The compleat gentleman, or, Directions for the education of youth as to their breeding at home and travelling abroad in two treatises / by J. Gailhard ...

OF THE EDUCATION OF YOUNG GENTLEMEN ABROAD.

HE who takes upon himself to be a Guide to others, if he be true and faithful in what he hath undertaken, he will not think he hath done enough to have led them through a near and smooth way, and then leave them in the lurch, when they are fallen into a bad one: he will rather guide them through, and bring them to the journeys end, knowing how of all Virtues, perseverance is the mother; without which none shall, or deserves to be crowned. So as hitherto I shewed how young men may be made Scholars; now I must direct them how to become Gentlemen indeed; not by Birth, for nature doth that for them, but by Merit and Virtue. I will

bring them out of their study, and from amongst the dead, to converse with the living. We must now make them look abroad, raise them to a higher form, and teach them how to know the world; which to live in and not understand, is a shame and a disadvantage when one is come to a com∣petent age. Having then gotten what a home Breeding can afford till a certain time, if domestick affairs do permit, Parents will do very well to send them into Foreign parts.

I know there are those who disapprove Travel∣ling, and they are of two sorts; some do absolute∣ly reject it as a thing not good in it self; but the••e are so unreasonable, that I have little to say to them; for I account them to be people wanting experi∣ence; who condemn what they do not under∣stand: who are like AEsop's Fox, whose tail having been cut off, would have advised all the rest to have theirs so too: for having not travelled, they wish others to follow their example: or if they have, perhaps they have conceived a preju∣dice against some Nations, caused through their own miscarriage; in which case they could wish every one would espouse their quarrel, and would be sorry to see others better than themselves.

Others more reasonable are not for Travelling, not because of the thing it self, but out of fear of several inconveniencies which often Travellers fall into. Of this sort are fond Mothers, who cannot suffer their Children to go out of their sight; but if they be so minded, 'tis as good to pin them to their elbow, or tie them to a Chimney-corner; not that I should disapprove natural tenderness, only excess is what I dislike in it: they fear for the life and health of their Children, be••ause of a••cidents

which may happen to fall out; besides the change of Air, and Climate, the vices of the Countries they go into, the dangers they run in; weighty considerations for those who have but one Son, or few, to leave Heirs of their Estates, and successors of their Names; and many more reasons of this nature, which I will grant.

But to argue the case with such, I would fain know, whether Sicknesses, Death, and Vices do not reign at home as well as abroad: this indeed were a good argument, if as long as one is at home he could be free of these inconveniences; but dai∣ly experience teaches us the contrary, and more too: first, for health, several examples we have of those, who being sickly at home, have recovered their health abroad; the moisture of our Climate caused by the neighbourhood of the Seas, Fenns, Moorish Grounds, Ponds, Rivers, and the like, is the cause of some Distempers, as Scurvy, and Consumptions in our Nation more than in others. Then for Death, some in England have sad expe∣rience how their Sons having for several years been abroad in health, died not long after they were come home; as if they were come over only to give up the ghost in the arms of their Friends: To this I add, that our days as our hairs are numbred; and God who is not tied to times nor places, is able to protect us every where; so that whether or not our hour be come, it is not in our power to reverse the decree of God.

As to Countrey breeding, which is opposed to the Courts, to the Cities, or to Travelling; when it is meerly such, it is a clownish one. Before a Gentleman comes to a settlement, Hawking, Cour∣sing, and Hunting, are the dainties of it, then

taking Tobacco, and going to the Alehouse and Tavern, where matches are made for Races, Cock-fighting, and the like; and if a Gentleman be not as forward as they are, then he is proud, he is an enemy to good fellowship, and is not a man fit for society: thence Dicing and Carding will follow, which at last are attended with loss of Estates, and destruction of Families. I desire to know, what good employment is such a one fit for? indeed to speak the best of him, we use to say, he is an honest Country Gentleman; that is, often apt to be fooled, who hath neither much wit nor experience: but when a man is abroad, he studies the temper of men, and learns their several fashions; he becomes a fit companion for every one, he observes the good and evil of others, he knows how to avoid tricks put upon men, refines and fits himself for any employment, and fixes in a certain manner of life, not forgetting himself to be an Englishman, nor with becoming a French∣man, an Italian, or a German, but building upon the true foundation of an Englishman, and making use of the different ways of those several Nations, as Ornaments only, and not as a bottom; for why should he transform himself into, and, as it were, become a Foreigner, who is to live in England all the rest of his days: it is enough for him as it were to squeeze the quintessence of what ways, manners, and other good things those Countries do afford.

Yet God forbid I should, by what I said a little before, in the least speak amiss of that we call a Country life; which to many proves so quie••, and so satisfactory; and which for a time most of the Nobility, and of the Gentry are glad to lead

out of choice, or by reason of their concerns and interest: but I mean the Countrey life, merely such; when a Gentleman is able to talk of nothing but of a Plough, Corn, Horses, Hounds, &c. which yet doth not reach persons of the highest quality, whose Houses in the Country are like petty Courts: therefore 'tis necessary for the compleat∣ing of a Gentleman, to know more than Farmers, Faulconers, and Park-keepers: but without insist∣ing any longer upon this, the third part of this work wherein I treat of a private life, will suffi∣ciently shew how well I speak of a Countrey life.

Concerning dangers which Travellers are expo∣sed to, I hold they ought to be avoided with care and prudence, and the occasions too; but to be so timerous, as to be afraid of that which perhaps shall never be, and hath no probability of being, it is to have a groundless fear; as if I were afraid to go out, because it is possible for tyles to fall up∣on my head: so can a Chimney, when I am sit∣ting by the fire. These, as to means and occasions we ought prudently to avoid; and for the event, to submit it to Gods Providence: For if dangers ought to be so much minded, no body must drink out of a Gold or Silver Cup, because some were poi∣soned out of the like; no body go to Sea, because some are drowned; none must go to War, because ••everal are killed: so that take away dangers, there is no reward, no merits, nor virtue.

Now the two ends of Travelling are profit and pleasure; the last subordinate to the former, arising from the satisfaction one hath about the first, and from the variety of objects: for that which French∣men call divertissement, or recreation, comes from diversity, which certainly causes a pleasure, almost

every day one seeing different things: but benefit is a thing I mind most of all, 'tis a thing gotten by Travels, as confirmed by the practice of all polished and civilized Nations, ancient and mo∣dern. Not to look farther, than the * 1.1 Romans, who travelled into Greece; and men of several Nations to Rome and Italy: And now all those who send their Children out of England, Sueden, Germany, Holland, &c. to travel into Foreign parts, must needs have some good grounds for what they do: Kings themselves and So∣vereign Princes do the same, not rashly, but doubtless upon mature deliberation: and there are several, who seeing their Children follow a bad course at home, send them abroad on purpose to reform them; as often they do, though to their own costs: for rash quarrelsome men will find those who are able to tame them; and there∣fore are forced to learn wisdom; which coming to a daily practise, is at last contracted into an ha∣bit. When they are abroad, they are remote from those many occasions they have to be debauched at home. As for an instance, in matter of Drink∣ing, if one should practise this in Italy, and most parts of France; namely, South and South∣west, he would be a laughing-stock; so that he will be mocked out of this vice. Now for men to learn sobriety, civility, frugality, and an univer∣sal compliance with all manner of tempers, to be acquainted with persons and places, the most con∣siderable in Europe, to be instructed in the way of Government of several Nations, and with their forces, riches, and nature, to gather all the good

there is in them, and at last to know and rule him∣self, are matters of no small concernment to be gotten by travelling: to say nothing of the advan∣tage of Languages, whereby one is fitted for con∣siderable employments at home, and one is capa∣ble of improving himself out of all Books writ∣ten in several Tongues.

But because young Gentlemen are hardly capa∣ble to benefit themselves, they want help and di∣rections which they receive from those who usu∣ally go under the name of Governors, Compani∣ons, or what other notion you please; whose of∣fice is to take care of the Gentleman's person, im∣provement, and affairs; therefore upon this last account in Italy they are called Majordomo, or Steward. These Governors so called, because they have the government of their Pupils, are of two sorts, some capable of that employment, and some not: Of these last there are several, who go as much to improve themselves, as the young Gen∣tleman; so that these make that to be their end, which to others is but the means. They intend first to go abroad, and to bring it about, they seek for an opportunity of Travelling at the costs of others▪ instead that others go abroad to discharge the trust committed to them. These indeed want Gover∣nors themselves, and are much at a loss about the Language, Fashions, Ways, and Places of Improve∣ment, when they come abroad, and are unacquain∣ted with the best conveniences of Travelling, value of Moneys, and price of things; upon which accounts I have known some sadly cheated: And suppose such a Tutor, having been a year or two in France, for the first time should begin to un∣derstand these things (which yet, specially the

Language, are difficult for men come to riper years) if he be to go into Italy, he must begin all again, and will be at a loss as much as before; new Language, new Persons, new Fashions will breed new difficulties: So that he who is able to be a Governor in France, will be an ignorant one in Italy; so after of Germany, Holland, Spain, &c, the Fashions of these Nations differing as much as their Languages.

Out of these, what shall we say to those Pa∣rents, with whom cheapness is the prevailing qualification, when they are about chusing a Go∣vernor, not considering so much, whether or not he hath a competent prudence and experience. It is indeed a sad thing to see how sometimes when there are two Governors in hand, they will pre∣fer him who takes less: thus they conclude, this I like, I believe he is an honest man, and will be content with a small allowance. Men who are wil∣ling to spend 3 or 4 hundred pound, more or less, will be unwilling to gratifie a Governor with 20 or 30l. more than they have a mind to allow, which he who is knowing can save them once a year; they do the most, and refuse to do the least, and care not how they discourage a man capable to serve them; and will stand with them upon a small matter. I know every honest man will be careful of, true and faithful to his trust; but cer∣tainly he cannot go about it with that chearfulness which is necessary.

The be••ter to examine this matter, I must name some of the qualifications more necessary to a Go∣vernor: First, I would have him to be a Scholar, thereby on all occasions, and upon every subject, to be able to discourse with, and instruct a Gen∣tleman;

Scholarship will afford him Arguments and Reasons, as well as Precedents and Examples, to persuade him to, or dissuade him from what he thinks fit; yet I do not deny, but that one who is no Scholar may have some capacity to discharge his trust in this kind; the experience he hath of the world supplying his want of learning: but certainly he cannot do it so well: and no body can deny it to be better he were learned, at least in some degree, and in some kind or other of Learning; for it is not to be expected, that men shall be learned all alike. This learning will teach him a method how to infuse things into the young man's mind; so that both will be the better for it: for scholarship refines and strengthens natural parts. Yet I would not have the Tutor meerly a Scholar, and nothing else; for many things dif∣ferent from scholarship are to be suggested to a young Traveller when he is abroad, which the other cannot do, if himself doth not understand it.

Secondly, A Governor must be a Traveller▪ one thing it is to be at School at home, and an∣other to be abroad: as the ends, so the ways o•• these two manners of Breeding are different. He who speaks out of his own knowledge and expe∣rience, doth it with a greater weight and efficacy, because upon surer grounds; for he who acts on∣ly upon trust, and by hearing say, will find his knowledge very defectuous, and the changes of some circumstances will often put him clearly to a loss; for he who Travels where he was before, is better able to order his going or staying, and his whole Travels: and certainly 'tis a greater advan∣tage for a man to know his ground, and what

things are worth seeing, as he stays at, or goes by a place, He who hath seen things before, is bet∣ter able to discourse and make observations upon, and make others take notice of it.

Thirdly, I would have a Governor gentile, well brought up himself, who hath seen the world, and frequented the Courts, whereby he hath po∣lished and civilized himself, and hath gotten a more plausible and insinuating way; whose pre∣sence, action, and behaviour, are acceptable, and who in some measure is himself a pattern of a Gentleman: he being such, a young man will strive to imitat•• and make him his model; for 'tis usual with youth to follow the ways of those whom they converse with, and insensibly, as it were, to transform themselves into them; Youth in his tender years being so apt to receive impres∣sions; so that the person and carriage of one they see and converse with almost every hour, must needs have great influences upon them, and will polish whatsoever is rough and clownish in them: and this is a mark of distinction between a meer Scholar and a Traveller; between a Country Clown and a Gentleman, who thereby will be∣come meek, sweet, courteous, and affable; all qua∣lities fit to win the hearts of men. Furthermore, I pity those Governors who never travelled before, nor ever frequented any Courts, by reason of the many inconveniencies they often are liable to. When they know places and persons, where they are, they may bring their Gentlemen into good, safe, and honest companies; for Youth will not ever be doing his Exercises, keeping his Cham∣ber, seeing the same Companies; but sometimes they will look for change, and have variety: be∣ing

of this temper, in case they have no virtuous society to keep with, they will fall into bad and vicious, where they may happen to be debauched, trepann'd into Marriages, and abused otherwise: and in this last case, when a Tutor hath neither friends nor acquaintances, he will not know what to do, nor which way to right himself.

See what a Governor was Aristotle, he was both a Philosopher and a Courtier; therefore Philippus of Macedonia very often could not for∣bear expressing his joy, because there was such a man alive to commit the Education of his Son to, not only able to teach him much learning, but al∣so instruct him how to live and reign well over himself and his Subjects: How few Aristotles in the world? how few Alexanders also?

Diogenes was much in the wrong, to think that to live at Court; did not become a Philosopher; because Aristippus being much esteemed by Alex∣ander the Great, by reason of his Prudence, Learn∣ing, Quaintness, and other good qualities, fol∣lowed his Court; which made Diogenes to say, Aristippus was not content with his condition: but indeed it is very proper for such persons to come nigh Princes, that through a constant Conversa∣tion they may infuse Knowledge, Wisdom, and Goodness into them, which are all Royal quali∣ties, specially the last, as confessed by the King of Egypt; who hearing Alexander was called the Great, said, He is not greater if he be not better than I: But Aristippus gave the Cynick Philoso∣pher a fit answer, Si scires regibus uti, olus ac men∣dicitatem fastidires, If thou couldest but know how to make use of, or rather how to behave thy self, and live with Kings, thou wouldest de∣spise,

and be weary of a mean diet, and beggarli∣ness. To this very purpose Horatius saith,

Si prandere•• olus patienter regibus uti, Nollet Aristippus, si sciret regibus uti Fastidiret olus, qui me notat.—

Indeed Aristophanes had reason to say, that a a vir∣tuous man makes a right use of every thing: where∣unto answers what Ovid saith,

Pectoribus mores tot sunt quot in orbe figurae Qui sapit innumeris moribus aptus erit.

Against what I said, some will object, all Gover∣nors cannot be Travellers, and Courtiers; there must be a beginning to every thing, and there is a first time of doing it; this I confess to be true, but withal, I would never advise any one to send a Tutor to serve his prentiship with his Son; for those first essayes or tryals are often dangerous, or at least unprofitable: let them first travel at their own charges, if they are able; if not, in some other capacity, different from that of a Governor. Though a man of a discreet and prudent carriage can safely be trusted with this, and other Em∣ployments; yet to do things well, it is requisite to have some experience in the thing we under∣take. Here I cannot forbear speaking of a com∣mendable custom they have in Germany, for that Nation is so fully convinced of the necessity of Travelling, and of the benefit arising therefrom, that they hardly value there, a man who hath not been abroad; their Princes not excepted. Now amongst them, are four sorts of those who go to

Travel: some who are rich and have means of their own, Travel at their own charges; others who are not so, but are taken notice to be hopeful and of good natural parts, are commended to their Prince, who liking them, sends them to Travel at his own costs, allowing so much by the year, and a certain time to go and improve their parts, which if they attain unto, when they are come home, they bestow charges and employments upon them. The third sort of them, are those who either living in Republicks, such are many of their great Cities, or being of so low an extracti∣on, as have no grounds to hope for the Princes protection, have all their friends joyning toge∣ther to get for them a Purse of 500, or 600 l. more or less, and send them to travel and learn abroad; and when they are come home, they are preferred according to the improvement they made of their time and monies. The last sort of them are those who go abroad in the capacity of Valets de Chambre, and other sorts of Serving∣men, and several turn Soldiers, and serve other Princes, which chiefly they use to do in France.

In the fourth place, a Governor should be com∣municative, not dull, or silent, but able and ready upon all occasions to insinuate necessary and vir∣tuous Precepts and Advices to his Pupil, univer∣sally to instruct him as much as both their capaci∣ties do reach: If this saying concerning all men be true, as it is, we are born for others more than for our selves; of which Kings and Princes are not excluded; for they are born, and are ob∣liged to rule for the good of their Subjects. Cer∣tainly, Governors are bound to promote the good of their Gentlemen more than their own concerns

(though one doth not exclude the other) and therefore ought to infuse into them what virtue and learning they have in themselves.

Scire tuum nihil est nisi te scire hoc sciat alter.

which yet in some doth imply much vanity and ostentation, both to be avoided.

Some would also have Governors well shaped, to the end their per••on may be the more accepta∣ble; for those who have any defect in that kind, may happen not to receive the respect which otherwise they deserve from a Gentleman: others would have them healthful, that they may be the better able to go about their work; others require they should be neat, and cleanly in their Cloaths: in a word, the more good qualities they have with∣in or without, the better, which I conclude all with this necessary one, that they be honest and virtuous men▪ for without this, as I said be••ore, all qualities are defectuous. Yet in the examina∣tion of this, I wish men to be wary, and prudent; not indifferently to believe the report of every one: for sometimes the malice or interest of some men, make others to suffer horrid injustices. Some are apt to conceive a prejudice against others. I would not hereupon press men to u••e Charity (which yet is the duty of every Christian) thus far, as that when it is apparent, pro as con, one should believe the best, or at least suspend his judgment, till farther and better information, which may be given by those who commend the person for being well known to those who have occasion for such a one, 'tis to be supposed, for fear of disparaging themselves, have grounds and

reasons for what they do, may be arising from for∣mer trials they had of the person commended. Out of this it doth appear, how 'tis Charity and Prudence not to believe slightly what is reported amiss of another; there being no man in this world, but hath some enemy, and consequently may happen to be slandered by the same: and therefore it were well done to consider what makes men speak ill one of another, which is often be∣cause of former enmities, and falling out; in which case the testimony of such is suspect; it being usual with many unjustly to condemn others, thereby thinking to justifie themselves, and to raise their reputation upon the ruine of that of others.

There are those who ••end their Sons without Governors, which I say nothing to, because every one hath his reasons, and ought to know his af∣fairs; but it will certainly prove beneficial to have the help of one who is qualified. I know some young men think it to be a discredit to them to have a Governor; but it is no more shame for a Gentleman to have a Governor, than for a Travel∣ler to take a Guide when he is unacquainted with the way; and to refuse such an help, implies much presumption and imprudence. I believe there are Princes as able to govern themselves as many pri∣vate men, and yet I have known some above thir∣ty years old, who had one with them who went under such a notion; which certainly is more for honor and benefit, than to be without; though they did but take the care and management of their affairs: and there are those, who though they have no use of Governors, when they are come home, do keep them about their persons for

greatness sake, or for advice and other uses. Some there are who have been, or are abroad without Tutors,* 1.2 who had not run themselves beyond Seas into such premunire's, if they had had one about them who had pre∣vented extravagant expences, their being arrested, and such other dan∣gers and shame, Those indeed who once were abroad, and had such Di∣rectors, if they go again, are better able to mannage their affairs. Some will take a faithful Valet de Cham∣bré, who hath some experience, which is better than none, or a raw one; and this when the Gentleman is passed twenty: but except the Master be of a good na∣ture, the Servant will not dare to ••ay to him any thing against his mind, or give him good advice: rather to get his love he will serve and comply with him in any thing for his own ends; whereof the consequences are often very bad. When a man is not able, or hath no mind to be at the charges of keeping abro••d a Governor with his Son, in my opinion the best way is to joyn with one or two more, to help to bear charges; or else to send one with him well qualified, to carry him over, and settle him in one place or other of France, or of other Countries, to be there with him two or three months, leave him there after he hath set him in a good way, and then come home.

'Tis fit to say also something of qualifications necessary to young Gentlemen, who are appointed to Travel; but because, though all agree in their ultimate end, to procure their good, the subordi∣nate

ones are so different, that in many these dis∣positions are more to be wished than hoped for; in some it is to divert them from bad inclinations they are subject to, or to withdraw them from vi∣ces they are given to, in others to mend and re∣form their bad nature, in others to learn the Lan∣guage and Exercises, in many to improve them∣selves in one or several things, in others to get health, confidence, &c. so that often Parents have private reasons for sending them abroad. How∣ever, though these things be not depending upon those who are to Travel with them, yet 'tis to be wished they had some or all the good qualities I am now ready to express.

Be••ides what I mentioned in the first part of this Book of Piety, Erudition, and Morality; it is to be wished a young Gentleman were of good parts, both acquired by study, and innate or by nature, when the understanding is naturally good, the apprehension quick, and memory happy, 'tis a great encouragement to a Governor, and in a young man a good disposition to receive and retain instructions; contrariwise, when he is dull and heavy, it is tedious, uncomfortable, and hard in∣fusing things into him: This requires a good me∣thod, and a great patience in the Teacher, who must tell again and again, things, before the Scholar can remember them; yet for all this he must not be discouraged, nor the young man: for,

Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo.

And sometimes those who are slow, and so heavy in receiving, are strong in keeping what they re∣ceived.

It is to be wished in the second place he be of a good nature, meek, and gentle; not froward nor humorsome, but easie to be dealt withal, apt and willing to be directed and advised: this is a great satisfaction to a man, who is to deal with such tempers; for he sees he bestows well his time and pains, and is like thereby to get credit and repu∣tation, which to men is a great motive to act; but when a man sees that what he doth is in vain; that the more he strives to please, and to benefit, the less he is regarded, and that his labours are paid with unthankfulness; that whatsoever he doth is disliked, and that the young man grows so unruly and wild, that there are little hopes of re∣medy to recal him: then he begins to feel the weight and burthen of his task, which he wishes to be discharged of, wanting strength and cou∣rage to go through: this will make Travelling unpleasant and unprofitable to both; so that when it proves so, both do share in the hardness and the trouble.

Thirdly, In a young man is required an opini∣on, that his Governor is worthy of, and able to perform the trust committed to him. Some young Travellers are so highly conceited of themselvs, and set themselves at such a value, that they look upon every one else as much their inferior, and every way below them: but they must learn not to over-value themselves, nor undervalue others; and not use like Serving-men, those whom their Parents thought fit and worthy to give them as Directors.

In the fourth place, I would have Gentlemen young when they begin to Travel abroad, and this for several reasons: First, what bad inclinations may happen to be in them, cannot be very strong

in so short a time, and therefore are more easily rooted out, and better ones grafted in their place: As long as evil is not contracted into an ha∣bit, still there is hopes of a remedy; but when it is inveterate, and hath been in possession for a long time, then it proves more dangerous and hard to be removed. Secondly, because when they be young, they are the more tractable, and receive impressions better; and though some think them to be less reasonable, than when they are come to riper years, I believe also their passions are wea∣ker in them; and therefore are not so strong head∣ed, and less obstinate. They do not go abroad to shew they are very rational, men of wit and parts, but to learn these things; and when they have it, to perfect themselves therein: Neither is a Governor given them to be a witness and spe∣ctator of what good qualities they have, but ra∣ther to shew how they may get them in case they want them▪ and raise them to a higher degree of perfection, if they are endued therewith. A Pre∣ceptor will be pleased when his Scholar moves questions to him, and learns easily what he tea∣ches him; but if, because the young man hath good parts, he would not mind his Masters instru∣ctions, but constantly be a disputing against him, this is worse than if he were less witty, but more yielding to rule and advice: for I repeat here what I said elsewhere, how obedience is the foundation upon which all instructions are to be built, and the basis of good Breeding: God also loves Obedience better than Sacri∣fice.* 1.3

It is a custom with many in England, to order Travelling to their Sons, as Emetick Wine is by

the Physician prescribed to the Patient; that is, when they know not what else to do, and when Schools, Universities, Inns of Courts, and every other way hath been tried to no purpose: then that nature which could be tamed in none of these places, is given to be mended by a Governor, with many a woe to him; and all this, because the young Gentleman was not sent abroad betime, and before he was hardened in his evil courses.

Moreover, when they are young, they are more capable of learning Tongues, and Exercises; provided, in relation to these last, their bodies be able to bear the hardship of it; which, to know, must be left to the prudence of the Governor; there being some Exercises harder than others: so Parents must judg of the fittest time for them to begin their journey, whether they be young enough, yet not too young, out of the strength or weakness of their Complexion; only more care must be taken of them upon the Journey, when they are of a feeble Constitution: Some are sit to Travel at 13 or 14, others at 15, 16, and 17. but when they are passed 20, some who are of no good nature, will grow strong and stiff, reject in∣struction, and think themselves wi••er than their Teachers: of these we may say, what St. Iames speaks of the tongue,* 1.4 Every kind of birds, of beasts, and of serpents, can be, and hath been tamed, but the••e can no man tame; so unruly they are.

Indeed, when Governors light upon wild and loose humors, they are to be pitied; it is a burden as heavy as any they can lie under, and a task as hard as any they can undertake; which it were well for them to be discharged of. When things

succeed well, God receives the glory of it, young Gentlemen the profit and advantage, their Rela∣tions content and satisfaction, and the Governor gets credit by it. See how many ways good is hindered by the unruly and untoward carriage of such. Certainly, when a man is able well to govern Youth, he will be fit for other things, and those not inconsiderable.

But in few words, in a Gentleman under my conduct, I could desire to be first a disposition in him to that I would put him upon; few succeed in what they are not fit for, nor capable of. Secondly, an inclination,* 1.5 'tis not enough to be able to do a thing, yet have no mind to it. Thirdly, an application, without which none of the former can come to any good; and all these ought to have a good direction, or else they prove useless, and can hardly do, or come to any good.

I wish every young Gentleman that travels a∣broad, to know that his Parents have not rashly given them their Governors: 'tis well known what a strict perquisition they make about them for the most part; and except they be satisfied con∣cerning them by men of probity and known in∣tegrity, they will not employ them; for as they love their Children, as they look upon a Son to be the Heir of their Estate, the hopes and staff of their Family, whose Person , Education, and Af∣fairs they wholly commit to him: certainly, men who have but common sence and reason will not do it, without good grounds; seeing upon the Breeding of that Son often depend the prosperity, or destruction of a Family. This being granted,

why are young men so wanting in their respect and duty to Parents, as to slight the choice which they made, and do as good as accuse them of want of Prudence, Knowledge, and Judgment, by dis∣approving, and, as much as in them lies, condemn∣ing that election: after this rate they will be ac∣counted wise, and their Fathers must be fools.

But besides this, they must not be ignorant how Parents have invested Governors with their power and authority, not to destruction, but to edification, which Parents at their departure have, or ought to have made an open declaration of, charging them to take their advice in every thing, and to do nothing without it, seeing they are wholly committed to his care, which he is obli∣ged to perform for conscience sake, and for his own credit and interest, being to answer for mis∣carriages happening through his fault; wherein if he doth well, he shall receive praise, or on the con∣trary, shame: So that after this, a young man can do nothing against his Governor, but it will reflect upon his Parents, whom he represents, who will have all the reason in the world to be offended thereat, for contempt of their persons and autho∣rity; for indeed, abroad to him he is instead of a Father, a Gentleman being considered as one under age: wherefore many people will be loth to trust him, though he be known to be a person of Qua∣lity, and of a good Estate; and in case they do, without the Governors consent, this can be for∣ced by no law beyond Seas to pay his debts, if the young men be out of the way. Let them also consider, that they and their Tutors are so nearly related to one another, that all their concerns they make their own, and share with them in the

praise or the blame, the satisfaction or di••pleasure •• However, I must say this, let discouragements be what they will, till Parents, (who weekly, or at least as often as conveniently can be, ought to receive from the Governor an exact account and information of what falls out) have taken order about things, he ought to mind his work never∣theless, and steer the Ship for all the Storm: Di••fi∣culties must not discourage him too much, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Difficilia quae pulchra, & nulla sine pulvere palma, time is a great Physician, and many a foul morning hath been followed with a fair afternoon, Co'l tempo é la paglia se maturono le nespoli, say the Italians.

Now I must pass to some preparatory dispositi∣ons, which a Gentleman must use in order to his Travels: First, he would do well to get some∣thing of the Language of the Country he is next to go to, as an introduction to it, though it were only to understand something of it, and be able to ask for necessary things; this can rid him of the surprizal others are subject to, who coming into a Foreign Country, and understanding not one word of the Tongue, look as if they were fallen ••rom the Clouds: hereby their Journey is most pleasant to them, and they are sooner disposed to receive the benefit of it: so they ought to have something of the French before they go out of England, of Italian before they leave France, and of the German before they stir out of Italy, and so of the rest.

They must also take a Progress into the Coun∣try to see what Curiosities and remarkable things are in't, to be able to give an account thereof to those who will ask about it; for it is very ordi∣nary

to some of those in whose Country one Tra∣vels to put several questions concerning it; and then indeed it is a shame not to be able to sa∣tisfie them in several things they ask. To have the curiosity of seeing other Countries, and yet neglect to know his own, is a strange sort of cu∣riosity; as if a Master of a Family did not care to be acquainted with what passes in his Family, and yet were very inquisitive to know what is done in his neighbours house; to be ignorant of his own affairs, and yet be well informed of those of other men, is to invert the order of things, and put last that which should be first: let a man set his house in order, and then look abroad: and to make a more particular application of this, England is a Country of which much can be said, 'tis strongly and con∣veniently seated under a temperate Climate, pro∣ducing all things necessary for life, as Wheat and all manner of Corn; there is variety of Drink and Liquors, and though Wine doth not grow in't, we have it of all sorts: there are good Pastures, whereby abundance of Beasts and Cattel are fed, whose Flesh, Milk, Butter, and Cheese are dainty; very fine Cloth is made of the Wool of one, and extraordinary good Leather of the Hides of the other: Fewel is very plentiful, so is all manner of Wood and Timber to build, but specially Oak, to make Ships of. You see there is enough to eat, to drink, to be cloathed, to warm himself, and ship∣ping to defend the Island, and to assault others. Besides this, it hath no less variety of Dainties, as all manner of Fowl and Fish, whether salt or fresh, of Sea, Ponds, and Rivers: as for Venison, there is hardly any Person of Quality, but hath his Park stored with Deers of all sorts, Warrens full of Ra∣bits:

What shall I say of the Mines of Tin, Iron, Lead, and of Coal-pits? Besides, England produ∣ces the stoutest Cocks, finest Horses, and good for service, the best Dogs that can be: and if after the things I named just now, it was proper to mention Women, I could say they are the hand∣somest in the world. Foreign Nations do value every thing which comes out of England, as Knives, Stockings, Gloves, Laces, Cloth, Hangings, Ribons, Watches, and all manner of Manufacto∣ries.

All these things a young Gentleman must be acquainted withal, as with the constitution of the Nation, which hath the best of what could be drawn from Monarchical, Aristocratical, or De∣mocratical Governments; so the settlement of Trade, wherein it consists, how many people live by it, and the several East-Indies, Turky, Spa∣nish Companies of Merchants, &c. though 'tis not to be expected they should be perfect in these things, yet it will be well to have a superficial knowledge thereof, they must also be able to give some account of the Government, and of the Na∣vy, which is the glory, and the strength of the Nation.

But this is most proper to what I am to say in the third place, which Gentlemen ought to be ver∣sed in, viz. the fashions and customs particular to the Nation, though 'twere but Cock-fighting, Bull and Bear-baiting, running of Races, Wrast∣ling, playing with Cudgels, Foot and Stool-ball, &c. because upon occasion beyond Seas, this may be matter of a discourse: but to wave these kinds of sports, and come to solid and more ne∣cessary things, A Country Gentleman being come

up to the City, if he hath none more urgent and necessary occasions to go about, let him go once a day, or every other day to Westminster-Hall, if it be Parliament or Term time, to Court once or twice a week, and as often to the Exchange▪ hereby he will get a superficial knowledge of things most important to the Nation; 'twere not amiss also to see the Quarter-Sessions in the Old-Baily: for I am of opinion, that a young Gentle∣man before he comes to a settlement, ought to think that nothing is below him to be known; which rule he must observe, specially when he is beyond Seas: These things I mention but by the by, and as the heads of what they ought to be in∣formed of, as much as 'tis possible and convenient before they go over; or else, if they be too young, put it off till they are come back, and then be sure to do it.

Thus things being disposed for the journey, the Governor must get as exact an information as is possible for him, of the nature and temper of the young man, which Parents are best able to do, and consequently of the best way to deal with him: Thus in an hours time he can know as much as would require whole months to make his Ob∣servation; this indeed is the shortest and best way: but because persons and things are subject to alte∣rations, to this information given him, he ought, for the future, to joyn his own Observations, and make it his study to know the young man's geni∣us, to take a method accordingly; for every me∣thod doth not sute with every temper.

The Governor being so engaged, the first thing he goes about must be to get the young man's love and affection, which he may do in several ways:

First, being very tender of him, and upon the Road, procuring him all necessary and conveni∣ent accommodations, remedying, as soon as may be, inconveniencies, giving good words when any thing falls amiss: Certainly, if he be not of a very bad nature, the care of him in such things will work upon him. Secondly, shew him Curi∣osities worth seeing, as you stay or go by; this will divert, and please him, and make him like the Countrey: in the mean time help him to make his Observations of things, and desire him to set them down in writing. Thus he can see you take pains, and are willing to please him, and pro∣mote his good and benefit; so that he cannot chuse but have affection for you. Thirdly, be civil and respectful to him, which will be a pre∣cedent for him to be so to you; for he who is wil∣ling to receive must give too; and we use to say, one hand washeth another: so you do give him an example of being civil to others, which is a to∣ken of a sweet nature, and of good Breeding; and hereby one will appear to be much a Gentle∣man. This in point of society, is very taking, it winneth the heart, works upon affections, dis∣armeth an enemy, and extraordinarily obligeth a friend; and without it the friendship of a man is not to be valued a straw; for where is a real love, there is also respect and civility: and he doth not deserve a friend, who doth not use him this way. Lastly, please him in indifferent things, to make him comply with you in substantial, and necessary; and never stand with him upon trifles, which were a morosity in you; and in case he de∣sires a thing, which is neither reasonable nor con∣venient to do, dissuade him from it with strength

of reason, and not by authority: if you give him reason of such actions, you lay before him a lead∣ing case to give you an account of his; and here∣in whether or not you do agree, you will ever shew your self the wisest of the two, which a man in your capacity is concerned and obliged to be.

This course being taken, probably love and uni∣on will be setled between the Traveller and his Governor, which is the ground of a success in the journey, or else no pleasure nor profit in Tra∣velling: to this effect, all occasions of dispute ought to be avoided; and because some conceived hatred against Governors in general, whom they look upon as curbs and bridles to hold them in, and restrain their courses; inso∣much that they hate the very name,* 1.6 it will be well if that can satisfie, to avoid taking the name of Tutor, Governor, or any other odious to them, and use that of Companion or Camrade, which Germans use much, or any one else they will like, signifying equality, seeing they dislike the ••ormer; because they seem to include a superiority: there∣fore never domineer over them, and away with those who would keep them in a low, submissive and slavish way: this is the ground of hatred and differences, and the great hinderance to peace, union, and love. Indeed the word Tutor is more proper for Schools and Universities, and that of Governor is more honorable for the Gentleman, than for him who bears it.

One of the first Lessons the Governor gives him, must tend to remove prejudices in case he

hath some against any Nation; for then he will dislike every thing he seeth there; and this may happen to prove an occasion of many troubles and quarrels: and let this be printed in his mind, ne∣ver to blame a whole Nation for the fault of few particular men: for as we say, faults are personal, and in every Nation are both good and evil.

Another advice will be to make him leave off that jarring and wrangling humor, which usually is gotten in the Schools, whereby they gain-say every thing others speak; they hear others not to learn, but only to contradict; which to do they think to be a piece of wit: so far from being true, that thereby they make themselves absurd and in∣sufferable in company: what right have they to take upon them to censure every word or action of others, and that so unnecessarily, impertinently, and unseasonably, that one can but admire it? Travellers must not discommend and dislike every thing they see in other Countries, and commend every thing in their own, without occasion to do it. Some make odious comparisons which is care∣fully to be avoided.

Some Parents use to give instructions to the Go∣vernor before they set forth, which he will do well to receive; for it may be a help to him, and thereby he will shew the respect he beareth to, and the dependency he hath upon the Father, who be∣ing acquainted with the temper of his Son, must needs be able to give some use••ul Directions; which correspondency must hold as long as they are abroad: not only from time to time (as I said before) giving Parents an account of what is done, but also signifying, when occasion requires, some of his resolutions, and asking advice there∣upon,

before they be put in execution: but with∣al, in several things a Governor must not be stin∣ted. I heard of some Parents, who order their Sons to stay a fortnight in one place, eight days in another, five, and no more in another, and the like; which they who are upon the place, are better able to judg of; many accidents falling out every day: these things, and many more, ought to be left to the prudence and freedom of the Go∣vernor, to provide according to emergencies; yet what resolutions he takes he must impart to the Gentleman, in case there is no inconvenience to do it, make him like it, and have his consent therein. In matter of moneys also he must not be so confined, but that he may sometimes dispose of some small sums; for let a man be never so exact in forecasting expences, still fall out some occasions of laying out which were not foreseen. Two ways there are of giving allowance; one is when a Father allows so much by the year, and no more; whereupon the Governor takes upon him to de∣fray every thing: yet I think if he could make it ap∣pear, he well laid out more than he received, Parents would not disown him therein; though it would be well for him, when he sees the sum not like to do it, to write about it, and know their mind be∣fore he lays out any thing of his own, except there were extraordinary occasion for it: thus he se∣cures himself from those who are very hard upon such accounts. The other way of allowing, is not to fix upon a sum, but to receive an account of what is spent, and to enter it, whether it be more or less. Thus when unexpectedly some charges happen, Parents receiving good grounds and satisfaction about it, will acquiesce.

But before I proceed further in point of monies, I must again (for I can never take too much no∣tice of it) say it is to be known how Governors are given to young men, not to over-awe or offer them any violence, for there hath been an end of this when they left School; but to afford them help and directions; even as we see when a Child be∣gins to stand upon his legs, and to walk, one or other holds him by the arm, or stands close by to hinder him from falling, though we see many times he will hardly suffer to be touched or helped: This indeed is to be admired at, when the Child begins to walk, he will not be helped, though he stands in need of it, when his will is, as it were, born, he will not suffer it to be guided: however a Governor is given, if possible, to keep a young man from those stumblings and falls, which youth and want of experience and knowledge do often expose them to in the world; and those who have any wit or good nature, will not be angry against, but rather kind and thankful to him for giving those counsels, and using those means which can keep them from miscarriages, shame, danger, hurt, and such other inconveniences which are so fre∣quent in the world.

To return upon matter of monies, before they come away from home, such course is to be taken, as that upon all occasions they may surely be sup∣plied with monies, which I believe is not so cer∣tain by way of Bills of exchange, as by Letters of Credit; for Bills of Exchange may happen to miscarry, be lost, or refused: in which case a man is often left in the lurch. Upon this account I have known several who lost their time, and op∣portunity, before they could receive timely and

necessary supplies of monies; for sometimes they wait so long for the coming of a Bill of Exchange to discharge and be gone from a place, that it is spent before they can receive it; so they must be forced to stay till they have another: Let them forecast as much as they can, 'tis possible for them to fall short of their account, specially if they are very remote from home: but let them be never so far, Letters of Credit can secure them, for ever a man hath this along with him, which he ought to renew as he goes from one great place to another, but specially for those where he intends to make a considerable stay; only before he leaves the other Town, he may take monies, as much, or more than he thinks will be enough to carry him thither: And let a Traveller observe this (except he be in a place where is great danger of being rob'd) ever to have monies by him, yet not make a shew of it; for he doth not know what sudden occasion he may have of it, so many sad accidents falling out every day: and what, if when I am walking in the street, I am unhappily forced, or suddenly engaged in my own defence, or of a Friend, to draw, and wound, or kill a man, which thing is not impossible, what would become of me if I had no monies to get a horse-back, and be gone. Such a mischance may befal a Gentleman or his Governor.

Letters of Commendation are also necessary for those who Travel in parts, where they have no friends nor acquaintances; at least if they do no good they will do no harm, but often upon oc∣casion they prove very beneficial and advantage∣ous, whether a man doth but go by a place or stay in't any time; for a Traveller cannot tell what

occasion he may have of Friends, and favour, when he is in a place, or before he comes to it. These Letters must be gotten from the best hands; for the more he who commends is considerable, the more respect, civility, and service he who is commended will receive.

These necessary provisions being made, the Governor will carry out of England his Gentle∣man to Paris, where he ought to shew him some of the chief fair houses, and other curiosi∣ties in or about that City, to refresh and divert him after his Journey to that place, which also will make the Gentleman like the Country more and more; which is very material for his intended and future improvement: Whilst he is there he must wait upon the Lord Embassador, in case the King keeps one there at that time; and in case there be no inconvenience, what other English persons of the highest quality are there: so once, or twice, he may visit any singular friend, if he hath any there, yet avoid too many acquaintances with his own Country-men. He will also do well to go, if he makes but a short stay in Paris, at least once to Charenton, to the Protestant Church there, whether or not he understands the Language, to give God thanks for his protection so far, and to crave his blessing upon the whole Journey: thus he will see that numerous Assembly. This being done, he will do well to be gone thence, to settle somewhere else.

Concerning the place of settlement, men differ in their opinions; all agree that one must be cho∣sen to stay at, and to learn the Language, Fashi∣ons, and Exercises; which cannot be done if one be constantly a Travelling, and ever upon a moti∣on,

but time of rest must be allowed to do't; for the▪ Proverb saith, the rolling stone gathers no moss. Some think fit to settle at Paris; and may be they are in the right, having reasons for it; but mine are to the contrary, upon the first setting out: first, one must have learned the Language, some customs of the Nation, and gotten some experi∣ence before he be ripe for Paris; where a Novice cannot enjoy that society which is to be had in other Towns: It is not usual for Citizens to like strangers coming to converse within their doors, except they have particular reason for it▪ and peo∣ple of Quality have not the patience to hear a Gentleman unable to speak two words together of good sense, but in other Towns it is otherwise. Secondly, the place is very chargeable and expen∣sive••. Thirdly, debauched company of one Coun∣trey-man or other, is almost unavoidable; for not being capable of conversing with people of that Countrey, he will do't with those he can meet with. Fourthly, Exercises are dear, and most Masters there do not take much pains with one, because of the number of Scholars, or the distance of places. Fifthly, there is a daily and universal occasion of falling into evil courses; and one will be hardly able to learn the Language, by reason of the number of his Countrey-men he will find there; this is for those who live in Pensions and Auberges: As for Academies, if there be not ma∣ny of one Nation, there is a good Breeding in them, and think it a good way; but such orders are observed in them, as several Gentlemen would have much ado to be brought under; some being so much used to their liberty, that they could hardly submit to the r••les of keeping to certain

hours, of coming in within such a time, and af∣ter that, having no liberty to go out, nor at any time without asking leave, but when a man hath done what he went about, and is coming home, I would advise him to stay at Paris, at least half a year, to perfect himself in his exercises, to see the Court, and frequent the company of some persons of Quality, and of several witty, judicious, and learned men, and other persons of worth and me∣rit: but of this more hereafter.

After Paris, places most frequented by strangers are along the River Loire from Orleans down∣wards, seated in a pleasant and plentiful Country, their language is well spoken amongst people of some fashion, good and able Masters of Exercises are found in them, and the people thereof are ve∣ry kind and civil to strangers, Orleans, Blois, Sau∣mur, and Angers are such: yet though I like them all, to my mind Angers ought to have the prefe∣rence; it being more considerable than the two last (which yet I think to be fitter than the for∣mer) in greatness, number of Inhabitants, and of persons of Quality, it being the head City of a Province formerly belonging to England; it is in a good Air, hath fine Wal••••s about the Town, very able Masters in all manner of Exercises, and people much civilized, of a sweet nature, according to their Proverb.* 1.7 Hitherto strangers have been free there from being trepan'd into Marriages, as 'tis usual in other places. In the way to that, or any other place, one hath a mind to go to, as I hinted before, one must b•• careful to shew all curiosities to the Gentleman, and per∣suade him to take notes of what he seeth and ob∣serveth.

The method herein to be observed is this, as soon as you are come to a Town, and have ta∣ken a short rest and refreshment (if you want it) in your Inn, which ever ought to be the best, or one of the best; the first thing you do must be to carry your Letters of Commendation, if you have any, to the persons they are directed to; and if in any thing you want their assistance, you may desire it of them, with all civility and excu∣ses sutable to their and your quality. The second thing, in case you are not acquainted with the Town, must be to desire your Landlord to go with you, or give you some rational man, to car∣ry you to see the Town, the Walls, and the For∣tifications thereof, Walks, broad places, Churches, publick Buildings, Closets full of Rarities, or any other antient or modern Curio••ities. So when you walk up and down the streets, if any remarkable thing be obvious, desire to be informed of it, en∣quire about the most potent Families, whether no∣ble or not, of their Charges, Estates, and Interest in the place; then ask by what Trade or other means the Town or City doth chiefly subsist, and what are the customs and temper of the Inhabi∣tants; afterwards of the policy, and of the way and form of Government; not forgetting to know how far doth reach the power and authori∣ty of the Clergy, what are the Priviledges of the City and Citizens, what difference is amongst them, and what are the Prerogatives of the Nobi∣lity and Gentry; and in case the Landlord, or he whom he hath given you, be not able to satis∣fie you in these points, desire him to direct you to some body capable to do it; But this is when the Governor is a stranger to the place; for else he

must himself acquaint his Gentleman with all these things. And here is seen the advantage of one who knows them already.

Having thus viewed the Town, and Castle, if there be any, and in the general being informed of the policy and constitution thereof, as you come back to your Lodging, you may meditate and discourse upon these things, yet very discreetly; with those you think capable of it, to get, if pos∣sible, a more exact and particular information of every thing: After all this, when you are gone in∣to your Chamber, you must take pains orderly to set down in writing in your Diary Book, what you heard and learned; and if you are many, or only two, it will be well for every one to have his own Book afterwards to compare notes, and know who hath been more exact, and what is most cu∣rious therein; which upon occasion you may dis∣course about, and find out the motives, causes, and authors of things.

Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas.

Further, it will be well to have before you the Maps of every Province, and, if possible, of the Towns you are in, to know the right situation thereof (which also may be done by getting up∣on some Steeple, or high place) and learn their Frontiers and Neighbours: It must not be negle∣cted or forgotten to write down the Histories, merry Tales, notable Sentences, witty Replies, the good words, and every fine expression which every day you happen to hear in company, there∣by to profit and make use of upon occasion: after all this you may receive the visits of those whom

you were commended to, or return to take your leave of them, at which time you may be bet∣ter able, and upon surer grounds to discourse with them upon every thing you have seen, and if pos∣sible, get a clearer information of; and in case in the same City or Town, lived any person of emi∣nent quality in a great state, keeping a kind of a Court, or other great Officers, and men eminent for learning or other parts; or according to the nature of the place, if there be any Princes, though Strangers or Embassadors, Residents, &c. you may enquire, whether they like to receive such visits as yours may be, you may desire those you are commended to, to procure you the ho∣nor of kissing their hands, usually persons of high quality love to be courted, and take this as a civi∣lity.

And because it would not be well to go to them, and be mute, or to speak non-sense, you may make to them a short▪ civil, and respectful complement, declaring your Nation, how you are English Gen∣tlemen, who have undertaken to Travel▪ with a desire to fit your selves to serve your King and Countrey, and all their Frirnds and Allies (this if they be publick Ministers of Princes, friends to the Crown of England) and that you were loth to go by without kissing their hands, and tendering your humble services to them: when by the means of these visits, you are grown better acquainted, one may get a further information of the consti∣tution of the place, or Province, where you are, of the nature of the Inhabitants, and of the state and inclination of the Neighbours; yet all this must be done with much respect, discreetness, pru∣dence, and modesty, for fear of being accounted

pedants, silly and ignorant, or giddy and rash, which would cause slightings and contempt.

And in case there be occasion given to discourse upon the manners, nature, or customs of both, or either Nation, viz. the Travellers, and his whom he is with, or of the Kings, Princes, great men, even of particular persons; the Traveller must carefully take heed not to let fall any word where∣at any one might justly be offended, and perhaps resent it, bewaring to avoid nothing more than to slander or speak ill, or rashly, or presumptuously judge of others, which are the two dangerous rocks in conversation; contrariwise they must keep within general tearms, give the best inter∣pretation to things, and no ways shew themselves partial, bold, or passionate; but if others speak or judge too freely of things, or persons, they ought to hear them with indifferency, and seem to ad∣mire at, rather than approve of what they say, and not answer to't, as if they were ignorant of the matter: but of this more hereafter.

Only I will add two things, one is, that the Governor, who upon all occasions is to give ad∣vice to his charge, must well know his quality, and judiciously understand what belongeth to it; for if he be of the highest or lower quality, he ought to carry himself with him accordingly, with more or less formality, at least before Strangers; for else freedom is wholly necessary, and he ought to advise him to carry himself towards others, ac∣cording to his and their qualities. The other thing I add, is this; we see how Travellers must not make post haste when they go through places, but ought to take time to rest, and be informed of things, whereby the Journey will be more plea∣sant

and profitable: nay, one must take horse some∣times, and go out of his way to see what deserves it.

Being then come to a place of settlement, the mind and endeavours of the Gentleman, and of his Governor, must wholly tend to be improved, yet more or less, according to every ones occasi∣ons; for they who are Scholars and Travellers, to get either a livelihood, or a preferment, are most concerned to improve themselves; but their set∣tlement must begin with the set rules of Piety, which from the first day of their setting forth, they ought daily to have practised. Every morning and evening one ought to fall upon his knees, and devoutly to call upon God; acknowledging his glory, and mercies, his own unworthiness, origi∣nal and actual sinfulness, whether out of ignorance, or against the testimony of his conscience, the lights of Nature, and of Grace; beseeching God for Jesus Christ's sake, to look on him with an eye of pity and compassion, to be reconciled unto him, and to apply to him all the merits and sufferings, whereby his Son hath appeased his wrath, satisfied his justice, and made a full expiation for sins, whereof the filth may be washed clean in his pre∣cious Blood, and the guilt so forgiven, that it may never rise up in judgment to accuse, convince, con∣demn, or shame him in this world, or that which is to come: then he must thank God for the pro∣tection which till then he hath afforded him, he hath brought him out of his own Country, through deep waters, and dry land; yet no harm hath be∣fallen him: he must beg his help in the carrying on of the design he had in his going over; that in the first place he would teach him to fear his Ma∣jesty,

and to keep his Commandments; and then how to improve himself, to bless his weak endea∣vors, and of those who have a hand in his Educati∣on, enabling him to receive their instructions, and making him willing to be advised by them in eve∣ry good thing, to the end the glory of all may be given to God, satisfaction to his Friends, and Re∣lations, and he receive the benefit of it; wishing withal, in due time to meet with his Friends, if it be his pleasure, to their mutual comfort; beseech∣ing God, till then, to take him into his protecti∣on, and deliver him from those dangers which Travellers are exposed to.

I conceive these heads are comprehensive of his ordinary wants and necessities; besides this, before he goeth to his Prayers, he must read at least two Chapters in the Bible every day: Fur∣ther, he must be sure to observe the Lords day, which beyond Seas is too much prophaned; either going to the Protestant Churches, where it can be done, or else in his own Chamber, in prayer and reading Scriptures, and some good Book of De∣votion, or doing both, and other works of Piety: and let this be performed without failing or inter∣ruption. Therefore that one may be the better able and free to go about this, they must chuse a convenient Lodging, of which the people be ho∣nest, affording good accommodation, and the Master, if possible, be a man of parts and learn∣ing, whose conversation one may have at Table▪ which will prove pleasant and useful for the Lan∣guage, and other things. Also, let them be Prote∣stants, if it can be done; for union in judgment makes commonly union of affections, and one is free from snares, both of changing his Religion,

and being brought to trouble, in case of speaking amiss of another: besides that, in case of sickness, one can receive comfort from a Minister, and will not be troubled with Priests, as it is usual in Po∣pish Countries, upon such occasions, of which we have seen examples: then in a Protestant house one may have flesh, if he hath a mind to it up••n Fridays, and other forbidden days, which many of the contrary Religion would not give.

This being regulated, the young Traveller must immediately be put upon some Exercises fit for, and becoming a Gentleman, which his genius and strength ought to be consulted about: if he hath no mind nor disposition to't, it will hardly come to any good; some also of those Exercises requi∣ring a greater strength than others. The time of the year is to be considered; for if he be weak, some violent Exercises, as riding the Great Horse, and, may be, Fencing could endanger his health in Summer: the quality of Exercises is to be lookt upon; first, to do those which are most neces∣sary, and then others; according as he and the Governor do agree; he must have enough to take him up at least the greatest part of the morning, and some of the afternoon, yet so as not to be overburthened therewith; for then he would be tired, and do none well. When days are longer he can do more than when they are short; except the heat were so great, as to take his heart and strength from it; but in hot weather he must begin be∣times in the morning: every Exercise commōnly takes up an hour, except the Great Horse, which requires much more▪ those he undertakes, he must be constant and diligent in.

The benefit coming from doing these exercises is manifold; first, thereby he learns and instructs himself; so hereafter upon occasion, being skilled in't, he may make use of them▪ then they take him up, and use him to be active and stirring; and ••ome of them which make him stretch his joynts, help to make him grow: and this keeping him in action, makes him nimble, strong, and healthful: Furthermore, they keep him from idle∣ness, and bad company, and are a pleasure and a recreation to him; for almost every hour he hath a new one, and thereby is diverted from evil thoughts, passions, and deeds: but let the time of these Exercises be so ordered, that in the morn∣ing he may have a whole hour to himself, to eat his breakfast, to rest, to walk, or do what he hath a mind to. Let him also have time to read and study; for all his time must not be given to bodily exercises.

To tell my opinion of this more particularly, first, one must know how long he is allowed to be abroad in the whole; for then he must divide the time into so many parts, as an instance, some tra∣vel no farther than France, and these must re∣solve to be so long in Saumur, Angers, &c. so long in going the Grand Tour, and may be stay∣ing at Montpelier, Lyon, Geneva, and so long at Paris. This must be known to a certain time, or thereabouts; for there ought to be a rule in order∣ing of our time. Others intend besides France, to see Italy; others farther, will come home through Germany, and the Low-Countries; and of these some will only go directly through Ger∣many, others will see the Emperors Court, some of the Electors, and of other Princes there; some

have a curiosity of making a step into Denmark and Sueden: There are those who before they come home, will go into Spain and Portugal: In all this one can never take his measures well, or order of his journey, except he knows, so long I must be in France, so long in Italy, and so forth; which generally depends upon the pleasure of Parents; who will not have their Sons to be long in some places, and be very long in others, ac∣cording to reasons they have for it, which yet may be altered, as they receive from the Governor ad∣vice of conveniences, or inconveniences, not fore∣seen in those places; whereby we see how much is referred to the prudence of a Director.

Now to state a case of this, I will suppose I am to be abroad three years, or thereabouts (I be¦lieve the time is never so much stinted, as to stand upon one month or two; the more, because the altering of our resolutions doth often depend up∣on accidents, which are not in our power) and within this time I am to see France, Italy, Germany, and part of the Low-Countries, then I will resolve thus, in France I will be first 18 months, 9 or 10 in Italy, 5 in Germany, and the Low-Countries, and 4 or 5 at Paris, before I go home: Of every one I will speak in order.

Of the eighteen months I am to be in France, I will pass two in going from London to Angers, or the place I intend to settle at by the River Loire (which places I do prefer to those more Souther∣ly, as Montpellier, &c. not only upon the account of the Language and Exercises, but also for health and safety sake; for one must not remove out of England into very hot Countries, upon a sudden, but by degrees) to rest and see what is worth

seeing, upon the way: then I will reside 9 or 10 months in one place, 10 weeks, or 3 months to go the Grand Tour, 6 weeks to see Geneva, and make a step into Switzerland, or as far as Strasbourg, and the other six weeks at Lyon, till the season be fit to go into Italy. Note, that when I say 9 or 10 months, and do not just fix the time, which in that place the longer it is the better, my reason is, that ever I would be before-hand with my time, and have six weeks, or two months in case of Distempers, or other accidents; or otherwise to dispose of it, as I see occasion for: Let this be an essential rule for Travellers, To be good husbands of their time and monies.

In the space of nine or ten months I am to re∣side in a place; the Governor ought not only to lay the foundations of, but also set very forward the work, for which his Gentleman went into France. As to the Language, Exercises, and Fa∣shions, specially the informing of his judgment: all which things are better learned thus, than when a man is going forward on his Journey. To this end, in case he hath no experience of his own, who in that place are the best Masters of Exerci∣ses, he is to ask the advice of those who are able to judge of it, and are not partial: and in case men in giving their advice, prove partial, as often it falls out, every one commending him whom he likes, and loves best; as it is not to be expected but that they will differ in opinion, then the general approbation will make me prefer one before an∣other; yet no farther than to put him to a trial: for in case I were not satisfied with him, I would make no difficulty of changing him for another. Now these three qualifications I desire to find in

every Master of Exercises, First, he must have a good way; for it is not so necessary▪ he should Dance well, as that he should teach well, which two things do not always meet in one; if he hath both the better: but the last I would prefer above the former: one may be an advantage of nature, which hath endued him with a good shape, and disposition; but the other is a reward of Art and Industry. Secondly, he ought to be constant and exact, not to miss his hours; but when there is a set one, he must be punctual therein. I would not have them at one time to come soon,* 1.8 and at another late; and sometimes not at all; for not only this is a loss to the Scholar in that particular, but also it is a prejudice and a hinderance to him in his o∣ther Exercises. Thirdly, I would have him civil and respectful to his Scholars, and not ranting, nor domineering; whereby not only their person, but the very exercise become odi∣ous: he must civilly and gently tell him where he faileth.

For the three first months, specially if he is of a weak Constitution, I would not have him to ride the great Horse▪ because: at first that Exercise is tiresome, and takes up much time; specially if it be in Summer: but if he hath but a short time to stay in Town, and he be able, without inconve∣niency, every morning to rise by break of day; and he already hath an introduction into the Lan∣guage, he may the sooner begin the Exercise. That which makes me advise not to learn it at first, is, to the end he may have more time to learn the Tongue; for all other Masters may come

to his Lodging; but if he will ride, he must go to the Academy: Indeed for those three months I would hardly have him to look abroad, except to walk, take the air, or go out upon some necessa∣ry occasion; for till he hath something of the Lan∣guage, he is unfit to go into company, or take pleasure, or receive profit thereby. Hence one may see how necessary it is to understand some∣thing of it before they go over; it is not very fit neither, he should go to the Dancing and Fencing Schools till he hath gotten a garb, a posture, and the grounds of those Exercises; though the soon∣er he goeth the better it will be.

Having often mentioned Exercises, I must now show what they are, some being more, and others less necessary: The Language is of the first kind, yea, the most usual and beneficial of all; without it no society to be had, nor company to be kept with profit and satisfaction. We go beyond Seas to learn what general or particular good things are in the places we come to; but, who can be bet∣ter able to inform us of it than the people of the Countrey: but, how can we have any access or conversation about it with them, except we un∣derstand their Language? How can we make use of the several good Books written in their Tongue, except we do somewhat understand it? no dis∣coursing with Ladies (which in France is accoun∣ted a part of a civilized life) without it? He who hath it not, finds him••elf exposed to daily incon∣veniences, is a Barbarian to them, as they are to him, whereby he leads an unprofitable and un∣comfortable life: Wherefore I would have every other Master of Exercise to be a kind of a Lan∣guage-Master, to put him upon discourse; and

the young man must neglect nothing to get it; he must first of all talk about any thing, though tri∣fles, and not to the purpose: and although of ten words he could not speak two right, yet let him not be ashamed or discouraged at it; for it is not to be expected he should be a Master before he hath been a Scholar, Qui nunquam male nunquam bene, and to every thing there is a beginning. With speaking we learn to speak▪ Fabricando fabri simus. Let him not think any thing below him till he hath overcome the dif••iculty of it, which once being attained unto, then he may the better mind his words and expressions, and more exactly ob∣serve himself and his actions. The Language-Master must teach him to read, write true Ortho∣graphy, and to speak properly; to this effect, he must make use of some good Books, which besides the Language, may teach substantial things, as some History, Morality, or Politicks.

As the world goes, Dancing is an Exercise be∣coming a Gentleman, it being one of the essential parts of an Outlandish, French Breeding: so that as a Gentleman who there goeth into company, hath daily occasions of practising it, it would be a shame for a young Gentleman not to have some skill in't; a natural disposition is required to it: so let a man measure his steps never so just or ex∣act, except he carr••es his body well, and hath a good ear to hear and observe the Cadence, he wants that grace, which is the principal ornament of the Dance. A good Dancer takes well, special∣ly with Ladies; but it is not enough to be able to Dance a Brau'e, a Gavote, a ••ourante, a Boree, &c. I will have a Master to teach a Gentleman how to keep his body in a good posture, when he

stands, sitteth, or walketh; how to come in or go out of a Chamber where is company; he must be taught how to carry his head, his hands, and his toes out, all in the best way, and with the hand∣somest presence: In a word, how to do things with a Bonne grace, and in the finest and most gentile manner that the person is capable of; but both nature and art must concur to give a man a fair presence, which for certain is a great advan∣tage: a Master teaches the steps, but the grace, the carriage, and the free motion of the body must chiefly come from us. As it argues a wild and a rude nature to despise this Exercise, so to follow it too much, is a sign of effeminacy.

Fencing was formerly the Exercise of vile and contemptible persons, whom Romans called Gla∣diatores, who, upon publick and solemn occasions, were brought in to divert and give sport to spe∣ctators; their number once was so great, that being gathered into a body, they very much trou∣bled the Republick. Of this, as of many other Exercises, many things might be said in that kind, but being not to our present purpose, I will omit it, to say that Fencing is now accounted an honest profession, and a necessary Exercise, upon the skill of which often depends a mans life, either in a single, or more general fight; and pro∣vided a man doth use it only in his own defence, or of his friends, it will be not only lawful, but also commendable: as often want of skill herein joyned to the consideration of the danger, takes away man's heart, so certainly one who is forced to use his Sword, being skilled in't, hath some∣thing to trust to, whereby his courage is raised: And although this be not universally true, yet no

doubt he who knows how to handle a Sword, hath an advantage against him who never learned it, They who have a martial spirit find this Exercise sutable to their genius, give a great application to't, and do usually succeed in't; which to effect, they must carefully observe, and diligently practise Les∣sons given them, which at the three months end, if no sooner, they may be able to practice, if go∣ing to the School, they Fence against other Scho∣lars, and make Assault as French men call it, and ••ome Masters, if you give them monies, before you part, will shew some singular trust, and some ma∣ster-piece of their Art.

Riding the Great Horse is a noble Exercise which ever was esteemed amongst valiant Nati∣ons, and is so to this day: Horsemanship is a very manly thing, and 'tis no small matter to manage so strong and courageous a Creature as Horses are, so to curb and hold them in, or else so to put on, tame, and govern them, as to make them use••ul and serviceable to us, To love and delight in hor∣ses is accounted a Princely passion. Hence it is, that in every Kingdom there is one of the most important Charges exercised by one of the most eminent Noblemen, called, The Master of the Horse. Hence hath sprung up that supreme charge (if I may so call it) under Kings in Military Af∣fairs of High Constable, or as in some places it is called Crown Marshal for the word Constable was Comes Stabuli, Earl of the Stable. Certainly then the Art teaching us to make use of, and to rule Horses, must needs be esteemed e••pecially by those who have a warlike ••pirit, it being known that Horsemen and Horses are the strength of Nati∣ons, though o•• some more than of others: Here∣in

doth consist the whole strength of the Polander, now after the Cossacks are drawn from the obe∣dience they owed to that Crown. To ride the Great Horse, teaches two things, one to be a good, the other to be a fair Horsemen: the good Horseman I call him who fits fast a horseback, whom all the turnings, running, and stopping of horses cannot shake, nor cast down, which can be gotten by a long and constant use of riding: but to be a fair Horseman, that is, to sit handsomely, and well, to compose the motion of his body, ac∣cording to that of the Horse, to have grace and dexterity in the handling and managing of him: In a word, to have a martial look, posture, and countenance a horseback, according to grounds and rules, is the fit and proper work of an Aca∣demy.

Young men do very well to follow those Exer∣cises, which make the body healthful, lusty, and strong, for they are good: such are the forena∣med, with Running, Wrestling, Leaping, if de∣cent, which are of a great use in War, because they fit the body for hardship; yet of these last, one is to make his pleasure more than his business; I mean, not to be too hot upon't, specially if one be of a weak constitution and temper; for they cause (when violently used) a great dissipation of spirits, whereby the body is much weakened: therefore one must be moderate therein, as in other violent sports, though honest and innocent, as may be hunting, which should not be too much followed: indeed sometimes it puts off evil thoughts from the mind, but withal produces no advantage: Diana the patroness of it is chast, but barren also.

Other Exercises there are not so material as the forenamed, which yet, if a Gentleman hath a mind to, and time, he will do well to learn; such are, Vauting, Trailing the Pike, spreading Colors, handling the Halbard, or the two handed Sword: Also it will not be amiss to learn to play upon one Instrument or other, of Mu••ick; as the Lute, Git∣tar, Violin, or other he hath a mind to; because when he is alone in his Chamber, he may use it sometimes for a diver••ion. Some also give them∣selves to vocal Musick, and learn to sing, which is a fine quality, specially when they have a good voice; for Art can perfect that good disposition of nature; and though they have no very good voice, 'tis well to learn the Rules; for sometimes a man in his retirement singeth to please himself, and not others: and though he would not sing at all, yet 'tis a satisfaction to know when others sing well, or when they do not, and to be able to judge of it. A natural disposition to't, is not to be neg∣lected, but withal, excess therein is to be avoi∣ded, not to affect, or too much make use of it: so as to appear in publick meetings, and places, nor to abuse that gift with singing vicious, profane, or impious Songs. In a word, a Gentleman may learn any honest and decent bodily exercise, whe∣ther it be Tennis, or others, provided this be no hinderance to better things; and be not followed with excess, or too much eagerness: for else, in∣stead of contributing to one's health, it would en∣danger it, specially in Summer, when heat is great and violent; for without that, is made a great dissipation of spirits, which maketh one weak and faint; yet I would advise him not to give himself to those sports, which none but an

in••erior sort of people are at; for thus he makes himself contemptible to persons of Quality: there∣fore as long as he is abroad, and takes any recrea∣tion without doors, let him use those of the Coun∣try he lives in, and which are followed by his equals; for else men would conceive thoughts of him very disadvantageous as if he were weak spi∣rited or low minded.

Thus much concerning bodily Exercises; let us now come to those of another nature; for he goes abroad not only to frame his body, but also to in∣struct his mind, and inform his judgment: there∣fore he must add what he can to those Arts and Sciences I mentioned in the first part of this work, to bring them to a greater maturity and perfecti∣on: so that where he finds an eminent Philoso∣pher, there I would have him to close: the same he must do of a good Linguist, where he happens to light upon one; for it is the good fortune of Travellers in one place, to find a man who excels in one thing, and in another place one who is fa∣mous for another; for those jewels are dispersed, and he is a wise man who makes use of the advan∣tage, and draws out of them all what he can: for when the occasion is lost, 'tis not easily reco∣vered.

Fronte capillata est, sed post occasio calva.* 1.9

One of the things, which above all, I would have him to be careful of, is, not to forget any thing he learned before in the Schools or University; for it were a greater shame to do so, than if he had ne∣ver learned it: and let him not think it to be be∣low him again to go over those things, for I have

known some eminently learned men who every year read over their Grammar.

Some think a Governor hath no more to do herein, but to find good Masters of all sorts of Exercises, and see them perform their charge; but I am not of that mind, for I woul•• not have him to be an idle spectator, whilst others are at work; but in time and place I wish him to impart to his Gentleman, some of the lights he hath in himself; for be is both, Censor morum, and Doctor rerum, teacher of things; not of Fencing, Dancing, or the Language, but of Sciences, whether natural or moral; but this specially by way of discourse: therefore I would have him to take pains briefly, to insinuate into the young man a general ground of History from the Creation of the world, to the present age, out of some good Books of his own choice: then also an Epitome of the particular History of the Country you are in, composed by an Author of the same Nation, esteemed the best, whether it be in France, or Italy, &c. and one treating of the present state of things, in France they have one which is often renew∣ed,* 1.10 called, The State of France, con∣taining curious and necessary things for strangers and others.

The useof the Map will be very beneficial if he understands it, which he can do easily; this will give a great light to some parts of History, depend∣ing upon Geography, which he must have an in∣sight of, till in due time he comes to a place where he may dive farther into it: whereof I will speak in its place. In the mean time he must en∣deavor to understand the use of the Terrestrial Globe, which can much help him therein.

The Science of Mathematicks is very curious, and much worth the pains of a Gentleman: In∣deed, I think this of all others to be the most▪ fit and proper for a man of quality, though not eve∣ry part of them; her demonstrations are so visi∣ble, and so convincing, that of all humane Arts and Sciences this hath the clearest proofs. This is so generally received, that when we will say such a thing is undeniable, we call it a Mathema∣tical demonstration: but as it requires ripeness of judgment, I would have him to learn it by de∣grees, till he grows more and more fit for it: let him learn first the Principles and Elements of it; yet, if he can, he must perfect himself in the crab∣by, yet very necessary part thereof, called Arith∣metick, which is of a universal necessity. Geometry is one of the most important parts of it, necessary to many sorts of persons, pleasant and beneficial to all: The matter of Fortification is very impor∣tant for the defence of places; and the rules of or∣dinary Architecture are useful: they teach how to build well, to chuse a situation, pleasant, strong, and convenient, that is, having things necessary to subsist by, as Water, &c. what shall I say of Astro∣nomy, Astrology, and other lawful parts of this curious Science, which of all humane ones are of the greatest extent, the most consummated there∣in making daily new discoveries: they are so ta∣king and recreative, that the more one studies them, the more he is enticed to do't; they are the delight of the greatest wits, to whom they afford matter enough to exercise themselves.

Chymistry is another curious Art, full of se∣crets and rarities, very pleasant and useful; for certainly extractions made out of Metals and Mi∣nerals

can do much good, when applied well, and, if in the practice of it men could but confine them∣selves within certain bounds, it would not prove so hurtful and dangerous to some as it is; but, in∣deed 'tis so bewitching a thing, that many not be∣ing gone very far into't, do seek for the philoso∣phical Stone▪ in the pursuit whereof, they ex∣haust their brains, and purse, and hope to find it out, which yet is harder to be done than a Qua∣drature in the Circle, or malleable Glass that is harder than stones which can be broken with a hammer.

If a Traveller hath time, and happens to be in a convenient place, as may be Padoa, Montpellier, or other, it would be in him a commendable cu∣riosity to learn something in Physick, not to be a Doctor of, or to practise it, only to be able to under∣stand the grounds of it. A man having a body to look to, would be glad to know the temper and constitution of it, what manner of diet he must observe to keep it in health, and also to know the nature, causes, signs, and remedies of Diseases, it would be a satisfaction and a benefit to one; for at all times, and in all places one hath not a Doctor at his elbow to consult with: besides that, there is a great pleasure to read the strong and rational Books of great Writers in that profession, as Avi∣cenna's, Averroes's, Hypocrates, Galenus's, and others; out of which here and there, I will col∣lect curious things, and necessary to be known concerning our inward parts, viz. that the heart is the principle of life; that the Liver is the chief instrument of the nutritive faculty, and the shop of Blood; that the bladder of the Gall is a neces∣sary sink to settle the flava bilis, or choler, that

thereby the Liver is warmed and freed from cor∣ruption, and other good offices it doth, and that the Spleen through several arteries, receiving heat from the heart, boileth the gross blood, which through certain little ramuli's or branches it doth convey into the neighbouring parts, for their nou∣rishment, and that it draws it self the melancho∣lick humor to disperse it into the ventricle, to strengthen and increase the retentive faculty, and many things more of this nature.

He will do well when he is at Orleans, Angers, or any such places, where are publick Schools of the Civil Law, to get one of the Doctors, or Pro∣fessors thereof, to read it to him, which he will do privately in his own house; or perhaps, if you be a man of high quality, come to your lodg∣ing: Let no man account this to be a disparage∣ment to himself, for Learning and Virtue are a credit: and I have known young Noblemen, and of the greatest quality do't. And though this Ro∣man Law be not every where received as a Law, yet in't is much of Reason and Equity, and con∣tains the grounds of politicks; the parts of it were instituted by a wise Republick, and great Empe∣rors, by the advice of judicious, wise, and able Counsellors; by the means of it several men were raised to great honor and fortune, according to the saying, Dat Galenus opes, dat Iustinianus ho∣nores,— Pauper Aristoteles. This Civil Law once was received in many parts of the world; and though at present it hath not the strength of a Law in some places, yet it is much esteemed every where, and lookt upon as a thing judiciously com∣piled. I could also wish the Traveller to inform himself of the most essential, municipal Laws of

Countreys he comes into; much more would I have him to understand those of his own, which he is to live under, and to be ruled by: therefore when he is come home, or before he goes abroad, he would do very well to settle a year or two in one of the Inns of Courts, therein to be instructed of, and apply himself to it. A man who hath an Estate, is sometimes subject to be troubled about it, and he will be glad to know how to defend it from cheats, nor be forced to go to Lawyers upon every trivial account for counsel, nor always do things upon trust, and not know wherefore such and such courses must be taken, and let it be an encouragement to those who would get prefer∣ments by it, that in most Nations they who are eminently learned, and versed in the Laws, are raised to great places, as to be Judges of the Land, Lords Keepers, and Chancellors of Kingdoms, and as to Estates, within these Dominions, many Fa∣milies have been, and are daily raised to great means and fortune by the Law.

When he hath time and opportunity, he will do well to learn to draw Pictures, which is a gentile Exercise, when one doth it for his private use and recreation, it may serve to take the Plots, Situati∣on, and Landskips of places he goes by; hereby imagination is much helped; so that a more per∣fect and more lasting idea of things is formed within us, being conveyed through the eye. As he goes by any Courts, he must endeavor to get the Pictures of the Princes and Princesses, young Prin∣ces and Ministers of State, and other great men, and the Maps of considerable Cities. Let him not neglect to see, and if possible to get some skill in ancient and modern Curiosities, whether Pictures,

Statues of Brass, Marble, Alabaster, &c. Medals, and other fair and curious things, of which there is abroad such a variety, that it would be tedious to name them all; only I would wish him to en∣deavor to get an universal, though it were but a superficial knowledge to be enabled upon occasion to discourse of any thing.

To the purpose of Medals I must say, the study thereof is not only pleasant, and curious, but also beneficial for the understanding of History; by their means we find the errors of some Authors, we learn some particulars, and understand niceties of History, which Historians were silent in. This is better than picture which doth not last, and Sculpture which doth not so much represent to the life, the faces or actions of great men; it contains the best parts of these two, Picture and Sculpture, and the surest of History; specially when they come from good Masters hands. Then as to the matter, the variety of Metals is considerable▪ whe∣ther Gold, Silver, Corinthian Metal, or Brass; and of this last specially, there are several sizes, some of the greatest by Italians, called Medaglioni, then great; Mezzane or of a middle size, and at last those of the lesser sort, and these either Roman or Greek; the Roman either of Families or Empe∣rors, the Greek of Cities. Of all these, those which are historical are the most considerable, and so worthy of the curiosity of Princes and great men, as to have one of the best places in their Closets: there is much learning in the knowledge of them, and sometimes one affords matter enough to dis∣course a whole hour upon't: 'Tis true, it requires monies, some skill and time to put several toge∣ther: in a word, it is a very enticing curiosity,

and of great extent. And this as to ancient Me∣dals, which some other time I may happen to en∣large upon.

But besides these, there are also modern Medals; for when Arts and Sciences were restored within the last age, this was not forgotten; but indeed, Work-men were so ignorant, and so followed the Gothick way, that it is lamentable to see some of their Medals, which yet were better than those coined 4, or 500 years ago: but of late the way hath been so found out, that England and France afford admirable ones, and Holland too, but infe∣rior to the former. Instead that formerly the best were of Brass, now they are of Silver or Gold. The ancient Roman ones, since the days of Augustus were daily better and better, till the days of Trajan and Hadrian, and so kept till Cara∣calla, at which time good work-men began to fail. So modern ones, though they began to appear in the days of Henry VII. were hardly worth looking upon till within these thirty years,* 1.11 when Corman in Rome, Wa∣rin in France, and now in England some have restored that art to a great perfection, both as to the de∣sign and working of the Coin. Thus by the means of twenty Medals, more or less, the whole History of a Princes life is laid open before us. Some great men also, but Subjects are by the means of a Medal made known abroad to the world. The inclination I have for these things hath made me enlarge upon the matter: but I return to my subject.

Every night before he goeth to bed, he must recollect and repeat what he hath seen and lear∣ned that day, and also about the same time let him be sure to learn something by heart, which will take a deep impression, because when he is asleep, there are no objects to drive it out: this will also strengthen memory, which is the better for being used; for like a knife it grows rusty, ex∣cept it be made use of. Let the Governor often see him do his Exercises, whose presence will make him and the Masters more diligent and care∣ful: and if sometimes he happens to be ill-dispo∣sed, let him put it off till another time; provided it falls out so but seldom; for being so released, he will return to't with more vigor and chearfulness. He must be taught to have a respect for all his Ma∣sters whatsoever, and thankfully to receive their advice when they tell him of his faults.

And now I am upon this subject, the Governor himself must be very prudent in••t; for this is a delicate matter, most men loving to be praised, but not corrected and censured of their faults: in this he must use a very great dexterity, he lying between two extreams to discharge his duty in telling him of his failings, yet not exasperate him. If the young man was sensible that what advice is given him tends to his good, there would be no need of so many niceties, nor of so many cau∣tions to be used: but the temper of several be∣ing like that of some horses, which receiving a sudden check of the bridle, draw back, grow un∣ruly, and play a thousand tricks; so they flie out, and cannot endure to be told what is amiss in them, which is an infallible sign of a bad nature: Hereupon he must observe these three things, the

first must be a protestation of his real zeal and af∣fection to his Service, which puts him upon tel∣ling him something for his good; having thus prepared him, he must gently and civilly tell him what the matter is; But thirdly, he must tell it in private, and take his time when he sees him in a good humour, and fit to receive advise. Other times when he often sees him fall into a fault, he is to find out some Story of one or other subject to the same fault, which he ought to exaggerate as much as can be, and thereby make him who committed it ridiculous, ever speaking of a third person, which a young man can hear very patiently, and observe it too; but if he should come home and say to him, You are the man, perhaps he could not endure it; but when he hath done all that he can, and yet he will not mend, he must be patient, knowing he hath done his Part, and remember, That which cannot be cured, must be endured, though a pru∣dent man will lay hold upon advantages some∣times he receives from one occasion or other, and then he giveth advice with success; but let both the Gentleman and his Governor know this, that in every thing a decorum ought to be obser∣ved.

As we all have failings, so we must seek to know and find them out; and when we have, 'tis not enough to hide and conceal them, we ought first mend and leave them off, for else they still remain and keep us in a continual danger.

But one of the most essential parts of the Of∣fice of a Governor is to neglect no occasion of instructing his Charge in every thing which is fit for him to know, whensoever he is with him,

whether sitting or walking, he must loose no time, but give him good and wholesome advice, infusing into him principles of Piety and Virtue, to make him loath and abhor Vice, improving his understanding by the light and knowledge he imparts to him of things; when he seeth him do well he must commend and encourage him, and make him know his error when he is in the wrong, he is to be told of so many things, and there is such a variety of occasions to speak, that certainly an ingenious man will not want matter to entertain him with, the Stock of a Scholar and a Traveller cannot ea∣sily be exhausted, and though it were only certain things which may very well be told over again and again; every thing a man seeth, or any he hears will afford matter of speech, and one may reflect upon't; and make some spiritual, na∣tural, moral, or political application of, and obser∣vation upon; and rather than to say nothing, I will tell him Stories to divert him, which will make him love my company, render my person acceptable to him, delight to be with me, and so upon occasion to take my advice; for let others say what they please, a loving, civil, and obliging carriage will go nigh to win him, or else he must be of a strange humour, which yet I deny not to be possible. One thing which I would be constantly informing of him of, is the State of Affairs in Europe in gener••l, and of every Na∣tion in particular, beginning at home, continuing by our Neighbors, and ending by those who are far off

From time to time, he ought to give Parents an account of the young mans carriage and im∣provement,

and in case he hath sometimes no good to write, he ought to mitigate things, and not mention every petty trifle he doth amiss in: one must be very careful and tender not to make division between Father and Son, between whom natural affection at last will awake; 'tis a good work to settle a good correspondency between them, but withal the young man must help, the Tu∣tor alone cannot do't; for if his carriage were extra∣vagant, it would destroy the good opinion he is willing to give of him, and would make the fa∣vourable Character pass for a lye, or at least a flattery; but in this are many intrigues depend∣ing upon accidents, to be left to the Prudence of the Governor, and which is not fit to declare, because they could not sute with the case of eve∣ry one.

Hitherto I shewed what a Gentlemen being abroad, ought to learn and know: Now I am to speak of what he must learn and do, and how he must behave himself. Saint Paul reduces it under three Heads, To live in this World soberly,* 1.12 justly, and reli∣giously; by sobriety he understands our whole duty concerning our selves, by justice or righteousness that which hath relation to our Neighbors, and by Religion, that which we owe to God, in whom he will have us to end, and begin with our selves, so to continue by our Neighbors; for except we be well disposed in our selves, we cannot be so towards others,* 1.13 and less towards God; Wash your selves, cleanse your hands, then draw nigh to me, faith the Lord. These are essential Duties and necessary to be

practised by us upon all occasions: and though this be a command affirmative, yet it includes a negative one: not to infringe sobriety, justice, or piety at no time nor place; which negative pre∣cepts do oblige one, semper & ad semper. All men in what Countrey soever are generally obliged to the observation of this.

But other things there are more particular than this, relating only to a civil life, consisting in some fashions and customs of Countries; for herein one Nation differs from another, which a Traveller ought to study, follow, and practise: this diffe∣rence in some parts is greater, in others lesser; these must be learned by him who is willing to go into company, else he would appear absurd and ridiculous: and though it is not to be expected that a stranger should be perfect in the customs of a Countrey, as he who is born and bred in't, yet it is to be supposed they will labour to be infor∣med of them. For a time one ought to leave off his Countrey fashions, to practise those of the Na∣tions he conver••es with; for 'tis more fit and easie for one or few men, and strangers, to conform themselves to the ways of a whole Town, Pro∣vince, or Kingdom, than for a whole Nation to learn those of a particular man, or of few, which yet some are so unreasonable as to desire and dis∣like any thing which is not exactly as they have it at home: This may well be called the disease of their own Countrey, whence they brought it, and which they will have to attend them through the whole course of their Travels. Certainly they are no wise men, who say, what care I for such fashions and customs; which is the same as to say, I matter not to make my self ridiculous, and to

do th••ngs wh•••••• are absurd, one thing is well in one place, and amiss in another. As for instance, here in England the manner is for the Master of the house to go in before a stranger; this would pass for a very great incivility in France: so here the Lady or Mistress of the house uses to sit at the up∣per end of the Table, which in France is given to strangers: so if we be many in a company, we make no scruple to drink all out of a Glass, or a Tankard, which there they are not used to do: and if a Servant would offer to give them a Glass before it was washed every time they drink, they would be angry at it: Here when a man is snee∣zing, we say nothing to him, but there they would look upon't as a want of civility. Again, we use in England upon a Journey now and then to ask one another how we do; but in France they do no such thing: amongst them that question would answer to this, what aileth you that you look so ill? I could make a long enumeration of such things, and other obvious, when a man hath so∣ciety with people in that Countrey; for not on∣ly every Kingdom, but also every Province or Shire, and almost every Town hath some such particular thing, and some reason for't, which one is not to trouble himself about, provided he hath the ground of the general customs of France, Ita∣ly, and other parts when he is in them.

A man's carriage in the street ought to be well composed, and according to the usual way of the place; in some, if they see one walking extraor∣dinarily slow, they will say he hath the Gout: in others, I have seen people walk so fast, that one might have thought they were running for a Do∣ctor, or a Midwife. The Italian and Spanish Na∣tions

walk with great gravity, and would see o∣thers do so too. Some going through the streets, gaze and stare as if they were fallen from the Clouds, or had never ••een Men, Houses, or Shops; others wag their head so much, jugg so their hands, and are so discomposed in their whole mo∣tion, that one would think they are wild or mad: Another sort there is of those who seem to go o••t into the street a purpose to see what other men do, or wear; such a man's Hat, say they, doth not sit well, his Cloaths ar•• not fashionable, the Lace of his Cravate is old, his Shooes are worn out, and such busie-bodies observations, that one would think they are authorized to be publick censors of these things. Others as they go, talk as loud as if they were speaking to deaf men, and that too in their own language, as if they had a mind to make people take notice they are strangers, and yet do not mind, or else scorn to return civility to those who shew it to them, with putting o••f their Hats, or otherwise.

A good behaviour at Table, is, to me, a strong proof of a good Education: here a Gentleman must put a difference between him and a Clown. Grace being said, and civility ended, about pla∣ces, I mean when a man is a stranger in a place; for else every one knows his own, or else they will indifferently seat any where, still paying civility to him who is much above the rest, a handsome liberty is to be used. In France they hardly admit of any Ceremonies, the bashful countenance of some at Table ought to be put off, Forks are a neat invention therefore to be used to avoid greasing hands, with laying them upon the meat: having occasion of passing the hand before others, one

must do't as seldom as he can; and when he doth, he is to crave pardon for the trouble from him he gives it to, and to make clean his spoon before he puts it in the dish, after he hath taken it out of his mouth. Sometimes I have seen Gluttons, and a rude sort of people, who, as soon as a dish is set down upon the Table, snap all they can out of it, as if they were afraid to want and starve; one can see often as much upon their plate, as there is in the dish; not considering that others as well as they must have their share: then leaning one or both elbows upon the Table, like pigs they hang their mouth over the plate, and with both hands to the mouth, greedily devour that which so un∣civilly they have taken. Thus ••atisfying their gluttony, they mind neither decency nor their health; little heeding whether such a kind of meat, and such a quantity of fruit will not give a sur∣feit to their stomach; for some raw fruits are dan∣gerous, as well as meat hard to be digested: they also will sin against sobriety with immoderate d••inking, thereby inflaming their blood and liver; and do not mind how at Table, men ought to have good and profitable discourse. In my Travels I have been in places where people are very neat in their houses, in linnen, plate, and dressing of meat; but as nasty in the eating as others are in the dres∣sing of it: but as Gentlemen are not the Cooks, they cannot help when 'tis nastily dressed; but it is in their power to eat it cleanly. It is not good to be over-nice in his diet abroad, yet 'tis a great sa∣tisfaction to sit at Table with clean linnen, knives, spoons, forks, and plate.

Furthermore, the Governor must be careful of his Gentleman's conversation, which is of two

sorts; one improperly called to converse with the dead, and the other with the living, is pro∣perly so named: to converse with the dead is to read Books; herein he must be as cautious of what Books he reads, as what company he fre∣quents: evil company doth debauch the body, and evil Books do corrupt the mind, causing that er∣ror in judgment which bad men do cause in the practice. A great deal of good hath been done by good Books, and much evil and mischief caused by evil ones: Some are so dangerous, that cun∣ningly and inperceptibly they infuse a poison into the mind and heart of the readers. This was a known truth to Primitive Christi∣ans,* 1.14 who being converted to the Gospel, brought all curious Books they had and burned them. When once a man is used to read prophane and dishonest things, he will easily be brought to practise them; wherefore it should be the Governors care to see he reads no dangerous Book to shake him in his Religion; for this, without exception, ought to be his chief care to keep him stedfast to his Religion, nor any pro∣phane, obscenous, and others apt to corrupt good manners.

There is abroad a sort of Books called Roman∣ces, which have been occasion of much talk pro and con; some saying they are curious and inno∣cent Books, which upon several accounts may prove beneficial; for therein Virtue and Vice are set down; the first to be followed, the other a∣voided: besides that, the chief subject of them is grounded upon History; what ornaments it re∣ceives from art▪ they rather add to, than take from the beauty of it, as it is with Poetry. A modern

Author in France stands much in the defence of these sort of Books, he and his Si∣ster having written several in that kind.* 1.15 On the other side, other good pens have cried them down for corrupters of good manners; teaching Ladies to give meetings to their Gallants, run away from their Parents, &c. But to give every one his due, the invention, elegancy, style, and purity of the Language are to be commended, as far as I know, no body doubts of the two last: as to the former, when the Author undertakes to give the Chara∣cter of a proud, ambitious, amorous, constant, cruel, base, and perfidious; or of a wise, witty, generous, and valiant man, he carries on well his design, and the Author makes him act his part well: But on the other side, passi∣ons are so represented to the life,* 1.16 that it works them into the heart of the Reader, which naturally being disposed to receive evil rather than good, entertains the first, and neg∣lects the last; specially when they are in the hands of weak brains; who seeing their passions flattered with a good success, at last, though through many crosses, they are encouraged to follow them, and will soon imagine themselves able to perform what others are therein said to have done. But if one hath a mind to know the way of them, he must read with this caution, that many things in them are not true, and consequently are for recreation rather than for instruction: no doubt but that some good and some evil are to be learned out of them: but if the harm that springs from that read∣ing

is greater than the good one can get by it, 'tis prudence to forbear reading them, specially youth, which easily receives impressions; but if they be read, let it be with moderation, seldom and with∣out application, except it be for the Language; for certainly, reading of them much, steals some of our precious time, which might be better em∣ployed: yet a Gentleman may be informed of what manner of Books these are, so as not to be altogether ignorant of them when he happens to be in a place and company where such things are to be spoken of: but let him do't so warily, as to fear being poisoned therewith; and like dogs in Egypt, which never stop when they lap in Nilus, for fear of Crocodiles that are in't.

The Tutor also is as much as in him lies to see he reads no Books which contain unsound and Heterodox Principles, or able to lead them to sin∣ful practises; such are some Books of Jesuites, which hold any error in judgment, under the Doctrine of Probability; that is, if one single Do∣ctor hath advanced an opinion never so false, or erroneous, it is probable he was in the right, and so, men may believe it with a safe conscience. Other Books of Jesuites do countenance any sin∣ful practice, and corrupt wholly morality, under the notion and Doctrine of Directing the Intention: Thus one is allowed to steal, not to deprive others of their own, but with an intent to serve his oc∣casions, and relieve his wants. These things are clearly set down in the Book, called the Mystery of Iesuitism, and at large in another, entituled, The Morals of Iesuites; both translated out of French.

Now I must speak of Conversation, properly so called; though to distinguish it from the other, it

was named conversation with the living: This is one o•• the most important things a Traveller hath to do; man, as I said somewhere else, being a so∣ciable creature, ought to seek for company to en∣joy the benefit of society: therefore it must be a Governors care to find him such company as is good and fit for him; and by this one may see what an advantage it is for those Gentlemen whose Governors know the Language and ways of the Countrey, and are already acquainted, then they are not to seek as others, so as to need being intro∣duced themselves; however he ought to shew him company by degrees, and not all at once: for he would be like those, who having been a while in the dark, when upon a sudden they come to the light, have their eyes dazled with it; he must begin with inferior persons, as it were, to enter him, and see how he will behave himself in't; for with such he is more free: and it is not requi∣red he should observe himself altogether so much as when he is with people of Quality; but in those sorts of companies I would not have him to stop very long for fear of contracting some of those imperfections which often do attend persons of that kind.

But before he engageth far in company, he must first know in general, the temper of the Nation, then the particular of the persons he is to be ac∣quainted with: the former is known by the testi∣mony of those who have been a long while a∣mongst that Nation, or out of ones own experi∣ence. Thus the temper of the French Nation is free, bold, jovial, witty, and civil; besides, they are branded with rashness and inconstancy. The particular temper he may get information about

from his friends who introduce him, from whom also, upon occasion he may be instructed of par∣ticular customs, and how he ought to behave him∣self upon some accounts. When he is once resol∣ved to go into company, he must be sure to keep neat and clean his face, hair, hands, and to have handsome and fashionable cloaths, yet without vain and superfluous singularity or affectation, ha∣ving nothing contrary to modesty or decency; for 'tis a general rule, that a mans temper is com∣monly known by his dress, wherein is sometimes set forth much of extravagancy, for the proverb saith, The Bird is known by his Feathers. Men by the outward shew often judging of the inward incli∣nation and capacity: One must not be too forward to invent new fashions, or to add to those that are already introduced: as for instance, if the mode be to wear one single knot of Riband, he must not have twenty; if when others wear but one Feather, he would have five or six, he would be accounted a phantastical man; but withal, he must not follow the mode too far off, to use little narrow bands, when others have them broad and deep, or to wear a high crowned hat, when the fa∣shion is to have it low: To all these things there is a middle way, which certainly is the best and wisest, and not to be so singular as to wear thick cloth in Summer, or silk or thin stuffs in Winter, contrary to the rule and practise of others. By all means avoid being singular in your ways, cu∣stom is a great tyrant, and not to be ac∣counted a fool, a man is to follow the common folly.

One saith well, that Meditation and Reading make a man learned, Writing makes him exact,

and conversation ready: for a man used to com∣pany, hath often occasion to discourse upon seve∣ral subjects, whereby he acquires a facility of ex∣pressing himself, and confidence to see and speak with others, without blushing or bashfulness: it inspires also a desire of pleasing and getting the esteem and approbation of those he frequents: whence it is, that he will observe his cloaths, stu∣dy his words, and compose his gestures. It is true, that in this he will take pains, more or less, accord∣ing as he likes the company; for the tempers of men are so different, and there is such a variety of humors, that certainly there must be, as it is, a greater conformity to, and liking of some than others. Hence it is, and also by reason of an anti∣pathy, that a man will hate the company of ano∣ther upon the very first sight, which another will love the reason of this contrariety not being vi∣sible, but occult or hidden.

It is then a beneficial thing for a Gentleman, when it can be done in a strange Countrey, to see company; but let him frequent persons of Quali∣ty, by whom he may well be informed of affairs, and of whom he will learn a gentile, and a good behaviour; and when he is known to frequent the chief and best companies in a Town, upon this account every one will shew him respect: he will also do well to be acquainted with another sort of choice persons, considerable, not so much for their birth and quality, as for their Virtue, Merits, Parts, and abilities, for to learn how to carry himself well in all kinds of company, he must see the variety of them, and learn how to comply with all manner of humors and tempers, yet excluding a vicious and sinful compliance;

for as in every man there is some thing particular, so in every company he will find and observe that which he will hardly meet with in another; and to know well the several tempers of men, is, doubt∣less a very considerable advantage; also to have over himself such a power as to become grave and serious with men of that temper: on the contrary, merry and jovial with those who are such.

But in France, they have a priviledge not to be enjoyed by strangers, in Spain, Italy, Germany, &c. which is, to converse with virtuous Women, and of quality; the manner of French Breeding ad∣mitting a mixture of both Sexes; out of which, for the most part, results an excellent Behaviour and Education: that Nation is so fully persuaded of this, that they believe a man cannot be well ci∣vilized without it: this is an universal practise in that Kingdom, from the highest to the lowest, which their wise, serious, and learned men do also follow: this is the way there for men to be cried up; and it is observed, that people is more courte∣ous, a••fable, and polished, where this custom is pre∣valent, than in others where it is not: upon this ground runs that French Breeding so much appro∣ved of, and sought after by Foreign Nations, who send thither their Children to be instructed, and receive part of their Education: hence also ariseth that civility they shew to strangers, who enjoy there more priviledges, and have more liberty to come to Court to publick shews, and to some other places, than several of their own Nation; so that for the most part a stranger is admitted, when a French man, who is not well known, is excluded: therefore let not other Nations blame this custom,

because it is not their own; for every custom doth not sute with every temper or Nation: and if Spa∣niards and Italians had introduced it, may be they had had not so many grounds of jealousie as they have; for virtue and liberty not only may, but al∣so very often do consist together: but a Traveller or other particular man must not undertake to condemn a custom approved by a whole Nation, received and continued for several hundreds of years. Now whatsoever I say to this, is not to approve or condemn that practise, seeing I am but a particular man, who must not think to make others subscribe to his opinion: I speak only as to matters of fact, and relate things as they are, not minding much what either licentious or scru∣pulous humor will say to't.

However, not to be silent upon this subject, I will say something of it upon these grounds: to love and have a respect for women is natural to men, and that such a love and respect may well consist with vertue and honesty, I hope none will be so unreasonable as to deny. Now this general inclination being strengthened with the particular knowledge one hath of the merits and virtue of some persons of that Sex, the heart will not long be able to keep within that esteem and affection, but will seek for some ways to express it, which begins with a desire to please: and as the intenti∣ons are pure, so the means made use of to please, will be innocent and commendable; otherwise they would not answer their end and might hap∣pen to displease instead of pleasing: the usual ways to please, are, civility, meekness, humility, generosity, compliance, &c. which are all virtues necessary and essential to a Gentleman: besides

that, this Sex having not the ferocity and rude∣ness which are in many persons of ours, they who are subject to't, must leave it before they come in∣to the company of Ladies; the generality of that Sex being mild and delicate, specially they who had a good breeding, which is ordinary to most persons of quality; so that considering the Sex, the quality and merits of those into whose com∣pany a man comes, I leave you to judge of the care he will take to be welcome to them: and this is not all, for most of those persons have a great deal of wit, most of them from their infancy being used to be in the company of those who have understanding and experience, at∣tending on their Mothers, Sisters, &c. when they make or receive visits; so that of ne∣cessity in time they must be brought to a good frame, fit for a delightful and profitable conversation: besides that, as the world goes, if one hath a mind to hear news, or affairs, he can find in womens company wherewith to satisfie himself; there being hardly any intrigues in Towns, Provinces, Courts, and several King∣doms, but they have a hand in't; and sometimes a publick Minister will as well speed in his Ma∣sters concerns, by courting Ladies, as by frequent∣ing Ministers of State. Within these fifty years al∣most whole Europe hath been once governed by the authority or counsel of women; so that by their means several men have made their fortune, which is more than a civil carriage, and the Lan∣guage to be learned in their company: who then can after this be against frequenting their compa∣ny when they are well qualified, seeing with them we also can enjoy that of men.

According to what I said somewhere else, there ought to be a choice in matter of company; there is no society in multitude, the faces of men who meet in numbers, make no more impression in us than of those we see in a dream; the sound of their words can be distinguished no better than the noise caused by the fall of great waters: one is to look for a society innocent and delightful, able to perfect our mind and other faculties, to bring them into a good frame, and to divert it in persons we intend often to be with: we must look for the same qualifications which Platonical Laws require in those who pretend to Priesthood, namely, to be whole and sound in body, mind, and manners, born of honest Parents.

Having shewed of what persons the company is necessary, I must now give ••ome rules how the young Gentleman is to behave himself in't: First, coming into the place where the company is, he must remember to practise the rules he was taught by his Dancing-master, modestly, and without af∣fectation, yet with some difference, according to the high or low quality of the persons he salutes, the carriage and gestures of his body, to be so well composed as to be far from any shew of vanity or bravery; the first visits usually are of ceremony, and so short and serious, yet witty upon occasion, or of affairs, whereby it must be regulated. In this point are several circumstances, which ought to be ordered according to the custom of the Countrey wherein they do differ.

In the second place he must be careful of what he saith; he must never begin any discourse of Re∣ligion when he is with those of a contrary, for ••ear of bringing troubles upon himself; this mat∣ter,

most men being apt to be hot upon. St. Paul exhorteth to avoid vain disputes, though the sub∣ject of Religion be the most important that can be spoken of; yet disputes of Travellers are usu∣ally vain, as to the success of it; no good comes from such disputes, most men being for the Reli∣gion they were born, bred, and instructed in; and after whole days of such disputes, every one re∣tains his own, and all that hath been said upon it are words in the air, except it be when a man seems disposed to hear, and be better informed than hitherto he hath been: but when a man dis∣courses of Religion meerly to bring another to embrace his own, such disputes commonly prove fruitless. When a man hath such an itching de∣••ire to talk of ••uch things, let it be of those Ar∣ticles wherein we do not differ: though we dif∣fer in theory, and about means, we agree in the practise, and about the end; namely, that we ought to live well, if we desire to die well; that to be saved, we must believe in Christ: and in case others would provoke him to speak of Reli∣gion, may be with an intent one way or other to bring him into snares, he must say he is satisfied in his own; therefore desires no disputes about it: only he prayes God to enlighten his under∣standing, to the end he may more and more know his holy mind and will; saying with David, Lord teach me thy ways, and I will walk in thy truth; teach me to fear▪ thy name, and I will praise and glo∣rifie it with my whole heart.

Thirdly, he is carefully to observe the matter of his discourse; not to say any thing that's im∣pious, prophane, dishonest, or unbecoming; let

them all be seasoned with the salt of prudence; avoid saying any thing where those who are pre∣sent or absent may be offended, and take excepti∣on: Indeed the common vice of companies is to speak of the life, manners, and employments of our Neighbours, and ill of it too for the most part. Beware when thou speakest ill of another, whe∣ther thou be not guilty of the same thing thou condemnest him for: avoid also idle words which we are to give an account of. If we use to chuse our meat, let much more our words be tried; for if we examine the meat that goeth into our mouth, we ought to do the like of the word that comes out of it; which often causes greater disturban∣ces in families, than meat in the ••tomach: Again, let words be plain and clear without equivocation or ambiguity; sometimes a word mis-understood and mis-reported, will cause a quarrel: More∣over, let one's discourse upon a subject be to the purpose; for he who speaks of that he under∣stands not, or at random, will suffer blame instead of the praise he expected. Others fall into this inconvenience, out of another cause, which is, that some bring their bodies into company, but leave their wits and minds at home; so that whilst the company speaketh of one thing, they rave of another; and often upon a sudden, returning to themselves, they will speak to that which they hardly heard, or else have the incivility to make others speak over again that which was spoken before. Let a man speak of things fit, and ada∣pted to the company he is with; it were not proper to talk of Philosophy or Mathematicks in a company of Ladies, nor of Balls, Dances, and such pieces of Gallantry in the presence of wise

and grave Senators, and Doctors. Furthermore, let him know,

Virtutum primam esse puta compescere linguam, Proximus ille Deo qui scit ratione tacere.* 1.17

Therefore let his words be few, for there is sin in the multitude of words; and so let too much talking be avoided. Socrates wish∣ed in his Disciples discretion, silence,* 1.18 and modesty, contrary to impru∣dence, pratling and impudence; that second Vice usually containeth the other two;* 1.19 and 'tis certainly better not to speak at all, than to speak amiss. To the nine Muses, Nima Pompilius, added one he na∣med Tacita, or silent; to shew that though all Sciences were in one, without silence they would prove useless. Indeed, as it is a great wisdom to hide his passions, and discover those of other men, so it is to speak little, and hear much; for whilst fools have their heart upon the tongue, wise men keep their tongue in the heart: These know how to keep a secret which they are trusted with, and which to them is a sacred thing, but the others are uncapable of it. Herein I am not so unjust as to advise one to leave off speaking, only I wish him to order his words, and observe what he is to say, and to take his time; for there is a time to speak, and a time to be silent, specially about cer∣tain matters. The advantage of silence is clear; he who speaks empties himself, but he who hears fills himself.

Let his words be also true, that is, for what he knows; for to tell a lie is one thing, and to lie is another: one may tell a lie, thinking it to be a truth, when he hath been mis-informed; but to lie, implies an intention to deceive the hearer: This distinction was well observed by Nigidius,* 1.20 as related by Aulus Gellius, An honest man takes care not to be a lyar, and the prudent man not to tell a lye. An honest, or as So∣lomon saith,* 1.21 A righteous man hateth lying The credit of a man is the truth of his words; without it he is accounted base and unworthy, not fit to keep company with honest men; when he is known to be a lyar, he is not believed, though he speaks the truth. Our Saviour would not suffer the Devils to confess him to be the Son of God, for fear this truth should be suspected coming out of their mouth; ••o that when a man is come to that, I account him lost in his reputation, having thereby declared himself the true son of the Devil, who is a lyar from the beginning: therefore whensoever a man speaks, let him say the truth, though he be not always bound to declare it; nor the whole truth, which often 'tis prudence to conceal. Charitably one must not tell the Vices of others, specially of Pa∣rents, Patrum pudenda non detega∣mus,* 1.22 saith a Doctor, as did Ham: A Son must not say his Father is a Drunkard, though it be true; but still I say, let all sorts of lyes be avoided, whether it be jucun∣dum, officiosum, or perniciosum, pleasant, profitable, or hurtful; for if one uses himself to any of these, he will easily pass to the practise of the rest. It is a

trouble to lye, and requires much of memory; it is easier to frame within us a real image of that which is, than a false idol of what is not so: truth can well be expressed without art or affectation, but a lye stands in need of both. Above all, let a man in his discourses avoid that horrid and un∣profitable sin of Swearing; all other Vices have something of profit or pleasure to plead for, but this hath no such pretences; only a wicked mind, and a desperate custom. But will not God be avenged on those who call him to be a witness to a lye, with taking his name in vain, and forswear∣ing themselves? He is called not only to be a wit∣ness to what is agreed upon, but also to be aven∣ger of the perjury when it is committed. His name is called in to help one man to cheat another, an affront which he will not forgive: Let Zedechia••, the two of the ten, who broke their word to An∣nibal and Vladislaus be witnesses of it, and let an Heathen, a Regulus shame and condemn such ones.

Let also a Gentleman avoid speaking ill or well of himself,* 1.23 no great danger of the first, but much of the last: and when there is a necessary occasion for't, let him do it modestly and sparingly. They who take a plea∣sure to speak of their exploits, and to be trum∣pets of their own praises, are laught at in compa∣ny, and at last are a burthen to those whom they converse with: but alas, who can make an exact enumeration of the defects creeping into the mat∣ter of mans conversation: some trouble the head of those whose company they keep with news of what passes in their Street and Parish; others make the ears ring with the miseries of the times

and sufferings of people; some talk of nothing but of the weather, others of War, and in a Cham∣ber they take Towns, overthrow Armies, and de∣cide of the fortune of Kings; others can speak of nothing but of mirth, eating, drinking, or of cloaths a la mode; others of their Travels, Books, Horses, of Building, Hunting, Hawking, Cour∣sing, and of thousands of such things: those who constantly are talking of one thing, and never but of that thing, are the plague and persecutors of reasonable persons. I would have a man able to discourse upon all these, but in due time and place. As there is no man infallible, so none ought to be too positive, peremptory, or obstinate in his opini∣ons.

I must not forget to warn our Gentleman to compose his body so as to commit no absurdity in his posture, no more than in his discourse. When he is in company, he must forbear talking to him∣self, muttering between his lips, often ••pitting, nodding with his head, pointing the finger, leaning on his elbow, crossing of his legs, sudden and fre∣quent turning of the eyes, looking awry, shutting his eyes, or looking upon the ground when he speaks, instead of modestly casting them upon the person he speaks to, frowning, making mouths and faces, a perpetual motion and disquietness of the body: and generally he ought to forbear any thing which is sign of lightness, threatning, an∣ger, or of an inward fretting or disturbance. So when he walks in or out of the room, let him handsomely carry his body, avoiding every unbe∣coming gesture, and that lofty walking of some who seem to have a mind to make the ground tremble under them, the best way is ever the most

natural, which is no ways to be forced or counter∣feit, except (as it falls out with some) it be ridi∣culous, or hath a particular reason for it; as the office or profession of some men that requires a greater gravity, which yet must not be affected, nor with ostentation.

Hitherto I shewed how a young Gentleman may learn good, now I must teach him how to a∣void evil: this is the whole of man, to do good, and flie from evil. Phy••icians do reduce their whole art to the practice of these two words, tene & abstine; so there are things which a Traveller must follow, and others which he must abstain from. I have advised him to go into good com∣pany; now my work is to dissuade him from keeping that which is bad: many a one hath been undone by bad company, and evil counsel, which attend one another: for though a wicked man be sometimes able to give good counsel which he takes not himself, it is so by accident; for the spring being corrupt, the streams cannot be whole∣some: To know good is one thing, and to do it is another▪ the former being easier than the la∣ter. Of things to be avoided, some are evil by ac∣cident, and others are so of their nature: things indifferent in themselves happen through some accident or circumstance, to produce some incon∣venience upon which account prudent men will forbear it: this happeneth when men fall into the extreams of it, that is, to an excess, or to a de∣fect, when men use a thing too much, or too lit∣tle. Thus to walk or to play at some games, is a thing which may be done; but if a man doth it too long, or follows it too much, there is an ex∣cess in't: and this is to be avoided, because it cau∣ses

him to lose other occasions; not the use, but the abuse of it: so of eating or drinking, which are necessary, or of eating of such a meat, or drinking of such a liquor, which are indifferent things; there can be an excess of eating or drink∣ing too much of it, or a defect when some out of an extraordinary grief forbear eating, as if they intended to starve themselves: or when a Doctor prescribes Physick, the dose he hath prescribed must not be increased nor diminished; too much, or too little make it bad, one over-works nature, the other sets it at work, but helps it not.

I may say the same of some companies, which may be frequented, but with measure, and with∣in bounds: amongst several I could name of this kind, I will only mention that of a Traveller's Countrey-men, who if they be sober and civil Gentlemen, may well be frequented; yet with moderation: for one must not be too often with them, wich is a hinderance to the end for which we travel abroad, to learn the language and fashi∣ons, which is not to be gotten in our Countrey-mens company; or else one had better to stay at home, and save charges: they may be seen and visited as much as is decent, convenient, and ne∣cessary to shew we have a respect for them; but if they be debauched, their company is absolutely (though handsomely and civilly) to be avoided, it being more dangerous than that of any other Nation whatsoever: and this I say generally for Travellers of whatsoever Nation they are: for when there is abroad a familiarity and friendship between some of the same Countrey, that conside∣ration of the Countrey gives them a greater influ∣ence of one upon another: and thus with greater

ease they can spoil one another; for he who gives a bad example is capable of giving bad coun••el, but anon I intend to say more of this.

Amongst the several sorts of bad company, I would have one chiefly to be avoided, which may be called wicked; it is of those who are known to be of, and to profess impious, atheistical, and prophane Principles, who notoriously do give up themselves to vice, who live as if there was no God,* 1.24 or whose God is their belly; as the Apostle speaks: but withal, whose end is destruction; a sad doom: of these a Poet saith,

Et quibus in solo vivendi causa palato est.* 1.25

Men who glory in their shame, who like Swine wallow themselves in their mire, and who like Dogs return publickly to their vomit, being past shame and feeling: the company of such is more carefully to be avoided, than of those who have the Plague, which only can kill the body, but that infects also and destroys the soul. After this I need not mention another loss considerable in it ••elf, but not in comparison of this which is the loss of reputation and approbation of honest and worthy men: a long frequentation hath the same effect as precepts: and though it were possible for one to preserve himself from their corruption; yet still people will say, Noscitur ex sociis qui non cognoscitur ex se, and similis simili gaudet.

There is another sort not so bad as the former, but sufficiently bad to do mischief; they go ano∣ther way to work; and at the first sight they ap∣pear not to be what they are; but they are care∣ful

not to give a publick offence, but after a short time of acquaintance they will make themselves known to be debauch'd and vicious; yea, and some cheats and trapanners: now a tender spirit not well grounded or confirmed in the Principles and ways of Virtue, will be shaken and perver∣ted by the suggestions of such, and he will hardly have strength enough to resist the violence of Vi∣ces, which in great numbers will crowd upon him; therefore he who hath a mind to be good, must not go into the company of evil men: for Ioseph himself learned in Egypt to swear by the life of Pharaoh.

I said elsewhere that every Nati∣on hath some particular Vices and Vertues;* 1.26 experience teacheth us, that drunkenness is predominant in the North, and North-east parts of Europe, as Luxury is the Master sin of the South, and South-west parts of it. Now it is a sad case, when a North Countrey Gentleman co∣ming into Spain, or Italy; not only learns the Vi∣ces of those Countries, but also practises those of his own: to do't, he must have some of his own Countrey-men, who have learned that fashion at home, and are loth and unwilling to forget it: See here the inconveniency of frequenting abroad his own Countrey-men, for in all Italy and Spain you can hardly find ten men to drink and fuddle with Strangers. When a young man hath so great a mind to be with his Countrey-men, it were better for him to stay at home; but when he finds some sober and civil person, he may sometimes keep company with such an one if they be willing to forbear speaking their mother tongue, and falling

into any evil courses; though except they be near relations, or very good friends, they will do well to be civil, but not very familiar one with another. Hereupon it must be the Governors pru∣dence to prevent such acquaintances as are atten∣ded with inconveniences; or at least let him take heed lest his charge be the worse for it: and as sometimes there is a necessity to remove, Parents must take care ever to have them supplied before∣hand with monies.

Let drunkenness be avoided, and the compa∣ny of those who by their example entice one to it. This Vice not only suspends the use of reason, and maketh it forfeited for a time; but also it renders men worse than beasts: Let a Horse, an Ox, or a Dog be led to the water, they will drink no more than they have need of, do what you can to them; because nature is thereby satisfied: but some men will force their own to take that which it wants not, and which it cannot bear; and is often for∣ced with pains to be disburthened of: Hence arise Head-aches, indigestion of Stomach, Surfeits, Gouts, Dropsies, Apoplexies, and many other di∣stempers, which do precipitate a man into his Grave. If men in drink could see their faces, their looks, their reeling and staggering postures; hear their stammerings, and non-sensical discour∣ses, they would be ashamed so to abuse themselves, and the creatures which God hath given them to be used with sobriety and thanksgiving. Why should they be prostituted to the passion and inordinate lust of those who as St. Paul saith,* 1.27 make the whole work of Creation sigh and groan, and expose it to that bondage, out of which it shall at last be

delivered. Drunkenness is the cause of most or all mischiefs: hence come quarrels, blows, wounds, bruises, and often death. Who hath woe?* 1.28 who hath sorrow? who hath contentions, babling, wounds without cause, redness of eyes, they that tarry long at the wine, &c. This Vice is commonly the fomenter of Luxury; for Sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus, it is as the bait to it; and what wood is to the fire, that same drunkenness and gluttony are to Luxu∣ry: therefore one said well,

Tollas ligna foco si vis extinguere flammas, Si veneris motus, otia, vina, dapes.

Horace having said of Hercules,* 1.29 Multa tulit fecitque puer sudavit & alsit, addeth the Verse immediattly following, Abstinuit venere & vino. —He abstained from wo∣men and wine, as of two great enemies to virtu∣ous men.

It is said of one, who one day being asked which of these three sins he thought to be the least, Drunkenness; Murther of a Father, or In∣cest, answered, Drunkenness, which he being gi∣ven to, one night he went home drunk, went in and lay with his Mother, whilst she was asleep, and then killed his Father for censuring of him. Whether or not this was true, it matters not much; but this is a certain truth, how a drunken man is capable of doing or suffering any possible mischief. It is a wonder if a man given to this Vice be good in any relation; he is apt to kill, to steal, to commit Adultery, to play his Estate away; he is unfit for any employment: He who cannot

rule himself, is not able to govern others, nor to manage any affair, whether publick or private; for he cannot keep a secret, whether his own or another man••, in vino veritas: when he is known to be given to drink, others will play upon him in that way, and pump out what he hath in his heart. History both ancient and modern affords us ex∣amples of great and important designs which mis∣carried through this; which although it be every where a vile vice, yet 'tis more dangerous abroad than at home: for where a man is known, others will bear with him when he is in such fits, and not much heed what he saith or doth; but in Fo∣reign parts, strangers will not suffer the extrava∣gancies which men commit when they are in this condition, but will chastise them for't. St. Paul saith, they who are drunken, are drunken in the night, because darkness hides the vice, and frees them from the shame; but these seem to brave all the world, committing it in the sight of the Sun, and go abroad only, as it were, to let other Nati∣ons see how vicious they are, which is a great dishonour to themselves, and disparagement to the Nation they are of; for others will be apt to think there is many such others in their Country: wherefore as they tender the credit of their Na∣tion, the honor of their Family, and their own re∣putation; if they pretend to any, let them avoid drunkenness, whereby their life is every day in danger, and jeopardy: and if they will be drunk, let them be so at home, and not do that wrong to sober persons of their own Nation, whom thus they cause to be thought to be such as they are, being all Country-men; if they have not the fear of God before their eyes, who excludeth drun∣kards

from the Kingdom of Heaven; let them tremble at the dangers which every day hang over their heads, they are loth to break good fellow∣ship, but matter not to venture their soul, life, health, reputation, and estate: they will drink say they, but a glass of Wine with a friend, then the glass is followed with another, and this with a bottle, and many more; so that the Verse will be true.

Pinta traht pintam sequitur mox, altera pinta, Et sic post pintas nascitur ebrietas.

Amongst the several laws made by Lycurgus, there was none against drunkenness, which he being asked the reason of, answered, that Vice is atten∣ded with its punishments, shame, head-aches, di∣stempers, &c.

The company of dishonest Women is also to be avoided, which is the more dangerous, because the desire of it is so natural; yet one must strive against Lust, which when it hath concei∣ved,* 1.30 it bringeth forth sin. Adam could say, the Wife which thou hast given me made me eat the Fruit of the forbidden Tree. This hath been a stumbling block to many a good and great man. David had a sore fall in the case of Bersheba; and Women turned away Solomon's heart from following his God: He who in his Book of Proverbs had given so excellent lessons against this sin, saying,* 1.31 Wisdom will deliver one from a strange woman, whose end is bitter as wormwood: she is cal∣led an evil woman, by whose means

a man is brought to a piece of bread: she leads one to death and destruction, and many such pla∣ces. This caused the destruction of the Trojan Empire, which once was so flourishing. For this the Tarquins were expelled out of Rome, and by the accident of Virginia, the Decemvirs were turned out. And if King Rodrigo of Castille had not ra∣vished the honour of Count Iuliano's Daughter, this Count had not brought into Spain the Sara∣cens to be avenged of that injury. Solomon saith,* 1.32 jealousie is the rage of a man, who will not spare in the day of vengeance. Sampson and Hercules pe∣rished by these means, which made a Poet to say,

Quis Samsone fuit? quis fortior Hercule? constat, Foemineis ambos succubuisse thoris.* 1.33

Spaniards say well,

Guerra, Caca, y amores, Por un placer mil dolores.

War, Hunting, Love, give bad morrows, For one pleasure a thousand sorrows.

Without going so far back to find in ancient Histories, examples of damages befallen great States through an inordinate love for Women, there is a modern one very remarkable, which hath caused an unspeakable prejudice to the Spa∣nish Monarchy.

Philip II. fell passionately in love with Anna Mendozza, a beautiful Widow of Ruygomez de Sylva, formerly a Minister and great Favorite

of that King, and made confident of this passion, his Secretary of State Antonio Perez, who instead of serving his Master, spoke for himself, and had his desire, which could not be done so secretly, but that Escovedo, Secretary to Don Iuan of Au∣stria, and newly arrived out of Flanders, heard of it, and acquainted the King therewith; with a design thereby to undo Perez, who in the Coun∣cil opposed Don Iuan's concerns.

Whereupon the King incensed, took a resolu∣tion to destroy both Escovedo and Perez: the first, because with his Counsels he encouraged Don Iuan to make himself Master of Flanders; and the last because he was become his rival and had betrayed the trust he had put in him: so he took Perez's advice to have Escovedo murthered, and committed the execution to the care of the Author of the Council, which was soon done out of a great desire he had to satisfie the Lady incensed against the other: but after the Murther, Escovedos Chil∣dren prosecuting the business against the Lady and Perez, the first was sent to prison, and the last suspended of his Charges, and deprived of his Pensions, for the space of six years, living private∣ly in Madrid; when a new accusation being brought against him by the same Children of Escovedo; namely, that he had received 10000. Crowns of Gold from the Grand Duke, and be∣trayed the King's secrets to Don Iuan, he was condemned to pay 30000. Crowns of Gold, (worth about nine shillings a piece) to two years imprisonment, and eight of banishment. In the mean time, the King, by means of his Con∣fessor, offered to him to make the Sentence null and void, if he would but deliver back the Let∣ters

he had under the King's hands concerning the Murther, which he refusing to do, was cast into a close prison, yet at last with the Kings con∣sent, he came to an agreement with Escovedo's Family, to whom he payed 5000 l. which accord∣ing to the King's desire, impoverished him: but at last, Philip being resolved to clear himself of the Murther, with bringing the Author to punish∣ment, he was put to the Wrack, confessed the fact, and excused it upon the King's Command, whose Letters he produced: after which, know∣ing the King would never forgive him, and that though he had accused his Master, yet he had not cleared himself, he made a shift to escape out of Prison, and in one day went a hundred and fifty miles into Arragon; his Country, where the Justice promised him protection: but the King having brought an Army, under this pretence to deprive that Kingdom of its priviledges, and prevailed, he fled into France, where he was well received, and found a sure Sanctuary, and discovered to the French King all the secrets and Mysteries of State of Spain, and how to oppose them; since which time the French have made an effectual use thereof against that Monarchy. See how many mischiefs link'd together, a great States-man mur∣thered, a Lady exposed to a publick infamy, ano∣ther great man undone, and brought to great troubles for that adultery and murther, the whole Kingdom of Arragon deprived of his Rights and Priviledges, and the foundation laid of the decay of the whole Spanish Monarchy.

This hath been the blemish of great persons in former and later days, who went not unpunished, for God will not suffer them to enjoy at home,

that peace which they deprive o∣ther families of.* 1.34 No doubt it is dif∣ficult to be chast amidst so many enticements to voluptuousness, ex∣cept through the fear of God they be overcome with a flight from occasions, mastering of our sences, and with Iob, making a covenant with our eyes. Men ought to consider, that the beauty they so much idolize is but as a flower of the field, which the least distemper can dry up, age wear out, death and worms destroy and corrupt.

These kind of Women love nothing but them∣selves, or else love all men alike; because their monies are their end, and their own interest is the principle they are acted by: who can tell how ma∣ny shares are laid against young men. Upon this account let a young Traveller seriously look to it; for in several places it is as much as his life is worth, which upon that account lies often at the stake; therefore he must take heed not to run in∣to such premunires, which often distemper or de∣stroy their body, and endanger their soul and life. Therefore one must carry himself with great pru∣dence, avoiding evil and offence, falling upon the practice of temperance; which, that it be true, ought to receive Being from reason, whereby the appetite concupiscible must be ruled; for if she hath not the command of it to moderate the impe∣tuosity of its motion, man is in a sad condition; for imagination having been corrupt by that ap∣petite, whilst blood is young and hot, and used to please it, not being able to shake off that habit, will take her turn to solicit him thereunto, when his strength and vigor have failed him; so that a

man shall not be free of disquietness, caused through incontinency, although he be not in a capacity to satisfie it: but when reason hath ma∣stered this appetite, there is a pleasant harmony between the inward and outward parts, and a de∣cent modesty appears in the ordinary actions of temperate men, Against this sinned Diogenes, who used sometimes to lie with his Wife in the open street; upon which account, as well as any other, he deserved the name of Cynick, or doggish. Things may be lawful at certain times and places, which are not so, nor expedient in others, but to perfect temperance, when reason hath so gotten the upper hand of Lust, and that appetite I named before, it is necessary there should be a fix'd and constant resolution so to continue, for to be tem∣perate at one time, and incontinent at another, is not true temperance, but effects of an inconstant temper, seeing virtue is ever regular, always the same, and never contradicts her self: Farther, a man cannot be called chast and temperate, when either distempers, old age, or other accidents have mortified his lusts, which he left not, but hath been left by them, nor when he changeth that sin into another.

— Nani frustra vitium vitaveris illud,* 1.35 Si te alio pravum detorseris —

Fables do represent sensual pleasure in the shape of a Child, naked, blind, with wings in his back, a bow in one hand, and a torch in the other: a Child, because that passion becomes none so well as youth, and infancy is a mark of want of judg∣ment;

his ever being a Child is a sign of his con∣tinuing foolish, and never growing wise: naked it strips of all, those who are given to it, and brings no good to any; blind, because it puts out the eye of conduct, and hinders it from seeing the imper∣fections of what is loved: wings on his back, be∣cause it is inconstant and apt to flie away: a bow in one hand, and a torch in the other, to shew how incontinency, causes nothing but war and fire. Hence also we learn, that seeing love is blind, he cannot pick us out of a crowd to hurt us, except we draw and stand near to him: let us stand at a distance, and with the light of his torch we shall be able to see his rash inconsiderateness in his in∣fancy, his shame in his nakedness, and his errors and failings in his blindness. In the case of Pa∣ris the Trojan, we see what miscarriages it causes men to commit; for a flower already gathered, it makes him leave the plenty of all things, and the glory of Arms and Sciences, which he might have chosen: to attain unto his lewd ends, it made him break the most sacred right of hospitali∣ty, and during a War of ten years, which he was the cause of, he never appeared in the Counsel, or in Arms but twice; once in a cowardly way to kill a valiant man, and another himself to be overcome: who then can but abhor a desire so fil∣thy in its beginning, perfidious in his progress, painful in the prosecution thereof, dangerous in its execution, whereof the end is so often atten∣ded with distaste, shame, and utter ruine: there∣fore let youth, whose hot blood boiling in their veins, are so disposed to entertain and be led by it, be taken up with good employments: thus one will overcome the son and the mother, a lascivi∣ous

love and idleness, and bridle those violent de∣sires: I say lascivious, for there is an honest love, which having a good object, and being well dire∣cted, doth tend to a good end, and causeth no in∣conveniencies.

The company of Gamesters is also carefully to be avoided, because of the great and many in∣conveniencies caused by gaming. I intend not herein to speak against honest sports, and lawful recreations; for this is necessary for young Gen∣tlemen, to divert and refresh their spirits; but I mean those Games which have more of hazard than of skill; as are Dicing and Carding, of which there is no end, and go extraordinarily fast; and those Gamesters who make profession of Gaming, who live by, and cannot be without it. Sometimes one may for company sake, and for pleasure, play one hour or two, but not to be able to forbear, and be constantly at it, is a thing which prudent and rational men will disapprove and condemn: These kinds of sport are so bewitching, that when once a man is possessed with it, he cannot leave it off, specially when he plays for much, and is concern∣ed: for when a man loseth, he is still in hopes the chance will turn on his side: if he gets, that gree∣diness of winning more and more, will still make him stick to it, whereby he will be engaged to venture very deep; so that at last his whole estate will lie at stake: all other expences of cloaths, d••et, house-keeping, &c. may be regulated, but this hath no limits, and knows of no bounds: those who have nothing, or very little to lose, may venture when they have advantage upon others; but for men who have good Estates, to play whe∣ther these Estates shall be theirs or others, is (I

think) a great imprudence, if not a folly. Gaming is commonly attended with sad effects, as Oaths, Curses, Blasphemies, Cheating, Quarrels, Ruine, and Destruction of whole Families: In these kinds of things is a great deal of knavery; they who are much given to it, studying tricks, and cunning∣ly how to trapan others: by these means, one who over night was rich, may happen to be a beggar the next morning; neither do we see them pro∣sper who get monies by gaming, the chance tur∣ning very often, so that the gain of one day shall be lost at another; and that ••s constantly wheeling: for though many are undone with gaming, we hardly meet with one who made his fortune by it: although there may happen to be some very few, who having gotten something, do retire and give over for a time; yet at last that fancy cometh up∣on them, and cannot forbear, but fall to it again, so they can never say any thing they have is their own; for as it is ill gotten, so it is usually ill spent; the inconstancy of fortune not allowing it very long to favour one man, her wheel being constant∣ly upon a motion. This made the Emperor Charles V. to say, but upon a more noble account, Fortune being a Woman, loves to favour Youth more than old age: she is best pleased with new objects, for she forsook him to favour Henry II. of France; as of old she had left Annibals part to be on Scipio's side: it is therefore prudence to trust to her as lit∣tle as can be. That which the world calleth For∣tune, we must name Providence, even in things of seeming chance; for Solomon saith, The lot is cast into the lap, but that which comes is from the Lord; which providence men do tempt when they venture too far without grounds.

'Tis therefore a thing worthy the care of Prin∣ces to stop gaming, and keep it within bounds; thereby to prevent the ruine of particular persons: whereas in some kind the State becomes a sufferer: therefore in some Countries Laws are made a∣gainst it, to curb those frenetical fits which some men are taken with. There are too many of those who are so infatuated with it, that they will lose their meat and drink, and be deprived of their rest; sitting up late, and rising early▪ to humor themselves in it; their mind perpetually running upon't: so that this exorbitant passion must needs be a great torment to them, whereby they are kept from enjoying themselves. Whilst they are at play, ever they are greedy of gain, and fearful to lose; still tossed with uncertainty, that proves a pain to them: and when they do not play, they are restless, because far from their center, and from their element.

Tennis, Bowling, the Mall, and such like, are not Games, but Exercises, which men love ac∣cording to their age, disposition, or inclination: these, as they promote health, so the worst they can do, is to tire the body, and bring little or no inconvenience upon the mind and purse: but for Cards and Dice it is otherwise. If one before he be given to them, would but see Gaming-houses, and take serious notice of the trouble and agitati∣on of Gamesters, the disquietness of winners, the despair of losers, the quarrels, oaths, and blasphe∣mies that are there, I am persuaded he would ab∣hor them. Those sorts of sports, wherein so much doth not depend upon hazard, but part is left to conduct and skill, may be tolerable; but withal, as out of gaming, several get means to satisfie their

pleasures so many are unfaithful in a thing whence they hope to reap much advantage, which is the cause of much cheating, and other evils, which I mentioned before.

After this, let every rational man judge of the weighty reasons a Governor hath to make his Gentleman avoid the company of such, when un∣happily they meet with them abroad, and this whether or not they be Countrey-men; for in such a case all ought equally to be avoided; and often Countrey-men prove more dangerous than others, by reason of the conveniency of the Lan∣guage, and because they are less suspected to be cheats: yet as our Saviour saith, a mans enemies are those of his own house. I have seen abroad men of other Nations, who, in an afternoon, ha∣ving lost the monies they had, which should have served at least half a year, and then their cloaths, and what other things they had, were dragged to prison, and left almost to rot therein. Such exam∣ples ought to make those who come after to be the more careful and wise, at the costs of others, not only to avoid the evil, but also the very danger and occasions; for such things in a foreign Coun∣trey do sometimes reduce a man to great straights, so that in this one ought to know his strength, and how far he is able to go.

In the discharge of this, let the Governor be prepared to crosses, but let him resolvedly go on, and not be moved thereat; for some of those Countrey-men or others lighting upon a raw young man, conceive thoughts to make a prey of him: and as he is not cunning enough to deal with them, they will lay so many snares that it will be hard for him not to fall into one or other of

them; they will play for what monies he hath, for his cloaths, then upon his parole, and his hand writing, when he hath lost, they will combine, and bett against him, then play false, when they are on his side; and in case he will not dance as they pipe, they will go about to huff and hector him to it: but when the Governor knows the world, and smells out these tricks, if he goeth a∣bout to prevent them, they being angry to be dis∣appointed, and to see their designs split, will flie out against him, raising a thousand lyes and slan∣ders, and inventing many passionate stories to spit out their venom, which wise and prudent men will never mind nor believe; and which at last will turn to the shame and confusion of the au∣thors. Let him not stumble at these blocks laid in his way, but go through in the faithful discharge of his trust, being satisfied with the testimony of his conscience, and the approbation of good, judi∣cious, and impartial men, who also will slight an∣other aspersion which such persons would cast up∣on him, that he is an enemy to the Nation, and Countrey, because he hinders a young Gentle∣man committed to his care from going into the company of debauched Countreymen. They who are inclined to, or guilty of such things as I na∣med, will take exceptions at it, when persons of noble and vertuous principles will hate these things, and declare themselves against those who commit them.

However some young Gentlemen are of such temper, as to receive these impressions, and upon th•• consideration of some different tempers, I had rather to deal with an ignorant, giddy young Gen∣tleman, than with one who hath a malicious, dis∣sembling

and ungrateful nature; for there are hopes of the former, who may be capable of good counsel when he is far from evil company, he may learn, and know, and have his judgment in∣formed by experience and advice; but when the heart is rotten and false, it is beyond remedy with∣out a miracle, which none but God is able to ef∣fect. Upon this account it is a great discourage∣ment to see a young Gentleman act against his own interest; and to prefer the evil counsels of those who have designs upon him, or are debau∣ched, before the advice of his Governor, whose care and interest are to keep him from inconve∣niences: but the worst of all is, that when the Governor hath been about dissuading him from keeping such a mans company, for such and such causes; then upon the next occasion, he tells the party concerned, every thing his Governor said to him. Thus his care and faithfulness are ill re∣quited, and instead of becoming his friend, as thereby he is bound, he makes him sensible of his ungratefulness, with raising new enemies against him; and when any thing happens amiss, the Governor who used all possible means to prevent it, must be charged with it; for some young men do sometimes think that the way to clear them∣selves, is (though never so wrongfully) to father it upon the Governor, which to bring about, they make it their whole study, and as sometimes they engage some of their Relations to comply with them, these also do think their credit so far engaged, as right or wrong throughly to concur with the young Gentleman.

Hitherto I shewed how a young Traveller ought to avoid bad company, because through evil ex∣amples

he is led to evil courses. Now I will use an∣other reason, viz. they give him evil counsel, which to speed in the be••ter, they will endeavor to insinuate themselves through flattery, which is ve∣ry dangerous, because it suits with our inward desire, it being natural and ordinary for men to love to be praised and flattered. If they see this bait like to take, if he be prodigal they will say he is liberal; if he be covetous, they will call him saving and frugal; to their cruelty they give the name of justice, and of valour to their rashness and temerity: his cowardliness they will name ••••udence, his treachery a piece of wit, and his dul∣ness a grave and serious temper: whatsoever he saith in his ordinary discourse, they will applaud unto, and approve of all his opinions, let them be never so false, unjust or unreasonable. I confess it is he sometimes to commend youth for what he hath not done, only to oblige and encourage him to do't, which perhaps is one of the best ways to excite Princes and great ones (to whom directly to speak, is dangerous) to vertue; and also be∣cause truth leans upon justice, and modesty, as it is fit to be modest when a man speaketh of him∣self, and just when he speaks of others; yet I cannot approve that a man's vices shall be called virtues, thereby to be confirmed and encouraged in evil courses. By the means of such flatteries, men often are much lifted up; as we read of the Physician Menecrates, who happily having cured several people, through a popular flattery was cal∣led Iupiter; whereat he was so proud, that in the superscription of one of his Letters, he did write Menecrates Iupiter to Agesilaus, salus, or greeting, but that King knowing he wanted the Ellebore he

gave to others, answered him thus, Agesilaus to Menecrates, sanitas health. Indeed the two com∣mon vices of conversation are, to commend himself, and perpetually to applaud others: and there are those in the world, who as soon as they are in company, begin to flatter one or other, and expect the like returns; for, asinus, asinum fricat: but Italians wisely say,

Chi me fa carezze piú di quel' che suole, O m'a tradito, ò tradïr me vuole.

that is, He who makes of me more than he u••es to do, either hath betrayed me, or hath a mind to betray me: ever flatterers have some ends of their own, yet such cannot abide to be told of their faults. A strange thing, that men would chu••e to be obliged (if I may so say) to their enemies for reproving of their faults, rather than to their friends, who would lovingly tell them thereof. But they who through flattery do corrupt the na∣ture of Princes, or men in publick places, or infuse into them any thing else that is pernicious, ought to be as abominable as those who throw a deadly poison into a publick fountain.

Compliance is a good quality, very different from flattery, though to a common eye it appears very like: this is somewhat necessary, for it gives credit with those whom he is to deal with, whe∣ther Princes or Subjects, and oftentimes this is successfully used to withdraw from vice, and set one in the way of virtue; but in't are required a great dexterity, and integrity: and I believe, hence I may draw one of the best advices, which in relation to a civil life may be given to a man,

whether young or old, though it may be more proper to what is called courtesie. If any one pro∣pounds to himself to win the hearts in a commend∣able way, and not by flattery, let him so behave himself in his receptions, discourses, and conver∣sation that youth may therein find mirth, women modesty, men civility, old people respect, and all a taking sweetness; this is the way to be sought after for company. On the contrary, every one ••lies from those whose conversation is troublesome, peevish, tedious, and difficult; who, under pre∣tence of freedom and liberty, gainsay the opini∣ons, break the designs, and never are of the mind of others. Lucullus at last was such a one, who thought it below a man of authority to com∣ply with those that were under him: so after that, as Plutarch observes in his life, he did not so brave things as he acted before, for he lost the love of his Soldiers. No doubt but that Alexander the Great, and Caesar owed most part of their great atchievements and conquests to that obliging car∣riage, whereby they got the affection of their Ar∣mies; for it is most certain that a chearful look, a smiling countenance, a winning gesture, a demon∣stration of a desire to serve, a care to enquire after occasions of doing pleasure and service to others, and to save them the trouble and shame to ask, preventing their petitions with a grant, and going about to do all good turns and offices of kindness and humanity, will certainly get an in∣terest in, and power over the hearts of men, pro∣vided one doth not degenerate into a sneaking flattery, and affected demonstrations of respect and humility.

These flatteries some are able to withstand. We read of Antigonus, how a Parasite having said to him upon a certain occasion, All things are honest and lawful for Kings,* 1.36 answered, It is so for those who rule over Barbarians; but they who are set over civilized and rati∣onal Nations, will govern according to rules, and not in an arbitrary way. Certainly, the superiority of some, and the subjection o•• others, is not of a natu∣ral right, but of the right of Nations; for nature makes all men equal: also it is much for the ease and convenience of those who command, and others who obey when there are laws known to them all; which Laws the Sovereign hath power and right to make to enlarge, and to explain which subjects may not pretend to.

With this way of ••lattery, they who have de∣signs upon others, dispose them to receive their impressions; if a Governor be a rub in their way, to seem wiser than the Parents who thought fit to give them one to direct their Travels: they will say, What need have you of a Governor, you are wise and old enough to govern your self? why will you any longer be ruled by such a one? Many more malici∣ous things they will suggest to him, who not being wise enough to find out their end, which is to put a division between him and the Governor, there∣by to take advantage of him, will be wrought up∣on by such discourses; and the next thing will be to fall out with his Director, to slight his person, reject his advice, and gain-say him in every thing; he will neglect his Exercises, fall to unnecessary expences; and, out of spight to him, he will com∣mit extravagancies, whereby he disparages him∣self,

and incurs his friends displeasure when they are acquainted with it.

In the next place, this will make him to be con∣ceited of himself, think he is wiser than all his teachers, and able not to rule himself only, but the whole world besides, whereat he will swell with pride, and scorn every thing but himself; not considering, that God withstandeth the proud, and sheweth mercy to the humble; and that there is no humane power but stands in want of one thing or other (self-sufficiency being an incommunica∣ble attribute of God) nor no condition so low but at one time or other may prove useful to some:* 1.37 why should a worm be puffed up as a bubble, up∣on no ground but the suggestions of sycophants, and flatterers: Thus he becomes odious to God, and man; for the proud is an abomination unto the Lord: It is the sin of Adam, and of the De∣vil; for evil Angels fall through pride, which, as Solomon saith,* 1.38 Go∣eth before destruction: See the effects of bad counsel given to credulous youth.

But he will go farther, and because he is of a noble and honorable family, he will boast of his great quality and extraction, and look very big upon others; but he ought to shew it by his car∣riage, more than by his words, or else this makes against him: for 'tis vertue and merit which first of all did put a difference between men: by these means his Ancestors were raised to honor; not that he should brag of, but imitate them. Certain∣ly it is a great advantage to be well born, for usu∣ally there runs better blood in the veins of such, than in those of a lower extraction; because,

* 1.39Fortes creantur fortibus, Nec imbecillem feroces, Progenerant aquilae columbam.

Then care is taken to give them a breeding suta∣ble to their quality, and want no means to ac∣quire knowledge and virtue: but if they be vici∣ous, they dishonor their families, become rotten branches of a noble stock, and their illustrious An∣cestors do reprove, and are as many witnesses a∣gainst them: Why then should one boast of what is not his own: for,

Quae genus aut proavi, aut quae non fecimus ipsi Vix ea nostra voco.* 1.40

They have given him an example, which he ought to follow, and to succeed in their virtues as well as in their honors and e••tates, to have meerly the ti∣tle of nobleness, and not the good qualities of a Nobleman, is but a shadow, and a chimera in his fancy, not in reality. The denomination of a man must be from his better part; now if his soul, which is his noblest part, be void of good endow∣ments, empty of noble ornaments, and stained with low, unworthy, and vicious inclinations, what can the body contribute to make him a No∣bleman indeed, though he be begotten by noble Parents, which is sometimes questionable; for 'tis very hard to prove every Mother, Grandmother, and so upward, to have been chast and Lucretia like. I am of the mind of Iuvenal, in that excel∣lent Satyr of his against those I am now endea∣vouring to mortifie.

Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus.* 1.41

if one be noble, I will respect that bare quality of his, and nothing else; but if he nobly born and vertuous, he shall receive my whole respect, e∣steem, and admiration: it were better for a vicious idle man to be born amongst the commonalty, and of obscure Parents, than amongst the Nobility; for then he would not have so great influences upon others, so much to answer for, and his vices amidst the crowd of people, would not be so much taken notice of, instead that his quality makes them more conspicuous, and therewith do a greater mischief. In a word, whosoever grows proud on this or other accounts, will find the truth of a Proverb in an outlandish tongue, which I render in English,

He who flies higher than he should, Can be brought lower than he would.

I will add, that they who are noble indeed, do consider they came into the world, and shall go out of it like others; for in this, nature hath made no difference, it being the lot of all that are born, to die; and therefore instead of growing proud of their extraction, they look upon themselves as lights set over others to have influences, give them good examples, and to be as much above them in virtue, as they are in nobleness of birth; and as they are so high by it, that they see no lawful means to ascend higher, they take another way wherein they succeed, which is, to raise them∣selves by humility: the higher their extraction is,

the lower they humble themselves; and this vir∣tue which in men of a low degree may be an ef∣fect of necessity, is in them a voluntary action. To see poor people humble, is no great matter, but to see illustrious persons practise humility, is worth the praises and admiration of all. This is the se∣cret, and the way to be honorable, and great: they who are otherwise minded, let them remem∣ber what said a great, a rich, and as glorious a King as ever was. Solomon more than once in his Book of Ecclesiastes, saith, Vanity of vanities, all is vanity, and a gnawing worm, vexation of spirit. I speak to Christians, who ought to consider the vanity and inconstancy of honors, by the experi∣ence of all ages, which afford us so many exam∣ples of revolutions; and the higher the fall, the more dangerous it is: all sublunary things being subject to change, alteration, and decay. One who is to day a beggar, sometimes can the next day be potent and mighty. Kings themselves are too of∣ten tumbled down from their Throne, which if Princes are subject to, what must Subjects look for, let them be never so potent. To have ho∣nor is not in our power, neither doth it depend upon us; they who bestow it upon us when we do not deserve, will sometimes deny it to us when we are worthy of it, or out of a groundless su∣spicion deprive us thereof, after we enjoyed it for a time: and oftentimes we owe honor to favor or fancy, more than to merit. High charges, the Diadem, and Kingship it self are heavy bur∣thens, subject to inconstancy and revolutions; therefore saith Maximilian an Emperor, if one knew well how difficult it is to rule, and how ma∣ny thorns are fastened to a Royal Crown, if he

see it on the ground he would not vouchsafe to take it up. And suppose we could have a quiet possession of all these honors and dignities, and they should not forsake us, yet at last we must leave them all, they cannot follow us farther than the Grave; Crowns Scepters, and Thrones, at last come to break and split at deaths feet, and be∣tween Scepters and Ploughs she makes no diffe∣rence: This the Poet knew when he said,

Pallida mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas, Regumque turres —* 1.42

Let one seriously and with attention look into himself; and though he be never so highly born, he will find sufficient grounds of humility. No∣tice may be taken of some good French lines on this subject; they run thus,

Qui bien se mire, bien se void, Qui bien se void, bien se conoit, Qui bien se conoit pe•• se prise, Qui pen se prise sage est Qui sage est s'immortalize, Et se rend un homme parfait.

In a word, the sense of them is this; he who looks well into himself, will know himself well; then he will not much value himself, wherein he will prove to be a wise and a perfect man. Thus it must be the care of a Governor to beat out of a young man's heart that pride and behaviour which ariseth from the consideration of his noble birth.

And as he must not boast of his Honor and Ex∣traction, so I would not have him to brag of his Riches;* 1.43 for the same evil flatterers will say to him, What need you to stand upon small charges, you are a per∣son born to a great estate; you must live highly and accord∣ing to it? which is only said to engage him to pro∣fusene••s; but first the que∣stion is not, what estate he is born to, but what his Father, who hath the Estate in his hand is plea∣sed to allow him, who is not to undo his other Children to humor this in his debauchedness and prodigality: When a Governor saith to him, your Father allows but so much, therefore, according to the arm, the sleeve; and so you must forbear such and such occasions of spending: yet the Go∣vernor may represent to the Father, that this al∣lowance ought to be competent to bear his necessa∣ry charges, and those which are fit and conveni∣ent for his necessary improvement: however he cannot positively say how much a year will serve, there being accidental expences, and it being un∣certain how expensive the young man will be; yet the Father is to decide how high and how low he will have him to live. It is fit and decent for one to live somewhat sutably to his quality; but still I say the mind and pleasure of Parents who have the purse, must be the rule of it: as for ne∣cessary expences, they ought to be allowed: un∣necessary ones, except one hath some credit there∣by; and if they rise high, may very well be spa∣red;

for a small matter a young Gentleman must receive no distast or discouragement, yet he is to keep within bounds, for to be every day at it would prove a trouble and a burthen.

I will say farther, that a man doth not travel to spend as an end of his journey, but as means which he cannot travel without: and therefore let a man be of great quality, or heir apparent to a great estate, if in a Foreign Countrey he spends on all hands, and not upon good accounts, he will be laught at, and become ridiculous: it is no good argument to say, because they are Noblemen or Gentlemen, therefore they must lavish and be profuse; for nobleness and gentility are not to be known by vanity and extravagant expences, but by virtue and honorable actions: and that which upon this account some call generosity or liberali∣ty, will be found to be profuseness and prodigali∣ty. A young Gentleman under age, and in a strange Countrey, must not stand upon these things, because his time for it is not come; he doth not travel to make people see he is of a generous and of a liberal disposition, but to learn frugality, and how to manage an estate when it falls into his hands.

Matter of expences is indeed one of the most difficult parts of a Tutors task, youth being natu∣rally inclined to spend, but some in an exorbitant and an extraordinary way, who make it their whole business how to spend, who would buy every thing they see, yet matter not how nor when it shall be paid; but as these tender their credit, and liberty, which is in danger if they pay not, let them buy nothing but what they are able and willing to pay; for to take and promise

to pay, yet to laugh at people when they come to ask monies, is very dishonest, and unbecoming a Gentleman: at least let them give good words, A young man ought to say to his Governor, I have occasion for such things, and then they must agree amongst them, whether or not it is fit, ne∣cessary, or convenient it should be done, then the Governor goes with him to buy and pay for it, or else he makes it his own debt; so that hereby the Gentleman is free from trouble: but if he would buy himself, as he doth not know the price of things, he is in danger of being cheated: and in case the Governor refuses to pay the debt, as being contracted without his knowledge and consent, and upon no necessary account, then those who trusted will fall upon him, and do him an affront; the same Governor must lay hold on such occasi∣ons to make him sensible of the danger he runs in∣to, and of the disparagement he brings upon him∣self in so doing, and yet handsomely come off and pay the debt: but if the young man be wholly given to expensiveness, conceals it from him, stu∣dies how to run into debt, and gives him a perpe∣tual trouble to go to and fro, only to hinder he should not indebt himself, after he hath tried all fair and possible means to divert him from it, and acquainted Parents with the case, his last re∣medy is as prudently and handsomely as he can to break his credit, and forbid people to trust him; or else Fathers would lay it to his charge, and blame him for these debts so contracted; thereupon he frees himself from farther troubles: for the Cre∣ditors can do nothing to him, his Gentleman be∣ing considered as one under age, who may not engage himself without his consent, and who is

to him instead of a Father, by the universal care he takes of his affairs; and the Pupil hath no just ground to complain of this, for it is a service ra∣ther than an injury to take by the hair, one who is upon the edge of a precipice.

Out of this a young Gentleman may see what a fine pass he brings himself to, with following evil counsel, or his own profuse inclination, he disho∣nours himself, makes the rest of the time of his abode shameful and uncomfortable, bringeth a dis∣credit upon his Nation, and deprives his Coun∣treymen who come after him, of the marks of ci∣vility and kindness, from people in those parts, which he hath forfeited; whereof the news being brought home, he lies under the shame and ble∣mish also: but because out of every thing and accident, the Governor ought to have him make observations, whether Christian, moral, or politick, he will do well to lay hold upon this occasion, that he is born to a great estate; and let him know the vanity and deceitfulness of riches, which there∣fore he ought not to trust to, it being uncertain whether he shall ever enjoy them, for they may be lost through so many accidents be∣fore he is able to come to them,* 1.44 Moth and rust do corrupt; and where thieves break through and steal: and though this should not happen, there is nothing more deceitful than riches;* 1.45 for certainly they make themselves wings and flie away: upon this account St. Paul bids Ti∣mothy to charge them that are rich in this world,* 1.46 that they be not high-mind∣ed, nor trust in uncertain riches:

very often they prove to be snares, for the love of them is the root of all evil,* 1.47 and they hinder the good ef∣fect of the word, for they choak it, and becometh unfruitful; and lastly, they exclude us from the Kingdom of Heaven;* 1.48 for it is easier for a ca∣mel to go through a needles eye, than for a rich man to enter into the King∣dom of God; which St. Mark ex∣plains of them that trust in riches.* 1.49

Besides, the wayes already na∣med, wherewith these evil compa∣ny of flatterers use to corrupt an unexperienced young man, they have another,* 1.50 which is, to advise him to cherish those Dalilahs which lay in his bosom, and to give himself to his plea∣sures; hang't, say they, a thousand pounds of me∣lancholy could never pay an ounce of debts; where∣fore shall we break our hearts, and deprive our selves of the pleasures of life? but the Governor must shew him the emptiness of these, that they are but vanity, yea lighter than vanity it self, which may well be compared to the drop in the bucket, and to the dust in the ballance: I would know when they are past, what remaineth of them, no∣thing but grief and repenting, the dregs thereof are full of trouble and disquietness; for to move sences, objects must be present; but when they are, as to the pleasure, 'tis just as if they never had been. This the excellent Greek Orator Demost∣henes knew well; for one day being gone to see that famous Courtezane of his time, and asking what she would have to let him take his desire of

her, she asked him a great sum, but he being come to himself, said, I will not buy at so dear a rate, a thing, which for certain I should repent of: but here I do not intend to speak against innocent sports, lawful and honest pleasures, which are allowable, provided one be moderate therein, and they take up not too much of his time; but those I mean which in Scripture are called pleasures of sin,* 1.51 where it is said, Moses chose rather to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season; as Ioseph also, who in Egypt had rather to suffer than to sin with his Masters Wife. A Governor ought often to tell his young Gentle∣man of all these things, that they may sink into his heart, and make a deep impression upon him, for the care of his soul is committed to him at least as much as of his body.

From these particular Instructions the Gover∣nor may proceed to more general, out of his con∣dition as a Traveller he can put him in mind of this, that as he is a man, he doth not go abroad to stay altogether; but still he considers himself as a stranger in the places he comes to, only he en∣deavours to fit himself to go home better quali∣fied than when he came away: so men are but passengers in this world, out of which they must study to go better than when they came into't, they have here no sure habitation; like the chil∣dren of Israel, they must go through a Wilder∣ness before they can come into the land of pro∣mise, heaven, of which Canaan was a type and a figure; and therefore let the young man consider of his later end, and make provision for it; for alas, what is this but a valley of misery, where

every one from the highest to the lowest, have their crosses, sufferings, and thorns in the flesh, and of every side, Except our souls, nothing in this world but what is mortal and corruptible, dust which vilest creatures do trample under feet, is the matter out of which we were framed,* 1.52 All flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass, saith St. Peter. He was not the first that said so, the Prophet Isaiah had told the same long be∣fore his time,* 1.53* 1.54 St. Iames his con∣temporary speaking of the rich man,* 1.55 saith, he shall pass away as the flower of the grass; and Scripture speaking of the greatest and best Kings, as David, Solomon, Hezekiah, Iosia, and of the worst, all those of Israel from Ieroboam, saith, he died and was buried.

And now I am upon this subject so important to all, I will somewhat enlarge upon it; and first, let us speak of our life, which is the dearest and most precious thing we have in this world; for herein the Devil was in the right, and the fa∣ther of lies spoke the truth when he said,* 1.56 Skin for skin, yea all a man hath, he will give for his life: yet David calls it his Pilgrimage, and saith, in another place,* 1.57 I am a stranger here as all my Fathers were: He reduceth it to a small matter, to a hand breadth: And the Wiseman in one verse calls it twice by the name of vanity.* 1.58 This is one of the vanities

he had found amongst the rest. Let Iacob be heard speaking of this, when being brought before Pharaoh in the 130. year of his age, he speaks thus,* 1.59 The dayes of the years of my pilgrimage are 130, few and evil: He who was called a man according to God's own heart, speaking of his life, said,* 1.60 My days are consumed like smoke,* 1.61 and a mans days are as grass, as the flower of the field: not a flower of the garden sheltered behind hedges and walls, but a flower of the field exposed to all injuries of weather; our life then is only a dream that passes away, a shadow, a vapour of smoke,* 1.62 ac∣cording to Scripture phrases; and if we make a serious reflection up∣on't,* 1.63 David confining it to 70 or 80 years, out of which, if we take away the time we sleep, of our infancy, old age, diseases, and afflictions, it will hardly make up fifteen years: this is the time which a man may properly be said to live.

As to the world it self,* 1.64 it passeth away with the lust thereof: that which he names the lust, St. Paul calls it the fashion,* 1.65 to shew that in∣deed it is not that which others imagine it to be, heavens not ex∣cepted,* 1.66 for the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with a fervent heat; the earth also, and the works that are therein shall be burnt up. Hea∣vens

and earth shall perish,* 1.67 which St. Paul doth repeat, they all shall wax old as doth a garment,* 1.68 as a ve∣sture shall thou fold them, and they shall be changed.

Could these things be well printed in the heart of a young Gentleman, there would be less to do for Governors than there is; their task would be easier, and their burthen the lighter; pride and vanity grounded upon the quality and riches of Parents being left off, which are the cause of ma∣ny miscarriages, then youth would not boast of empty, pretended priviledges of Fa∣mily and Ancestors.* 1.69 Socrates whom the Oracle of Delphos had pro∣nounced to be the wisest man then alive, answered one who asked him, who he was, and of what Countrey, that he was a Citizen of the world: Let him be where he would, he ne∣ver was out of his own Countrey: first, to shew a man must not stand upon the place of his birth, or some such circumstances relating to it. Second∣ly, that such questions to a man, who? what Country-man? what his name is? and what Re∣ligion he is of, are questions without a special cause, not to be made to a man; and therefore deserve no answer: that curiosity being contrary to a good breeding and civility: yet with ••ome particular reason, civil expressions, and a kind of complement with it such demands in some parts beyond Seas will be well taken, else it will thus be interpreted, Your person is so inconsiderable, that if you will be esteemed, you must be beholden for it to your Countrey and Family. It was a strange fancy of people of old in matter of quality under which men and women thought to shelter their

faults; for if a Princess or other of high quality had been gotten with child, either before they were married, or in the husbands absence, they presently pretended it was by one god or other of theirs: how many such children were fathered upon Iupiter, Neptune, Mars, &c. so when men had gotten a child of Fornication or Adultery, they said 'twas by a Venus, Thetis, or by the like goddesses and Nymphs; and truly if we will take pains to examine what manner of men were they who were thus begotten, we will find that many of the bravest and most noted men in the world, were natural Sons: such were Theseus, Hercules, Romulus, Alexander, Abimelech, Son of Gideon, and many more mentioned in sacred and pro∣phane Histories▪ and since that time, Charles Martel, William the Conqueror, and some others.

Because beyond Seas one meets sometimes with men of a rude and uncivil carriage, who are of∣fensive and quarrelsome; perhaps young Travel∣lers will be glad to know what to do, and how to behave themselves in such cases. I confess the point is difficult, and the question ticklish, there being so many accidents to be considered, and it depending often upon several circumstances, which only those who then are present can judge of; most particulars must be left to the prudence of the party; yet in general he may be advised to avoid quarrels, and all occasions thereof: but because often it doth not depend upon him, and that sometimes they are unavoidable through the faults of others, and not his own, whether or not must he suffer affronts, and injuries? To this I say, that the thing ought to be examined, whe∣ther or not it be a real affront; for there is ma∣ny

an imaginary one; and herein one is to consi∣der the person, whether a friend or a foe, a supe∣rior, or an inferior; then the way of doing it is to be lookt upon; for some do offend others out of ignorance, and without malice or design. Thirdly, the condition the offender is in, is to be taken notice of, whether he be drunken or sober, in a fit of anger or in cold blood; for all these do either aggravate or extenuate the offence: then the fashion of the Countrey, one is in, ought to be the judge of the thing; for in one Countrey that is accounted an injury which shall not be so in an∣other, as pledging ones health, or not pledging of him, spilling the salt upon the table, or wrest∣ing of a word, spoken with no bad intent: and such things which in one Country will pass for tri∣fles, and in others for affronts: but Sapiens domi∣nabitur astris, a prudent man will often dissipate those bad influences, and the ill dispositions of some mans temper: a civil and a courteous carri∣age, can for a time change another mans nature, and as it were force him out of his mad humor: I have known men come into company with an intent to quarrel, whose mind was soon altered by such a behaviour; this winneth, tameth, and disarmeth a man, shames him because it seems to reprove him for the rudeness, injustice, and un∣handsomness of his carriage to one who is so ci∣vil, and so well deserves of him.

After all this observe, that if a man hath done you an injury, and desires pardon, assuring he hath not done it out of any ill intent, this is a sufficient ground of forgiveness. Now 'tis no shame, rather praise-worthy for me to own a fault when I have committed it, and to ask pardon

when I have offended another: whereof the con∣trary is obstinacy and aggravation to the fault; yet some will still examine the nature of the of∣fence, and whether it be publick or private; for accordingly they will desire satisfaction: But much is depending upon the nature of the party offen∣ded, if he be gentle or hasty. Of those who are offended, some take exceptions at nothing, and others at every thing: these are two extreams to be avoided, one must resent affronts done to him, yet is not to flie out upon every toy or trifle: in∣sensibility of these is an effect of stupidity, and a sign of a low soul, of a poor and fainting spirit, and of a heartless man condemned by Aristotle; and truly,* 1.70 as the world goes, he who will suffer one injury upon the back of another, will be accounted a pusillanimous creature, fitter to live in Woods, and Wildernesses, than in the society of mankind; and he must be resolved eve∣ry day to suffer new insults: and I would not have this to be mis-na∣med and taken for a virtue,* 1.71 which deprives man of the qualities of his nature, and makes him like a stock or a stone, with calling it constan∣cy or otherwise: but in good truth, can we attribute the virtue of pati∣ence to a picture, because it answers not to injurious words spoken a∣gainst it? shall we say that Moles are stout and strong to resist the heat of the Sun, or the coldness of the weather, because they neither pant nor quake at it; no, because being under ground

they are no ways exposed to these things, but to call cowardliness prudence is certainly to give a wrong name to a thing.

May be some will say 'tis a Divine Precept to bear injuries, which I confess, when 'tis for con∣science sake, and for the cause and glory of God, or upon the account of Religion; and this too must be from those who have power and autho∣rity over me: but for me when I go upon the street, to suffer one to take my Sword and my Cloaths, or when I am a travelling to let High∣way-men to take my purse, when I am able to defend it, and to suffer my self to be beaten when I can help it, , what am I then a prudent man, or a coward? this would set all earthly things in a confusion, and destroy all manner of propriety, right, and justice; and if a man will take away my estate, my life, and reputation, which I cannot subsist without, and which I value above all, must I sit still, be an idle spectator, and suffer it? no, the laws and customs of every Nation have provided against this: certainly no rational per∣son will condemn this resentment, only will advise me to use honest and lawful means to get satisfacti∣on; and herein I agree with them. By a contrary way to this, one who suffers for impiety or blas∣phemy might call himself a Martyr, when it is known how non supplicium sed causa facit marty∣rium, 'tis the cause and not the torment which makes one to be a martyr indeed.

Then after this, Parents ought to suffer the disobedience and abuse of Children, Princes the rebellion of Subjects, Officers of Soldiers. Seneca who hath given so excellent Rules how to sub∣due anger, and master all irascible passions, yet

confesses in several places of his works, that to for∣give wicked men, is to wrong those who are honest; and that he who is so indulgent to private faults, doth propagate vices to posterity; wherefore one had much reason to complain in the days of Nerva, who fell into * 1.72 the other extremes of his predecessor, this having been too cruel, and the other being too indulgent and re∣miss,* 1.73 that indeed it was an evil to have an Emperor, under whom 'twas not lawful to do any thing, but the license of doing every thing one had a mind to, with∣out censure amd punishment, was a worse thing. If Magistrates must punish wrongs, I conceive pri∣vate men in some degree may be allowed to resent injuries received from their equals and inferiors: indeed it is prudence to be silent where there is no remedy, or when this is like to prove as bad or worse than the disease; upon such a case one will do well to forbear.

But I believe all rational men agree in this, pro∣vided the resentment be kept within bounds; for the case and difficulty is about getting satisfaction; when we have good and warrantable means one is bound to make use of them; for it is not fit a man should be judge or executioner in his own case: and as long as there are laws to see us right∣ed, it is our duty to appeal to them; for that which is called Duels, or challenge into the field, is now forbidden by all civilized Nations, though formerly it was allowed by Princes who were wit∣nesses and judges of these single combats. N••w great penalties being laid upon such wayes, men use to make encounters of it, and to put a cheat

upon the law, they would make it pass for being done in hot blood, and things are so shuffled, that it is hardly known who is the aggressor; every one saying he only drew in his own defence: if one sends or makes a challenge to another, he will receive this answer, Sir, I dare not answer you, because Duels are forbidden at present: but I use to walk in such places, and if you fall upon me, I wear a Sword to defend my self.

But as these things usually fall out in point of honor, in some Countries, they are judged by a Marshal-law, namely in France, where this fight∣ing was once so common, that a man was ac∣counted low-hearted, except he had fought seve∣ral times; and when they had no just ground of quarrelling, they used to fall out about a straw, and the most civil amongst them went to a Gen∣tleman when they knew him to be a good Sword∣man, and complemented him into the field thus. I hear you handle well a Sword, pray give me leave to measure mine with yours, which was thankfully accepted: And hence came the use of Seconds, to see there was no foul play. And a Gentleman took it very kindly, upon this occasi∣on, to be employed by his friend, because herein he shewed he esteemed him to be a man of cou∣rage. In Henry IV. days those things were much encouraged by a word, which he spoke; for once going to Fontain-Bleau, by the way he saw one who had been killed in a Duel, and out of the martial temper he was bred in, he said, This man is dead in the bed of honor; which being reported from hand to hand, made many a one to seek to die in the same manner: but the present King hath very wisely forbidden it, with much severity

against Delinquents: And because there are af∣fronts which cannot be well put up, they are re∣ferred to the Court of Marshals of France, who have provided against all ordinary cases, and made Martial Laws, which Governors of Provinces, and others in Authority, whom it may concern, are to see put in execution within their Jurisdi∣ction. Thus, if a man hath wrongfully recei∣ved a box on the ear, the offender is commanded to go home to the other, ask him pardon (upon his knees, according to the quality of the offended) and receive blows with a Cane the other hath in his hand, if he hath a mind to strike him (yet generous men do not make use of this advantage) to shew he hath deserved it: So in other ••ingular cases they have particular ••atisfaction: and these ways of fighting are used in Northern, more than in Westerly and Southerly parts. In Italy, the Stiletto or Dagger, in Spain, the Scopetada or shooting of a Gun will do the work; every where they are sensible of injuries, but several Nations use different ways to get satisfaction; in Germany and other places with noise, but in Italy and Spain, with more secrecy and dexterity: therefore let a stranger who is to travel into those parts know their ways: but whether in case there were no ways for a man to right himself, nor no laws to procure him satisfaction, he might not take some course, and what, I leave it to every one's pru∣dence and genius: yet let it be the Governors care to see he doth, or suffer nothing to the prejudice of his honor, which he ought to be very tender of. Thus much upon the point is fit to be known by a Gentleman who goes a Traveller beyond Seas.

To prevent Challenges, one must endeavour to cure the imagination, which is the distempered part, with making it to know that there is no offence, whatsoever nature it be of; which for its satisfaction can deserve any man's death, no not the lie, nor the blow. As to the first, Scripture saith every man is a lyar; so if there be any of∣fence, Scripture, and not the neighbor is the offen∣der. If I tell a lye, and another makes me take notice of it, it is no crime to do't, no more than to shew there is a little ink or dirt upon my face: If I tell the truth, and another gives me the lye, the injury which he intended against me, doth wholly fall upon him. Laws have provided against all ordinary ways of injuries, therefore he who is offended, is not to regulate it; for he ought not to be judge and party, I find two reasons to hinder challenges, and fighting: first, the life we venture is not ours, God hath given it to us, and to him we are to give an account of it: it is also of our Father, Mother, Brother, Sisters, Friends, and of the State. The second is, we must not have boldness to destroy the image of our Sovereign God, which is man, for it reflects upon the ori∣ginal; and withal not to hazard the life, estate, and reputation of a friend, for being our second. One hath well observed, about Francis the first, King of France, who introduced Duels with the Challenge he sent to Charles V. Emperor▪ caused the loss of so much blood, that there remains none of his posterity. He had three Sons, whereof two died before him. Henry the II. his third Son had five, whereof three were married, and reigned, but left no issue, nor the other two; and of five Daughters there appeared no successor, except of

Elizabeth married in Spain, and Grand-mother to Anna of Austria.

But I must pass to other things, and say, that as learning of Arts and Sciences, and exercises do much contribute to make one a compleat Gentle∣man: he cannot be such without the practise of virtues: a thing necessary for a Traveller to keep himself free from vices he meets with in his jour∣ney. Now to attain unto virtue, five things are necessary; first, never to be idle. Secondly, to be watchful over himself, and see whether in every thing we say, do, or intend, there be any thing contrary to honesty; and whether the ways and means we use to attain thereunto, are good and lawful. The most important secret of a civil life is to have the prudence of handsomely and honest∣ly making virtue to agree with the times, and men with affairs. The third, is to look upon the acti∣ons of others, which if good to be followed, if evil to be avoided and abhorred. The fourth, eve∣ry night before one falleth to sleep, is to call to mind every thing one hath seen, heard, said or done all that day; we give our stomach time to digest what we have eaten: the same we are bound to do for the soul, and not deny her an hours time to make the digestion of her good actions, and to expel her impurities. The fifth is every where, always, and in all things to sub∣mit to God's providence; all which, if one doth practise, he may justly be called a vertuous man.

Of virtues there are three kinds, Theological, Moral, and Heroical; the Theological, otherwise called Divine and Christian, I named heretofore as Faith, Repentance, and Charity; to which I may add only one, which is a branch of the last,

but properly and only a Christian virtue, grounded on a Divine precept, to love our enemies, pray for those who persecute us, and bless them who curse us. I defie all the Morals of Heathens, to shew us such a rule; the Law is to love them that love us, and hate our enemies. Another Christian virtue is, that voluntary submission to punishments, and that wonderful patience amidst violent pains and torments for the cause of God. I know some others have undergone great pains, but not in that degree of constancy, or else did not so chearfully run to death; which when they saw unavoidable, they did bear it the more patiently: and for certain, of all Religions, the Christian more than any is for suffering, yet excludes not action, so much as affirmeth a great States∣man;* 1.74 for it hath virtues active and passive, which to exercise all, or in part, a Traveller meets with occasions at one time or o∣ther.

I think I have said enough to my purpose of moral virtues, which can hardly be acquired with∣out many precepts, much time, and experience, though the principles of it may more easily be in∣culcated; and if a Governor can but make his Gen∣tleman wise and prudent, he gives him thereby the Grounds, Principles, and seeds of all moral vir∣tues, without which they are no virtues; these being the life and spirit of them all: and though these two seem to be but one, expressed in two different words, which for the most part are joyn∣ed together, wisdom and prudence; yet they do much differ: for the first consisteth in election, when of two things it doth chuse the best, and the last in foresight; for they are prudent who foresee

and prevent dangers. Farther, wisdom is an intel∣lectual habit of the soul; but prudence is an actu∣al one: the propriety of that is to know, of this to operate. We know in three wayes, and do ope∣rate in two; the three are Understanding, Science, and Wisdom; the two are Prudence and Art: the subject of the contemplation of those are ne∣cessary, certain, and unchangeable things; and consequently infallible, for ever they conclude the same; because he who understands not well, is said to want understanding: he who doth not well know a thing, cannot be said to have the Sci∣ence thereof: but the subject of the operation of prudence and art, are not so well regulated; for that often meets with passions rising against rea∣son, which it makes use of, and must act accord∣ing to several circumstances, which of necessity do alter her ways and method. Art indeed doth not light upon so much difficulty in its operation, nor opposition to her working, because use and cu∣stom have prescribed what it must do: besides that, it hath a sure end, with means to arrive thereunto: Nevertheless, as it must have an organ to work by, it hath much ado to fit it for his pur∣pose, and make it serve his turn. Wisdom is a thing hard to be found. Diogenes with a Lanthorn at noon was seeking for a wiseman amidst the wi∣sest Nation that was at that time: this indeed gives the weight to, and tries the intellectual faculties of the soul, as prudence doth to her operation, ordering our actions, and bringing them under her rules: it gives form to moral Vertues, which are not single acts, but habits; and therefore difficult to be acquired: so that he who will have young men attain to't, ought betime to put them upon

giving precepts, allowing time and experience, till they be contracted.

When once they are formed, they produce ad∣mirable effects; for fidelity and truth of word and promise, Regulus is a known and extraordi∣nary example, who had leave from the Carthagi∣nians to go to Rome, to advise the Senate to make an exchange of Prisoners on both sides; yet con∣trary to his particular interest, and the expectati∣on of his enemies, he dissuaded them from it; which being done, he went back and suffered the cruel death prepared for him: namely, to be put up in a Tun, full of long and sharp nails, and thus rowled to death: this is an heroical virtue. Of which in another kind we have an example in Fabricius, who being sent to Pyrrhus, that King in two ways attempted against his probity. First, knowing him to be poor, he offered him great sums of money, which he refused, afterwards he thought to have frighted him with a sudden bringing of an Elephant upon him; but he turn∣ing towards the King, and smiling, said, Sir, ye∣sterday I was not tempted with your Gold, nor to day frighted with your Elephant. Of such Roman and Heroical Virtues, History doth afford us many examples; youth amongst them being framed to it with precepts and examples of Parents, and by the care of a good Education: in which case they are said to have sucked Virtue with the Milk. It is related in the life of a worthy Outlandish Gentleman,* 1.75 that after his dispute with Cardinal du Per∣ron in the presence of Henry IV, his Son said, My Father hath been sacrificed to the Pope. This coming to the King's ear, he was ve∣ry

angry at it; whereupon one to excuse it, said, what a child of sixteen years old hath said, is not to be taken notice of: the King replied, One of sixteen of du Plessis breeding, is as much as thirty of another. Let this be said by the by, to shew how a good Education hath great influences to make a young man knowing and virtuous. Virtue is a∣bove all things under God and his Grace.

Marmore quid melius jaspis? quid jaspide? virtus, Quid virtute Deus? quid Deitate nihil?

Virtue is indeed a precious jewel, which they that can attain to, are very happy: Moral virtues are millions of times more scarce than vices; but he∣roical ones are certainly the scarcest of all, very ex∣traordinary, proper to few rare men, to a Hercules, Cyrus, Alexander, &c. whose way was, Parcere subjectis & debellure superbos, a rare courage and valour, and an extraordinary generosity, have been some of the virtues of Heroes. Virtue is not of one act, but of many. Now if there be so few heroical actions in the world, how much fewer must be the virtues? It is not enough to have a fine Wit, a good Understanding, Reason strong, well regulated Passions, a good Nature, great Parts, and a Soul capacious of great and heroical things; occasions of exercising these virtues must concur with those dispositions, and capacity be put to many great tryals, or else no heroical virtue, no advantage but what accidents may happen to af∣ford unto a man once or twice in his life time: so that it must be concluded, that few in the world are capable of transcendent actions, or else want occasions to set them forth: yet this should be no

discouragement to those who would infuse a desire of it into youth; for though it be not easie to come to't, yet it is not impossible, as it hath been in some, it may be in others; therefore nothing is to be neglected: This like seed in the ground ri∣peneth and cometh to maturity. Hear what a Heroe AEneas saith to his Son,

Disce puor virtutem, ex me verumque laborem, Fortunam ex aliis — Tu facito mox cum matura adoleverit aetas Sis memor — Et Pater AEneas & avunculus excitet hector.* 1.76

This may be an argument to excite youth to vir∣tue, to commend to them the virtue of their An∣cesto••s, whose footsteps they ought to tread up∣on; because thereby they attained unto honors and dignities: Certainly, if they have any good inclinations, it will work in them a desire of imi∣tation. Thus Alexander the Great attained to the perfection of Achilles, whom he took for his pat∣tern; therefore he was seldom without Homer's Iliads, which he used to lay under his Pillow: and it is beneficial to take one to be his pattern, as he did. Homer amongst the Greeks, and Virgil amongst the Latins, in matter of Heroical Virtues ought to be consulted; for in their Books, ex professo, under several names they have given us an exact Character of great, wise, valiant, and vir∣tuous men; in which kind of writing for certain they ought to be esteemed true Masters, and best Authors: but this subject being not so proper for this place, because Breeding and Travelling do not make youth do great things, but fits and dis∣poses

them for it. This is only a leader and a guide to action, when they are raised to prefer∣ments, come to riper years, and in a capacity of doing their Country service, then directions to heroical virtues would prove fit and seasonable; but that should be the work of another Treatise: for here I intended only to carry him to travel, and then bring him home, and not shew him what to do, to get to a settlement, when he is come thi∣ther.

Therefore to carry on my design, I would ad∣vise the Governor after the nine or ten months ap∣pointed to settle in a place are over, to remove; but if they have time, I think it would not be a∣miss to shew him the Sea-coasts of Britany, before he leaves the River Loire; for by reason of the neighborhood one cannot tell what occasion he may meet with hereafter, thereabouts to serve his King and Countrey; therefore when he travels by those parts, he must observe the situation, and the strength or weakness of places: the same he should do of Normandy, of all Sea-Towns there: when he is come to Rouën, so of all the Sea-Coasts of France, and of other Nations he comes amongst; because our Nation being so potent at Sea, one cannot tell what occasion hereafter he may have to lead Fleets or Ships into those parts, either as friend or foe; for any thing relating to Navigation may prove very necessary for every Englishman; the situation of the Countrey being such, that we can have communication with no other Nation, but by the means of the Sea.

I had almost forgotten to say, that as common∣ly at home in Schools young Gentlemen are kept seven or eight years in learning that which they

should be taught within half of that time at most, whereby much of their time is lost: so abroad they will meet with those Masters of Exercises, who for some interest of little money will be a whole month in teaching that which they could learn in a week: this the Governor is concerned to prevent.

But before he leaveth the place he hath been at, all this while, he ought to take leave of his friends and acquaintances in't; giving them thanks for their civility, either in receiving his visits, or ma∣king theirs to him: then in case they can conve∣niently give him any Letters of commendation to their Friends, in the places he is to go by, he may ask of them that farther favor: but let him chief∣ly be careful to leave behind him no bad name, but give every one his due, and discharge all debts he hath contracted there. An honest man never loves to go out like a snuff, and leave a stinking smell behind him, but rather he will so depart from a Town, as that he may dare to come thither a∣gain and be welcome.

As he goeth through the Country, let him (be∣sides what I said before) exactly enquire of the chief Families of every Province, as afterwards he must do about the greatest of the whole Kingdom, in time and place: This gives a great light and help to understand the constitution and interests of a State, specially that of France, where great men have much power and influences: and as that is a large Country, he may observe the different tem∣per of the Inhabitants of the several Provinces; in some places they are more hasty than in others; as in Gascony: and formerly the Forlorn Hope of their Armies consisted of Gascons, fit for a quick and speedy execution. In other Provin••es men are

fitter for Horse than for foot. Those who are near∣er the Sea-side are better than others for the Sea: those who are amidst Mountains are good to keep or force difficult passages; so towards the Pyrene∣an Mountains, or other; as in the Sevenes and the Alps, they climb up high Hills and Rocks, and are fitter to endure hardship, not being so impatient as others are. Now out of the knowledge of this, the use will be in case one had to do against Armies composed of these several sorts of men, he could better know how to deal with them, with tiring or taking other advantages over those who are impatient, drawing into level ground those who are used to Mountains, keeping in Plains, when stronger in Horse, or in harder places when strong in Foot: and though every one hath no occasion to be a Soldier, or is not fit for it, yet 'tis well for every one to know how to defend his King and Country, how to repulse a Foreign Enemy, or how to disturb others at home, when our Princes think fit so to do: for though Kingdoms be not ever gotten or preserved by the Sword, yet with∣out it they cannot be maintained; for all Councels in the world, except they be back'd with Sword and Authority, and be in a martial posture, will be slighted, and not cared for, Silent leges inter arma.

France is a potent Monarchy, of a large extent, very full of daring and industrious people, from Dunkirk to Bayone, washed with the Ocean, and the Southerly parts with the Mediterranean, de∣fended by the Pyrenean Mountains from Spain, by the Alps from Italy, and by strong places up∣on her other Frontiers it hath a door into Spain, by the ways of Perpignan, and Bayone; into Italy by Pignerol, into Germany by Brisac, and many strong

places in the Low-Countries: this Kingdom,* 1.77 as Boccalini saith, is a land, where at any time one can sow seed, and a Sea where one can sail with every wind; and this so conve∣niently seated to disturb so many other parts of Eu∣rope, and all commanded by an absolute Monarch, makes it the more considerable in it self, and for∣midable to her enemies; and indeed that Nation, except in case of civil Wars, or with England, hath ever more offended others, than defended her self: These general things, and others more par∣ticular, ought exactly to be observed by Strangers when they come into those parts, the more because of their present flourishing conditi∣on,* 1.78 which makes that Crown have so considerable influences upon most Counsels and affairs of Eu∣rope, which through her credit, interest, and friends she doth ba∣lance.

But this subject is so vast, that the meanest ca∣pacities can observe much of it, and have matter enough to exercise themselves about; therefore I account it superfluous to enlarge upon so ample a subject; They who have mind to know more of the particularities of the Grand Tour, may hereaf∣ter read some observations of mine on the Voyage of France, which may be a guide to a Traveller into that Country: and suppose one leaves his Winter Quarters, or the place he hath been at all this time, about the middle or latter end of March, according as the season or company prove; in May he may be at Lyons, the great Rendezvous of all those who intend for Italy, and yet have time

enough to stay and see every curiosity by the way, and to get information of things necessary to be known: after some few days rest at Lyon, if he hath a mind, he may go for Switzerland, by Geneva, and bestow a matter of six weeks time in that journey, which he may begin in Iune, and come back in Iuly; for the Climate of those parts not being over-hot, a man may conveniently travel there in the middle of Summer: then he must set∣tle at Lyon, till it be time to go for Italy, which is usually in September; for one must not be too late to pass the Alps, for fear of an early Winter. Whilst he is at Lyon, let him learn the Italian Tongue, and get the best information he can of Italy.

There also he must see the company of discreet and virtuous Women, the better to understand af∣fairs of those parts; and in case he could not swim before, if he can conveniently and without danger learn it, 'twill be very well; for whether a man Travels in France,* 1.79 Italy, Germany, or Holland, one goes by Water sometimes, and in case of a mischance he can swim for his life, the Seine, Loire, Garonne, Saone, and Rhone in France; Po, Ti∣cino, Adlge, Tyber, in Italy; the Rhine, Danube, Main, Nekar, Elbe, &c. in Germany; the Rhine, Vahal, Maes, and Issel; in the Vnited Netherlands, the Scheld, Lys, Sambre, Mosel, &c. In Flanders or thereabouts, a Traveller hath often occasion ei∣ther to go long Journeys upon, or else to cross them. Now when a man is upon these Rivers, and can swim well, he is neither so fearful nor so much in danger as others are, whereby he hath more pleasure in those journeys: some when they

travel, buy some of the Rarities of Towns and Countries, which are less cumbersome and easier to be carried, to shew and keep them when they are come home: but herein they ought to be ruled by their purses; in some places are good Arms, in others good works of several sorts; in others per∣fumes, essences: so that when a Traveller comes into a place, he will do well to enquire what things are esteemed in't, and sent to Foreign parts: others learn what fine things are taught in such places: as for instance, in Geneva are those who teach to carve all manner of Fowl, nimbly and neatly, which at Table one hath daily occasion to make tryal of: in other places some teach quick tricks of the hand, with Cards, and the like; whereby often one doth divert a company. Some∣times also in his travels one meets with men who have some curious secrets, whereof some are plea∣sant, others profitable, and others both. Upon such occasions I would not have one to grudge little monies or time to learn it, whether they are secrets of Nature, or of Art. And though I know the genius of men to be different in this, for eve∣ry thing doth not please every one; yet I believe in the great vari••ty there is of such things in the world, every one will find one thing or other wherewith to please himself: and let that be noted here, which I have hinted before, that to make one succeed in things he undertakes to learn, four things are necessary; the first is, a disposition in him, consisting in a good understanding, a quick apprehension, and a happy memory. The second inclination, for except one hath a mind to't, he can hardly succeed in't. The third application, labor improbus omnia vincit, and assiduity overcomes

great and many difficulties. Fourthly, there ought to be a good method in the teacher.

Our Travellers being ready to go for Italy, their care must be to know which is the best, safest, and most convenient way, and wherein more things are to be seen; there is more than one way from Lyon, whereof some meet again not far off; but however they differ, beyond the Alps, Turin is the usual place for a rendezvous on the other side of Italy; there people do not account themselves to be Italians, by reason of their neighborhood with France; nor French-men because within the limits of Italy; of which their Sovereign is one of the Princes: they think themselves to be somewhat between both. Hence it is that in that City they ask whether you go into Italy or into France; there they have much of the French Language and Fashions: but this being passed, travellers must re∣solve upon new fashions and customs; for the manner of life is clear different from that of France, and a Traveller is to begin here as much as when first of all he came out of his Country. No such thing here as society in the way of France, no such freedom and liberty as is there, no keeping company with virtuous Women; men themselves are not communicative, but retired and shy of what company they come into; which before they do, they consider whether or not they can be bet∣ter for't; if so they frequent it, otherwise they forbear, because they are very much interessed in every thing they do: there men of business speak seldom positively to a thing, but they will have one to guess what they mean, being careful to give no grounds to men, hereafter to tell them, you said so and so, they speak by sign and gestures, as

much as others do with the tongue. The Italian temper is generally wa∣ry,* 1.80 suspicious, prudent, cunning, revengeful, and covetous; but in∣deed many good things are to be learned from them, wherein a great wisdom and dexterity must be used: amongst them one ought well to look to his tongue, so as to speak no offensive words, which is a quality necessary, not only in Italy, but every where else; specially when great men are the subject of our discourse: of the dan∣ger whereof are many notable examples in France, thus.

In a conversation between three great men, of which Cardinal Richelieu, then chief Minister, was the subject, after a long censure of his actions, and ministry, one concluded he ought to be be∣headed, but the other said, his dignity of Cardi∣nal should secure his life, but would have him ba∣nished out of France; but the third said, herein we could not find our security, for he would raise us troubles from thence: therefore the best way would be to commit him to la Bastille (the Tower of Paris.) This Conference having been reported to him by Monmorency, whom afterwards he cau∣sed to be beheaded, he remembered it, and upon occasion retorted the Sentence upon every one of them;* 1.81 for Marshal Marillac's head was cut off, Toiras was made to run out of France, and Bassompierre was sent to the Bastille, and kept there all the Cardinals life time. Indeed 'tis very unfit for private men to speak ill of those who are in publick places, who seldom fail to hear of it, and at one time or other will find occasions of being

avenged; also 'tis certain that very often a pri∣vate injury done to a publick person will sooner be resented than if it had been done to him as a pub∣lick one, or against the State; ever personal inju∣ries being more sensible than those which are a∣gainst the publick; as 'tis natural to reward par∣ticular more than publick services, so to punish particular faults against Superiors, more than publick ones; men being not so sensible of gene∣ral as of particular things: a private man can be troubled at a publick loss, but not so much as of his own: the punishment inflicted upon one for contempt of Authority, is but politick, when ven∣geance for contempt of the person is natural, and consequently more sensible: but this is the truth, there is such a connexion of the person with the office, that one is never offended , but it doth re∣flect upon the other.

The passage I related just now, about that great Statesman who in that Kingdom was so potent, as to destroy his enemies, very considerable men, puts me in mind to observe how sometimes it is dangerous to make a Minister or a Favorite too great, for two accounts; one is, that his Fortune being raised above that of all the rest, is envied and hated by the rest, or most great men in the Kingdom, who ever take this as a pretence for all disturbances they go about to raise in the State; the other is in reference to the Prince himself; for when the Minister doth distribute all graces and favors, he makes friends and creatures to himself, and by these and other means he may so settle his Authority, that it would prove hard for his Ma∣ster to throw him down in case he had a mind to't▪ and having tasted so much of the sweetness there

is in commanding, wherein he hath so great a share, his ambition might raise his thoughts to take it wholly to himself; for having already the power, it would not be difficult to get the name of it, and to blow off that shadow of Authority, which his Master doth retain: the example of the Maires du Palais hath clearly shewed this in France.

The fortune also of such extraordinary Favo∣rites is not sure, not only from the side of all those who strike at it, but also from the Princes part, who sometimes conceiveth jealousies; ever fo∣mented by the other's enemies. Ioab was a wise man in this case to prevent the jealousie which David might have had in case he had taken the City of Rabbah; for he sent word to him to come up and take the City, which could hold out no longer,* 1.82 Least, said he, I take the City, and it be called after my name— He knew how after Saul had heard once the peo∣ple say,* 1.83 Saul hath killed his thousand, and David his ten thousands, he could never abide him. Lysander, Alcibiades, &c. Scipio Africanus, after considerable services done to their Countrey were exiled by their Republicks. Iustinian after very important services received from Bellisarius, turned him off, took away his whole Estate, and upon a meer, though groundless jealousie of State, caused his eyes to be put out. Hernando Gonsalvez, justly called the great Captain, who finished the Wars of Grenada, beat the French out of Naples, and who remained true to, and stood by his Master Ferdinand of Arragon, when the rest of the great men fell to his Son in law

Philip of Austria; yet after all, these services were forgotten, and he turned out of all employment unrewarded, without the least reason or pretence. The consideration of this made Machiavel advise those who, through their virtues, were raised to great fortune, either to leave it betime, and of their own accord, or else to maintain it by force: His ground and reason is, because usually men miscarry for following a middle way not willing to be either very good or very bad.

Now the reason of such usage is when men are raised to such a height of greatness, as doth in the least over-shadow the sovereign authority, though these great men do not abuse it; yet this, Princes are jealous of, and either are forced with this jealousie of State, not to be just to them, in not rewarding them, for fear of putting them in a posture or capacity of doing harm; or else, if they see them unrewarded, their presence seems to upbraid them of unthankfulness and injustice, in denying Virtue that reward which is due to it: for every time a Prince looks upon such a one, his services do claim what they have deserved; for as liberality and generosity, rewards and pains, are ••ffects of the justice of Princes, those who have grounds to hope for the one, as those who have done amiss to be afraid of the others; yet we must always stand to this truth, that when a Subject hath ventured his life, and done all he is able for his Princes service, he hath done nothing, but what was his duty to do: only this is a bad pre∣cedent, and discourages others to do the like, in case they were able: as it fell out to Iustinian, who having undone Bellisarius, as I said just now, as soon as Narses, another General of his, did

find he had a mind to begin with him, he left him off, and joyned with the Goths; whereby his af∣fairs in Italy were undone; very ill done of him:* 1.84 for though his Ma∣ster had not well done by him, he ought not to have rebelled: but'tis usual to hear men say, 'tis good to become wife at the costs of other men.

Here I must observe how 'twas not only the fear in Narses of being served as Bellisarius had been, that did work in him the resolution of acting a∣gainst his Master: It was also an effect of the con∣tempt of the Empress, because she heard what he had begun to act, she sent to him that a course would be taken to bring him to spin amongst wo∣men (for he was an Eunuch, used to be a keeper of Women) to which he returned this answer, that he would spin such a thread as her husband and she could never untwist. This shews how those who are in power to do hurt, may not with∣out danger be used with contempt; for slight and contempt are ever more sensible than injuries: For this cause Caligula was killed by Cassius Chereas, and Quintilianus made a Conspiracy against Nero.

Here I do not intend to speak of those who a∣buse Princes favors; for so doing they deserve their misfortunes: because, being from a low con∣dition raised to a great height of favor, they are like those men, who being used to keep in low places, if they be lifted upon the top of a Steeple, as they look down to the place whence they came up, their head turns, they grow giddy, and do not know what they do: just as if they had been lifted up so high only to make their fall the more precipitate, dangerous, and more conspicuous.

Many who upon a sudden are raised from a low to a great fortune, are like one who from a Dun∣geon or any dark and blind place, being brought to a great light, have their eyes dazled with it, and all objects above them appear of a different colour from what they are; therefore 'tis the pru∣dence of a Prince to chuse those who are fit for such places: though Subjects must acquiesce to such a choice, when 'tis once made; for the Prince being the fountain of honor, may impart it to whom he pleases, yet therein he is chiefly to aim at the publick good.

But I must engage no farther up∣on this matter,* 1.85 which is not just of my present purpose, but occasion∣ally brought in, to return to the Travellers, whom I left in Italy; having only hinted to them some∣thing of that journey: but if they desire to know more about it, and how to benefit themselves, let them peruse my Relation of that Country. That which I made of the Republick of Venice, can shew them a method how to make observations about Principalities and Dominions; only let them know that most mischiefs which in Italy befal Strangers, are upon the account of Women; as in France, about certain points of honor, and in Germany a∣bout drinking; therefore in France let him have a special care to avoid Quarrels, Women in Italy, Wine in Germany, and Gaming every where.

To order well the journey of Italy, when one is come thither, he must be resolved upon two things; one is, how long he intends to stay there: the second is, which way he intends to come out of it; for as he hath time in the whole allowed

him, he may accordingly distribute it into parts: for he who is to stay two years in Italy, will be longer in some places, than if he were to be there but one: and this as to the first. As to the second, some go only to see Italy; and as they went into't out of France, so they come back again into France: others go out of it into Germany. According then to the supposition I made before, that a Traveller will be ten months in Italy▪ and that he intends to come back into France, he may thus order his jour∣ney, according to the season he comes into that Country: some come in Spring, and pass there the Summer; others arrive in Autumn, and stay there a Winter, and part of the Spring; and this last is the best season: because they who come from Nor∣thern and cold Climates, will find the inconveni∣ences of hot weather in Summer: for not being used to so hot a Climate, this and Fruits may hap∣pen to cause Fevers, Bloody-fluxes, and other di∣stempers; I mean chie••ly to those who are of a weak and tender complexion: For as to some o∣thers it is not altogether so, I can say for my part, I never found any such inconvenience in what Climate or Country soever I have been with the use of sobriety and temperance, which I thank God for. Now when a man comes into't in Au∣tumn, this and Winter being seasons more mode∣rate than Summer, one uses himself by degrees to the Climate and Country; in those parts heat and dust being very troublesome in that time of year, though in some more than in others; not only be∣cause some are hotter than others, but also by rea∣son of the remedies they enjoy in some places, which others do want: for in the Dukedom of Milan, and other parts of Lombardy, there are se∣veral

channels of water, wherewith when they please they can water the High-way, which cools it, and allays the dust: but they who travel in Summer, do't in the night time, and rest a great part of the day; which also is observed by those who are in Town: for Italians say in a Proverb, specially at Rome, that none but French-men, mad men, or dogs use to walk or go about streets in Summer, about the middle of the day.

But before I shew our Traveller which way to steer his course, I must give him one advice or two; the first is, to take Bills of Health from whatsoever Town he goes away; for being very sorely afraid of the Plague, they are very strict in often keeping Guards to question whence one doth come. Herein they are severe, indifferently to all, and let in no body till after a tedious qua∣rantena. The second advice is, to make provi∣sion of a good Bridle, Saddle, and things belong∣ing to't; for in many places one is sadly put to't for these three things. Thirdly, he must take heed what Books he carries; for if they be Latin or Italian, forbidden, not only they will be lost, but also they may bring a man to a great trouble a∣bout it. Fourthly, let him take heed what Arms he carrieth; for Daggers, Stileti, Pocket-Pistols, and long Knives with points, in most places are forbidden under pain of death. Fifthly, he must beware of the Inquisition, and therefore ought carefully to avoid speaking against the Pope or his Religion. Sixthly, I must add one thing more about Diet, to be sober; for their meat and drink are hot and nourishing, and apt to give surfeits; also to avoid drinking much of their cold and frozen waters, which are too commonly used

there against the heat of aliments and weather; but which often prove worst than the Disease, se∣veral dying for drinking too much of them, Last∣ly, because few of our Englishmen are used to Oil, they would do well to accustom themselves to't; for most of their Sauces are made with it: But∣ter there being very dear and scarce in most places.

As our Travellers did in France, so in Italy they must chuse a place in which to spend most of their time; whereof the most usual are first Rome, then Venice; others stay at Siena or Florence: For certain Rome is the best and fittest place of Italy for Travellers to be at, by reason of the great li∣berty strangers enjoy in't, of the number of Arts and Exercises to be used there, and of the variety of ancient and modern Curiosities to be seen, and of the pomp and stateliness of that Court, and of the many Cardinals, Princes, Embassadors, and other publick Ministers. Venice is remarkable for the rarity of the si∣tuation,* 1.86 the wisdom of the Senate, the antiquity and fame of the Re∣publick; a month or six weeks time is enough for a ••tranger who hath no business there to be in't, according to their saying, O Ve∣netia chi non te vede, troppo te prezza, chi troppo te vede ti sprezza. The best time to come to it, is ei∣ther in Carnaval time, or Ascension-day. Some strangers at Siena, specially Germans, by reason of the priviledges that Nation hath within all the Grand Dukes Dominions, because the Language is good there, and by reason of the late Prince Matthias, keeping his Court there: but most of all strangers flock to Rome, which he who is to

come back into France, and to stay ten or twelve months in Italy may do in this way.

From Turin he may go the straight way to Asti, and other parts of Monferrat, to Alexandria della Paglia, Novi, Gavi, Ottagio, to Genoa; thence take a Felucca to Lerici, where take Horses through Sarza∣na, Massa,* 1.87 and so either to Via Reg∣gio, by the Sea-side, or on the left hand to Luca, which I think is the best, to Pisa, Legorn, back to Pisa, so to Florence; this is the usual way: but from Genoa he may take another way through Tortona, Voghera, Pavia to Milan; thence to Cre∣mona, Piacenza, Parma, Regio, Modena, so to Flo∣rence, or else to Bologna, Pistoia, Luca, Pisa, Le∣gorn, and thence to Florence; for a man may see both ways, thence through Siena, Viterbo, and Ca∣prarola to Rome: Herein I name not every petty place, but only those which are of some note. To do all this, and to see Turin, with the Duke's Pleasure-houses about it, he may bestow six weeks or two months; so that after this rate, against the beginning or middle of November he will come to Rome, which is the fit time for it; not being ve∣ry safe to come to't till October be over; because the air of Campagna Romana, through part of which he must go, is usually corrupted, and some∣what infected in Summer, through the violence of heat; but in October the wind beginning to blow, and rains to fall do purifie it, which it must have time to do.

After some few days refreshment at Rome, some use to go to Naples, which is a fortnights journey to go and come, and see all curiosities thereabouts; whence some use to go into Sicily in a Felucca to

see Messina, Palermo, &c. and there wait for some opportunity to go and see Mal••ha; which Island is a whole Fortification: and so having seen it, to come back again the same way, which is usually a month or five weeks journey from Naples, so back to Rome; where if one goes no farther than Na∣ples, he can come back about the beginning or mid∣dle of December, and there stay till after Easter to see all Ceremonies used in the week by them cal∣led Holy, which will be whole four Months; so he will also see those of Christmass; but if he go∣eth to Maltha, he can hardly come before Ianuary: but in case it were not convenient for him to go his journey to Naples, immediately after his being come to Rome, it may be put off till Lent, at which time several undertake it: and indeed it is then a fitter time for those who have a mind to go to Maltha.

Whilst the Traveller is at Rome, let him learn the Virtues, and avoid the Vices of the place; there he may well satisfie himself, if he hath a mind to learn Picture-drawing, the Rules of Ar∣chitecture, and Sculpture; of which I would have him to know so much as to be able to judge of, what is well or ill done in those Arts: there also he may learn Musick, whether vocal, which though at first seems not so pleasant to the ears of those who are not used to their way of it, yet certainly it is very learned; or with instruments of Musick, of which there is a great variety; but the Gitar is the most used amongst them: but elsewhere I have spoken at large of this, therefore I must no longer insist upon it.

From Rome, by the way of Loretto, Ancana, Fano, Senegaglia, Pesaro, Rimini, and other parts

of Romagna, one must go to Bologna, or Ravenna; thence to Ferrara, so to Venice; whence through Padoa, Vicenza, Verona, the Mantoan, and some o∣ther Cities of the Republick in Lombardy, through Milan, one may return to Turin, and into France, or else upon his leaving Venice, he may take a pro∣gress to Mantoa, and some of the places of the Re∣publick, as Crema, Brescia, Bergamo: Thus before he hath seen all this, the time intended to employ in Italy, will be nigh expired, from September till Iune exclusively, makes just ten months; and if he were to stay longer in that Country, I would advise him to spend it at Rome, where if he could be a whole year, it would be the better. When I said ten or twelve months, those two months I add in consideration of the Voyage of Maltha, of which the time cannot be certain just to a week▪ because the Seas are to be crossed.

But in case a Gentleman's journey into Italy was so ordered, as to come into it in Spring, he must pass the Summer in Rome, where he ought to be before Iune, for then 'tis accounted very danger∣ous to come into't, though at any time one may come out, but not lie in any place within Campagna Romana, that is, about forty miles from Rome: There in Summer time they change night into day; for from nine of the Clock, till six at night, they read within doors, and do something, or else sleep in the afternoon: after that time people be∣gin to stir abroad, to take the cool air; for as God hath provided in every Countrey a remedy against inconveniences felt in't, at that time commonly bloweth a cool and refreshing wind, which cool∣ness is helped with their watering of some streets, and places, where company meets in Coaches;

then they sit up, and go to and fro a great part of the night, till two or three in the morning, and when they are a bed at night, they dare not leave open their windows, for fear of catching some di∣stemper: for my part, who have been there Win∣ter and Summer, with the use of these things I found no alteration in me, Quando spirava il zefiro, ò quando tirava la tramontana. But I left the Travel∣ler in Venice, disposing himself for his journey in∣to Germany, which he must begin either upon the later end of Iune, or at the farthest the begin∣ning of Iuly, which is the fittest time to Travel in Germany, specially for one who cometh out of Italy: upon which account he will feel no great inconveniency from the heat; there being a great difference between those two Climates, specially when he goeth Northward more and more. But I must say few things concerning that journey.

Before one leaves Italy, I wish him to get what introduction he is able into the German Tongue▪ as also some information of that Country, which indeed is a very ample subject: to know the Fun∣damental Constitutions of the German Empire, is a fit and a proper work for Statesmen; but some∣thing of it must be known by Travellers; for one who goeth into a Countrey where he hath no particular businesses, ought to put this question to himself, what is it I am going to do or see? there∣fore it is necessary for one to know thus much of it. When the Roman Empire of the world was divided into East and West, the former into the Family of the Paleologues continued fixt in Con∣stantinople, but the later in the hands of Charles the Great, t••rned to be ambulatory, sometimes in France, Italy, at last was setled in Germany; not

with that glory it was in before, by reason of di∣visions between Emperors and Popes; so that this was very well represented by the Prophet Daniel with the legs of Nebuchadnezzar's Statue;* 1.88 and with the feet partly of iron in the Turkish, partly of clay in the German Empires; yet at present all Christian Princes give place to the Emperor; and certainly Germany is in power and dignity, the most considerable State of any in Christendom, by reason of the extent of its Dominions, of the number of its Princes, which makes the Emperor to be called Rex Regum, King of Kings; and in the martial temper of the people: but these ad∣vantages, that potent body doth not enjoy by rea∣son of so many contrary and different interests of the Princes and States that compose it, upon the account of Religion, States, and Families interest, which have made a lamentable division in that Countrey; which through their fears, animosities, and jealousies, is gone so far, that they have called in strangers and foreign Powers to balance and bridle the Authority of one another; and the Au∣thority of the Emperor hath been so curbed, that now it hath but a shadow of Authority divided between him and the States, represented in a Diet which is fitly signified by the Imperial Arms of an Eagle with two heads, of an equal height and bigness. This Dignity of late hath been as good as en∣tailed upon the House of Au∣stria,* 1.89 upon the occasion of some of her hereditary Countri••s, and the King∣dom of Hungary, and part

of that of Bohemia, which are a Bulwark against the Turk, to those parts of Christendom.

The Diets I mentioned are composed of three Bodies or Colledges; the Electoral, that of Prin∣ces, and the third of the Imperial Cities; the Emperor sends one there to represent him, and take care of his concerns, who is the President or Speaker of the Assembly. Under, and next the Emperor are seven Electors, of which the three Ecclesiastical, Mentz, Colen, and Trier have that Dignity, only as personal, and by Election; but the four Secular are by right of Heritage and Suc∣cession; these are the King of Bohemia, Prince Pa∣latin, Saxony, and the Brandenbourg, but of late that Dignity which of right belonged to the Palsgrave hath been divided and imparted to the Duke of Bavaria, with this condition, that in case any of the two Families, or rather Branches of the Family be extinct for want of heir males, the whole Dignity, with the Upper Palatinate shall be devolved to the other: But this hath been a sad renting, caused by a lamentable War, which already in the last Election of the Emperor, hath been the occasion of much trouble, about the place of Vicary of the Empire, and like to prove the division and destruction of the Empire, in case the Electoral Colledge should happen to be divi∣ded equally in matter of Election; for there being now eight, the casting voice is taken off; besides the wrong done to the illustrious Family of the Count Palatin,

After these Families come others, which though they have no vote in the Electoral Colledge, yet they enjoy it in the Imperial Diets; and these are of several sorts, as Dukes of Brunswick and Lu∣nenbourg,

Wirtemberg, &c. Markgraves or Mar∣quesses, as Baden, &c. Landgraves, as H••ssen, &c. and several other Princes of the Empire. There are also several Imperial Hans and Free Towns; but of late this last sort hath been diminished; for the Bishop of Munster hath subdued that City, the Elector of Mentz that of Erford, Brandenbourg that of Magdebourg, and the Elector of Colen hath more than once threatned the City of that name with the like usage: What ornaments must so many Princes and their Courts be to a Country: for though some be weak, others are very consi∣derable.

Now to see these Princes Courts and Coun∣tries, strangers go into Germany, wherein they have a great choice; seeing there is such a variety: and as some of these Courts are well ordered, so others are ill regulated in point of drink, in the excess whereof they sin very much; Kettle-Drums and Trumpets are the instruments used in those Courts: Bears, Wild-Boar-Hunting, and the like are their Sports: so that if a stranger will be wel∣come to many of them, he must drink, and seem to delight with them in these and other Martial Exercises. When one lights upon such company, he is often forced seemingly to be drunken, to avoid being so indeed; for then they let one alone: but withal, there are those Courts where sobriety is practised by several or by some. The German temper is sincere, constant, and high (specially the Nobility) with the••r inferiors; for the people is kept low by the Gentry, and they stand so much upon the title of a Gentleman, that often one who is poor will scorn to marry the daughter of one who is not such, let her be never so rich. But the

commonalty is very well in Free and Imperial Ci∣ties, because they are a kind of Republicks. And now I am upon the temper of Germans, I must not omit to set down two excellent Distichs, or four Latin Verses, above the different temper of some Nations,

Hispanus, Gallus, Germanus, Vasco, Sabaudus, Constans, inconstans, fidus, avarus, ínops, Victum, vestitum, promissum, furta, labores, Temperat, alternat, servat, adauget, amat.

This is to be understood of the generality of those Nations▪ for 'tis not true of every one in't: and withal, it is according to common opinion.

But because strangers do but go by places in Germany, and stay only to see what curiosities are in them, I need not much to insist upon their fa∣shions and customs, which according to places dif∣fer much: Besides that, many who have been in France do understand the Language, and Fashions thereof; which, if a stranger practises, they are well satisfied with him; for of all the Nations of Europe, this most of all esteems a French Breed∣ing: therefore other Nations do not use to go into Germany to learn Education, except it were in Martial Affairs, or in point of Trade, at Ham∣bourg, Lubeck, Franckfort, and Leipsick; the two last both famous for the great Fairs kept there, and Franckfort besides, for the Election of Em∣perors: yet in many Princes Courts are Masters of the Horse, and of some other Exercises; as at Dresden, Berlin, &c. but to my mind the best place in Germany for Education of Protestants, is, Heidelberg, where is a Court; there being very

few so well civilized, but none more than it is: where sobriety reigneth, all manner of Exercises are to be learned; and it hath a famous University for Learning: besides that, it is seated in a Coun∣trey (the lower Palatinate) called the Garden of Germany, most part of it lying along or about the Rhine, with plenty, delicacy, and variety of all things, when it is not the seat of War. Of all the Courts of German Princes that of Brandenbourg is to my mind the more stately and numerous, and I have seen some Royal Courts inferior to it.

Of all Rivers in Germany, the two chief, the Danube and the Rhine are most convenient for Travellers, by reason of the depth of their water, the swiftness of their stream, and the length of their course, and the many good Towns upon both: others as the Wesel, Elbe, Oder, Main, Ne∣kar, &c. are not so convenient; for the Rhine crosses all Germany from South to North, and the Danube from West to East. He who goes into that Countrey must use himself to lie upon straw, for strangers in Summer cannot abide to lie between two great Feather-beds, as the fashion is in those parts. In great places one is well treated, but dear; there being a set ordinary in most parts, Landlords are not used to over-reckon: wherefore there is no disputing with them, as in most parts of France, but will be paid what they ask: when men of any fashion come in, the Master and Mistriss of the house bid them welcome. In Switzerland he and the Landlady shake hands with their Guests, and he waiteth on them at Table; and both there and in Germany they expect as a token they are satis∣fied with their house, to hear this complement up∣on their going away, I will lodge here when I come

hither again. And if Erasmus was now alive, he would not find them to be so rude as he complaineth they were in his time.* 1.90 As to matter of Learning, this I must say of the Germans, their Wit is not quick, but they are strong and patient in their Studies and Labours, so that they know more things than others, though not ••o well, they seem to be more desirous to teach than to learn, and do at least as much delight in Wri∣ting as in Reading.

But I must remember I am not writing a Relation of Germans, therefore I am to insist onely upon that which is of my present purpose and compendiously too; so that having observed, that as in France they reckon by Leagues the distance of Places, in Italy by Miles, in most parts of Germany it is by Hours. I must now set forwards our Traveller towards this last Country.

Venice is the usual place of Rendevous for those who intend to go from Italy into Germa∣ny, there are daily occasions of those men who go to and fro out of one Country into the other, and according to agreement do furnish horses and as to Diet, defray Travellers, which is very convenient for those who do not know the Coun∣try, and understand not the Language; some go thorough Grats in Styria, and other parts of the Hereditary Countreys of the Archduke of Austria, to Vienna, to see the Emperors Court; they who delight to see strong Places, go thence thorough Presbourg to see Roàb and Komorrah, and other few places belonging to the Emperor upon the frontier of the Turk of the remainder of Hungary;

thence they come back to Vienna, and so tho∣rough Bohemia go into Saxony, and if they please, from Dresden thorough Magdebourg to Hambourg, where crossing the Elbe, they go into Holstein, ••o into Denmark and Sueden: others from Vi∣enna thorough Moravia, step into Poland as far as Cracow, thence thorough Silesia and Lusatia to Berlin, to see the Court of Brandenburg, whence some have the curiosity to step into Pomerania, and then to Dantzick; but others thorough part of Brunswick, Lunenbourg and Mecklebourg, go to Lubeck, thence to Hambourg, whence those who do not go into Sueden and Denmark, go into the Dukedom formerly Archbishoprick of Bremen, Westphalia, so into the Low Countreys.

Others do not go so far into Germany, but di∣rectly from Venice they go thorough Trent, In∣spruck, to Munichen, where the Duke of Bava∣ria keeps his Court, and thence to Ausbourg; whence they either go to Vlm to take water, to go down to Vienna, which I take to be the best way to go to that Court; or else from Vlm to Stugard in Wirtemberg, thence to Heidelberg, to Francfurt, so to Mentz, and then down the Rhine to Colen; Noremberg is one of the Cities of Ger∣many most worth seeing; from Colen either one goes by land to Brussels, or else by water down the Rhine, and so to Vtrech and Amsterdam, or upon the Vahal down to Nimegue, Lovestein▪ Vorcum, Gorcum, of which three places the Dutch Proverb says, —Vorcum, Gorcum, Lovestein, nam ist groet, Matcht is Klein; from these one goeth to Dort, Rotterdam, so to any parts of Holand.

He who travels into those parts, must know, that Germany was divided into upper and lower▪

the upper is that which now is properly called Germany, the lower is now called Nether∣lands or Low Countreys, part whereof was called Belgia or Batavia; it contains seventeen Provinces, of which the seven United, from the particular one Holland, are named Hollanders, as the ten Flemingers from Flanders. Once all these Provinces were possessed by the House of Burgundy, which all with both Burgundies, part of Suisserland and Lorrain, Charles le Hardy or Bold, intended to have united and erected into a Kingdom, under the name of the Kingdom of the Lion, because a Lion is the Arms of most of those Provinces, but he miscarried in his design: all these Low Coun∣treys, and the Country of Burgundy, otherwise called Franche Comte, by a Marriage fell into the hands of the House of Austria. In the year, 1568. &c. these Countreys in the days of Philip II. King of Spain were by extraordinary oppressions in their Consciences, Lives and Estates, forced to take Arms, and thus beginning was given to that War which with various successes lasted till at last in 1648. by a Treaty at Munster and Osnabru••k, 7 of these Provinces were by the Spaniards own-to be Soveraign States; hereupon is grounded the difference of Spanish and Vnited Netherlands.

This Republick was founded not only upon Dutch, but also English Blood, witnesses the Bat∣tel of Newport, the Siege of Ostend, and several other occasions; although it be but new and mo∣dern, it is raised to a great height, and is become very potent by Land, but especially by Sea, there∣fore a stranger must see their Shipping, Store-houses, and strong Places, and be informed of their way of Trading, for herein doth consist

their strength and riches; for the Province of Holand doth hardly produce any thing besides Butter and Cheese; but they have great many Manufactures, whereby a great number of people is kept in exercise; yet, for all this Holand is a Magazine for all manner of Wares, there being a distribution made between the Cities, of the Trade in several things; for every great Ci∣ty hath her particular Staple Commodity: now this Trade is much helped not only with the neighborhood of the Sea, but also of many Na∣vigable Rivers, and several Channels of Commu∣nication between places, which are a great con∣venience for Travellers, carriage of Merchan∣dize, and for Merchants, who, at a certain hour, can be upon the Exchange in a Town, and at another hour in another, things being so well ordered, that they are sure within such a time to be at such a place. This people are flegmatick, therefore they suffered many oppressions before they could be brought to take up Arms, though now since they have been Masters of their Li∣berty, and grown rich, there are some hasty enough amongst them; they are also very pati∣ent to perfect designs, began by French and Ita∣lians, which are hastier Nations; they are in∣dustrious, taking great pains, and very frugal; so that whil'st English Seamen will feed well, they are satisfied with a small matter, and have but five or six men aboard some Merchant Ships, whil'st we have nine or ten in those of the same Bulk, whereby charges being saved, they are able to afford Wares at a cheaper rate than other Nations; and as in matter of Trading, they are cunning and subtle, and withal rich;

to destroy the Trade of others, they will afford Wares at a cheaper rate, though with loss to them, whereby they will tire out Merchants of other Nations, who are not so monied as they; and experience hath shewed us how they have gone about (which, in part they have effected) to engross to themselves the trade of the whole World, which they understand as well, if not bet∣ter, than any other Nation.

Those who know not these conveniences of Rivers and Channels, have admired how they could bring so many great Guns to the Sieges they undertook; but that which most of all was worthy of admiration is, that whil'st War lasted between them and the Spaniard, they sold Arms and Ammunition to their Enemies. The reason is, as long as they are Masters of the Sea, they are not afraid of wanting any thing, and they care not so much for an enemy by Land, provi∣ded they have none at Sea, for as long as their trade goeth on, they are able enough to main∣tain a War. I know some have written of them, that they are of a gentle nature, enemies to quarrels; which I will believe of several of them, but they must give me leave not to take this as a national Character; for though I have found there several of sweet and loving nature, yet so many faces flashed and cut with their Steecken en snee, are signs of quarrels; besides that, in some places without doors, they hang Knives to shew that within such houses one may find that sport if he hath a mind to't; hence it is, that they who are willing to't, do touch the Knife; and I heard of some so skill'd in this sport, that with a Crown-piece sharpned round

about, they have flashed the face of those who with Knives after this manner were fighting against them; and though they say to me that this being to shew a sport, is not an effect of quarrels, I will add, that men who drink so hard, and are so concerned as that Nation is, must often fall into quarrels; it is true, they do not presently run one another thorough, because usually they wear no Swords, and carry no Pistols.

It is true, they mind not much what other Nations call point of honour, the Motto of many being this, No Honor but Profit; and when they fall out about greatness, they use to say one to another, If you be richer than I, you are the bet∣ter man of the two. A thing which indeed all strangers are to observe, is their neatness and cleanness in their Cities, Market-places, Streets, Houses, Goods, and Furnitures thereof, not so much as the least sign of a cobweb in any Room, nor of the excrements of a Fly upon a Win∣dow, whereof the Glasses are perpetually clear and shining, just as if they were new, any Keys, Locks, or other iron Works, are as if they were newly bought from the Smiths shop, the floors of the Rooms as well as the Roofs, are kept clean with Sand, and people must not spit upon, but in a corner they have a pot full of Sand to that purpose; and in some places they give Slip∣pers to those who are to come in: In a word, their Kitchin-stuff Vessels, their very Stables, which are but few, or any other places in or about their Houses, are extraordinary clean, so that in eve∣ry such thing, they are as clean as any Nation in the World; yet though their Table Cloaths

and Linnen be very white and fine, and their Victuals very cleanly dressed, I cannot say so of their eating of it, for promiscuously they eat their Bread, Butter, Cheese, Dried Beef, Pork, which some will call nastiness; yet I dare not condemn the universal practice of a Nation, though such things be not used in other Coun∣treys, it being of the manner of eating things as we say of the taste, de quo non disputandum.

Profit and Liberty are the two things which most of all they are taken with, and good reason too, because the first is gotten with great care, pains, and hazard, and the last was obtained with much difficulty, treasure, and blood; yet, for all this, those who have Means, are rich and ••umptu∣ous in their houses, for this they have learned by communication with other Nations. A thing wherein they are much to be blamed in, is, their being over indulgent to their children, by whom they suffer to be called Thou and Thee, injuri∣ous language, and several other abuses of that nature.

Above all▪ let strangers, specially those who live under Monarchies, be very careful of two things, the one not to blame that form of Go∣vernment setled amongst them; for it sutes bet∣ter with the temper of the people; neither is it fit for particular men, specially strangers, to talk against a Government instituted by the advice and contrivance of judicious and understanding Men, and continued by the wisest and ablest Men that have been and are there still, much less, if a man receiveth protection from it, as all strangers do; even it is not safe, in case any thing was wanting, or amiss in't (as often it falls out

in other places) to tell his mind about it, because Innovations are lookt upon as dangerous to States, and with such discourses are fomented: But the second thing I would have strangers there to beware, is receiving principles contrary to that form of Government which is setled at home, for fear of causing of disturbances, and let them consider the same reasons, why Monarchy at home should not be altered, as I used, why those Countreys should continue in a way of Republick.

This I would have the more to be minded, because of the danger there is of receiving such impressions, and corrupt principles in relation to the authority one is born under. This I speak, not only as to the Republick chiefly Democrati∣cal, as Holand, but also as to those which are wholly Aristocratical, as Venice. The cause of troubles in Nations, hath usually been either the eager desire of the Nobles to command, or else the violent love of people to their liberty, which principles the minds of both sides being once possessed with, every one driving on his way, rentings and disturbances are unavoidable, and truly in such a case the parties are often so blind, that to avoid a present inconvenience and di∣stemper, they fall into a greater and more dan∣gerous disease, as it fell out in Rome, when the Nobles and the People being grieved, the one at the Tribunes, and the other at the Consuls, which were ballanced one by another, they abolished them all, and set up the Decemvirs, whose little finger was heavier than either Consuls or Tribunes; and certainly when divisions in States cause such courses to be taken, there are all dispositions in the World to Tiranny; for when one of the

parties sets over himself a daring ambitious man of interest, he makes use of that party to de∣stroy the other, which being done, he hath so fortified himself, that it will not be difficult to usurp over the rest. Thus if the Nobles be de∣stroyed, the People having none to fly to, must submit, and be kept under. Appius the Decemvir had such a fair occasion, if he had had the wit to make use of it; for the people being confident he would bear his interest against the Senate, chose him; but he, instead of making use of this popular favour to undo the Nobles, begun to oppose the People who had raised him to that Dignity, and complyed with the Senate, who were all his enemies; some because they had the same ambitious designs as he, and all because they lookt upon him as a creature and the head of the people: they, who came after, and had the same designs, took a wiser way to bring them about. Marius being chosen by the People, and Sylla by the Senate, stook to their principles, and to those by whom they were to raised; and when these divisions were come to the greatest height, and the great revolution which not long after be∣fel the Republick, was hanging over her head Pompeius for the Senate, and Caesar for the Peo∣ple, did the like; for though Pompeius had the worst of it, the Nobles stood to him as long as they were able, and when they had no other way, they murthered Caesar in the Senate; whose steps being followed by his Nephew Octavius, Augu••tus gave the mortal wound to that party, by the overthrow of Brutus and Cassius, and he set himself over all the People, and so reduced the Government to a single person, which may

be Pompeius or his Sons had done if they had had the better on the other side.

Something of this is also to be observed in Monarchies, where also are the different inte∣rests of the Nobles, and of the People, which to balance is the Princes interest, and not to suffer one to be destroyed by the other; the Nobillty indeed are the Props and Pillars of a Throne; but the Barons War, and some Outlandish ex∣amples, shew that they are sometimes the scourge of it and within these very few years, we have seen a King of the North make use of the People to bring down the power and authority of his No∣bility. That Government is certainly the most happy, and the likeliest to last, where the No∣bility encroacheth not upon the Liberties of the People, nor they on the Prerogatives of the No∣bles: Therefore if a Traveller be from amongst the Nobility, so as to have right to hope one day to sit amongst the Noblemen, let him not learn am∣bitious and tyrannical Principles, when he hath been in Poland, and other places, where the com∣mon people are no better than Slaves; or if he be born amongst the common people, let him not be so desirous of a full liberty, such as he hath seen in Holand and other places where the su∣pream authority lies in the people, so as to scorn when he cometh home, to yield respect, and that obedience, which according to the Law and cu∣stoms of his Countrey is due to the Nobility and Gentry; for a Noble who makes a stay in Po∣land, and a Commoner in Holand, finding those Governments suitable to their quality and in∣clination; by the influence of the climate, customs and conversations with people, will be affected

to't, and sometimes desire it should be so at home, which desire upon occasion, will pro∣ceed to action, and strivings to setle it there.

What I said of the manner and customs of Holland, almost the like I may say of those of the rest of the Vnited Provinces, all having the same general way of Government, so I may almost say of those Spanish Countreys which are near them, as to manners and customs, having all for∣merly been under the same Soveraign, though those under Spain, have a mixture of fashions, by reason of their constant communication with that Nation, as have with the French those of Artois, Hai∣nault, and others, which either belong to the French, or are their very next Neighbors, which customs by degrees and succession, are introduced. Now what I say, is not as to their Laws and Govern∣ment, which I know are different and particu∣lar to some Provinces; but I speak in matter of society, conversation, and manner of life, which, as the Language, are near alike in all the Low Countreys, which being so nigh to us, their tem∣per is the better known to every one here, and 'tis less necessary to insist upon't as much as on Countreys more remote.

When a Traveller hath seen most of all the Curiosities of those parts, which for the most part consist in fair and strong Cities, I will have him to come to Paris, there to re-collect what he hath seen and learned in all his travels, and to perfect himself in his Exercises, and take his last stamp before he comes home.

I had said, that from Hambourg or Lubeck some go into Sueden and Denmark, onely to see the former, being for the most part a barren, vast,

wild Country, in comparison of the southerly parts of Europe, there is no pleasure, nor hardly profit to travel in't. Stockholme, where the Court resides, is to be seen. Vpsal, an Archbishoprick, and the Seat of the Primate of Sueden, where is also an University. Gottemburg also a great way from thence, where sometimes the States or Diet use to meet; but chiefly one must see the Copper Mines, of which there is much. So that Tilly used to call Gustavus Adolphus the Cop∣per-Smith: there are half Crowns, and Five shil∣ling Pieces very big, insomuch that I have seen some Countrymen carrying few of them upon the shoulders with a stick passed thorough a hole made a purpose, and with this sort of Coin are made their ordinary Payments, so that if sometimes one is to receive but 25 or 30 l. worth of English Money, a horse doth either draw or carry it; the best Lands of that Crown are now what the last King but one conquered in Ger∣many, and what the last got from the Danes in Schonen, Holand, and Bleking, in the former whereof is a good and convenient Harbor,* 1.91 called Lands∣croon: In fine it is a brave and Warlike Nation, which stands too much upon the nicety of Honour, as they take it to be; so that if one hath in the least received an injury from another, he must fight him, or else he would be branded for a Coward, unfit to come into any Gentlemans company, and lay upon his reputation a perpe∣tual blemish and note of infamy. I have taken notice that most Gentleman of that Nation, when they are abroad; follow their Exercises well, and succeed therein.

Of Denmark I have little to say; (that King∣dom (except what they have in Holstein and Iutland) consisting all in Islands, which indeed are more plentiful and better Country than Sue∣den; there are several little ones, as Longland, Loyland, Femeren, and Funen, bigger than all these, whereof the chief place is Odensea, but the great∣est and best of all is Sealand, whereof Copenha∣gen is the Metropolis; Elsenore is on this side the Sound, and Cronenberg Castle is the strongest place of all those parts; upon the same Island are also Roskildt and Fredericksburg, all worth see∣ing more or less: The temper of this Nation in some things is like the Suedish, but more high and lofty, though upon account of State there be an antipathy between the two Nations, for the Kingdom, which was Elective, is now be∣come Hereditary, and the Nobility hath lost the Priviledge of choosing them a King; for the late King, after the Suedish War, took an op∣portunity of his standing Army, to bring this to pass, with the concurrence of the Commonalty; but as these places are not much visited by Stran∣gers, except in case of Ambassadors, or upon the account of Trade, for the Sound is the inlet in∣to the Baltick Sea, I will forbear any longer speaking of it. From Sueden and Denmark Strang••rs come back usually to Hambourg and Lubeck.

Something too should be said of Spain and Portugal, the former I have spo∣ken of elsewhere; the other is a Kingdom lying South-west of Spain,* 1.92 along the Sea Coasts, their Language is the same, except some few words,

and some difference in the pronunciation; there is an antipathy between the two Nations, ground∣ed upon the interest of State. After the death of King Don Sebastian in Africa, Philip II. of Spain, took possession of that Kingdom, a••d was kept by Philip III. his Successor, and by Philip IV. till the year 1640. for that Kingdom took the first opportunity, and with∣drew from the Spanish Yoak, to yield obedience to the right Owner Don Iuan, Duke of Bragan∣za, the design being managed by the wisdom and courage of his Wife, of the Spanish Illustri∣ous Family of Medina Sidonia, assisted by some prudent and loyal persons of quality, who con∣tributed much to bring that design to pass, and to make use of the general disposition of the Nation to a Revolution; Portugal and the Al∣garves, are not of any great extent, but that King is Potent in A••rica and the East-Indies, where they made considerable Conquests, and drive a great Trade, Goa being one of the most Merchant Cities of all those Indies; they un∣derstand well the Art of Navigation, whereby that Kingdom is much enriched; there are not many strong, or otherwise considerable Towns, Braga, Braganza, Porto, Coimbra, Eluas, &c. are the chief, but Lisboa or Lisbon, is a good and rich City, the Metropolis of the Kingdom; it hath some things of the Spanish temper, but not altogether so slow; there are not many Stran∣gers there, except those who are in the service of the Crown, Merchants, and some attending on foreign Ministers; for Gentlemen who tra∣vel to see the World, and improve themselves, make no long stay there, but onely do go there,

for in a short time one can see the chief things there: in it, and in Spain I was about ten Months. But now I must speak of other things.

After our Travellers are come to Paris, have refreshed themselves, and made fashionableCloaths, the next thing must be to take Masters of Ex∣ercises; to be perfect therein; let them at lei∣sure see every thing they did see before, and more too, and thereupon make exacter obser∣vation; such are the Court, and all publick Pleasures and Solemnities performed therein, whether it be Hunting, General Musters, Balls, Plays, &c. they must renew good former acquain∣tance, make what new ones they are able, speci∣ally with men of virtue and quality, with Vir∣tuosi and other Wits of Paris; they ought to get an exact information of the whole Court, and of great Persons of the Kingdom, whose authority and power therein is very great; this gives a great light to understand the constituti∣on and interests of States; which is a thing I could desire them to mind, and be well versed in; to this effect, they must find ways hand∣somely how to be acquainted with the Ministers of those Princes and Republicks, in whose Do∣minions they have been, and of others too; which will come in by degrees; from them they can hear news of what passeth all Europe and World over, learn Wisdom, and the grounds of Policy; for though they will not acquaint one with their secrets, yet the continual course of affairs, being apprehended well, will teach one very much; also sometimes they reason upon things, and give their opinion about them. Be∣sides this, Paris affords a great variety of good

Company, wherein much is to be learned, so that six months at least can well be bestowed there, and whole years too, if one can and hath a mind to stay, and yet loose no time.

The Languages he hath learned in his travels, I would have him not to forget, but rather to pra∣ctice upon all occasions, both by reading and speaking, for they are accomplishment for any Gentleman, and qualification necessary to a States∣man, or to any employed in publick Affairs: He will also do well, if possible, to understand the peculiar way of speaking of other Nations: As for instance, here in England we speak much between the teeth; for when the letter H is pronounced after a T, the tongue lies between the teeth, which else are close for the most part: The French speak with a whistling of the tongue: The Italian with the lips: The German with the throat: And the Hollander with the nose. These differences are easily perceived by those who have any skill in those Languages, and to give an instance of the two last, the German and the Hollanders, between which two there should be the less difference, because this last is but a Dialect of the former; yet when one is come from Germany as far as Colen, he will find this difference very palpable. They also who are critical upon Languages, do find that they are adapted to Subjects; for upon certain mat∣ters, some are more energetical and significa∣tive than others; for not to speak of the He∣brew, Greek, and Latin Tongues, which I men∣tioned before, and are called dead Tongues, the Spanish is called Senatoria, for Grave Senators; the French Oratoria, for Orators and Courtiers;

the Italian Amatoria, for Gallants and Lovers; the High Dutch Martialis Generosa, for Generous Soldiers; the Polonish Martialis ferox, for Wild and Barbarous Ones; the Suedish Nugatoria; for Trifles and Trivial Things; the Danish Plorato∣ria, Weeping; and the Low Dutch Mercatoria, for Merchants,

And now I am upon this Subject, it will not be amiss for me here to insert a character of some Nations, out of which a Traveller may receive some Lights and Directions how to behave himself when he comes amongst them, which hath a re∣lations only to the generality of the people, and doth no way reflect upon the Superiour Powers over those Nations, whose Governments, Councils, and Ministers, I confess to be much above all such kinds of observations.

In Affection.

• The French loveth eve∣rywhere.
• The Spaniard very well.
• The Italian knows how to love.
• The German knows not how to love.

In Behaviour.

• French courteous.
• Spaniard lordly.
• Italian amorous.
• German clownish.

In Body.

• French hath it manly.
• Spaniard so, so,
• Italian indifferent.
• The German tall.

In Buildings.

• French build conveni∣ently.
• Spaniard meanly.
• Italian stately.
• German strongly.

In Cloaths.

• French inconstant and changing.
• Spaniard modest.
• Italian poor.
• German mean.

In Colour.

• French like a chesnut.
• Spaniard black.
• Italian brown.
• German white or read∣ish.

In Conversation.

• The French jovial.
• Spaniard troublesome.
• Italian complying.
• German unpleasant.

In Councils.

• French hasty.
• Spaniard wary.
• Italian subtle.
• German slow.

In Courage.

• The French as an Ea∣gle.
• Spaniard like an Ele∣phant.
• Italian as a Fox.
• German as a Bear.

In Dancing.

• The French danceth.
• Spaniard walketh.
• Italian Vaults.
• German walloweth himself.

In Diet.

• French delicate.
• Spaniard sparing.
• Italian sober.
• German loves to drink.

In Favours.

• French forgets good and evil.
• Spaniard rewardeth all.
• Italian ready to do good but revengeful.
• German doth neither good nor evil.

In Gaming.

• The French ventures all.
• ...

• Spaniard makes a good shew with a bad. Game.
• Italian takes excepti∣ons.
• German is often cheat∣ed.

In Laws.

• French hath good Laws, but observe them not.
• Spaniard hath excellent Laws, and observeth them rigidly.
• Italian hath good Laws, but is remiss in the observation.
• German hath Laws which are so, so.

In Learning.

• The French knows a little of every thing.
• The Spaniard hath a deep Learning.
• Italian like a Doctor.
• German like a Pedant.

In Looks and Meen.

• French looks like one inconsiderate, and is often so.
• Spaniard like a wise Man, and often is so indeed.
• Italian looks giddy-like, but is wise.
• German hath seldom good look or Meen.

In Love.

• The French giddy and inconsiderate.
• Spanish boaster.
• Italian noble.
• German gross and rusti∣cal.

In making Love.

• French diverts his Mi∣stress.
• Spaniard adoreth her.
• Italian serveth her.
• German bestows Gifts upon her.

In contempt of Love.

• French hasty, offends his Mistress.
• Spanish proud, slights her.
• Italian discreet, com∣plains of her.
• German rude, asketh for what he gave her.

In Magnificence.

• In France consists in the Court.
• In Spain in her Arms.
• Italy in Churches.
• Germany in her Princes.

In Plays.

• French pleasant and merry.
• Spanish serious.
• Italian Buffoon and Je∣ster.
• German unpleasant.

In Pride.

• The French commends every thing.
• Spaniard praiseth none but himself.
• Italian despises that which deserves it.
• German is no boaster.

In Promises.

• French light.
• Spaniard deceitful.
• Italian advantageous.
• German true and faith∣ful.

In Religion.

• French zealous.
• Spaniard superstitious.
• Italian ceremonious.
• German indifferent.

In Secret.

• The French tells every thing.
• Spaniard is very secret.
• Italian saith not a word.
• German forgets what he was told.

In Speech.

• The French sings.
• Spaniard speaks.
• Italian acts the Come∣dy.
• German howls.

Again.

• French speaks well, but writes ill.
• Spaniard speaks and writes little, but well.
• Italian speaks and writes well.
• German speaks little, but writes much.

In Temper.

• French jester and inju∣rious.
• Spaniard grave and re∣spectful.
• Italian pleasant and jea∣lous.
• German lofty and fan∣tastical.

In Wit.

• French hath it all the body over.
• Spaniard in the head.
• Italian in the arm.
• German in the fingers end.

Concerning Husbands.

• In France Companions.
• In Spain Tirants.
• In Italy Goalers.
• In Germany Masters.

Concerning Women.

• In France Ladies or Drudges.
• In Spain Slaves.
• In Italy prisoners.
• In Germany Housewifes.

Of Servants.

• In France Masters.
• In Spain Subjects.
• In Italy respectful.
• In Germany Compani∣ons.

Of Horses.

• In France good for eve∣ry thing, or for no∣thing.
• In Spain noble.
• In Italy handsome and good.
• In Germany dull and heavy.

In Diseases.

• The French subject to the P—
• The Spaniard to the Kings Evil.
• Italian to the Plague.
• German to the Gout.

Some Compare

• The French to a Flea.
• Spaniard to a — Louse.
• Italian to a Punaise, a Bug.
• German to a Louse.

As there is no Rule without exception, so in every Country some are of a temper different from what is here represented; but as some∣times denomination is made from the greater, other times from the better part; so here are ex∣pressed the vulgar imperfections, and the parti∣cular good qualities of the better sort; and i•• one and the same Countrey, men of all these different tempers may be found out.

To this I must add some particular advice and instructions for a Traveller how to order him∣self when he is beyond Seas; for he can never be too much warned of what he must do when he is abroad, and what I am to say, I believe will do him good, at least I am sure can do him no harm, O Traveller, whosoever you are, pray take notice of the following Advices.

So order and regulate your time as to have certain set hours for every thing you are to do.

Imprimis venerare Deum. Forget not morn∣ing and evening to ask God that which is ne∣cessary for your Soul and Body, nor to give him thanks for favours received from him. Heathens themselves can say, à Iove principium, à Iove sinis erit. Follow wise Solomon's Council, To remem∣ber thy Creator in the days of thy youth, and you know King David saith, The fear of the Lord is the beginning of Wisdom.

Apply your self to the reading of Holy Scri∣ptures, which is able to make you wise unto Salvation; it will afford you Lessons where∣upon to settle your Faith, and convince the Ad∣versaries thereof; besides this, it will furnish you with precepts and examples of Morality,

History, Politicks, and other things necessary to knowing Men: In a word, it will teach you to live in this present World, soberly, justly, and reli∣giously that is, to perform your duty in relation to your self, your neighbor, and towards God.

Observe an order and method in the reading of it, every morning you may read a Chapter in the old Testament, and another in the New, and do the like every night; so in time you may read it all. In a special way I commend the Prophecy of Isaiah, the Psalms of David, and above all the Proverbs of Solomon, and his Book called Ecclesiastes, (wherein is contained much of Divine and humane Wisdom) the Gos∣pel according to St. Iohn, the Epistle to the He∣brews, and the eighth Chapter to the Ro∣mans.

Yield respect and attention in reading of it, and have a design of being instructed thereby, rather than to cavil and take exce∣ptions thereat.

Verini disticha, Catonis disticha de moribus and les quatrains of Pybrac in French; deserve to be read. Apply your self to History Ancient and Modern in particular (as to this last) to that of the most considerable Countreys of Europe, be∣ginning with that of England, which to you is the most necessary. History is the eye of Times, and the ground of Policy; it shews wherein great Men, and others, have done well, and wherein they have failed.

Do not neglect reading the Gazettes; for al∣though they contain many trifles and false things, yet they give the ground of History, and will ac∣quaint you with the most considerable places and persons of these times.

As much as in you lies, lodge in the house of honest people, and of good report, whose con∣versation may be beneficial to you, and where you be not exposed to cheats, and unnecessary ex∣pences.

Make acquaintance with Men of Parts, and virtuous: Be civil to all, but familiar with few.

See what curiosities, whether ancient or mo∣dern, are in places you stay at, or as much as you can in or about those you go by; but above all endeavor to know, and be acquainted with Men learned or famous for any thing whatsoever.

When you stay in any place, be sure ever to learn one Exercise or other of those you are most inclined unto, and wherein the Masters are esteemed able Men: In the mean time there are those Exercises, which to you ought to be only a sport and recreation, but others there are which in earnest you ought to apply your self to, such are things instructing your judgement, and solid as Sciences, and some Arts, which you must make your study of, but Fencing, Dancing, and the like, should be onely the accessory which yet you ought not to neglect, because not only you get thereby outward accomplishments, but also you see company in those Schools, and thus a∣void idleness the mother of Vices.

Endeavor to get the Language and Man∣ners of the Country you are in; to that effect in∣form your self of every thing, though it 'twere in∣trigues of the neighbors, and interests of fami∣lies; strive to be acquainted with the chief per∣sons of the place, and to get into their friend∣ship; for not only you will learn from them, but also receive good offices and services upon occasion.

Speak your Mother Tongue as seldom as you can, and not at all if it be possible.

When you come into a serious company, speak little, and to the purpose, and be sure not to in∣terrupt the discourse of any man: Take heed you say nothing whereat people present or ab∣sent may justly be offended, chiefly if the absent be friends of those who are present.

In matter of humane Society, one of the best Rules that can be given, is to consider men in relation to us as either our friends or our enemies, or strangers; that is, indi••ferent to us, and we to them, neither friends nor ene∣mies; as to friends, we must so live with them as being possible for them to become our ene∣mies; that is, we must not too much trust nor so unbosome our selves to them in every thing, for fear we should hereafter have reason to re∣pent of it; with our enemies we must live as with those for whom it is not unpossible to become our friends; that is, to keep such measures, and bri∣dle those violent effects of our hatred, which might happen to render enmity unreconcileable, with strangers we must so live as to endeavor to make them to be our friends, and avoid to have them to become our enemies.

Sis quod vis haberi, saith Socrates. Be indeed what you would be accounted to be; will you be thought to be an honest man, you must really be so.

Do nothing against conscience, honour, or de∣cency; avoid gaming, (except sometimes for company, and out of compliance) drinking, and the company of dishonest Women: Forbear also, if you can, falling in love with virtuous Maids or

Women; for when a man engages too deep there∣in, he is often brought into great straits and diffi∣culties, which hinders him from doing any thing, and puts him upon many extravagancies.

Yet I advise you all the while you are in France, to frequent the company of Women (when it is no hinderance another way) because one is po∣lished and civilized in their company and con∣versation, and the desire a man hath to please them, makes, he observes himself in his Cloaths, Discourses, and Actions, better than else he would do; their company gives some confidence neces∣sary to a young man (provided it recedeth not from modesty, or doth not degenerate into im∣pudence,) In fine, that inspires civility, sweet∣ness, and complacency, which are all qualities necessary to a Gentleman.

Speak not about matters of Religion with those who are not of yours. Speak with re∣spect of Princes and Ministers of State; or at least speak not ill of them, chiefly of those with∣in whose Dominions you are; but ab••••e all, of your own Prince, or of those who are about him, for fear they hear of it, and at last be avenged of you.

Say nothing but the truth, but do not always speak it; for there is time and place for every thing; and be careful not to discover the bosome of your heart to those you do not know, or when there is no necessity to do't.

Be just to all, and according to your power and abilities, charitable to those who deserve it.

In every action of yours, consider that God

sees and hears every thing; and do nothing in private whereat you might be ashamed in pub∣lick: often God brings shame on those who are afraid of that more than of his name,

— quicquid agis prudenter agas & respice sinem.

Declare your secret to him only whose fidelity and discretion you had great trials of, rather mi∣strust the world; distrustfulness is the mother of security, but take heed not to express it; for nothing is so disobliging as that.

In discourses about indifferent things, never gainsay what another tells, except you be con∣cern'd therein, or your opinion be asked there∣upon; and then speak with as much gentleness and civility as you are able; and if ever you are brought to a dispute, let it be carried on by strength of arguments, and not by number of in∣juries.

In many things, audi, vide, tace, hear, see, and hold y••••r peace; for, saith Cato,

— nulli tacuisse nocet, nocet esse locutum.

Promise nothing of importance without deli∣beration, and except you have a mind to perform it; for you are free not to promise, but when you have done it, you are engaged to perform what you promise; express it clearly and plainly, for fear people should think you promise more than you do.

It is not enough for you to study the fashions of a Country, except you ••reduec them to a practice; because you will thereby become more

acceptable to the people, and insensibly learn to know all manner of tempers, and agree there∣with: do the like with the several companies in those Countreys; endeavor to be serious with those who are such, and merry when you are with men of that temper; you must also sute and fit your self to the subject of the discourses, serious when you speak of serious things, and jovial when you speak of merry ones.

Remember how the manner of doing or say∣ing things gives them a great deal of weight; so if you oblige one handsomly, thereby you lay a double obligation upon him. One said of old, That to grant a man a favour with a frowning look▪ or hard words, is to give him Bread full of Stones.

Let not your Hat stick on your head, for ci∣vility winneth the heart; and according to the Rule of Morality, Honor est magis in honorante quam in honorato.

When you do any thing which seems to put one to the least trouble and inconveniency, though only you passed your hand before him (which often happeneth at table) ask him per∣mission to do't, or pardon when you have done it; and if ever you expect from others to receive respect and civility, you must give them some with advantage; for one hand washeth another, and never stand who shall begin; even in places where the order of the World gives you the hand, take it with so much discreetness, that though it be your rank, it may appear you rather receive it from the civility of him who yields it.

The character of a worthy Gentleman is not only not to suffer, but also to do no wrong, and

express his repentance when he hath done any; but upon some occasions, it must be endured when it cannot be cured, nor hindred, at least without danger; and in such a case, you do well not to seem to take notice of it; for if you did, you will be obliged to resent it; whereupon you would make your weakness and want of power be seen, or else you would be suspected being a Coward.

Make not only acquaintances, but friends also, and get as many friends, and as few enemies as you can; often one enemy may do you more harm than ten friends can do you good; and friends do you no hurt when they have no occasion to do you good.

Disoblige no man, unless you be forced to't, or receive thereby some considerable advantage; yet still let it be seen to be against your mind;* 1.93 and when you are so unhappy as to be forced thereunto, do it in the most mild and gentle ways that are possible to you, still expressing the trouble you have thereat.

As much as in you lies, avoid the company of quarrelsome insolent, persons, and given to drink, for fear of becoming such as they are; from Wolves one learns to houl, or at least thereby you shall get a bad name, Dimmi con chi vai, ch'io te dirò queli' che tu fai, say the Italians, Tell me what Company you keep, and I can tell you what you are doing. Now Vi∣ces cause men to be hated and slighted of God and Men.

Despise no man, and condemn nothing slightly,

but upon good grounds; and when any one is ill spoken of for some bad action laid to his charge, if it be as probable he hath not done it, as that he hath done it, charity obliges you to be∣lieve the best; therefore be more apt to believe good than evil about another. Speak not evil of any man within his hearing in whatsoever Lan∣guage, for fear he doth understand you.

Try all things, saith the Apostle, and retain that which is good: By all good and lawful means, endeavor to get and deserve the esteem of honest men; and if it were possible, of all the World.

Do not imitate those who are so given to jest∣ing, as trouble not themselves about what they say, who have rather to loose much, and be exposed to dangers, than forbear telling of a Jest when it comes into their head: that kind of people careth not for the displeasure they cause to others, nor for the wrong they do to them∣selves; for at last it falls on their head.

Take well all advices given you, and return thanks to the Givers, specially if they be of the number of those whom you take to be your friends; then mend, and be the better for't; if not, learn thence to know the envy and malice of some, and the ignorance of others; ever taking well that which is told you with a good intent, and (at least seemingly) that which is on the contra∣ry: what natural defects you know to be in you, strive to mend and master. Who can be long without a Looking-glass to see what is amiss in ones Face? they who tell us of our faults, are the Looking-glasses of our actions, which now and then are necessary to us.

All civilized persons are agreed, that civility is every where to be practised. But the manner and customs of doing it are different, according to the Countreys; therefore get of them as ex∣act an information as you can when you are upon the places.

When you are setled in a place, every day be reading some good Latin Book or other, Nulla dies abeat quin linea ducta supersit, and when you read good Authors, never forget to take Notes of what doth deserve it.

To benefit your self with what you have seen, heard, or read in the day time, be sure to have a Table-Book or other Paper-Book to set down that which is remarkable in't (and this you may do thorough your whole journy) and every night before you go to bed (specially if you make abode in a Town) take an hours time to call it to your memory, which will much be helped, and make a greater impression upon't, if you have time enough to meditate and make reflections on't.

I would also advise you every day to learn something by heart; for that exerciseth and strengtheneth your memory, and is no burthen to you.

Before you leave a place to go to another, spe∣cially if this last be remote, endeavor to find the company of one or two honest, civil, and so∣ber Gentlemen, which will make your way more safe, pleasant, and comfortable to you.

Another thing ought to be done before you leave a Place or Country, which is to buy some of the best and most curious Books in that Language; by these means you will have the newest and best of what Books are in Europe; and being come

home, you will have wherewith to entertain your self, and keep from forgetting what Lan∣guages you learned in your travels: In the mean time observe that in every Country, for the gene∣rality of Authors, there is a genius particular to something; as for instance, Italians write well in Politicks, the French in Memoires and Roman∣ces, &c.

It were well also to have the Names and Pi∣ctures of the Prince, and of his Ministers or other Magistrates, specially (this last) when you are within the Dominions of a Republick, with the names of men famous in one Profession or other, whether of Sciences or Arts, as are Di∣vines, Mathematicians, Picture-Drawers, Archi∣tects, Musicians, and the like.

Remember how difficult it is to find again oc∣casions when once they are lost, and time lost can never be recovered; therefore whil'st you stay abroad, use your utmost endeavors to fit your self when you are come home to serve your King and Country.

Let there be a Rule and a Resolution in every thing you do, that is, have reasons for every thing you do,* 1.94 and be not fickle when you resolve upon some∣thing; and if, as I said elsewhere, you have a good disposition, incli∣nation, application and direction, you need not doubt, with the Grace of God, of a good success in your undertakings.

A Gentleman will be much the better by the knowledge and practice of these things, which are universal Truths, not tyed to any time or place,

directing him how to get Knowledge and Wis∣dom, if he inclines and applies himself to it for the time he is abroad, which being expired, he must prepare to come home, having got a good stock of learning, prudence, experience, and of Books, necessary not only to preserve, but also to improve it; upon his leaving Paris, he is to take leave of the chief of his acquaintances, and of all his friends, returning them thanks for their civilities, desiring them to continue their love to him in his absence; and of some parti∣cular, he may ask leave now and then to trou∣ble him or them with a Letter, and vouchsafe from time to time to answer thereunto. Thus when he is at home, he will have news of what hap∣peneth abroad, and by this correspondency, he may more and more be informed of affairs, the sooner, and from good hands; hereby also he can oblige any one of his friends when they go over, commending them to those he hath beyond Seas.

As soon as he is come over, let him exactly observe himself in what he saith or doth; for the eyes of most that knew him will be fixed upon him and according to the opinion which at that time people conceive of him, whether good or bad, so he is like to be esteemed as long as he li∣veth; a man whose reputation is setled, may do many things, and never be thought the worse for't, because men have a good opinion of him, which if those who have bad repute should do, they would be condemned and cryed down; it is usual to think well of those we love and honour, so on the contrary of those we care not for; when the person is acceptable, what he doth pleaseth us, but when we have a prejudice against him, we dislike

every thing he doth: and indeed, 'tis strange a thing, yet true, that we should so much depend on the opinion of others; to obtain it generally, one must be not only prudent, but also very ••or∣tunate; and yet for all this, such is the variety of mans mind, and they so differ in their opi∣nion, that nequidem Iupiter omnibus placet, saith one, God himself doth not please all men: therefore this universal approbation being so hard to be obtained, one must be content with that of the best sort, and with the testimony of his own Conscience, not minding the envying, jealousie, hatred and other principles, which several men in the world are actuated by.

Seeing then how necessary it is to get into the good opinion of the World, and how difficult to be obtained, one must be the more wary and careful, and labour the harder for it, specially at home the place of ones settlement, where he is to give a tryal of his Parts, Abilities, and Improvement in his Tra∣vels; which being known, he will be cryed up in his Country, considered at Court, and respected every where, which will last as long as his life, in case, he abuses not that love and favour of men: but in case it should happen with him as it doth with some, who learn no good, but all the evils and vices practis'd beyond Seas, and who are not a jot the better for their travels, having only lost their time, and mispent their monies; to such we might apply the Story of the Ass, which having left his ordinary Pasture to go into those that were more remote, and having been there for a considerable time, at last being come back, he lookt about and stared, and made much ado, expecting from those fellows he had left, a great respect and

admiration; which being deny'd him, he expostula∣ted the case with them, saying, He had been very far, and had seen many things. That may be, said others, but still you are the same you were, an Ass when you went, and an Ass now you are come back; with this difference, that at that time you were a little one, and now you are a great one, your Ears being grown much longer than they were at that time. So it had been better for some Gentlemen not to have travelled, because they come home worse than they went. Socrates told one who asked him why he was not the better for all his Travels, Quid miraris, nihil tibi peregrin••tiones prodesse cum te circumferas ut animum possis conti∣nere, prius corporis tui fugam siste, aegri animi est ista vagatio: like a Patient who lies abed restless, he thinks, but is mistaken, to be the better with often changing place; so with some, disquietness of mind, is often cause of travelling; to such Se∣neca faith, Animum debes mutare non coelum: li∣cet vastum trajeceris mare térraeque urbesque rece∣dant, sequentur te quocumque perveneris, vitio. One ought to change Mind and Manners as well as Climate and Country. Horace spoke wisely upon this subject,* 1.95 and to the same effect as the former.

But he who travelleth with pru∣dence and discretion, will mind his benefit and reputation, the content of his Friends and Relations, and the service of his King and Country, which by all good, lawful, and possible means he will endeavor to procure and promote, but how, and by what means this may be effected, 'tis a sufficient matter for an∣other Book, and a particular Treatise.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Romans sent their Sons in∣to Grecia, to learn Arts and Sciences; and into Tuscany to be instructed in the Mysteries of their Reli∣••ion.
• * 1.2

  Though com∣mon use makes a difference be∣tween a Tutor and a Gover∣nor, yet I in∣differently use both words, be∣cause the office is but one and the same, both tueri debe••t; it is otherwise of a Pr••ceptor.
• * 1.3

  1 Sam. 15.22.
• * 1.4

  James 3.6, 7, 8.
• * 1.5

  Without a h••arty applica∣tion no man can master any thing that con∣cerns the un∣derstanding.
• * 1.6

  I do not say this to comply with the peev∣ishness of those who are such, but I look on them asdistem∣pered, and so would endea∣vour to cure them.
• * 1.7

  Angevin doux & ven••n.
• * 1.8

  It is better to go to the Fen∣cing and Dan∣cing Schools, than to learn at home.
• * 1.9

  Cato.
• * 1.10

  L'Estat de la France.
• * 1.11

  Having made an obscenous Medal of Pope Innocent the X. with Donna O∣lympia, he was sent to the Pa¦zarelli, or Bed∣lam, where he died.
• * 1.12

  1 Tim. 2.12.
• * 1.13

  Isa. 1.16, 17, 18.
• * 1.14

  Acts 19▪ 19.
• * 1.15

  Monsieur de Scudery.
• * 1.16

  Guarini, Au∣thor of Pastor Fido had a Daughter, who became debau∣ched with the ••eading of his Book.
• * 1.17

  Cato.
• * 1.18

  Est & fideli tuta silentio merces, Horat. lib. 3. od. 2.
• * 1.19

  Trop parler nu∣it, trop grater cuit, saith the French Pro∣verb.
• * 1.20

  Lib. 11. cap. 11.
• * 1.21

  Prov. 13.5.
• * 1.22

  Gen. 9.22.
• * 1.23

  Ne te collad∣des, nec te cul∣paver is ipsum▪ saith Cato.
• * 1.24

  Phil. 3.19.
• * 1.25

  Juven.
• * 1.26

  In the Preface of my Relation of Italy.
• * 1.27

  Rom. 8.
• * 1.28

  Prov. 23.
• * 1.29

  De Arte Poet.
• * 1.30

  James 1. Gen. 3.12.
• * 1.31

  Chap. 2. Chap. 5. Chap. 6. Chap. 7. from 10. to 24.
• * 1.32

  Prov. 6.
• * 1.33

  Verin.
• * 1.34

  Oddo Antonio, Duke of Urbi∣no, was killed by his people, for being too familiar with their Wives, Daughters, and Sisters.
• * 1.35

  Horat. lib. 2. sat. 2.
• * 1.36

  Plutarch in Apophtegmati∣bus.
• * 1.37

  Schaddai.
• * 1.38

  Prov. 16.
• * 1.39

  Hor. lib. 4. od. 4. yet not always ••rue.
• * 1.40

  Ovid.
• * 1.41

  Satyr.
• * 1.42

  Horat.
• * 1.43

  Seeing a man hath no∣thing but what he hath received, why should he boast o•• it, even his ne∣cessaries, as Cloaths, which make the greatest part of his pomp, though Purple and Scarlet were first upon the back•• of Brutes, or he is behold∣ing to Brutes for them.
• * 1.44

  Matth. 6.
• * 1.45

  Prov. 23.5.
• * 1.46

  1 Tim. 6.17.
• * 1.47

  1 Tim. 9.10.
• * 1.48

  Luke 18.25.
• * 1.49

  Mark 10.24.
• * 1.50

  Judges 16.
• * 1.51

  Heb. 11.25.
• * 1.52

  1 Pet. 1.24.
• * 1.53

  Isa. 40.6.
• * 1.54

  James 1.10, 11.
• * 1.55

  Dispunge & re∣cense vitae tuae dies & vidobis paucos, quos∣dam & rejicu∣los apud te re∣sedisse, Seneca de brev. vitae.
• * 1.56

  Job 2.4.
• * 1.57

  Psal. 39.5.
• * 1.58

  Eccles. 9.9▪
• * 1.59

  Gen. 47.9.
• * 1.60

  Psal. 102.3.
• * 1.61

  Psal. 103.
• * 1.62

  Psal. 102▪
• * 1.63

  Psal. 90.10▪
• * 1.64

  1 John 2.17.
• * 1.65

  1 Cor. 7.31▪
• * 1.66

  2 Pet. 3.10.
• * 1.67

  Heb. 1.11.
• * 1.68

  Ps. 102.25.26.
• * 1.69

  Some say Dio∣ge••es.
• * 1.70

  Eth. lib. 4. cap. 5.
• * 1.71

  To do and suf∣fer no wrong is the part of a Gentleman: yet I would have him to know the point of honor consists in the practi••e of morals, and not only in shewing heart and courage.
• * 1.72

  Domitian.
• * 1.73

  Dio Cass. lib. Hist. 68.
• * 1.74

  Machiavel.
• * 1.75

  Du Plessis Mornay.
• * 1.76

  Virg.
• * 1.77

  In his Book Pietra dell' Paragons.
• * 1.78

  The present war hath made some alterati∣on in this.
• * 1.79

  Solon ordered this by a Law.
• * 1.80

  See my present State of Italy.
• * 1.81

  All three Mar∣shals of France
• * 1.82

  2 Sam. 12.27, 28.
• * 1.83

  1 Sam. 18.7, 8.
• * 1.84

  Felix quem fa∣ciunt aliena pericula cau∣tum.
• * 1.85

  The 4th part of this Book doth speak of it.
• * 1.86

  See my pre∣sent State of Venice▪
• * 1.87

  A kind of Boat▪
• * 1.88

  Dan. 2.33.
• * 1.89

  At present all Germany is united with the Em∣peror upon the account of the present War, which being ended, likely things will be a•• before,
• * 1.90

  Coll••q. diver∣sor.
• * 1.91

  The present war hath made some alterati∣on in this.
• * 1.92

  In the cha∣racter of Spain.
• * 1.93

  This and some other things I s••y, ought to be diversified according to circumstances of time, places, and persons.
• * 1.94

  Some of these advices I have given else∣where up and down, which I think fit to mention again in this, a•• im¦proper place.
• * 1.95

  Li. 1. Epist. 11 nequam cunque Deus, &c.