The comparative anatomy of trunks together with an account of their vegetation grounded thereupon; in two parts: the former read before the Royal Society, Feb. 25. 1674/5; the latter, June 17. 1675. The whole explicated by several figures in nineteen copper-plates; presented to the Royal Society in the years 1673. and 1674. By Nehemiah Grew, M.D. and fellow of the Royal Society.

THE EXPLICATION OF THE FIGURES.

THE Trunks of several Plants, as they appear to the naked eye, upon a transverse Section, represented by the Six first Figures.

Fig. 1. Representeth the Trunk of Borage.

aaa. The Skin.

ccc. The Bark.

The black line betwixt ccc. ooo. represent∣eth a Ring of Sap-Vessels on the inner verge of the Bark.

ce. One of the larger Parcels of Air-Vessels, adjacent to the said Ring of Sap-Vessels.

co. Some of the lesser Parcels.

oeo. The Pith wherein the Visiculae are vesi∣ble to a naked eye.

t. The hollow of the Pith.

Fig. 2. Representeth the Trunk of Taraxacum, or Dandelyon.

aaa. The Skin.

ccc. The outer part of the Bark, without any Vessels.

In the inner part of the Bark, stand the Sap-Vessels, in several small Rings from eee. to the thick Ring next to u▪

The thick Ring consisteth of Air-Vessels.

u. The Pith.

eucu. The Diametral Portions of the Bark, running betwixt all the Vessels into the Pith.

Fig. 3. Representeth the Trunk of Colewort.

aaa. The Skin.

ccc. The outer part of the Bark, having on∣ly a very few Sap-Vessels.

The white arched or escalloped Ring, is simply Parenchymous: from whence many small Diametral portions run into the Pith.

The black Ring betwixt cecece. consisteth of Sap-Vessels, and is the true inner edge of the Bark.

All the little black half Ovals without the said Ring, and their to contiguous, are ano∣ther kind of Sap-Vessels.

All the half Ovals and wedged Parcels with∣in the said Ring, and thereto contiguous, are more Sap-Vessels of the same kind.

The white spots within the several Parcels of Sap-Vessels in the Bark are Parenchymous.

The other white spots within the black Ring of Sap-Vessels, and thereto adjacent, are Air-Vessels.

eee. The Pith.

Fig. 4. Representeth the Trunk of Holy-oak.

aaa. The Skin.

ccc. The outer and larger part of the Bark, without any Vessels.

The Ring betwixt cecece. consisteth of Sap-Vessels, and maketh the inner verge of the Bark.

The short Rays without the said Ring, and thereto adjacent, but not contiguous, are other Sap-Vessels, containing a Mucilage.

The short Rays within the said Ring, and in like manner adjacent thereto, are the Air-Vessels.

The crooked lines or chords e. hemming in the said Air-Vessels are more Sap-Vessel••▪

eee. The Pith.

t. The hollow of the Pith.

Fig. 5. Representeth the Trunk of wild Cucu∣mer.

aaa. The Skin.

acacac. A Radiated Ring of Sap-Vessels ad∣jacent to the skin.

ccc. The middle part of the Bark without any Vessels.

The Ring of black spots betwixt cecece. are other Sap-Vessels standing in the inner verge of the Bark.

The Ring of white spots betwixt cecece. are the Air Vessels.

The black spots within the Pith, and conti∣guous to the Air Vessels are other Sap-Ves∣sels, answerable to those in the inner verge of the Bark.

eee. The Pith.

Fig. 6. Representeth the Trunk of Endive.

aaa. The Skin.

ccc. The outer part of the Bark without any Vessels, or simply parenchymous.

cecece. A thick, black, and undulated Ring of Lymphaeducts standing in the in∣ner verge of the Bark.

The black Rays and half Ovals without the said Ring, are other Lymphaeducts.

The white Rays, and the white undulated Ring adjacent to ccc. consist of Milk-Vessels.

The short Rays within the black undulated Ring and thereto adjacent, are Air-ves∣sels.

The black specks adjacent to eee. are more Sap-Vessels.

eee. The Pith.

t. The hollow of the Pith.

All the Figures following are Microscopi∣cal.

Fig. 7. A small part of the Skin of the bet∣ter sort of walking Cane, as it appears through a good Microscope; the black spots representing the ample Pores therein.

Fig. 8. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Holly of three years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The Skin of the Bark.

QQQ. The outer Parenchyma of the Bark; wherein the Vesiculae are extraordinary small.

DOPC. A Ring of Sap-Vessels in the inner verge of the Bark.

HI. Divers round parcels of Sap Vessels of another kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DK, KM, ME. The several annu 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Growths of Wood.

SSSS. The true Wood; being originally the Sap-Vessels of the Bark.

XXXX. The Air-Vessels, postur'd some in

entire, others in broken Rays.

Oo. The larger Insertions running through the several annual Rings from the Pith in∣to the Bark.

OP. The smaller Insertions.

EFG. The Pith wherein the Vesiculae are ex∣ceeding small.

Fig. 9. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Hazel of 3 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

QQ. The Parenchyma: wherein the Vesiculae are larger than those in the Bark of Holly.

HI. A Ring of Sap-Vessels.

DQC. Divers Parcels of Sap-Vessels of a∣nother kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KN, MF. The several annual growths or Rings of Wood.

SSS. The true Wood.

XXX. The Air-vessels, being most of them very small, and postured in Columns and Rays.

Oo. The larger Insertions running through the several Annual Rings from the Pith in∣to the Bark.

OP. The smaller Insertions.

EFG. The Pith: wherein the Vesiculae are much larger, than in the Pith of Holly.

Fig. 10. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Barbery Tree of 2 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The Skin.

NMNM. The Parenchyma of the Bark.

DC. A Ring of Sap-Vessels, consisting of large half Oval Parcels.

MO. One of the said Parcels.

HI. An entire Ring of Sap-Vessels of another kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KF. The several Rings or annual growths of Wood.

SSS. The true Wood.

OPOP. One kind of Air-Vessels, small, and of various position.

PQPQ. The other kind of Air-Vessels, larger and postured in clusters more even within a Ring.

MTMTMT. Large Insertions running through the 2 annual Rings from the Pith into the Bark.

EFG. The Pith which is very large.

TTT. A Ring of Sap-Vessels, in the utmost verge of the Pith.

Fig. 11. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Apple Tree of 3 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

PP. The Parenchyma.

HI. One kind of Sap-Vessels, standing as it were in a Ring, the utmost in larger oblong parcels, and more distant; the inmost in lesser Parcels, almost half oval, and closer together.

DOC. A thick radiated Ring of Sap-Vessels of another kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KN, MF. The several annual Rings of Wood.

SSS. The true Wood.

XT, TV, VW. The Air-Vessels, being small, numerous, and spread abroad through∣out the Wood, without any certain po∣sture.

Oo. Many small Insertions running through the several annual Rings from the Pith in∣to the Bark.

EFG. The Pith.

WYZ. The several Insertions arched toge∣ther in the utmost verge of the Pith, in the like manner as in Barberry, &c.

Fig. 12. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Pear tree of 3 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

RQ. The outer and more simple Parenchyma,

composed of very small Vesiculae.

HI. One sort of Sap vessels distributed through the said Parenchyma in divers oblong par∣cels. Whereof, those toward the inner verge of the Bark are rounder and more nume∣rous.

DOPC. A Ring of Sap-vessels of another, viz. the general kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KN, MF. The several annual rings of Wood.

TTTT. The true Wood.

STSTST. The Air-vessels standing partly irregularly, and partly in rays.

KL. A ring of Air-vessels a little larger than the rest.

Ooo. The larger Insertions running through the several annual rings from the Pith into the Bark.

OPP. The smaller Insertions.

EFG. The Pith.

Fig. 13. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Plum-tree of 5 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

VW. The outer and more laxe and simple Parenchyma.

HI. One sort of Sap-vessels, postured in small oblong parcels.

SSS. The same Vessels more numerous, and in smaller parcels, making a kind of ring.

DTC. A ring of Sap-vessels of another, viz. the more general kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, LN, &c. The several annual rings of Wood.

XXX. The true Wood.

XYXY. The Air-vessels.

KL, MN, OP, &c. So many rings of Air-vessels, (on the inner edge of every ring of wood) much larger than the rest.

SSS. The great Insertions running through the several rings of wood from the Pith into the Bark.

STT. The small Insertions.

EFG. The Pith.

Fig. 14. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Elme of 4 years growth and half cut transversly.

AADD. The Bark.

AA. The Skin of the Bark.

TTTT. The Parenchyma of the Bark. Wherein the Vesiculae are so exceeding small, as difficultly to be discerned by the Micro∣scope.

The black parcels are one kind of Sap-vessels.

SSD. A ring of Sap-vessels of another kind.

The white Diametral lines, are parenchymous parts continuous with the Insertions SG DG.

DDGE. The Wood.

DK, KM, MO, &c. The several annual rings of Wood.

SSSS. The true wood, being originally the Sap-vessels of the Bark.

KK, MM, &c. The great Air-vessels postured chiefly in rings, on the inner verge of every annual growth of wood.

KM, MO, &c. The small Air-vessels po∣stured chiefly in cross-barrs.

SGDG. Or the small white lines are the In∣sertions running through the several annual rings from the Pith into the Bark.

EGS. The Pith.

Fig. 15. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Ash of 3 years growth, cut trans∣versly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The Skin.

AHB. A ring of Sap-Vessels consisting of ma∣ny round parcels, contiguous to the skin.

HI. The simple Parenchyma.

HOC. A ring of another sort of Sap-vessels, consisting of many arched parcels, all stand∣ing off from the Woo.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KN, MF. The 3 annual rings of Wood.

SSS. The true Wood.

STST. The Air-vessels.

KL, MN, EF. The large Air-vessels on the inner verge of every annual ring.

PQ. The small Air-vessels spread abroad each ring.

Ooo. The Insertions running through the se∣veral rings from the Pith into the Bark.

EFG. The Pith.

eee. The Vesicles whereof the Pith consists.

Fig. 16. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Wallnut-tree of 4 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

RR. The Parenchyma.

QQ. The Common Sap-vessels making a ring on the inner verge of the Bark.

HI. Other Sap-vessels peculiar to the species, postured in rings, made up of round par∣cels.

DCFE. The Wood.

DL, KN, &c. The several annual rings of Wood.

ddd. The true wood; or the old Sap vessels, originally on the inner verge of the Bark.

QcQd. Other old Sap-vessels which seem to be originally those in the middle of the Bark.

DCLK. The Air vessels spread all abroad the whole ring of wood.

ec. A Conjugation of several Air-vessels, standing in an even line close together.

QQQ. The Insertions, running through the several rings of wood, from the Pith into the Bark.

EFG. The Pith.

EF. A ring of Sap-vessels on the verge of the Pith.

Fig. 17. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Fig-tree of the second years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

LM. The outer laxer and more simple paren∣chyma; wherein the Vesiculae are somewhat large, yet much lesser than in the pith.

DKC. One sort (viz. the common sort) of Sap vessels, being Lymphaeducts.

HI. Another sort of Vessels, viz. the lacti∣ferous, postured in several arched parcels.

NT. The Insertions running in Diametral portions, near halfway through the Bark.

DCFE. The Wood.

TTT. The true wood.

TVTV. The Air-vessels.

STSTS. viz. The whiter parts, which were originally the Milk vessels in the Bark.

KKK. The Insertions running through the

wood from the Pith, as far as the Milk-vessels in the Bark.

EFG. The Pith: wherein the Vesiculae are large.

EF. A ring of Sap-vessels chiefly lactiferous, postured in round parcels on the edge of the pith.

Fig. 18. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Pine-tree of the second years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The skin; which is very thick.

MN. The outer and laxer Parenchyma; wherein the Vesiculae are of a mean size.

DLC. The inner part of the Parenchyma filled up with a thick ring of Sap-vessels, sc. Lymphaeducts.

HI. The ample resiniferous or Turpentine∣vessels, spread abroad the middle of the Bark.

DCFE. The Wood.

XX. The ample pores of the true wood.

SS. Some small Gum-vessels.

The Air-vessels are scarcely visible.

LL. The Insertions.

EFG. The Pith; wherein the vesicles are somewhat large.

VV. Some Gum-vessels on the edge thereof.

Fig. 19. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of Oak of 3 years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The skin.

XYXY. The Parenchyma.

DQRC. The common Lymphaeducts.

HI. A ring of another sort of Lymphaeducts.

KLAI. A third sort of vessels, sc. resinife∣rous, postured in several round parcels.

DCFE. The Wood.

DN, MP, OF. The several annual rings of Wood.

ZZZZ. The true Wood.

ST, VW. Some of the Vessels originally of the Bark, postured in undulated rings.

MN, OP, EF. The larger Air vessels, on the inner verge of every annual ring.

RzRz. The small Air-vessels postured in co∣lumns.

QQQ. The great Insertions running through the several annual rings of wood, from the Pith into the Bark.

QRR. The small Insertions.

EFG. The Pith: wherein the Vesiculae are exceeding small.

Fig. 20. Representeth a quarter of a slice of common Sumach of the first years growth, cut transversly.

ABCD. The Bark.

AB. The Skin.

aa. The Hairs; some whereof are sharp, others knobbed at their ends.

KLCD. A very thick radiated ring of Lym∣phaeducts.

KL. A ring of ample Milk-vessels.

v. One of the said Milk-vessels.

tr. A close Parenchyma encompassing every Milk-vessel.

HI. A ring of a third sort of Sap-Vessels, con∣sisting of arched parcels hemming in the Lacteals.

tt. One of the said parcels, consisting of some hundreds of Vessels.

tw. A laxer Parenchyma.

XX. Another ring of Sap-vessels, which seem to be of a fourth kind.

DCFE. The Wood.

xx. The true Wood.

xy. The Air-vessels.

MMM. The Insertions. Most whereof run through the Wood, and halfway through the Bark, viz. as far as the Lacteals.

EFG. The Pith.

yy. A ring of Sap-vessels on the edge of the Pith.

Fig. 21. Representeth a quarter of a slice of a Branch of common Wormwood, cut trans∣versly.

ABCD. The Bark.

MN. The Parenchyma.

DC. The common Lymphaeducts, consisting of several large parcels, standing in a ring.

V. One of the said parcels.

KL. Another sort of Lymphaeducts, standing in as many parcels as the former, all of them arched.

r. One of the said arched parcels.

HI. The Resiniferous, or Gum vessels.

t. One of the said Vessels.

DCFE. The Wood.

x. The true Wood.

xy. The Air-vessels.

ym Mm. The Insertions running through the Wood, and half through the Bark. Where, as well as in the Pith, they are enarched; thus hemming in both the kinds of Lym∣phaeducts.

EFG. The Pith.

zz. Some few Gum-vessels on the edge of the Pith.

Fig. 22. Representeth part of the Bark of a Lactiferous Plant, pared by the length, and therein the Milk-vessels laid bare.

AA. The outer surface of the Bark.

bbbb. The Parenchyma.

cc. A Milk-vessel cloven down the middle.

dd. Another, with a small part thereof clo∣ven off.

ee. Another, which is entire.

ff. The places where the said Milk-vessels are braced together.

gg. The terms of 2 other Milk-vessels, where, by reason of their more oblique process, they are cut off.

Fig. 23. Representeth a piece of Wood, con∣sisting of Vessels, which were originally the Lymphaeducts of the Bark.

ccc. Some of the said Lymphaeducts, compo∣sed of many small lignous Fibers (that is to say of other exquisitely small Vessels) stand∣ing together so, as to make a hollow Cylin∣der; that is, a Lymphaeduct.

eee. Other of the same Lymphaeducts, where∣in is shewed the knitting of the said lig∣nous Fibers together by Parenchymous Fi∣bers▪ which run horizontally.

aa. One of the same Vessels shewed torn off to∣wards the end from e to a, whereby the se∣veral Fibers, and their connexion, do better appear.

NB. That for your more distinct and perspi∣cuous engravement, the said Vessels are here represented more ample than they shew even through the Microscope. Which is done in no other Figure besides.

Fig. 24. Representeth a parcel of Air-vessels.

aa. A Conjugation of two Air-vessels.

cc. A Conjugation of three Air-vessels, of se∣veral sizes.

bbb. The places where the said Vessels are braced.

tt. The spiral, and almost horizontal continu∣ation of the Fibers whereof the said Vessels do chiefly, but not wholly consist.

tb. The perpendicular continuation of exceed∣ing small parenchymous Fibers, by which the aforesaid spiral ones are mutually knit together, into a firm and coherent Vessel.

ee. The said spiral Fibers unroaved or drawn out in a couple of Vessels.

Fig. 25. Representeth the Westage of the Pa∣renchyma (or of the Insertions) and Ves∣sels.

aa. Several portions of the true Wood, consi∣sting of lignous Fibers, running perpendi∣cularly or by the length of the Tree.

bb. The Insertions; consisting of parenchy∣mous Fibers, running horizontally, or by the diameter of the Tree.

cece. Other portions of the true wood; where∣in is shewed the intermixture of the lignous and parenchymous parts; not only porti∣on with portion, as in a b; but even Fiber with Fiber.

ce. The process of the lignous Fibers.

cc. The process of the parenchymous.

Fig. 26. Representeth a quarter of a slice of the stalk of the lesser common Thistle cut transversly.

ABCD The Bark.

AB The Skin.

HI. The Parenchyma.

AHB. A sort of Lymphaeducts contiguous to the skin.

ee. One parcel of the said Lymphaeducts.

DC. A ring of other Lymphaeducts, consi∣sting likewise of several parcels, standing on the inner verge of the Bark.

aa. One of the said parcels.

HC. A ring of Milk-vessels, consisting of se∣veral arched parcels, adjacent to the fore∣said Lymphaeducts.

cc. One of the said parcels.

DCFE. The wood, divided into several portions.

aatt. One of the said portions.

vvv. The true Wood; throughout which the Air-vessels, represented by the larger white rings, are distributed.

EFG. The Pith, consisting of very large, and angular bladders: the sides whereof are composed of Fibers stitched together, and running chiefly horizontally; winding in a circular manner, out of one bladder

into another; and so mutually inter∣secting the several arches of their whole circumference.

TT. One of the said bladders, or rather one half, the other being cut off. The horizon∣tal Fibers whereof, not being single, but so many threds; there being several Fibers in one Thred.

SS. One single Fiber.

EF. Other Vessels, both Lymphaeducts, and lactiferous, within the wood, or on the verge of the Pith.

tt. The Lymphaeducts.

ss. The lactiferous Vessels.

stac. The Insertions running betwixt the seve∣ral portions of wood, from the Pith into the Bark.

FINIS.