To several of the Branches are also curiously fasten'd the WOMBS or NESTS of a certain Insect, as big as a Horse-Bean, of a roundish figure;

within, whitish, smooth and glossy; without, cover'd with the said soft and purple Crust.

A small HORNY SHRUB with LOOSE Branches. The Root is curiously spread upon a Stone like a thin skin. The Trunk of a yellowish brown, and thick as an Oaten straw, divided into slender Twiggs, to about a foot in height; flexible, and having a soft and white Pith. Being burnt, they not only send forth a very stinking smoke, but also swell into a light and spongy Cynder, just like that of Whale-bone, Cow-Horn, Leather, or other like Animal-Body. Most of them are cover'd with a soft ash-colour'd Crust. Neither Oil of Vitriol, nor any other, except a Nitrous Acid, droped upon this Crust, causeth an Effervenscence. Which shews the Salt therein contained, to have affinity with that in the stones bred in Animals.

TWO more small HORNY and incrustated Shrubs.

TWO more, growing together on a stony Base, not Incrustated.

A FLAT, HORNY SHRUB, with LOOSE Branches. Frutex Corneo-ligneus, expansus, solutis Ramulis. In all the former, the Branches were expanded every way: in this, only one way, or in breadth. The Root spread like a Membrane, upon its Base, as in the former. 'Tis near ½ a foot high, and almost ¼ broad, shaped not unlike a Fea∣ther-Fan, formerly in use. The Trunk ¼ of an inch over, divided into a great number of Branches round, black, smooth, somewhat flexible, and having a Pith. In burning they huff and stink, as the former. Cover'd with a soft and ash-colour'd Crust, all over knobed with little Vesicles, which are sometimes perforated.

ANOTHER, more tall, and with both a White or Grey, and Red Crust; not on the same but several Branches. The former, knobed; the other, as it were daubed upon the Branches. Given by Sig^r. Boccone, and by him also figur'd.

ANOTHER of these growing Double, or divided next the Root into two spreading and parallel Bodies.

A flat HORNEY SHRUB, with more NUMEROUS Branches. About a foot broad, and near as high. Rooted in a kind of Brain-stone. Without any Crust. The Branches, as more numerous, so slender, longer, and more flexible, so as to be somewhat bearded.

ANOTHER, with less numerous Branches, and SEMI∣PERSPICUOUS, if held up against the light. Above a foot high, and ¼ broad. It neither huffs nor stinks so much in burning, as do the former.

A Flat HORNY SHRUB with COLLATEARAL Branches. Frutex corneo-ligneus filiciformis, So I name it. In all the former, the Branches are reciprocal, or not of equal height on both sides the great Stemm: in this, just opposite, as in a Feather or Branch of the Male-Firne. Near a foot high, and five inches broad. The small or side Sprigs are round, as in all the former. But the middle Stemm is flat. Both This and the others, Semiperspicuous. They stink in burning, but swell not. Cover'd with a soft, purple, knobed, and perforated Crust.

ANOTHER large one, with two middle Stems, but all the side Branches broken off. In height ½ an Eln. The Root of a light and skinny substance, spread abroad so, as to make six inches compass.

ANOTHER not so tall as the former, (about a foot high) but the middle Stems thicker. The collateral Branches here also broken off.

Another small one: but with the Root curiously spread upon its stony Base, like a thin smooth Leafe. Most of these flat Shrubs grow in the Mediterranean-Sea.

A Flat SHRUB with UNITED Branches. Frutex ex∣pansus, Ramulis coeuntibus. 'Tis a foot high, and ½ a yard broad. Divided reciprocally into severally Branches, con∣taining a Pith. In all the foregoing, the Branches are all loose or separate; in this, some of the smallest meet in one; as Inosculated Veins, or as the Fibers in the Leaves of Plants. Of a blackish colour, and somewhat fetid upon burning. Cover'd with an ash-colour'd, soft, and knobed Crust.

ANOTHER, with the Branches and Conjuctions much more numerous, so as to make very close Work. Near a foot high, and almost as broad. Stinks in burning, and is cover'd with a knobed Crust, as the former.

A Great SEA-FAN. Frutex m. maximus, RETICULATUS, s. Flabellum marinum maximum. In the two former, only some, here all the Ramifications are united, so as to make one entire piece of Net-work, in the shape of a Fan. 'Tis above ¼ of a yard high, and almost a yard and ½ broad.

The Root wonderfully spread upon its stony Base. For being extended every way, some of its Skirts meet under∣neath, and so embrace it round about. The Branches of a blackish brown, and swell and stink, like Horns, in burn∣ing. Cover'd with a soft Crust, originally Purple, but now for the most part faded into an ashen colour.

ANOTHER large SEA-FAN, ¼ of a yard high, and ½ an Eln broad. Incrustated as the former. It hath this pe∣culiar, sc. out of the sides of it, grow several other small Fans, about a ¼ of a yard long (more or less) and near as broad.

TWO more large SEA-FANS, above ½ a yard high, and as broad. Incrustated as the former. Of one of these Fans, and about this bigness, see an elegant Figure in Calceo∣larius's Musaeum. a 1.518

THREE Midling SEA-FANS, near ½ a yard broad, and a foot high. Incrustated as the others.

THREE small SEA-FANS. Two of them are a ¼ of a yard high, and as broad. The Third, is less. Yet hath several little netted Labels growing on the side. All three incrustated, as before.

A SEA-FAN with CLOSE Net-work. Whereas the former consisted of more open work; as by comparing even a lesser of those herewith, is apparent. Neither hath this any Crust. 'Tis ½ an Eln high, and a foot broad. Seve∣ral of the smaller Ramification, thin or flat, sc. transversly to the breadth; looking like little Splinters of Whalebone. In burning, it swells, and stinks, as the others.

ANOTHER of the same, but not above a foot high, and near half as broad. This also is naked or without any Crust, as the former. Most of these Fans grow in the Ame∣rican-Ocean.

Wormius, speaking of Sea-Shrubs b 1.519 hath this passage,—Mirum profectò, quomodo hujus generis vegetabilia ex ijs (saxis puta) nutrimentum trahere valeant. Whereas 'tis plain, That they receive no nourishment from them, but the Sea-Water, and such nutritive Bodies wherewith it is impregnated. And it is therefore observable, That although the Trunk and Branches of these Shrubs are of a close and dense sub∣stance; yet their Roots are always made soft and spongy (especially when recently gather'd) the better to imbibe

their Aliment. So that the use of the Stone, or stony Body, on which they stand, is only to be a Base to keep them steady, and in the most convenient posture for their growth.

These, and other Sea-Plants hereafter describ'd, stinking, as is said, like Horns, in burning, and some of them not un∣easily procur'd, it may be worth the Trial; Whether in Hysterical, Epileptick, or other like Cases, they may not prove more effectual, than Animal Bodies.

CHAP. II. Of other SEA-PLANTS, and of SPONGES.

THe HORN-PLANT. Tuba marina; as it may be called from its form. 'Tis about two yards and ¼ high. At the bottom, not two inches about; from whence it grows thicker all the way to the top, where it is seven inches in compass, and of an Oval Figure. Hollow quite through from the top till within about two feet of the bot∣tom. The sides no thicker than a Hazle-Nutshell. Not woody, but tough, like the young Barque of a Tree, or a piece of tan'd Leather; and within, of a like colour; but black without. It grows in the West-Indian Ocean. The Indians cut off the top and so much of the small end as is solid, and lining the inside with a sort of Glew, or of Lacker, make themselves Horns hereof either for Hunting, or other use.

A Tuft or Bunch of CORALLINE. Described and figur'd by most Botanicks. I add (what I think is unnoted) That the inward part of this Plant i•• truly Ligneous or Fi∣brous: the outward, from when 〈◊〉〈◊〉 its Name, being only a Crust growing upon it, as in the Shrubs above described. 'Tis esteemed an excellent Remedy against Worms.

FLAT CORALLINE, as it may be called, or Spangle-Wort. Described in Bauhinus a 1.520 by the Name of Opuntia marina. By Ferranti Imperato, b 1.521 with the Name of Serot∣lara. It consisteth wholly of Leaves, joyned edge to edge, as in the Indian-Fig; Somewhat round, and scallop'd, and not

much bigger than a silver Spangle. The inward part of the Leaves is fibrous, and by small woody Threds are tacked together. But, as in Coralline, covered all over with a white Crust; which, in like manner, makes a strong Effervescence with Acid liquors.

The BEARDED SEA-WRACK. Fucus capillaris tincto∣rius, s. Roccella. Figur'd in Imperatus; a 1.522 And out of him, in Bauhinus. b 1.523 But without a Description. Neither will it admit an exact one, now dry. 'Tis three inches and ••/•• high; and five or six about. The Root, in compass, two inches, one in height, divided into a great number of small capillary Branches or Sprigs, thick set, as in a Broom or Beard, very brittle, and of a faded Purple. It grows in the East-Indies. Of excellent use, especially heretofore, for the making of Tinctures both for Painting and Deying.

A sort of the common SEA-Wrack, called Alga Vitra∣riorum.

The BLADDER'D SEA-WRACK. Alga Vesicaria s. conifera, as it may be called; having on the tops of its Branches several Conick Bags, an inch, or an inch and 1/•• long, warted round about, and originally fill'd with a light and fuzzy substance.

The WARTED SEA-WRACK. Fucus verrucosus Impe∣rati. c 1.524 On which grow a great many vesicular and soft Knobs all along the Branches, as well as on the top.

The BROADEST SEA-WRACK. Alga latissima Mem∣branacea. The Root hereof, stringy. The Stalk, round, as thick as a Goose-Quill, and about five inches high. From thence 'tis spread, by degrees, into a thin Skin too inches and ••/•• broad.

ANOTHER of the same Species, but not so broad.

The POUNCED SEA-WRACK. Alga marina 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Bauhino. Poro Cervino, Imperato. 'Tis wholly distributed into flat Branches, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of an inch broad, almost after the manner of a Stags Horns. Of a russet colour, and as it were all over pounced, somewhat after the manner of a Rue-Leaf, or that of St. Johns Wort, when held up against the light.

The SPIRAL SEA-WRACK. It winds about, very curiously, with a great many Circumvolutions, almost like a very deep Skrew. Described, figur'd, and given by Sig^r. Boccone. d 1.525

The SEA-MILFOYLE. Myriophyllum pelagium. s. Mus∣cus maritimus silicis folio. Clusius hath a Figure somewhat answerable to this Title, and out of him Bauhinus. Yet either it is faulty, or of another Species. His, represented with alternate Branches. Here, they are collaternal, as in the Male-Firne. And curiously denticulated, in the like man∣ner. It grows in very deep Gulfs of the Sea.

This Plant hath the same odd property, with several of the Sea-Shrubs before described; which is, that being fired, it makes a strong stinking smoak, like that of burnt Bones, Horns, or other parts of Animals. And may therefore be deservedly commended by Cortusus against Worms. And 'tis probable, all the rest of the stinking kind, some of which are much more plentiful and easily procur'd, may have the like Virtue.

The STEM of another Sea-Plant, Perhaps of affinity with that in Bauhinus, entitled, Coralloides lenta foeniculacea. The several Sprigs hereof are toothed, as in the Sea-Mil∣foyle, but with finer or smaller Work. It stinks, upon burn∣ing, as the former.

SEA-HEATH. Erica marina. Described and figur'd in Bauhinus. Who yet omits the coalition of all the Branches in a round and plain Base.

SEA-MOSSE, somewhat like the Sea-Heath. The Branches hereof are united in a short Trunk. From whence they rise up to the height of three or four inches, and are then multipli'd into others. About the thickness of a small Rush, all over shaggy, with fibrous hairs or bristles. Hath a stinking smoak, as the former.

The BEARDED SEA-MOSSE. A Congeries of tough or pliable, yellowish, capillary Threds or Strings, almost cylindrical, or of the same thickness from the bottom to the top; where the most part of them are as it were horn∣ed or forked. It makes a crackling noise, in burning, and stinks, but less than the Sea-Milfoyle.

The FISTULAR SEA-MOSSE. Bauhinus describes a Sea-Plant (without a Figure) by the Name of Fucus cavus, but of a quite different kind; sc. with the Leaves like a Fillet. Whereas this is a Cluster or Brush of cylindrical, pellucid, and strait unbranched Pipes, about the thickness of a great stitching Needle.

SEA-BLOBBER. Vesicaria marina. Spuma Maris Caesal∣pino. Bauhinus describes two sorts, That, which is branched; and This, which is not. 'Tis a Cluster of small roundish Bladers, almost in the shape of little Oystershells; of a light brown colour, all over veined with Fibers, like the uter Cover of a Plumstone. Which makes it the more doubt∣ful, whether it be an Animal Body, or a Vegetable. Which soever, it is supposed the Matrix of a Sea-Infect.

Another CLUSTER of the same sort, but consisting of smaller Bladders.

The ROPED SEA-BLADDER. I find it no where men∣tion'd. This is also wrought with fibrous Veins, as the for∣mer. But the Bladders are of a different shape, not with convex, but flat and parallel sides, and the Fibers princi∣pally running along and near the edges. Neither are they cluster'd in a lump, but joyn'd together, one after another, with a Ligament of the same substance, almost like a Rope of Onions; saving that they are all on one side. They stink, upon burning; supposed to be the Matrix of those Shells whereof the Indians make a sort of Money, which they call Wampanpeage.

A GREAT SPONGE, of the common kind; of a flat Oval Figure, and almost a yard and half in compass.

The SHAGGY-SPONGE. Spongia Villosa. It hath no re∣gular shape. Of a Texture more rare, than of most if not all the other kinds. And with small short capillary Fibers, as it were shagg'd all round about.

The FUNEL-SPONGE. Spongia Infundibularis. De∣scribed in some sort by Clusius, and from him by Wormius. Figur'd by Bauhinus, without a Description. This here is two inches and ½ in height; the Rim, near three inches over. The sides about 1/••^th of an inch thick. Of a Tex∣ture far more compact and close, than the common Sponge. Yet the Surface all over wrought with little round Pores, almost as in a Poppy-Seed: in some places visible to the naked eye, but better through a Glass. On the inside, they are in some places a little bigger, and near the Rim disposed into short Rays. Its Base, instead of a Root, as in Sea-Shrubs, is spread out upon a hard stone, to a con∣siderable breadth.

The Little BRANCHED SPONGE. Of much alike

Texture and colour with the common kind. But finely rising up and distributed into several Branches, solid or not hollow, about ¼ of an inch over, like a sprig of Coral. Given by Sig^r. Boccone.

The BRUSHY-SPONGE. This also is branched, and the Branches not hollow. But much more numerous. The Trunk somewhat dense, two inches high, and thick as a Goose-Quill. Divided into three principal Branches, and these into about thirty more of the same thickness with the Trunk it self, two or three inches long, perforated with some larger pores, as the Funel-Sponge, and near their tops, a little flat, and forked.

The CATSTAIL-SPONGE. This also is ramify'd, sc. into three large Branches, not hollow, rising up strait, and im∣mediately from the Root, to a foot in height; below, ½ an inch over; at the top an inch, not unlike the Head of the Typha major, or a Cats-Tayle. To these, three other lesser Branches are appendent. All of them of a blackish colour, and a rare Texture, but the Fibers somewhat more thick and stubborn, than in the common sort, and so woven, as to make some larger superficial Pores. The Root or Base is spread out upon a stone. The Ramous Sponges are sometimes found about the Islands of Fero.

The HOLLOW CONICK SPONGE. About a quar∣ter of a yard high, and half a yard about. It consisteth of fistular Branches, of a Conick Figure, rising higher and higher, smooth within, without porous, and as it were a little jagged.

The HOLLOW CYLINDRICK or PIPE-SPONGE. From the Base rise up four or five Pipes, above an inch over, smooth within, and tuberated without, with some re∣semblance to the Corallium Verrucosum. Its Texture some∣what closer, than of the common Sponge.

The FLAT HOLLOW SPONGE. Near five inches high. Below, above two inches broad; above, more than three. Consisteth of two flat yet hollow pieces, above four inches deep; but without, distinct for the space only of an inch and ½. Within also smooth, and without tuberated, as the former, but more bluntly.

All Sponges stink, more or less, upon burning, as the

Horny Sea-Shrubs. So that it is a property belonging to most of the Vegetable Productions in the Sea.

It is the Opinion of some, that Sponges have sense, be∣cause said to shrink, if they are pluck'd; and are therefore reckon'd amongst Zoophyta. But of that property I doubt very much. For a Sponge being a springy Body, and so extensible, and yielding a little to one that plucks at it; so soon as he lets his hold go, it will, from its elasticity, shrink up again. Which motion of restitution, some probably, have mistaken for the effect of a Cap-Sense.

No Sponge hath any Lignous Fibers, but is wholly com∣pressed of those which make the Pith and all the pithy parts of a Plant. Yet vastly thicker, and their Texture much more rare or open, so as to be visible to a good eye, espe∣cially assisted with an ordinary Glass. So that a Sponge, in stead of being a Zoophyton, is but the one half of a Plant.

PART III. Of Minerals.

SECT. I. Of STONES.

CHAP. I. Of ANIMAL BODIES PETRIFY'D; and such like.

IT hath been much disputed, and is not yet resolv'd, of many subterraneal Bodies, which have the semblance of Animals, or Parts of them, Whether they were ever such, or no. And I am not ignorant of the Arguments offer'd on both hands. If I may speak my own sense a little, Why not? Is there any thing repugnant in the matter? Why not a petrify'd Shell, as well as wood? Or is the place? If Shells are found under ground, far from Sea, or in Hills, unchanged; as we are sure they are; then why not petrify'd? Or is the form, to which no Species of Shells doth answer? The assertion is precarious: no man can say, how many are known to some one or other; much less, how many are not known: I have reason to believe, that scarce the one half of the under Species of Shells are known to this day. And so for Artisicials: if Coyns are found, every day under ground, then why not sometimes also Pictures, and other Works, in time petri∣fy'd? And although Nature doth often imitate her self; yet to make her in any case to imitate Art, is unphiloso∣phical and absurd: for the one, a natural reason may be given, not for the other.

On the other side: although Nature cannot be said to imitate Art: yet it may fall out, that the effects of both may have some likeness. Those white Concretions which the Italians, from the place where they are found, call Confetti de Tibuli, are sometimes so like round Confects, and the rough kind of Sugar'd-Almonds, that by the eye they cannot be distinguish'd. To call these Petrify'd Sugar-Plums, were senseless. What if we find in some Stones under ground the likeness of a Cross? Doth not Sal Ammoniac often shoot into millions of little ones? Or do we find in other Stones the resemblance of Plants? Why not naturally there, as well as, in Frosty Weather, upon Glass Windows? Or as Salts sometimes figure themselves (as Sir Th. Brown, a 1.526 and Dr. Daniel Cox b 1.527 observe) into some likeness to the Plants whereof they are made. Nay, why not too, a Face, or other Animal Form? Since we see that there are divers Palm-Nuts which have the like. That the Volatile Salt of Harts-Horn, will shoot it self into the likeness of little branched Horns. That of Flesh or Blood, into the shape of little flat fibrous Tendons or Muscles, as I have often observ'd. And though I have not seen it my self, yet I have been told by one c 1.528 that doth not use to phancy things, that the Volatile Salt of Vipers, will figure it self into the semblance of little Vipers. But there can be no convincing Argument given, why the Salts of Plants, or Animal Bodies, washed down with Rains, and lodged under ground; should not there be disposed into such like figures, as well as above it? Probably, in some cases, much better, as in a colder place; and where therefore the Work not being done in a hurry, but more slowly, may be so much the more regu∣lar. I shall now come to the Particulars, and leave the Reader to judge of them.

Part of the Upper JAW of a strange HEAD, toge∣ther with some fragments of other Bones, and three very Great Double TEETH, or Grinders, all supposed to be of the same Animal. Found, about twelve years since, seventeen feet under Ground, in Chartham a Village three miles from Canterbury. The Ground within twelve Rods of the River running thither, and so to Sandwich-Haven. An Account hereof is written by Mr. William Somner: yet without a Description of the Jaw. But supposing it to be part of

the Head of an Hippopotamus, takes occasion thence for a Discourse, wherein he endeavours to prove, That all the low Ground from the East-Kentish shore, to Romney-Marsh, was once under Water, and an Arm of the Sea. Published, since his Death, by his Brother Mr. John Somner: in whose Ground these Bones were dig'd up; and by whom they were bestowed upon this Musaeum.

This Jaw-Bone, is only part of the far Cheek; about fifteen inches long, and seven where deepest: yet part of both the ends, and the Sockets of the Teeth are broken off. The Orbit of the Eye, neither so round, nor so big, as in the Hippopotamus: yet the Teeth far bigger. For the bigest Grinder in the Head of the Hippopotamus here preserv'd, is less than six inches about: one of these, near eight. And 'tis much, if they belonged to that Animal, that none of the long Cutters which grow before (as is represented in Tab. 1.) should be found with them.

Besides, in that Skull of the said Animal, the Orbits of the Eye stand so high, and the Forehead lies so low, that it looks like a Valley between two Hills: whereas in this Bone, the Forehead evidently stands higher than the Eye. The Knob also at the Corner of the Eye in this Bone, is six times as big, as in the said Skull. Although this perhaps, as well as the tuberousness of the Bone in some places, may be the effect of its lying so long under ground; as if it were there∣by a little swell'd in those places: for they are more rare and soft, than the other, and the whole Bone, than the Skull of any grown Animal not bury'd. Considering all toge∣ther, it seems to me more likely to belong to a Rhinoceros, for the being whereof in this Country, we have as much ground to suppose it, as of the Hippopotamus. See Wormius's Description of the Double Tooth a 1.529 of a Rhinoceros.

A PETRIFY'D CRAB. Carcinites. It seems to be of the undulated kind; whereof see the Description in Ronde∣letius. 'Tis very hard and solid, and as heavy as a Pebble. Yet dissoluble with Acids. There is one pretty like this in Aldrovandus, b 1.530 under the Name of Pagurus lapideus. And another in Besler.

A FISH-MOLD. Ichthyites in modum Typi. There are several figures of Fishes in Stones in Besler, Aldrovandus, and Moscardo. In Aldrovandus also of the Heads of Birds,

Beasts and Men, in Flints. Septalius hath a Head in Mar∣ble. And Mr. Boyle a 1.531 a Pebble with a Serpent (all but the Head) perfectly shap'd, and coyl'd up in it. All these (except perhaps the last) are either semblances on a Plain, or at least in solid Stones. But this here is hollow, and was so found in the Island-Sea. About five inches long; now split into two halfs, like those of a casting Mould. On the insides of which, are fairly impress'd the form of the Spine, with the Ribs, Fins, and Tail, of a Fish. With∣out, a long Plate of the same substance, grows to each side; and others cross to these: as if to the Mould of the Fish, were also added that of its Funeral Cloaths.

This Stone, for consistence, is like that called Saxum Limosum, soft, inequal, and unpolishable. Of a blewish hue, like that of Tobacco-Pipe Clay, with some very small glossy Grains intermixed. Not only Spirit of Nitre, but Oil of Vitriol droped upon it, dissolves it, and is excited into a violent Effervescence. But the Saxum Limosum stirs not with any Acid. So that it is to be rank'd amongst the Gypso-limosa, or Calcilimosa.

A petrify'd BONE, taken out of a Gravel-pit in St. James Fields, above eight yards deep.

A Stone like the VERTEBRA of a Fish. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. It may be called SPONDYLITES.

Part of the SPINE of another Fish, consisting of seve∣ral Vertebrae. 'Tis hard and ponderous; yet dissoluble with Acids. It breaks flaky, as the Lapis Judaicus, and many others, or with plain and glossy sides.

The TOOTH of a TIGER, growing to a kind of Lime∣stone. 'Tis about as big as that described in the First Part, and of the same shape and colour.

A square crooked TOOTH, not much unlike that of a Bevir.

A very great DOUBLE TOOTH or GRINDER. 'Tis about five inches long, and two broad; twice as big as a Sea-Horse's. The stumps seem to have been saw'd off. The top divided into several Points and Ridges, as other double Teeth. Of a greyish colour and glossy; ponderous, and hard as a Flint or the hardest Pebble.

ANOTHER of the same shape, but not an inch long. Besler hath one like this, under the Name of Pseudocorona Anguina.

The SHARKS TOOTH. Glossopetra: so call'd, for that these Stones were fabled by some to be the Tongues of Serpents, in the Isle Malta or Melita, turn'd into Stones ever since St. Paul Preached there. But the English Name, is much more answerable to the shape. Which yet is va∣rious, as well as the size and colour; as ash-colour'd or black, long or broad, strait or crooked, with the edges toothed or plain. Of the brown, strait, indented and broader sort here are several very great ones. One, three inches broad; and four, long: with the exerted part, smooth; the Root, rough. Every way, in shape, so like the Tooth of a Shark, that one Tooth cannot be liker to another. Yet if it be such, then by comparing those in the Head of a Shark, with This, That to which This be∣long'd, to bear a just porportion, must have been about six and thirty feet in length.

A GLOSSOPETRA, growing to a stony Bed. 'Tis of a lightish colour: and was brought as is supposed, from Melita.

ANOTHER, of a lesser sort. The Root of this is rough, as of the rest. But not expanded with the exerted part, as is usual, but of a globular Figure.

These Stones are dissoluble with any Acid. Whereby it appears, That (besides such Metallick Principles they are sometimes tinctur'd with) they abound with an Alkalizate-Salt. They are found not only in Melita, but in Germany, and many other places. Figur'd by Aldrovandus a 1.532 and by others.

DRAGONS TEETH. Given by Sir Phil. Skippon. Glossopetrae Claviculares. So I call them, because they seem to be of the same kind; and are long and slender, somewhat like a small Nail; and much more like a Tongue (sc. of some small Bird) than any of the former.

The GOATS-HORN. Tephrites Boetij; from its ashen colour. Selenites Cardani; from its almost Semilunar Figure. Inwardly, 'tis of a blewish Grey. Outwardly, mixed with oblique and white streaks. Of a bended figure, yet with one end thicker than the other, not unlike a Goats Horn; whence I have taken leave for the English Name. Broken at both ends, yet above ½ a foot long, and two inches and ¼ where broadest. The Belly or inward Ambit,

an inch over, and furrow'd; the Back somewhat edged. 'Tis found in Germany, Moravia, Silesia, and other Parts.

A Scruple a 1.533 hereof in powder, is an excellent Sudorifick▪ Spirit of Nitre droped hereon, dissolveth it with an Effervescence.

The FISHES EYE. Ophthalmites. A parcel of them given by Sir Philip Skippon. 'Tis a kind of Pisolythus. But by some of them, the Humors of the Eye, with the Tunica Uvea, and therein the Iris, are not ill represented: for which reason I have plac'd them here.

SOME other Varieties, from the same Hand.

The HERMAPHRODITE. Commonly called Hyste∣rolithos. By Pliny, b 1.534 Diphyes, more properly; as repre∣senting, in some sort, the Pudenda of both Sexes. Well described by Wormius. 'Tis a black Stone, not much broader than Half a Crown; very hard, and dissoluble with no Acid. Accounted an Amulet against Hysterical Fits.

Another of the same shape, but lesser.

A soft BUTTON-STONE. Echinites albus. Given by Sig^r Boccone. Of these Stones there is some variety, with several Names, but confounded by Authors. They all agree, in having some likeness to the shell of the Button-Fish. This resembles that most with all small prickles. Of a white colour. Not very hard, and dissoluble, with Acids. See an excellent Figure hereof in Calceolarius's Musaeum.

Another of the same Species and colour:

THUNDER-STONE or hard Button-Stone. Brontias. So called, for that people think they fall sometimes with Thunder. Yet different from the Ceraunias. This is shaped like a little round Cake. Very hard and indissolu∣ble with Acids; being a kind of yellowish and opacous Pebble.

Another, a lesser one of the same Species.

A THIRD, also very hard (as all of them are) but Se∣miperspicuous.

A FOURTH, which is a whitish FLINT, stained with blew specks.

A FIFTH, a small one, and having a little flinty Stone growing to the middle of it on both sides. This particu∣larly resembling Gesner's Ombrias. c 1.535 Or the Stone sent him by the Name of Lapis Hyaeniae. d 1.536

A SIXTH, somewhat oblong and striated all round about.

The SERPENTS EGG. Ovum Anguinum. From the roundness, and form of Snakes Tailes pointing upward, and towards the middle of the Stone. This also is an Echinites, and by Ferranti Imperato called Histrix Marinus petrisica∣tus. Agricola makes it a sort of Brontias. It most resembles that sort of Button-Fish, with several Orders of great Knobs or Prickle-Bases, divided by lesser; described in the First Part of this Catalogue.

A STONE with the SIGNATURE of a Button-Fish upon it. So that it was once a Bolus or Clay.

The soft OVAL HELMET STONE. Given by Sig^r. Boccone. So I name it from its similitude to the shell of the Echinus Spatagus, a 1.537 which the English call Helmet—Fish. Oval, to distinguish it from the Conick. Soft, as being very brittle, and easily dissoluble with Acids. Several of these Stones are figur'd by Aldrovandus, b 1.538 with the Name of Scolopendrites. And some leaves after, divers others not much unlike, with that of Pentaphyllites from its likness in some part also to the Cinquefoyle.

ANOTHER of the same kind, with four narrow Fur∣rows, composed of fine short Rays, and meeting in the form of a Cross; to which a fifth is added, more broad. 'Tis somewhat hard, yet dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

The HARD OVAL HELMET-STONE. 'Tis an opa∣cous Flint, and of a dark colour. But figur'd as the former.

ANOTHER, also flinty, and opacous; but betwixt citrine and yellow.

A THIRD, opacous and white.

A FOURTH, with one half, opacous and yellow; the other, whitish and Semiperspicuous.

A FIFTH, somewhat rounder and more depressed than the former; and may therefore more particularly be called Pentaphyllites. Some of these Ambrosinus c 1.539 hath misplaced with the Astroites.

The blunt CONICK HELMET-STONE. It hath, as it were, the Signature of the Echinus Spatagus. But rises up in the form of a Cone. Of which Figure I have not

yet seen any shell. The top is blunt, and of a middle height. Encompassed with five double pricked Rows, all meeting in the fore part of the Belly. The spaces betwixt which, are cancellated much after the manner of the Sea-Tortoise∣shell. 'Tis a perfect Flint, brown without, and whitish within.

ANOTHER of the same sort, with bigger pointed Rows.

A THIRD, of the same Figure, but soft, sc. of a kind of Limy substance, or that of Gypsum.

The SHARP CONICK HELMET-STONE. 'Tis a Semipellucid Flint. Surrounded with five double pointed Rows, meeting not only on the top, but also at the centre of the Base or Belly. Besler figures a small Conick Helmet, by the name of Echinites: a great one, by that of Scolo∣pendrites. And several Species hereof are also figur'd by Al∣drovandus. a 1.540 None of the flinty or other hard Helmet Stones make any ebullition with Acids.

The HELIX or Stone Nautilus; as from its Figure it may not improperly be nam'd. Cornu Ammonis; From Jupiter Ammon, pictur'd with Horns. Here are several of them, both in size, shape, and substance distinct. I find no Author describing them much broader than the ball of a mans hand. The highest Boetius reckons, about three pounds in weight. But in this Musaeum there is one near two yards in circumference, and proportionably thick. Of an Ash-colour, and somewhat gritty substance. The several Rounds, as it were, carved with oblique waves. Given by the Right Honourable Henry Duke of Norfolk. With,

ANOTHER GREAT CORNU AMMONIS almost as big, sc. about five feet round about.

A SMALL CORNU AMMONIS, of an ashen colour, and softish substance: yet dissoluble only with Nitrous Acids. It maketh but one or two Rounds; ratably, far more swelling, than in the other kinds.

ANOTHER, of a soft and whitish substance; dissoluble in any Acid, and consisting of several Rounds.

A THIRD, growing upon a Stone of a like substance. Figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and that of Olearius; in both under the Name of a Petrify'd Serpent.

The CASED CORNU AMMONIS. The outer part

of this is dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre: of a shining black∣ish colour, thin, and as it were the shell of the far greater part within it. This also is very glossy, and transparent as Glass. Of a brittle substance, breaking into square flakes, like those of a flaky Spar. Yet no Acid will stir it.

The HARD CORNU AMMONIS. 'Tis a perfect whitish and pellucid Flint. These Stones are found in Germany.

Note, that if one of these Stones be broken, the several Rounds will part so, as the ridges of one, and the answer∣able furrows of the other, are apparent.

Likewise, that in some of them, there is not only a ridge, but a round part about as thick as the biggest string of a Tenor Viol, winding round between two Circumvolutions, as the Medulla Spinalis runs within the Back-Bone.

The Helick SERPENT-STONE. Ophites Ammoneus. See the Description hereof in Wormius, with the Title of Lapis Sce∣leton Serpentinum ferens. 'Tis of kin to the Cornu Ammonis; wrought all over with Striae, imitating the Scales of a Ser∣pent. In some parts of This, rather the jagged Leaves of a Plant. Of a pale Okre colour, but somewhat hard, and dissoluble only with Nitrous Spirits.

ANOTHER, which in the room of Scales or Leaves, is wrought all over, and as it were joynted, with sutures in the form of an s. obliquely waved from the rim towards the centre. Which Articulations are not only on the Sur∣face, but, as Wormius well notes, in its intimate parts. This is of a dark amber colour, and somewhat hard; yet maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

The HELICK MARCASITE. Marcasita Ammonea. So I name it, for that it hath the same Figure with the Cornu Ammonis, and to the first of these in Boetius, is next a kin, if not the same. Yet appears to be a sort of Marcasite or Gold colour'd Fire-Stone; both by its Weight, and Cop∣peras Tast. And some of them are cover'd with Vitriolick Flowers. Ambrosinus a 1.541 figures two of these under the Title of Crysammonites: not so properly, as not having a grain of Gold in them.

The HELICK MARCHASITE, having shallow Furrows on the Rim.

ANOTHER, with some also channell'd.

A THIRD, with the utmost round far more swelling, than in the other kinds; having its Centre lying deep, and its front spread wide on both sides.

A FOURTH, of all, the most flat, and with a sharp or edged Rim. Wrought all over, with undulated Striae, al∣most as in the Serpent-Stone. These two last, particularly, figur'd in Aldrovandus. a 1.542

A FIFTH, with the Rounds, on one fide, all concave: so that it looks almost like one split through the middle.

A SIXTH, beded within a tuberated Fire-Stone.

Several small ones, of the kinds above-mentioned.

The SHORT WHIRLE-STONE. Trochites.

The LONG WHIRLE. Turbinites. There are several of them. In one, the several Rounds are hollow: a ground to believe it was once a shell.

The WHIRLED or SPIRAL MARCHASITE.

The CONICK SNAIL-STONE. Cochlites pyramidalis. Very brittle, and maketh an Effervescence with any Acid.

Divers others SNAIL-STONES; some of them of a Limy substance, others perfect Flint.

The SEA-OYSTER-STONE. Ostrites Cymbiformis. Shaped almost in the figure of a Boat. In the right side especially there is as it were the signature or seat of the Animal. So that one can hardly doubt of its being once a shell. Yet this kind of Stone is sometimes found many miles from Sea or any great River.

A Petrify'd Oyster and Wilk growing together.

A great petrify'd SCALLOP. Figur'd by Ambrosinus b 1.543 with the Name of Hippopectinites. Given with several more of the same bigness, by Mr. Wicks. 'Tis half a foot over. Many of the same kind were taken out of a great Rock in Virginia, forty miles from Sea or River.

The smaller PECTINITES, with smooth ridges.

ANOTHER, of a kind of Lead-colour. Dissoluble with Acids.

The Coralline PECTINITES, furrow'd, and wrought all over with the Species of fine Needle-WORK. Also so∣luble with Acids.

A blackish PECTINITES, a perfect Flint.

A soft Stone of a blewish grey, with part of the Belem∣nites growing to it on one side, and a Pectinites on the other.

A petrify'd COCLE immersed in a Flint.

The SMOOTH SPONDYLITES, with an Oblique Navle.

ANOTHER, with an Oblique Navle, all over striated.

A THIRD of the same, furrow'd.

A FOURTH, also furrow'd, and with the Navle sharper and more produced. So hard, as scarcely dissoluble with any Acid.

A FIFTH, with a strait Navle, and numerous Joynts.

The OXES HEART. Bucardia. So call'd from its figure. Described and figur'd by Ferranti Imperato, and others, and out of them by Wormius. 'Tis divided, by a ridge along the middle, into two halfs. Each of them having a prominent Knob, a little winding, somewhat like a Navle: so that it may not be improperly called Con∣chites umbilicatus. Figur'd by Besler with the name of Hysterapetra.

A SMOOTH CONCHITES, with an Oblique Navle, unequal sides, somewhat round, and fill'd with a Limy sub∣stance.

Part of one, filled with a sort of granulated Spar.

A smooth and round one, undulated.

ANOTHER, as hard as a Pebble; of a yellowish and pellucid red.

Another hard one, yet dissoluble with Acids.

Another, with the Margins of the two halfs furrow'd and indented one into the other.

A LONG CONCHITES, of a black colour.

Another, undulated, and white; filled with a black and yellow substance, which with Acids maketh a strong Effer∣vescence.

ANOTHER, compressed, and the end opposite to the Base, pointed, like the common form of a Heart: and may therefore be called Cardites. 'Tis of a Limy substance dis∣soluble with Acids.

A Broad equilateral CONCHITES, radiated.

Another, undulated, and radiated.

A Third, undulated, radiated, and circinated.

A Broad one, of a Limy substance, and fill'd with a flaky and glistering Spar.

The HIGH-WAVED CONCHITES; that is, where the middle of one Valve making a high and broad ridge, the other falls into it. 'Tis of a white Limy substance.

ANOTHER of the same, but shining and pellucid like a Spar. Dissoluble with Acids. I meet not with any shell of this form.

A little BIVALVOUS MARCASITE. Conchites Mar∣chasita.

The MUSCLE-STONE. Musculites. This is black and of an oblong Figure.

A Second, lesser and rounder.

Another of the same, more Concave.

A Third, broader, and more expanded.

A sort of MUSCULITES fill'd with Earth like Tobacco-Pipe Clay or Marle. Found amongst the earth of a Hill that was overturn'd at Kenebank in New England.

The square MUSCULITES. Musc. quadrilaterus. I have not yet met with any shell of answerable shape. 'Tis, as it were, bivalvous: and each Valve, hath two sides. Of the four, two are broader, and a little Convex, especially towards the Base, at the other end somewhat sharp: with oblique furrows, from the first to the last growing shorter. The other two, striated and plain, joyned with the former at obtuse Angles. Of a limy substance dissoluble with Acids.

The TOOTHLESS MUSCULE. Found, of several sizes, beded in a lump of Irish Slate: yet not petrify'd, but a perfect shell. It is of a rare kind, no where figured or men∣tion'd, that I find, nor have I met with it elsewhere. The biggest of them two inches long, and ¼ over. That end near the Base, as it were pinched up, almost into the form of a Childs fore-Tooth. On the outside of the Base, stands a plated piece, contiguous therewith at both ends, but in the middle, joyned to it by the intervention of other very small transverse Plates, like the Wards of a Lock: supply∣ing the use of the Teeth in other Muscles, which are here wanting; from whence I have nam'd it. The outside, is adorn'd with circinated Lines, and in some sort also radiated with very small Tuberculi, especially at the narrow end.

The SHEATH-STONE. Solenites. Like the petrify'd shell of the Sheath-Fish. 'Tis fill'd with a kind of limy substance.

A piece of WHIRLY-ROCK. Turbinites Saxum. A sort of Gypsum of a dark colour, with the semblance of divers kinds of turbinated or whirled shells immersed therein. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, but very slowly. There is one like to this in Besler.

A Piece of white MUSCLE-ROCK. Musculites Saxum. With the similitude of little, white, furrow'd Muscle-shells.

Another Piece of an Ash-colour, and more soft.

A piece of spoted MUSCLE-ROCK, sc. with white, red and brown, in imitation of Marble. In which also are beded, as it were, several Muscle-shells. Although it hath the face of Marble, yet is it a kind of Gypsum, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

A Piece of MIXED SHELL-ROCK. Conchites miscella∣neus. Composed of petrify'd shells, both of the Turbina∣ted, and the Bivalvous kinds, beded in a kind of gritty Lime-Stone. In Calceolarius's Musaeum a 1.544 is one like to this, in the form of a Choping-Knife, but without a Name. Another in Ferranti Imperato. b 1.545 And in Aldrovandus's Musaeum, by Ambrosinus called Ostracomorphos Lapis. Not properly, Lapis, as being part of a Rock: nor, by the former word, sufficiently expressing the mixture of shells therein.

Another, consisting of such like shells (or their resem∣blance) beded in a brown Stone.

CHAP. II. Of VEGETABLE BODIES petrify'd, and other like STONES.

OF this kind, here is also great variety; being, or representing, Fruits, parts of Flowers, Leaves, Branches, Stalks, Trunks, and Roots: in which order I shall set them down. Only reserving CORALS with other like Marine Productions, to be spoken of by themselves.

A Petrify'd KATHERINE PEAR, or a Stone naturally very like one. Being, as that is sometimes, a little bended, very

slender at the Stalk or Base; turbinated next the other end; umbellated at the top of all, or depressed round about the place of the flower; and of a yellowish tawny colour.

A STONE like a petrify'd DAMASCENE-PLUM. As that of a black colour, and of the same Figure; so far as to shew the seat both of the Stalk and Flower.

The Great petrify'd STONE of an exotick PLUM. As one would think, both from the figure of it, and the pro∣duction of Fibers by the length, round about it, (as in many Indian Plum-Stones) very apparent especially, near the top. The granulated part of it, being turn'd to a soft opacous Stone; the Fibers into pellucid Flint.

A black Stone figur'd like the STONE of (a Praecock-Plum) an Aprecock.

A petrify'd NUX VOMICA, sc. that of the Shops. As I call it from its figure exactly respondent; being round, and flat, on one side a little Concave, on the other some∣what Convex. In Aldrovandus a 1.546 we have the Figure of a petrify'd Nux Methel Officinorum: but under the mistaken Title of Castanites. As also the exact figure of a petrify'd Castanea Purgatrix; but this too with the false Name of Anacardites. The same Author represents likewise a most exact figure of a petrify'd Melopepon.

A large JUDIAC STONE (Lapis Judaicus) in the form of a PEAR. 'Tis an inch and half long; stalked like a Pear; Next the stalk slender; turbinated upwards, to an inch in Diametre; and umbellated at the top, or depres∣sed as a Pear, round about the flower. Adorned also round about with small tuberated Striae which run from end to end. This Species not well figur'd by any Author.

ANOTHER of a somewhat like Figure, but much smaller. Best expressed by the least of the four in Boe∣tius. b 1.547

A THIRD like an ALMOND; both of the same big∣ness, and shape, oval at one end, pointed at the other, and somewhat flat. Besler hath one or two like this, which he calls Petrified Almonds.

A FIFTH, like an AKORNE, being of a like thickness at both ends. Another of the same. This sort particularly called Phoenecites.

A SIXTH, like an OLIVE-STONE; being more ob∣long

and oval than the precedent. Besler two or three Stones somewhat like this, which he calls Petrify'd Olives.

A SEVENTH, of a long slender Figure, and knobed as the rest, almost like a Hazel Catkin.

An EIGHTH, in shape like a Pestil. The upper part of this is knobed, the other smooth, whether naturally appears not.

These Stones either grow chiefly, or were first taken no∣tice of in Judea; from whence their Name. They are commonly found, not in Earth, but in the Clefts of Rocks, by those that work in them. They are dissolved with Spi∣rit of Nitre, not without Esservescence, especially when reduced to powder. And may therefore be justly esteemed Diuretick, and so sometimes bring away, or (as people think) break the Stone: for which, by Pliny, a 1.548 'tis call'd Teco∣lithos.

These Stones always break flaky, and with a strong gloss, like a Spar; or the Entrochus hereafter describ'd.

Of these Stones it is further observable, That being cut and polish'd transversly, and then wetted, they fairly exhibit, at least in colour, a twofold substance. The one, whitish; answering to the Parhenchyma or Flesh of a Fruit: the other black or dark-colour'd, not only in the Stalk, but also thence produced, and disposed into two Rings, a large one next the Circumference, and a small one in the centre of the Stone; answerable to the Lignous Fibers, distributed in much alike manner in some Fruits.

Two strait slender Stones, resembling the COLUMNS erected in the middle of some FLOWERS. One, Convex at the top, and almost flat. The other, spherically trian∣gular, somewhat like the Seed-Case of a Tulip. Beneath, of an ash-colour; upward, of an obscure or brown Bay. Of that hardness, that if struck or let fall one upon ano∣ther, they have a kind of Metallick sound, like that of small round Button-Bells.

Two other joynted Stones of the same nature with the former: looking as if they were pieces of the GENICU∣LATED STALK of some Plant.

'Tis pleasant, especially with a Glass, to see the wrought Work on the surface of these Stones. In which the small and curious Striae which run by the length, answer to the

Lignous Fibers, or the warp: and those which are transversly as it were interwoven; to the Parenchymous Fibers, or Woofe of a Plant. A more particular explication of which real Work in all Plants, hath been by me elsewhere given. a 1.549 Calceolarius hath one or two of these last fairly figur'd.

A Stone with the exact signature of a STEM of PO∣LYPODY with the LEAVES. 'Tis softish, and somewhat brown. Stirreth not with Acids.

HIPPURITES. Or a Stone with the impressed Image or signature of the Equisetum or HORSETAIL. There are three stalks which very elegantly rise up from one Root.

DENDRITES. Or a Flint naturally adorned with the Images of several epitomiz'd or minute TREES. There is the figure of a fair one like to this in Calceolarius's Mu∣saeum.

ANOTHER; being a SLATE about ⅓^d of an inch thick, representing, as it were, a plain Field, inclosed with a HEDGE of TREES; some bigger, others less; all so lively, as if it had been the curious and elaborate Work of a Painter; or had been cast through a Glass (as Kepler shews the way sometimes of taking Lanships) upon a Tablet in a Dark Room.

It is very observable, That the same curious Work which appears upon one side of the slate, doth also on the other. Agreeable to what Ambrosinus b 1.550 also remarques, That if this sort of Stones be broken into several pieces, the like Work will appear in the intimate parts. Which plainly demonstrates, that not being superficial, it cannot be the effect of Art.

DENDROPOTAMITES. So I call it. 'Tis a piece of a kind of Alabaster, about seven or eight inches square, po∣lish'd and set in a Frame. It hath much and pleasing varie∣ty both in colour and figure: shewing a mixture of brown, tawny, white, and green; and not unaptly resembling a couple of Rivers. One crooked or very much winding too and fro; (as the Thames at Kingstone) and garbed all along with Trees upon the Bank. The other strait, with a Foot∣walk upon the Bank, and inclosed also with a little Hedge-Row.

A sort of ALABASTRITES, representing a Transverse Section of the TRUNK of a TREE. That part answering

to the Wood, consisting of white and black Rings one within another. The other answering to the Barque, of two or three thin ones (like that of a Cherry-Tree) of a russet or barque colour. Yet the black Rings, being held up against the light, are transparent. So the clearest Glass, in some postures, appears black. Spirit of Nitre droped on it, dis∣solves it with a vehement Effervescence.

A Stone expressing part of a Tranverse Section of OLIVE∣WOOD. On one side, 'tis very well polish'd. By means whereof, not only the Annual Rings (appearing in the Trunks of all Trees;) but also the Insertions or Parenchy∣mous Rays which run betwixt the Pith and Barque; and even the greater Vessels themselves (either for Aer or Sap) are all to a good naked eye, but especially with the help of a Glass, very fairly visible. 'Tis just of the colour of the browner sort of Olive-Wood well varnish'd. 'Tis as hard as a Jasper, and seems to be of that kind.

ANOTHER sort of Jasper representing a piece of WOOD. 'Tis of a green colour, and stained with blackish spots. One would take it for a sort of Lignum Vitae.

A Stone, which in Colour and Texture, seems to resem∣ble a piece of YEW-TREE.

ANOTHER, which looks like a piece of BEECH∣WOOD.

A large piece of PETRIFY'D WOOD (as it is supposed) above half a yard long, and ¼ of a yard about.

Another Piece about the same bigness.

A Globular Stone, which looks as if it had been a piece of ASH-WOOD turned in a Lathe into that figure. For it hath not only the colour, but the semblance of the Annual Rings, and of the Aer-Vessels, as in that Wood.

Small pieces of (reputed) petrify'd Wood, commonly found between the Beds of blew Marble. Two inches long, and near as thick as ones little Finger. Almost as black as Ebony.

A Piece of INCOMBUSTIBLE Wood, as it were HALF PETRIFY'D. For being held in the fire, it becomes red like a Coal; but neither flames, nor smoaks in the least.

A very odd Piece of the BRANCH of a TREE as thick as a Cable-Rope, whereof the Barque is turned into perfect Iron, or at least a very rich Iron Ore; and the Wood into Stone.

The petrify'd Barque of a Tree. 'Tis thin, and rowled up as Cinamon; but rather of the colour of that called Winterane's. Withall, rough and knobed without.

A Piece of Oak BARQUE cover'd with a stony Crust. Given by Philip Packer Esq From a Stump above Ground.

In Septalius's Musaeum, as I take it, is mention made of Petrify'd Wood found an hundred and forty Pertches un∣der the top of a Mountain. And by Kentman a 1.551 of a sort of petrify'd Beech (as the people call it) both Trunk, Branches, and Leaves, taken (for Whetstones) out of the Ground in the Joachimick Vale, an hundred and seventy Elns depth. But what kind of Eln is here meant, is not certain.

Of petrify'd Woods it may be noted, That none of them (at least of these here described) will make the least Ebullition with any Acid. Which would make one sus∣pect, That they are Stones originally, sui generis; else it were strange, That some of them should not lie in places where such Stones are bred, which with Acids make the said Ebullition.

The STELENTROCHITE. By some, called STELE∣CHITES: Entrochites, by most. But, in proper speaking, distinct from both. For it is not only of a Cylindrical Figure, or near it, and containeth a softer substance in the Centre, answerable to a Pith: and also radiated as the Branch of any Tree cut transversly. But moreover con∣sisteth of several flat round Joynts like little Wheels, evenly pil'd, and, with the said Rays, mutually indented, so as altogether to make a Cylinder. Described also by Gesner, b 1.552 Boetius, c 1.553 Ambrosinus, d 1.554 and others. But we have two Accounts hereof given us in the Philosophical Trans∣actions, far more accurate and particular, than is else∣where extant. The former, by Mr. Lyster; e 1.555 together with between thirty and forty Figures of their Varieties, with some other Congenerous Stones. The latter, by Mr. John Beaumont f 1.556 Junior; who hath added the De∣scription of some more Diversities. And the manner of their growth. In this Musaeum are several Species, which I shall here enumerate.

A ROUND one, near ¾ of an inch Diametre; with the Pith near a ¼, of a darker colour, hard and dense. The

several Joynts, about the tenth of an inch thick; distin∣guished by slender Circles composed of very small knobs. With part of the Rock to which it grew, altogether irregu∣lar, but of the same substance.

ANOTHER, with a Pith larger and more soft, the Joynts thicker, and the Surface almost smooth.

A THIRD, of the same thickness, with the Pith ½ an inch Diametre. 'Tis also a little bended; and the Joynts distin∣guished not with knobed but entire Rings.

A FOURTH, with a Pith not much bigger than to ad∣mit a little Pin. Yet at one end 'tis ½ an inch over. At the other somewhat more than ••/3^d. A little bended as the former. And the Joynts in proportion to its width, extream thin; not above ½6^th of an inch. Their circumference, convex, being distinguished not with edged Rings, as the former, but with furrows.

A FIFTH, about ¼ of an inch over. The Pith answer∣able. The Joynts distinguished with edged Rings. And as thick as in the former.

A SIXTH of the same thickness. And a little crooked. The Joynts distinguish with furrows.

A SEVENTH, with the Joynts unequal both in breadth and thickness; one narrower and thiner, the next broader, or standing further out from the centre, and thicker, and so alternately: whereby it looks like some sort of Turn'd-Work.

An EIGHTH, a small one, yet finely shap'd. First with a Joynt embossed with a knobed Ring. Next two small Joynts, each of them scarce thicker than a Groat; and so alternately.

A NINTH, not above ⅙^th of an inch in Diametre; yet with Joynts as thick as in the fourth: and smooth.

A TENTH, ••^th of an inch over, and with much thiner or more numerous Joynts.

An ELEVENTH, a very small one, scarce having any distinction of Joynts.

CORALLITES. As it may be call'd. With no Joynts, no Rays, nor Pith, but more like to a solid piece of Coral.

The ASTENROCHITE, or an Entrochites with a Pen∣tagonal Pith, like the signature of a little Asteria, a Stone hereafter describ'd; from whence I have nam'd it.

ANOTHER of the same. And also with a double Ring of Rays; so as to look like one of these Stones within another. And may therefore of all the kinds, be most pro∣perly called ENTROCHITES.

A FLAT ENTROCHITE. All the former are per∣fectly round: this compress'd; one way, an inch over; the other, about ••/••^ths.

ANOTHER, a small one of the same shape.

A THIRD, not only flat, but also with two opposite edges, like the Scabbard of a Rapier.

The BRANCHED ENTROCHITE. Yet here the Branches, which grew alternately as Twigs on a Bough, are broken off. In one, leaving so many cavities in the Trunk on which they grew. In another, so many Knots. In both, radiated, and containing a Pith, as the Trunk it self.

The KNOTED ENTROCHITE. A very odd Species. Above two inches long, and ¾ in Diametre. The Surface smooth, yet with an obscure appearance of Joynts. The Knots, no way like those in the last mention'd, as not being radiated; and looking more like the bases of sturdy Thornes. Wherewith it not unaptly resembles a piece of a Crab-Tree-Cudgel. 'Tis composed of three distinct substances. The outer part, (as one would say, the Barque) is a flaky and glossy Spar, as in the rest. But as black almost as Jet. The middle part is Ore of Marcasite, or Yellow Mundick. The Pith, not unlike Tobacco-Pipe-Clay, when baked pretty hard.

A sort not much unlike these, being found in the Isle Malta, by some saith Mr. Ray, a 1.557 are call'd St. PAULS BATTOONS.

The SYNTROCHITE, as we may name it, to distin∣guish it from the rest. It consists of several Joynts as the former; yet not piled evenly one over another so as to make a Cylinder: but sliden as it were half on and half off.

The TROCHITES. 'Tis nothing else but one of the above described Joynts single; on both sides radiated, and also containing a Pith. So that it looks like a slice of a stick. These, saith Mr. Lyster, being usually hollow, or easily so made, and stringed, are therefore by some called St. CUTH∣BERDS BEADS.

The ASTROCHITES. As it were, the Trochites and the Asteria (hereafter described) together.

There's one which may be called an Enthrochite, yet not a Stelechite, because Oval, or at least smaller at both ends; no way resembling a Stick or Branch. But there is no example hereof in this Musaeum.

The True STELECHITES, branched. 'Tis not only ra∣diated, and furnished with a Pith: but is one single piece with∣out any Joynts or joynted Wheels: in which respect, it can∣not be called ENTROCHUS; but very properly Stelechites, (from whence the English word Stalk) as more answerable to the make of a stick or stalk, than are any of the rest. 'Tis of an ash-colour, and curiously wrought all over in the like manner as a Poppy-Seed.

A Piece of a Rock consisting wholly of several Species of ENTROCHI or Stelentrochi, immersed in a bed of their Mother-Clay.

Another, with two or three small STELECHITES.

A hard Stone of the colour of a Magnet, with the signa∣ture of a TROCHITES.

These Stones being broken, look flaky, and with a gloss, as the Lapis Judaicus; but somewhat more obscure. They also make a like Effervescence with Acids, especially with Spirit of Nitre. And may probably be as good a Diure∣tick. That All Fossiles of what figure soever make an Ebullition with Vinegar, is affirmed by Mr. Lyster: (a) but* 1.558 was a slip of his, otherwise most accurate Pen. For there are many, and those of several figures, which, although powder'd, yet are so far from making any Ebullition with Vinegar, that neither Oil of Vitriol, nor Spirit of Nitre it self, (which taketh place sometimes where the former doth not) will stir them: as appears in several Instances in this Catalogue.

They are found in as great variety here in England, as in any other Country. By Mr. Lyster, in certain Scarrs in Braughton and Stock, two little Villages in Craven: in some places of the Rock as hard as Marble. In such plenty, that there are whole Beds of Rock made of them. By Mr. Beau∣mont, in Mundip-Hills; in the Rocks, from the Grass to twenty fathome: but most in Beds of a grey and gristy Clay. In a Grotto, five and thirty fathome deep, he observed their growth: which was, from the finest, and the softest of the Clay. At first, they were whitish, soft, and smooth.

Afterwards, grew hard, and ridged, or divided into Trochi or Joynts; beginning at the top, and so descending. Be∣ing all the while in a manner quicken'd with Mineral Steams; conveyed, from the Mother-Bed, through the Pith of the several Feet of the Root (which Mr. Lyster figures) and of the Stock it self.

It were also further worth the enquiry, In what Time, one of these Stones will grow up. Whether it doth so, by Starts, as Ice often doth, and as I have seen a little Icy-Tree to grow level upon a Table? And whether so much as serves for the making of a single Joynt, at every start?

A Stone figur'd like a Piece of ANGELIC A Root; with a large Pith, and very distinct Rays, as the Cortical Insertions in that, or other like Root round about.

TWO lesser round ones or more Cylindrical: one re∣sembling the Root of CICHORY; the other of TORMEN∣TILE.

A STONE somewhat FLAT, like the Root of Iris: but radiated as the former. More visible, if one end, being first polished, be then made wet; for so, both the Pith and Ra∣diation are very distinct.

A FOURTH, as it were bared of the Rind; and having one end with a kind of Button, on which the Rays wind toward the Centre; as the Lines of a Rumb upon a Map, or the Suits of the Attire of any Corymbiferous Flower.

All these seem to be several stumps of Stone Roots, on which the above described Stones often grow.

A FIFTH, with a Pith and Rays; but CONICK and CROOKED, not unlike the young buded Horn of a Calf.

TWO more of the same Figure, but much less; rather resembling a COCKS SPUR.

Several CLUSTERS (as they appear) of petrify'd MOSSE. Imperatus, with Dioscorides, makes it a sort of Alcyonium.

A petrify'd TUBER, with several small papillary knobs, not much unlike that called CERVI BOLETUS. It stirs not with any Acid.

CHAP. III. Of CORALS, and other like MARINE Productions.

THese having also a resemblance unto Plants, and a near analogy unto those Stones, last described in the pre∣cedent Chapter; they may therefore not unaptly be here subjoyn'd.

A Piece of CORAL, smooth, white, and solid; with its Base or Root spread abroad upon a Chalky Bed.

A SPRIG of solid Red Coral.

A knoted TRUNK of the same ••/•• inches and 1/•• in compass.

A Piece of solid CORAL both RED and WHITE, growing together.

The ROOT of a solid Red CORAL, spread upon the TRUNK of a White CORAL: in the same manner, as the Membranous Roots of Sea-Shrubs are spread upon Stones or other steady Bodies. As if it had been indeed originally one of those Shrubs; particularly, of the Lignous kind, which hath no Pith, like the Horny; but, as this Coral, is altogether solid.

The SHRUB-CORAL. Corallium fruticosum. So I call it, for its more especial similitude to a little Shrub. 'Tis of a brownish colour, upright, and very much branched. Curiously adorned round about with Striae running by the length; looking like the superficial Fibers in the stalks of some Plants. And within, radiated, as the same when cut trans∣versly. In some of the greater Branches, the Rays being pointed or pricked, as by the laxer distribution of the Fibers, they are in some Plants. And many of them coming short of the Centre, so as also to form a kind of Pith.

The KNEED CORAL. Corallium geniculatum. Pseu∣docorallium fungosum Ambrosini. a 1.559 Madrepora ramo••a Impe∣rati. b 1.560 By which Name Bauhinus also describes it well. 'Tis striated without, and radiated within, almost as in the precedent. And is also ringed or knoted without, after the manner of Canes, or rather the upright Equisetum, and near of the same thickness. Imperatus hath another kind a kin to this, yet distinct; not only knoted, but joynted, and by him therefore called CORALO Articulato, in which

the Conick end of one Joynt is received into the like Cavity of another.

A Piece of the same CORAL found on St. Vincents Rock.

The Matripora, saith Terzagi, a 1.561 and all Pores (as he calls them) and these only, are outwardly rough with transverse Wrinkles. But this now describ'd, seems by the Striae more apparently wrinkl'd by the length. So that what he means, I do not well understand.

A JOYNT of the shallow joynted CORAL. 'Tis near an inch in Diametre, two and ½ long, solid, heavy and white. Streaked by the length. The two ends a little thicker, as of Bones at the Joynts: and rising up from the Rim to the Centre into a little knob; and this it doth at both ends: whereas in that of Imperatus, the Joynts are deeper, and one end hollow. It was given by Sig^r. Boccone.

A Piece of white FIBROUS or striated CORAL, but not knoted. Given by the same Hand.

The BUBL'D CORAL. Corallium bullosum. From the same hand. 'Tis of an ash-colour; and rough cast all over, with very small Blisters or Bubles.

The COOME-CORAL. Corallium cancellatum. 'Tis white, and divided into several short and thickish Branches, turbinated or knobed at the top. Wrought all over with small cancellated Work, like that of an Honey-Comb, or the inside of that Ventricle in a Sheep or a Cow, called the RETICULUM.

The FLORID COOME-CORAL. The Branches of this also are short; and numerously flourished. Inwardly, white and porous. The Surface of a pale yellow, and wrought, as the former, in imitation of an Honey-Coome.

A sprig of Rough and POROUS Red Coral.

The PUMIS CORAL. Corallium pumicosum. From the Person above-said. 'Tis branched, of a grey colour, and porous, somewhat like a Pumis Stone.

The POUNCED CORAL. Corallium punctatum. 'Tis white, and the Surface pricked full of small holes, almost as in the precedent.

The BRANCHING POUNCED CORAL. It seems to be that described in Bauhinus b 1.562 with the Title of Corallium asperum cauditans adulterinum. The Branches

hereof are very broad, and divided only at the top. Not only porous within, but also pricked full of extream small holes on the outside.

The STOOPING POUNCED CORAL. C. punct. pro∣cumbens. Porus Ramosus Bauhino. In this, some of the Branches rise up obliquely, and distinct. Others of them, trail or stoop, and are in several places inosculated.

The RUSSET POUNCED CORAL. This is also branched; and the Root hereof, as that of a Sea-Shrub, spread upon an Oystershell.

The WARTED CORAL. This likewise is a sort of pounced and branched Coral; and white. The Branches being also as it were warted or knobed. a 1.563

ANOTHER of the same; MORE branched.

The White STARRY CORAL. From the Person before nam'd. Described and figur'd by Imperatus. So called, be∣cause it is perforated with round and radiated Holes re∣sembling little Stars.

The Brown STARRY CORAL. Within, a little whitish. Not so porous, as the precedent; and with nothing near so many Stars. The Branches flat, like the Horns of an Elk; and spread abroad.

The OCULAR CORAL. C. alb. oculatum Officinarum. Very well describ'd and figur'd by Ferranti Imper. b 1.564 and J. Bauhinus. c 1.565 This sort is fistular, and hath large round holes in the sides of the Branches, sometimes near ¼ of an inch over; somewhat like a Birds Eye.

A Piece of the same sort, with its expanded Root.

The same growing on or round about some of the Branches of a Sea-Shrub. As it is probable, That all the sorts of fistular Corals once did.

The CROWNED OCULAR CORAL. Given by Sir J. Hoskins. In this, which is also white, to the eyes on the sides, are added little Heads crowned or radiated round about.

A CLUSTER of Red Fistular Coral.

The spread FOLIATED CORAL. Clusius describes it by the Name of Planta Saxea Abrotonoides. Of whom Bauhinus borrows his figure. His Description not clear. 'Tis white, and porous; especially the centre of every Branch, in imitation of a Pith. The several Branches

encompassed with little short round hollow sprigs, or, as we may call them, Coral-Leaves, curiously striated round about.

The Upright FOLIATED CORAL. In all respects like the former, saving that it is less spread.

Coral is fish'd for from the beginning of April to the end of July. Not in the Ocean, but the Mediteranian-Sea only. In which there are eight or nine Fisheries, among the Rocks, no where above forty miles from Land. Three upon the Coast of Sardinia; on that of France, two; of Sicily, Catalonia, Corsica, and Majorque, one. a 1.566 Of white Coral, there is great abundance in Brasile. b 1.567

Of the Nature and Generation of Coral, it is affirmed by the Honourable Mr. Boyle, c 1.568 That whilst it grows, it is often found soft and succulent, and propogates it Species. And by Georg. de Sepibus, d 1.569 That of those who had been us'd for many years, to dive for Coral in the Red-Sea, Kircher learned thus much; That it would sometimes let fall a Spermatick Juyce, which lighting upon any (steady) Body, would thereupon produce another Coral. And further, by Wormius and Tavernere, from the Relations of others, That this Juyce is white or milky. Which may seem the more credible, when we consider, that the like milky substance is found in divers Mines. e 1.570 Sometimes inclosed as is observed by Mr. George Planton, in great Hol∣lows of the Metallick Rock. f 1.571 And that Mr. Beamont hath found in the Hollows of some Stones called Entrochi, and Rock-Plants, or a kin to them, an evident concretion of such milky Juyce. g 1.572

Of Corals, are chiefly prepar'd, The Powder ground upon a Marble; the Magisterial Salt; and the Tincture. To good purpose, in some Feavers, and some other Cases. But the Name of Tincture, according to the common no∣tion of it, is a meer deceipt: it being, in truth, no more but a Liquamen, or solution of the Magisterial Salt. For those Acid Liquors which are used as Menstruums for the making of it; by digestion or repeated heats, do always turn red: which not being heeded, the said colour hath been believed to proceed from the Corals. Of the Effect of this Tincture, or rather Salt of Coral, upon a Malignant Feaver, see a Memorable Relation of Boetius in his own Case. h 1.573

BASTARD-CORAL. Alcyonium. So call'd, because a Marine Production, often of a roundish form, like the Nest of an Halcyon, and by some phantastick thought to be one of those Nests petrify'd. Hereof there are seven or eight sorts here preserv'd. As

The Great, White, FISTULAR Alcyonium. Imperatus figures a Cluster of this under the ill Name of Vermi Marini Impetriti. a 1.574 And Besler a single crooked Tube, with that of Exuviae Serpentis in Lapidem conversae; which is as bad. This is such an one, but more strait and smooth, as thick as the upper end of a Tobacco-Pipe stalk. But with a much greater bore.

The Middle white FISTULAR Alcyonium. A Cluster of Coralline Tubes, in some places, meeting in parcels; in others, divaricated, almost as the Vessels do in Plants. Not equally thick at both ends; beneath, not exceeding the Quill of a Crow; at the top, as wide as that of a Goose. Rough all along with annular wrinkles, almost like the slough of a Silk-Worm, or a Serpent. Being hollow, 'tis probable they serve as the Matrices of some Sea-Insects.

The small white FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus b 1.575 (whom Terzagi imitates c 1.576) called Vermicchiara; and Alcyonio Milesio; a much better Name. A Cluster of crooked Tubes, not thicker than a Packthread; and also wrinkled.

The Red FISTULAR Alcyonium. By Imperatus call'd Tubularia purpurea. By Besler Alcyonium Maris Rubri. A Congeries of strait, and red Pipes, of a Coralline substance, about as thick as an Oaten straw, all standing parallel, as the Cells in a Honey-Comb: and divided into several Stories by transverse Plates or Floors, at several distances from a ¼ to ½ an inch, or thereabout.

The BRANCHED Alcyonium. 'Tis white, and of a Coralline substance, but somewhat soft. The Branches so∣lid, and in some places coalescent.

The KNOBED Alcyonium. Of a white and coralline substance, but somewhat soft. Of such a Contexture, whereby it is every way, and pretty openly, pervious throughout; somewhat answerable to that of a Sponge. Evenly tuberated all over the top and sides.

Another, unequally tuberous, and of a little more open compages.

The LOBED Alcyonium. Of a like colour and substance with the former: yet not composed of round, but flat or lobed portions, with some likeness to Liverwort.

The BUBLED Alcyon. Given by Captain Th. Fissenden. About ½ an Eln in compass. Consisting wholly of Plate∣work, so conjoyn'd, as to make several large Apertures, run∣ing one into another: somewhat after the manner of a Ruff. The Plates or whole Body compos'd of most minute Bubles, divided by a very thin Sepiment, and standing all in even, strait, and parallel Rows. So that it looks not much unlike Linnen-Cloath: saving its brown tawny colour.

A NETED Alcyon. Retepora Imperat. So called from its Figure.

MUSHROON-CORAL. Fungites. So called from a little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool. Here are divers sorts.

The WAVED Mushroon Coral. 'Tis round, and above two inches over; striated beneath round about. The Rim and Area, both undulated. With thin Plates standing all along, and on both sides transversly to the Waves.

ANOTHER, with DOUBLE WAVES. Circular, and about four inches in Diametre. With the top rising high and round. With transverse Striae, rather than Plates. And Waves both double, and more winding than in the former; much resembling those of a Mans Brain. From whence, this sort, most properly, are called BRAIN-STONES.

A POLISH'D BRAIN-STONE. It much resembles a sort of undulated Stone. Whereof hereafter.

Part of a large BRAIN-STONE from the Bermudas.

The PLATED FUNGITES. So especially to be called, because it hath no Undulations, but Plates only. All very thin and sharp, and radiated, to the circumference, after the manner of those in a common Mushroon; excepting, that there they stand underneath, here above. This sort is curiously figur'd in Calceolarius's Musaeum.

A FLAT RADIATED Fungites. Figur'd by Bauhinus. a 1.577 'Tis somewhat more than two inches broad, and with the sides as it were crushed together. Waved round about, and the Rim raised like a border pretty high.

A STARRY FUNGITES. Of a circular figure; beneath, a little concave; above, convex. Wrought all over with a great number of small radiated Stars, every where con∣tiguous.

A Piece of Fungites with GREAT STAR-WORK: every Star, with the Rays, being near ½ an inch over; and the Rays also plated.

The COOMED Fungites. The top hereof is circular; all over carved into radiated Tubes, the Rays standing high without, and deep within. Composed together so, as somewhat to resemble an Honey-Coome, from whence I name it.

ANOTHER of the same sort, of an Oval Figure. Given by Sir R. Moray.

A Fragment of a great One of the same sort. In which the Texture is fairly observable. For the aforesaid Rays, are indeed the extremities of so many Plates which run through the length of every Tube; and which are likeways all the way conjoyned with an infinite number of other extream small thin transverse Plates: dividing the whole Tube into little squares, after the like manner, as in the Pith of a Bull∣rush.

The Fungites is found in the Indian-Sea, and the River Nilus. a 1.578

CHAP. IV. Of GEMS.

A ROCK of DIAMONDS. Given by Sir R. Moray. They grow upon their Bed (which is about three inches broad, and four in length) in Crystals Sexangularly pointed. Of several sizes from the thickness of a midling Pin, to a ¼ of an inch Diametre, but all of them short. Not very perspicuous, but a little greyish, like the Calcedony. Saving one small cluster of them, tinctur'd yellowish. They cut Glass very deep and easily.

The principal Diamond Mines now known, are four. That of Raolconda, in the Kingdom of Visapour; discover'd 200 years since. In this Mine, the Diamonds lie in sandy Veins in the Rocks. Of all, the clearest, and of the whitest Water. They pound and wash the Vein for the Diamonds, just as we do some of our Ores for the Metal. A second

call'd the Gany, about seven days journey from Golconda; found out 100 years since. They dig here not above 14 feet deep. Sometimes above sixty thousand Men, Women and Children at work. It affords the largest Diamonds, but not clear: one sometimes above 40 Carats, i. e. ••/3^d of an ounce. And there was one here found which weighed 900 Carats (i. e. ℥vij ss.) A Third, that of Govel, a River in the King∣dom of Bengala. The Diamonds are found in the sand of the River, for the space of 50 Leagues. From hence come those fair pointed Stones called Natural Points: but not great. The Fourth, that of Succadan, a River in Bor∣neo. But there are none come from thence but by stealth. How the Indians prove, work, and sell their Stones, with other particulars, see in Tavernere. a 1.579

Rough Diamonds are often naturally figur'd into Trian∣gular Plains: a mark to know a right one by, b 1.580 as well as hardness. Many also of the best are pointed with six An∣gles; some, with eight; and some Tabulated, or Plain, and Square. c 1.581 Diamonds receive no hurt, but are rather mend∣ed, by the fire. d 1.582 Some, saith Garcias, e 1.583 being rub'd, will take up straws, as Amber and other Electrical Bodies. And Mr. Boyl f 1.584 speaks of one of his, which with a little friction attracts vigorously. Of another, g 1.585 which by water made a little more than luke-warm, he could bring to shine in the dark.

'Tis the property of all true Diamonds, To unite the Foyle closely and equally to it self, h 1.586 and thereby better augment its lustre, than any other Gem. That which is called the Foyle, is a mixture of Mastick and burnt Ivory: The latter, being one of the blackest of colours; used by Painters for Velvet, the Pupil of the Eye, &c.

The Water of those which are drawn, not from the Rock, but the Ground, commonly partakes of the colour of that Soil or Ground: i 1.587 and some are found as yellow as a Topaz. k 1.588

Between the Grain and the Vein of a Diamond, there is this difference, That the former furthers; the latter, being so insuperably hard, hinders the splitting of it. Although it seems, that a Vein, sometimes is nothing else, but a Cross-Grain. Our European Jewelers, when they split one, they take a very small iron Wyre, and having daubed it

with Oil and Powder of Diamonds; draw it upon the Dia∣mond, by a Tool, to and fro like a Saw, so long as is needful for that purpose.

The BASTARD-DIAMOND. Pseudo-adamas. Now re∣maining, as it was found, bred in a Musculites, a Stone like a Muscleshell. Given also by Sir Robert Moray. 'Tis angular, pointed, and very clear. And cuts Glass with great ease and depth. Of our Bastard-Diamonds here in England, the Cornish are the best; much better than those on St. Vincents Rock near Bristol.

CRYSTAL. From 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: because supposed to be only Water contracted or condensed with cold. Here are several sorts.

A CRYSTAL ROCK. In which, several lesser Crystals Sexangular, pointed, and most perspicuous, grow round about a great one, in the form of a Pyramid, above eight inches about. The bottom of it being polish'd, all the sides to the top, are very pleasantly apparent through the same.

A small COLUMN of Crystal, also exceeding clear.

A ROCK of midling Crystals, growing upon a Semi∣perspicuous Bed, or Grey-Mother. They are very clear, notwithstanding that beneath they seem to be tinctur'd yellow; being there only daubed with some substance of a yellow colour. Of these Crystals, the two opposite sides, are the greatest: which is also observable in many others.

A small Crystal COLUMN, with a whitish Base.

ANOTHER clear Crystal, growing on a Semiperspicu∣ous Mother, together with a kind of Marchasite Spar, or tessellated Stone, of an Amethystine colour.

A ROCK of small Grey Crystals, almost like a Calci∣dony.

Another of the same sort, growing upon a kind of Lime∣stone.

A Third, with the Points of an Amethystine colour, growing to a Matrix of a purplish black.

A Crystal COLUMN, of an Hyacinthine colour, but dilute. An inch in Diametre, and almost ½ a foot long. The two opposite sides of this also are the greatest.

A lesser one of the same Species.

A THIRD, growing upon a Bed of the same colour; but opacous. Mr. Boyle a 1.589 mentions a piece of Crystal, in one part of an Emrald-green. And Terzagi b 1.590 another that was black.

A Crstyal COLUMN, naturally inclosing a kind of Moss (or the likeness of it) at one end of the Column of a paler, at the other of a dark Green. 'Tis above ½ a foot in compass.

ANOTHER piece of CRYSTAL in which is immersed a Mossy substance of a redish colour. And there are some Crystals have been known naturally to enclose a Li∣quor. c 1.591

A Piece of polish'd CRYSTAL in the figure of a half Globe. 'Tis on one side flaky, and hath many very small Bubles, by which it appears cloudy.

ANOTHER Piece polish'd into a Sphaerical Triangle, and somewhat Oval.

A THIRD Piece polish'd into a Cone.

A Massy Piece of CRYSTAL. Not pointed, nor an∣gular; but of a roundish figure; much bigger than any mans head. One way, near a yard in compass; the other, above three quarters. In weight, thirty nine pounds and a ¼ Haverdupoise. Yet is it very clear, beyond the clearest Ice of the same thickness. The biggest piece of Crystal I find mention'd else-where, is a Ball of six and thirty ounces in Septalius's Musaeum.

Crystal, at least some sorts of it, is the softest, saith Boe∣tius, d 1.592 of all Gems. He should have said, of all perspi∣cuous Gems: for the Turcois is much softer. The most usual Figure of Crystal, is Sexangular: yet Terzagi e 1.593 mentions a Rock of square pointed ones. But it is obser∣vable, That he saith the Bed on which they grew, seem'd to be Gold-Ore. If so, it might proceed from some govern∣ing principle in the Ore. For I have heard it noted, as I re∣remember, by Sir Christopher Wren, That Grain-Gold is of∣ten found naturally figur'd into Cubes. Crystal grows in most Countries, both cold and hot: the Globous, especially in Bohemia and Silecia.

A Drachm f 1.594 of the Powder of Crystal, with Oil of sweet Almonds, a present Remedy for those that have taken sublimate. As also for bilious and chylous Diarrhaeas. g 1.595 When Calcin'd, by some called Pulvis Caesaris, of ex∣cellent use against the Epilepsie. h 1.596

An AMETHYSTINE ROCK. The Gem hath its Name from the opinion of its being an Amulet against Drunken∣ness. This Rock consisteth of angular pointed and contigu∣ous Crystals; growing from both sides the Matrix, in∣wards, where their Points meet, and are all closely indented. Some of them seem to be Pentagonal. Several are Conick from the Points towards the Roots. These are well tinctur'd, but the Roots are all white, or rather Diaphanous and colourless. As also is the Matrix, or inward part of it; yet not so clear. The shell over all, flat, opacous, and of a redish brown. There is the Figure of a very fair one in Calceolarius's Mus.

ANOTHER, growing upon a Matrix or Bed spotted red and yellow, and cross-grain'd, or composed of small Crystals set together decussatim.

A THIRD, the Matrix whereof is a kind of Amethystine Flint, i. e. not composed of Crystals or Grains, as is usual, but one entire massy Stone, Semiperspicuous, and of a pale blew, almost of the colour of some Cows Horns. Of an orbicular Figure, and somewhat flat like a Loaf. The Roots of the Crystals are colourless, as in the former, and the points and upper parts of a pale Purple. With these, is included in the same Matrix, a whitish and flaky Stone, which is easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Which is one, amongst many instances, how near together two Stones may be bred, of so different a nature one from another.

A WHITE AMETHYST. This is here naked, or with∣out a Matrix. Consisteth of divers contiguous Crystals, half an inch and an inch long; their Roots grey; but their Points clear, usually sexangular. From the Points the Roots taper'd or conick: the Figure which doth especially distinguish this Stone from Crystal, whether white, or of an Amethystine colour.

An AMETHYST of a pale Violet colour; found grow∣ing in Scotland. Given by Sir Rob. Moray.

ANOTHER, with a kind of Chrysolite growing to it.

The best of this kind, are, as Theophrastus well describes them, of the colour of a ripe (red) Grape: and are the hardest. These grow in the Indies: the rest in Bohemia, Saxony, &c. The best, being burnt, excellently imitate a Diamond. a 1.597

Two little white or pale SAPHIRES, polish'd into a flat oval Figure. By some called The Female: and so the paler kinds of other Gems. The best, grow in Bisnagar, Zeilan, and other parts of the East-Indies, especially in Pegu. The meaner, in Bohemia, and other adjacent places. They are cut or fashion'd with Emery and Tripoly; and en∣graven with Diamond-Dust, as other harder Gems. Being burnt, they imitate a Diamond, as doth the Amethyst. a 1.598 And Aes ustum and Glass melted together, imitate a Sa∣phire. b 1.599

The Saphire, saith Boetius, c 1.600 being applied to any bruised part, prohibits the Inflammation of it, in a miracu∣lous manner. See also the Salt and Tincture d 1.601 of it described and commended by the same Author.

The GRANATE, qu. Ingranate, or Ingraind. And there∣fore by the French called VERMEILLE: and the Matrix, by Moscardo, Minera de Ingranata. The deepest, well com∣pared by Imperatus to the Juyce of a ripe Mulberry. Here are of several sizes.

A BOHEMICK GRANATE, as big as a Nutmeg. With several more of the same size, or near it.

Some other Large GRANATES, polish'd with Rhombs. But these are cloudy.

A Bag of Lesser GRANATES, of several sizes from a Pease to a Mustard-Seed.

A BED of GRANATES from the West-Indies. Given by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq. Most of them as big as a large Pease, beded in a Stone which is friable, and easily rub'd to a redish and glistering powder; in some places a little black, and growing with cross Flakes. It seemeth, from its softness, not to have been the original Bed or Matrix wherein the Stones were bred; but that being, in pecking the Rock or Mine, broken off from that, they were after∣wards casually lodged in this.

These Stones grow in Calecut, Cambaia, and Aethyopia. As also in Spain and Bohemia, where, contrary to what is observed of most other Gems, they are found exceeding the Oriental. e 1.602 Many of them will abide the fire, without change of colour. f 1.603

Spirit of Salt extracts a rich Tincture out of Granates calcin'd and finely powder'd. g 1.604 And Aq. Regis, a rich

solution of them, only powder'd; colour'd somewhat like a solution of Gold. (a)* 1.605

The Jewelers TOPAZ. Chryselectron Plinij. This is an Oriental one. 'Tis of a perspicuous Golden colour, with some scarlet spots or like a deep Tincture of Saffron.

The Whiter or Female TOPAZ. Composed of several Crystals, clear and colourless at the top; below, clear and yellow. Growing on a white Matrix, with a light yellowish Tincture. They grow in Arabia, Bohemia, &c. The best in India and Bactriana: the Europeans, especially, being soft, and not without blackish Clouds. The Oriental, the hard∣est of Gems, except the Diamond. And probably the Ruby. Found sometimes so big as to weigh twelve pounds: b 1.606 Aes ustum, stannum ustum, Cinabar, and Crystal, melted toge∣ther, imitate a Topaz. c 1.607

The SMARAGDUS, growing together with a pale Ame∣thyst in one Matrix. The Crystals are angular, but seem to hold no proportion.

The Occidental, sometimes as big as a mans fist, especially in Peru; but soft and cloudy. The Oriental, no bigger than a Filbert. The Europeans, in Cyprus, &c. the worst. 'Tis imitated d 1.608 with Aes ustum, and half as much Crocus Martis.

Six Grains of this Stone, in powder, procureth sweat. e 1.609 Applied entire to the Belly, stopeth all kind of Dysenetries in a miraculous manner. f 1.610

A CLEAR and GREEN STONE, (a kind of Smarag∣dus) which, being heated red hot, shineth in the dark for a considerable time, sc. about ••6^th of an hour. Given by Dr. William Crown. I tried the experiment my self also. And at the same time observ'd, That as it grew hot in the fire, its Green colour was changed into a Sky-blew; which it likewise retain'd so long as it continu'd to shine: but after that, recover'd its native green again.

The AGATE. So called from the River Achates in Sicily, near which it was first found. g 1.611 Almost of the colour of clear Horn. The hardest of Semiperspicuous Gems. They grow in India, Germany, Bohemia. Naturally adorned with much variety of waved and other figur'd Veins, Spots, the representation of Vegetable, and sometimes of Animal Bodies. None more memorable, than that mention'd

by Pliny, a 1.612 of Pyrrhus King of Epyrus, in which, without much strain of phancy, one might imagine a representa∣tion of the Nine Muses, and Apollo, with his Harp, in the middle of them. 'Tis used for Sword-Hilts, Knife-Hafts, Beads, Cups, and the like. There are pieces of it, sometimes b 1.613 as thick as a Mans Arm.

The ONYX. So called, because in colour not unlike the Nail of a Mans Finger. Ambrosinus confounds the Agate and the Onyx together. But the Onyx differs from the Agate, chiefly, in that, instead of Veins, 'tis generally com∣posed, saith Boetius, of Zones. But I think rather of several Balls, one within another: which, when the Stone is po∣lish'd, do indeed represent a round spot in the centre, with several Zones or Rings about it. Here are of divers sorts.

An ONYX with a white, and very broad Zone.

ANOTHER, of a pale Blew.

A THIRD, with Rings White and Bay.

A FOURTH, of a light yellowish colour, or of Citrine Amber, with ash-colour'd Rings.

A FIFTH, in Figure like an Eye, with the Iris, White; the Pupil, of the colour of Honey.

A SIXTH, with the middle Spot or Pupil encompassed with a grey Iris.

A SEVENTH, with the Iris party-colour'd, within, White; without, brown; and the Pupil also of the same colour.

An EIGHTH, with an ash-colour'd Pupil, the Iris of a pale Amethystine within, and white without. These with more variety of colours, are by some particularly called NICCOLI; qu. Onyculi.

A NINTH, which may be nam'd, The BINOCULAR; as having the likeness of two little Eyes. The Table on which Nature hath drawn them, is of the colour of yellow Amber, and semiperspicuous. The Eyes are white, with their Pupils of the colour of the palest live Honey.

A TENTH, distinctly called BELI OCULUS: the Iris whereof is Grey; the Pupil, and the rest of the Eye, Black.

An ELEVENTH, of the colour of yellow Amber, with grey Girdles, not round, as in all the former, but angular.

The EMBRIO of an ONYX. So I name it. 'Tis a half Globe, polish'd. The outer Crust or Shell, Semiperspicuous, and as hard as of a true Oynx. The part within, round, of an opacous liver-colour, and so soft as to be dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

A PEBBLE of kin to the Onyx. 'Tis round or globous, and on the two opposite sides, a little prominent. About an inch in Diametre. The outer Shell, yellowish; the mid∣dlemost, red; both opacous. The intimate Part, diapha∣nous, and of the colour of a glowing Coal. It seemeth to me, That as some Pebbles, so many more Flints, are a sort of ONYX. The Onyx, amongst other things, is used for the making of Cups; of which, King Mithridates is said to have had two Thousand. Sometimes so big, as to serve for Statues. At Rome, in the Basilica of St. Peter, there are (or were in Boetius's time) six little Onychine Columns. a 1.614 They grow both in the East and West-Indies, and in Europe.

The ONYCHATE: Betwixt an Onyx and an Achate. Composed not of Zones, or Balls, but of Plates, perspicuous and ash-colour'd, mixed.

ANOTHER, of a Globous Figure, consisting of Plates ash-colour'd and brown: like a little turn'd Bowl of Ash∣wood.

A THIRD, consisting of Black, and Horn-colour'd Plates, mixed together, these latter, being also stained with red spots.

The PSEUDOPALUS. 'Tis of a pale blewish Water, like a Fishes Eye, or a drop of Skim'd-Milk, with some Rays of yellow.

ANOTHER, growing to a thin Crust or Matrix of an Iron-colour.

This, and the Opalus it self, the softest of Gems. b 1.615 They are now found principally in Hungary. c 1.616 The Opalus, saith Boetius, hath its variety of colours, only by Re∣fraction: (adds Laet, d 1.617 like those in a Prisme) for if it be broken it looseth them. 'Tis true, that these colours are pro∣duced by Refraction: yet not as in a Prisme; as not depend∣ing upon the Figure, (for they will not be produced in other Stones of the same figure) nor so much as any flaw or flakiness in the Stone; but its peculiar Texture, which

causeth those Refractions. Tin and Venis-Glass melted to∣gether, imitate an Opalus. a 1.618 See also the Phil. Trans. hereof. b 1.619

The ONYCOPALUS. By some called Oculus Cati. It hath the Zones or Rings of the Onyx, of a pale White. The best of these are found in Zeilan and Pegu. Much harder than the Opalus. It might be try'd, whether this Stone doth in any degree partake of the strange property of the Opalus; some of which, being only steeped a while in common water, will become Transparent for some time. c 1.620

The CALCEDONY, i. e. Onyx Chalcedonius, as Kentman not amiss. d 1.621 This is polish'd and set in a Frame. Above four inches long, and near as broad. Semiperspicuous, al∣most like to a piece of grey Ice. Consisting of white and most perspicuous parts so mixed together, as to look in some sort like a Honey-Coome.

Another small one, with a pointed and sexangular polish at both ends.

This Stone is next in hardness to the German Agate. The clearest, with a pale cast of blew the best. In Germany, be∣ing cut into thin broad Tablets, many have their Arms either engraven thereon, or painted on the back-side; pre∣fering it to Crystal, as being harder, if good. Hereof also are made little Mortars for the powdering of Emery; like∣wise Cups, Religious Beads, &c. e 1.622

The SARDIUS or Cornelian, qu. Carnelian. A semiper∣spicuous Stone. The best, by some called The Male, of the colour of Flesh, saith Boetius, with the blood in it. I add, but of a living Animal. But this is diluted with somewhat of an Amber-colour. Anciently not only This, but all the smaller Gems, were used especially for Signets and Signet-Rings. f 1.623

The SARDONYX. As it were compounded of the Sardius, and the Onyx. This is polish'd, and so the better shews it self. It consisteth of White and Blackish Rings, one with in another. And stained both with red, and pale green Spots interjected. The Rings, with the help of a Glass, appear much more numerous, curiously representing those in the Root of Taraxacum or Dan-de-Lyon, cut transversly. Note also, That the said Rings are properly so call'd, only in the polish'd Stone; being, when entire, really so many Balls,

as in the Bezoar or Onyx, one within another. This Stone is found in several parts in Asia and Europe. Harder than the Onyx, or the Agate; and is therefore figur'd with Emery. Hereof anciently Cups were made, and those Dishes call'd Vasa Myrrhina. See Worm.

The JASPIS. An opacous Gem; always, saith Laet, a 1.624 with some kind of earthyness. But I take this to be only the property of the Lapis Nephriticus. 'Tis found of most colours; of which here is some variety.

A GREEN JASPIS, stained with White Spots.

A Flesh-colour'd JASPIS, with Blackish Striae.

ANOTHER, stained with Purple and Blew Spots mixed together.

A FOURTH, stained with white and red Spots.

A FIFTH, Variegated with White, Carnation, Red, dark Green, and bright Green Veins and Spots. Very like to those, which Boetius saith are plentifully found in Bohemia.

A GEOMETRICK JASPER. It seemeth at least of affinity with the Lapis Sanguinalis described in Boetius. b 1.625 But is certainly one sort of Lapis Cruciformis. c 1.626 This here is polish'd into a plain Oval Figure, or flat on both sides. About an inch and ¼ long, and ¼ thick. In the centre or middle part of both sides stands a Rhumb or Diamond∣square part, of a blackish Green. From the four Angles whereof are produced as many Lines of the same colour; and from each of these, two more, at acute Angles; the extreme parts whereof compose four more green Parts, as it were half Rhumbs: all joyn'd together with a circle near the Rim of the Stone. Amongst these, some yellow and red Spots are sprinkled up and down.

A Bag of a course sort of JASPER Stones, knockt off from those in Wilts-shire near Marleborough, called The Grey-Weathers. Given by John Aubrey Esq. So hard, that no Tool will touch them. Generally of a light Grey, some almost white, many of a dirty red.

Another, of a blewish Grey. Taken from a like shelf of Stones at Stone-heng. 'Tis hard enough to scratch Glass.

Another like a green Pebble, found in one of the Streets of this City. Where also, saith the fore-mentioned Person, many more are met with, and that they are a sort of Jasper, brought, as Ballast, from the East-Indies.

The JASPACHATES. 'Tis polish'd, and so figur'd, as to look like one half of a Pear, with the Stalk, Coar, and dead Flower cut out. Curiously beautify'd with Yellow, Purple, and Blood-red Spots, immersed in the Horny and Semiperspicuous colour of the Agate; with which also 'tis equally hard. This also is a kind of BLOOD-STONE: as all other Jaspers with red Spots.

The JASPONYX. 'Tis polish'd with an Oval Figure. Composed of white Zones, besprinkled with White, Brown, and Red Spots.

Another of a courser kind, compos'd of Green and Ash∣colour'd Plates. Like that Marble described by Imperatus with parallel black Lines.

The JASPAMMITES. So I call it; Having the Figure of the Ammites, with the Colour and Hardness of the Jaspis. For 'tis composed of little orbicular Stones, some∣what bigger than a Pepper-Corn; all green without, and of a dark Purple in the centre. So as they seem also to have been once little crusted or shell'd Balls, as those of the Ammites, hereafter describ'd.

The Jaspis grows in India, Phrygia, Thracia, and Bohemia. Next in hardness to the Agate. Sometimes so big, as to be used for Statues. Of great esteem, as an Amulet, for the stainching of all Haemorrhages. Of its Effect herein, see some Cases in Boetius; one of them a most remarqua∣ble one. a 1.627 See also two others, in Mr. Boyle, Of Gems. The specifick Virtues ascribed to This and divers other Stones, seeming almost incredible unto some: Mr. Boyle, to render an intelligible Account of the same; doth rea∣sonably* 1.628 suppose, That all opacous Medical Stones have been, some Bolus's, some Ores of Metals, or Minerals of kin to Metals, so advantagiously alter'd, as by application only to become Sanative. c 1.629 The Green-Jasper is by some prefer'd: but that which Boetius us'd in the Cases above∣mention'd, was wholly Red.

The NEPHRITICK-STONE. Of affinity with the Jaspis, and rather harder. Of several colours; but no one of two, nor any Red: for the most part of a pale Green. It hath some softer parts intermixed, which make it look sometimes as if it were a little oily; and for which cause it admits not of a perfect polish. Of these here are two Species; first,

The NEPHRITICK STONE of Brasile. Gemma, Gesnero, Oripendula. Described by the Author of the Name. But this is smaller, and seems to be broken. Of a pale blewish Green, with some pores containing a whitish substance. Polish'd and shaped into a little Column. The better sort of the Natives of Brasile, to distinguish themselves, when they go abroad, wear this Stone (as we Rings on the Ear) upon their Lip; which is bored in their Childhood for that pur∣pose.

ANOTHER, of affinity with the former. It consisteth mostly of parts of a dark Green; yet glossy; and firmly cohering. Yet so as in several conspicuous pores to con∣tain a soft whitish substance.

This Stone, although of no beauty, yet is placed amongst Gems, for that it is highly esteemed, as an Amulet against Nephitical Pains, and the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys. Of the admirable effects whereof, in divers Cases of this Nature, see the Relations of Monardes, and from him of Boetius; as also from a Noble Person, his Kinsman. a 1.630 The Green one with black spots, is commended by many. But Laet saith, b 1.631 he had one almost of the colour of Honey, which, upon frequent experience, he found to do all that Monardes relates of it.

The TURCOIS. So called, because brought to most places from Turkey, or those that trade from thence. By the Indians, Perose; for that it is found, most abundant, saith Cerutus, c 1.632 only, saith Tavernere, (d) in Persia. See the Description hereof in Boetius. This here, is all over tuberous on the top with round Knobs, of several sizes, from that of the head of a small Brass Nail to that of a Pin; some of a blewish, others of darker Green. Within (some∣what like the Onyx) disposed into Zones, mixed with spots: both of a Greenish Black. 'Tis two inches broad, and near three in length: a great one, if, as Boetius saith, it seldom exceeds the bigness of a Walnut.

Another, about as big as a Filbert.

A Third, a small one, like those set in Rings.

The MOTHER of the TURCOIS, as is supposed. Found in the Mines of Herngrunt in Hungary; and given by Dr. Edward Browne. Here are two Pieces. One of them, for the greatest part, blew; with some places black.

In which is also immersed a sort of small Sand-colour'd Stones, so hard as to scratch Glass. The other, hath also a mixture of some parts that are Green. The Blew and the Green, are both, and they only dissoluble upon the effusion of Acids.

The best of these Stones are the Blewest. a 1.633 They have also this property; sc. to look blew by Day, b 1.634 and Green by Candle-light. Many, saith Boetius, have judged this to be reckon'd by Pliny, amongst Jaspers with the Name of Boreas. But either Pliny and the Ancients, or those that make that judgment of them, were greatly mistaken. For this is a very soft Stone, and easily dissoluble, with Ebullition, immediately upon the effusion of some, especially Nitrous Acids: and may be scraped with a Knife. So that I am of Opinion; That 'tis nothing else but a sort of Aerugo in some measure petrify'd. Which also is further confirm'd in that it doth not only resemble that in Colour, but, be∣ing (as it is easily) burnt, is of the same Tast. So that it is no marvail, if this Stone, with Age and especially much worn and exposed to the Air, looseth the beauty of its colour. And that it may be restored to the same by Oil of Vitriol; which eateth off its faded Surface.

CHAP. V. Of REGULAR STONES.

AS Gems are distinguished chiefly by their Colours; so other Stones Regular, by their external Forms. This is of two general kinds. Such as is Circumscriptive, or depending upon the whole Stone, as ex. gr. in the Eagle-Stone; and this is properly call'd the Figure. Or such as is Accumulative, where there is a repetition of the same Figure in several parts, as in Muscovy-Glass, composed of parallel Plates: and so for the rest, whereof in their order.

A GLOBULAR PEBBLE, an inch and ¼ in Diametre, whitish and semiperspicuous. It seems to be an Assay to∣wards the Eagle-Stone, hereafter describ'd.

A CLUSTER'D PISOLYTHOS. It consisteth of Glo∣bular and bay Stones, united together with an Ash-colour'd Cement: But this is very hard, and stirs not with Acids. Boetius and others figure a Cluster of these, but somewhat bigger.

This Stone may seem to belong to the second general kind above-said. But is really a heap of distinct Stones in one Bed. Which is also to be understood of others alike.

ANOTHER, composed of Globular Stones, consisting of a whitish, and soft or friable substance; yet gritty, and indissoluble with Acids. United together with a brown Cement.

A SINGLE one of the same Figure, but bigger; sc. as big as a Physical Pill. As also semipellucid, almost as the bay Amber. Very hard and indissoluble with Acids. Besler figures some of these, with the Name of Pisa majora la∣pidea.

The SINEPITES, as it may be called. Being a Cluster of small hard Globules, like Mustard-seeds; and united together with an obscure or dull Red Cement. Given by Sig^r. Boccone.

The MECONITES. A Cluster of other like Globules no bigger than Poppy-seeds. See one of these in Boetius and Besler. These two last, are properly of the Hammites kind; but not the Pisolythos, although accounted so by Boetius. Of these Globules, it is observable with the help of a Glass, That although they are so very small, yet are they shell'd, or composed of little Balls one within another, as the Bezoar-Stone.

The CLUSTER'D STALAGMITES. A Congeries of Globular Stones, like so many petrify'd Drops; of the co∣lour of Oriental Bezoar; cemented together with a kind of Gypsum. The whole Mass, which here is polish'd, is two inches and ½ square, and an inch high. This, and the fol∣lowing Stones of affinity herewith, differ from the five former, not so much in figure, as in substance, these being all instantly dissoluble with Acids. So that they seem to be a kind of Gypsum, first dissolved in some Mineral Menstruum, and after setling in this Figure.

The CORALLINE STALAGMITES, also cluster'd. It

consisteth of little round Stones of the bigness of the for∣mer, but of the colour of red Coral. Cemented together with a sort of Gypsum. It is dissolved, upon the effusion of any strong Acid, with a strong Effervescence.

The POROUS STALAGMITES. 'Tis a ruder Species, the Stones of which it is composed, being not so distinct and round, as in the former. Cover'd all over with one com∣mon Crust. Yet most of them pounced with small or more open pores.

A SINGLE one, call'd PISUM CAROLINUM; be∣cause frequently bred in the Caroline Baths. Whitish, smooth and dense; and near as big as a Pistol Bullet.

Two SINGLE ones. Given by Sir Philip Skippon. Of a glossy Ash-colour, and very dense substance: yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. These are somewhat angular.

Two more, which are TWINS. These are perfectly round, except where they joyn together.

A Great TIBULINE SUGAR-PLUM. This and the other Rough sorts the Italians call Confetti de Tibuli; the place (not far from Rome) where they are bred. 'Tis above 1/•• an inch in Diametre, Globular, White, and Rough; ex∣actly like a great Confet.

A Parcel of SMALL ones; white, round, and as it were granulated: just like Carvy Confets, and such like. Besler figures several of these under the Name of Petrify'd Anise∣seeds, Fenil-seeds, &c.

The SUGAR-ALMOND, bred also in the same place. In colour, figure, size, and surface, so like to the rougher sort which Confectioners sometimes make, that, excepting the Tast, nothing can be liker.

Three STONES found very deep under ground near Hartford in New England. One of an Oval Figure, flatish, and having a little Globule standing upon its centre. Ano∣ther, two half Globes, joyn'd edge to edge. The Third, much bigger than the former, of a circular Figure, and flat; an inch and ¼ over; almost like the Caps worn by Under-Graduates in our Universities. All soft, and fine, or not gritty, and not unlike a hard Bole. Spirit of Nitre dissolves them with Effervescence.

A little round, flat, and blackish Stone, resembling a

Medicinal TROCH, or a thin CAKE of Terra sigillata, having as it were the Impression of a small Seal on one side. 'Tis a perfect Pebble, not affected with any Acid.

The EAGLE-STONE. Aetites. All the former Stones were round and solid. This is hollow. Named from a vulgar opinion, That the Eagle, when she sits, carries it to her Nest, to keep her Egg from being addle. And this, joyn'd with another, That Bodies operate according to their Signature: as this Stone, which often contains, or if you will, goes great with another Stone within it. Several sorts hereof are here preserv'd.

The FLORID Male EAGLE-STONE. A rare kind. 'Tis a perfect Flint, and semiperspicuous; of a Globular Figure, and as big as a good big Apple, or near three inches in Diametre. Flourished all round about with several sets of Rings one included within another, with some simili∣tude to so many little Roses or double Crowfoot-Flowers. 'Tis very ponderous, being almost solid. Yet hollow at the centre; containing not one, but several small Stones, as is argu'd from the noise they make, upon shaking the Stone.

An ANGULAR or Ridged Male EAGLE-STONE. This also is about the bigness of a good large Apple. Of a brown colour, but daubed over with a kind of Okre; and was therefore probably bred in a Bed of the same. 'Tis very heavy; which argues it almost solid, as the for∣mer, and to have only a small hollow in the centre.

An ORBICULAR EAGLE-STONE. About the big∣ness of a midling Apple. The outside, rough and brown. Inwardly black. The Concave surface daubed with a sort of Okre; a quantity of which, 'tis likely, it once con∣tain'd.

An OVAL EAGLE Stone. About as big as a midling Walnut. Without, blackish and rough, as it were granulated with some semiperspicuous Sands. Smooth within, and of a spruce▪ Okre colour. On one side, it hath an oblong Aperture, with a smooth Lip as it were turned outward.

One half of an OVAL EAGLE Stone. 'Tis near three inches in Diametre. The inside rough-cast with small Grains, in size, like those of Bay-Salt; so hard as to cut Glass.

The FLAT round EAGLE Stone. Of a brown colour, and figur'd like a Troch.

The AMYGDALINE EAGLE Stone. Shaped like an Almond. Of a glossy brown, like half bright Iron. It con∣tains a sort of Bole, of the colour of Fullers-Earth.

The Eagle-Stone which containeth no Stone, but Earth, is called GEODES. GEAETITES were more express.

ANOTHER, of the same figure and bigness; but some∣what flatter.

A Rough and hard EAGLE Stone, the Concave surface whereof is daubed with a soft white wash, a kind of Gypsum, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER Hard one, immersed in Iron Ore. All these are Naked. Those that follow have a soft Coat.

A COATED EAGLE Stone: A hollow Flint; one way, near two inches in Diametre, and almost round. Cover'd with a kind of white Earth, about 1/••^th of an inch thick: yet not Chalky, but effoete, making no Effervescence with Acids. Containing several sparks or grains of Flint, cluster'd in a round Lump, together with some of the like Earth, as without.

A little Flinty LUMP taken out of another of the same Species.

TWO more EAGLE Stones, of the same Species, of a midling size, and almost as round as a Ball. One of them as big as a good big Walnut.

A FOURTH, bigger than a Musket-Bullet, and as round. Cover'd, as the three former, with a white earthy Coat; and containing the like substance in the centre. The main Body of all these, is either true Flint, or of a hard sub∣stance approaching to it. All these are by some called Males.

The FOEMALE EAGLE Stone. 'Tis round, and in a manner Oval. As big as a good large Apple. Ash∣colour'd without, and white within. Of a soft friable and chalky substance, instantly dissoluble with Acids. From the outside, to the Concave, ½ an inch thick. Containeth a soft white chalky Stone, filling up its whole hollow, and an∣swering to it, as the Yelk doth to the White of an Egg. This Stone is by Pliny called CALIMUS.

ANOTHER, somewhat harder. 'Tis also round, and

bigger than the former, and the sides above 1/•• an inch thick. Rough on the outside, and smooth within. Yet so, as to be furrow'd with certain shallow Rings. To which also the Calimus, therein contain'd, exactly answers, as any Metal doth to the Mould in which it is cast. Both of them make an Effervescence with Acids.

The CALIMUS of ▪another Eagle-Stone, as big as a good big Gall, and knobed in the same manner.

Several Species of this Stone are figur'd by Aldrovandus. a 1.635

The flinty Eagle-Stone, and many other Flints, if ob∣serv'd when they are broken, seem to be an Assay towards the Onyx.

The Eagle-Stone is found in Apulia, Germany, Misnia, &c. Much accounted of by some, as an Amulet against Abortions.

The SEMIGLOBULAR TOAD-STONE. Lapis Bufo∣neus s. Garatronens. It looks like the the one half of a hard flinty Eagle-Stone; and probably, is nothing else. The Diametre ¼ of an inch.

The SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. 'Tis an inch long, ½ an inch over, of a brown colour, and flinty.

The Long SEMIOVAL TOAD-STONE. This also is flinty, and of a shining brown, or the colour of Oriental Bezoar, being polish'd. 'Tis about an inch long, and near ½ an inch over. Besler figures this, with the Name of Batra∣choides.

Another sort of Toad-Stone, semiglobular, and solid, sc. with a flat base, is described by Gesner. b 1.636 Thus far of Stones more Round. I shall next describe those which are Cylindrick, or near that Figure. And first the Osteocolla, of which here are several Species.

The SOLID or Pithless KNIT-BONE. Ranked by Kentman, c 1.637 and not improperly, amongst the sorts of Oste∣ocolla. Yet obtains the peculiar Name of ENOSTEOS: being porous, light, spongy, and cylindrick; so as to look just like the inward part of a Bone, or of Harts-Horn.

The KNIT-BONE with a small PITH. 'Tis bended almost like the Letter s. Cylindrick, and three inches round. Almost solid, yet containeth a very small Pith. The outer part, of an Ash-colour, and gritty or sabulous. The Pith, like most white Chalk. Both of them make a conspicuous Effervescence with Acids; but especially th•• Pith.

The GREAT-PITH'D KNIT-BONE. This is not a single one, but a Cluster. They stand together parallel, equal to the thick end of a Tobacco-Pipe-Stalk; without exceeding smooth, and of a yellowish colour, somewhat like that of the Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, hereafter de∣scribed. Filled with a very large Pith, answerable to that in an Eldern-Branch, hard and stony, and of a blewish co∣lour, like that of blew Marle. The spaces between the se∣veral Cylinders, fill'd up with another sort of Stone, of the colour of old Elm. The yellowish Cylinders, being rub'd hard, or scraped, hath a strong stinking scent: but what Species to compare it too, doth not at present occur. They are presently dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER CLUSTER like the former; saving, that the Cylinders stand together without any, or with little, order: and that the brown and blewish Stones are both mixed in Veins, and several of the Cylinders hollow.

The EMPTY KNIT-BONE. This is neither solid, nor hath any Pith, but a Pipe; yet with a very small bore. Smooth both within and without. And transversly striated, as the Belemnites, hereafter describ'd.

ANOTHER, somewhat more hollow. This also is transversly striated, as the former; but without rough and of an Iron-colour.

A THIRD, most hollow; knobed without, and of an Ash-colour.

Of these Stones, see the Relation especially of Joh. Chrysto∣phorus Beckmannus, Physick Professor at Frank furt; a 1.638 who observes, That they grow in a sandy, seldom or never in a claiy-Ground. Sometimes two mens depth; and with Branches side-ways. Taper'd, as in Plants; where thickest, equal to an ordinary Arm; the small Branches, to ones little Finger. The Place where found is noted by a white fatty Sand, the rest yellowish round about; and underneath a dark, moist, and fatty putrid substance, like rotten-Wood, running in Veins and is the Mother of the Osteocolla. So that it seems to grow somewhat after the manner of the En∣trochus, or Stelechites above describ'd. 'Tis found most in Saxony, and the Palatinate.

This Stone, as is indicated by its Name, is highly esteemed for expediting the Coalition of broken Bones; ʒj hereof

being given and repeated for above five days together. See one or two very remarquable Histories hereof in Boe∣tius. a 1.639

The Larger Hollow STALACTITES, or WATER∣PIPE. The Greek Name supposeth it to grow somewhat after the manner of Icicles, from Lapidifick-Waters. Yet how it should grow hollow, as this, is somewhat hard to conceive. For hereby, it seems rather to grow or sprout upward, as the Stelechites. Only with this difference, That as that grows from an open Bed: this probably, from one under Water. Whence I take leave for the English Name. 'Tis three inches long, in thickness equal to the little Finger. Of a Cylindrick Figure, saving that at both ends 'tis a little more slender; whether naturally, appears not. Composed of several ash-colour'd and blackish Crusts, exceeding thin crispe and brittle, not ill re∣sembling a rouled Wafer. The Bore is lined through with a small granulated Candy. 'Tis instantly dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

ANOTHER, consisting wholly of white Crusts or Wafers one within another.

The SMALL WATER-PIPE. 'Tis a Cluster of very small Tubes, with the Bore so small, as scarcely to be seen without a Glass. Rough all over with a tuberous Crust. They are found in Germany, Moravia, and other Parts. One Drachm hereof in Powder, is a potent Sudori∣fick. b 1.640

A Stone like a Pebble with small TUBULAR KNOBS upon it, like the Primordia of a Water-Pipe. They are so small, that their hollows cannot be observ'd without a Glass. The Stone on which they grow, though very hard, yet makes a strong Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre. Thus far of Cylindrick Stones.

The CONICK STALACTITES, solid. 'Tis about three inches long; the top sharp, the middle ½ an inch over; the base, an inch, with four or five excentrick Crusts. The whole composed of several Crusts, one within another, as the Water-Pipe. Yet not hollow, as that, or rather not empty, but filled with a Red stony substance. Being kroken it shines like the Lapis Juda••cus. Without, smooth, of an Ash-colour, with some little cast of red. Instantly

dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. Aldrovandus a 1.641 hath one figur'd like this; but by himself, or by Ambrosinus, call'd Stelechites Pyramidalis; very improperly.

The CONICK STALACTITES, hollow. 'Tis three inches long; at the top, which is now open, ¼ over; in the middle, near ••/4; the base spread out, with several round Crusts on one side, like half bubbles, to the breadth of above an inch. On the opposite side, with a short single piped one. All of them contained together within the utmost Crust. Smooth and ash-colour'd without, within pure white.

The Black BELEMNITES. The generick Name is from the shape, like that of a Bolt-head. This Species is out∣wardly of an ash-colour, but black within: and therefore by some called Coraceas. Radiated as most of them are, with transverse Striae. And bored at the thick end, which is not so usual, with a Conick hollow. See the Description of two or three sorts in Boetius, Wormius, and others.

The WHITE BELEMNITES. 'Tis Conick as the for∣mer; but the Rays not so plain. Together with its white colour is joyn'd some little transparency.

The bigger YELLOW BELEMNITES. Particularly called Dactylus Idaeus; for that it is in shape and bigness like a little Finger; and was first, or is now chiefly, found upon Mount Ida. 'Tis solid, semiperspicuous, and of the colour of yellow Amber. They have usually a kind of notched Ridge all along one side; but this hath two opposite ones.

ANOTHER, with a little Hollow fill'd up with a Pith of Earth.

A CLUSTER of broken pieces of the Belemnites.

The SHELL'D BELEMNITES. qu. Stalemnites. Opa∣cous, and of the colour of grey Horn. Pointed at both ends, as the Belemnites is at one. And at one end, sheweth six or seven shells one over another, as in the Stalactites above describ'd. From whence I have nam'd it.

Some of these being rub'd, take up Chaff or other light Bodies, as Amber doth. Kentman b 1.642 mentions one of an Ash-colour, which being rub'd, smelt like a burnt Cows Horn. And a white one, which smelt not much unlike to

white Ambar. They are found in Germany, and other Parts, sometimes in England. They all make a strong Effer∣vescence with Acids. Thus far of Stones simply Conick.

The WORME-STONE. 'Tis now broken at one end, yet about two inches and ½ long. Consisteth of about five solid Rounds, winding from the bigger end (about ¾ of an inch over) so as to make a spiral Cone. Not much unlike a Steel Worme used for the drawing of Corks out of Bottles.

Another of the same shape and bigness. This Stone I find neither figur'd, nor mention'd by any Author, saving only Olearius. a 1.643 They were taken out of the midst of a Rock.

A NETED-STONE. Lapis retiformis. It consisteth of black and roundish portions, severally surrounded with Veins, of an Okre-colour, running one into another after the manner of Net-work. Along the middle of each Vein (about ⅛^th of an inch broad) runs a small Thread or Line, almost of the same colour.

Another, with the Are'as of the Net-work not so black, softer, and somewhat flaky.

A FLINT of a dull Red, with the Figure, almost, of a λ encompassed with six or seven Rings.

The FLAT BOLTHEAD. Anchorites. Of affinity with that well described by Wormius b 1.644 with the Title of Silex venabuli ferreum Cuspidem exactè referens. By Moscardo, c 1.645 with that of Pietre Ceraunie; who also figures it with three or four Varieties. This like those, is a perfect Flint, and semiperspicuous. 'Tis likewise in the same manner, pointed like a Speer. Having at the other end, like those of Mos∣cardo, a short Handle. But moreover, hath this peculiar, that 'tis pointed or spiked also backward on both sides the Handle; with some resemblance to an Anchor, or the Head of a Bearded-Dart: from whence I have nam'd it. 'Tis likewise toothed on the edges, and the sides as it were wrought with a kind of undulated sculpture, as those before mention'd.

ANOTHER, different from the former, in that it is longer, hath a deeper Indenture, but no handle. Both of them strike fire like other Flints. That of Wormius was found in a Hill in the Diocess of Ripen.

Not only Moscardo, but others reckon these amongst the Cerauniae or Thunder-bolts. So called, because believed sometimes with Thunder to shoot down with violence out of the middle Region. Amongst other Relations hereof, that of Terzagi a 1.646 is very express; who saith, That the Corps of one struck dead with Thunder, being inspected in the presence of Septalius, and several others, and a black Wound observed about the Hip, and searched to the Bone; they found therein a round and edged Stone, which being broken, had a very strong sulphurious stink. With this Author, I scarce think any thing of this nature incredible, to those that read the Relation given at large by Wormius b 1.647 of the Norwegick Mouse.

Thus far of Regular Stones, whose external Form is Cir∣cumscriptive, or at least depending upon the whole Stone. I shall now describe those, whose Form is Accumulative, or where there is a repetition of the same figure, or near it, in several Parts.

The GRAPE-STONE. Botrites, Wormio. Here are two or three sorts. One solid, of a yellowish colour, an inch and ½ long, knobed with several small Clusters, like a young bunch of Grapes.

The HOLLOW GRAPE-STONE, with high Knobs or white Berries cluster'd all round about, as in the former, and somewhat thicker.

A SEMI-GRAPE-STONE, with white Drops or Berries only on one side. They all make a vehement Effervescence with Acids; and are a sort of Stalagmites, next of kin to the Confetti di Tibuli before describ'd.

The STAR-STONE. Asteria vera, Boetio. Generally of a ¼ or ½ an inch in Diametre, consisting of several Joynts, evenly piled one upon another, of a Pentagonal Figure, like a Star, and with the signature also of another on both sides, which is composed of short transverse Striae. When broken, it shines like the Lapis Judaicus, or the Entrochites; to which latter it is next of kin. Sometimes they are found single. When consisting of more Joynts, it may rather be call'd Synasteria. Several both of the joynted and singles ones are here preserved.

A very hard Stone, a kind of Pebble with the signature of the Asteria upon it.

Mr. Lyster hath given a particular Account of this Stone, and its varieties in several Figures; published by Mr. Oldenburge, a 1.648 together with some Notes of Mr. Ray thereupon. Mr. Lyster found the fairest of them near Bug∣thorp and Leppington in York-shire, in a blew Clay.

The STARRED-STONE. Astroites. So called, for that being tabulated, or polish'd to a plain, it appears adorned with little Stars, about ¼ or 1/••^th of an inch in Diametre. Boetius conjectures Pliny to reckon this Stone for a sort of Agate. Whether that be so or no, himself is greatly mistaken b 1.649 in affirming as much: this being a very soft Stone. The same Author takes notice, as of a strange thing, That this Stone being put into Vinegar c 1.650 will move up and down in it. Whereas it proceeds (as Mr. Lyster also observes of the Asteria, which he calls the Astroites)* 1.651 only from the Ebullition following upon the immersion: and happens to any other Stone dissoluble with Acids, if immersed in small pieces.

Another, two inches long, and near as broad. This is unpolish'd, and seems to be but part of a far bigger Stone. So that although the figure which Boetius, and some others give, is but small, sc. not an inch long: yet is it sometimes of good bulk.

The ASTROCHITES; polish'd with the figure of a Cross. The Stars are here more round, than in the former. The spaces between the several Stars and Rays, of a dark blackish colour. The Rays or Stars themselves are pale. And also surrounded with a toothed Circle; so as not unaptly to represent the Wheel of a Watch: from whence I have nam'd it.

The imperfect STARRY-STONE. Astroites Boetio e 1.652 quartus. In this the Stars are more obscure, and scarce ra∣diated, but rather spots. But the Stone for substance the same as the former.

The WAVED Stone. Astroites Boetio f 1.653 tertius; but improperly so call'd. For although it be, for substance, like the former; yet is not adorn'd with the likeness of Stars, but of Waves. The several Waves are composed of whitish transvers Striae.

Another, with the Striae more conspicuous.

The SEIVE-STONE. Lapis Cribriformis. A kind of

Tophus. 'Tis of a brown colour, porous light and friable, as a Pumice. And perforated with many Pores more con∣spicuous, about as big as to admit a large Pin, and regular, sc. round, strait and fistular.

I now proceed to several Spars; of which, although some belong to Metals; yet here, have no Metal adhering to them. Those that have, will fall in amongst Ores. And first of such as are pointed, both soft and hard, reserving the Flaked for their place.

Let it only first be noted, That the specifick difference betwixt the Stalactites and the Spar, is, That the former, is always Opacous, and never Angular: the latter, always or usually perspicuous, and never round.

A Silver-Ore SPAR. About an inch and 1/•• high, and three in compass. It consisteth of several Crystals sexangular and pointed, and composed into the figure of a great Bud. The four uppermost bigger than the rest. All semiperspicu∣ous, of the colour of grey Chrystal; and seem to be as hard.

ANOTHER large Piece consisting of hard and sexan∣gular Crystals, and of the same colour with the former. Taken from the Coginnian Silver-Mines. Given by Mr. Colepress.

Several other Pieces of the same, and given by the same Hand.

A METALLICK SPAR, of a pale AMETHYSTINE colour. 'Tis angular and pointed, as Crystal; but with sides more unequal. 'Tis also soft and brittle. Yet harder than some others. And hath no sense of Acids.

A SHOD. Spuma Lupi. The forerunner of the Load or Mother of the Tin-Ore. 'Tis both blacker, and harder than the Mother-Spar.

Another of the same, mixed of black, grey, and yellow.

The MOTHER-SPAR of the Tin-Ore.

ANOTHER, arising from a Whitish Bed, mixed with a kind of rusty red. The Crystals are angular, pointed, and soft, like the square Lead-Spar. Semiperspicuous, yet mostly cover'd with an angular and blackish shell.

A pretty hard Ash-colour'd and Opacuous Spar, growing near the Tin-Mines.

A YELLOW TIN-SPAR from Ireland. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. The several Crystals are angular, pointed, and soft; semiperspicuous like brown Sugar-Candy. Disso∣luble with Acids.

An Iron-SPAR. A Cluster of small, pointed Crystals, almost of the colour of brown Sugar-Candy; but sader, and less perspicuous. 'Tis hard enough to cut Glass.

ANOTHER, Mixed. In the middle, it hath many Striae, of a Lead-Ore colour, running cross one against another. These are encompassed with other parts of the colour of yellow Okre. With which are also mixed some white and green spots. The Stone tasteth like white Vitriol.

A large Copper-SPAR. Given by Mr. Langerman. 'Tis a ¼ of a yard long, and near as broad. Consisting mostly of sexangular Points, upon a grey Bed, which is also mixed with Granulated Spars. The other side, all besprinkled with yellow Mundick.

A MUNDICK-SPAR; consisting of tabulated or flat and square Crystals, of the colour of Citrine Amber, and growing to a whitish Matrix.

Note, That almost all Spars of this kind, are composed of tabulated, and square Crystals.

ANOTHER, consisting of black shining Crystals, of the colour of Jet, and as broad as a Dice; and some of them almost Cubical. Being broken, the fragments are of an Amethystine colour. There are also, underneath, some whitish Crystals; above, some of yellow Mundick.

ANOTHER, partly plated, and partly pointed; of a black shining colour, like that of polish'd Steel. 'Tis very ponderous, and maketh no Effervescence with Acids. Yet soft and brittle. Which three Properties, belong to most, if not all, Mundick-Spars.

A SPAR with CONICK CRYSTALS. They are most of them an inch and 1/•• long. All very close and continuous, excepting at their Points, as in the Amethyst. Semiperspicuous, and exactly of the colour of the best brown Sugar-Candy. Very soft; and easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre. It was taken out of a Portland-Stone; and given by Sir Rob. Moray.

A SPAR with CRYSTALS TRIANGULARLY pointed. 'Tis a pretty round Lump. The Crystals so placed, that

the Angle of one, for the most part, answers to the side of another. Of a pale and semisperspicuous colour, coming near to that of white Sugar-Candy. In which also small parallel Streaks of a brighter colour, are observable. Very soft, as the former, and dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

The STYRIATED STALACTITES. Of the same kind with the Styriaeformis described by Wormius. It is a con∣geries of strait, round Styriae, somewhat parallel, and as thick as a Cherry-Stalk, or small Packthred. Each Styria is composed of small, pointed and lose Grains, as big as those of Salt, piled in a strait line one over another. It makes an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

The MOSSE-STALACTITES. Consisting also of Gra∣nulated Styriae; yet not strait and parallel, but winding too and fro, and the Grains with bigger points; so as to re∣semble petrify'd Mosse.

I NEXT proceed to PLATED-STONES; and first such as are of a Rhomboid Figure.

A CRYSTAL of TALK. Wormius describes Talk, to be a Stone divisible into flat Plates, variously intricated, and divisible like Silver, which is all he saith of the form, and his words unintelligible. Far from a definition of that form, which, so often, as its Concretion proceeds freely on all sides, or without hinderance from any adjacent Body, it doth obtain: being then, a Congeries of flat, and perspi∣cuous Plates, somewhat pliable, and figur'd into a kind of double Rhomboid; or as it were two Squares, with un∣equal Sides and Angles, clapt together, with the edges pro∣duced, to distinguish them: so, as to obtain twelve Angles, and ten Sides, sc. eight lesser, and two greater ones. A piece thus figur'd, I call A Crystal of Talk. And of this the form is both Accumulative and Circumscriptive: the difference betwixt which is shewed in the beginning of this Chapter.

An HALF-CRYSTAL, having only six sides, four lesser, and two greater ones; as if it were a perfect one, split.

A piece of FOLIATED TALK. It consisteth of seve∣ral pieces, pellucid, cleveable, and something pliable, of a Rhomboid Figure, and composed together so as to resem∣ble the indented leave of Wild Clary.

A large Piece of TALK, above ½ a foot square.

A Piece of TALK taken out of the Ground in Wiltshire.

A lump of the TALK-ROCK near Spiral, in the upper Carinthia. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of broken pieces, like those of the Selenites, immersed in a white glossy Stone, stained with purplish spots, and so hard as to scratch Glass.

Talk, although flexible, and regularly figur'd, yet feel∣eth no Acid; and is of that obstinate nature, as neither to melt, nor scarce loose its colour, in the fire. Considering which, and that all Salts, yet known, will flow: I am in∣duced to think, That it hath not its Figure from any Salt; but is almost a simple Earth sui generis. And that there are earthy Particles, as well as Saline, which are regularly figur'd; and of which this and some other Stones are composed. Hereof is prepared a wash for the Face, which some Chy∣mysts cry up for the best in the World.

A GREEN TALK-SPAR. The whole piece, is here of a rude Figure; but is easily broken into Rhomboid Plates, resembling those of Talk, from whence I have nam'd it. 'Tis tinged with a pale Green. It stirreth not with any Acid. Yet is not flexible, as true Talk, but brittle as Glass.

A great Crystalline TALK-SPAR. So I call it. Sent by Dr. Erasmus Bartholine, together with a large account of it, published in a the Phil. Transactions. a 1.654 And by the Dr. b 1.655 himself in a distinct Treatise. 'Tis a foot long, ½ a foot broad, and two inches and ½ thick. Of a Rhomboid Figure, and the narrow sides likewise sloaped, as in the Crystals of Talk. It breaketh also into parts of the same Figure, or near it. Yet not flexible, but brittle. Polite, colourless, and transparent, as the clearest Chrystal. Yet soft and dissoluble especially with Nitrous Spirits; and by a strong fire reduceable to a Calx. Of a very different na∣ture from Crystal, although the said Dr. is pleased so to call it. When heated, it is of an Electrick Nature, or like Amber▪ taketh up straws and other light Bodies. That which he principally Notes is, That the Objects seen through it, in certain positions, appear sometimes single, sometimes double, and sometimes sixfold. Which he ascribes to a Refraction peculiar to this Stone. And to me, it seems pro∣bable, That this various Refraction depends upon the structure of the Stone, sc. as it is not one piece absolutely entire, but composed of several Plates; and those not all

in a like manner, but differently contiguous; so, as in some places, several Plates may make but one Refraction; in others, two or more. It was dug out of a very high Mountain in Island, one whole side whereof consisteth of this Spar.

TWO PIECES of the same Stone, about two inches and 1/•• long, broad, and thick. Thus far of Rhomboid Stones.

The RHOMBICK LEAD-SPAR. Frequently found in the Lead-Mines in Derbyshire, and in others. By some called English Talk. But very improperly. For though it consisteth of several Plates, yet not flexible, but brittle as Glass. Besides, 'tis not of a Rhomboid, but Rhombiek Figure, that is, a Diamond-square, or with the Angles un∣equal, the sides equal. Nor doth Talk feel any Acid, but this with Spirit of Nitre is easily dissolved. It breaks into pieces, which, though never so small, yet retain the same Figure. Being burned, it yieldeth a Lixivial Salt.

A clear FLINT, of the colour of yellow Amber, with Striae on the sides shaped into little Rhombes.

A RHOMB of MUSCOVY-GLASS. This Stone is by most called Selenites. By some Mariae Glacies. By Agricola, and Kentman, Magnetis. By Ambrosinus, a 1.656 con∣founded, under the same Name, with Talk. 'Tis indeed the nearest of kin to that of any Stone, being insensible of Acids; and consisting of very thin, perspicuous, glossy, parallel, and flexible Plates. Seldom found figur'd. But when it is, I suppose always, as it is here in this piece, sc. into a Diamond-square, i. e. with unequal Angles, and equal sides; whereas in a Talk-Crystal, both are unequal. It was taken out of Mount Haemus.

A very white Piece of Muscovy-Glass.

ANOTHER, of a pale Green colour, with a kind of silver gloss, and semiperspicuous.

Another, of the colour of tarnish'd Copper mixed with black.

A lump of Selenites. 'Tis immersed in small pieces in a whitish Stone, a little Diaphanous, and so hard as to cut Glass.

This Stone grows in Cyprus, Sicily, Saxony, and many other places; especially in Muscovy, whence the English Name. Used in Saxony, and other places in Germany, in

Windows, instead of Glass. Ambrosinus a 1.657 mentions a Lead-colour'd sort so big, as to make not only Tiles, but Tables.

The BONONIAN-STONE, Prepared and given by Fr. Willughby Esq. 'Tis somewhat fissile, and may be here ranked. Now of a greyish colour, and in some places like the Rombick Lead-Spar. No Acid will touch it. Its qua∣lity of shining in the Dark, after its being exposed a little while to the Sun, is now lost. See the manner of its prepa∣ration in Wormius. Given in Powder, b 1.658 or the infusion of it, after calcin'd, is a strong Emetick.

An odd SPAR, Green by day; by Candle-light of an Amethystine colour. Softer than to cut Glass, yet harder than the common Rhombick Lead-Spar.

A FLORENTINE SLATE. A sort of Saxum fissile. Hereon is naturally represented the PROSPECT of a City, Houses, Churches and Steeples, standing in length. To make them all visible, it must be wetted.

ANOTHER, with the PROSPECT of a TOWN, lying round upon the side of a Hill.

Another with the like PROSPECT; but shewing it, as at a much greater distance.

Another, with one half of the TOWN on a Rock, the other in a Plain. There are some of this kind in Septalius's Musaeum.

A SALTRAM SLATE. Very like to Efford-slate (used for Writing, and Mathematick Schemes) but not all out so good.

An odd SLATE with yellow Mundick in small Grains or Sparks immerced throughout the body of it.

RUMPLEY-STONE. A common blewish Slate, for colour and substance. But excelleth, in that it rises large enough for Building. It may be cleft as thin as you please.

A kind of whitish Slate, mixed with a rusly Iron-colour: plentiful in some Mines.

Some others; one grey and spotted with tawny. Another, of a brown Purple. A Third, Red. These abound in the High-Ways about the Mines in Cornwall. With these may be placed.

The WAXEN VEIN. Ludus Helmontij. A Stone com∣posed of two distinct Bodies. One, and the far greater, is

of a dirty ash-colour: in substance, not unlike the Lime∣stone. The other, somewhat harder; runs through it in several Veins, or rather Plates, as being usually plain, as thick as the back of a slender Knife, and exactly of the colour of yellow Wax; for which cause I have plac'd it amongst the Plated Stones, and taken leave for the English Name. Both of these two Bodies make an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre, but the ash-colour'd, the greater.

The PIPED WAXEN-VEIN. So I call it, for that the greater ash-colour'd Body inclosed within the yellow Plates, is stuffed top full of small Cylinders and Tubes irregularly placed: most of which seem to be of the same yellowish substance, as the Plates. This Species hath some affinity with the piped Osteocolla above describ'd.

The STARRED WAXEN-VEIN. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Found in the Isle of Sheapy. On one part of the Stone grows a fair Star, with many Rays, about an inch long, white and glossy: from whence I name it. This Star is of a quite different nature from the Stone on which it grows, as making no ▪Effervescence with Acids, and in figure agreeing rather with the Pyrites.

A Piece of WAXEN VEIN, with doubled Plates; in some places, as it were efflorescent with several little pro∣tuberances consubstantial.

From the Description of this Stone above given, it ap∣pears, that Wormius was mistaken, in reckoning it amongst Flints. This is that, which Paracelsus so much extols for a Lithontriptick. And thus far I believe, that 'tis a very good Diuretick; and may therefore sometimes be very well used for the carrying off of Gravel. But let all that have any Stone too big to be voided, take heed of such Medicines.

PLATED MARBLE. It seems to have been originally a striated Bole. Now a Stone as hard as Marble, composed of Portions, of an inch thick, colour'd, growing parallel, or as it were stratum super stratum; from whence I have nam'd, and here plac'd it.

Several soft PLATED STONES, found in the same place, and of the same colour and substance, with the Fish-Mould formerly describ'd. One of them, Globular, a little compressed on the two opposite sides: but composed

of Plates or Crusts narrowed from the middle of the Stone both ways, so as to make that Figure. A second, Oval, with three Hemispherick knobs appendent; all plated, as the Globular. A fourth and fifth figur'd almost like a Finger.

THUS FAR of Plated Stones. Next of those which we may call Fibrous. In the former, the Parts are answerable to the leaves in a piece of Past-board. In these to the Bristles in a Brush, or the Threads in a Skeine of Silk.

THRUM-STONE, as I call it. Amianthus Lapis & Asbesti∣nus. It grows in short Threads or Thrums, from about a ¼ of an inch to an inch in length; parallel, and glossy; as fine, as those small single Threads the Silk-Worm spins; and very flexile, like Flax or Tow. Nothing answers it better, than the hard fibrous part of a large Oyster, when 'tis stew'd. Here are several pieces, both of White and Green. Of which, the latter hath the longest Threads, and the most flexile.

A piece of AMIANTHUS-ROCK; in which the Thrums (about ¼ of an inch in length) lie in Layers between several Beds of a Green Stone, in some places of a redish brown.

Another, with Veins or Layers between Beds of a blewish colour.

A BASTARD-AMIANTHUS. It grows in Veins in a Claiy and Mundick Load, between Beds of a Greenish Earth. The Threads 1/••^d or near ½ an inch long, of a glossy black, and brittle. Given by Mr. Colepress, who observ'd it amongst the Cornish Mines.

The best is found in Cyprus and India. Of late, very good in some Mines in Italy. Of which see the Philos. Transactions. a 1.659 It was anciently spun, like Tow, into Sheets; in which the Bodies of Princes, laid on the Funeral Pile, were wrapped up, to keep them entire, when they were burnt, from the other ashes. These Sheets were made clean, not by washing, but by burning them; as being insuper∣able by the fire: from whence the Name of the Stone. The Art, as well as the Use, is thought to be gone. But not so; for Septalius b 1.660 hath or lately had both Thread, Ropes, Paper, and Netted-Works all made hereof; and some of them with his own hand. Boetius describes c 1.661 an Oyntment made of this Stone, which he highly com∣mends

against the Sore on Childrens Heads, usually called Tinea Puerorum; and Ulcers in the Legs. It hath no sense of Acids.

The FIBROUS BLOOD-STONE. Haematites. This I take to be that particularly, by Pliny call'd Androdamas. It hath affinity with the Amianthus, not only in being divi∣sible into Fibers; but in that these Fibers are also somewhat flexile, and of a greenish colour. Yet here, they stand not just parallel, but rather so as to tend towards one point; like the Styriae in some sorts of Antimony. This Stone is also altogether insensible of Acids. Found in Germany, Bohemia, Silesia; among the Iron Mines; of an Iron colour, a dull red, yellow, and sometimes black. Much celebra∣ted against an Haemoptoe. Trallianus prescribes it ground to an impalpable powder, from ℈j to ℈iiij for a Dose.

A Piece of SPAUD or TARRAS. Schistus Capillaris; as I call it. It consisteth of white, glossy, and parallel Fi∣bers. But different from the Amianthus, in that they are very brittle; nor so easily divided. From the Schistus de∣scribed by Wormius, a 1.662 which is divisible into Plates. And that which Boetius describes, which is yellow. This is pure white, almost like polish'd Silver, and in a thiner piece, semiperspicuous. Being rub'd between ones Fingers, it di∣vides into an infinite number of Hairs, twenty times smaller than the smallest Needle. It stirs not with Acids: and therefore seems neither to be any kind of Gypsum properly so call'd.

Another Piece of the same, from Warwick-shire▪ Given by Sir John Hoskins.

A Piece of HARD TARRAS, from Stinchcombe in Gloucestershire. Given by the same Hand. 'Tis more close and firm than the former, rather like those in Sal Armoniac; the Fibers not altogether so regularly pild; nor so white, more resembling the Mother of Green Vitriol.

The same Analogy as is between Talk Muscovy-Glass, and Amianthus: is also between the Rhomboid Spar, the Saxum Fissile, and the Tarras.

CHAP. VI. Of STONES IRREGULAR.

AS GEMS are chiefly distinguished by their Colours, and all other Stones Regular, by their Figures: So these, by the different degrees of Hardness.

EMERY. Smiris. Of a kind of blackish Iron-colour. The hardest of unfigur'd Stones. And is therefore used for the polishing and cutting of all Gems, except the Dia∣mond. For the hollowing of flinty Mortars, together with Sand. a 1.663 For the brightening of Armour, and all Metal∣lick Equipage. And for Moulds or Forms for the casting of Medals and other Coins. Yet Mr. Boyle b 1.664 hath open'd it with a Corrosive Menstruum so far, as to make an infusion of Galls therewith to turn blackish.

A FLINT of the colour of yellow Amber. It alludeth to a Topaz.

A polish'd FLINT, not unlike a Calcedony.

A rough FLINT naturally perforated with several large Cavities running one into another. It seems to be an assay towards an Eagle-Stone, which is commonly a Flint.

Flints are of all colours. Some so clear, that some Jew∣elers cut and sell them for Bohemick Diamonds. c 1.665 They are also used for factitious Gems, with the mixture of Metals, in fusion. For making of Glass. For Mortars for the powdering of the Fragments of Gems. And sometimes added to melted Metals, to keep them, as is supposed, by the Metal∣lists, from spending. d 1.666

A BALL of SERPENTINE MARBLE; called Ophites, from the winding of the Veins. Near four inches in Dia∣metre. Of the noblest sort; consisting of White, and Red or Murrey Veins, in Black.

ANOTHER MARBLE-BALL, two inches and ½ in Dia∣metre, Veined, and spoted with Red, Sand-colour, and White.

A THIRD, Veined and spoted with Black, Sand-colour'd, and White.

A Ball of ONYCHINE MARBLE, about the same big∣ness; on one side Sand-colour'd, on the other Grey. That which is observable is this, That instead of winding Veins,

it hath several Circles one within another, as if drawn with a pair of Compasses on a Slate; or as in the Onyx; from whence I have nam'd it. The bigest Circle is about an inch and ½ in Diametre.

Two pieces of AEGYPTIAN MARBLE. Consisting of a blackish Ground, as it were inlaid with little Green pieces, most of them of an oblong square Figure.

A Piece of the worst sort of CORNISH MARBLE, used for Lime. A blewish Stone, mixed with some whitish sparry Veins; and some of a redish-slat, of the colour of Terra Lemnia rubra. Marbles, besides the places mention'd, are found in Italy, Germany, Cappadocia, Hetruria, Numidia, and other parts. The uses are as known, as great.

LAPIS LAZULI, i. e. Blew-Stone; Lazuli being the Arabick word for a blew colour. Whence also the corrupt Italick, Azure. It consisteth of parts of a full Blew (usually with some yellow specks) immersed in a dull Bed, bordering upon the colour of Fullers-Earth. On this here, grow some pieces of Spar, so hard as easily to write in Glass.

Another Piece growing to an ash-colour'd and softish Stone, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

This Stone is usually found in Gold Mines in Africa and Asia. Of two kinds; The fixed, which being put in to the fire, keeps its colour; The Not fixed, also in Ger∣many. a 1.667 Hereof are sometimes made Knife-Hafts and Spoons. But especially that most excellent BLEW, called ULTRAMARINE. The manner of preparing it, is very largely and exactly described by Boetius. b 1.668 The powder hereof given to the quantity of ʒss (or more or less) is an innocent and useful Cathartick. c 1.669 It will sometimes work by Vomit. Hath been successfully used in Quartans and Malignant Feavers. And yields a Narcotick Oil. d 1.670

The Fading BLEW-STONE. Lapis Armenius. This piece consisteth of Blew and Green parts mixed together. And the blew parts themselves, at least, the colour made of them, will in time turn green. 'Tis softer than Lazuli, and not insensible of Acids; and of Oil of Vitriol more, than of Spirit of Nitre.

Another Piece of L. Armenius; consisting of Blew parts immersed in a hard and redish sand-colour'd Bed, with a Green piece growing to one side. Given by Henry Olden∣burge

Esq. It grows in Germany, Hungary, and Transylvania. It makes also an excellent Blew, but, as is abovesaid, not holding. The way of making it, see in Boetius. a 1.671 Given in Powder, unwashed, to the quantity of ʒj or ℈iiij, it works by Vomit: washed, to the quantity of ℈v or ʒij, works by Stool; highly celebrated by some, not only for its Inno∣cent, and most easie; but also most effectual Operation, in such Diseases, as are supposed to depend on Melancholy. b 1.672

The LOADSTONE. Magnes; from Magnesia, a Coun∣try between Thessaly and Macedonia, where, it's said, it was first found. For the most part of an Iron-colour, tending to Blew, by some called The Male; if Black, The Female. Here are several both great and small. One weighing about sixty pounds. Given by Dr. Edward Cotton. Dug out of the Ground in Devonshire. Although it takes up no great weight, yet moves a Needle nine feet distant. Some part hereof, which was broken off, being put in its proper place, adds much strength to it. Here are likewise some other great Pieces from the same place.

Part of a LOADSTONE ROCK in Anglesey. Of a rusty Iron-colour, and in some parts of a dirty slat-Blew.

Two Orbicular LOADSTONES; one of them with an Axis.

TWENTY SEVEN Lesser LOADSTONES: whereof eleven are Arm'd and Coated. They are usually found in Germany, Italy, Misnia, &c. in the Iron-Mines; and sometimes yield Iron. See the History hereof in Kircher, and Vincent Leodaud, who have published what is said both by our own Country-man Gilbert, and by others.

The admirable and known Properties of this Stone, are, in general, these, That it attracteth Iron; or any Body, if small, which hath Iron in it. That it hath no perception of any other Body, though never so light. That it maketh the Attraction according to its Poles. And that it Commu∣nicateth to Iron both the same attractive power; and a Verticity to the North-Pole. In which last, lieth its Great use, as applied to Navigation. Although by Observations made from the Variation of the Needle, Time may pro∣duce further Discoveries in Astronomy. Those that travail through the vast Deserts of Arabia, have also a Needle and Compass, whereby they direct themselves in their way, as Mariners at Sea. c 1.673

The power of the Magnet dependeth not on its Bulk; the smaller, being usually the stronger. Tergazi a 1.674 menti∣ons one, that would suspend sixty times, and Mr. Boyle, b 1.675 another, eighty times, its own weight. But the best, in time loose very much of their strength; as these here kept have done: None of them now taking up above ℥vj ss. Of what they would have done formerly, I find no Re∣gister.

Some means have been proposed for preserving the strength of a Loadstone. But there is none mentioned by any Author, that I know of, comparable to That, experi∣mented by Mr. Theodore Haac, Fellow of the Royal Society; not only for Preserving, but also Recovering, and Encreasing the strength of the Loadstone. For he having One weighing about ℥iiij ss. arm'd, which would take up sixteen times its own weight: and having laid it by for the space of some years unus'd, found it to have lost ¼^th part of its strength, so that it would now take up but about lbiij. And, upon search, meeting with no means effectual to recover it; considered with himself, That as in Morals, the exercise of Virtue, makes it more generous; and that Animal Motions, by use, become more vigorous: so it might possibly prove also as to some Properties of Inanimate Bodies. Whereupon, he hung as much at his Stone, as it would bear; and so left it for the space of some Weeks. Then, returning to it, and applying more weight to the former, it very easily held the same. And repeating the addition of more weight, at several periods in the space of about two years; he at last found, That his Stone had not only recovered its former strength, but encreas'd it; for whereas before he had never known it to take up more than sixteen, it would now take up twenty times its own weight. And he is now continuing the Experiment, to see how far it will go further.

A GRITTY-STONE, from the Forrest of Dean; with which they there make the insides of their Iron Furnaces; wherein their fire is so vehement, that it either breaks or melts down any other Material. The Grains of the Stone must therefore be insuperable; yet not so united, but that it is somewhat soft and crumbly: of a dirty co∣lour, near that of Fullers-Earth. Given by Sir John Hoskins.

ANOTHER, from the same Hand, more gritty, harder, and of a brown colour.

A Stone like a pure white Pebble, to which another lesser of the same colour, by mediation of a clean Red, and also stony Cement, is affixed. Hard, yet dissoluble with Acids.

A little Red Oval Stone, on one side obliquely furrow'd; on the other, pounced, and stained with a stony Blot. This also is hard, yet easily dissolved with Spirit of Nitre.

A piece of Soft ALABASTER. Alabastrites. 'Tis white and crumbly, an infinite congeries of Chrystalline or shining Grains, no bigger than fine sands. It grows in Warwick-shire. And is like to that which comes from Hol∣land. Given by Sir John Hoskins.

Another piece, from Shepston near the Seaside.

Another piece of a YELLOW colour, almost like to that of expressed Oil of Mace. It hath some of a blewish Clay upon it; but might rather casually fall into such a Bed, than be bred therein.

A FOURTH, of VARIOUS colours, in spots, sc. White, Yellow, Red, Leaden, Brown, and Black, mixed toge∣ther.

A FIFTH (in a Frame) consisting of Ash-colour, Black, and Tawny, mixed in Spots and Veins.

'Tis found also in Caramania, India, and other places. It hath been more used than now for the preserving of some more precious Oyntments. But why, rather than Glass or Glased Vessels, I know not, unless for shew. A Scruple hereof given in Milk, is affirmed by Boetius a 1.676 to be a certain Cure of a Dysentery. Yet I would have no man to trust to this, who may have other Remedies.

BASTARD-ALABASTER, spoted. Gypsum variegatum. Here are Examples of several Colours. One Black, with white spots. Another, consisting of parts some Black, and some of a pale Green. A Third, of a dark Green, mixed with White and Red Veins and Spots. A Fourth, consisting of White, Brown, and Yellow. A Fifth, of White, Red, and Yellow. A Sixth (in a Frame) of Ash-colour, Citrine, Red, Black, and pellucid Spots. A Seventh, of White, Green, and a dark Purple. All these Stones make a strong Effervescence with Nitrous Spirits. They are found in Misnia, Burgundy, &c.

Of these lightly burnt, is made that which is properly called Gypsum. And Statues of any desirable bigness, yet very light.

A LIME-STONE (Saxum Calcarium) having greenish Veins mixed with a silver gloss. This being burnt, is that commonly called Quick-Lime. Pliny mentions a mix∣ture of Quick-Lime and Hogs-Grease, usually call'd Maltha: whence our English word Mortar. 'Tis also used for the Trying of Ores. a 1.677 Boetius describes an Aqua Calcis, mixed with Sal Armoniac, as an admirable Remedy for Burns, Fistulas, Cancers, and Spots in the Eyes; he adds, and Spots in Cotton-Cloaths. b 1.678

FLAKED DROPSTONE. Stalactites Laminatus. Found in the top of the Hills near Wooten Underridge in Gloucester∣shire. In Aldrovandus c 1.679 are several of these called Succi Concreti.

ANOTHER, digged from under the Root of a Tree in Cre-Forrest. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

A SPONGY DROPSTONE, of an ash-colour, as the rest.

A piece or two of small Dropstones sent from Pendennis-Castle: said to to have had a strong scent; but now hath none.

Yellow GREAT-GLIST. Ammochrysos, Boetio. So call'd, for that it consists of a great number of glossy sparks almost of the colour of Gold, immersed in a gritty Bed. And by Wormius and others therefore called Mica.

White GREAT-GLIST. Ammargyros, as I call it, the sparks in this being of a bright silver-colour.

Kentman d 1.680 ranketh both these with Muscovy-Glass. And 'tis plain, That the said sparks are flaky, and flexible, as that Stone: and is therefore either the same broken to small pieces, in digging for it; or, at least, an assay of Na∣ture towards it. But surely no Metallick Body, as Wormius supposeth it; unless he means, that 'tis sometimes found in Metallick Mines.

A Red DAZE, or small GLIST, from Cornwall. It dif∣fers from the Mica, chiefly, in the smallness of the sparks. For they seem to me, to be altogether of the same nature.

A Brown DAZE (from the same place) with an angu∣lar Vein of yellow Daze in it; and both mixed with very

small sparks of a yellowish Spar. Of kin to these, seems to be.

A piece of Gold-colour'd Stone, from a Vein of the same, found in digging a Trench in New England.

SOAP-STONE: Steatites. Given by Dr. Richard Lower. Taken from a Rock of the same in Cornwall. Somewhat different from that described by Boetius. Consisting of parts white, red, purple, and green mixed together, as in Castile-Soap; and seeming, like hard Suet, greasie to the touch: whence the reason of both the Names. Yet is it not at all dissoluble either in Oil or Water. Nor in any indiffe∣rent Fire; by which it only becomes somewhat harder and whiter. It seems to me to be much of the nature (for substance) of the Lap. Amianthus; and that it is the Mother of it.

A softish Dirt-colour'd STONE (Saxi Limosi Species) from Staffordshire. Of which those Pots are there made, wherein they melt their Glass.

The Red CAULE (a Stone so call'd about the Tin Mines in Cornwall) beaten to powder, and made up into a Ball with water. Of a faint red like that of a wither'd Pink. Ano∣ther of a purplish Brown, with black shining sparks.

A base Slate, i. e. neither of one colour, nor good Grain.

An ash-colour'd PUMIS STONE. There are also whitish ones; and some Black, as in Sicily. Where, and at Vesuvius, amongst other places, they are frequently found. The smoothest are, or heretofore were, used by the Germans to rub the skin, in their Baths. a 1.681

A CYNDER from Mount Aetna; of a blackish colour, homogeneous substance, and something metallick. Quite through full of great Bubles. 'Tis ground to a long Oval Figure.

ANOTHER, much more dense, and ponderous like Iron Ore. Given by Sig^r. Boccone.

A THIRD, in some part vitrify'd. Of the Burning and Eruptions of this Mountain we have a copious History given us by J. Alph. Borelli.

A Vitrify'd CYNDER, taken out of the Ruines of this City by the late general Fire, and kept as a Memorial of it.

SECT. II. Of METALS.

CHAP. I. Of GOLD, SILVER, and COPPER.

GOLD ORE of HERNGRUNT, holding Silver. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. It consisteth of sparks of a shining Gold-colour, together with some Black ones, al∣ternately immersed in a white and pretty hard Stone.

GOLD ORE of Chremnitz. Given by the same Hand. Here are several pieces. One white, and semiperspicuous. Another, blackish, not much unlike some Flints. The others, mixed of both. All so hard, as to write upon Glass. Yet Spirit of Nitre droped on them, in a little while, will sink into them, almost as Water into a Bolus. Which perhaps may depend upon some invisible Cracks in the Ore.

That with black spots in white, is accounted the best. a 1.682 In an 100 l. weight of Ore, is contained about ℥j of Gold, holding one third part of Silver. b 1.683 In this Mine, some∣times are found pieces of pure c 1.684 Virgin-Gold. This, by some, is called Aurum Obryzum: qu. Ophrisum, like that of Ophir. Of several particulars of the Working here, and of separating the Gold from the Ore, with the Engines, &c. See the forementioned Doctors Travails.

GOLDEN SAND, from the River Tagus. 'Tis very fine, and ponderous; consisting of Grains of a redish Iron colour mixed with black.

A lump of pure GOLD of the bigness of a Peas, melted out of the forementioned sand.

GRAIN GOLD, or Golden Sand from the River Danuby. Given by John Bembde Esq taken thence with his own hand. Very fine as the former. Consisting mostly of black Grains, wherewith are mixed some of a pure Gold colour; in the proportion of about one to twenty.

SAND out of a River near Conimbria, in which there are some few sparks of GOLD. Together with a Knob of Gold fus'd out of it. Given by Sir Robert Southwell.

Gold hath the least variety of regular figure, in the Ore, of any Metal. Because, more solid, and therefore, less wanton, than the rest. 'Tis a rare Specimen, mention'd by Georgius de Sepibus, a 1.685 which he calls Aurum Ramescens. The Ductility of Gold is admirable: one Grain, in Leaves, is extended to above fifty inches square: and one ounce em∣ploy'd in gilding small Hair-Wyre, will be extended to al∣most an 100 miles in length; as Mr. Boyle hath observ'd. b 1.686

The Uses of Gold for Vessels, Coins, Armour, Garments, &c. are infinite. The Luxury of Galienus the Emperour, taught him to powder his Hair with the Dust of Gold. Some Painters, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.687 hang plated Gold over Vinegar, whereby is produced a pure Blew (as Ceruss out of Lead) which they prefer before the Ultramarine. Of the Art of Refining, see the Phil. Transactions, d 1.688

Chymically manag'd, it is reduced to several forms, called Aurum Potabile, Aurum fulminaus, A. Vitae; as also, Auri Calx, Crocus, Sal, Sulphur, Tinctura, Oleum, Vitriolum, Flos: of which see Libavius, Crollius, Schroder, and others. One principal use of Gold in Medicine is, for the Correction of Mercurial Medicines. The original use of Leaf-Gold in Electuaries, and divers other Preparations, was not only for better grace, but from the opinion of its adding Virtue to them. And Plates of Gold, anciently, have been us'd, espe∣cially for Children, as an Amulet. Which I take to be the true reason, why the Kings of England hang a piece of Gold upon those they Touch.

Pure SILVER, naturally BRAINCHED in the Mine. From a Silver-Mine in Suecia. Some of the Branches are blackish being tarnished; the rest of a clear silver colour. Some pieces of a white Spar, dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre, stick to them.

A piece of CAPILLARY SILVER, or with smaller Branches, also from the Mine: whith a kind of white Rhombick Spar growing to it. Ferranti Imperato & Al∣drovandus, e 1.689 both give an Example of this kind.

PLATED-SILVER from the Mine. Argentum nativum Bracteatum. It lies in thin Plates, of a clear silver colour,

between the Flakes, or in the Grain of a hard white Stone; as the yellow Plates in the Ludus Helmontij, described in the former Section. The several Plates are curiously wrought with Striae, which obliquely decussate each other, and make their Impression all along upon the Stone. This Stone is insensible of Acids. In some places, the Silver also lies crude in a black Ore.

Pure Native SILVER, FLAKED, or as it were the Plated broken into several thin pieces; lying also in the Grain of a white Spar, but dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre.

Thick PLATED SILVER from the Mine; with a mix∣ture also of Crude Silver Ore; both in a white Stone disso∣luble with Spirit of Nitre.

WHITE SILVER ORE, or of a silver-colour, from Crem∣nitz in Hungary. There are also some parts of Black Ore mixed with it. And some Cinnabar; partly of a Scarlet or Vermilion colour, and partly of the Lapis Haematites. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

Another piece of WHITE SILVER ORE, growing in a white Stone, having a blackish cast in some places, with the hardness of a Gem.

YELLOW SILVER ORE, or near the colour of Gold, from Kottenberge in Bohemia. 'Tis granulated in a hard white Stone. In some parts, also blackish.

ANOTHER Piece, rather of the colour of Copper, from the same place. It grows in a hard, black and white Stone.

BLEW SILVER ORE, from the Silver-Mine of Berre Ferris. Not Granulated, but Flaked. In some positions especially, of a curious blew, like that of Cichory-Flowers, or some blew Glass, but much fairer. Some yellow Mun∣dick also, with a piece of Green Spar, grow to it on one side.

PURPLE SILVER ORE, with Cinnabar.

GREEN SILVER ORE, The colour is somewhat ob∣scure, but lies not only in the surface, but inward parts of the Ore. Here are growing to it some of the Lapis Armenius, and yellow Okre.

BLACK SILVER ORE, for the most part Granulated; from the Silver-Mine at Schemnitz. Given by Dr. Edward Brown. This sort is the best. An 100 l. of Schemnitz Ore

yields from an Ounce of Silver to twenty Ounces. Some hath been found to yield half Silver. a 1.690 Most of it holds some Gold; the best 1/••^th part in proportion to the Sil∣ver. b 1.691

GROGUNNION ORE; also Black, and Granulated. It holds fifty lib. (sterling) per Tun.

CUMBSIMLOCK ORE, Black, and most of it Gra∣nulated, immersed in a blackish Stone, dispersed throughout It holds twenty eight lib. sterling per Tun. This, and some other Welsh Ores, given by Sir Rob. Moray.

COGINNIAN ORE, holding fifteen lib. sterl. per Tun. It runs in Veins or Layers, rather Grained than Flaked, toge∣ther with yellow Mundick, between two sorts of Beds; one of whitish Clay, the other of brown Stone.

A BLACK and FLAKED SILVER ORE, with some pieces of the Lapis Haematites growing to it.

ANOTHER Piece FLAKED, from the Forrest of Ore, not far from St. Veit in Carinthia. With some adhering Cinnabar of a brown Purple. Given by Dr. Edward Brown.

BLACK FLAKED S. Ore from Freyberge in Misnia. Here are two pieces: one simple; the other, mixed with white Ore and Cinnabar.

The SCORIUM of the FREYBERGICK S. Ore. Porous, of a blackish glossy colour, and brittle: qu. Vitrum Ar∣genti.

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Kottenberge.

B. FLAKED S. Ore from Cummustwith Rock. It runs in Veins, through a blewish Grey Stone, together with a white, hard, and granulated Spar. 'Tis also immersed in Grain, in the Grey Stone. Both the Stones are so hard as to cut Glass.

CUMSUMLOCK ORE, holding twenty li. sterl. per Tun. 'Tis much like to that of Cummustwith.

ANOTHER like Ore from CORNWALL. Given, with several others, by Sam. Colepress Esq. It grows together with Mundick and green and yellow Spar.

Black and small FLAKED S. Ore, from the same place. 'Tis immersed in a Slate, with yellow Mundick.

A Piece of Bl. FLAKED S. Ore growing to a very hard Spar, white within, and redish without, and in∣crustated

with sparry Grains, not much bigger than Poppy∣seeds.

Another Piece, with Red Cinnabar growing to it.

A large Piece of SILVER ORE, with MUNDICK; running between Beds of White, Yellow, and Green Spar. The White, so hard as to cut Glass: The other two, soft. The Ore runs in a Vein obliquely, so as to make an Angle. By which, the Underlying or Dipping of a Load, may be well conceiv'd.

The Preparations of Silver, are made in most of those Forms, as of Gold, and described by the same Authors be∣fore mention'd. Goldsmiths sometimes give a silver-wash to Copper, with that which is called Oleum Lunae. Soder (from the Italick, Saldatura) of Gold is made of Silver, and half as much Brass. Painters make a pure Blew here∣of with Sal Armoniac. a 1.692 Of the Silver-Mines in Mexico, and the way of separating the Silver from the Ore, see the Phil. Transactions. b 1.693 And of the Art of Refining, Num. 142.

Pure CAPILLARY COPPER from the Mine at Hern∣grunt. Given by Dr. Ed. Brown. 'Tis very ponderous, the se∣veral Styriae or Capillary parts but short, of a redish Golden colour, growing together almost like those of the little Stone-Moss.

Another Piece of the same Species.

Pure GRANULATED COPPER, from the Mine. Of a redish colour, mixed with a sad purple, and some green. Grows to a Stone, outwardly of a Liver-colour, within Whitish; not very hard. This sort of Native Copper, by Chiocco, is call'd Aeris Flos verus. c 1.694

An Iron-Chain and Heart, at least, cover'd with a Crust of pure GRANULATED COPPER; by lying in one of the two Springs in the Copper-Mine call'd the Ziment in Hungary. Given with the next by Dr. Edward Brown.

Pure Native COPPER, both CAPILLARY, and GRA∣NULATED, in one piece. The Capillary part, above two inches broad; and surrounded, like a Wood, by the other. Aldrovandus d 1.695 hath a sort that is pointed, or at least angu∣lar; which Ambrosinus calls Aes nativum figurae pangoniae.

BULLATED COPPER, Native, or from the Mine. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. 'Tis pure and of the colour of the best concocted. Whether this piece was not fluxed by some

subterraneal fire may be question'd. Of the rest, 'tis plain to the contrary.

Pure MASSY COPPER from the Mine. Given by the same Hand. It grows to a white and semiperspicuous Spar, which cuts Glass easily, and deep.

YELLOW COPPER-ORE, from the Mine at Hern∣grunt. Given by Dr. E. Brown. 'Tis of a redish yellow, mixed with some sparks of the colour of Gold, both with∣out and within. It yields ordinarily, ••^th part Copper: some∣times ⅕^ths or above half. See his Travails. a 1.696

Another piece of YELLOW COPPER ORE. Given by Mr. Oldenburg. 'Tis immersed in small sparks in a brown Stone; to which adhere some very green Flakes of the na∣ture of the Turcois.

BLACK COPPER ORE, holding SILVER. There are some Grains of a dark Purple mixed with it. Given by Dr. Brown.

Another Piece, with some efflorescence of white Vitriol upon it; perceived especially by the Tast.

A Third piece, with natural Verdegriece.

BLACK COPPER ORE, immersed in a Blackish Stone, which is flaked somewhat like Lead-Ore; probably a courser sort of Cinnabar. Given by Sir Rob. Moray.

Of Copper, with the addition of Calamy, is made Brass with increase, in the proportion of ••^d or more, according to the Stone, and manner of operation. Of the making of Brass, see Agricola.

Of Copper are prepared, the Calx, Crocus, Quintescens, Tincture, Oil, Vitriol and Flowers. Some of them much, and well used outwardly against ill natur'd Ulcers. And also justly to be reckon'd among the best Remedies for the Eyes. That the Labourers in the Copper-Mines, have them always good, in an observation of Macrobius.

CHAP. II. Of TIN, LEAD, and IRON.

A Piece of pure TIN, refined in the Furnace.

Pure TIN, Native, or from the Mine. It lies as it were in bright drops in a brown Stone.

CRUDE TIN powder'd, consisting of shining black and Iron-colour'd Grains.

TIN-ORE, holding Silver.

FAT TIN LOAD, of a great Grain, in a blewish Clay. 'Tis a Cluster of Crystals like black Glass.

Another piece also very FAT, but smaller Grain'd; con∣sisting rather of sparks.

A SHOAD, a FAT TIN-Stone so call'd; of an Iron colour, with some gloss where it is broken. Very pon∣derous.

A sort of TIN ORE, with its Grewt. That is, a Con∣geries of Crystals or Sparks of Spar of the bigness of Bay-Salt, and of a brown shining colour, immersed therein. They are so hard, as to cut Glass.

TIN ORE, consisting of extream small black Sparks or Grains, immersed in a green and yellow Grit.

TIN ORE, of an Okre colour, with a mixture of black shining Sparks.

A Specimen of GRAIN-TIN ORE of several colours; sc. blackish, brownish, purplish, redish, and yellow. So good, that they need little or no preparation, by stamping or dressing for blowing: neither is there any considerable wast in the melting.

A SLAG, remaining in the bottom of the Tin-Floate. Sent by Mr. Colepress. Of a bright colour next to Silver. Yet contains (saith he, mostly) Iron; which he acciden∣tally perceiv'd, by applying the Magnet to it, both quickly uniting. But note, that now, at least, they will not, unless you take small Sparks only, and these will leap up to it. He also saith, That one Dr. Stall a German Chymist, affirmed, the Dutchmen make good spelter of it.

SCUM taken from melted TIN. Of a blackish brown,

with some sparks of Metal. It seems near as heavy as the pure Tin it self.

CHIMNEY-TIN, forced up from the Herd. 'Tis black shining and heavy; almost like very fine black sand.

A Metalline Slat from the Tin-Mines.

See a large Account of the Tin-Mines of Cornwall and Devonshire, in the Phil, Transactions; a 1.697 communicated by a Person much conversant among them. As also ano∣ther accurate one particularly of those in Cornwall; com∣municated by Dr. Christepher Menet, and by Me published in the said Transactions. b 1.698

Tin is mixed with Copper, in the making of Metal for Bells, Organ-Pipes, &c. the proportion of Tin to Copper, as two to seven, or thereabout. If under, it will be too soft; if over, too brittle. The Metal used for Concaves and Spe∣culums, is likewise a Mixture of Tin and Copper. Of Tin, with Lead, and the Marchasite of Antimony of each ••^th part, is made one sort of Printing Letters. Of this Metal is made that sort of Ceruss, called Spanish White; one of the best, used either by Painters, or by Women. Stannum ustum, the best preservative of the polish of Metallick Concaves, and the like. Riverius c 1.699 highly commends his Bezoardicum Jovis against Malignant Feavers. A Mixture against the Bitings of Mad Dogs, consisting chiefly of Mithridate and the Filings of Tin, is much used and relied upon by some Huntsmen.

CRYSTALLINE LEAD, from the Mine. So I call it, not that it is clear, but consisteth for the most part of Hexa∣gonal Points. Of the bigness of a midling Apple.

LEAD ORE, rich in SILVER. Given by Sir R. Moray. 'Tis of the usual colour, but mixed with white Spar, so hard as to cut Glass. And I suppose, that most Lead Ores with such a Spar, have Silver in them.

LEAD ORE holding SILVER, and growing together with Iron Ore.

LEAD ORE, probably also holding Silver. It lies in a whitish Spar, which is not so flaky as is usual, and will cut Glass.

LEAD ORE holding SILVER, with a large Crystalline Spar consisting chiefly of Hexagonal Points, and of the

colour of a Calcedony. Ferrant. Imperato hath one which he entitles Ingemmamento di Piombo; and seems to be like this.

SPARKS of LEAD ORE in the Caulk. One of the Sparks is branched almost like a small Leafe. The Stone or Caulk is a Congeries of white Crystals of Spar laid cross every way. They will cut Glass.

A large piece of LEAD ORE, flaky, and lying in spots in a white perspicuous, flaked, and soft Spar.

Some other pieces of Lead Ore, English.

LEAD ORE, from Freiungen, called WEISSER FLIES. It consisteth of a soft and friable Spar, of a pale colour, near that of the Diaphanous natural Sulphur; together with a redish substance intermixt.

LEAD ORE, from the same place, called Schlich. 'Tis a fine grey Sand, like that used for Writings: with some few black Grains; which is, I suppose, the true Ore.

A large piece of LITHARGE (of Silver.)

See a large and accurate Account of the Mendip Lead Mines in the Phil. Transactions; a 1.700 communicated by Dr. Jos. Glanvile.

Lead (besides the uses commonly known) is also em∣ployed for the Refining of Gold and Silver by the Cupel. Hereof is made common Ceruss with Vinegar. The way briefly, yet perspicuously set down by Theophrastus. b 1.701 Of Ceruss, Red Lead. Of Plumbum ustum, the best yellow Ochre. Of Lead and ½ as much Tin, Solder for Lead. Hereof are also made the like Chymical Preparations, as of other Me∣tals, as the Oil, Tincture, Salt, &c. Some of which, many bold Chymists, without Discretion, give inwardly, and also extol them. But those that are careful of their Health, will beware of them. I do not deny, but that 'tis possible this Metal, as well as Mercury, may be so order'd and given, as to be innoxious.

BRUSH-IRON, Native or from the Mine. It consisteth of strait, round, long Styriae, about the thickness of a small Kniting-Pin, bolt upright, like the Bristles of a stiff Brush, or the Teeth of a Wooll-Comb. They grow on a double-Bed, the uppermost of an Iron-colour, the undermost of a dark yellowish red.

BRUSH ORE; From Doward in Herefordshire. Given

by Sir John Hoskins. A rich sort. It consisteth also of strait and almost parallel Styriae, most of them as thick as a strong Kniting-Pin; incrustated with very small Grains of Spar, of the colour and bigness of the Corns of Bay-Salt, but very soft.

MIXED BRUSH ORE; from Clower-Wall in the For∣rest of Dean. By the same Hand. It consisteth of several Piles of round and parallel Styriae, and Layers of unfigur'd Ore, a Pile of the one, and a Layer of the other, cross∣ways; seven or eight in this piece, within the extent of be∣twixt four and five inches.

A piece of IRON ORE, from Doward, of kin to the for∣mer. By the same Hand. 'Tis rich, yet hath only some few Styriae.

ANOTHER piece, from the same place, and by the same Hand. In this the Styriae, or figur'd pieces, are flat, and irregularly cluster'd. Aldrovandus a 1.702 gives the figure of an Iron Spar (Ore) ramify'd.

A piece of RICH IRON ORE, from a Hill of the same in Wiltshire, upon which is scituate a Village called Seen or Send, about nine miles from the Bath. Given by J. Aubrey Esq. Who saith, It is so good, that the Smith there can make that which he takes up in the street, to melt in his Forge; which that in the Forrest of Dean will not do.

The same Person observing there was great abundance of it, conjectur'd, it might Impregnate some Neigh∣bouring Spring. And upon trial, found one, amongst others, in the middle of the street very strong, beyond that of Tunbridge. For upon the affusion of a Tincture of Galls, it immediately became as black as Ink. The Village is well built, and standing so near the Bath, may be very conveni∣ent for those who drink Chalybiate Waters, either before or after they go thither. Mention also is made of this place by Dr. Christopher Merret. b 1.703

MIXED IRON ORE, from Doward in Herefordshire. Given by Sir John Hoskins. It consisteth of four or five substances. The best part, both brown and red, or brick∣colour'd. Wherewith is mixed a white and soft spar. With a blackish, shining, and crumbly Body, knobed on the top, after the manner of the Turcois.

Ordinary IRON ORE, from Clower-Wall. By the same

Hand. Almost of a Brick-colour, or that of the Colcothar of Vitriol.

IRON BALLS, about the bigness of Musquet Bullets. Made by the rowling of Iron-Sand off the Banks among the Iron-Mines near Senneck, especially after rain.

TWO BONES, (part of a Mans Foot) turn'd into Iron-Stone.

A Piece of Drop-Stone turn'd to Iron.

An IRON ORE rising near the Silver-Mines (in Wales.) In some parts of a brown Cinnabar-colour, and mixed with Slate. The Loadstone takes up little Corns of it no bigger than Sand.

An odd IRON ORE, scarce fixable. In a white Spar, almost like a Calcedony, hard enough to cut Glass.

A sort of BLACK CAULE, holding IRON. Yet so little, that the Loadstone will not take up any part of it, bigger than Pins head. It hath a black, shining, and very cross Grain; with white Spar interspers'd, which cuts Glass.

Another IRON-SPAR, consisting of little white and um∣ber-colour'd Columns, laid together cross-ways.

An IRON BODY, that rubs away in glossy Dust; with part of its Wall, (a brown Spar) in which it lay inclos'd.

A Piece of the OLD CYNDER, which now they use as a Flux for the Iron Ore; somewhat bubly. From the Iron-Mines in Monmouth.

Another, from the Forrest of Dean, by Sir John Hoskins. 'Tis run into Styriae, somewhat like those of Ice, brittle, pon∣derous, opacous, glossy, and of the colour of the coursest sort of Crocus Metallorum.

A Vitrify'd Cynder, of no use; like a piece of course green Glass.

An IRON STONE, with a Spar, on one side, consisting of pellucid squares; on the other, of white flakes set cross∣ways, almost at right Angles one against another.

A Piece of RUSMA or crude Zernick, almost of the colour of Crocus Metallorum, or some sorts of the Haema∣tites. Given by Mr. Lannoy, a Consul at Smyrna.

See a very good Account of the Iron-Mines, and Iron-Works in the Forrest of Dean. Communicated by Henry Powle Esq and by Me published in the Philosoph. Trans∣actions.

a 1.704 Some of the ways of giving a due Temper to Iron, according to the use made of it, are set down by Ambrosinus. b 1.705 For one Temper is requir'd for drawing it into Wyre; another, for a File; another, for a Chisel; ano∣ther, for a Sword; another, for the Edge of a Sword in par∣ticular; and the like. For the hardening of Iron for Files; one of the Kings Farriers, upon my enquiry, com∣mendeth this following way.

Take Horse Hoofs or Rams Horns, and hang them over the fire till they drop like Glew. Take also pieces of Leather, and burn them black. Powder them both, and put to them stale Urine, and Bay-Salt. Let them stand together; the longer the better: at three or seven years end it will be excellent. Case the Iron with this Mixture, and give it a strong heat, sufficient to fuse the Mixture, for three hours; and then cool it. The surface of this Iron will be as hard as the hardest Steel, and will make excellent Files: but the hardening reaches not to the heart of the Iron.

Of Rusma (a brown and light Iron substance) with ½ as much Quick Lime steeped together in Water, the Turkish Women make their Psilothron, to take off their Hair where∣sover they please. There are many Medicinal Preparations of Iron or Steel: But none, that I know of, equal to the Tincture made without Acids; especially in Obstructions, and to strengthen the Tone of the parts, as in Lienterick, and other like Cases. Against all outward and inward Haemor∣rhages, Quercetan highly extols his Oleum Martis. A Tincture o Steel made with White Wine, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.706 is a strong Cathartick. What he means, I know not. Perhaps he might find some such effect upon himself, from that, as one I know in this City, doth from Mithridate, which com∣monly gives him a Stool extraordinary. And another, upon whom Marmalad hath the like effect.

CHAP. III. Of ANTIMONY, MERCURY, and other METALLICK BODIES.

STYRIATED ANTIMONY, from the Gold Mines of Chremnitz. Given by Dr. E. Brown. The Styriae, in this, are very fair, many of them as thick as in that which is factitious.

STYRIATED ANTIMONY, also Native, from Corn∣wall; called ROSCARROCKS. A Congeries of strait, long, slender, and edged Styriae, of a bright Steel-colour, almost like a cluster of small broken Needles. Aldrovandus a 1.707 hath a sort of native Antimony, which Ambrosinus calls Plumosum.

GRAINED ANTIMONY, or rather Antimonial Ore, from Hungary. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. It looks like black grained Silver Ore. Immersed in a Stone, although of a scurvy opacous and sandy colour, yet so hard as to cut Glass.

ANTIMONIAL ORE from Transylvania. Given by Dr. E. Brown. It grows in a soft Bed, almost like Lead Ore.

ANTIMONIAL ORE, holding Iron, from Cornwall. Almost of the colour of Amber: yet with a Grain somewhat glossy and very cross.

A Metallick (probably an ANTIMONIAL) Cornish Stone, black, hard, and ponderous. It consisteth of a great many Clusters of short glossy Styriae, radiated almost as in the Belemnites. But because irregularly broken and heaped together, but difficulty observ'd.

Antimony is of excellent use for the Refining of Gold: see an accurate Process, communicated by Dr. Jonathan Godard, and by Me published in the Philosph. Transactions. b 1.708 An ^•th part in proportion to the Copper, is by some add∣ed with the Tin, for the best Metallick Speculums. Founders add a little to their Bell-Metal, to make it more sonorous. And so Pewterers, to their Pewter, to make it sound more clear like Silver. 'Tis also used in the casting of Iron Bullets, to make the Metal run the better. The

Spanish Women rub their Eye-brows with it, to give them an acceptable Black. a 1.709

The Cathartick Property of Antimony, was first taken notice of by Paracelsus. And several Preparations hereof both Cathartick, and Diaphoretick, are now much cele∣brated. Of the Virtue of it also taken Crude, see the Phil. Transact. b 1.710 The Red Oil, called Stibij Sanguis, admirable in Malignant Ulcers. c 1.711

MERCURIAL ORE. Given by Mr. Oldenburge. 'Tis all of one colour, much like that of the Hepatick Cinna∣bar,* 1.712 but somewhat sadder. In the West-Indies, all their silver is refined, or else melted down with Quick-silver. e 1.713 A Past made hereof with Gold, is sometimes used for gild∣ing of Brass Vessels; which being daub'd with the same, and held to the fire, the Gold adheres, and the Mercury ex∣hales. With this the Tin-Foile is made to stick close to the backsides of Looking-Glasses. Of Sublimate, Ceruss, Juyce of Limons, and Rose-water, mixed like an Oyntment; is made That Paint, which is both the best and the worst in the World.

In Medicine, the great use of Mercury is in the Lues Vene∣rea; sometimes in the Cholick and Iliac Passion; and for Wormes, especially those small ones, called Ascarides; against which, if duly prepar'd, there is no Medicine so effectual, or more safe. Being prepar'd, and mixed with convenient Catharticks, 'tis also very properly us'd in divers Chronick Diseases.

A rich piece of Native CINNABAR, from Carinthia. It weighs above ℥ij and ʒij, and is entirely of a Scarlet colour.

Another Piece of CINNABAR, of a Scarlet-colour, from Tyrol.

A Piece of Native CINNABAR, of a purple colour, almost like that of fine Lake. Given by Mr. Olden∣burge.

A piece of BLACK CINNABAR. Given by Dr. Walter Pope. Hard and ponderous, about as big as a Lambs Heart. Where it breaks, of a shining black.

Another piece, of a shining Black, mixed with a sad Pur∣ple. By the same Hand.

The best Cinnabar in the Schemnitz Mines, ground with

Oil, makes a Vermillion, equal to, if not surpassing, that made by sublimation. a 1.714

YELLOW MUNDICK. Marchasita. Pyrites Aureus; not for that it hath any Gold in it, but is both within, and without, of a shining Metallick yellow. As heavy, as most Ores. Here are of various Figures; as

The ORBICULAR MARCHASITE; tuberated, about the bigness of Hand-Ball.

Another, lesser, and a little compressed.

The GRAP-MARCHASITE. March. Botryidea. It con∣sisteth of small Globules growing together in the form of a young Bunch of Grapes. There is one like this in Ferr. Im∣perato.

The APPLE MARCHASITE, as it may be call'd. 'Tis round, excepting on one side, where it falls in, and hath a stalk, like a young Apple.

The FLORID MARCHASITE. So I name it. For it looks like a Cluster of Buds ready to flower.

The YELLOW BUD. Marchasita Phylloidea. For it looks like a single Bud composed of several small leaves.

Part of a CYLINDRICK MARCHASITE, radiated from a Vitriolick Pith or Centre.

The TABULATED MARCHASITE. Broad and plain, or flat like a Tablet. Consisting of flaked and small Cubick knobs, growing on a rough Stone.

Another, only Flaked, growing to a blackish Stone.

A Third flaked, but of an irregular form.

The GRANULATED MARCHASITE. It grows on a brown Stone, in a Crust of about ••/12^th of an inch thick, with the surface all over grained. This kind is found near Hin∣don in Middlesex.

Not only the greater Flakes of which the other Varie∣ties consist, but even the smallest and almost invisible Grains, are all either Squares, or at least pointed with Right Angles. Whereas the Pyrites, simply so call'd, is always Radiated. Which, and not the colour, according to others, I take to be the principal difference between them.

The CUBICK Marchasite, about 1/••^d of an inch square. The Marchasite seems to attain the perfection of its Figure, in a Cube; that is, a Square upon a Square. But sometimes it consisteth of parts neither Cubick nor Square; as in

The PENTAGONATE Marchasite. About the bigness of a little Gall; somewhat round, defined with several sides, each with five Angles.

A Tuberated Marchasite with a Green Spar.

A MARCHASITE growing to its own Spar, together with a white one pointed and semiperspicuous.

A Mixed MARCHASITE. It consisteth of yellow pieces partly cubick, and partly flaked: with Lead-Ore holding Silver growing to it on one side; on the other, several sets of ash-colour'd Flakes growing together in the form of little Roses.

As all Metals, so Marchasites have their SPARS, called Fluores. Both because they melt in the fire; and make the Ores to which they belong, to melt the better. The rea∣son whereof is, For that in all Spars, there is a certain Salt which lies more loose and open, and which in mixing with the Ore, frets and tears it all to pieces.

A Piece of WHITE MUNDICK.

WHITE MUNDICK ORE, immersed in Grains in an ash-colour'd Stone.

GREEN MUNDICK, or Mundick Ore, running in Veins in white Clay.

A large sphaerical and knobed FIRE-STONE, or Pyrites, about two inches in Diametre.

Another, of the same Figure, as big as a Walnut, and of an Iron-colour.

A Piece of a large one of the same Figure, and with a black surface. The whole Body is radiated from a Vitrio∣lick Centre or Pith about ¼ of an inch in Diametre. Which radiation is also seen in most Fire-stones.

Another whole of the same form, a little lesser.

A Round PYRITES, compressed. Another lesser.

A PYRITES, partly Cylindrick, and partly Oval; Cy∣lindrovalis. 'Tis two inches long, and near an inch and ••/2 over; Cylindrick in the middle, and Oval at both ends. The Surface, smooth, and of a shining black.

MUNDICK ORE, as it may be call'd; having the same Analogy to that which is figur'd; as the Ores of Metals, have to such as are pure and perfect. This is for the most part of a greenish ash-colour, not very hard, and somewhat gritty.

Yellow Mundick GRAIN-ORE; immersed in a Spar of an Amethystine colour.

Another sort, like Silver Grain-Ore, in a Spar of the co∣lour of that of Tin. So hard as to cut Glass.

A piece of Mundick-Ore in a white Spar, both Grained and Vein'd.

A piece or two of Veined Ore from a Silver-Mine.

Mundick Ore and Vitriol mixed with a White and Green Spar.

Mundick Ore, and Black Daze, mixed with a Vein of White and Green Spar; all lying between two firm Beds or Walls. These Ores, by some are called Mock-Ores.

A MOCK-FIRE-STONE. Pyrites stirilis. Outwardly, of the colour of polish'd Steel. And radiated from the Centre, as the true Pyrites. But of a light and useless sub∣stance.

No sort of Mundick, that I find, either in the Ore, or per∣fect, stirreth with Acids. Every Metal hath its Marchasite: which is sometimes added to them, instead of Lead, a 1.715 to make them flow the better. But if too much, it robs them, by over volatilizing them b 1.716 in the Furnace. Out of most Fire-stones, may be made both Vitriol and Sulphur.

SECT. III. Of Mineral Principles.

BY Mineral Principles, I mean, neither such imaginary ones as some have talked of: nor such as may possibly have a real existence, yet were never seen solitary or uncom∣pounded: but those which come within the cognizance of sense, sc. Salt, Sulphurs, and Earths; and such Bodies as are reduceable to these Tribes. For it seemeth to me, That most subterranial Bodies are either compounded of these Three, or are hereinto resolved. So Copperas is the salt of a Metal; either as an ingredient in its Generation; or resulting from its Corrosion by some Natural Menstruum, equivalent to such as are applyed by Art. In like manner, a Bolus, as it seems to be the Basis of most Stones and Metals;

so, upon the Resolution of the same, to be nothing but their Caput mortuum. There being a Circulation amongst Minerals, as amongst Plants and Animals; the same Princi∣ples passing from one to another. And so, probably, amongst all Bodies, at least between the Atmosphere and the Centre of the Earth.

CHAP. I. Of SALTS.

A Parcel of NATURAL SAL ARMONIAC. (Rather Ammoniac, from its supposed similitude to that of the Ancients, bred under the Sands in Africa.) This I call Natural, as being found sublimed, by the subterraneal Fire, in a Cole-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne. Given by Dr. L. Hodgson, who first made experiment of the nature hereof. And hath answer'd several Quaeries about it, pro∣posed by Mr. Boyle. a 1.717 Here is some of it lying upon and between Beds of a light and sooty Earth; and some pure and white as Sow. It hath the perfect Tast of the Factiti∣ous; consisteth of the like Fibers or Styriae; and may be easily sublimed into Flowers. b 1.718 Cerutus hath also de∣scrib'd a Sal Ammoniac, as he calls it, sublimed by the sub∣terraneal Fires of Puteoli; but This is of a different kind, as appears from his Description of it. c 1.719 Hereof are made se∣veral Preparations of great Use to Physitians, Alchymists, and others, as the Spirit Simple, Aromatiz'd, and Tinctur'd; the Tinctur'd Flowers, &c.

A parcel of SALT taken from Tenariffe, 1674. and given by Dr. George Trumbal. 'Tis very white, and light like flowers of Sal Ammoniac, or the Earth call'd Agaricum Minerale. Taken by some to be a kind of Nitre. But not rightly. For it hath the perfect Tast of a Lixivial Salt. Makes an Effervescence with Aqua Fortis, as those Salts will, but Nitre will not do. Hath, as those, a fixed Body: neither will it flow, or flame, though exposed naked to the same fire, wherein Nitre will do both. Yet hath it somewhat of a nitrous Tast intermixed; as have also many Lixivial Salts. I conclude it therefore to be a fixed Alkaly, or, in nature, a kind of Lixivial Salt.

Another parcel of the same sort of SALT, taken out of the Cave or the Pique of Tenariffe, 1674. by the same Hand. Different from the former, only in being of a purer white.

A Third parcel of the same, taken, I suppose, from ano∣ther quarter of the said Mountain.

A square piece of Crystalline Sal Gemmae (rather Gem∣meus) weighing almost twenty Ounces.

A Ball of Crystalline Sal Gemmeus; with another piece of the same Species.

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus, tinctur'd with some Rays of yellow. It grows almost in the form of Sal Ammo∣niac.

A piece of styriated Sal Gemmeus tinctur'd with partly an Amethystine, partly a Saphirine Blew.

Ambrosinus gives a Figure of Crystal of this Salt, much like that of the Corns of common Sea-Salt; from which it differs no more, than Pit-Salt.

Sal Fossilis properly so call'd, is, as it were, the Ore of the Sal Gemmeus. Yet This, as well as Metals, is sometimes found native. The principal Mines are in Poland and Ca∣labria: of which, see a Relation in the Phil. Transactions.a 1.720 In the lesser Poland, saith Comer, b 1.721 are some pieces of this Salt (he means the Ore) like huge Stones; so hard, that Houses and even whole Towns are built with them. Near Eperies, a City in Upper-Hungary, is a Salt-Mine, in which are pieces Ten thousand pounds weight. c 1.722

Of This as of common Salt, may be distill'd that Acid Liquor commonly, but absurdly call'd the Oil. This mo∣derately taken, but especially if it be dulcify'd by Cohoba∣tions with a simple, or rather with an aromatiz'd Spirit of Wine, is sometimes of excellent use to restore the Digestive Faculty to the Stomach. But the common sort, taken, as it often is, without discretion, really breeds more Diseases, than it pretends to cure. See several Preparations of Salt in Schroder and others. Ambrosinus, I think it is, who reports, d 1.723 That in the Province of Canicla, in the Great Cam's Dominions, the people melt and cast Salt into a round Form, for Money. But who ever knows the nature of common Salt, must also, that this Report is a great mistake.

BLEW VITRIOL, Native, and crystalliz'd, from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt in Hungary. Given by Dr. Ed∣ward Brown, together with the several Species following.

GREEN VITRIOL, Native; from the Silver-Mines of Schemnitz in Hungary.

Native GREEN VITRIOL, mixed with some Rays of a pale Blew; from the same place. With its astringent and sweetish Tasts, is joyn'd some Acritude. It grows to its own Ore, of a purplish ash-colour; and of a milder Tast.

A parcel of the same Species, from the Copper-Mine of Herngrundt.

Native VITRIOL of a pale Purple, and consisting of pointed Crystals. This also hath some Acritude. From the same Mine.

Native WHITE VITRIOL. It grows in glossy Grains like Nitre grosly powder'd; and not without some Acritude. From the same place.

Made WHITE-VITRIOL of Chremnitz.

WHITE-VITRIOL Ore of Chremnitz. Of a pale Okre colour, and meanly astringent.

A sort of Native VFRDEGRIESE, from the Copper-Mines of Herngrundt. It consisteth of flat and parallel Plates, as in a Slate; of a blewish Green, yet not so blew, as the factitious. 'Tis also of a much milder Tast. It maketh a strong ebullition with Spirit of Nitre. These from the above-mention'd Person.

A rich ORE of Green Copperas, from Cornwall. Of a kind of Brick-colour, crack'd a little with lying in the Air, and hath upon it several efflorescent lumps of Copperas.

A poorer sort of Green Copperas ORE. On one side, be∣ing scraped, of a blewish ash-colour; and with little Tast. On the other, of a yellowish Green, and tasteth strong as Vitriol. Maketh an Effervescence with Spirit of Nitre.

A Fibrous or STYRIATED ORE of Green Copperas. 'Tis white, and form'd almost like Sal Ammoniac; but hath the perfect Tast of Green Vitriol. Acids stir it not.

Besides the places mention'd, and others, Green Copperaas is plentifully made here in England, as at Debtford, and else where. The Copperas Stones or Fire-Stones are found on the Sea-shore in Essex, Hamphire, and so Westward; the best of a bright Silver-colour. For the making of Copperas,

they make Beds sometimes an hundred feet long, and fifteen broad at top; well ram'd first with Clay, and then with Chalk. In these Beds the said Stones are laid about two feet thick: which by Sun and Rain, are gradually dissolv'd; and in five or six years time, begin to turn into a kind of Vitriolick Earth, which will swell and ferment like levened-Dough. And once in four years, the Bed is renewed with fresh Stones. In a Boyler containing about twelve Tuns of Vitriolick Liquor running from the Bed, they put in by degrees, about fifteen hundred pounds of old Iron; which both quickens the boyling, and prevents the setling and melting of the Copperas at the bottom of the Boyler, and of the Boyler it self. Sometimes, in stirring the Earth on the Beds, they find pieces of Native Copperas. See a parti∣cular and exact account of these Works at Debtford, com∣municated by Mr. Colwal, the Founder of this Musaeum, and by Me published in the Philosophical Transactions. a 1.724 Of the Nature of Vitriol, see several considerable Observa∣tions grounded on Experiment, in the same Transactions. b 1.725 Amongst other particulars, an excellent way of purifying it from its Okre.

The three principal Parts hereof are, an Acid Spirit, fixed Salt, and Sulphur. The last, a good Hypnotick, in some Cases, where Opium is not safe.

Native Vitriol, saith Ambrosinus, c 1.726 given to the quan∣tity of ʒj in any convenient vehicle, is a great Remedy in Germany and Hungary for the Plague. Blew Vitriol of ex∣cellent use against Venereal Ulcers. Both of this, and the Green, is made the Powder called Sympathetick; the De∣scription whereof may be seen in Papinius, and out of him in Wormius. I doubt not, but that the Stiptick Liquors of Mr. Lyster and of Mr. Deny, are both made of Vitriol.

A sort of ALUMINOUS Earth, found near the River Patomach in Virginia. 'Tis soft and very light; of an ash∣colour, and acid-astringent Tast, almost like that of Alum. Whether the people there make Alum of it, or use it in Deying, we have no account.

Of the Nature of Alum, see a very good Discourse in the Philosophical Transactions. d 1.727 Of the English Alum-Works an accurate Account, communicated by Daniel Col∣wal Esq and by Me published in the same Transactions. e 1.728

The Alum-Stone (of a blackish colour, and flaky, like Cornish Slate) is found in most of the Hills between Scarbrough and the River of Tees in York-shire. As also near Preston in Lancashire. Of these Stones calcin'd, is made a Lee; and of the Lee, Alum. The Lee after the first shooting of the Alum; is called Mothers. In which, certain Nitrous and other parts call'd Slam, being predominant; to precipitate the same, they add the Lees of Kelp; made of Tangle, a Sea-Weed commonly among Oysters. And then, a certain proportion of Urine, both for the same purpose, and to keep the Kelp-Lees from hardening the Alum too much. The Mine, before it is calcin'd, being exposed to the Air, will moulder in pieces, and yield a Liquor whereof Copperas may be made.

Fallopius's Aq. Aluminis Magistralis, is of good use against untoward Ulcers. Deyers boil their Cloaths, or Yarn in Alum-Water, that they may take both a better, and more dura∣ble colour. It is used, likewise, for the making of a Leather soft and white, or fit to take a clear colour, which the Tan'd, will not do. And I little doubt, but that to wash the Skins of Beasts or Fowls herewith on both sides, or perhaps on the Feathers, only strewing Alum in fine powder, would be a good way to keep them from the Moth, and growing dank in moist Weather, and so to preserve them for ever.

CHAP. II. Of SULPHURS.

A Piece of Opacous yellow AMBER half a foot long. Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq. Found, with se∣veral lesser pieces, in digging of a Ditch under the Walls of Rensburge in Holstein, eighteen feet under ground. Which place is at least five and twenty miles both from the Baltick and German Seas.

A Piece of AMBER of the colour of Honey.

A Piece of clear yellow AMBER. Given by Captain Tailor.

Another yellow Piece, semiperspicuous; from the same Hand.

A Ball of yellow and opacous AMBER.

A Piece of clear yellow Amber, with a CICADA drowned in it.

A Piece of Citrine Amber, with several GNATS im∣mersed.

A little Ball of citrine Amber, with an immersed Em∣met.

A Heart of yellow Amber, with two FLIES.

Two or three more Pieces, with some other INSECTS. In Septalius's Musaeum, is one so large as to bury a Frog. And Boetius a 1.729 affirms that Pieces are found sometimes as big as a mans Head.

Found in great quantity in Pomerania, and upon the Coast of Prussia in the Baltick-Sea. The Elector of Branden∣burge, Soveraign of that Coast, farmes it out b 1.730 for twenty Thousand Crowns yearly. Also plentiful on the Coasts of Soffala, Mosambique and Melinde.

Boetius describes a Powder, c 1.731 in which Amber is the chief Ingredient, and which he highly commends for the Epilepsie both in Children and grown persons. The two Salts of Amber united, saith Terzagi, d 1.732 make an admira∣ble Specifick for that Disease.

Take Yelks of Eggs sixteen, Gum Arabick ℥ij; Gum of Cherry-Tree ℥j. Dissolve them, and set them in the Sun for an Artificial Amber. Amongst the many Opinions of the Original of Amber, I put this question, Whether it is not a kind of harden'd Petroleum?

FLAKED STONE-COAL. Lithanthrax scissilis. By some called Black Amber; not properly. For, when fir'd, it hath scarce any tast or smell. Neither doth it yield any Oil, or melt, as Amber. Only makes a very weak and thin Flame, which presently vanishes; and little smoak. Yet keeps fire for a considerable time. 'Tis black, glossy, and pretty hard. Yet being struck, easily breaketh into Flakes of a square Figure. Found in Misnia, Bohemia, &c. In some Pits two Hundred paces deep. d 1.733

A STONE taken out of the Dead-Sea. Blackish and somewhat flaky. Dissoluble with Spirit of Nitre. When fir'd, it yields a sulphurious scent. Yet the barbarous Arabi∣ans use it for fewel.

A Piece of Jet. Gagates, from Gaza a River of Lycia,

where first found. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. Of a shining colour, and in some places, flaky. It cracks when held to the fire; and in it, burns with a thick flame and smoak, and very stinking. If rub'd till its warm, it takes up pieces of Feathers, and such light Bodies. 'Tis found in France, Sicily. And in this Island, in Cleaveland, on the top of Huntley and Whitby Clifts, where the Sea-water never comes.

Pit EBONY. Ebenum fossile. Very brittle, and when held in a flame, breaks into Flakes; it burns, with a sooty smoak, into ashes; but with scarce any flame.

A parcel of ORPMENT. Auripigmentum s. Arsemicum croceum.

Native SULPHUR or BRIMSTONE, crystalliz'd, of a pale Golden colour, and semiperspicuous. Sent from Peru. The like is described in Calceolarius's Musaeum, and by Wormius.

ANOTHER Piece, of such a like colour. Found in the Pike of Tenariff, and given by Dr. George Trumbal.

A Lump of Native SULPHUR of the colour of some Olibanum Drops, or opacous yellow Amber. From the same Hand, and Place. As also,

Two Pieces of SULPHUR ORE. One, Earth, of a brown colour; the other, Stone, of a Sand-colour and gritty.

Native SULPHUR of Island. Of the colour of the common factitious Brimstone; and immersed in a stony Bed.

SULPHUR, of a curious Orange-colour, extracted out of Gold-Ore. Given by Henry Oldenburge Esq.

SULPHUR ORE of Freyberg. Here are three Pieces. One, almost of the colour of Cinabar. Put into the fire, it smells like Brimstone, but flames not. The other two, consist of blackish and ash-colour parts mixed with the red; together with some grains of Mundick. If fired, they smell like the first, but not so strongly; nor make any flame.

GREEN SULPHUR-ORE. Like that in the Copper-Mines of Suecia, mention'd by Wormius.

SULPHUR-ORE of Island. Opacous, and immersed in a blewish Glebe. If burnt, it hath the scent of Brimstone; but yet weak, and flames not.

Of the nature of Sulphur, Copperas, and Alum, see a very good Discourse in the Phil. Transactions. a 1.734 Of the Uses, see Agricola, Libavius, Crollius, &c. I have seen a Tincture of Sulphur of Mr. Boyls, brought over the Helm, which will fume all away. I remember not where he describes it, but as I take it, 'tis made with Sal Ammoniac.

CHAP. III. Of EARTHS.

TWo Parcels of EARTH RAINED on the Archipe∣lago, upon the Eruption of M. Vesuvius, Dec. 6th 1631. Given by J. Evelyn Esq. One, is gritty, and of the colour of Amber. The other a soft Bole, and looks like powder'd Jalap. I dropped some Oil of Vitriol on them, but they stir not. This Earth began to rain about Ten of the Clock at Night, and continu'd till two next Morning: So that it lay two inches thick on the Deck of Captain W. Badily's Ship, who sent this Relation. While it rain'd, no Wind stirring. It fell in several parts a hundred Leagues distant. b 1.735

A parcel of EARTH, RAINED lately upon Tenariff. Given by Mr. Joseph Bowles, a Merchant in this City. Of a pale Clay-colour, and insipid. Yet upon the affusion of Oil of Vitriol, makes a suddain Effervescence; herein diffe∣rent from the former.

FINE SAND, from a Sand-Pit near Bruley in Kent. Given also by Mr. Evelyn. Of this is made the clearest and best English Glass. It consisteth of some Grains, as clear as Crystal: with which others obscure, being mixed, give a whitish ash-colour to the whole Mass.

A Sandy substance of a Gold-colour, found in a Vein of Stone in Hartford in New-England.

Black SAND of Virginia.

Black SAND found on the shore near New-Haven in New-England; with some Grains of red and white.

The like out of St. Christophers Island.

Fine white SAND of Saco in New-England.

Of BOLES and other EARTHS, here are examples of all colours, as White, Ash-colour'd, Yellow, Red, Green, Blew, Brown, Black. Of which in their Order.

A parcel of MELITA EARTH. Given by Sir Phil. Skippon. By some called St. Pauls Earth. 'Tis of a white colour, but inclining to that of Mortar. Not gritty, yet less soft than many other Earths. Makes a strong Effer∣vescence with any Acid. Cerutus a 1.736 extols the use of it in Pestilential Feavers, and against Worms in Children, and not unjustly. Not only the Earth it self, but the Images, Vessels, and the like, made hereof, are fabled to derive these and other Virtues, as against the bitings of Serpents, &c. from St. Paul, who liv'd sometime there, and miraculously preserv'd himself from the Venome of the Viper. And Wor∣mius b 1.737 hath given himself the trouble to transcribe a print∣ed Paper hereof.

SAMOS EARTH. 'Tis white, and softer than the for∣mer. Maketh an ebullition with any Acid; but very weak and slow. It hath somewhat of an aromatick Tast, like that of calcin'd Harts Horn. Of this also Vessels were an∣tiently made of great esteem.

STONE MARROW. Stenomarga Agricolae, i. e. Saxi Medulla: because found between the Commissures of great Stones. Agaricus Mineralis, Imperato; from its likeness to Agarick in colour; but no further. For between the Teeth it feels somewhat like fine sand or grit; and hath no Tast. Nor is it sensible of Acids. 'Tis sometimes used by Chirurgions for the drying of Ulcers.

A BOLE like that of WHITE c 1.738 Terra Lemnia. Very close and heavy, and when scraped, of a pale white, smooth, and glossy; almost like to white Wax. 'Tis but slowly dis∣solved in the mouth.

This and other like smooth Earths are commonly called Pingues, or Fat: absurdly, for Laeves or Subtiles. Their seeming Pinguitude proceeding only from the exquisite fineness of the Particles of which they consist.

A smooth BOLE, almost of the colour of Castile Soap. More easily dissolved than the former, so as it seems to melt in the mouth like Butter.

A parcel of very white, light, and soft EARTH. Taken out of the Cave opened at the Royal Fort at Plymouth;

where it lies in little Veins containing much water. Sup∣posed to be the materia prima of white Marble.

A White EARTH lying in a Load degenerated from Tin. very gritty, and insensible of Acids.

A White EARTH, with a Ray of Red; very soft, with∣out any grit, and inaffected with Acids. Nor hath it the common Tast of Boles, but is altogether insipid. Found in the same place, as the former; but in different Veins. Supposed to be the Embrio of white and red Marble.

A BOLE of a yellowish sandy colour; somewhat gritty and friable.

SILESIAN BOLE. Of a redish yellow, exactly like the paler Emplastrum de Minio. As dense as any other, crack∣ling a little betwixt the Teeth. Yet without the least Par∣ticle of Grit; feels as smooth as Castile-Soap; scrapes with a gloss; and breaks like Bees-Wax, or the Salve above-said. Tasteth like other Boles.

The BOHEMICK sealed BOLE. It agrees in all pro∣perties with the former; saving that it hath somewhat more of red.

The HEPATICK BOLE of LEMNOS. Of kin to the red Lemnian. And answers to that which Wormius describes by the Name of Terra sigillata hepatica. It stirreth not with Acids.

ANOTHER of the same more PALE. Somewhat harder than the Armenian Bole. It makes a small ebullition with Oil of Vitriol, and with Spirit of Nitre a very strong one.

I take the principal Difference between Earths, as applied to Medical Use, to be this, That some are not affected with Acids; others are: Those, Pauperes or Fatuae; coming nearer to simple or meer Earths; These Saline, or impregnated with a Mineral Alkali, and therefore of greater energy.

A smooth and pale redish CLAY, lying in a little vein, running East and West, through a great Pillar of Sand, in a firme Marble-Rock. Supposed to be the Embrio of the red Marble.

Red LEMNOS EARTH. As red as Radle; but much more close and coherent, and so colours not the Fingers. Theophrastus a 1.739 reckons up three sorts of Terra Lemnia; sc. the Deep Red, the Pale Red, and the Whitish.

Celebrated by some of the Antients against Poyson, which, if right, it expels by Vomit. Yet Theophrastus saith, That in his time, it was used only for Painting.

ARMENIAN BOLE. From that part of Armenia next to Cappadocia. Both of a deep and a pale Red. Very soft, and easily rub'd to powder. Never makes any ebulli∣tion with Acids. First brought to Rome in Galen's time, when the Plague was there. In which, and other Malignant Diseases, it hath generally been esteemed of good use. Joubertus relates, as a Testimony of its Virtue, That four men preparing some Cathartick of Antimony, were all well nigh suffocated. And that upon his giving them each ℈ij of this Bole, they became very well. But the question is, Whether so soon as they were got out of the reach of the Antimonial Fumes, (from which we may be sure he took them) they would not have been well without it?

An English BOLE, like the Armenian. From Sir J. Hoskins.

A Red MINERAL EARTH, with some little glossiness in some places. Of the colour of the deepest Armenian Bole.

Red Cornish MARLE, used in Agriculture. It hath some grains of fine Sand, which, through a Glass, looks like Me∣tal. A piece also of common Radle.

A BOLE consisting of Red and White Plates, thin and parallel; so as to look like striped Work.

BERG-GRUN; a Green Earth, the sediment of a green Water in the Copper-Mine at Herngrundt. Given by Dr. Ed. Brown. 'Tis used by Painters.

A VERDAZURINE BOLE. So I call it, for that it is on the out-side of a blewish green, like Verdegriese. Within, of the colour of a Leek. It sticks to the Tongue, as the Armenian, or Lemnian, and hath the like Tast. Stirs not with Acids. Not unlike to that, which is described by Wormius with the Name of Creta Viridis. Yet cannot be the same, unless that Name be ill given: for Chalk properly so call'd, maketh a strong Effervescence with any Acid.

A GREEN EARTH like that which Kentman a 1.740 calls Saponariam s. Fulloniam.

A BLEWISH Grey MARLE mixed with Red. Used in Agriculture.

A BLEWISH EARTH, with the signature of an Escal∣lop upon it. It gently dissolves with Acids.

Earthen BALLS, about as big as mounting Stones, of a Blewish colour, or that of Tobacco-Pipe-Clay. With other irregular Lumps of the same nature: found among the Earth of a Hill overturn'd at Kenebank in New-England.

A Piece of IRISH-SLATE, so called. Given by Mr. Rob. Hook. Of the same colour as the Cornish, only somewhat paler. But as soft as the Terra Lemnia, and several other Boles. And is therefore to be reckon'd amongst them. Be∣sides the common Tast of Boles, it hath a little Astringency. Yet not alike perceived in all, for there is better and worse: which Apothecaries will do well to observe.

Kentman a 1.741 mentions a sort of very white Earth near Padoa, which in a short time would turn Blew, only by being exposed to the Aer.

A sort of BROWN EARTH, very light; lying in Veins, incompassed with a Body of greenish Sand. From Corn∣wall.

A BLACK EARTH, taken out of a spot enclosed in the same Sand, without any Vein issuing from it.

PART IV. Of Artificial Matters.

SECT. I. Of Things relating to CHYMISTRY, and to other Parts of NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

ALL Arts are referred either barely to the Observation, Or also to the Command and Management of their Object, for the Use of Man. But I must speak of those Particulars here preserv'd, in that Order, as they will bear: and so shall reduce them to four General Heads, sc. such as relate to Chymistry and other parts of Natural Phi∣losophy; To the Mathematicks, Mechanicks, and Anti∣quity.

The Phlegme, Oil, Spirit, Volatile, and fixed Salts, both of the Serous, and Grumous Parts of HUMANE BLOOD. Together with the Oil, Volatile, and fixed Salts, of that of an OX. Prepared, and given by Dr. Walter Needham. By whom also was read a Discourse before the Royal Society, in which, as I take it, the proportions between the said parts, with divers other Remarques were deliver'd. But I meet with no Register hereof. The different Proportions of the said parts, as they are observable in the several Viscera, I may have occasion else where to represent. I shall now only note, That the fixed Salts of Blood above mention'd, are three of them Grey, and all but weak. The fourth, viz. that of the serous part of an Oxes, although calcined to whiteness; yet is not so strong, as That of most Vege∣tables.

The OIL of TOBACCO distilled per descensum. The notable effect hereof upon a Cat, was try'd some years since before the Royal Society. One or two Drops of it be∣ing

put upon her Tongue, she fell immediately into horrid Convulsions, and dy'd within the space of one minute of an hour. This very Oil I have several times prescribed to my own Father (who takes Tobacco) in Lint to be held betwixt his Teeth, against the Toothach, with a good effect, and no ill one. But I, who take none, having once us'd it, my self in the same manner, although I swallow'd not so much as any of my spittle, yet it made me extremely sick, and vomit once or twice.

The Stillatitious OIL of LAWANG BARQUE. Sent from Java major by Sir Phil. Vernatti. It partaketh much of the colour, smell, and tast of That of Sassafras; but is much more fragrant. The Oil of Sassafras is distill'd only from the Wood. But if one were distill'd from the Barque, it might equal This.

An Oil distill'd per Alembicum, from the ROOTS of the CINAMON-TREE resembling Camphire. From the same Hand and Place. The Roots being only bruised, and steeped in Water, are then distill'd. The Tree is about the bigness of the Olive. Described by Linschot. a 1.742 Grows in Cavit and Subanin, but the best and most in the Island Sey∣lon; there in whole Woods.

The LIQUID OIL of MACE, by expression. 'Tis made of fresh Mace. Hath some few curdled parts, as some∣times in that of Olives: but the most part of it is liquid without heat, which the best expressed Oil of Mace in the Shops, is not. Almost of the colour of a Tincture of Saffron, and very fragrant. Confirming what Linschot saith, sc. That the original colour of Mace, is Scarlet.

The FIXED SALTS of Carduus bened. Garden and Sea Scurvy-Grass, Ash and Oak Barques, Rosemary, Mint, Mugwort, Agrimony, Wormwood, Sorrel, Mallows, Liquorish, Anise-Seeds, Sena, Jalap. By Me prepared and given. To∣gether with a Discourse read before the Royal Society con∣cerning the same, which I purpose to publish ere long. I shall here only Note, that although Many think and affirm, That all the Fixed Salts of Vegetables are alike: yet by These, duly managed, it doth appear, That there is a great diffe∣rence, both as to strength, and otherwise, between divers of them, even when they have been equally calcin'd. So far, that the promiscuous use of some of them, in Physick, is

unsafe: as, for instance, of Tartar and Wormwood; half a Scruple of the former, being as strong as one whole Scruple of the latter. Of the Fixed Salt of Vegetables, see a Discourse in the Phil. Transact. N. 107, & 108. Of the Volatile Salt, N. 101. a 1.743

An East-Indian Composition (as it seems of Vegetables) called CATO. Very astringent, and infus'd in water makes it yellow. Us'd by the Indians against the Inflammations of the Mouth or Throat.

SAL AMMONIAC sublim'd in a Sugar-Mould from Beds of the same taken from a Coal-Mine near New-Castle upon Tyne; of which, see the foregoing part of this Cata∣logue. Prepar'd and given by Dr. Luke Hodgson.

SPIRIT of Sal Ammoniac distill'd from the said Salt mixed with Quick-Lime. By the same Hand.

The Parts of the Medical WATERS of SCARBROUGH. Prepared and given by Dr. Witty: together with an account of them. But this I find not. The Preparations are these, The Phlegm, and Acid Spirit, not strong. The Sedement upon evaporation, of an ash-colour, a bitterish and nitrous Tast. The Precipitate, upon the mixture of Gall-powder; black, and of little Tast. One or two Grains will precipitate ʒj out of a Gallon of the Water. The Ni∣trous or Essential Salt, as I take it, before the Precipitation be made. The like Salt, after the Precipitation is made. These Salts have also somewhat of a Nitrous Tast, but mixed with a smatch of a Vitriolick: And the latter, I take notice, is figur'd into long square Crystals, or little square Bars. The Black Precipitate calcin'd. The Lixivial Salts, made, as I take them, from the Precipitate, and from the simple Sediment or Extract both before and after Pre∣cipitation made: somewhat like to that of Vitriol.

What ever Ingredients, as Niter, Vitriol, or other known Salts, may go to constitute these abovesaid; I am of Opi∣nion, That the predominant is some Metallick Principle different from them all.

A Solid HERMETICK PHOSPHORUS; a mixed Mat∣ter, which being exposed for about half a minute of an hour to the Sun, or only to Day-light, or to a bright Fire or Candle; will shine in the dark for some minutes. Made by Dr. Fr. Slare, and by him given to the Royal Society,

Apr. 3. 1679. The first of this kind was made by Mon∣sieur Baldwin, a German Lawyer who gave it the Name above, but with no direction for the making of it. Nor doth he so much as mention the Materials.

I call it Solid, to distinguish it from two Liquid kinds. The Author of one, supposed to be Mr. Dan. Krafft. The other invented by the Honourable Mr. Boyle; which He calls the Aerial Noctiluca; and whereof He hath lately published an excellent Discourse. In whose Laboratory, the solid kind was also made by his direction, several ways.

Of the Process for This here, Dr. Slare some years since received a hint from Dr. Christian Connerding, Archiater to the Duke of Zell. And not hearing of any one, amongst many that have try'd, besides these Three, to have suc∣ceeded in the making of it, he hath imparted the following Account.

Take good firm Chalk, ignite it in a Crucible, and then powder it. Put into a pint or half a pint of strong Spirit of Nitre, Cochleatim, as much hereof, as will serve well to sati∣ate it, i. e. till it becomes sweetish, and makes no Effervescence upon the injection of the Chalk. Then dilute this Liquor with fair Water, filtre it through a Paper, and so evaporate it in a large Glass, or glazed Vessel, or good Hassian Crucible to a dry Salt. The preparation whereof may be perform'd in four hours: whereas I have seen a Pocess, that would take as many Weeks to follow it.

The main business lies in the good Enchiresis; about which these several Directions must be carefully ob∣serv'd.

First you must prepare a Vessel of Clay, somewhat like a shallow Coffee-Dish, of three, four, or five inches in Dia∣metre, and an inch in depth, very well baked and neal'd. Then place it under a Muffle, after the manner of a Refining Furnace, in the place where the Cuppels usually stand: and so make it red hot. Then put the prepared Salt into it, by little and little, not above ʒj ss. or ʒij at a time. Keep the fire to that degree, which will suffice to make the Salt boil in the Dish, so as to spread it self every way, and creep up the sides of it. Before the Salt, last put in, be consumed, be sure always to be ready, to make a new addition, otherwise your labour so far is lost, and you must begin again.

When five or six Drachms are fum'd away, take the Dish nimbly out of the fire, so soon as the Salt last put in is dry. If you have wrought well, what remains in the Dish will be yellowish in some parts, and every yellow part will shine. Secure this Matter from the Air by fitting and cementing a Glass to it: otherwise it will loose its property in one Week.

As to the Cause of this strange Phaenomenon, Dr. Slare continues to this effect. I shall in short offer my Thoughts, and refer them to your Judgment. Two Questions may arise: What it is in this Mixture that yields the light? and, How it doth it? As to the first, I take it to be the pure fiery part of the Spirit of Nitre embraced by the Chalk. For that the rest is weak and phlegmatick; as appears, if it be distill'd. Also, that about the end of the Operation, a black Fume begins to rise and fly away. That if by continuing the Dish too long in the fire, you drive all the Nitrous parts away, the Chalk which stays behind will not be luminous. Or if the Matter duly prepar'd, be exposed to the Air, and thereby prey'd upon, the same effect will follow.

As to the Second, I suppose, That it shines not by Imbi∣bition of Light, but by Impression from it, from whence proceeds a motion therein productive of Light. Which we may the rather be induced to believe, In that if it be put into an Iron Cover, and then an Iron Box, and a good heat given to it, it will shine so vigorously as to seem to kindle the Air about it. That two Men by following their blow close, will make a Bar of Iron glow, or shine in the dark. And although the Impulse of Light may seem small; yet upon Bodies nearly related to it, as This seems to be, it appears to be great. As in those odd effects it sometimes hath upon Infants unus'd to it; and People that have sore Eyes; or have been newly Couch'd; as it happen'd to Dr. Castle sometime since, who by making bold with his Eyes too early, (i. e. by a too frequent admission of light to them,) after that Operation, did thereupon suffer such extreme pains, and mischief in his Eyes, that he now dispairs of ever seeing more.

Mr. Haac a 1.744 saith he, hath frequently repeated the following Experiment upon this Phosphorus. If it be ex∣posed to the Morning Light a little before Sun rising, it

presents a bright Rosy hugh. As the Sun approaches the Meridian, it advances to a higher and more firey Com∣plexion, like that of a red hot Iron. A little after Sun-set, declines to a pale wan colour, like Chalk, or rather Mother of Pearl.

Expos'd, saith he, to the light of a Candle, or flaming Fagot, it receives a pale Luminous colour, as from the Sun towards setting. But being expos'd for a considerable time to the most clear Moonshine that I have seen in Lon∣don, I could not perceive it to become Luminous in the least.

It hath been kept, saith he, in the Vacuum of my Great and Noble Patron, the Honourable Mr. Boyle called Vacu∣um Boyleanum, and by his Highness Prince Rupert and Him∣self observ'd, for above four or five months, without any diminution of its shining property.

He adds, That he hath lately found a way to affix this Shining Matter to Glass, whereby some not unpleasing Experiments may be made. Thus far Dr. Slare.

As to his Ingenious Conjectures of the Subject and Cause of Light in this Phosphorus: because he hath desired my Opinion, I shall therefore subjoyn it in a few lines.

As to the first, What it is which gives the Light: It seems hard to say, Whether it be the Cretaceous Salt, the Nitrous Salt, or some Igneous Particles incorporated with them in the Operation? It is plain, That one way or other, they do all concur to produce it.

As to the Question, How these Particles give light? It should first be stated, What Light is; Whether it be a Body? Which, though much disputed, yet in strict speak∣ing, is an absurd Question; all one, as to ask, Whether a Quality, be a Body? But the meaning of the Question is, or ought to be, Whether there be any Body in Nature, which is the peculiar subject of Light, or metonymically may be called Light? Or whether more Bodies than one, may successively be the immediate subject thereof? If so, Whether it be any other Adjunct besides Motion? If only Motion, Whether as there is one peculiar Motion, at least for a Musical sound, so another for Light? And in regard there are some Experiments which seem to favour each of these Questions: such an Answer should be given as will

correspond with all those experiments; and will be too long to suit with this Catalogue.

I shall here only say, I am inclined to believe, That, in this Case, all the three Bodies above mention'd serve toge∣ther to compose an Apt Recipient of that which is the true Luminous Body. That, as in the mixture of Sulphur and Water, sulphurious Salts, of affinity with both, are used as a medium: so here, the Cretaceous Parts serve to fix the Nitrous; and the Nitrous, to fix the Igneous; being of a middle nature and readily incorporated with them both. And being in this union exposed to the Sun Beams, or other Light, the Igneous parts serve, for some time, to re∣tain a certain portion of such as are Luminous, or to give, as I may say, a degree of Fixation to These also: and that therefore this Mixture is kindled or made to shine, by puting it into the Light, as a stick is made to burn, by puting it into the fire.

Of shining Flesh, see a Relation of some Remarkable Circumstances, made by Dr. J. Beal, and published in the Phil. Trans. a 1.745

Of Instruments relating to Natural Philosophy.

AN AIRE-PUMP; or an Engine to exhaust the Air out of any Vessel fitly applied. Contrived and described b 1.746 by the Honourable Rob. Boyle Esq. Who hath also made therewith, and published in several Tracts, a great variety of accurate and instructive Experiments.

A Great CONDENSING ENGINE of Brass; con∣trived to ram and crowd a great quantity of Air into a little room. Whereto is also fitted an Iron Gun or Barrel.

A Little CONDENSING ENGINE of Glass, with a Brass-Neck, Rammer and Valve fitted to it.

A WEATHER CLOCK. Begun by Sir Chr. Wren, c 1.747 now President of the Royal Society. To which other Motions have since been added, by Mr. Robert Hook Professor of Geometry in Gresham-Colledge. Who purposes to publish a Description hereof. I shall therefore only take

notice, That it hath six or seven Motions; which he sup∣poseth to be here advantagiously made altogether. First a Pendulum Clock, which goes with ¼ of a 100 lib. weight, and moves the greatest part of the work. With this, a Barometre, a Thermometre; a Rain-Measure, such an one as is next describ'd; a Weather-Cock, to which subserves a piece of Wheel-Work analogous to a way Wiser; and a Hygroscope. Each of which have their Regester, and the Weather-Cock hath Two; one for the Points, the other for the Strength of the Wind. All working upon a Paper fall∣ing off of a Rowler which the Clock also turns.

An Instrument for MEASURING the quantity of RAINS that fall in any space of time, on any piece of Ground, as suppose upon one Acre in one year. Con∣trived by Sir Christopher Wren. In order to the Theory of Vapours, Rivers, Seas, &c. A triangular Tin-Vessel hang∣ing in a Frame, as a Bell, with one Angle lowermost. From whence one side rises up perpendicular, the other sloaped; whereby the water, as it fills, spreads only on one side from the centre, till at length it fills and empties it self. Which being done, a leaden poise, on the other side, immediately pulls it back to fill again.

The Model of an Iron Instrument to fetch Earth, or other Bodies, from the bottom of the Sea; made with se∣veral Valves and Springs to open and shut it for that pur∣pose. Contriv'd by Mr. Hook.

A LAMP-FURNACE. By the same Person. Towards the bottom is a partition with a hole in the middle; below which, stands a Vessel of Oil with a Wick, and a Cork to float it, so as to stand within the said hole. Over this is placed a Pan, viz. with the bottom about two inches di∣stant from the partition. Within which, is fine Sand. Design'd for the hatching of Eggs, in order to observe the Process of Generation. As also for digesting of Li∣quors.

A pair of Semicylindrick LAMPS. Contrived, describ'd, a 1.748 and delineated b 1.749 by the same Person. Design'd, for the poysing the Liquor which is to feed the Flame, so as to keep the surface thereof always at the same height, till it be all consum'd. And thereby not only to secure, that it never desert the Flame, and so to save Attendance:

but also to keep the Flame of equal strength, for all such purposes as require it.

The MODEL of an EYE. In which the Humours are represented by Glasses of an answerable Figure.

A BURNING-GLASS, about half a foot in Diametre.

A HOLLOW BURNING-GLASS. That is to say, two thin concave Glasses set together, and so to be fill'd up with water when it is us'd. About the same bigness as the former: but burneth not altogether so strongly▪ Contrived and given by Dr. John Wilkins late Bishop of Chester.

A Large MICROSCOPE, with three Glasses, and seve∣ral Screws to fit it for all manner of positions. It magni∣fies the Area of the Object to above a hundred times the ex∣tent thereof to the bare Eye.

A Lesser MICROSCOPE, somewhat more managable than the former.

The advantage of one with more Glasses, is that it takes in a bigger Object, or a greater part of it. Of one with a single Glass, that it shews the Object clearer. So that to have a distinct representation of it, 'tis convenient to make use of both. Of the latter kind, I have seen several made by Mr. John Malling in this City, not only with melted, but with Ground-Glasses so very small, that one of these Ground-Glasses being weighed in the Assay-Scales in the Tower, was found not above the fourscorth part of a Grain. The Diametre or Chord 1/••••^th part of an inch. Another, so small, that those Scales were not nice enough to weigh it. The Chord hereof to that of the former, is as two to three. These are the clearest and best that ever I saw.

An OTOCOUSTICK, or Instrument to help the hearing, made of Ivory. In shape like a Funnel, saving that the Nose is bended for the more convenient application to the Ear, and reception of the sound. Given likewise by Bishop Wilkins.

Another of Copper, funnel'd at one end, as the former, and also belly'd in the middle.

A Third of Tin, of a Conick Figure, and with a Cochlea within it. The best of all the three, is the first.

A Pair of HYDROSTATICK Scales. Used, amongst other purposes, to examine the specifick Gravity of Bodies.

A Box of ANATOMICK Instruments; sc. Saws, Steel and Ivory Knives, Chizels, a Forceps, a Leaver, a Tenter, a Sirynge, Pipes, Probes, and Needles.

SECT. II. Of Things relating to the MATHEMATICKS; and some MECHANICKS.

TO Astronomy. A REFLECTING TELESCOPE. Con∣trived by Mr. Isaac▪ Newton, Professor of the Mathe∣maticks at Cambridge. Whereby not only the cumber and charge of other Telescopes is avoided; one of these less than a foot long, magnifying as much as another of six feet: but the Object likewise, both by a more regular Refraction, and a less expence of Rays, is much more clearly repre∣sented.

It consists of a Tube open towards the Object, and close at the other end. Where is placed a Metalline Concave, instead of an Object-Glass. Near the other end, a flat Spe∣culum, also of Metal; placed obliquely towards a small Eye-Glass; sc. upon that point of the Tubes Axis, on which the perpendicular falls from the said Eye-Glass. So that the Rays coming from the Object, first fall upon the Concave; are thence reflected to the flat Speculum, thence to the Eye-Glass, and through that deliver'd to the Observers Eye. The Authors Description hereof at large; together with a Discourse of the Materials which are or may be thought fittest for the Speculums; a Table of Apertures and Charges for several lengths; As also Mr. Hugen's de Zulichem's Re∣marques on the same; see in the Phil. Transactions. a 1.750

Arithmetick. An Instrument for working Questions by Multiplying and Dividing. Contriv'd by Mr. Hook. Who purposes to give the Description hereof himself.

Geography. A WAY-WISER. Given by Bishop Wilkins. 'Tis very manageable. It hath five Indexes pointing to so many different Measures, sc. Perches, Furlongs, Miles, Tens of Miles, and Hundreds of Miles; and turn'd about with as many Wheels. Made to Work in a Coach, thus; In

the middle of the Axletree is cut a little Box to receive the Wiser: from whence the Axeltree is made hollow to the end. In this hollow lies a Rod, loose from the Axletree, and fasten'd at one end to the Nave of the Wheel, and so turns round with it. And with a Worm it hath at the other end, at the same time, it turns the Perch Wheel of the Wiser, and that all the rest. Yet by this measure, 1 yard will sometimes be lost in a 100 yards.

Architecture. A Model of a Geometrick FLAT FLOOR. Given by the forementioned Person. Contrived and deli∣neated (a) by Dr. J. Wallis Professor of Geometry at Oxford. Who was pleas'd to give me the following Account, as an Abstract of that he hath formerly published hereof. a 1.751

I did first, saith the Doctor, Contrive and Delineate It in the Year, 1644. at Queens-Colledge in Cambridge. When afterwards I was made Professor of Geometry at Oxford, about the Year, 1650. I caused it to be framed of small pieces of Wood, representing so many pieces of Timber; prepar'd by Mr. Rainsford a Joyner in Oxford, and put toge∣ther by my self.

This I shewed soon after to divers in Oxford, and particu∣larly to Dr. Wilkins, then Warden of Wadham-Colledge in Oxford. Who was so well pleased with it, that he caused another to be made for himself, according to that Pattern. Which he kept by him for many years, and afterwards pre∣sented to the Royal Society.

After the King's Restauration, I caus'd another to be made; and, in the Year, 1660. presented it to his Majesty; who was well pleas'd with it, and caused it to be reposited in his Closet.

On the Model first mention'd, I Read two Publique Lectures at Oxford, on the Vespers of the Publique Act: the one, in the Year, 1652. as to the Construction of it; the other, in the Year, 1653. as to the computation of what weight every Joynt of it sustains; whereby it might be the better judged how far it may be safely practised. The greatest weight charged on any one Joynt, doth not amount to Ten-times the weight of one Beam: And the greatest weight bor'n by any one Beam; not to seventeen times its own weight: and even this, not laid all on the same part, but distributed to several parts of it. The sum of these two Lectures, is to be seen in the Sixth Chapter of my Book de Motu.

A Third Lecture, much to the same purpose, I read, May, 1699. in the same place, before the present Grand Duke of Tuscany, who honoured the University with a Visit, and me with his Presence at that Lecture. After which, he was pleased very particularly to consider both the Delineation and Model, and declared himself very well pleased with it,

The contrivance is obvious to the Eye. The outsides re∣present the Walls of the Building on which this Flat Floor or Roof is to be laid. The Beams next adjoyning to the sides, have one end lodged on those Walls; the other end sustained by another Beam, lying cross; both ends of which, are in like manner sustained by other cross Beams; and those again by others; till they reach the other Walls. So that no one of them can fall, unless the Walls fail, or the Beams break: all mutually sustaining each other without any Pillar or Prop to support them, besides the outer Walls.

The Models I caused to be made, and that of the Royal Society in imitation thereof, are in Breadth, about four times as much as the Length of the longest Beam. But may be continu'd, at pleasure, to farther breadth, as shall be thought fit. With this Caution: That the farther the Work is continu'd, the greater Weight will be charged on every Joynt; especially near the middle. And though in this Model, no one Beam is charged with so much as seventeen times its own weight: yet if the Work be continu'd to a greater breadth, the proportional Weight will be thereby increased. And therefore must be limited, according to the strength of Timber, able to bear more or fewer times its own weight.

I do not know, that yet it hath been reduced to practise, in more than four Pieces, in this Form. Such is one of the Floors in the Tower of the Publique Schools at Oxford: the Breadth whereof, to the Length of the Beams, is as three to two. But may doubtless be continu'd much further: especially in such a Roof or Floor, as is not to bear much more than its own weight.

[illustration]

Thus, for instance, a Bowling-Green of near an Acre of Ground, may be cover'd with a Frame of long slender

pieces, without any other Prop than on the sides, for Vines, or other like Plants to run upon, so as to shade the whole.

Note here, That whereas the ends of the several pieces are to lie upon those that cross them, about the middle thereof; it will be necessary at every Joynt to abate both pieces half way, or near it; that one may be thus let into the other, and the whole reduced to a Flat. But whether such piece, so abated doth end even with that on which it lies, or doth lie over somewhat beyond it; is indifferent. And though That may seem more elegant; This, perhaps, may be fitter for use.

Each piece, I say, must be so abated half way, or near it. For, whereas those Beams, especially if of a considera∣ble length, will, with the weight, bow a little; if this abate∣ment be somewhat less than half way, (whereby without such bowing, the whole would somewhat rise in the mid∣dle) it will by such bowing be reduced to a Flat.

Note also, That a Frame thus contriv'd, needs neither Nail nor Pin; the several pieces fastening, as well as support∣ing one another. Yet, if it be to bear a great weight more than its own; it will be convenient to fasten each Joynt with Pins; and, if need be, to strengthen it with Iron-Plates, or line it with other pieces of Timber, to be fasten'd with Iron-Bolts; to make amends for what is weaken'd by the abate∣ments at the Joynts: which will make the whole Frame exceeding strong.

A Model of a Double Winding STAIR-CASE. The Foot of one is opposite to that of the other; whereby both make a parallel ascent, and within the same Cylinder. The Newel or Column in the Centre, is hollow, and built with long Apertures, to convey Light, from Candles placed at the bottom, and on the sides of the Newel, into both the Cases.

Another, of a single one, with a solid Column or Newel.

Navigation. A Model of the Hull of a DOUBLE-BOT∣TOM'D SHIP. Contrived by Sir William Pettey.

It hath two Heads, two Ruders, two Keels, two Holds, and a Vacancy between them.

From Stem to Stern, four feet and seven inches long. The Deck, about four Feet. From the foremost Rib to

the Rudder, three Feet and seven Inches. The Keel three Feet and about five Inches.

The Beam or breadth of the Ship, sixteen inches, or with respect to the Keel, as two to five.

The height of the Round-House, or the Room in the place of it, three inches and 1/••. Of the Great Cabin, three inches. Of the Fore-Castle, as much. The depth of the Wast an inch and 1/••. Of the Holds, six inches and ¼. Each of them four inches broad. The Vacancy between them, eight inches over. Their inner sides not belly'd, but plain, and per∣pendicular.

These are the principal Measures; which I thought fit to set down. The great Advantages of this Form, with re∣spect either to the Speed, the Course, the Safety of the Ship, or otherwise, I leave to the Authors own excellent Hand, from whom is expected a particular Account hereof.

An INSTRUMENT, contrived by Sir Christopher Wren, to demonstrate, How far against the Wind a Ship may Sail. Shewing, that the Mechanical Power, to which Sailing (especially against the Wind) is reducible, is a Wedge: And that a Transient Force upon an Oblique Plane will cause the motion of the Plane, against the first Mover.

A TERELLA, or an Orbicular Loadstone, about four inches and ½ in Diametre, with the one half immersed in the Centre of a Plane and Horizontal Table; so as to be like a Globe with the Poles in the Horizon. Together with 32 Needles upon the Margin of the Table. By which the dif∣ferent respect of the Needle to the several Points of the Loadstone; the reduction of the Filings of Steel to Helical Lines, or near them, by the Magnetick Effluvia; and other particulars may be observ'd. Contriv'd by the same Person.

Two DIPPING-NEEDLES. Designed for the taking of Longitudes.

A CANOO. Given by Mr. Hocknel. A sort of Boat so called, used in Greenland, and some other places. Figur'd almost like a Weavers Shuttle. The Wooden-Work is made up of five slender pieces, running by the length: one, which is round at the bottom or in the place of the Keel; and two flat ones in each side: Made steady with

small bended pieces, set or pricked in cross-ways, instead of Ribs: and so ty'd all together with Fin-Whale-Bone.

This Wooden-Work is cover'd all over, both below and above, with Seal-Skins, sewed together with Leathern-Thongs. Saving, that towards the middle, is an Oval Hole, encompassed with a Rim about four inches high, big enough for a man to sit down in.

In length, seventeen feet. From the Centre of the said Hole or Seat, forward, Ten feet; from thence, backward, seven. In breadth at the Seat, a foot and ¾. In depth, backward, seven inches and ½; forward, a foot; because of the mans feet. And the Boat seems thereby to be carried forward with the more ease: as a Coach, in being hung higher behind. The whole Boat is answerable to a great Bladder, in which, though the Waves dash and beat over it never so much, the man still sits safe.

He makes use but of one Oare, about nine feet long. Made of Ash, and shaped somewhat answerable to a strong Bow. In the middle, an inch and ¼ thick, and an inch and ¾ broad, by the Horizontal measure: towards both ends, about ¼ of an inch thick, and two inches and ½ broad, by the Vertical. At each end is fasten'd a Padle, here wanting. This Oare he holds in the middle, and Rowing with both ends alternately, makes it serve instead of two.

War. A GUN affixed to an Iron Triangle; the middle of the Gun, to one of the Angles; and the Breech, to the middle of the subtended side: and so to be fasten'd to a Floor or steady Frame, either at all the three Corners, or only at one of the hinder. Contriv'd by my Lord Vicount Brouncher, for the making of Experiments of the RE∣COYLING of Guns. Delineated in the History of the Royal Society. a 1.752 Together with the Experiments made herewith by his Lordship; first before the said Society, and afterwards before the King: set down in a Table of five Columns. The First shewing the Corner stoped from Recoyling; the Second, the different Charges of Powder; the Third, the Distances to which the Bullet was carry'd wide of the mark; the Fourth, the side on which it was carry'd; the Last, the distance of the Mark from the Muz∣zle of the Gun. As also, the Causes assigned by his Lordship, for the particulars most observable.

An ASSAYER to try the strength of Gun-powder. Con∣triv'd by his Highness Prince Rupert. Compos'd of two flat, upright and parallel Stands of Brass, about a foot and ¼ high, with a shallow Indenture on both their inner edges. Upon the Base on which they stand, and between them, is placed a Powder-Pan. Over which, a Slider, with a thin Plate-Spring, which plays against the said Teeth, and two Arms for the charging it with weight at pleasure. The stronger the Powder is, it forceth the Slider to a greater height.

A WIND-GUN. Given by Dr. Wilkins late Bishop of Chester. Composed of two Barrels, one within another. To which is fitted a Rod to charge it with Air. At the Breech, where the two Barrels are open one into the other, is placed a Valve, to admit the Air into the outer Barrel, as the Rod drives it, and to keep it there.

A Seven-SHOT GUN, or a Gun which carries Pow∣der and Bullets, for seven Charges and Discharges to be made presently one after another. Given by Dudly Palmer Esq. Under the Breech of the Barrel, is one Box for the Powder. A little before the Lock, another for the Bullets. Behind the Cock, a Charger: which carries the Powder from the Box to a Funnil at the further end of the Lock; opens one Valve to let it into the Barrel, and the Priming-Pan; another, to let in the Bullet after it; raises the Cock; and lets down the Steel; all at one time.

An Indian Poyson'd DAGGER. About ½ a yard long. The Hilt is a sort of Wood, as firm as Box. Very curiously carved into a kind of Antique Head. The Neck by which it joyns to the Blade, plated with Gold, and embos'd with a Ring in the middle, in which is set some small sparks of Gems. The Blade about 14 inches long, and an inch broad about the middle; waved in the manner of some Swords hung up for Signs, and much expanded next the Hilt, the better to stay the Hand: where it is also curiously Damask'd with Gold. But every where else with white flourish'd Work of the colour of Silver. Saving both the Edges, which are left naked, and are very sharp. But that which is most observable is the Scabbard, which is one entire piece of Wood (near the colour of the best Walnut) with a Cavity cut down to the bottom of it answerable to the Blade.

A TAMAHAUKE, or Brasilian Fighting-CLUB. Made of Brasile-Wood. About an Eln long. The Handle, above two inches and ½ broad; in the middle, two; and four at the other end. Hath two double or square Edges ¾ of an inch thick. The broad end wrought on both sides with two Tables or Areas of small lines obliquely crossed, and fill'd up with a chalky substance to make them appear. In the middle of which, seems to be a rude Representation of some one of their Idols, whose help they expect.

A West-Indian TARGET. Given by H. Whistler Esq.

A West-Indian BOW, ARROWS, and QUIVER. The Bow is made of Ash. Near two yards long. In the middle, not an inch broad, but high-back'd and belly'd, sc. above an inch, as our Bows. But betwixt the middle and the ends, of a different shape, sc. above an inch and ½ broad, and not much above ½ an inch thick. The string made of a sort of Catgut; but consisting of three of them hard twisted together, looks like thick Packthread.

Some of the Arrows are almost an Eln long. Made of a fine sort of unjoynted and hollow Cane; about the thick∣ness of one of our Arrows, and feather'd in the same man∣ner. The Notch fortify'd with a Swath of split Quill, made tite with a fine sort of Glew. In the other end of the Cane, is fasten'd a brown Stick, about seven or eight inches long, and the Cane there kept firm from cracking, with a Swath and Glew, as the Notch. This Stick is usually knoted, for greater strength: and always Arm'd. One of them, with a curious Shark's Tooth near an inch long, and indented or serrated on both edges: a scurvy Weapon. The rest with Bones, Stones, and pieces of Metal, usually shaped not much unlike the said Tooth.

The Quiver made of the Skin of the Beast, somewhat like the Pig-Badger. With a round piece of wood for a Bottom; and in the middle of the wood, an Iron Wrest, to keep it from the ground.

A Pot of MACASSAR POYSON. Given by Sir Phil. Vernatti. With this the people of the Island commonly poyson their Arrows. They have of several sorts; the most dangerous said a 1.753 to be made of the juyce of certain Trees in Borneo. But in This are plainly to be seen the Legs

and other Parts of some Species of Cantharides; which seem to be mixed with a kind of Corrosive Salt.

Three Cane-pieces ••/2 a foot long, fill'd with the same Poyson.

A Siam DRUM. Given by Mr. John Short. The Body of it, as it were a great thick Neck'd Earthen-Jug, fourteen inches long; the Belly nine over, the Neck four; and with the Bottom out. In the place whereof is spread a thin Parchment, made of a Fishes-Skin, beset all over with small round knots in strait and parallel Rows. Stretched out tite with numerous little Braces made of Split-Cane, all spread over the Belly of the Jug, and very curiously platted toge∣ther at both their ends. The Neck of the Jug flourish'd round about with a Mould. Both this and the Belly co∣ver'd with a black Varnish; and the Neck also with Red, Green, and Gilt.

SECT. III. Chiefly of MECHANICKS. Relating to

TRade. An Arabian BALSAME-BOTTLE. Given by Thomas Henshaw Esq. 'Tis two feet high, and near an Eln in compass. Shaped like a Long-Neck used in a Reverberating Furnace. Examining it well, I find it made neither of Glass, Earth, Wood, or any Vegetable Body; but only of Leather and Parchments. The inmost Parchment, as thick as that us'd by Scriveners. Next to which, is ano∣ther, as thick as the best Cordovan-Leather; but as sturdy as Whale-Bone. Next to This, another like the Inmost. Over all, is very titely and curiously sew'd a Cover of tan'd Lea∣ther. The top of the Neck hath a Ring or Collar, made only with raming in a kind of Gummy Earth very hard between the middle and the utmost Skin. The Stople made of Fir∣wood. So much of the Balsame which sticks to the sides of the Bottle, is of an extraordinary fragrancy: and seems not inferior to that which some Drugists sell under the Name of the Balm of Gil••ad.

ASSAY-SCALES, included in a Case with Glass Panels; to weigh with, out of the Air.

A China STATERA, in the form of a Steel-Yard. The Chineses carry it about them, to weigh their Gems, and the like. The Beam or Yard is of Wood, round, ¼ of an inch over, and a foot in length. Upon it are Three Rules of Measure, made of fine Silver-studded Work, as in Watch-Cases. One of the Rules is divided into inches; and every inch into (25) equal parts. The other Two are also divided into equal parts; but not into inches. They all begin from the end of the Beam: whence, the First is ex∣tended (8) inches; the Second, 6 ½; the Third, 8 ½. The first, is our Europe-Measure; the other two, I take to be the China-Measure, and that of some other Country trading with them.

At the other end of the Yard hangs a round Scale, mark∣ed with a square Seal of China-Characters. At Three seve∣ral Distances from this end, are fasten'd so many slender strings. The First Distance makes ⅝^ths of an inch; the Second, is double to the First, or an inch and ••/4; the Third, two inches and ¼.

When they weigh any thing, they hold up the Yard by some one of these three strings, and so hang a sealed weight (about an Ounce and ¼ Troy-weight) upon some point of the Rule, as the Thing requires. 'Tis kept in a Case fitted to it, almost like a Dancing-Master's Kit. There is one like to this in the Musaeum Romanum. a 1.754

A Pair of WOODEN-BELLOWS. Contrived to save Leather. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. They may be com∣pared to a Box; saving, that here the Box moves, and strikes not within, but over the Lid: and both of a square Figure. The length of the Box from end to end, within, two feet. The breadth, at the Breech, a foot and ¼; the depth, about a foot. The breadth of the Nose-end, seven inches and ••/••. The Breech-Board is bended, so as to make part of a Zone, answering to the Lid (which moves upon an Iron Centre or Axis) as the Radius.

The Lid hath a Margin placed inward on both sides and both ends. From the inner edge, to edge, longways, nine∣teen inches; in breadth, at the Breech, ten inches; at the Nose-end, four. The Nose, of Iron, like that of an ordi∣nary pair of Bellows. The Valve, of Wood.

On the middle of the said Margin, are two Springs on each

side the Lid, and one at each end. Between the two Springs on the sides, and at the four Corners, a kind of half Staple like a Bench-Hook. Within or under which are placed squares of Wood, and by the said Springs, kept close to the sides of the Box, (to keep in the Air) as it plays over the Lid.

A ROUPY of Silver. Given by G. Ent Esq.

A HALF-ROUPY of Silver. By the same Hand. These and divers other like Coins are currant all over the Domini∣ons of the Great Mogul. I place them here, as not relating to Antiquity, but of present known use.

Several sorts of Indian MONEY, called WAMPAM∣PEAGE. 'Tis made of a sort of Shell, formed into small Cylinders, about a ¼ of an inch long, and ••/••^th over, or somewhat more or less: and so being bored, as Beads, and put upon Strings, pass among the Indians, in their usual Commerse, as Silver and Gold amongst us. But being loose, is not so currant.

The meanest is in SINGLE STRINGS. Of which, here is both the White and Black. By measure, the former goes at Five shillings the Fathome; the latter, at Ten. By Num∣ber, the former at Six a penny; the latter, at Three.

The next in value is that which is Woven together into BRACELETS about ¾ of a yard long; Black and White, in Stripes, and six pieces in a Row; the Warp consisting of Leathern Thongs, the Woofe of Thread. These Bracelets the Zanksquaes or Gentlewomen commonly wear twice or thrice about their Wrists.

The best, is woven into GIRDLES. Of This here are two sorts. One about a yard long; with fourteen pieces in a Row, woven, for the most part, into black and white Squares, continu'd obliquely from edge to edge. The other, not all-out so long, but with fifteen pieces in a Row. Woven into black Rhombs or Diamond-Squares, and Crosses within them. The spaces between filled up with white. These two last, are sometimes worn as their richest Orna∣ments; but chiefly used in great Payments, esteemed their Noblest Presents, and laid up as their Treasure.

A string of Virginian MONEY. A Row of Teeth in shape like the fore-Teeth of a Hare: all woven together,

at one end, with brown twisted Thread, into one Piece ¼ of a yard long.

Husbandry. The Frame of a SAFFRON KILN. Given by the Honourable Charles Howard Esq. Together with a Description hereof; and the way of Planting Saffron, and ordering it upon the Kiln. And by Me published in the Phil. Transactions. a 1.755

The Spanish SEMBRADORE. A Machine for Plowing, equal Sowing, and Harrowing all at once. Contriv'd by Don Joseph Lucaleto a Spanish Knight. Used and approv'd both in Spain and Germany. Given by J. Evelyn Esq together with the Description extracted out of the Au∣thors Treatise hereof, and published in the Phil. Trans∣actions. b 1.756

A CIDER-PRESS. Described also by Mr. Evelyn. c 1.757 Contriv'd by Mr. Hook. For better Dispatch, and thorow breaking of the Apples. Consisteth chiefly of four Cylin∣ders. Those two, which are first to bruise them, more di∣stant; the other, to press out the Juyce, as close as will well consist with their motion.

A BOX-HIVE. Given by Sir Rob. Moray. But contrived by Sir Christopher Wren: And the Description hereof first published d 1.758 in the Year, 1652. Since then by Mr. Moses Rusden. Design'd to keep them warmer, and more safe; but especially, to prevent their Swarming, and the better to propagate them into Colonies.

Houswifery and Houshold-stuff. CASSAVI-BREAD. Made of the Root of the Hyjucca Mexicana. They first pound it, and press out the Juyce; which is of a noxious (say some, of a deadly) quality: and the Pulp of the Root is reduced to a Cake. These Cakes they fry, or rather bake over a gen∣tle fire, and so set them in the Sun to dry, for their Bread. The thicker Cakes, called Cassavi, and eaten by the poorer sort. The thiner, called Sciam Sciam, by the Rich. e 1.759 In Hier. Benzoni's time, f 1.760 all the Ships that were bound from Spain to Mexico; when they returned, were Victualled with Cassavi-Bread. That is, instead of Bisco't.

A HAMMOCK. Like a Great Net, with several small Tassels on the sides, and two huge ones at the ends. Be∣tween which, 'tis fifteen feet long. The Weft, seven feet;

and about as broad. It consisteth of twisted Thread, as thick as small Packthred; made of the Barque of the Coco-Tree, and of the Rind of the Nut. Not Netted; nor Woven with Warp and Woofe; but after the manner of Bobbin-Work. At both ends, the Weft gather'd up into several small Ropes, and those at last into greater: by which it is commonly fasten'd to two Trees some yards above ground. Thus fitted, the people in some parts of the Indies, lie down in them, and so sleep secure from Ser∣pents and wild Beasts.

A Pattern of the STUFF made by the Planters in New-England: the Yarn whereof they Dey of a kind of Philea∣mot, with a Decoction of the Barque of the Butter-Nut-Tree (described in the Second Part) without Alum, Coppe∣ras, or any thing else to strike the Colour.

A sort of LEATHER, as thin as that of a Kid. Of which it is affirm'd, That it will keep out water better than the best Neats Leather. And I have been told, That it hath been us'd in the French-Camps, spread upon the ground, for Beding. It seems to be made, by being throughly soaked in a mixture of Oil and Bees-Wax.

A CUP Turn'd out of Sassafras Wood.

A Little BOX Turn'd out of a Nutshell.

A JAPAN Wooden CUP: cover'd with a Red Varnish within, and with yellowish Flowers without, upon a Black Ground.

An INDIAN-PAIL. Made of the Barque of Birch-Tree. Square at the bottom, and thence rising up into a Conick Form. So ingeniously contriv'd, that the Sides and Bottom are all made out of one single piece of Barque.

An INDIAN DISH or Potager. Made also of the Barque of a Tree, with the Sides and Rim sewed together after the manner of Twiggen-Work.

Another DISH, cut out of Wood, as Hollow Ware commonly is here in England.

A RUSH-BASKET. The Rushes are partly of their Na∣tive colour, and partly deyed with a redish and brown Tawny. Very prettily woven together by the Indian Wo∣men, in striped and indented Work. And also very oddly: for it seems to have a double Woofe, one on each side the Warp; the Rushes running on the out-side, one way; on the in-side the contrary.

A BASKET made of Porcupine-Quills. The Ground is a Packthred-Caule; not Netted, but Woven. Into which by the Indian-Women are wrought, by a kind of Lap-Work, the Quills of Porcupines, not split, as the Person that sent it affirms, but of the young ones entire: mixed White and Black in Even and indented Waves. Esteemed by themselves as one of their chiefest Curio∣sities.

ANOTHER, made of the same Materials; but with the Quills wrought in Triangular Chequer-Work.

An Indian COMB. A Stick, whereof somewhat more than one half is cut into three sharp and round Teeth, four inches long. The other part left for the Handle, adorned with fine Straws laid along the sides, and lap'd round about it, in several distinct Swaths.

Cloaths and Ornaments. An Indian PERUQUE. Made, not of Hair, but Feathers, sc. black, grey, yellow, red and white: all cut at the tops to the length of about five inches. Saving the fore-Lock, which is made of small ones an inch and ½ deep. Fasten'd to a course Netted-Caule of Pack∣thred.

An Indian MANTLE; Also made of Feathers. Given by Dr. G. Smith. About an Eln square. The Feathers all of a Brown or Eagle-colour, small and wrought into a Caule of Packthred.

An Indian BRACELET for the Wrist. Made of the Scarlet Feathers of the Indian Sea-Curlew (described in the First Part) Clipt short, and woven into a Caul of Packthred two inches broad. There are also ½ a dozen Tufts of blew Feathers in the middle, and two of Black at each end. Much like the usual Bumbast of black Bits sewed into Ermine, which our English Women are made to think very fine.

A Pair of Iceland GLOVES. Given by Th. Henshaw Esq. About ½ a yard long, and ¼ broad at the Tops. Made of Deer-Skin; not tan'd, but only dry'd, with the Hair on; and lin'd with the same. The Tops faced with Scarlet Serge, Em∣broyder'd with Flower-Work, made of Leaden-Wyre, twisted (as Silver-Wyre on Silk) upon brown Hempen Thread. I call it Wyre, not because it is Drawn, which this Metal cannot be, but for that it is so small. In the vacancies of

the Work, are set Copper-Spangles with knots of the same Wyre.

An Indian SCEPTRE. Made, as it seems, of a sort of Cane. A yard long; and as thick as a middle walking-Cane; without any Joynt, and perfectly round. Consisteth of hard and blackish Cylinders, mixed with a soft kecky Body; so as at the end cut transversly, it looks as a bundle of Wires. Gilt and varnished all over with Flowers in Green, Red and White; saving the two ends which are Black.

The FAN of an Indian King. Given by H. Whistler Esq. Made chiefly of the Feathers of Peacocks Tailes; composed into a round Form. Bound altogether with a circular Rim, above a foot over, consisting of the parts of certain Plants like split Cane. The middle strengthen'd and divided into squares with cross Bars, made of the same materials, and some of them deyed Red. The bottom of each Square over-laid with Moscovy-Glass. And in the middle of each, a knot of white Feathers, like the Flower of a Jacynth.

A plain Indian FAN, used by the meaner sort. Made of the small stringy parts of Roots, spread out in a round flat Form, and so bound together with a Splinter-Hoop, and strengthen'd with small Bars on both sides. The Handle painted with Japan Varnish, black, red, and yellow. When they use them, they sprinkle them with sweet Water, which perfumes the wafter Air.

An Indian PURSE or CASE for the Pudenda of a Man. 'Tis a foot long, and closed at the bottom. Made of small Reeds woven together after the manner of course Linnen.

An APRON for the Pudenda of a Woman. A ¼ of a yard deep, and shaped like a Widows Peak. Hath two transverse Labels, with several small Tassel'd Strings, to tie it about her middle; and a great one hanging down before. Made of Rushes, and other Plants. The out-side of several colours, sc. white, yellow, red, tawny, and brown; as flexible as any Thread. Woven in several Squares, and ½ Squares in a most exact and geometrick Order. The in∣side of smaller Rushes, all of one colour, and the Weaving uniform: as some Silks are plain on one side, and flowered on the other. A piece of Work, which an European could hardly imitate with all her Art.

A Pair of Iceland BOOTS. Given also by Mr. Hen∣shaw. Made of dry'd Deer-Skin, as the Gloves. Somewhat above a foot long, and about a foot broad at the Tops. The small of the Leg, above ½ a foot. The Foot, but eleven inches. Lined with another sort of Skin, and that only dry'd. The Knee faced with course red Cloath; and the top of the Foot with Lists of the same; both Embroy∣der'd with twisted Leaden-Wyre, like that on the Gloves. On the end of the Toe, a Button made of a Leathern Thong knoted in a round form, and wrought over, not with twisted, but plain Leaden-Wyre. They are stitch'd together with Cat-Gut. How the people use them, I see not; for the very same Skin, which is thin, and with the Hair on, makes the Sole, as well as the Top, of the Foot, and the Leg.

A SNOW-SHOOE, used in Greenland, and some other places. Given by Mr. Linger. A yard and ½ long, and in the middle fifteen inches broad. Oval behind; the fore∣end, sharp. The Margin is a piece of Wood of the breadth of a Lath, reduced to the Form above-said, and so made tite and steady with two cross Bars. To the sides round about, is stretched and fasten'd three pieces of woven Work, resembling Net-Work; made of small Leathern Thongs, in three parallel Orders, one directly, and two ob∣liquely transverse. In the middle piece is a hole made, to affix It to the Foot.

Painting. A LANDSKIP, being the Prospect of a fair City, painted upon Stone.

A Natural Landskip, or Prospect of Ruinous Buildings in Stone. Humour'd with a Tree painted over it.

Another, with a Woman in a praying posture.

CATOPTRICK PAINT, on a Table or Board. Given by Bishop Wilkins. On one side, the Paint looks as if it were al∣together rude and irregular, so as nothing can be made of it. But a Metalline Cylinder being placed perpendicular upon a certain Point of the Table; the Rays are in such sort incident thereon, and thence reflected to the Eye, as to re∣present a variety of curious Work: sc. a Shepherd playing on a Pipe; and his Wife dancing with a Child in her Arms, and a Basket on her Head.

On the other side, St. George and Don Quicksot both on Horse-back, and a Wind-Mill betwixt them. And Don

having made his Horse leap at the Sail, his Horse hangs upon it, and himself is thrown to the ground. But a Me∣talline Octogon, placed as the Cylinder, shews St. George in good posture upon Don's Horse, killing the Dragon.

An Instrument to draw PERSPECTIVE with. Contriv'd by Sir Christopher Wren.

An Optique BOX, used as a help in DRAWING.

A piece of SMALT-GLASS. Used by Painters for Picture-Frames, and other purposes. Given by Mr. J. Linger.

The Picture of a MUSK-DEER, in Colours, and after the Life. Taken in Java major, and sent from thence by Sir Philiberto Vernatti.

The Picture of a BASILISK. Pretended by those that shew it, to be a real Animal so call'd. But is an Artificial Thing, made chiefly of the Skin of the Raja, and the Legs of a Dodo, or some great Fowl. Given by Ellis Crisp, Esq.

The Picture of the Plant called NINSIN. The whole Plant is drawn after the Life on Parchment, in Colours. The Root, of a redish yellow; about five or six inches long, and near as thick as a Skirret: agreeing with the De∣scription hereof in the Second Part of this Catalogue. The Stalk as thick as a Wheaten-straw, and a foot high. The Leaves somewhat like those of the Stock-Gilly-Flower. The Flowers redish in the Bud, and white when open; three and three together, and composed of six round Leaves, like those of the Round-Flower'd Moly figur'd in Bauhinus, but not so big.

The Draughts of several Indian PLANTS on a Table. In the first place, of

The CLOVE-TREE: Together with a Branch of the same after the life: The Mother or Prolifick-Clove, from which the Plants are propagated: And the Stone and Ker∣nel of the same. Next of

The NUTMEG-TREE: Together with a Branch of the same after the life: The Fruit of the Female-Nutmeg: Of that called the Thieving-Nutmeg, because it infects and spoils the good ones where it lies: The Male, with its Fruit, both long and short: And the little Kind, wherewith the Natives dey their Teeth black. Next of

A PLANT which beareth a Fruit hanging with a long

Stalk upon the top of the Leafe; almost in the shape of a Can, with its Lid. If it be open'd, though the Weather ne∣ver so hot, 'tis half full of Liquor. Then of

A SAGEWAR-TREE; whose Flower being cut, renders a Juyce like Wine, far above the Coco-Tree: With the Fruit both of the Male and Female. In the last place, of

The SAGOUS-TREE; which those that inhabit the Molucca Islands, eat instead of Bread: With the Fruit, after the life.

Design. An Armed SOULDIER, in the posture of fighting. Together with a Landskip, and the Prospect of an Army. Given by Mr. Will. Brownest; and all very curiously Drawn with his Pen.

Wrighting. A Jewish PHYLACTERY. This here is only a single Scroll of Parchment, ¼ of an inch broad, and 15 inches long; with Four Sentences of the Law, (viz. Exod. 13. from 7. to 11. and f. 13. to 17. Deut. 6. f. 3. to 10. and 11. f. 13. to 19.) most curiously written upon it in Hebrew. Serarius, from the Rabbies, saith, That they were written severally upon so many Scrolls. And that the Jews to this day, do wear them over their Foreheads in that manner. So that they are of several sorts or modes, whereof this is one.

The original use of them, for Memento's: grounded on that Command, a 1.761 And thou shalt bind them for a sign ••pon thine Hand, and they shall be as Frontlets between thine Eyes. But afterwards, served more for Ostentation. And at last, for Spells or Amulets. b 1.762 From whence also the use of Charms amongst Christians was first learn'd; and those who gave them called Phylacterij. Prohibited by the Council in Trullo. c 1.763

An Example of the ARABICK Letter in one or two Va∣riations upon Parchment.

An Example of the CHINA-Language, in a considerable Variety of CHARACTERS, upon two sorts of China Papyr.

An Example of the MALABARINE Letters and Lan∣guage. The Letters have some little resemblance to those of the Coptick. Written upon a single Plate of the Palmetto-Leaf, an inch and ½ deep, and 10 inches long. It seems, from the Hole punched at the end of it, to have been

filed with a great many more, and so to have made a Book.

Another Variety of the ARABICK Letter, not properly Written, but Impress'd with a Style, or as it were Engraven, upon two double Plates of the Palmetto-Leaf.

Sculpture. A CARVED Shell of MOTHER of Pearl. On which Andromeda stands naked upon the Shore, having her Arms fasten'd to a Rock with two Chains. Near the Shore, a great Sea-Fish or Monster making towards her, and spouting out Water at Perseus. Who comes flying upon Pegasus, with his Shield, and his Sword advanced, to kill the Monster. Upon a Promontory between Andromeda and Perseus stands a Cupid, and among the Trees upon it another, signifying their Marriage afterwards. All done with extraordinary Art.

ANOTHER, with the same curious Work, but different Phancy. Neptune making towards the Shore, without his Mace, advances and spreads abroad his Arms, in Courtship towards Diana. Who stands on the Shore in her Mantle half naked, and holding forth her Hand in the posture of denial. Between them, two naked Nymphs, one giving aim to the other, shooting a Dart at Neptune to give him a further repulse. And a Cupid flying away over Dianas Head.

About 36 pieces of Ivory, with IMAGES CARVED upon Each. On some, of Men; on others of Women and Children; and on others, of Cattel. One of them, a Crucifix, with the Eleven Apostles. They seem to have be∣longed to a Cabinet or Chest of Drawers, and to make some story; but the rest being wanting, unintelligible.

One of them, is a curious piece of Work. On the top of a Rock, stands a Castle. At the foot, a George or Chevaleer, armed and mounted, and combating a Dragon; defending her self, and shewing her rage in a most lively posture. Be∣hind the Horse stands one of her young Ones, expecting her Conquest. On the brow of the Rock, a Woman, or if you will the Lady, praying for her overthrow. Hereto may be refer'd,

A SEA-PIECE, consisting wholly of INLAY'D-WORK, of several Colours, in Stone. As also,

A FORREST, with a House at the end of it; and several

Beasts both wild and tame, as the Lion, Unicorne, Boar, Camel, Stag, and a Dog pursuing him: all Cut in PAPYR, in the compass of about three inches square.

Turn'd Work. A Box of CUPS, from Norimberge: being an Hundred of them one within another; the Boll of the utmost about two inches and ½ in Diametre. Given by Dudley Palmer Esq. I take the Wood to be Maple.

A piece of TURN'D Work in Ivory. Given by H. Olden∣burge Esq. A solid Triangle, turn'd open on the four sides. With a Flower standing out on each side, and loose. In each Flower, a little Spike, also loose. But all the four Flowers by themselves, and so the Spikes, are united in the centre. On the Necks of the Flowers likewise hangs a Sphaerical Tri∣angle; and on each Neck, several small Rings. Preserved in a Round Ivory Box.

The HEAD of a Princes, in her HAIR, and with a CORONET; in an Oval of Ivory. That which is extra∣ordinary, is, That it is not CARVED, but all TURNED Work. 'Tis kept in an Oval Box, wrought with Undulated Work of several Forms, all likewise Turn'd. The Art, I think, is now dead with the Author.

Molded-Work. Two HALF BODIES in Armor, betwixt four and five inches in length. Given also by Mr. Dudley Palmer. The phancy is this, That upon a rude molded Ground of Rosin and Wax, or some such substance, are laid, chiefly the parts of several Plants and Insects, by which the Figure is compleated. As the Forehead, (all the Face of one) with the Scales of the Belly-Piece, of the Broad Golden Cantharis; the Ball or White of the Eye, with Gromwell-Seeds; the Lids, with those of a sort of Marigold; the Nose, with that of Carthamum; the Beard with those of Lettice. Part of the Armor, of one, with the Wing-Sheaths of the Green Broad Cantharis: of the other, with the Seeds of Cow-Parsnep: and so for the rest. A couple like to These, are figur'd in Olearius's Musaeum.

Sir Robert Moray's HEAD in WAX. Taken off of a Plaster-Mold, which was made upon it.

SECT. IV. Of COYNS, and other Matters relating to Antiquity.

THe Effigies of JOHN HOWARD, the first Duke of Norfolk, in Colours Neald on Glass. From whom the Right Honourable the present Duke of Norfolk is the eighth, inclusive. Given by Mr. S. Morgan. He is repre∣sented kneeling in a Chappel, with his Dukes Cap by him, and Invested in his Coat of Armour, bearing four Coats, Quarterly: sc. of Howard, Brotherton (Son to King Edward the First) Plantagenet (Earl of Warren and Surrey) and Fitz-Allan. The first, is Gules, a Bend betwixt six Crosslets fitchy, Argent. The second, the Arms of England, with a Label of three Points Argent. The third Checky Or and Azure. The fourth, Gules, a Lion Rampand Or.

The PEDEGREE of the most Noble Family of the HOWARDS, from the first Duke above-said: Engraven on a Copper-Plate. Given by the same Hand.

A ROMAN URNE, of Glass, with a Handle. Given by Sir Christopher Wren. Above fifteen Hundred years old. Almost like a Bottle containing a Gallon and ½; but with a very short Neck, and wide Mouth, and of whiter metal. Encompassed girth-wise, with five parallel Circles. Found in Spital-Fields.

STONES, not long since found near the Foundation of Charing-Cross at a great depth. Given by Sir Joseph Wil∣liamson. They seem to be a sort of course Marble. Of a blackish colour, and figur'd into several plain sides; but irregular: from whence they may be argu'd to be very ancient.

A Piece of MOSAICK WORK, found deep under ground, in Holbourn near St. Andrews Church. Inlaid with black, red, and white Stones, in Squares and other Regular Figures.

A parcel of little square Stones, belonging to MOSAICK-Work, found in a Field near Bath, in the Year, 1664.

Several Examples of MORTARS of old Castles and Roman Buildings. Given by John Aubrey Esq for comparing them with those now in use.

A ROMAN MONEY-POT. Given (with the Coin below mention'd) by the same Hand. Found in the Year, 1651. in Week-Field, in the Parish of Hedington, in Wilt∣shire; half full of Roman Coin, Silver and Copper, of several Emperors near the time of Constantine. Of the colour of a Crucible, and fashion'd almost like a Pint Jug with∣out a Neck. Closed at the top, and having a Notch on one side, as in a Christmas-Box. In the same place (where anci∣ently was a Roman Colony) and at the same time, were dig'd up the Foundations of several Houses for a Mile together.

Of COYNS.

MOst of them being obscure, lest I should mistake, I presently took the help of my Worthy Friend Mr. Abraham Hill, Fellow of the Royal Society, very well acquainted with This, as well as other parts, of Antiquities.

Silver.

Twenty SILVER DENARII; whereof Nineteen given by Sir Paul Whichcote. The

• I, II, and III. Consular.
• IV. Imp. Otho Caesar Aug. Trib. Pot.
• Reverse. Securitas P. R.
• V. Aulus Vitellius Imp. Germ. . . . . . . . . . Augusti.
• VI. Caesar Vespasian. . . . . . Tr. Pot.
• VII. Caesar Aug. Pater Patriae. Princ. Juvent. Caes.
• VIII. Imp. Caes. Domit. Germ. Pont. Max. Tr. P. Imp. iij. Cos. xv. Censor. P. iij.
• IX. Imp. Caes. Trajan, Hadrian Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij. Felicit. P. R.
• X. Imp. Caesar Trajan Hadrian. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Cos. iij.
• XI. Hadrianus Aug. Cos. iij. P. P. Romulo Conditori.
• XII. M. Commodus Anton. Aug. Pius. Tr. P. viij. Cos. iiij. P. F.
• XII. M. Commodus. . . . . . . Cos. . . . . Exerc.
• ...

• XIV. Severus Aug. Parthic. Max. Restitutor Urbis.
• XV. Caes. Marc. Anton. Gordianus African. Aug. Princ. Juventutis.
• XVI. Maximus Caesar German. Pietas Aug.
• XVII. Dom. Nost. Julianus P. (i. e. pius) F. (i. e. felix) Aug. (Julian the Apostate.) Votis x (i. e. Decennalibus) multis x.
• XVIII. D. N. Valentinianus P. F. Aug. Urbs Roma. Lug. P. C.
• XIX. R. N. Valens P. F. Aug. Restitutor Reip. P. Lug.
• These from Sir Paul Whichcote.
• XX. D. N. Valens P. F. Aug. Urbs Roma Tr. P. (Treviris Perc.)
• Given by Walter Chetwynd Esq.
• XXI. Henricus IV. Dominus Hiberniae. Commonly call'd an Irish Groat.
• XXII. Carolus V. . . . L. M. . . . . Indiarum Plus Ult. In whose time the Indies

were more fully discover'd. These two given by G. Ent Esq.

Copper.

• I. D. N. Constantius P. F. Aug. Fel. Temp. reparatio. Two more of the same.
• II. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Felicitas Reipublicae. These from J. Aubrey Esq.
• III. Constantinus P. F. Aug. Soli Invicto Comiti.
• IV. Constantinus Nob. Caes. Vot. x. Caesarum nostrorum. S. Tr. (i. e. Sign. Treviris.)
• V. Constantinus Aug. . . . Tranquillitas Vot. xx. The same again.
• VI. Constantinus Jun. Nob. C. Vot. x. nostror. Caesarum. These found near Cambridge.
• VII. Antonius Pius Aug. Virtus Augg. (Augustorum) Denarius.
• VIII. . . . . Tit. Ael. Hadr. Antoninus Aug. Pius. Cos. iij. S. C. (i. e. Senat. Cons.) Annona.
• IX. D. N. Constantinus P. F. Aug. Fel. Temp. Reparatio.
• ...

• X. D. N. Magnentius. Felicitas. . . . . .
• XI. D. N. Magnentius. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. Α. Ω.
• XII. D. N. Constantius. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes. Α. Ω. Of these two last together, here are 24, all with the same Revers, about ☧ the
• Initial Letters of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ.
• ...

  XIII. Constantius P. F. Aug. . . . . . Exercitus.

  With Nine more obscure. These were taken out of the Pot above mention'd, found near Hedington.

• XIV. . . . Ptolomy. . . . . . .
• XV. Divus Aug. S. C. Consensu Sen. & Eq. Ord. PQR.
• XVI. Divus Augustus. Providentia S. C.
• XVII. M. Agrippa. . . . Cos. . . . . . .
• XVIII. C. Caesar Aug. German. P. M. Tr. Pot. Vesta. . . . . . . The same again.
• XIX. Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp. Constantia Augusti. The same again.
• XX. Tib. Claud. Caes. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. Imp. . . . . . . . S. C.
• XXI. Drusus Caes. Tiber. Aug. F. Divi Aug. N. Pontif. Tribun. Potest. iterum.
• XXII. Imp. Nero Caes. Aug. Pon. M. Tr. P. Roma. . . . S. C.
• XXIII. Nero Claudius Caes. Aug. Germ. P. M. Tr. R. Mac. Aug. S. S. (Macellum.)
• XXIV. Serg. Galba Imp. Caes. Aug. Adlocutio.
• XXV. A. Vitellius Imp. German. Fides Exercituum S. C.
• XXVI. A. Vitellius Germ. Aug. P. M. Tr. P. S. C. . . . .
• XXVII. Imp. Caes. Vesp. Aug. P. M. Tr. Cos. viij. . . . . . . S. C.
• XXVIII. Caesar Vesp. . . . . . . . . . S. C.
• ...

• XXIX. Imp. Caes. Domit. Aug. Germ. Cos. xvj. Cens. Perp. Moneta Aug. The same again.
• XXX. Imp. Caes. Magnentius. Felicitas Reipublicae. A Souldier holds in his right hand, a Victory; in his left, the Standard, on which is ☧ as on the XII.
• XXXI. D. N. Decentius. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes.
• XXXII. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes.
• XXXIII. D. N. Decentius Caes. Salus DD. NN. Aug. & Caes.
• XXXIV. Urbs Roma.
• XXXV. Constans. Fel. Temp. Reparatio.
• XXXVI. . . . Constantius. Fel. Temp. Reparatio. Of these two last together, here are 43, all with the same Reverse.
• XXXVII. D. N. Magnentius P. F. Aug. Gloria Romanorum.
• XXXVIII. . . . . Philip. Miliarium Saeculum Cos. iij. When Rome had been built a Thousand years.
• XXXIX. . . . Aurelius Anton. . . . . . S. C.
• XL. D. N. Theodosius P. F. Aug. Gloria Exercitus.
• XLI. D. N. . . . . Reparatio Reipub.
• XLII. Constans Pius Aug. Virtus Exercit.
• XLIII. D. N. Honorius. . . . . . . .
• XLIV. Crispus Nob. Caes. . . . . Tranquillitas.
• XLV. Gallienus Aug. . . . . . . . .

With about 72 more, which are obscure. Paper or Pastboard-Money.

Lugdunum Batavorum.

Pugna pro Patria. 1574. When besieged by the Spaniards.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Musaeum Wormia∣num.
• b 1.2

  Schrod. Pharm.
• c 1.3

  And Ho∣bokenus's Anatomia Secundinae Humanae.
• d 1.4

  See Har∣vey de Ge∣nerat. Ani∣malium.
• a 1.5

  Historiar. Cent. 5.
• b 1.6

  Historiar. Cent. 3.
• c 1.7

  Ibid.
• d 1.8

  De Ner∣vorum De∣script. & usu.
• e 1.9

  Histor. Anim. lib. 3. c. 3.
• a 1.10

  Kirck∣ringii Osteo∣logia.
• a 1.11

  See the Authors A∣natomy of Plants.
• b 1.12

  See the Authors Compara∣tive Anatomy of Trunks.
• c 1.13

  See Schrod. Pharm. and others.
• a 1.14

  Philo∣soph. Trans. N. 125.
• a 1.15

  Histor. Cent. 5.
• b 1.16

  Barl. Re∣rum gest. in Bras. Hist. p. 223.
• c 1.17

  Joh. de Laet.
• d 1.18

  Aldro∣vandus a Monfet de Re Cibariâ.
• a 1.19

  Lib. 15. c. 5.
• b 1.20

  J. de Laet. lib. 15. c. 5.
• c 1.21

  Bartaeus de Reb. Bras. p. 222.
• d 1.22

  Clusius.
• e 1.23

  Id.
• f 1.24

  Guliel. Piso.
• g 1.25

  Moufet, de Re Ciba∣ria, & Mu∣saeum Worm,
• a 1.26

  Quoted by Gesner.
• b 1.27

  Aldro∣vandus.
• c 1.28

  Gesner out of Pau∣lus Venetus.
• a 1.29

  Lib. 16. c. 15.
• b 1.30

  Barlaei Res Brasil. p. 223.
• c 1.31

  Ibid.
• d 1.32

  Chin. Illustr.
• e 1.33

  Fab. Co∣lum. lib. de Aquat. & Terrest.
• f 1.34

  Solinus and others quoted by Bochart.
• a 1.35

  Charl. On. Zoci.
• b 1.36

  Fab. Co∣lum. out of Strabo and Solinus.
• c 1.37

  Mus. Sep∣tal. c. 29. & Linschot. 204.
• a 1.38

  Gesner out of Pom∣ponius Sabi∣nus.
• b 1.39

  Gesner out of Olaus Magnus.
• a 1.40

  Gesner out of Soli∣nus.
• b 1.41

  Arist. H. Anim. l. 3c. 1.
• c 1.42

  Joh. de Laet. (out of Abbaevila∣nus) lib. 16. c. 15.
• d 1.43

  Gesner, out of Plu∣tarch.
• e 1.44

  Histor. Anim. lib. 1. c. 11.
• f 1.45

  Hist. l. 3. 8. 3.
• g 1.46

  Mus. Septal.
• h 1.47

  Clusius.
• i 1.48

  Barlaeus de Rebus Bras. p. 222.
• a 1.49

  Guil. Piso.
• b 1.50

  P. 369. out of Franc. Ximines.
• a 1.51

  Hist. l. 3. S. 3.
• a 1.52

  Gesner, out of the Author of the Book, de Naturâ Re∣rum; out of Vincentius, Beluacensis, and Olaus Magnus.
• a 1.53

  Exerc. 112.
• a 1.54

  Exerci∣tat. 21.
• a 1.55

  Joh. de Laet. from the Observa∣tion of Alfon∣sus de Be∣navides.
• b 1.56

  Chap. 39.
• a 1.57

  Gesner in his Para∣lypom.
• b 1.58

  Gesnet ibid.
• a 1.59

  History of Barbado••.
• b 1.60

  Histor. Animal. lib. 2. c. 1.
• c 1.61

  Barthol. Hist. Cent. 2.
• d 1.62

  Ibid. 2.
• e 1.63

  In Bouti∣us's Hist. N. Ind. Orient. l. 5. c. 9.
• a 1.64

  Histor. Cent. 2.
• b 1.65

  In Bont. Hist. N. Ind. Orient. l. 5. c. 9.
• c 1.66

  Piso in Bont.
• d 1.67

  Joh. de Laet, out of Lerius.
• e 1.68

  Cited by Aldrovandus.
• a 1.69

  Piso in Bontius.
• b 1.70

  Histor. Nat. Ind. Orient.
• a 1.71

  Histor. Nat.
• b 1.72

  Ibid.
• c 1.73

  Mart. Epigr. 22. & Epigr. 9. lib. 1.
• d 1.74

  Linschot p. 88.
• a 1.75

  De Par∣tib. Animal. l. 3. c. 2.
• b 1.76

  Linsch. p. 88.
• c 1.77

  Ibid.
• a 1.78

  Linchol. p. 29. &c.
• b 1.79

  Ibid.
• c 1.80

  East. Ind. Voyage.
• a 1.81

  Aldro∣vandus.
• a 1.82

  Lib. ult.
• b 1.83

  See the Author's Discourse of the Luctati∣on arising from the mixture of Bodies.
• a 1.84

  See his Musaeum.
• a 1.85

  Fascicul. Rariorum.
• b 1.86

  Mus. Ro∣man.
• c 1.87

  Ibid.
• d 1.88

  Joh. de Laet.
• e 1.89

  Rondelet
• f 1.90

  Trap∣ham's Disc. of Jam. Cap. 4.
• g 1.91

  Lig. Hist. of Barbados.
• a 1.92

  Tra∣pham, ut sup.
• b 1.93

  Lig. Hist.
• c 1.94

  N. 27. & N. 36.
• d 1.95

  Tra∣pham's Disc. of Jam.
• e 1.96

  Ibid.
• f 1.97

  Aelianus.
• g 1.98

  Mus. Rom.
• h 1.99

  De Part. Anim. lib. 2. c. 4.
• a 1.100

  Hist. of Barbad. p. 118.
• b 1.101

  Exercit. 196. Sect. 4.
• c 1.102

  Panaro∣lus.
• a 1.103

  Hist. Cent. 2.
• b 1.104

  Hist. Ind. l. 6. c. 1.
• c 1.105

  Cap. 10.
• a 1.106

  Guliel∣mus Piso.
• b 1.107

  Scal. Exer. 196. Sect. 5.
• c 1.108

  Gul. Piso.
• d 1.109

  Ibid.
• e 1.110

  Joh. de Laet. l. 5. c. 4. out of Franc. Ximenex.
• f 1.111

  Ibid.
• g 1.112

  Ibid.
• a 1.113

  Hist. An. l. 2. c. 10.
• a 1.114

  Lib. de Aquatil.
• a 1.115

  Hist. N. lib. 5.
• a 1.116

  Hist. N. l. 5. c. 8.
• a 1.117

  Ligon's Hist. of Bar∣bad. p. 62.
• b 1.118

  Linschot. Lib. 2. 248.
• c 1.119

  Hist. 50. Cent. 2.
• a 1.120

  Ligon's Hist. of Bar∣bad. p. 61.
• b 1.121

  Lib. 15. c. 14.
• a 1.122

  Hist. Anim. l. 1. c. 11.
• b 1.123

  Histor. Anim. l. 6. c. 34.
• c 1.124

  Pseudod. Epidem.
• d 1.125

  Schro∣deri. Pharmac.
• e 1.126

  Praevo∣tius.
• a 1.127

  Hist. Nat. l. 5. c. 3.
• b 1.128

  Lib. 14. c. 1.
• c 1.129

  China Illustrata.
• d 1.130

  Hist. N.
• e 1.131

  Ibid.
• f 1.132

  Joh. de Laet. from J. Lerius.
• g 1.133

  Ibid.
• h 1.134

  Piso.
• a 1.135

  Franc, Ximenez quoted by Joh. de Laet. l. 5. c. 15.
• b 1.136

  Bontius.
• c 1.137

  See the Phil. Trans. N. 3. & N. 4.
• a 1.138

  Philo∣soph. Trans. N. 6.
• a 1.139

  Kirch. Chin. Illustr.
• b 1.140

  Res Bra∣sil. p. 224.
• c 1.141

  Piso's Hist. N.
• a 1.142

  Willugh. Orn.
• b 1.143

  Gesner out of Pau∣lus Ven.
• c 1.144

  Barl. 223.
• d 1.145

  Gesner out of Pliny.
• e 1.146

  Willugh Ornithol
• f 1.147

  Pharmac▪
• a 1.148

  Wil∣lugh. Orni∣thol.
• b 1.149

  Ibid.
• c 1.150

  Clusius.
• d 1.151

  See Ex∣erc. 228. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 2.
• a 1.152

  Wil∣loughb. Or∣nith.
• b 1.153

  Bont. H. N. l. 5.
• c 1.154

  Ibid.
• d 1.155

  Wil∣loughb. Or∣nith.
• e 1.156

  Exercit. 236. S. 1.
• f 1.157

  Hist. N. I. Occid.
• g 1.158

  Bart. 118.
• h 1.159

  Gesner out of Ludov. Romanus.
• i 1.160

  Piso.
• a 1.161

  Musae∣um Roman.
• b 1.162

  Piso.
• c 1.163

  Will. Orn.
• a 1.164

  Lib. 3. Sect. 2.
• a 1.165

  Wil∣lughb. Or nith.
• b 1.166

  J. de Laet, l. 15. c. 7. out of J. Lerius, as he from Ovi∣edus.
• a 1.167

  Theve∣tus Gallus & Linschot. l. 2. p. 249.
• b 1.168

  Lig. Hist. Barb.
• c 1.169

  Ibid.
• d 1.170

  Charlt. On. Zoie.
• e 1.171

  Will. Orn.
• f 1.172

  Lig. Hist. of Barb.
• g 1.173

  Hist. N. lib. 5.
• a 1.174

  Ornith••
• b 1.175

  Hist. Cent. 4.
• a 1.176

  Lib. 2. de Nat. Deo∣rum.
• b 1.177

  Joh. de Laet lib. 15. c. 13. & Wil. Ornith.
• a 1.178

  Joh. de Laet.
• b 1.179

  Exercit. 233. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 2.
• a 1.180

  Lib. de Homine.
• b 1.181

  Orni∣thologiae, p. 259.
• c 1.182

  Wil∣lughb. Or∣nith. p. 256.
• d 1.183

  Ibid.
• a 1.184

  Ibid.
• b 1.185

  P. 258: & 259.
• c 1.186

  Will. Orn.
• d 1.187

  Wil∣lugh. Ornith; p. 248.
• a 1.188

  Will. Orn.
• b 1.189

  Ibid.
• a 1.190

  Gesner out of H. Boethius.
• b 1.191

  Gesner out of H. B. and Turner.
• c 1.192

  Wil. Orn.
• a 1.193

  Wormi∣us.
• b 1.194

  Wil∣lugh. Orni∣thol.
• c 1.195

  Willugh. Orn.
• a 1.196

  Willugh. Ornith.
• b 1.197

  Hist. of Barbad. p. 61.
• a 1.198

  Will. Orn.
• a 1.199

  Gulielm. Piso.
• b 1.200

  Mus. Worm.
• a 1.201

  L. 15. c. 12.
• a 1.202

  Musae∣um.
• b 1.203

  Hist. Cent. 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• a 1.204

  Ibid.
• b 1.205

  Mus. Rom.
• c 1.206

  Musaeum Wor.
• d 1.207

  Hist. Cent. 4.
• a 1.208

  Barthol. Hist. Cent. 4.
• b 1.209

  Ibid.
• c 1.210

  Ibid.
• d 1.211

  Ibid.
• e 1.212

  Tab. 4. N. 1.
• a 1.213

  Charl. Onom. Zoic.
• b 1.214

  Hist. of Barb. p. 6.
• a 1.215

  Charl. Onom. Zoic. out of Hie∣ron. Benzon. Hist. N. Orb. l. 2. c. 14.
• b 1.216

  Traph. Disc. of Jam.
• c 1.217

  Ibid.
• d 1.218

  Charl. On. Zoic. out of Petr. Mar∣tyr.
• a 1.219

  Exer. 218. S. 4.
• b 1.220

  Musae∣um Wormi∣anum.
• c 1.221

  Ibid.
• d 1.222

  Quoted by Laet, l. 2.
• a 1.223

  Ligon's Hist. of Barb. p. 5.
• b 1.224

  Out of Laet.
• c 1.225

  Hist. An. l. 2. c. 1. near the end.
• a 1.226

  Hist. An. lib. 6. c. 11. & l. 5. c. 10.
• b 1.227

  Hist. 42.
• a 1.228

  Phil. Trans. N. 76. p. 2275.
• b 1.229

  Tursio Plinii. Pho∣caena Ron∣deletii.
• a 1.230

  Laet. l. 13.
• b 1.231

  Charl. Onomast. Zoic.
• a 1.232

  Tab. 27. f. 2.
• a 1.233

  De Part. Anim. l. 3. c. 1.
• a 1.234

  Histor. 50.
• a 1.235

  Lib. de Aq. & Ter∣rest.
• a 1.236

  Wor∣mius.
• a 1.237

  L. de Re Cibaria.
• b 1.238

  Exerc. 182. S. 2.
• c 1.239

  Salvian.
• d 1.240

  Salvian.
• a 1.241

  Hist. of Barbadoes.
• a 1.242

  Tab. 45.
• a 1.243

  Hist. 71.
• b 1.244

  Tab. 34.
• a 1.245

  Tab. 32.
• a 1.246

  Histor. 62.
• a 1.247

  Hist. Anim. lib. 2. c. 17.
• a 1.248

  J. de Laet. l. 2.
• b 1.249

  De Part. Anim. lib. 4. c. 8.
• c 1.250

  Ibid.
• d 1.251

  Mus. Calceol. Sect. 1.
• a 1.252

  Hist. An. lib. 4. c. 4.
• b 1.253

  Lib. de Re Cibariâ.
• a 1.254

  Num. 57.
• a 1.255

  Sect. 1.
• b 1.256

  Ibid.
• a 1.257

  Tab. 32. f. 5.
• a 1.258

  In his Purpura. But better in his Book de A∣quat. & Terrestr.
• a 1.259

  Tab. 29. fig. 1.
• b 1.260

  Fab. Column. Purpura.
• c 1.261

  Mart. Lyster de Cochl.
• d 1.262

  Aristot. Hist. Anim. lib. 5. c. 15.
• e 1.263

  Musaeum Worm.
• a 1.264

  Fab. Co∣lum. Pur∣pura.
• b 1.265

  Lib. de Aquatil. & Terrest.
• a 1.266

  Hist. An. lib. 5. c. 15.
• b 1.267

  De Cochl. Mar. Tit. 1.
• c 1.268

  Musaeum.
• d 1.269

  Lib. de Aquat. & Terrest.
• a 1.270

  Lib. de Aquat. & Terrest.
• b 1.271

  Lib. de Cochl.
• c 1.272

  Lib. de Cochl. Mar.
• d 1.273

  Joh. de Laet.
• a 1.274

  Lib. de Cochl. Mar.
• a 1.275

  Musaeum
• b 1.276

  Lib. de Gem. & Lapid.
• a 1.277

  Hist. Anim. lib. 4. c. 4.
• b 1.278

  Lib. de Cochleis. Tit. 26.
• c 1.279

  Ibid. p. 1.
• d 1.280

  Ibid.
• a 1.281

  Arist. Hist. Anim. l. 9. c. 37. Scal. exercit. Rondeletius out of Oppia∣nus. Bello∣nius. And out of him Septalius's Musaeum.
• a 1.282

  Wormi∣us.
• b 1.283

  Bellonius
• c 1.284

  Ronde∣letius.
• a 1.285

  Arist. H. Anim. lib. 4. c. 5.
• a 1.286

  Lyst. lib. de Cochl.
• b 1.287

  Bellonius
• c 1.288

  Lib. de Aquat. & T••rr. c. 50.
• a 1.289

  Lystri lib. de Cochl.
• b 1.290

  Wormi∣us.
• a 1.291

  P. 90.
• b 1.292

  Arist. H. A. lib. 4. c. 4.
• c 1.293

  Scal. ex∣erc. 219. S. 1.
• a 1.294

  Bellon▪ H. Anim. lib▪ 15. c. 12.
• b 1.295

  Bellonius
• a 1.296

  Lyster. de Conch.
• b 1.297

  Pliny.
• a 1.298

  Bellonius
• b 1.299

  Quoted by Rondele∣tius.
• c 1.300

  Philos. Trans. N. 101.
• d 1.301

  Indian-Voyage.
• e 1.302

  Charl. On. Zoic.
• f 1.303

  Praevot, lib. de Med. facilè para∣lilibus.
• a 1.304

  Gesner.
• b 1.305

  Tavern. Indian-Voy∣age.
• a 1.306

  Ronde∣letius.
• b 1.307

  Wormi∣us.
• c 1.308

  Bellonius
• d 1.309

  Ronde∣letius.
• e 1.310

  Lib. de Conch. Tit. 35.
• a 1.311

  Barlaeus, de rebus gestis in Brasilia.
• b 1.312

  Hector Boethius quoted by Gesner, and our Country∣man Dr. Tur∣ner.
• a 1.313

  Exercit. 59. toward the end.
• b 1.314

  Philos. Transac••. N.
• c 1.315

  Histor. Cent. 6.
• a 1.316

  Num. 65.
• a 1.317

  Mouf. de Insect. cap. 1.
• b 1.318

  Ibid.
• c 1.319

  Hist. An•• lib. 9. c. 40.
• a 1.320

  Mouf. de Ins. c. 10.
• b 1.321

  Ibid.
• c 1.322

  Id. c. 12.
• d 1.323

  Id. c. 12. out of Arnol∣dus.
• a 1.324

  Latter part of C. 14.
• b 1.325

  See Dr. Powers Mi∣crosc. Observ. and Mr. Hook's Mi∣crography.
• c 1.326

  Cap. 14.
• a 1.327

  Lib. de Ins.
• b 1.328

  Cap. 17. p. 133.
• c 1.329

  De Bom∣byce p. 28. Tab. 4.
• d 1.330

  Moufet out of Val∣leriola.
• e 1.331

  Mus. Wormian.
• a 1.332

  Cap. 23.
• b 1.333

  Id. out of Toxites's Onomasti∣chon.
• c 1.334

  Tab. 16. Fig. 2.
• a 1.335

  De Bom∣byce, p. 27. Tab. 3.
• b 1.336

  Mus. Calceolar.
• c 1.337

  Chioccus in Mus. Cal∣ceol.
• a 1.338

  Cap. 21.
• a 1.339

  Lib. de Insect. c. 19.
• b 1.340

  Thom. Barthol. Hist. Cent. 5.
• a 1.341

  Lib. 1. c. 23.
• b 1.342

  At the end of the Second Book
• c 1.343

  Moufet, lib. 1. c. 23.
• d 1.344

  Lib. 2. c. 38.
• e 1.345

  Lib. 2, c. 38.
• f 1.346

  Lib. 1. c. 29.
• a 1.347

  Hist. of Barb. p. 64.
• b 1.348

  P. 63.
• c 1.349

  Linchot. p. 80.
• d 1.350

  N. 23.
• e 1.351

  N. 64.
• f 1.352

  Phar∣mac.
• a 1.353

  Piso, Hist. N. l. 5.
• b 1.354

  Ibid.
• c 1.355

  Barlaei Res Brasil. p. 224.
• d 1.356

  Philos. Trans. N. 40.
• e 1.357

  Hist. An. lib. 9. c. 39.
• f 1.358

  Lib. de Araneis.
• g 1.359

  Joh. de Laet. l. 15. c. 6. out of Lerius.
• h 1.360

  Schrod. Pharm.
• i 1.361

  Poterius.
• a 1.362

  Phil. Trans. N. 68.
• a 1.363

  Lib. 2. cap. 2.
• b 1.364

  L. 2. c. 37.
• c 1.365

  Cap. 38.
• a 1.366

  Lib. 38.
• b 1.367

  De Ins. c. 7.
• c 1.368

  Ibid.
• a 1.369

  N. 83.
• a 1.370

  Lib. 1. c. 76.
• b 1.371

  Phil. Trans. N. 43.
• a 1.372

  Linsch. l. 1. c. 76.
• b 1.373

  Notae in Garsiam.
• c 1.374

  Lib. 1. c. 65.
• d 1.375

  Phil. Trans. N. 43.
• a 1.376

  Linsch. l. 1. c. 75.
• b 1.377

  Phil. Trans. N 36.
• a 1.378

  Lib. 2. c. 26.
• a 1.379

  In his first Book Of Plants, Chap. 2.
• a 1.380

  Thevetus
• a 1.381

  J. Bauh.
• b 1.382

  L. 3. c. 176.
• a 1.383

  Hist. of Barb. p. 70.
• b 1.384

  Tom. 1.
• c 1.385

  J. Bauh. Tom. 1.
• d 1.386

  Tom. 1.
• a 1.387

  Lib. 3. cap. 204.
• b 1.388

  Lib. 3. cap. 50.
• c 1.389

  Lib. 2. c. 19.
• a 1.390

  Descr. Ind. Occ. l. 17. c. 4.
• a 1.391

  Tom. 1.
• b 1.392

  Tom. 1. p. 328.
• a 1.393

  See the Authors Book Of Plants, c. 1. & ult.
• b 1.394

  Piso.
• a 1.395

  Garsias ab Horto.
• a 1.396

  Hist. of Barb. p. 72.
• b 1.397

  See the Great sort misplaced in Sect. 3. Ch. 2.
• a 1.398

  Lib. 1. c. 42.
• a 1.399

  Tom. 1. 254.
• b 1.400

  Exot. l. 11. c. 11.
• c 1.401

  Tom. 1. 253.
• a 1.402

  Tome 1.
• b 1.403

  Hist. N. Ind.
• c 1.404

  Histor. Ind. lib. 4.
• a 1.405

  Musaeum Calceolar.
• b 1.406

  Mautissae Aromaticae, c. 19.
• a 1.407

  See the Authors first Book Of Plants, Cap. ult.
• a 1.408

  Linscho∣ten. Joh. de Laet. Piso, and others.
• b 1.409

  L. 2. c. 30.
• c 1.410

  Sect. 5.
• a 1.411

  Ximenes
• b 1.412

  Tom. 1.
• a 1.413

  Tom. 1.
• b 1.414

  Garcias.
• a 1.415

  Hist. l. 4. c. 22.
• b 1.416

  Ibid.
• a 1.417

  Lib. 3. c. 36.
• b 1.418

  Lig. Hist. of Barb. p. 67.
• c 1.419

  Mus. Wormian.
• a 1.420

  Bauh. Tom. 1.
• b 1.421

  Monar∣des.
• c 1.422

  In his Book of the Origine of Forms.
• d 1.423

  Hist. of Barb. p. 68.
• e 1.424

  Sect. 5.
• f 1.425

  Tom. 1. lib. 3. c. 116.
• a 1.426

  Mouf. de Re Cib.
• b 1.427

  Bauhin.
• c 1.428

  Lib. de Re Cibar.
• d 1.429

  Lib. 3. c. 104. Fig. 3.
• e 1.430

  Bauhinus
• f 1.431

  Mus. Wormian.
• g 1.432

  Bauh. Tom. 1. 336.
• h 1.433

  Garcias ab Horto.
• a 1.434

  Lib. 1. c. 52.
• b 1.435

  Lib. 4. c. 6.
• c 1.436

  Piso.
• d 1.437

  Linscho∣ten.
• e 1.438

  Piso.
• a 1.439

  Piso.
• b 1.440

  Lerius.
• c 1.441

  Tom. 1.
• d 1.442

  Mus. l. 2. c. 30.
• a 1.443

  Tom. 1. l. 3. c. 144.
• a 1.444

  Lib. 9. c. 15.
• b 1.445

  In suae Peregrinat. Hierosolym. cap. 13.
• c 1.446

  Simlerus.
• d 1.447

  Nomen∣clat.
• a 1.448

  Lib. 12. c. 3.
• b 1.449

  Lib. 3. c. 22.
• c 1.450

  Tab. 1.
• d 1.451

  Lib. 12. c. 8.
• a 1.452

  Lib. 17. c. 1. p. 276.
• b 1.453

  See the Authors first Book Of Plants, Chap. 1.
• c 1.454

  Lib. 17. p. 277.
• d 1.455

  Lib. 17. p. 278.
• a 1.456

  Hist. of Barb.
• b 1.457

  Lib. 3. c. 154.
• a 1.458

  Hereof see Bellonius.
• a 1.459

  Descr. Horti Far∣nesiani.
• b 1.460

  Pison. Hist. l. 4. c. 31.
• c 1.461

  Ibid.
• d 1.462

  Phil. Trans. N. 36.
• e 1.463

  Ibid.
• f 1.464

  Piso, ubi supra.
• a 1.465

  Piso.
• b 1.466

  Ximines
• c 1.467

  Wormius
• d 1.468

  Honori∣us Bellus.
• e 1.469

  Wormi∣us.
• f 1.470

  Hon. Bellus.
• g 1.471

  Mus. Calceol.
• h 1.472

  Lacuna.
• a 1.473

  Belloni∣us.
• a 1.474

  Mantissae Aromat. c. 8.
• b 1.475

  Lib. 15. c. 46.
• c 1.476

  Tom. 1. cap. 11.
• d 1.477

  Lobus Fabae Brasi∣lianae Ne∣phroideae.
• a 1.478

  Tom. 2. Cap. 17.
• a 1.479

  See the Author's Anatomy Of Plants, Ch. 2. & 3.
• b 1.480

  Phil. Trans. N. 142
• a 1.481

  Theve∣tus.
• b 1.482

  Oviedus.
• c 1.483

  Acosta.
• d 1.484

  Piso.
• a 1.485

  Wormi∣us out of Garsias and others.
• b 1.486

  Piso, l. 4. c. 1.
• c 1.487

  Hist. l. 4. c. 1.
• d 1.488

  Hist. of Barb. p. 86. &c.
• e 1.489

  See Barl. de Reb. Bra∣sil. p. 119. &c.
• a 1.490

  Hist. l. 6. c. 36.
• b 1.491

  Lib. 18. c. 196.
• a 1.492

  Lib. 19. c. 3.
• a 1.493

  Lib. 32. c. 8.
• b 1.494

  Mantissae Aromat. c. 15.
• c 1.495

  Ibid.
• d 1.496

  Phil. Trans. N. 14. out of The∣venot's Voy∣ages, Tom. 3.
• a 1.497

  Pars 2. c. 1.
• b 1.498

  Rarior. Pl. lib. 2. c. 18.
• c 1.499

  Lib. de Bals.
• a 1.500

  Lib. 16. c. 1.
• a 1.501

  Lib. 16. c. 1.
• b 1.502

  Lib. 16. c. 1.
• c 1.503

  Lib. 16. c. 1.
• a 1.504

  Bauh. lib. 16. c. 1. p 217
• b 1.505

  Exot. lib. 2. c. 18.
• c 1.506

  Hist. l. 4. c. 51.
• d 1.507

  L. 15. c. 15. p. 135.
• a 1.508

  Lib. 17. p. 264.
• a 1.509

  Lib. 17. p. 276.
• a 1.510

  Lib. 17. c. 19.
• b 1.511

  Ibid.
• a 1.512

  Micro∣graphia.
• a 1.513

  See the Authors two last Books Of Plants, the former Of Roots, the latter Of Trunks; es∣pecially this▪ latter.
• a 1.514

  Desc. Plant. Rari∣or.
• a 1.515

  Phil. Trans. N. 20. p. 363.
• b 1.516

  Ibid. N. 87. p. 5059.
• c 1.517

  Phil. Trans. N. 71. p. 2165. N. 72. p. 2177. N. 73. p. 2196. com∣pared with N. 87. p. 5059.
• a 1.518

  Sect. 1.
• b 1.519

  Mus. l. 2. c. 35. at the end.
• a 1.520

  Lib. 39. c. 30. and figur'd.
• b 1.521

  Lib. 27.
• a 1.522

  Lib. 27.
• b 1.523

  Lib. 39.
• c 1.524

  Lib. 27.
• d 1.525

  De Plan∣tis Rariorib. p. 70. Tab. 38.
• a 1.526

  Relig. Med.
• b 1.527

  Phil. Trans. N. 108.
• c 1.528

  Sir Tho∣mas Milling∣ton.
• a 1.529

  Mus. lib. 3.
• b 1.530

  Musaeum Metallicum.
• a 1.531

  Of Gems p. 156.
• a 1.532

  Musaeum Metallic.
• a 1.533

  Boet. de Gennis & Lapid.
• b 1.534

  Lib. 37. c. 10.
• c 1.535

  De figur. Lapid. c. 3.
• d 1.536

  Ibid. c. 12.
• a 1.537

  See Part I.
• b 1.538

  Musaeum Metallic.
• c 1.539

  Aldrov. M. Metall.
• a 1.540

  Mus. Me∣tallicum.
• a 1.541

  Mus. Me∣tall. Aldrov▪
• a 1.542

  Ubi su∣pra.
• b 1.543

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.544

  Sect. 3. p. 317.
• b 1.545

  Lib. 24. c. 25.
• a 1.546

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.547

  De Gem. & Lap. l. 2. c. 226.
• a 1.548

  Lib. 37. c. 10.
• a 1.549

  See the Authors Book Of Trunks. And that Of Roots.
• b 1.550

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.551

  Fossil. Nomenclat.
• b 1.552

  De La∣pid. Figur.
• c 1.553

  De Lap. & Gem.
• d 1.554

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• e 1.555

  Num. 100.
• f 1.556

  Num. 129.
• a 1.557

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• * 1.558

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• a 1.559

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• b 1.560

  Lib. 27. Cap. 4.
• a 1.561

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.562

  Lib. c.
• a 1.563

  Impera∣tus, Lib. 27. c. 4.
• b 1.564

  Lib. 27. c. 4.
• c 1.565

  Lib. c.
• a 1.566

  Tavern. Ind. Voyage, Chap. 21.
• b 1.567

  J. de Laet.
• c 1.568

  Of the Orig. of Forms, 136.
• d 1.569

  Mus. Rom. p. 45. Col. 2.
• e 1.570

  Dr. Brown's Trav.
• f 1.571

  Phil. Trans. N. 100.
• g 1.572

  Phil. Trans. N. 129. p. 730. l. pen.
• h 1.573

  De Lap. & G. lib. 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 154. p. 312.
• a 1.574

  Lib. 24: cap. 26.
• b 1.575

  Lib. 27. cap. 8.
• c 1.576

  Sept. Mus. c. 13. n. 18, 19.
• a 1.577

  Lib. 39. c. 60.
• a 1.578

  Clusius.
• a 1.579

  Ind. Tav. lib. 2. c. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.
• b 1.580

  Mr. Boyle Of Gems, p. 11.
• c 1.581

  Joh. de Laet L. de G. & Lap.
• d 1.582

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• e 1.583

  Lib. 1. c. 43.
• f 1.584

  Of Gems, p. 109.
• g 1.585

  Ib. p. 112
• h 1.586

  Boet. de G.
• i 1.587

  Mr. Boyl, Of Gems, p. 51.
• k 1.588

  Ib. p. 35.
• a 1.589

  Of Gems, p. 39.
• b 1.590

  Mus. Sept.
• c 1.591

  Mr. Boyle, Of Gems, p. 43. & Mus. Calc.
• d 1.592

  Lib. 2. c. 73. l. 1.
• e 1.593

  Mus. Sep∣tal. c. 9. n. 54.
• f 1.594

  Boet. de Gem. & L. Lib. 2. c. 74.
• g 1.595

  Ib.
• h 1.596

  Terzagi in Mus. Sept.
• a 1.597

  Boet. de Gem. & Lap.
• a 1.598

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• b 1.599

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• c 1.600

  Lib. 2. c. 43.
• d 1.601

  Ibid.
• e 1.602

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• f 1.603

  De Laet. de Gem. & L.
• g 1.604

  Mr. Boyle, Of Gems, p. 88.
• * 1.605

  (h) Ibid.
• b 1.606

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• c 1.607

  Aldrov. M. Metall.
• d 1.608

  Ambro∣sin. (in Al∣drov. M. Met.) out of Porta.
• e 1.609

  Mus. Wormian.
• f 1.610

  Boet. from Guai∣nerius.
• g 1.611

  Theophr. de Lap.
• a 1.612

  Lib. 7. c. 11.
• b 1.613

  Mus. Septal.
• a 1.614

  Boet. lib. 2. de Gem. & L.
• b 1.615

  Boet. de Gem.
• c 1.616

  Tavern. Voyages.
• d 1.617

  Lib. 1. de Gem. c. 13.
• a 1.618

  Porta.
• b 1.619

  Num. 38.
• c 1.620

  Laet, ubi supra.
• d 1.621

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• e 1.622

  Georg. Agric.
• f 1.623

  Theop. de Lapid.
• a 1.624

  Lib. de Gem.
• b 1.625

  Lib. 2. c. 184. out of Monardes.
• c 1.626

  See Al∣drov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.627

  De Gem. lib. 2. c. 102.
• * 1.628

  (b) Pag. 177, 178.
• c 1.629

  Of the Virtues Of Gems, p. 171. 172.
• a 1.630

  Lib. 2. c. 110.
• b 1.631

  Lib. 1. de Lap.
• c 1.632

  Mus. Cal∣ceol. S. 3.
• a 1.633

  Boet. de Gem.
• b 1.634

  Laet de Gem.
• a 1.635

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.636

  Lib. de Lap. Fig.
• c 1.637

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.638

  Phil. Trans. N. 39.
• a 1.639

  De Lap. & Gem. Lib. 2.
• b 1.640

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• a 1.641

  Musaeum Metallic.
• b 1.642

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.643

  A Dutch Musaeum.
• b 1.644

  Mus. lib. 1. Sect. 2. c. 13.
• c 1.645

  Mus. lib. 2. c. 50.
• a 1.646

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.647

  Musaeum
• a 1.648

  Phil. Trans. N. 112.
• b 1.649

  Lib. 2. c. 145.
• c 1.650

  C. 147.
• * 1.651

  (d) Phil. Trans.
• e 1.652

  Lib. 2. c. 164.
• f 1.653

  Ibid.
• a 1.654

  Num. 67.
• b 1.655

  Experi∣menta Cry∣stalli Islandi∣ci Dis-Di∣aclastici.
• a 1.656

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• a 1.657

  Ubi supra.
• b 1.658

  Mus. Wormian.
• a 1.659

  Num. 72.
• b 1.660

  Museum
• c 1.661

  Lib. de Lap. & Gem.
• a 1.662

  In sine, Cap. de Amiantho, &c.
• a 1.663

  Mus. Metall. Ald.
• b 1.664

  Of Gems, p. 160.
• c 1.665

  Boet. de Gem.
• d 1.666

  Ambros. in Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• a 1.667

  Boet. de Lap. & G.
• b 1.668

  From Cap. 123. to 137. & 141.
• c 1.669

  Brassa••o∣lus.
• d 1.670

  Fiora∣vantus.
• a 1.671

  Lib. 2. c. 144.
• b 1.672

  See Tral∣lianus, Guai∣nerius, and others.
• c 1.673

  Majoli Colloquia.
• a 1.674

  Mus. Septal.
• b 1.675

  Of Ef∣fluv. p. 33.
• a 1.676

  De Gem. & Lap. lib. 2. c. 270.
• a 1.677

  See Agri∣cola.
• b 1.678

  De Lap. & G. lib. 2. c. 293.
• c 1.679

  Musaeum Metallic.
• d 1.680

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.681

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• a 1.682

  Dr. Brown's Travails, p. 99.
• b 1.683

  P. 103.
• c 1.684

  Ib. p. 99.
• a 1.685

  Mus. Roman.
• b 1.686

  Of Ef∣fluv. p. 13. & 14.
• c 1.687

  Aldrov. Mus. Met.
• d 1.688

  N. 142. Communi∣cated by Dr. Christ. Merret.
• e 1.689

  Mus. Met.
• a 1.690

  Dr. Brown's Tra∣vails, p. 91.
• b 1.691

  Ibid. p. 93.
• a 1.692

  Ambros. in Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• b 1.693

  Num. 41.
• c 1.694

  Mus. Calceol.
• d 1.695

  Mus. Metallicum.
• a 1.696

  P. 108.
• a 1.697

  Num. 69
• b 1.698

  Num.
• c 1.699

  Observ. Cent. 4. Obs. 56.
• a 1.700

  Num. 28. & 39.
• b 1.701

  Lib. de Lap.
• a 1.702

  Mus. Me∣tall.
• b 1.703

  I think in his Pinax:
• a 1.704

  Num. 137.
• b 1.705

  Aldrov. Mus. Metall.
• c 1.706

  Androv. Mus. Met.
• a 1.707

  Mus. Met.
• b 1.708

  Num.
• a 1.709

  Ambro∣sinus, and others.
• b 1.710

  N. 39.
• c 1.711

  Wicker.
• * 1.712

  Dr. Popes account of the Mines.
• e 1.713

  Kirch. Hist. Ind. l. 4. c. 3.
• a 1.714

  Dr. Brown's Trav. p. 91.
• a 1.715

  Boet. de Lapid. l. 2.
• b 1.716

  Dr. Brown's Tra∣vails.
• a 1.717

  See Phil. Trans. N. 130.
• b 1.718

  See Part 4.
• c 1.719

  Mus. Calceol. S. 2. p. 149.
• a 1.720

  N. 61.
• b 1.721

  Descript. Polan. lib. 1.
• c 1.722

  Dr. Brown's Travails, p. 112.
• d 1.723

  Aldrov. Mus. Metal.
• a 1.724

  N. 142.
• b 1.725

  N. 103. & 104.
• c 1.726

  Aldrov. Mus. Met.
• d 1.727

  N. 103. and conti∣nu'd, N. 104.
• e 1.728

  Num. 142.
• a 1.729

  De Gem. lib. 2.
• b 1.730

  Tavarn. Ind. Voyage.
• c 1.731

  De Dem. lib. 2. c. 160.
• d 1.732

  Mus. Septal.
• d 1.733

  Boet. de Gem. & L.
• a 1.734

  Num. 104.
• b 1.735

  See Phil. Trans. N. 21.
• a 1.736

  Mus. Calceol. Sect. 2. p. 130
• b 1.737

  Mus. l. 1. c. 4.
• c 1.738

  Mus. Worm. l. 1. c. 4. p. 9.
• a 1.739

  Lib. de Lapid.
• a 1.740

  Fossil. Nomencl.
• a 1.741

  Ibid.
• a 1.742

  Lib. 1. c. 63.
• a 1.743

  Both communica∣ted by Dr. Daniel Cox.
• a 1.744

  Author of the Expe∣riment upon the Load∣stone, Part 3.
• a 1.745

  N. 125.
• b 1.746

  Experi∣ments Phy∣sico-Mecha∣nick of the Spring of the Air.
• c 1.747

  See Hist. of the Royal Society, p. 312:
• a 1.748

  See his Lampus, p. 14.
• b 1.749

  Ibid. Tab. 3. Fig. 4.
• a 1.750

  Num. 81, 82.
• a 1.751

  See his Book De Mo∣tu, Cap. 6. Prop. 10. Fig. 243.
• a 1.752

  Part 2; p. 233.
• a 1.753

  Tavern. Ind. Trav. l. 3. c. 19.
• a 1.754

  P. 34. Col. 2.
• a 1.755

  Num. 138.
• b 1.756

  Num. 60.
• c 1.757

  Appen∣dix to Po∣mona.
• d 1.758

  By Mr. Hartlib.
• e 1.759

  Aldin. De script. Hort. Farnes. Out of Mo∣nerdes and Oviedus.
• f 1.760

  Histor. Americ. l. 4. c. 28.
• a 1.761

  Deut. 6. 8. and in the other places above quoted.
• b 1.762

  Hierome, quoted by Bishop Mon∣tague.
• c 1.763

  Can. 61.