Geography anatomiz'd, or, The compleat geographical grammar being a short and exact analysis of the whole body of modern geography after a new and curious method / collected from the best authors and illustrated with divers maps by Pat. Gordon ...

Modern Geography. PART 1. Comprehending a GENERAL VIEW OF THE Terraqueous GLOBE. (Book 1)

INTRODUCTION.

IN taking a General View of the Terraqueous Globe, we shall ob∣serve the following Method:

1. We shall Illustrate (by way either of Definition, Descrip∣tion, or Derivation) all those Terms that are any ways necessary for the right understanding of the aforesaid Globe, as also the Analy∣tical Tables of the following Treatise.

2. We shall set down in due Order and Method all those pleasant Problems, or delightful Operations performable by the Artificial Globe, together with the manner of their performance.

3. We shall subjoin divers plain Geographical Theorems, or self-evi∣dent Truths clearly deducible from the foregoing Problems.

4. We shall advance some Paradoxical Positions in Matters of Geo∣graphy, (or a few infallible Truths in Masquerade) which mainly depend upon a thorough Knowledge of the Globe, and are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems, though many of them may possibly appear to some, as the greatest of Fables.

Lastly, We shall take a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe, as it consists of Land and Water, as its sole constituent Parts.

Of these five General Heads separately, and in their order. There∣fore

SECT. I. Containing some necessary Geographical Definitions.

Def. 1. GEography [a Science both pleasant and profitable] doth mainly consist in giving a true Description of the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe, as 'tis compos'd of Land and Water, especially the former.

That Geography doth merit the Title of Science in several Respects, and that the knowledge thereof is attended both with Pleasure and Profit, is so universally granted by all who make any considerable Progress therein, that to enter upon a Probation of it, would be every whit as superfluous, as if one should go about to evince that the Sun is risen at Noon-day. It derives its compound Name from the two Greek Primitives of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Terra, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, scribo vel describo, and differeth from Cosmography, [quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 vel 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Mundi Descriptio] as a part doth from the whole; as also from Choro∣graphy and Topography [quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Regio∣nis ac Loci Descriptio] as the Whole from its Parts. By a true De∣scription of the Exterior Part of the Globe of the Earth, we understand purely an Account of the Situation, Extent, Divisions, and Subdivi∣sions, of all remarkable Countries on the Surface of the said Globe, together with the Names of their Cities and Chief Towns, and that accordingly as those Countries are already projected to our Hands upon particular Geographical Maps, and not an actual Survey or Mensuration of them, which the Science of Geography presupposeth, and which properly belongs to Geodaesia, or the Art of Surveying Land. In giving such a Description of Countries (as aforesaid) doth the Science of Geography properly consist; as for other Nar∣ratives relating either to Countries themselves, or their Inhabitants, and which commonly swell up Geographical Tracts, we reckon them (though the more pleasant part of this Study) rather the Fringes of Geography, than its real or essential Parts. In the fore∣going Definition we intirely restrict the Science of Geography to the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe, and that as it's compos'd of Land and Water, as its sole constituent Parts, design∣ing thereby to distinguish it from Natural Philosophy, which (in its curious and pleasant Enquiries) reacheth not only the said Surface in all its constituent Parts, but also the whole Globe of the Earth, with the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same, yea, and even the outmost imaginable Expanse of the Firmament it

self. We again restrict that Science mainly to one Part of the afore∣said Surface (viz. the Dry Land) thereby to distinguish it from Hydrography, which particularly treateth of the other, namely Wa∣ter. The Object therefore of Geography in a large Sense, is the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth consisting of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts, or (in a strict and more proper Sense) only One of those Parts, to wit, the Firm Land. For the more di∣stinctly viewing of which Parts, and the better comprehending of the Science of Modern Geography in the true Fundamentals thereof, we shall begin with that Artificial Representation of the Earthly Ball, commonly call'd the Terraqueous Globe.

Def. 2. The Terraqueous Globe is an Artificial Spherical Body, on whose Convex Part is truly represented the whole Sur∣face of the Ball of the Earth, as it consists of Land and Water.

That this Globe is term'd Terraqueous from Terra and Aqua, (the two constituent Parts of its Surface) or Terrestrial to distinguish it from the Coelestial; or finally, the Artificial Globe as a differencing Mark from the Natural or Real Globe of the Earth, are all so noto∣riously known, that the least Illustration were wholly superfluous. We reckon it also superfluous, to show that there is a true Resem∣blance in Figure, between the Artificial and Natural Globe, or that the Body of the Earth is truly Spherical: This being now be∣yond all dispute, and never (at least very rarely) call'd in question, except it be only by Women and Children But here note, That in the following Treatise, we intirely restrict our selves to this Globe, so that wheresoever the Name of Globe is indefinitely mention'd, we are never to understand the Coelestial. Note, also that wheresoever we are upon the Surface of the Natural Globe, that the Point in the Heavens exactly Vertical to us, is term'd our Zenith, and that Point diametrically opposite thereto, is stil'd our Nadir, which are two corrupted Arabian Terms in Astronomy, importing what is here asserted of them. The first observables that present themselves to our view in treating of the Globe, are its Axis and Poles.

Def. 3. The Axis is an imaginary Line passing through the Center of the real Globe of the Earth, upon which the whole Frame thereof is supposed to turn round.

Its term'd Axis from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, quod circa illam agatur Terra. As this Axis in the Natural Globe, is an imaginary Line, so in Artificial Globes its a real one, it being a streight piece of Iron, or solid Wood, passing through the middle of the Globe, as the Axle-tree of a Wheel.

Def. 4. The Poles are the two Extremities of the Axis, one whereof is term'd the North or Arctick, and the other the South or Antarctick.

They are call'd Poles from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, verto, because upon them the whole Frame of the Globe turneth round. The North is term'd Arctick from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signifying a Bear, because the real North Pole in the Heavens is commonly taken for a certain noted Star in that Constellation which bears the Name of the Little Bear: And the South is stil'd Antarctick from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [contra] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [Ursa] be∣cause of its Diametrical Opposition to the other The Terraqueous Globe being a Spherical Body (as aforesaid) turning round upon its own Axis: For the better understanding of that Globe in all its exte∣rior Parts, and the various Operations perform'd by the same; we are to conceive it, not only as a bare Spherical Body, but also as such a Body surrounded with many imaginary Circles; the chief of which are Eight, divided into

Five Pa∣rallel, viz.

• The Equator.
• The two Tropicks.
• The two Polar Circles.

Three not Parallel, viz.

• The Horizon.
• The Meridian.
• The Zodiack.

Otherwise divided into

Four Greater, viz.

• The Horizon:
• The Meridian.
• The Equator.
• The Zodiack.

Four Lesser, viz.

• The two Tropicks.
• The two Polar Circles.

Def. 5. The Horizon is that great Circle which divideth the Globe into two equal Parts, term'd the Upper and the Lower Hemispheres.

It's so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Terminans vel siniens, quia nostrum termi∣nat prospectum, it being the outmost bounds or limits of our Sight, when situated in any Plain, or at Sea. This Circle is twofold, viz. The Sensible, and the Rational Horizon: The Sensible is that already describ'd, bounding the outmost prospect of the Eye, when view∣ing the Heavens round from any part of the Surface of the Earth; but the other is purely form'd in the Mind, and supposeth the Eye to be placed in the very Center of the Earth, beholding the intire Upper Hemisphere of the Firmament: The Circle terminating such a prospect is reckon'd the true Rational Horizon, which is duly repre∣sented by that broad woodden Circle, usually fitted for all Globes. Upon which are inscrib'd several other Circles, particularly those

two containing the Names of the Months, and Number of their Days, according to the Julian and Gregorian Account; as also that other divided into the Thirty two Points of the Compass.

Def. 6. The Meridian is that great Circle, which passing through the Two Poles, divideth the Globe into two equal Parts, term'd the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

It's so call'd from Meridies vel medius dies, because the Sun coming to the Meridian of any Place, is due South, or maketh Mid-day in the said place. The Meridian here defin'd is that great brazen Circle, in which the Globe turneth round upon the two Extremities of its Axis passing through the said Circle; but the Meridians inscrib'd on the Globe it self, are those Thirty six Semi-circles terminating in both the Poles; besides which, we may imagine as many as we please; only note, That one of those Meridians is always reckon'd the first; however it's matter of indifference, which of them we take for such.

Def. 7. The Equator or Equinoctial, is that great Circle which divideth the Globe into two equal Parts, call'd the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.

It's call'd Equator, because the Sun coming to this Circle, tune aequantur noctes & dies, or Equinoctial for the same reason, viz. aequa∣litas noctium cum diebus. By others it's simply term'd the Line, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and that chiefly by Navigators, as being of singular use in their Operations. It's divided into 360 degrees, which are reckon'd round the Globe, beginning at the first Meridian, and proceeding Eastward.

Def. 8. The Zodiack is that great broad Circle, which cut∣teth the Equinoctial Line obliquely, one side thereof extending it self exactly so far North, as the other doth to the South of the said Line.

It's so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (Animal) because it's adorn'd with Twelve Asterisms, (commonly term'd the Twelve Signs) being most of them Representations of divers Animals. The Names and Cha∣racters of which Signs are these following,

Aries.	Taurus.	Gemini.	Cancer.	Leo.	Virgo.
♈	♉	♊	♋	♌	♍
Libra.	Scorpio.	Sagittarius.	Capricornus.	Aquarius.	Pisces.
♎	♏	♐	♑	♒	♓

Of all Circles inscrib'd on either of the Globes, this alone admits of

Latitude, and is divided in the middle by a Concentrick Circle, term'd the Ecliptick, which properly is that Circle set upon the Globe comprehending the Characters of the Twelve Signs above-mentioned, each of which Signs is 1/12 part of that Circle, and con∣tains 30 degrees.

Def. 9. The Tropicks are the two biggest of the four lesser Circles, which run parallel to the Equator, and are equidistant therefrom.

They're term'd Tropicks from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (verto) because the Sun in his Annual Course arriving at one of those Circles, doth return to∣wards the other. They derive their respective Denominations of Cancer and Capricorn from touching the Zodiack at the two Signs of that Name, and each of them is distant from the Equator, exactly 23 degr. 1/2.

Def. 10. The Polar Circles are the two least of the four Lesser Circles running parallel to the Equator, and at the same distance from the Poles, as the Tropicks are from the Equator.

They're term'd Polar, because of their Vicinity to the Poles. That Circle nearest the North, is call'd the Arctick; and the other, next to the South Pole, the Antarctick Polar Circle, and that for the same reason already given, (Def. 4.) when treating of the Poles themselves.

These are the eight necessary Circles above-mention'd; but to compleat the Furniture of the Globe, there remain as yet three Par∣ticulars, viz. the Horary Circle, the Quadrant of Altitude, and Semi-Circle of Position.

Def. 11. The Horary Circle is a small Circle of Brass, and so affixt to the Brazen Meridian, that the Pole (or end of the Axis) proves its Center.

Upon this Circle are inscrib'd the Twenty four Hours of the Na∣tural Day at equal distance from one another; the Twelfth for Mid-day being in the upper part towards the Zenith, and the other Twelfth for Midnight in the lower towards the Horizon; so that the Hours before Noon are in the Eastern, and those for the Afternoon in the Western Semi-Circle: As for an Index to this Horary Circle, the same is fixt upon the end of the Axis, and turneth round with the Globe. The Use of this Circle and Index will sufficiently appear in many pleasant Problems hereafter mention'd.

Def. 12. The Quadrant of Altitude is a narrow thin Plate of pliable Brass, exactly answerable to a fourth part of the Equi∣noctial.

Upon this Quadrant, are inscrib'd 90 Degrees, each of them being according to the same Scale with those upon the Equator. How useful this Quadrant is, will also appear in the Solution of several Problems hereafter mention'd.

Def. 13. The Semi-Circle of Position is a narrow solid Plate of Brass exactly answerable to one half of the Equinoctial.

Upon this Semi-Circle are inscrib'd 180 Degrees, exactly the same with those upon the Equinoctial. We may term it a double Qua∣drant of Altitude in some respect, and its of considerable Use in se∣veral delightful Problems.

To these I might add the Mariners Compass, that most necessary Instrument, commonly us'd by Navigators, which being duly toucht with the Load-stone, and horizontally fixt upon the Pedestal of the Globe, is frequently needful for the right Solution of several Problems.

The necessary Circles of the Globe being Eight (as aforesaid); Of them, and some others, hereafter mention'd are form'd the Latitude and Longitude of Places, as also Zones and Climates.

Def. 14. Latitude is the distance from the Equator to either of the Poles, and measured upon the brazen or first Meridian.

No Term is more frequently us'd in Geography than that of La∣titude, which is twofold, viz. North and South. In reckoning of the Northern Latitude, you are to begin at the Equinoctial Line, and pro∣ceed to the Arctick; and the Southern from the Equinoctial to the Antarctick Pole, still numbring the Degrees of Latitude, either upon the brazen or first Meridian. The many Circles inscrib'd on the Globe, at the distance of 10 Degrees from one another, and pa∣rallel to the Equator, are term'd Parallels of Latitude. But besides those actually inscrib'd, we are to conceive the Globe as furnisht with a vast multitude of such Circles, for every degree of Latitude, yea, and every sixtieth part of each degree is supposed to have an imagi∣nary Parallel Circle passing through the same. But since Latitude (as aforesaid) is the Distance from the Equator to either of the Poles; it from hence follows, that the greatest Latitude consisteth of 90 Degrees. Now correspondent to each of those Degrees (or the 1/360 of a great Circle in the Heavens) is a certain Space of the Sur∣face of the Earth, which is every where of the same Extent in it self, but different in its number of Parts, according to the different reckoning of various Countries. To know the said different number of Parts, (of what sort soever, whether they be Miles, Leagues, or other Measures) corresponding to one Degree in the Heavens, is absolutely necessary for the right understanding of the true Distance of Places in

different Countries; we shall therefore illustrate the same, and that by the following Table,

answerable to one Degree, are	Common Italian, English, and Turkish Miles.—	60
Ordinary French Leagues—	20
Spanish Miles according to Vulgar reckoning.—	17½
German, Dutch, Danish, and Great Poland Miles.—	15
Miles usual in Swedeland.—	12
Miles usual in Hungary.—	10
The Versts of Muscovy.—	80
Persian, Arabtan, and Egyptian Parasanga.—	20
The Indian Cos.—	24
The Stades of China.—	250
The Inks of Japan.—	400

But here note, That though these are the most remarkable Mea∣sures of Distance throughout the inhabited World, with their respe∣ctive Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens; yet, we are not to imagine that these Measures are of the same Extent in the vari∣ous Provinces of the same Country, as is evident from the diffe∣rent length of Leagues in different Parts of France; as also the diver∣sity of Miles in the South and North of England.

Def. 15. Longitude is the Distance from the first Meridian, and measured upon the Equator.

In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude (which are 360 in all) you are to begin at the first Meridian where-ever it is, and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe. Correspondent to each of those Degrees in the Equator, [as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian] are sixty Italian Miles, or twenty French Leagues, according to Vulgar Calculation: But this is to be understood only of Places exactly under the Equator; for the true Distance between two Places lying due East and West in any considerable Latitude is far less in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator, and likewise under the same Meridians; The Reason of which is most evident, namely, the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another, till at last they unite all in the Pole. But that you may readily find the true Distance in Miles from East to West between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude, we shall here subjoin the following Table, in which is set down, to every Degree of Latitude, the exact number of Miles, and sixtieth Part of a Mile, that are answerable to one Degree in the Equator, still allowing sixty Italian Miles to such a Degree.

Lat.	m.	s	Lat.	m	s	Lat	m.	s.	Lat.	m.	s
0	60	00	23	55	12	46	41	40	69	21	32
1	59	56	24	54	48	47	41	00	70	20	32
2	59	54	25	54	24	48	40	08	71	19	32
3	59	52	26	54	00	49	39	20	72	18	32
4	59	50	27	53	28	50	38	32	73	17	32
5	59	46	28	53	00	51	37	44	74	16	32
6	59	40	29	52	28	52	37	00	75	15	32
7	59	37	30	51	56	53	36	08	76	14	32
8	59	24	31	51	24	54	35	26	77	13	32
9	59	10	32	50	52	55	34	24	78	12	32
10	59	00	33	50	20	56	33	32	79	11	28
11	58	52	34	49	44	57	32	40	80	10	24
12	58	40	35	49	08	58	31	48	81	9	20
13	58	28	36	48	32	59	31	00	82	8	20
14	58	12	37	47	56	60	30	00	83	7	20
15	58	00	38	47	16	61	29	04	84	6	12
16	57	40	39	46	36	62	28	08	85	5	12
17	57	20	40	46	00	63	27	12	86	4	12
18	57	04	41	45	16	64	26	16	87	3	12
19	56	44	42	44	36	65	25	20	88	2	04
20	56	24	43	43	52	66	24	24	89	1	04
21	56	00	44	43	08	67	23	28	90	0	00
22	55	36	45	42	24	68	22	32

Def 16. Zones are large Tracts of the Surface of the Earth, lying Parallel to the Equator, and distinguish'd by the four lesser Circles of the Globe.

They're term'd Zones from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [Zona vel Cingulum] because they encompass the Globe of the Earth in some manner, as a Girdle doth surround the Body of a Man; and are in number Five,

Viz.	Two Frigid	comprehend∣ed between	The Polar Circles, and the Poles.
Two Temperate	The Polar Circles, and the Tro∣picks.
One Torrid	The Two Tropicks, and divided by the Equator.

Of these the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be ha∣bitable; esteeming the scorching Heat of the Torrid, and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable; according to that of the Poet,

Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu: Nix tegit alta duas:— Ovid. Metam. 1.

Def. 17. Climates are those Tracts of the Surface of the Earth, bounded by imaginary Circles, running Parallel to the Equator, and of such a breadth from South to North, that the length of the Artificial Day in one surpasseth that in the other, by half an Hour.

They're term'd Climates from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [Declino vel Inclino] because in numbring of them they decline from the Equator, and incline to either Pole. Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates, either as to their number, or manner of reckoning them; It's sufficient for our present purpose to consider that Mo∣dern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles, are 24 arising from the difference of ½ Hour in the longest Day; and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themselves, are Six arising from the difference of an in∣tire Month, the Sun being seen in the first of these a whole Month without setting, in the second two, and in the third three Months, &c. How all these Climates are fram'd, viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end, (that being likewise the beginning of the follow∣ing) with the respective breadth of each of them, you may clearly see by the following Tables.

Climat	Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles.
d.	m.	d.	m	Clim	d.	m.	d.	m.
Par. of Lat.	Breadth	Par. of Lat.	Breadth
1	08	25	8	25	13	59	58	1	29
2	16	25	8	00	14	61	18	1	20
3	23	50	7	25	15	62	25	1	07
4	30	20	6	30	16	63	22	0	57
5	36	28	6	08	17	64	6	0	44
6	41	22	4	54	18	64	49	0	43
7	45	29	4	07	19	65	2••	0	32
8	49	01	3	32	20	65	47	0	26
9	51	58	2	57	21	66	6	0	19
10	54	27	2	29	22	66	20	0	14
11	56	37	2	10	23	66	28	0	08
12	58	29	1	52	24	66	31	0	03

Climates between the Polar Circles and the Poles.
d.	m.	d.	m.	d.	m.	d.	m	d.	m.	d.	m.
Par.	Lat.	Par.	Lat.	Par.	Lat.	Par.	Lat.	Par.	Lat.	Par.	Lat.
67	30	69	30	73	20	78	20	84	00	90	00
Breadth	Breadth	Breadth	Breadth	Breadth	Breadth
01	00	02	00	03	50	05	00	05	40	06	00
1	Month	2	Month	3	Month	4	Month	5	Month	6	Month

Having thus taken a view of the chief Circles belonging to the Ter∣restrial Globe, as also the manner how Latitude and Longitude with Zones and Climates are fram'd; proceed we next to the various Po∣sitions of the Globe, commonly term'd Spheres, which are three in Number, viz. Parallel, Right, and Oblique.

Def. 18. A Parallel Sphere is that Position of the Globe, which hath these three Properties, viz. (1.) The Poles in the Zenith and Nadir: (2.) The Equator in the Horizon: (3.) The Parallel Circles parallel to the Horizon.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere, are those (if any) who live under the two Poles.

Def. 19. A Right Sphere is that Position of the Globe, which hath these three Properties, viz. (1.) Both the Poles in the Horizon. (2.) The Equator passing through the Zenith and Nadir. (3.) The Parallel Circles perpendicular to the Ho∣rizon.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere, are they who live under the Equi∣noctial Line.

Def. 20. An Oblique Sphere is that Position of the Globe, which hath these three Properties, viz. (1.) One of the Poles above, and the other under the Horizon. (2.) The Equator partly above, and partly under the Horizon. (3.) The Parallel Circles cutting the Horizon obliquely.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they, who live on all Parts of the Globe of the Earth, except those exactly under the Poles and Equinoctial Line.

But having no regard to these Positions of the Globe; The various Inhabitants of the Earth are likewise considered with respect to the several Meridians and Parallels peculiar to their Habitations, and that under these three Titles, viz. Antaeci, Periaci, and Antipodes.

Def. 21. The Antaeci are those People of the Earth, who live under the same Meridian, but opposite Parallels.

Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars, viz. (1.) They have both the same Elevation of the Pole, but not the same Pole. (2.) They are equally distant from the Equator, but on different sides. (3) They have both Noon and Midnight at the same time. (4) The Days of one are equal to the Nights of the other, & vice versâ. (5.) Their Seasons of the Year are contrary, it being Winter to one, when Summer to the other, &c.

Def. 22 The Perlaeci are those People of the Earth, who live under the same Parallels, but opposite Meridians.

Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars, viz. (1.) One of the Poles is equally elevated to both, and the other equally depress'd. (2.) They are equally distant from the Equator, and both on the same side. (3.) When it's Noon to one, it's Mid∣night to the other, & econtra. (4) The length of the Day to one, is the Compliment of the other's Night, & vice versâ. (5.) They both agree in the four Seasons of the Year, &c.

Def. 23. The Antipodes are those People of the Earth, who live under opposite Parallels and Meridians.

Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars, viz. (1.) They have both the same Elevation of the Pole. (2) They are both equally distant from the Equator, but on different sides, and in opposite Haemispheres. (3.) When it's Noon to one, it's Mid∣night to the other, & vice versâ. (4.) The longest Day or Night to the one, is the shortest to the other. (5.) Their Seasons of the Year are contrary, &c.

The Inhabitants of the Earth were likewise considered by the An∣cients with respect to the Diversity of their Shadows, and accordingly reduc'd to three Classes, viz. Amphiscii, Periscii, and Heteroscii.

Def. 24. Amphiscii were those People of the Earth, who liv'd in the Torrid Zone, or between the two Tropicks.

They're so term'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [utrinque] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Umbra] be∣cause they cast their Shadows on both sides of them, viz. North and South, according to the Nature of the Sun's Declination.

Def. 25. Periscii were those People of the Earth, who liv'd in the Frigid Zones, or between the Polar Circles and the Poles.

They're so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [Circà] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Umbra] because they cast their Shadows round about them, towards all Points of the Compass.

Def. 26. Heteroscii were those People of the Earth, who liv'd in the two Temperate Zones, or between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles.

They're so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, [Alto] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Umbra] be∣cause they cast their Shadows only one way, viz. North, if in the North temperate; or South, if in the South temperate Zone

But leaving the various Inhabitants of the Earth, and to come closer to our main Design, let us return to the Globe of the Earth it self, consider'd simply as a Spherical Body, whose Surface we are to view as compos'd of Land and Water, as its sole consti∣tuent Parts, and those two Parts, thus subdivided as followeth, to wit,

Land into

• ...Continents,
• ...Isthmus,
• ...Islands
• ...Promontories,
• ...Peninsula's,
• ...Mountains.

Water into

• ...Oceans,
• ...Straits,
• ...Seas,
• ...Lakes,
• ...Gulfs,
• ...Rivers.

Def. 27. A Continent [Lat. Continens à Contineo] is a large and spacious Space of dry Land, comprehending divers Countries, Kingdoms, and States, all join'd together without any intire Separation of its Parts by Water.

Def. 28. An Island [Lat. Insula, quasi in salo] is a part of dry Land environed round with Water.

Def. 29. A Peninsula [quasi penè Insula, otherwise Cher∣sonesus from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Terra, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Insula] is a part of the dry Land every where enclosed with Water, save one narrow Neck adjoining the same to the Continent.

Def. 30. An Isthmus [ab 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 vel 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Ingredior] is that narrow Neck of Land annexing the Peninsula to the Conti∣nent, by which People may enter into one from the other.

Def. 31. A Promontory [quasi Mons in mare promi∣nens] is a high part of Land stretching it self out in the Sea, the Extremity whereof is commonly term'd a Cape or Head-Land.

Def. 32. A Mountain [à moneo vel emineo] is a rising part of the dry Land, over-topping the adjacent Country, and appearing the first at a distance.

Def. 33. The Ocean [Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 quasi ex 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, citò, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Fluo] is a mighty Rendesvouz, or large Collection of Waters environing a considerable Part of the Main Con∣tinent.

Def. 34. The Sea [Lat. Salum à sale quia salsum] is a smaller Collection of Waters intermingled with Islands, and in∣tirely (or mostly) environed with Land.

Def. 35. A Gulf [Lat. Sinus, quasi sinu suo mare com∣plectens] is a part of the Sea every where environed with Land, except one Passage whereby it communicates with the neighbouring Sea, or main Ocean.

Def. 36. A Strait [Lat. Fretum à ferveo, quod ibi fer∣veat mare propter angustiam] is a narrow Passage, either joyning a Gulf to the neighbouring Sea or Ocean, or one part of the Sea or Ocean to another.

Def. 37. A Lake [Lat. Lacus, a Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Fossa vel Fovea] is a small Collection of deep standing Water, intirely surrounded with Land, and having no visible or immediate Communication with the Sea.

Def. 38. A River [Lat. Flumen vel Fluvius à fluo] is a considerable Stream of fresh Water issuing out of one, or various Fountains, and continually gliding along in one or more Channels, till it disgorgeth it self at last into the gaping Mouth of the thirsty Ocean.

These being all the necessary Terms commonly us'd in Modern Geography; and particularly those, that either need or can well admit of a Definition, Description, or Derivation: We proceed in the next place to

SECT. II. Containing some pleasant Geographical Problems.

Prob. 1. THE Diameter of the Artificial Globe being given, to find its Surface in Square, and its Solidity in Cubick Measure.

Multiply the Diameter by the Circumference (or a great Circle dividing the Globe into two equal Parts) and the Product will give the first: Then Multiply the said Product by ⅙ of the Diameter, and the Product of that will give the second. After the same manner we may find the Surface and Solidity of the Natural Globe, as also the whole Body of the Atmosphere surrounding the same, providing it be always and every where of the same height; for having found the perpendicular height thereof by that common Experiment of the ascent of Mercury at the foot and top of a Mountain; double the said Height, and add the same to the Diameter of the Earth; then Multiply the whole (as a new Diameter) by its proper Circumfe∣rence, and from the Product substract the Solidity of the Earth, the Remainder will give the Solidity of the Atmosphere.

Prob. 2. To Rectify the Globe,

The Globe being set upon a true Plain, raise the Pole according to the given Latitude; then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and (if any Mariner's Compass upon the Pedestal) let the Globe be so situated, as that the brazen Meridian may stand due South and North, according to the two Extremities of the Needle.

Prob. 3. To find the Longitude and Latitude of any place.

By Longitude we do not here understand that Opprobrium Navigato∣rum of Easting and Westing, but simply the distance between the given place and the first Meridian inscrib'd on the Surface of the Globe. For the finding of which, bring the given place to the East-side of the brazen Meridian, and observe what Degree of the Equator is just under the said Meridian, for that is the Degree of Longitude peculiar to the given place; and the Degree of the Meri∣dian exactly above that place is its proper Latitude, which is either Southern or Northern, according as the place is South or North of the Equinoctial Line.

Prob. 4. The Longitude and Latitude of any place being gi∣ven, to find that place on the Globe.

Bring the given Degree of Longitude to the brazen Meridian; reckon upon the same Meridian the Degree of given Latitude, whe∣ther South or North, and make a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends; the Point exactly under that Chalk is the place desir'd.

Prob. 5. The Latitude of any place being given, to find all those places that have the same Latitude.

The Globe being rectify'd a 1.1 according to the Lati∣tude of the given place, and that place being brought to the brazen Meridian, make a mark exactly above the same, and turning the Globe round, all those places passing under the said mark, have the same Latitude with the given place

Prob. 6. To find the Sun's place in the Ecliptick at any time.

The Month and Day being given, look for the same upon the wooden Horizon, and over against the Day you will find the par∣ticular Sign and Degree in which the Sun is at that time (observing withal the difference between the Julian and Gregorian Kalendar) which Sign and Degree being noted in the Ecliptick, the same is the Sun's place (or pretty near it) at the time desired.

Prob. 7. The Month and Day being given, as also the parti∣cular time of that Day, to find those places of the Globe, to which the Sun is in their Meridian at that particular time.

The Pole being elevated a 1.2 according to the Latitude of the place in which you are, and the Sun's Place found b 1.3 in the Ecliptick at the time given; bring the same to the brazen Meridian, and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the upper Figure of XII. turn the Globe till the said Index point at the given Hour of the Day. Which done, fix the Globe in that Situation, and observe all those places exactly under the brazen Meridian, for those are the places desired.

Prob. 8. To know the Length of the Day and Night in any place of the Earth at any time.

Elevate the Pole a 1.4 according to the Latitude of the given place; find the Sun's place in the Ecliptick b 1.5 at that time, which being brought to the East side of the Horizon, set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon,

(or the upper Figure of 12.) and turning the Globe about till the aforesaid place of the Ecliptick touch the Western side of the Horizon, look upon the Horary Circle, and wheresoever the Index pointeth, reckon the Number of Hours between the same and the upper Fi∣gure of 12. for that is the Length of the Day at the time desir'd, the Complement whereof is the Length of the Night.

Note, There is a Mistake in working the 7th Problem, for the same ought to be performed thus: The Pole being elevated accord∣ing to the Latitude of the given Place, bring the said Place to the brazen Meridian, and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in the given Place, turn the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII. which done, fix the Globe in that Situation, and observe what places are exactly under the upper He∣misphere of the brazen Meridian, for those are the Places desir'd.

Prob. 9. To find by the Globe the Antaeci, Periaeci, and Antipodes, of any given place.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and finding a 1.6 its true Latitude, count upon the Equator the same number of Degrees towards the opposite Pole and observe where the reckoning ends, for that is the place of the Antaeci. The given Place continuing under the brazen Meridian, set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turning the Globe about till the same Point at Midnight, (or the lower 12.) the place which then comes to the Meridian, (having the same Latitude with the former) is that of the Perioeci. As for the Antipodes of the given Place, reckon from the said place upon the brazen Meridian 180 Degrees, either South or North, or as many Degrees beyond the far∣thest Pole as you are to the nearest; and observe exactly where the reckoning ends, for that is the place desir'd.

Prob. 10. To know what a Clock it is by the Globe in any place of the World, and at any time, providing you know the Hour of the Day where you are at the same time.

Bring the place in which you are, to the brazen Me∣ridian (the Pole being raised a 1.7 according to the Latitude thereof) and set the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day at that time. Then bring the desired Place to the brazen Meridian, and the Index will point out the present Hour at that place where ever it is.

Prob. 11. To know by the Globe when the Great Mogul of India, and Czar of Moscovia, sit down to Dinner.

This being only to know when its Noon at Agra and Moscow, (the Imperial Seats of those Mighty Monarchs) which we may very

easily do, at what time soever it be, or wheresoever we are: For finding (by the foregoing Problem) the present Hour of the Day in the Cities above-mention'd, supposing withal that Mid-day in the aforesaid Cities is Dining-time, we may readily determine how near it is to the time desir'd,

Prob. 12. To find the Hour of the Day by the Globe at any time when the Sun shines.

Divide your Ecliptick Line in Twenty four equal Parts, and in small Figures set down the Hours of the Natural Day after the fol∣lowing manner. At the Intersections of the Ecliptick and Equator place the Figure 6; and bring both those Figures to the brazen Meridian, one being in the upper, and the other in the lower He∣misphere. Which done, place the twelve Figures in the Western He∣misphere in this order following, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Beginning then at the same Figure of 6, and proceeding Eastward, set down the other twelve Figures thus, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6. The Equinoctial being thus divided and mark'd, elevate the Globe a 1.8 according to the Latitude of the place where you are, and bring the Intersection of the Vernal Equinox to the upper Part of the brazen Meridian; and situating the Globe b 1.9 duly South and North, observe exactly that half of the Globe upon which the Sun doth actually shine; for the last part of the enlightned He∣misphere doth always shew the Hour of the Day upon the Equi∣noctial Line.

Prob. 13. The Latitude of the Place, and Height of the Sun being given at any time, to find thereby the Hour of the Day.

The Globe being rectifi'd a 1.10 according to the Latitude of the given Place, and the Height of the Sun at that time being found by an exact Quadrant; mark his place in the Ecliptick b 1.11 for the given Day, and bring the same to the brazen Meridian. After this, fix the Qua∣drant of Altitude in the Zenith, and mark in the said Quadrant the particular Degree of the Sun's Altitude, and placing the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude, till the Sun's place markt in the Ecliptick, and his Degree of Altitude markt upon the said Quadrant do come both in one. Which done, observe what Hour the Index doth point at, for that is the Hour desir'd.

Prob. 14. The Latitude of the Place being given, as also the true bearing of the Sun in the said Place at any time, to find thereby the Hour of the Day.

The Globe being a 1.12 rectifi'd, and the Sun's Place b 1.13 markt in the Ecliptick, fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and by the Mariners Compass observe the true bearing of the Sun; then bring the Quadrant of Alti∣tude to the observed Point of the Compass upon the wooden Hori∣zon, and move the Globe till the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the said Quadrant: Which done, and the Globe continuing in that Position, the Index of the Horary Circle will point at the Hour of the Day, at the time desir'd.

Prob. 15. The Latitude of the Place, and Sun's Place in the Ecliptick being given, to find thereby the Hour of the Day.

Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude, and situate the Globe duly South and North a 1.14 by the Mari∣ners Compass; then fix a small Needle perpendicularly in the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian, set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon: Which done turn the Globe till the Needle cast no Shadow at all, and then observe the Index, for it will then point at the true Hour of the Day.

Prob. 16. Any Place being given, to move the Globe so as that the wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the same.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and reckon from it upon the said Meridian the number of 90 Degrees towards either of the Poles, and where the reckoning ends, place that part of the Meridian in the Notch of the wooden Horizon, and it will prove the Horizon of the given Place.

Prob. 17. To find the Meridian-Line by the Globe in any place, and at any time of the Day.

The Latitude of the Place being known, and the Globe a 1.15 elevated accordingly; observe the height of the Sun above the Horizon at that time, and draw upon a true Plain a streight Line in, or Parallel to the Shadow of a Stile perpendicularly erected upon that Plain: In which describe a Cir∣cle at any opening of the Compasses, and find b 1.16 the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and mark his obser∣ved height in the Quadrant of Altitude. Then move the Globe together with the said Quadrant, till that Mark in the Quadrant, and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, come both in one; which done, count upon the wooden Horizon the number of Degrees between the Quadrant of Altitude, and the brazen Me∣ridian, and set off the same number of Degrees upon the aforesaid Circle drawn upon the Plain, by making a visible Point in the

Circumference where the reckoning ends (beginning still at the side towards the Sun, and proceeding East or West according to the time of the Day) Then draw a Line from that Point in the Circumference through the Center of the said Circle, and the same will prove the true Meridian-Line of that Place, at what time soever the Observa∣tion is made.

Prob. 18. A Place being given in the Torrid Zone, to find those Days in which the Sun shall be vertical to the same.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and mark what Degree of Latitude is exactly above it. Move the Globe round, and observe the two Points of the Ecliptick that pass through the said Degree of Latitude. Search upon the wooden Horizon (or by proper Tables of the Sun's Annual Motion) on what Days he pas∣seth through the aforesaid Points of the Ecliptick, for those are the Days requir'd, in which the Sun is vertical to the given Place.

Prob. 19. The Month and Day being given, to find by the Globe those places of the North Frigid Zone, where the Sun beginneth then to shine constantly without setting; as also those places of the South Frigid Zone, in which he then beginneth to be totally absent.

The Day given, (which must always be one of those, either between the Vernal Equinox and Summer Solstice, or between the Autumnal Equinox and Winter Solstice) find a 1.17 the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and marking the same, bring it to the brazen Meridian, and reckon the like number of Degrees from the North Pole towards the Equator, as there is betwixt the Equator and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and set a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends. Which done, turn the Globe round, and all the Places passing under the said Chalk are those in which the Sun begins to shine constantly without setting upon the given Day. For Solution of the latter part of the Pro∣blem; set off the same distance from the South Pole upon the brazen Meridian towards the Equator, as was formerly set off from the North, and making a mark with Chalk, and turning the Globe round, all Places passing under the said mark are those desir'd, viz. them in which the Sun beginneth his total Absence, or Disappear∣ance from the given Day.

Prob. 20. A Place being given in the North Frigid Zone, to find by the Globe what number of Days the Sun doth constantly shine upon the said Place, and what Days he is absent; as also the first and last Day of his appearance.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and observing its Latitude, a 1.18 elevate the Globe accordingly, then turn the Globe about till the first Degree of Cancer come under the Meridian, and count the same number of Degrees upon the Meridian from each side of the Equator, as the Place is distant from the Pole; and making a mark where the reckoning ends, turn the Globe round, and carefully observe what two Degrees of the Ecliptick pass exactly under the two Points mark'd in the Meridian, for the Northern Arch of the Circle (viz. that compre∣hended between the two mark'd Degrees) being reduc'd to time, will give the number of Days that the Sun doth constantly shine above the Horizon of the given Place, and the opposite Arch of the said Circle will give the number of Days in which he is absent. The Pole continuing in the same Elevation, bring the beginning of Cancer to the brazen Meridian, and observe the two Degrees of the Ecliptick which in the mean time coincide with the Hori∣zon; then search upon the wooden Horizon for those Days that the Sun doth enter into the aforesaid Degrees of the Ecliptick, for those are the Days of his first and last appearance in the given Place.

Prob. 21. The Month and Day being given, to find that place on the Globe to which the Sun (when in its Meridian) shall be vertical on that Day.

The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick being a 1.19 found, bring the same to the brazen Meridian, in which make a small mark with Chalk, exactly above the Sun's Place. Which done, find b 1.20 those places that have the Sun in the Meridian at the time given; and bringing them to the brazen Meridian, observe that part of the Globe exactly under the aforesaid mark in the Meridian, for that is the place desir'd.

Prob. 22. The Month and Day being given, to find upon what Point of the Compass the Sun riseth and setteth in any place at the time given.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the desired Place, and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the given Time, bring the same to the Eastern side of the Horizon, and you may clearly see the Point of the Compass upon which he then riseth. By turning the Globe about till his place coincide with the Western side of the Horizon, you may also see upon the said Circle the exact Point of his setting.

Prob. 23. To know by the Globe the Length of the longest and shortest Days and Nights in any place of the World.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and bring the first Degree of Cancer (if in the Northern, or Capricorn, if in the Southern Hemisphere) to the East-side of the Horizon; and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, turn the Globe about till the Sign of Cancer touch the Western-side of the Horizon, and then observe upon the Horary Circle the number of Hours between the Index and the upper Figure of XII. (reckoning them according to the Motion of the Index) for that is the Length of the longest Day, the Complement whereof is the Extent of the shortest Night. As for the shortest Day and longest Night, they are only the reverse of the former.

Prob. 24. To know the Climates of any given Place.

Find a 1.21 the Length of the longest Day in the given Place, and whatever be the number of Hours whereby it surpasseth Twelve, double that number, and the Pro∣duct will give the true Climate of the Place desir'd. But here note, That this is to be understood of Places within the Latitude of 66½. As for those of a greater Latitude, (where the Climates encrease by intire Months, enter the second Table of Climates (page 10) with the Latitude of the given Place, and opposite thereto you'll find the proper Climate of a place in the said Latitude.

Prob. 25. The Length of the longest Day in any place being known, to find thereby the Latitude of that place.

Having the Length of the longest Day you may know thereby a 1.22 the proper Climate of that Place, and by the Table of Climates (pag. 10.) you may see what Degree of Latitude corresponds to that Climate, which Degree is the Lati∣tude of the Place desir'd.

Prob. 26. The Latitude of the Place being given, as also the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, to find thereby the beginning of the Morning, and end of the Evening Twilight.

The Globe being rectifi'd, and the Sun's Place brought to the brazen Meridian, set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; then bring that Degree of the Ecliptick (which is opposit to the Sun's Place) to the Western Quarter, and so move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude, till the Degree opposite to the Sun's Place, and the 18 Degree of the said Quadrant come both in one; Which done, observe what Hour the Index then pointeth at, for at that Hour doth the Morning Twilight begin. As for the Evening Twi∣light,

bring the Degree of the Ecliptick, opposite to the Sun's Place at that time to the Eastern Quarter, and so move the Globe till the same and the 18th Degree of the Quadrant come both in one, and the Index will point at the Hour when the Evening Twilight doth end.

Prob. 27. The Length of the longest day being given, to find thereby those places of the Earth in which the longest Day is of that Extent.

By the given Length of the longest Day a 1.23 find the true Degree of Latitude, where the Day is of that Ex∣tent, and making a mark upon that Degree in the brazen Meridian, turn the Globe round, and observe what Places pass exactly under the said Mark, for they are the Places desir'd.

Prob. 28. A certain number of Days, not surpassing 182. being given, to find thereby that Parallel of Latitude on the Globe, where the Sun setteth not during those Days.

Take half of the given Number of Days, and whatever it is, count so many Degrees upon the Ecliptick, beginning at the first of Cancer, and make a mark where the reckoning ends; only observe, that if your number of Days surpass thirty, then your number of Degrees ought to be less than it by one. Bring then the mark'd Point of the Ecliptick to the brazen Meridian, and observe exactly how many Degrees are intercepted between the aforesaid Point and the Pole, for the same is equal to the desir'd Parallel of Latitude. If the de∣sired Parallel of Latitude be South of the Line, the Operation is the same, bringing only the first Degree of Capricorn to the Meridian in lieu of Cancer.

Prob. 29. The Hour of the Day being given, according to our way of reckoning in England, to find thereby the Babylonick Hour at any time.

The Babylonick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun rising, it being the manner of the Babylonians of old, and the Inhabitants of Norimberg at this Day, to commence their Hours from the appear∣ance of the Sun in the Eastern Horizon. For the finding of this Hour at any time, and in any place, First elevate the Pole a 1.24 according to the Latitude of the given Place, and b 1.25 noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time, bring the same to the brazen Meridian, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; after this, rowl the Globe either Eastward or Westward according to the time of the Day, till the Index point at the given Hour. Then fix the Globe in that Posi∣tion, and bring back the Index again to Noon, and move the Globe

from West to East, till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick, coincide with the Eastern Horizon; which done, reckon upon the Horary Circle the number of Hours between the Index and Noon (or the upper Figure of 12.) for that is the number of Hours from Sun rising for that Day in the given Place, or the true Babylonick Hour desir'd.

Prob. 30. The Babylonick Hour being given, to find the Hour of the Day at any time, according to our way of reckoning in England.

Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude of the Place, and marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, bring the same to the brazen Meridian, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon. Then Rowl the Globe Westward till the Index point at the given Hour from Sun rising, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, bring the Index back again to Noon, and turn the Globe backwards till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick return to the same Semi-circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came; which done, observe what Hour the Index of the Horary Circle pointeth at, for the same is the Hour desir'd.

Prob. 31. The Hour of the Day being given according to our way of reckoning in England, to find thereby the Italick Hour at any time.

The Italick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun setting at all times of the Year, to Sun setting the next following Day. For the ready finding of such Hours, a 1.26 elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the Place, and b 1.27 no∣ting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick upon the given Day, bring the same to the brazen Meridian, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon. Then turn the Globe either East or West according to the time of the Day, till the Index point at the given Hour, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, bring the Index back to Noon. Which done, turn the Globe about Eastwards till the mark of the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the Western Horizon, and observe how many Hours there are between the upper Figure of 12. and the Index (reckoning them Eastward as the Globe moved) for these are the Hours from Sun-set, or the Italick Hour desir'd.

Prob. 32. The Italick Hour being given, to find thereby the Hour of the Day at any time according to our way of reckoning in England.

This being the Reverse of the former Problem, a 1.28 elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given

Place, and noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, bring the same to the Western Horizon, and setting the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, turn the Globe Westward till the Index point at b 1.29 the Italick Hour given; then fixing the Globe in that Position, bring the Index back to Noon, and move the Globe backward till the Mark of the Sun's Place return to the same Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came. Which done, observe how many Hours are between Noon and the Index, (reckoning them from West to East) for those are the Hours desired according to our way of reckoning in England.

Prob. 33. The Hour of the Day being exactly given according to our way of reckoning in England, to find thereby the Judaical Hour at any time.

By the Judaical Hour we understand the exact Time of the Day according to the Ancient Jews, who in reckoning their time, di∣vided the Artificial Day into twelve Hours, and the Night into as many, which Hours prov'd every Day unequal in extent (unless in Places exactly under the Equator) they still decreasing or encreasing according to the Seasons of the Year, or the various Declination of the Sun. For the finding of which Hours, observe the following Method, a 1.30 Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and b 1.31 marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time, bring it to the Eastern Horizon, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; then turn the Globe about till that place mark'd in the Eclip∣tick come to the Western Horizon, and observe the number of Hours between Noon and the Index, these being the Hours of which the given Day doth consist, which number you are to Note down, and c 1.32 to find what Hour from Sun-rising corresponds with the given Hour, or from Sun-setting, if the given Hour be after Sun-setting. Which done, work by the following Proportion. As the number of Hours, whereof the given Day consisteth, (viz. those noted down) is to 12; so is the number of Hours from Sun-rising, (if it be an Hour of the Day) or from Sun-setting (if an Hour of the Night) to a fourth proportional, which is the number desir'd, viz. the Ju∣daical Hour at the time given.

Prob. 34. The Judaical Hour being given, to find thereby the Hour of the Day at any time, according to our way of reckon∣ing in England.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the time given, bring the same to the Eastern Horizon, and set the Index of the Horary

Circle at Noon, then Rowl the Globe Westward, till the Sun's Place coincide with the Western Horizon, and the Index will point at the number of equal Hours. whereof that Day consisteth. Which Number you are to note down, and bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian, and setting the Index again at Noon, turn the Globe about till the Sun's Place coincide with the Eastern Horizon, and the Index will point at the Hour when the Sun riseth in the given Place. Which done, work by the following Proportion. As 12 is to the given Number of Judaical Hours, so is the Length of the Day in equal Hours (formerly found out) to a fourth proportional, which is the Number desir'd, viz. the Hour of the Day according to our way of reckoning in England. Only note, That if the fourth proportional be less than 12, you are to add the same to the Hour of Sun-rising, and the Product will give the Number of Hours be∣fore Noon for that Day; but if it be more than 12, then Substract it from 12, and the Remainder will give the Hour of the Day for the Afternoon.

Prob. 35. To find the true Area of the five Zones in square Measure, allowing 60 Miles to one Degree in the Equator.

The Breadth of the Torrid Zone being 47 Degrees which reduc'd to Miles, make 2820; each of the Temperate 43 Degrees, which make 2580; and each of the Frigid 23 Degrees ½, which make 1410 Miles. The true Area of each of those Zones may be found in Square Measure by the following Proportion. (1.) For the Torrid. The Area of the whole Globe being found, (per Prob. 1.) say as Rad. to the Sine of 47; so is the ½ the Area of the Globe, to the Area of the Torrid Zone. (2.) For each of the Temperate Zones; say as Rad. to the difference of the Sines of 23½ and 66½; so is ½ Arch of the Globe to the Area of one of the Temperate Zones. Last∣ly, For the Frigid Zones, add ½ Area of the Torrid to the whole Area of one of the Temperate, and Substract the Product from ½ Area of the Globe, and the Remainder will give the true Area of either of the Frigid Zones.

Prob. 36. A Place being given on the Globe; to find those which have the same Hour of the Day with that in the given Place, as also that have the contrary Hours, i. e. Midnight in the one, when it's Mid-day in the other.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and observe what Places are then exactly under that Semi-Circle of the said Meridian, for the People in them have the same Hour with that they have in the given Place. The Globe continuing in that Position, set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turn the Globe till the

Index point at Midnight, and observe that Places are then in that Semi-Circle of the Meridian, for the Inhabitants of those Places do reckon their Hours contrary to these in the given Place.

Prob. 37. The Hour of the Day being given in any place, to find those places of the Earth where it's either Noon or Midnight, or any other particular Hour at the same time.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in that place. Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII, and observe what Places are exactly under the upper Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian, for in them its Mid-day at the time given. Which done, turn the Globe about till the Index point at the lower Figure of XII, and what Places are then in the lower Semi-Circle of the Meridian, in them its Midnight at the given Time. After the same manner we may find those Places that have any other particular Hour at the Time given, by moving the Globe till the Index point at the Hour desir'd, and observing the Places that are then under the brazen Meridian.

Prob. 38. The Day and Hour being given, to find by the Globe that particular Place of the Earth, to which the Sun is vertical at that very time.

The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick a 1.33 being found, and brought to the brazen Meridian, make a Mark above the same with Chalk; then b 1.34 find those Places of the Earth, in whose Meridian the Sun is at that instant, and bring them to the brazen Meridian. Which done, observe nar∣rowly that individual Part of the Earth which falls exactly under the aforesaid Mark in the brazen Meridian, for that is the particular Place, to which the Sun is vertical at that very time.

Prob. 39. The Day and Hour of the Day being given, to find those Places on the Globe, in which the. Sun then riseth. 2dly, Those in which he then setteth. 3dly, Those to whom its Mid∣day. And Lastly, Those Places that are actually enlightned, and those that are not.

Find that Place of the a 1.35 Globe, to which the Sun is vertical at the given Time, and bringing the same to the brazen Meridian, b 1.36 elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the said Place. The Globe being fixt in that Position, observe what Places are in the Western Semi-Circle of the Horizon, for in them the Sun riseth at that time. 2dly, Those in the Eastern Semi-Circle, for in them the Sun setteth. 3dly, Those that are exactly under the brazen Meridian, for in

them it's Mid day. And Lastly, All those upon the úpper Hemi∣sphere of the Globe, for they are actually enlightned, and those up∣on the lower are then in darkness, or deprived of the Sun at that very time.

Prob. 40. The Month and Day being given, as also the Place of the Moon in the Zodiack, and her true Latitude, to find thereby the exact Hour when she shall rise and set, together with her Southing (or coming to the Meridian) of the given Place.

The Moon's Place in the Zodiack may be found ready enough at any time by an ordinary Almanack, and her Latitude (which is her distance from the Ecliptick) by applying the Semi-Circle of Posi∣tion to her Place in the Zodiack. For the Solution of the Problem, a 1.37 elevate the Pole according to the Lati∣tude of the given Place, and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time being b 1.38 found, and mark'd with Chalk, as also the Moon's Place at the same time: Bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian, and set the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turn the Globe till the Moon's Place successively coincide with the Eastern and Western-side of the Hori∣zon, as also the brazen Meridian, and the Index will point, at those various times, the particular Hour of her Rising, Setting, and Southing.

Prob. 41. The Day and Hour of either a Solar or Lunar Eclipse being known, to find by the Globe all those Places in which the same will be visible.

Mark the Sun's Place in the a 1.39 Ecliptick for the given Day, as also the opposite Point thereto, which is the Place of the Moon at that time. Then find b 1.40 that Place of the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the given Hour, and bring the same to the Pole (or vertical Point) of the wooden Horizon, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, observe what Places are in the upper Hemisphere, for in most of them will the Sun be visible during his Eclipse. As for the Lunar Eclipse, you are to find c 1.41 the Antipodes of that place which hath the Sun vertical at the given Hour, and bringing the same to the Pole of the wooden Horizon, observe (as formerly) what Places are in the upper Hemisphere of the Globe, for in such will the Moon be visible during her Eclipse, except those that are very near unto, or actually in the Horizon.

Prob. 42. A Place being given on the Globe, to find the true Situation thereof from all other Places desir'd, or how it beareth in respect of such Places.

The various Places desir'd [which are supposed to be some of those that lie upon the intermediate Points of the Compass] being pitch'd upon, bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and elevate the Pole according to it's Latitude, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, apply the same successively to the Places desir'd, and the lower Part of the said Quadrant will intersect the wooden Horizon at those various Points of the Compass (inscrib'd upon the said Circle) according to the true bearing of the given Place, in respect of the Places desir'd.

Prob. 43. A Place being given on the Globe, to find all other Places that are situated from the same, upon any desir'd Point of the Compass.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and bring the said Place to the brazen Meridian, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, apply the lower Part thereof to the desir'd Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon; and observe what Places are exactly under the Edge of the said Quadrant, for those are the Places that are situated from, or bear off, the given Place according to the desired Point of the Compass.

Prob. 44. Two Places being given on the Globe, to find the true distance between them.

The two Places given must of necessity lie under either the same Meridian, the same Parallel of Latitude, or else differ both in Longitude and Latitude. (1.) If they lie under the same Meridian, then bring them both to the brazen Meridian, and observe the number of De∣grees of Latitude comprehended between them, which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles, will give the Distance requir'd. (2.) If they lie under the same Parallel of Latitude, then bring them separately to the brazen Meridian, and observe the Number of Degrees be∣tween them upon the Equator; which done, enter the Table [page 9.] with the Latitude of the given Places, and seeing thereby how many Miles in that Parallel are answerable to one Degree in the Equator, multiply those Miles by the aforesaid number of De∣grees upon the Equator, and the Product will give the Distance requir'd. But, Lastly, if the two Places given do differ both in Longitude and Latitude, then bring one of them to the vertical Point of the brazen Meridian, and extending the Quadrant of Alti∣tude to the other, observe upon the said Quadrant the number of Degrees between them, which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles, will give the distance requir'd. This third Case of the Problem be∣ing most considerable and occurring more frequently than the other two, we shall here annex another way of performing the same be∣sides the Globe, and that is by resolving a Spherical Triangle,

two Sides whereof (viz. the Complements of the different Latitudes, or the distance of the given Places from the Poles) are not only given, but also the Angle comprehended between them, (it being equal to the difference of their Longitude) by which Sides and Angle given, we may very easily find the third Side by the noted Rules in Trigonometry, which third Side is the distance re∣quired.

Prob. 45. A Place being given on the Globe, and its true Distance from a second place, to find thereby all other Places of the Earth that are of the same distance from the given Place.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the said Place; then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and reckon upon the said Quadrant, the given Distance between the first and second Place (providing the same be under 90 Degrees, otherwise you must use the Semi-Circle of Position) and making a Mark where the reckoning ends, and moving the said Quadrant or Semi-Circle quite round upon the Surface of the Globe, all Places passing under that Mark, are those desir'd.

Prob. 46. The Latitude of two Places being given, and how one of them beareth off the other, to find thereby the true Distance between them.

For the Solution of this Problem. Suppose the first Meridian to be the true Meridian of one of the given Places, particularly that whose bearing is unknown. Upon the upper Semi-Circle of that Meridian, mark the Latitude of the said Place; then elevate the Pole accord∣ing to the Latitude of the other place, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extend the same to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon, and turn the Globe about till the Point mark'd in the aforesaid Meridian coincide with the said Quadrant. Which done, reckon upon that Quadrant the number of Degrees between that Point mark'd in the first Meridian and the vertical Point; which Degrees being converted into Leagues or Miles, will give the Distance requir'd.

Prob. 47. The Longitude of two Places being given, as also the Latitude of one of them, and its Bearing from the other, to find thereby the true Distance between them.

For the Solution of this Problem, suppose the first Meridian to be the true Meridian of the Place, whose Latitude is unknown. Reckon from that Meridian upon the Equator the number of Degrees equal to the difference of Longitude of the two Places, and make a Mark where the reckoning ends, and bringing the same to the brazen

Meridian, (which represents the Meridian of the second Place) reckon upon it the Degrees of the given Latitude; and fixing the Globe in that Situation, raise the Pole according to that Latitude, and fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extending the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon. The Globe continuing in this Position, observe that Point of the Surface, where the Quadrant of Altitude intersects the first Meridian, for the same representeth the second Place, and that Arch of the Quadrant between the said Point and the Zenith, being converted into Leagues or Miles, will give the Di∣stance requir'd.

Prob. 48. The Distance between two Places lying under the same Meridian, being given, as also their respective bearing from a third Place, to find thereby that Place with its true Distance from the other two.

The given Distance being reckon'd any where upon the brazen Meridian, and those places of the Globe exactly under the beginning and end of that Reckoning being mark'd, raise the Pole according to the Latitude of one of them, (which for Distinctions sake we'll term the first Place) and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extend the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon, according as the said first Place beareth off the third unknown, and make a small Tract with Chalk upon the Globe, where the Edge of the Quadrant passeth along. Which done, elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the second Place, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Ze∣nith, extend the same (as formerly) to the given Point of the Com∣pass upon the wooden Horizon, and observe where the said Qua∣drant intersects the aforesaid Tract of Chalk made upon the Surface of the Globe, for that is the third Place desir'd, whose Distance from the other two may be found by the foregoing Problem.

These are the Chief Problems performable by the Terrestrial Globe, as also the manner of their Performance. But if the Reader desire more, let him Consult Varenius, (his Geographia Generalis) from whom we have borrowed several of those abovemention'd. Now followeth according to our proposed Method

SECT. III.

Containing some plain Geographical Theorems.

Theor. 1. THE Latitude of any Place is always equal to the Elevation of the Pole in the same Place. & econtrá.

Theor. 2. The Elevation of the Equator in any Place is al∣ways equal to the Complement of the Latitude in the same place, & vice versâ.

Theor. 3. Those Places that lie under the Equinoctial Line, have nothing of Latitude, it being there that the Calculation of Latitude begins.

Theor. 4. Those Places that lie exactly under the two Poles have the greatest Latitude, it being there that the Calculation of Latitude doth end.

Theor. 5. Those Places that lie exactly under the first Meri∣dian, have nothing of Longitude, it being there that the Calcula∣tion of Longitude begins.

Theor. 6. Those Places that are immediately adjacent to the Western-side of the first Meridian have the greatest Longitude, it being there that the Calculation of Longitude doth end.

Theor. 7. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator, have the greater or lesser Latitude, according to their respective Distance therefrom.

Theor. 8. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator, and exactly under the same, have the greater or lesser Longitude, according to their respective Distance from the first Meridian.

Theor. 9. That particular Place of the Earth lying exactly under the Intersection of the first Meridian and Equinoctail Line, hath neither Longitude nor Latitude.

Theor. 10. No place of the Earth is distant from another above 10800 Italian Miles, allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator.

Theor. 11. No Place of the Earth is distant from its proper Antipodes (diametrically taken) above 7200 Italian Miles, still allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator.

Theor. 12. The sensible Horizon of every Place doth as often change, as we happen to change the Place it self.

Theor. 13. The apparent Semediameter of the sensible Horizon in most Places, doth frequently vary according to the Refraction of the Sun-beams.

Theor. 14. All Countries upon the Face of the whole Earth do equally enjoy the Light of the Sun (in respect of Time) and are equally depriv'd of the benefit thereof.

Theor. 15. In all Places on the Globe of the Earth, (save exactly under the two Poles) the Days and Nights are of an equal Length (viz. twelve Hours each) when the Sun cometh to the Equinoctial. Line.

Theor. 16. In all Places between the Equinoctial and the two Poles, the Days and Nights are never equal to one another, save only those two times of the Year, when the Sun entreth the Signs of Aries and Libra.

Theor. 17. The nearer any Place is to the Line, the lesser is the difference between the Length of the Artificial Days and Nights in the said Place; and on the contrary, the farther remov'd, the greater.

Theor. 18. In all Places lying under the same Parallel of La∣titude, the Days and Nights are of the same extent, and that at all times of the Year.

Theor. 19. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and either of the Poles, and equidi∣stant from one another; the Extent of the longest Day in those Places doth not encrease proportionably to the distance of the Places themselves.

Theor. 20. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and the Poles, in which the Length of the longest Day doth equally encrease; the distance between the Paral∣les of those Places is not equal to one another.

Theor. 21. Three or more Places being given on the Globe, whose distance from the Equator to either Pole exceeds one another

in Arithmetical Proportion: The Length of the longest Day in one doth not keep the same Analogy to that in the other, according to the Proportion of their distance.

Theor. 22. In all Places of the Torrid Zone, the Morning and Evening Twilight is least; in the Frigid, greatest; and in the Temperate it's a Medium between the two.

Theor. 23. To all Places lying within the Torrid Zone, the Sun is duly Vertical twice a Year; to those under the Tropicks, once; but to them in the Temperate and Frigid, never.

Theor. 24. In all Places of the two Frigid Zones, the Sun appeareth every Year without setting for a certain number of Days, and disappeareth for the same space of time. And the nearer unto, or the farther from the Pole those places are, the longer or shorter is his continued Presence in, or Absence from the same.

Theor. 25. In all places exactly under the Arctick and Ant∣arctick Circles, the Sun (at his greatest Declination) appeareth every Year for one Day compleatly without setting, and intirely disappeareth another, but daily riseth and setteth in those Places at all other times, as elsewhere.

Theor. 26. In all places between the Equator and the North∣Pole, the longest Day and shortest Night, is always when the Sun hath the greatest Northern Declination; and the shortest Day and longest Night, when he hath the greatest Southern.

Theor. 27. In all places between the Equator and the South∣Pole, the longest Day and shortest Night is always when the Sun hath the greatest Southern Declination; and the shortest Day and longest Night, when the greatest Northern

Theor. 28. In all places situated under the Equinoctial Line, the Meridian Shadow of the Sun doth cast it self towards the North for one half of the Year, and towards the South during the other.

Theor. 29. In all places lying under the Equinoctial Line, there is no Meridian Shadow on those two Days of the Year, that the Sun doth enter the Signs of Aries and Libra.

Theor. 30. The nearer that places are unto, or the farther remov'd from the Equator, the shorter or longer accordingly is

the Meridian Shadow of a Style perpendicularly erected in such places.

Theor. 31. The farther that places are removed from the Equator (yet not surpassing 66 Degrees of Latitude) the greater is the Sun's Amplitude, or that Arch of the Horizon between the Points of due East and West, and those in which the Sun riseth and setteth on the Days of the Summer and Winter Sol∣stice.

Theor. 32. In all places lying under the same Semi Circle of the Meridian, the Hours both of the Day and Night are always the same in one, as in the other.

Theor. 33. In all places both of the North and Southern Hemispheres, that lie under opposite Parallels of Latitude, the Seasons of the Year are always the same in one, as in the other.

Theor. 34. In all places situated in a Parallel Sphere, the Circle of the Sun's Diurnal Motion runs always Parallel (or very near it) to the respective Horizon of such places.

Theor. 35. In all places situated in a Right Sphere, the Circle of the Sun's Diurnal Motion is still perpendicular (or very near it) to the respective Horizon of such places.

Theor. 36. In all places situated in an Oblique Sphere, the Circle of the Sun's Diurnal Motion is always Oblique unto, or cutteth the Horizon of such places at unequal Angles.

Theor. 37. If the difference of Longitude in two places be exactly 15 Degrees. The People residing in the Eastmost of them will reckon the time of the Day sooner by one Hour, than those in the other. If the difference be 30 Degrees, then they'll reckon their Hours sooner by 2. If 45 Degrees, by 3. and if 60, then by 4, &c.

Theor. 38. If People residing in two distinct places do differ exactly one Hour in reckoning their time (it being only Noon to one, when one Afternoon to the other) the true distance between the respective Meridians of those places is exactly 15 Degrees upon the Equator. If they differ 2 Hours, the distance is 30 Degrees. If 3, its 45. and if 4, its compleatly 60, &c.

Theor. 39. If a Ship set out from any Port, and steering Eastward doth intirely surround the Globe of the Earth, the Peo∣ple of the said Ship in reckoning their time, will gain one Day compleatly at their return, or count one more than those residing at the said Port. If Westward, then they'll lose one, or reckon one less.

Theor. 40. If two Ships set out from the same Port at the same time, and both surround the Globe of the Earth, one steering East, and the other Westward, they'll differ from one another in reckoning their time two Days compleatly at their return, even suppose they happen to arrive on the same Day. If they sur∣round the Earth twice (steering as aforesaid) they'll differ 4 Days; if thrice, then 6, &c.

Theor. 41. If several Ships set out from the same Port, either at the same, or different times, and do all surround the Globe of the Earth, some steering due South, and others due North, and arrive again at the same Port; the respective Peo∣ple of those different Ships at their return will not differ from one another in reckoning their time, nor from those who reside at the said Port.

These are the chief Geographical Theorems, or self-evi∣dent Truths clearly deduclble from the foregoing Problems, and to these we might add a great many more; but leaving such Truths, we pass to some others (in pursuance of our proposed Method) and such as are equally certain with the aforesaid Theorems, though not so apparent, yet probably more diverting. Therefore followeth

SECT. IV. Containing some amazing Geographical Paradoxes.

Par. 1. THERE are two remarkable Places on the Globe of the Earth, in which there is only one Day and one Night throughout the whole Year.

Par. 2. There are also some Places on the Earth, in which it is neither Day nor Night at a certain time of the Year, for the space of twenty four Hours.

Par. 3. There is a certain Place of the Earth, at which if two Men should chance to meet, one would stand upright up∣on the Soles of the others Feet, and neither of them should feel the others weight, and yet both should retain their Natural Posture.

Par. 4. There is also a certain Place of the Earth, where a Fire being made, neither Flame nor Smoke would ascend, but move circularly about the Fire. Moreover, if in that Place one should fix a smooth or plain Table without any Ledges whatsoever, and pour thereon a large Quantity of Water, not one Drop thereof could run over the said Table, but would raise it self up in a large heap.

Par. 5. There is a certain Place on the Globe, of a considerable Southern Latitude, that hath both the greatest and least Degree of Longitude.

Par. 6. There are three remarkable Places on the Globe, that differ both in Longitude and Latitude, and yet all lie under one and the same Meridian.

Par. 7. There are three remarkable Places on the Continent of Europe, that lie under three different Meridians, and yet all agree both in Longitude and Latitude.

Par. 8. There is a certain Island in the Aegaean Sea, upon which, if two Children were brought forth at the same instant of

time, and living together for many Years, should both expire on the same Day, yea, at the same Hour and Minute of that Day, yet the Life of one would surpass the Life of the other by divers Months.

Par. 9. There are two observable Places belonging to Asia, that lie under the same Meridian, and of a small distance from one another, and yet the respective Inhabitants of them in reckoning their time, do differ an intire Natural Day every Week.

Par. 10. There is a particular Place of the Earth, where the Winds (though frequently veering round the Compass) do always blow from the North Point.

Par. 11. There is a certain Hill in the South of Bohemia, on whose Top, if an Equinoctial Sun-Dial be duly erected, a Man that is Stone-blind may know the Hour of the Day by the same, if the Sun shines.

Par. 12. There is a considerable number of places lying within the Torrid Zone, in any of which, if a certain kind of Sun-Dial be duly erected, the Shadow will go back seve∣ral Degrees upon the same, at a certain time of the Year, and that twice every Day for the space of divers Weeks, yet no ways derogating from that miraculous returning of the Shadow upon the Dial of Ahaz in the Days of King He∣zekiah.

Par. 13. There is a certain Island in the vast Atlantick Ocean, which being descry'd by a Ship at Sea, and bear∣ing due East of the said Ship, at twelve Leagues distance per Estimation; The truest Course for hitting of the said Island is to steer six Leagues due East, and just as many due West.

Par. 14. There is a remarkable Place on the Globe of the Earth, of a very pure and wholsome Air to breath in, yet of such a strange and detestable Quality, that it's absolutely im∣possible for two of the intirest Friends that ever breath'd, to continue in the same, in Mutual Love and Friendship for the space of two Minutes of time.

Par. 15. There is a certain Island in the Baltick Sea, to whose Inhabitants the Body of the Sun is clearly visible in the Morning before he ariseth, and likewise in the Evening after he is set.

Par. 16. There is a certain Village in the Kingdom of Na∣ples, situated in a very low Valley, and yet the Sun is nearer to the Inhabitants thereof every Noon by 3000 Miles, and upwards, than when he either riseth or setteth to those of the said Village.

Par. 17. There is a certain Village in the South of Great Britain, to whose Inhabitants the Body of the Sun is less vi∣sible about the Winter Solstice, than to those who reside upon the Island of Ice-land.

Par. 18. There is a vast Country in Ethiopia Superior, to whose Inhabitants the Body of the Moon doth always appear to be most enlightned when she's least enlightned; and to be least when most.

Par. 19. There is a certain Island, (whereof mention is made by several of our latest Geographers) whose Inhabitants cannot properly be reckon'd either Male or Female, nor alto∣gether Hermaphrodites; yet such is their peculiar Quality, that they're seldom liable unto either Hunger or Thirst, Cold or Heat, Joy or Sorrow, Hopes or Fears, or any such of the common Attendants of Human Life.

Par. 20. There is a remarkable Place of the Earth of a considerable Southern Latitude, from whose Meridian the Sun removeth not for several Days at a certain time of the Year.

Par. 21. There is a certain Place of the Earth of a con∣siderable Northern Latitude, where though the Days and Nights (even when shortest) do consist of several Hours; yet in that place it's Mid-day or Noon every Quarter of an Hour.

Par. 22. There are divers Places on the Globe of the Earth, where the Sun and Moon, yea, and all the Planets, do actu∣ally rise and set according to their various Motions, but never any of the fixt Stars.

Par. 23. There is a large and famous Country on the Continent of Africa, many of whose Inhabitants are born perfectly Deaf, and others Stone-blind, and continue so during their whole Lives; and yet such is the amazing Faculty of those Persons, that the Deaf are as capable to judge of Sounds as those that hear, and the Blind of Colours as they who see.

Par. 24. There is a certain People in South America, who are properly furnish'd with only one of the five Senses, viz. that of Touching, and yet they can both Hear and See, Taste and Smell, and that as nicely as we Europeans, who have all the Five.

Par. 25. There is a certain Country in South America, ma∣ny of whose Savage Inhabitants are such unheard-off Canibals, that they not only feed upon Human Flesh; but also some of them do actually eat themselves, and yet they commonly survive that strange Repast.

Par. 26. There is a remarkable River on the Continent of Europe, over which there is a Bridge of such a breadth, that above three thousand Men a-breast may pass along upon the same, and that without crouding one another in the least.

Par. 27. There is a large and spacious Plain in a certain Country of Asia, able to contain six hundred thousand Men drawn up in Battle Array; which number of Men being actually brought thither, and there drawn up, it were absolutely impossible for any more, than one single Person, to stand upright upon the said Plain.

Par. 28. There is a certain European City, whose Buildings being generally of firm Stone, are (for the most part) of a prodigious height, and exceeding strong; and yet it is most cer∣tain that the Walls of those Buildings are not parallel to one another, nor perpendicular to the Plain on which they are built.

Par. 29. There is a certain City in the Southern Part of China, whose Inhabitants (both Male and Female) do observe almost the same Posture and Gate in Walking, as we Europeans;

and yet they frequently appear to Strangers, as if they walk'd on their Heads.

Par. 30. There are ten Places of the Earth, distant from one another three hundred Miles and upwards, and yet none of them hath either Longitude or Latitude.

Par. 31. There are two distinct Places of the Earth lying un∣der the same Meridian, whose Difference of Latitude is sixty De∣grees compleatly; and yet the true Distance between those two Places, doth not really surpass sixty Italian Miles.

Par. 32. There are also two distinct Places of the Earth, ly∣ing under the Equinoctial Line, whose difference of Longitude is compleatly 86 Degrees ½, and yet the true Distance between those two Places, is not full eighty six Italian Miles.

Par. 33. There are three distinct Places of the Earth, all dif∣fering both in Longitude and Latitude, and distant from one another two thousand Miles compleatly, and yet they do all bear upon one and the same Point of the Compass.

Par. 34. There are three distinct Places on the Continent of Europe, equidistant from one another (they making a true Equi∣lateral Triangle, each of whose sides doth consist of a thousand Miles) and yet there is a fourth Place so situated in respect of the other three, that a Man may travel on Foot from it to any of the other three, in the space of one Artificial Day at a certain time of the Year; and that without the least hurry or fatigue whatsoever.

Par. 35. There are three distinct Places on the Continent of Europe lying under the same Meridian, and at such a distance, that the Latitude of the third surpasseth that of the second by so many Degrees and Minutes exactly, as the second surpasseth the first; and yet the true Distance of the first and third from the second (or Intermediat Place) is not the same by a great many Miles.

Par. 36. There are two distinct Places on the Continent of Europe, so situated in respect of one another, that though the first doth lie East from the second, yet the second is not West from the first, and yet both of them are under the same Parallel of Latitude.

Par. 37. There is a certain European Island, the Northmost Part whereof doth frequently alter both its Longitude and Lati∣tude.

Par. 38. There is a certain Place in the Island of Great Bri∣tain, where the Stars are always visible at any time of the Day, if the Horizon be not over-cast with Clouds.

Par. 39. It may be clearly demonstrated by the Terrestrial Globe, That it is not above Twenty four hours Sailing from the River of Thames in England to the City of Messina in Si∣cily, at a certain time of the Year, providing there be a brisk North Wind, a light Frigat, and an Azimuth Compass.

These are the chief Paradoxical Positions in matters of Geography, which mainly depend on a thorough Know∣ledge of the Globe; and though it is highly probable, that they'll appear to some as the greatest of Fables; yet we may boldly affirm, That they're not only equally cer∣tain with the aforesaid Theorems, but also we are well∣assur'd that there's no Mathematical Demonstration of Euclid, more infallibly true in its self, than is every one of them. However we think it not fit to pull off the Vizor, or expose those masked Truths to publick View, since to endeavour the unmasking of them may prove a private Diversion, both pleasant and profitable to the In∣genious Reader at his more vacant Hours; we hastning in the mean time to the last Thing propos'd, viz.

SECT. V. Concerning Land and Water.

THE Surface of the Terraqueous Globe [to which we intirely restrict our selves both here, and in the following Part of this Treatise] being always considered by Geographers as a Super∣sicies compos'd of Land and Water, as its sole constituent Parts; and these Parts being subdivided (page 13.) as followeth, viz.

Land into

• Continents,
• Isthmus,
• Islands,
• Promontories,
• Peninsula's,
• Mountains.

Water into

• Oceans,
• Straits,
• Seas,
• Lakes,
• Gulfs,
• Rivers.

Of all these separately, and in their Order. Therefore

§. 1. Of CONTINENTS.

Commonly reckon'd Four, viz. those

of

• ...Europe,
• ...Africa,
• ...Asia,
• ...America.

Europe	North	Scandinavia—	found from W. to E.
Muscovia [or Russia]—
Middle	France—	found from W. to E.
Germany—
Poland—
South	Spain—	found from W. to E.
Italy—
Turky in Europe—

Asia	North, comprehending the vast Body of Tartary.
South	China—	found from E. to W.
India—
Persia—
Turky in Asia—

Africa	Egypt	—	found from N. to S.
Barbary
Bildulgerid	—
Zaara or the Desert	—
Land of the Negroes	—
Guinea	—
Nubia	—
Ethiopia	Interior—
Exterior—

America	North	Mexico or New Spain—	from S. to N.
New Mexico or Nova Granada—
Florida—
Terra Canadensis—
Terra Arctica—
South	Terra Firma—	from N. to S.
Peru—
Land of the Amazons—
Brasil—
Chyli—
Paraguay—
Terra Magellanica—
Terra Antarctica—

§. 2. Of ISLANDS.

They belong either

to

• ...Europe,
• ...Africa,
• ...Asia,
• ...America.

Europe.	The Scandinavian Islands—	Lying	in the N. and Baltick-Sea.
The Island of Ice-land—	W. of Scandinavia.
The Britannick Islands—	N. of France.
The Azores—	W. of Spain.
The Mediterranean Islands—	S. of Europe.

Asia.	The Japan Islands—	E. of China.
The Philippin—	S. W. of Japan
The Isles des Larrons—	E. of the Philippin.
The Moloccoes—	S. of the Philippin.
The Islands of the Sund—	W. of the Moluccoes.
Ceylon and the Maldives—	W. of the Isles of Sund.
Africa.	more Re∣markable	Madagascar—	E. of Ethiopia.
The Isles of Cape Verde	W. of Negroland.
The Canary Islands	W. of Bildulgerid.
The Madera—	W. of Barbary.
Less Re∣markable	The Isles of Comore	N. W. of Madagascar.
St. Thomas's Island—	W. of Ethiopia. Lat. 00
The Princess Island	W. of Ethiopia. Lat. 3.
St. Helena—	S. W. of St. Thomas.
Isle of Ascention—	N. E. of St. Helena.
America	North are	California—	W. of Nova Granada.
Newfoundland—	E. of Terra Canadensis.
Middle are the Antilles	Greater	Cuba—	E. of New Spain.
Jamaica
Hispaniola
Port-rito
Lesser	Caribees—	S. E. of the greater An∣tilles.
Lucayes—	S. E. of Florida.
Sotovento—	N. of Terra Firma.
Bermudas—	E. of Florida.
South is Terra del Fuogo—	S. of Terra Magellanica.

§. 3. Of PENINSULA's.

Europe.	Juitland—	adjacent to	Germany.
Morea—	Greece.
Taurica Chersonesus—	Little Tartary.
Asia	Peninsula Indiae	intra Gangem	the Continent	of Asia
extra Gangem	the Continent
Mallaca [or Chersonese d'or]—	Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem.
In Africa is none but Africa it self	the W. of Asia.
America	Mexico or North America—	South	America.
Peru or South America—	North

§. 4. Of ISTHMUS.

In Europe are the Isthmus of	Corinth—	joining	Morea to Greece.
Taurica Chersonesus	Taurica Chersonesus to Lit∣tle Tartary.
In Asia is the Isthmus of Malacca	Malacca to Penins. Indiae intra Gangem.
In Africa is the Isthmus of Swez—	Africa to Asia.
In America is the Isthmus of Panama	Mexico and Peru.

§. 5. Of PROMONTORIES or CAPES.

In Europe	Cape Nord—	Extending from	The Northmost part of Norway.
Cape la Hogue—	The N. of France.
The Lands-End—	The S. W.	of England.
The Lizard—	The S.
The Start—	The S.
Cape de Finisterra—	The W.	of Spain.
Cape de Rocca—	The W.
Cape St. Vincent—	The W.
Asia	Cape Ningpo—	The E. of China.
Cape Comorin—	Penins. Indiae inter Gangem.
Cape Razalgate—	S. E. part of Arabia.
Africa	Cape Spartel—	The W. of Barbary.
Cape Verde—	The W. of Negroeland.
Cape of Good Hope—	The S. of Ethiopia exterior.
Cape of Guardifeu—	The N. E. part of Ethiopia exterior
America	Cape de Florida—	The S. of Florida.
Cape de Coriente—	The W. of New Spain.
Cape Froward—	The S. of Terra Magellanica.
Cape Hoorn—	The S. of Terra del Fuogo.
Cape de S. Augustine—	The E. of Brasil.

§. 6. Of MOUNTAINS.

Remarkable Mountains in Europe	The Dolfrine Hills—	To be seen	Between Sweden and Norway.
Boglowy—	In the Souther. part	of Moscovia.
Hyperborean Mountains—	In the Norther. part
The Sevennes—	In the South part of France.
Auvergne—
The Vauge—	In Lorraine.
Fitshtelberge—	In circulating Bohemia.
Schwartzwaldin—	In the S. of Germany, viz. Suabia.
The Carpathean Mount.	In the South parts of Poland.
The Pyrenaean Hills—	Between Spain and France.
The Alps—	Between Italy and	France.
Germany.
The Appenine Hills—	Dividing Italy into	East.
West.
Vesuvius [à Vulcano]—	In the Kingdom of Naples.
Balkan—	In the N. of Macedon.
The Holy Mount—	In the E. of Macedon.
Lacha—	Between Thessaly and Macedon.
The Grampion Hills—	In Scotland, viz. S. of the River Dee.
The Cheviot Hills—	Between Scotland and England.
Malvern Hills—	In England, viz. Worcestershire.
The Peake—	In England, viz. Darbyshire.
Snowdon—	In Wales, viz. Carnarvenshire.
Plinlimmon—	In Wales, viz. Cardiganshire.
Knock Patrick—	In Ireland, viz. in the C. Limerick.
Stromboli [à Vulcano]	In a little Island W. of Naples.
Aetna [à Vulcano]—	In the Island of Sicily.

Remarkable Mountains in	Asia	Imaus—	To be seen	In Tartary:
Caucasus—	Between	Tartary.
Mogul's Empire.
Sardonix—	On the N. of Penin intra Gangem.
Guaco—	In Peninsula Indiae intra Gangem.
Taurus—	reaching from E. to W. of all Asia.
Adam's Pike—	In the Island of Ceylon.

Africa	Montes Lybici—	Between Zaara and Egypt—
Atlas—	In the W. of	Barbary.
Bildulgerid.
Basili—	In the N. of the Abyssine Empire.
Amara—	Under the Eq. in the same Empire
Montes Lunae—	Between	Abyssine Empire.
Monomotapa.
Tenerife—	In the Island of Tenerife.
America	The Apalachin Hills	Between	Florida.
Terra Canadensis.
The Andes—	In S. America running from S. to N

§. 7. Of OCEANS.

Europ	The Hyperborean	Ocean	Enclosing	Europe in the	North.
The vast Western	West.
Asia	Tartarean	Ocean.—	Asia on the	North.
China—	East.
Indian—	South.
Persian—
Arabick
Africa	Oriental	Ocean—	Africa on the	East.
Ethiepick	South.
Atlantick	West.
Amer.	Vast Eastern	Ocean—	America on the	East.
The Pacifick	West.

§. 8. Of SEAS.

Europe	Baltick Sea—	Enclosed	with	Swedeland	on the	W.
Poland in part	E.
Germany in part	S.
German Sea—	with	Scandinavia	on the	E.
Britain—	W.
Irish Sea—	with	Britain—	on the	E.
Ireland—	W.
Mediterranean Sea	with	Europe—	on the	N.
Barbary—	S.
Euxine Sea—	with	part of Europe	on the	N. & W.
part of Asia.	S. and E.

The Seas in the other three Parts of the world, are different Parts of the Ocean [except Mare Caspium in Asia] variously nam'd accord∣ing as they lie adjacent to different Countries.

§. 9. Of GULFS.

Europe	Sinus Botnicas	Bending up	Northward	into Swedeland.
Sinus Finnicus	Eastward
Sinus Adriaticus	N. W. between	Italy.
Turky in Europe.
Gulf of Lions	N. into the S. of France.
Gulf of Tarentum	N. W. into the S. of Italy.
Gulf of Lepanto	E. N. E between	Greece:
Morca.
Asia	Persian Gulf—	N. W. between	Persia.
Arabia
Gulf of Bengal	N. bet.	Penins. Indiae intra	Gangem.
Penins. Indiae extra
In Africa is the Ara∣bian Gulf.—	N. W. between	Asia.
Africa.
America	Gulf of Mexico	W. Between	Florida.
Terra Firma.
Button's Bay	S. W. between	Terra Canadensis.
Terra Arcticá.
Baffiu's Bay	N. W. into Terra Arctica.

§. 10. Of STRAITS.

Europe	Straits of Dover	Joyning	The Germ. Ocean to the Engl. Channel.
Straits of the Sound	The Danish to the Baltick Sea.
Straits of Gibralter	The Medit to the Western Ocean.
Straits of Caffa	Palus Meotis to Pontus Euxinus.
Thracian Bosphorus	Pontus Euxinus to the Propontis.
The Hell••spont—	Propontis to the Archipelagus.
Veer of Messina	One part of Mediter. to another.
Boke of Corsica	One part of Mediter. to another.
Asia	Straits of the Sund	The Indian and East Ocean.
Straits of Ormus	The Persian Gulf to the S. Ocean.
In Africa is Babelmandel	The Red Sea to the E. Ocean.
America	Hudson's Straits.—	Button's Bay to the E Ocean.
Fretum Davis	Baffin's Bay to the E. Ocean.
Magellanick Straits	The vast E. and W. Ocean.

§. 11. Of LAKES.

Most remarkable Lakes in Europe, are	Ladoga—	Found towards the	Eastern part of Swedeland.
Jend—
Ula—
Peipus—
Wener—	Western part of Swedeland.
Veter—
Meler—
Onega—	Western part of Moscovia.
Ilment—
Constance—
Geneva—	Southern part of Germany.
Lucern—
Winander-mere	North of England, viz. Lancashire.
Wittles-mere	Middle of England, viz. Huntingtonshire.
Lough	Ness—	Northern	part of Scotland.
Lomond	Southern
Foyl—	Northern	part of Ireland.
Neagh—	Northern
Earn	Northern
Derge	Middle
Asia	Corus—	North	part of Tartary.
Kithack—	North
Kithay—	Middle
Piex—	Eastern part of China.
Tai—
Chiamy—	Northern part of India.
Astamar—	Northern	part of Persia.
Babaconbar	Northern
Burgian—	Middle
Asphaltis—	South part of Palestine.
Africa	Elbuciara—	Western part of Egypt.
Lybia—	Middle part of Zaara.
Guard—	Middle	part of Negroeland.
Borno—	Eastern
Niger—	North	of Ethiopia Interior.
Aquili••••ia—	Middle
Sachaf—	South
Zaire—	South parts of Ethiopia Exterior.
Zambre—
Zaflan—

America	Nicaragua	South	of New Spain.
Mexico—	Middle
Parime—	East part of Terra Firma.
Titicaca—	South part of Peru.

§. 12. Of RIVERS.

Those of Europe.

Scandinavia	Swedeland are	Dalcarle	Anciently	Unknown—	Running	Eastward.
Kimi	Unknown—	Southw.
Torno	Unknown—
Elfe	Unknown—
Denmark	None re∣markable
Norway
Moscovi.	Volga—	Rha—	E. turning S
Don—	Tanais—	E. turn. W.
Dwina—	Unknown—	N. W.
France	Sein—	Sequana—	N. W.
Loir—	Ligeris—	W.
Rhone—	Rhodanus—	S.
Garonne—	Garumna—	N. W.
Germany	Danube—	Danubius or Ister	E.
Scheld—	Scaldis—	N. turn W
Maes—	Mosa—
Rhine—	Rhenus—	N. W.
Elm—	Amasius—
Weser—	Visurgis—
Elbe—	Albus—
Oder—	Odera or Viadrus	N.
Poland	Nieper—	Boristhenes—	S. E.
Niester—	Tyras—
Bogg—	Hypanis—
Vistule—	Unknown—	N. W.
Niemen—	Unknown—
Duna—	Unknown—

Spain	Ebre—	Anciently	Iberus—	Running	S. E.
Xucar—	Suero—
Guadalquivir—	Batis—	S. W.
Gualiana—	Anas—
Tago—	Tagus—
Douro—	Durius—	W. in its main Body.
Italy	Po—	Eridanus or Padus	E.
Adige—	Athesis—
Arno—	Arnus—	S. W.
Tiber—	Tibris—
Volturno—	Uulturnus—	W.
In European Turkey is the Danube	Danubius or Ister	E.
Scotland	Tay—	Taus—	E.
Clyde—	Glotta—	N. W.
Spey—	Speia—	N.
Dee—	Dea, Diva, Ocasa	E.
Don—	Dona—
England	Thames—	Tamesis—	E.
Severn—	Sabrina—	S. W.
Humber	Ouse	Abus	Ure	E.	S. E.
Trent	Triginta	N. in main Body.
Tine—	Tina—	E.
Twede—	Tuesis—	E.
Medway—	Vaga—	N. turning E.
Cam—	Camus—	N.
Ireland	Shannon—	Sinus—	S. W.
Lee—	Sauranus—	E.
Blackwater—	Avenmoore—	E. turning S,
Barrow—	Birgus—	S.
Lift—	Libnius—	N. E.
Boyne—	Buvinda, Boina

[illustration]

A New Map of HISFANIA and PORTUGALLIA By Rob^t. Morden

Those of Asia.

Tartary	Oby—	Anciently	Margus—	Running	W. turningN
Ochardus	Unkonwn—	N.
Tartar—	Unknown—
Palisanga	Unknown—	E.
Chesel—	Laxartus—	W.
China	Croceus—	Unknown—	E. various turnings.
Kiang—	Unknown—	E.
India	Ganges—	Idem—	S.
Guenga—	Not remarkable—	E.
Indus—	Idem—	S. W.
Persia	Abiamus—	Oxus—	W.
Palimalon—	Not remarkable—	E.
Ilment—	Arabs—	S.
Bendimur—	Bagradas. Agradatus.	S. W.
Tiriti—	Euletis. Choaspes Hidaspes
Syri—	Araxes. Arases.—
Asiatick Turky	Tegil—	Tygris—	S. E.
Prat—	Euphrates—

Those of Africa.

In Egypt is the Nile—	Anciently	Nilus—	Running	N.
Barbary	Guadilbarbara—	Bagradas, Macra	N.
Major—	Rubricatus—
Bildulgerid	Origin of	Guadilbarbara	Not remarkable	N. W
Major—	Not remarkable
Branches of Gir—	Giras—	S. E.
In Zaara is the Body of Gir—	Giras—	S. E.
In Negroeland is the 〈◊〉〈◊〉	Idem	W. Gulma

Guinea	Sweria de Costa—	Not remarkable	S.
Rivere de Volta—	Not remarkable
In Nubia is the River Nuba—	Not remarkable	N. E.
	Exterior	Zaire—	Unknown	W.
Coanza—	Unknown	W.
Ethiopia	R. de Infanto—	Unknown	S. E.
Zambre—	Unknown	S. E.
R. de Spiritu S.—	Unknown	S. E.
Interior is Nile its main Body	Nilus—	N.

Those of America.

In New Spain none remarkable	Anciently		Running
In	N. Granada is Rio del Nort.—	Unknown	S. W.
Florida is R. del Spiri∣tu S.—	Unknown	S.
Terra Canadensis	The great River Canada	Unknown	E.
Branch of the Canada	The Connecticut	Unknown	S.
Hudson's River	Unknown
Rivere de la Ware	Unknown
The Sesquahana	Unknown
The Patomeck	Unknown
In Terra Arctica none—
Terra Firma	R. de Paria or Orinoque	Unknown	N.
R. de	Madeline—	Unknown
S. Martha—	Unknown
Brafil	Miary—	Unknown	N. E.
Siope—	Unknown	N.
S. Francis—	Unknown	E.
Parama—	Unknown	S. W.
In Amazonia is the Amazone with its Branches—	Unknown	N. E.

In	Peru none remarkable—	Unknown
Paraguay is Rio de la Plata	S. E.
Chili none considerable—
Terra Magellanica	none
Terra Antarctica

These are the most Remarkable Rivers in the World, as also their old Names, and how they run; which Rivers will be found very necessary for the better understanding of the Second Part of this Treatise, wherein we design to view all Remarkable Countries in their Situation, Extent, Division, and Subdivisions, and more, espe∣cially those of Europe. But since most of those Rivers above-men∣tion'd belonging to the Continent of Europe do consist of several considerable Branches very necessary to be known; we shall rehearse such Rivers, and annex to each of them their Principal Branches, all which may be readily found by travelling from the Mouth of the Rivers towards their Heads. Therefore

Remarkable Branches of the	Dwina are	Wayma—	Running	S. W.
Juga—	W.
Volga are	Sosowoia—	S.
Occareca—	N. E.
Seine are	L'Oyse—	S. W.
Marn—
Yonne—	N. W.
Loir are	Mayenne—	S.
Le Sarte—	S. W.
Le Loir—
Vienne—	N. W.
Indre—
le Chere—
Allier—
Rhone are	Durance—	S. W.
Isere—
Saene—	S.
Garrone are	Dardonne—	W.
Lot—
Tarne—

Danube are	Pruth—	S.
Misone—	S. E.
Alouta—	S.
Morawa—	N.
Teyssa—	S.
Drave—	E.
Save—
Inn—	N. E.
Iser—
Lech—	N.
Iler—
Scheld are	Ruppel [running W.] aug∣mented by	Senne	N.
Dyle
Demer	W.
Dender—	N.
Lis—	N. E.
Scarpe—
Haisne—	W.
Elme are	Sost—	W.
Haise—
Rhine are	Lippe—	W
Roer—
Moselle—	N. E.
Lahn—	S. W.
Maine—	W
Neckar—
Maese are	Dommel—	N.
Niers—	N. W.
Roer—
Ourt—
Sambre—	N. E.
Semoy—	W
Chiers—
Wiser are	Aller [W.] augmented by	Leine	N.
Ocker
Fuld—
Elbe are	Ilmenow—	N. W.
Havel—
Saaldre—	N.
Muldaw—

Oder are	Warta—	W.
Bober—	N.
Westritz—	N. E.
Nieper are	Dizna—	S. W.
Przypiecz, or Pereptus—	N. E.
Vistul is the Bugg—	N. turn W
Niemen is the Vilna—	W.
Ebro are	Segre—	S. W.
Cinca—	S. E.
Gallega—	S. W.
Xalo—	N. E.
Guadalquivir	Xenil—	W.
Guardamena—	S. W.
Guadiana are none remarkable—
Tago are	Zatas—	W.
Zezer—	S.
Guadarran—
Xaruma—
Douro are	Tonroes—	N. W.
Tormes—
Arlanza—	S. W.
Po are	Oglio—	S E.
Adda—
Tesine—
Tanero [running E. turning N.] augmented by	Bormida
Stura—	N E.
Sesia—	S. E.
Dora Baltea—
Adige is Bachiglione—	S.
Arno are	Elsa—	N. W.
Sieve—	E. turning S.
Tiber are	Quartitio—	W.
Nera—	S. W.
Chiane—	S. E.
Volturno, its chief Branch is Sabate—	W.

These are all the Remarkable Branches of the Chief Rivers on the Continent of Europe. And thus we are come to a Period, not only of this Section, but also of the First Part of this Treatise, having now perform'd those five Things at first propos'd, which was to entertain the Reader with some Geographical Definitions, Problems, Theorems, and Paradoxes; as also a Transient Survey of the whole Surface of the Terraqueous Globe, as it consists of Land and Water. And so much for a General View thereof, Now fol∣loweth,

[illustration]

Notes

• a 1.1

  Prob. 2.
• a 1.2

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.3

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.4

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.5

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.6

  Prob. 3.
• a 1.7

  Prob. 3.
• a 1.8

  Prob. 3.
• b 1.9

  Prob. 2.
• a 1.10

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.11

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.12

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.13

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.14

  Prob. 2.
• a 1.15

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.16

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.17

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.18

  Prob. 2.
• a 1.19

  Prob. 6.
• b 1.20

  Prob. 7.
• a 1.21

  Prob. 23.
• a 1.22

  Prob. 24.
• a 1.23

  Prob. 25.
• a 1.24

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.25

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.26

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.27

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.28

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.29

  Prob. 31.
• a 1.30

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.31

  Prob. 6.
• c 1.32

  Prob. 29, 31.
• a 1.33

  Prob 6.
• b 1.34

  Prob. 37.
• a 1.35

  Prob. 38.
• b 1.36

  Prob. 2.
• a 1.37

  Prob. 2.
• b 1.38

  Prob. 6.
• a 1.39

  Prob. 6.
• b 1.40

  Prob. 38.
• c 1.41

  Prob. 9.