Musæum regalis societatis, or, A catalogue and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge made by Nehemiah Grew ; whereunto is subjoyned The comparative anatomy of stomachs and guts by the same author.

CHAP. III. Of the Stomach and Guts of such Animals as are both Frugivorous and Graminivorous; as the Rabbit, Horse, and Pig.

A Rabbit.

THe Gulet of a RABBIT is inserted into the middle of the Stomach, as in a Rat.

The Stomach shaped almost like a Dogs, but bigger, with respect to the Animal. Its inner Membrane is gather'd up into several little Plates, like those in a Man. At the End next the Pylorus, much thicker, and more Glandulous, Ner∣vous, and Muscular than in any other part.

The Guts, without the Caecum, are four yards long. In number, five. The First, or Jejunum, about four feet long, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 an inch over.

The Second, or Ileum, as long; and above ½ an inch over. Whereas in some, as the Polecat, Dog, Urchan, the Second Gut is smaller than the First.

The Jejunum is besprinkled with a great number of very small Glands: which when the Guts are blown up and dry, look like a multitude of little Specks. Whence the Gut is more opacous than the Ileum.

Besides these smaller Glands, the Jejunum and Ileum to∣gether, are furnished with four or five Clusters, about as broad as a Two-penys; and every Gland as big as Wallflower-Seeds.

Where the Ileum enters the Colon, it hath a very thick white and Glandulous Body, or Pancreas Intestinale: and the mouth of each Gland very apparent.

The Caecum, of a prodigious size; above ½ a yard long, and and an inch and ½ over where widest.

At the End of the Caecum hangs a certain Label, also con∣tinuously hollow with the Caecum, and may be accounted part of it. Betwixt three and four inches long; and at the upper end, ••/4 of an inch over; in shape like a Man's Finger. Lined quite through with a thick Glandulous Body, like that in the end of the Ileum.

All the rest of the Caecum very thin, and transparent: so as being blown up, it looks like those Skins of Iceing-Glass, formerly us'd for Transparent Flower-Works.

This Gut seemeth at first, to have many Valvulae Conni∣ventes. But by being blown up, is fairly represented one single Valve or Plate, stretched out perpendicularly from the circuit of the Gut, and most curiously winding, in a spiral Line, from one End to the other.

This Gut runs into the Colon, which is above a foot long, where widest or next the Caecum, an inch over; at the other end ½ an inch. It hath a double Vinculum, one on each side; by which 'tis gather'd up into a great number of little Cells, contiguous one to another throughout.

In opening this Animal, being just dead, the Peristaltick motion of the Guts, was very apparent, especially in this Gut. By means whereof, the several Cells aforesaid, were made reciprocally to move in and out; so as while one moved and was convex inward, another next adjacent, mo∣ved and was convex outward; and so on by a kind of un∣dulation, for several inches together.

This Gut is very thick and Glandulous all over, the Glands standing every where close and contiguous: so that the in∣side of the Gut, looks like the Seal-Fishes Skin. The Glands are not flat, as in the Guts above describ'd, but standing up round and high, like an infinite number of Papillae: the Mouths of each visibly open; from whence a Muçus may easily be express'd.

So that all Intestinal Glands are either Flat, or Spherical; both with a Mouth in the centre. Answering to a Button-Mould; the Flat Gland, to a flat Mould; and the Sphaerical Gland to the like Mould. The former may be called Rotu∣lares: the latter Papillares.

The Last Gut is about four feet long; as wide as the Ileum, and near the Anus wider by ¼ of an inch.

This Animal hath none of those Bags observed at the Anus of the Carnivorous kind.

A Horse.

The Gulet of a HORSE, is large, thick, red, and very Muscular. The properties of the Gulet in all Voraceous Quadrupeds. Inserted into the Stomach, not at one End, but the middle, as in a Rabbit.

The Stomach single. Not much above a foot long, about ¼ of a yard deep, and seven inches over. Which in respect to the Animal, and especially to his Guts, is exceed∣ing small, I had not time to observe the inside, but proba∣bly, 'tis gather'd up into Plates or Folds as That of a Rabbit.

The Guts are six. The First, or small Gut, about 28 yards. Near the Stomach, two inches over; towards the other end, two inches and ½. Which though it be wider by far, than the same Gut in any other Quadruped that I have open'd: yet in respect to the Amplitude of the other Guts in this Animal, it may properly be called the Small Gut. It hath six or eight Contractions or short narrow Necks; and amongst them, a long one, about a foot before its en∣trance into the Caecum.

It hath very few, and but small Clusters of those larger Glands, observable in the fore-mention'd Animals. But of a smaller kind, the inner Coat is every where full as it can hold, each Gland not so big as a Cheese-Mite.

The Second, or Caecum, is square; having not two, but four Ligaments which contain it in that figure. By means whereof the sides are also gather'd into many Cells, small and great, as the Colon it self in this and other Animals.

The Bulk is vast: Near the Cone, or close end, about three inches over. But at the Base, or where it joyns to the

Colon, a ¼ of a yard over. And in length, a full yard. So that it is more than twice as big as the Stomach.

The Learned Dr. Glisson, in speaking of the Stomachs of Quadrupeds, saith, That a Rabbit and a Horse have a double Caecum. His words are these; In Equis, Cuniculis, & Por∣cellis Indicis, Caecum duplex deprehenditur. But herein he is mistaken. As to a Rabbit, the contrary hath been seen in the Guts presented entire before this Honourable Presence. And who ever will take the pains to examine all the Guts of a Horse, will find, That neither hath he, any more than One Caecum, which I have above describ'd.

The Third Gut, is the Colon. The unusual shape, and pro∣digious Amplitude whereof, might give occasion to the Doctor to mistake it for another Caecum. So that although a Horse hath but one single Caecum; yet may he not impro∣perly be said to have a Treble Colon; sc. Two Ample ones, next the Caecum; and a smaller one next the Rectum. Un∣less any please rather to call the two Great ones, the two BELLIES of one and the same Colon.

The First Belly next the Caecum, is no less where widest, than ¼ of a yard over; and in length, above a yard and 1/••.

The Second Belly, next the Rectum, as wide as the former; and above a yard long. So that each of these Bellies are bigger than the Caecum. That next the Caecum half as big again: And about four times as big as the Stomach.

These two Bellies are joyn'd together by a Neck, about four inches over, and ¼ of a yard long. Gather'd likewise into Cells, as all the other parts of the Colon. But with four Ligaments, as the Caecum. By which also they lie square. And upon a passing view, might be another occasion of the forementioned mistake. So that if any one shall call either of these Bellies, a Caecum; then a Horse will not have two only, but three Caecums. But these Bellies have neither of them, the defining property of a Caecum; which is, To be pervious at one end only.

The small Colon, or the smaller part of it, runs betwixt the Second Belly and the Rectum: likewise full of Cells, con∣tain'd together by two opposite Ligaments as in other Animals. 'Tis about three inches over; and six yards long.

The Rectum, very thick and Muscular, as in most other

large Quadrupeds; about three inches and ½ over, and not above ½ a yard long. The length of all the Guts (without the Caecum) is about 37 yards. So that the Guts of a Horse, although they come much short of those of the Animals next mention'd: yet in wideness, much exceed them: So as to contain about ten times more than his Stomach.

A Pig.

That which I procur'd was but 16 days old. The Gulet was torn off; so that I could only observe the Insertion, of it, which is about the middle of the Stomach, as in a Horse. But that of a Hog, I have often seen, and it is very thick, muscular and red.

The Stomach, was five inches long, and three over. Shaped somewhat oddly; in a manner with a double Ventricle. The one, and the principal, may be called Venter magnus, shaped like that of Carnivorous Quadrupeds. Very thick and Muscular; especially in the Neck and at the Pylorus.

Against the Pylorus stands a round Caruncle, as big as a small Filbert Kernel, like a stopple to the Pylorus. A part I think peculiar to this Animal.

This Ventricle within, hath several Folds, about ⅙^th of an inch broad, and as deep; and wind to and and fro, as in a Rabbit or a Man. Scituate only about the right End or half of the Belly: the other End being, though also Mus∣cular, yet very plain.

At the left End of this greater Ventricle, another far less, yet distinct one, is appendent. Much after the same man∣ner as the Reticulum in a Sheep is to the Panch. Or as the Intestinum Caecum to the other Guts: for which reason it may be called Caecus Ventriculus. Separated from the greater by a Muscular Ligament, like a half Valve. Where it joyns to it, an inch and ½ over, and thence extended two inches in length; ending in a twisted or hooked Cone. Not so Muscular, as the greater Venter, but thin and Membra∣nous. The inner surface also plain, or without Folds. Yet is it Glandulous, as the other: but the Mucus the Glands yield somewhat thiner.

The Guts of this Pig (so young) were near fourteen

yards in length. Which is more than doubled, perhaps trebled in a well grown Hog. They may be reckon'd six or seven. The First, hath several Flexures, next the Sto∣mach, within the length of a ¼ of a yard, and may be called Serpentinum.

The Second, about five yards and ½ long, and ½ an inch or 5/••^ths over. In this (no more than in the first) are scarce any conspicuous Glands; so that it may be called, Per∣spicuum.

The Third, of the length of the Second; and somewhat less in Diametre. The Vessels of This, are more numerous than of the former. And 'tis furnish'd with several large Clusters of Glands, about nine or ten: some of them an inch and 1/••, two or three inches long; and ¼, or ½ an inch over. And may be call'd Minus Glandosum.

The Fourth, is a yard and ¼ long; where widest, as the Third; but the greatest part of it not above ••/••^ths of an inch. This Gut, instead of Clusters, is Lined with a Glandulous Lace, extended from one end to the other. At the be∣ginning ¼ of an inch broad; at the end next the Caecum, ¼ of an inch. Spread or extended (as was first observed of the Glandulous Clusters) upon that side of the Gut, as is directly opposite to the Insertions of the Vessels. The other part of the Circuit of the Gut, is very thin and perspicuous. This Gut may be called Magis Glandosum.

The extremity of this Gut, doth not only joyn to the Colon, but is inserted into it, and therein protuberant: very like, in shape and bigness to the Nipple of a Womans Breast that gives suck: and is likewise punched in several places at the top and round about with the Orifices of so many seve∣ral Glands.

The Fifth, or Caecum, is four inches long, and an inch and ¼ over. Among all the Quadrupeds I have open'd, pe∣culiar to This and the Caecum of a Horse to have the same structure with the Colon.

The Sixth, or Colon, is ¼ of a yard long. Where it joyns to the Caecum an inch over; from which place it tapers all along to the other end, where it is not above ½ an inch over. Gather'd up into several Cells from end to end, with two opposite Ligaments, as in a Rabbit. At the top of it, just under the abovesaid Nipple, is a large round Cluster of Glands with very fair Orifices.

Of all the Quadrupeds I have open'd, peculiar to this Animal, a Horse, and a Coney (perhaps also an Ass and a Hare) to have a true Colon: if that of a Man be the stand∣ard for the Definition of it.

The Last, or Stercoraceum, is also ••/4 of a yard long. Scarce any where more than ••/•• an inch over; and towards the Anus, not so much. Whereas in most Quadrupeds, 'tis there widest.

Here are no Bags, as above described in the Carnivo∣rous Animals.