A new account of East-India and Persia, in eight letters being nine years travels begun 1672 and finished 1681 : containing observations made of the moral, natural and artifical estate of those countries ... / by John Fryer ... ; illustrated with maps, figures and useful tables.

THE CONTENTS.

LETTER I.

CHAP. I.

Treats of Embarking, and Passage till past St. Iago.

THE Proem. Taking Ship at Gravesend, and falling down to the Buoy in the Nore. Number of our Ships, with Letters of Mart. War with Holland. The reason of going over the Flatts. Stay at the Downs. The Massenberg disabled. Leaving the Lizzard, we met with Ships from Cales. We cross the Bay of Biscay to the Main Atlantick. Why this Sea is always troubled. The St. Helens Fleet stand for the Madera. Little Credit to be given to the Log-board. Hercules-Pillar. We drop our Compani∣ons by degrees. The Island of Madera the largest in the Atlantick Ocean. The Advantage of understanding the Trade-Winds and Azimuth. The Meteor Castor and Pollux. The St. Helens Fleet overtake us. We cross the Tropic of Cancer. A Guinea Ship took leave of us last. We draw near the Sun. Flying Fishes, and their Pursuers. Sharks and Pilot-Fishes. The Men of War out-sail us. The Island Beunavista. Cape-Verd Islands, Nine in Number. Isle of Maio. Arriving at St. Ia∣go. Found three Anchors slipped in the Bay. The Natives accost us with their Wares. A stately Garden. Of the Coco-Tree. Other Fruits. Their Militia. Their Asses sure-footed. Their manner of En∣tertainment. A Rural Chappel. The Na∣ture of the Island; and Inhabitants. Del Fogo.

CHAP. II.

Passage to Johanna, and Relation of that Island.

NEcessity of knowing the Trade-Winds, by a Proof. Met the Tor∣nadoes near the Coast of Guinea. Crossed the Line. Outsailed the North-star. Rai∣sed the Crociers and Magellanian Clouds. A North Sun makes Noon, as a South Sun did before. The Calenture rages in the Fleet. Extent of the Atlantick. The Tro∣pic of Capricorn. The Course of the Sun through the Zodiac, Cause of the Seasons. Sea-Fishes for Food. The Dolphin. Stone-Bass. Gales from the West to reach the Cape. The Current of the Sea against the Wind. Cape-Birds. Winter at the Cape. Separated from the Fleet for two days. Soundings off the Cape Good Hope. Spoke with some English Ships homeward bound. Doubled Cape d' Angullis to gain St. Lawrence. The Eastern Sea. A Whale. We follow the Sun. Lost sight of St. Law∣rence. Arrival at Johanna. Care of the Sick. Situation of the Island. The Inland inaccessible. The Circuit. A Tree fourteen Fathom round the Body. Best Water, next Thames-Water. Their Town and Buildings. Two Mosques. The King's Court. Their Nobles. Their Priests. We Present them. Vassals to the Arabs. Vil∣lages. A pleasant Grove. The Hills fruit∣ful. Temper of the Inhabitants. Their Vessels for Sea. Active at climbing. Slaves, how known. Skill'd in Letters and Astro∣logy. Ape Printing. Their Speech. Reli∣gion. Women. Their Children troubled with the Navel-Rupture. Their way of killing Fowls, &c. Their Diet. Corn. Want Asses, Mules, and Horses. Fowls for Game. A Budgee. Their Hate to the Mohelians. We are called aboard to set sail.

CHAP. III.

Declares our Course from Johanna, to our landing at Mechlapatan.

WE repass the Equinoctial Line. The North-Star is raised again. The Maldivae Islands. Near Ceilon. A couple of Whales. A Fright occasioned by a Mi∣stake in the Night. Sight of Ceilon. Ceilon has the best Breed of Elephants. The Ter∣henoes. Three Country Junks. Catamarans. Sanderaslapatan on the Main. Resolved to sight the Flemmings. Put to Sea again, on Advice from the Agent. Saw a French Man of War. Dismissed the Junks. Met the Freshes caused by the Rains. Having quartered the World, anchor at Mechla∣patan.

CHAP. IV.

Takes up our Stay at Mechlapatan, to our landing at Fort St. George.

THE Treasure set ashore. The Boat∣men described. Peons to wait on us. Landing at Mechlapatan. The Fort and Town. Their Custom-house Keys. Pub∣lick Structures. The Bridges. They Story of this Place, and Kingdom of Gulconda. At first governed by their Tribes. How alter'd. Their King a Chias-Moor. All Noblemens Estates fall to the King. The barbarous Custom of poysoning among the Eastern Monarchs. Gulconda the Me∣tropolis gives Name to the Kingdom. The Prime Ministers are Eunuchs. Their Wealth, how rais'd. The Army, how paid. The Bigness of the Kingdom. The Governor of Mechlapatan. The Persians Favourites at Court. Their Port and Grandeur. The East-India Company's Factors. Their manner of living. The Populousness of the Gentues. Their At∣tire. The Gravity and Pride of the Moors. Their Jealousy. Strictness towards their Women. Contrary Freedom among the Gentues. Their fearful Disposition. Their Complexion. Execution in Cases Capi∣tal. The Post, and nature thereof. No Law-Disputes long depending. Their Re∣ligions. Their Doctors of Divinity, and their Tenets. Their Ceremonies. They marry young. Their Speech. The Maho∣metans bury, the Gentues burn their Dead. Christian Strangers. Coin current, and Commodities. Beasts wild and tame. Their hanging Coaches, and those that carry them. Beasts for War and Food. Reptiles. Fowls. Fishes. Corn. Fruits. The Water and Air bad. Rain causes In∣sects. The Air better up the Country. Twelve of the King's Elephants. Our repair aboard Ship, and coming to Fort St. George. The Massenberg given over for lost, we found here.

CHAP. V.

Gives a true Narrative of the Eng∣lish, French, and Dutch, on the Coast of Coromandel, conti∣nuing till we double the Cape for the Coast of Malabar.

WE went ashore in a Mussoola. Rowed by St. Thomas. Landed at Fort St. George. The Fort described. Neat Dwellings. The Portugal Chappel. The English Masters of the Place. Sir William Langham Agent. Diligence of the Friars. Number of English and Portugal. The City of Maderas. Visited a Pagod. The English Tombs. What Pawn is. Nature of the People and Country. A Chamelion. Our Ships return to Mechlapatan. The grow∣ing Power of the French at Sea. Twenty Sail of French, under a Viceroy. Sixteen arrive at Surat. War with Holland. The French take Trincomalai from the Dutch: St. Thomas from the Moors. Fortify it. The Dutch come against it. The Vice∣roy brings his Ship in by a Stratagem. The French sally out upon the Moors. The Dutch appear again. History of St. Tho∣mas. St. Thomas Christians. King of Gul∣conda weak at Sea. A Festival of the Gentues. Triblitore. Antilopes. The Queen of the South. We fight the Hollanders, and lose three Ships. The Bombaim and Lon∣don disabled Antilope sunk. President and Sampson taken. Dutch Forces march to raise the Siege of St. Thomas. The Wealth and Power of the Flemmings. Their Po∣licy. Our seven Ships dispatched to the Malabar Coast. The Monsoons on both Coasts. The Heats tempered by Art. The Rains more intermitting on the

Coasts of Coromandel. The cause of the Monsoons enquired into. The Tail of the Elephant. Water-Snakes. The difference on the Malabar Coast. A Rejoinder of the Seasons. Small Birds drove to Sea. Land-lock'd betwixt Ceilon and the Cape. Strange colour'd Fishes. The Mountain Gates. Tutticary, our danger here. Cape Comeri.

CHAP. VI.

Views the Malabar and Canatick Coasts, up to Bombaim.

A Dark Night enlightned by Fish. The Dutch grasp all the Spice-Trade. How far 'tis possible. Cochin. We left the bad Weather, but not the Dutch Practices. Went ashore at Tanore. Their Wares. Their Houses mean. Their Nation di∣stinguished. The Nairoes. The Husband∣men. Their Men, how clad. Their Wo∣men. Manners and Religion. Hospitals for Cows. St. Thomas Christians. Coins current. The Pepper. Blackamore Pul∣len. Intensely cold a-nights. Latitude of Tanore. Calicut. The Portugal Fort overflowed. The Story of Calicut. Its condition since the Portugals left it. Coins. The right Ascent of the Sun to the Me∣ridian. Malabar Coast harbours Pyrates. Phalapatan. The King. Crocodiles in the River. Cutticony. Its Prospect. The Gentiles loth to resign it to the English. The Fort. Unsafe travelling without a Nairo. Naughtiness of their Women. Coins. We left Malabar Coast. Onor the first Land we touched on the Canatick Coast. The Protector of Canora went aboard our Fleet at Mirja. His obstreporous Musick. Our Lading. Carwar in the hands of Seva. The People partly Moors, partly Gentues. Goa. The Portugal Armado. Light-Houses. Rajapour. Choul. Bombaim.

LETTER II.

CHAP. I.

Mentions the Island, and its Pos∣sessors.

THE Islands of Sal••er N^o 7. The Situati∣on. The Bay makes the most com∣modious Port in India. From whence the Island is called Bombaim. What Im∣port it is to the English. The Portugals loth to part with it. The English Fleet go to Swally. Thence to Anjediva. The Portugals brought to yield up Bombaim. Mortality of the English at Anjediva. The remaining English take Possession of the Island. The Fort rased. A Governor sent out by the King. The Government transferred to the East-India Company. The old Soldiers stomach the Yoke of the Company's Servants. Governors for the Company. Strength of the Island. The Fort ill contrived. The Town. Fresh-water Springs scarce. Woods of Cocoes. Portugal Churches. Salt-Pans. Maijm. Salvesong. Malabar-Hill. Bigness of the Island. A mixt People. English Govern∣ment. Power and State of the Presi∣dent. An unhealthy Climate. English Women no good Nurses. The Air agree∣able to the Country People. Few return home. What Credit it bears with its Neighbours.

CHAP. II.

A Survey of the Island Canorein, near Bombaim.

THE Superior of the Jesuits compli∣mented. Their Convents serve for Castles. A fine Prospect on the Water. A Journy of Pleasure, and Civility of the Jesuits. Delightful Aldeas. Magna••ana a Country-Seat. The City of Canorein for∣merly an Heathen Fane. Reported to be dug out of the Rocks by Alexander. Ta∣naw the chief Place. Mein a great Town. Happiness of the Soil.

CHAP. III.

A Visit to Baçein, a Portugal Ci∣ty in India: Our Return by Ele∣phanto, &c. with Observations on the Island Bombaim.

THE Capitaneos of the Portugals alter∣nate. A Message to Baçein. The City is round. Six Churches within the Walls. The Dwellings of the Fidalgoes. The Devastations made by the Arabs about Baçein. The ground of their Quarrel.

The Arabs care not to engage the Portu∣gals. Their last Efforts. Elephanto ano∣ther Idolatrous Temple cut out of the so∣lid Rock. The Heats. The Mogul's Fleet winter at Bombaim. The Ingenuity of the Toddy-Bird. The Brab-Tree. The Rains set in.

CHAP. IV.

Narrative of an Embassy to Seva Gi, and Journey to Rairee, the Court of the Raja.

HOW the Subidar is treated. Proceed on their Journey. Seva Gi gone a Pilgrimage. Officiousness of the Chief Minister of State: Who procured a Pass up to the Castle. Rairee a strong Hill. The Eng••ish have Audience of Seva Gi. What Presents were made. Rajah Seva Gi weighed in Gold. Grants the Request of the English. The Ambassador sum∣mon'd to the Coronation. The Rajah marries a Fourth Wife. No Nation eat Flesh like the English.

CHAP. V.

Our Passage to Swally, and Relati∣on of the English Presidency at Surat.

ARrival at Swally. The Sands full of Fleas and Banyans. The Banyans pay Money to keep a Mart. Travel to Surat. The Coaches and Guards. The English Factory. Full of Noise. The Four Chief Offices. The Company's Servants and their Salaries. The Under-Factories modell'd by this. The Presi∣dency. The Advantage of being of the Council. The Baseness of the Banyans. Number of Persons in the Factory. State of the President. All places in India sub∣ject to the Presidency, with their Com∣modities. The Investments set on foot in the Rains. The Trade managed by a Company better than a Free Trade. Their Freemen greater Slaves than their Ser∣vants. The Charges of the English Com∣pany not so great as the Hollanders. Their Charter put in force. The Course of the Presidents. The English defended themselves against Seva Gi with Honour. The ill Success of the first Adventurers imputed to want of Government, and War with Portugal. The Company en∣rich this Port. The Diamond-Trade bet∣ter in the hands of the Company's Ser∣vants, than in theirs.

LETTER III.

CHAP. I.

Animadversions on the City and Peo∣ple of Surat.

THE Rudeness of the Devotes: And Seamen. The Buildings. The Hea∣then Rites more suppressed here than in Gulconda. Moguls and Chias disagree. Sects of the Moguls. Their Diet. Way of Entertainment. Their Attire is rich. The Women wear Jewels. Strict Observers of the Hours of Prayer. Great Revel∣lers at Circumcisions and Marriages. Quick in Labour. Great Lamentations when any dye. The Duty of their Priests. The Xeriff their High-Priest. Extrava∣gancies of their Fakiers. They make eve∣ry place their home, and all their own. How clad. The Governor not able to quell them. The Villany of the Gover∣nor's Servants, and Tragical Event. Some exemplary Punishments. Delinquents of another nature. The Crime of growing rich. The Sheriff. The chief Customer. The Mint. Markets. The Castle built by Timurlan. The Wall and Gates. Num∣ber of Soldiers. Their Mosques. Cara∣vans. Stables. The Governor quarrels with the Dutch.

CHAP. II.

Shews the Tombs, Outwalks, Cere∣monies, and Austerities of the Gentiles; with the Ships and Ri∣ver about Surat.

THE Rashpoot takes Toll with the Mogul. Dutch and Armenian Tombs. The English Burial-place. The French Tomb. The Burftaes or Heathen Wan∣derers. Pulparra, an Heathen Seminary. Two Pagods of excellent Lome. The burning of their Dead. They carry them

to Pulparra. The Postures and Severities of the Heathen Fakiers. Paunch Augy, or the Penance of Five Fires. Whether it be an Imposture? A Devote that had not sat down in sixteen Years. A great Tank. Gardens. Grottoes. The Cotton-Tree. Bang. Alluh. No great Variety of Flowers. The sensible Plant, and Ar∣bor de Rais. Milk-Bushes. Sugar-Canes and Tobacco. The River commodious for Ships. The Dutch learn the Natives nothing. Their Navy. The Young King of Ba••tam. His Story. Their Junks and Seamen.

CHAP. III.

Of their Solemnities, Sports, and Pastimes; Marriages; of the Parsies; their Strength by Land and Sea; their abundant Wealth, and fitness for Trade.

THeir New-Moons. Ramazan, or Lent. Grandeur of their Gover∣nor and Great Men. The Moors Aede. Their mourning for Hosseen Gosseen. The Emperor a great Zealot for his Religion. How they behave themselves in Eclypses. Ceremonies in Marriage. Dually of the Heathens. The Women have a time of Freedom. Feast of Flies. Hospitable to Dogs. Their Exercise or Recreation. Hunting. Buffolaes and Rams set to fight. The Master-piece of the Banyans. Education of Youth. The Sloth of the Moor a Whet to the Banyan. All the World brings Treasure to India. The Bassa of Bussorah. Their Jewellers may be improved. The City kept nastily. The Diseases. Remedies outward and inward. The Country Physician. The several Tribes how known. The English have the respect of their Ombrahs. Rarities in the English House. Venomous Creatures. The Surat Governor forced to comply with the Dutch. The Parsies. Worship the Sun. They expose their Dead to Ra∣venous Fowls. Their way of living. Large Milk-white Oxen. A Buffola. The Marshes breed Cattel. The Growth of this place. The Colum-Bird. Wine and Strumpets set the Soldiers and Seamen by the Ears. Four Arab Ships. Left Surat and S••••dly. Mahmud Emir Caun, Son of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Governor of the Province.

CHAP. IV.

Brings me with a New Deputy-Governor from Surat to Bom∣baim, and sends me to the Mo∣gul's General at Jeneah.

CAptain Shaxton sent home. A Sea-Tortoise taken. The Fable of its having three Hearts, confuted. The Flesh restorative. Take Boat for Duccan. Land∣ing and Reception at Gulean. Set forward for Intwally. The Countrey all burnt and destroyed. Thence to Moorbar. For∣ced to keep Watch. The Guides lead us about. Come to Dehir, a garison'd Town of Seva Gi's, at the foot of the Gaot. Awaked a Fakier, drunk with Bang. Seva Gi's Horses kept here. His Forts all about. State of the Havaldar. Got clear of Dehir. A troublesome Passage over the Gaot. The Monkeys affrighted. Flurries from the Hill carry Men and Oxen down the Precipice. The height of the Moun∣tains. Alteration of Air on the Hills. Oppa-Gaot a starveling Town. We force our way. Our Escape to Aumbegaun; and Hardship of the Coolies. Our Entrance into Jeneah.

CHAP. V.

Introduces me to the Nabob's Pre∣sence: My Business with him: A Prospect of the Country, &c.

THE Caun receives me publickly. Sycophants encouraged. Several manner of Addresses. The Castle not strong. Good Days consulted. Admit∣ted the Womens Quarters. What hapned while I was in the Haram. Scandal thrown upon the Women. Their Dress is Rich. A Conference about the Affairs of the English. Mischief done by Thun∣der. The Governor's Brother on the Hill descends for Cure. A Strumpet's Bene∣faction. The Emperor's Palace. The Fields no sooner sowed than set a-fire. Dungeness another Heathen Fane. The re∣quest of the Governor on the Hill, for my Ascent. The Hill inaccessible, but by Seven Gates. ••easted by the Governor's

Order. None appear before Great Men without a Present. How strange our Arms and Apparel seem to them. Per∣mitted the Freedom of the Castle. A bold Attempt of Seva Gi's Men. Grana∣ries for Stores now, formerly Religious Cells. A Rajah slain, the occasion of a barbarous Funeral. Took leave of the Governor. This Gurr puts a stop to Seva Gi this way. Jeneah Gur the Birth-place of Seva Gi. The Moors touch'd with the Superstition of the Gentues. Of the Lus∣carry or Army. Its Appearance. The Discipline. The Commanders richly ac∣coutred. I take my leave of the Caun. False Musters the practice of India. The Government and Commodities. Return∣ed by Nunny Gaot. No Army likely to pass this way. Glistering Flies about a Tree scare the Coolies. Their Reflections on the Miseries of the People. Prodigi∣ous great Frogs. The Nure-Tree. Cruelty to their Beasts. Inhumanity to their Sick. The Moor-men Priests follow Trades. A pragmatical Portugueze hindred our em∣barking. A Bombaim Shebar carries us to Bombaim. What Europe Ships I found in the Road. The Conclusion.

LETTER IV.

CHAP. I.

Concerning our shipping for Car∣war; of the Factory there; the unsettled Condition of the Place; and our coming to Goa.

THE President goes to Surat: I to Carwar. Seva Gi's Naval Power. His Arms have conquered all round Car∣war. The Ground our House stands on, granted by the King. Seva Gi governs by Brachmins. The hard usage of Seva Gi's Subjects. Distractions of the Kingdom of Visiapour. Their miserable Condition be∣twixt the Desy and Seva Gi. Take Barge for Goa, whose Passes are well guarded. The Gallantry of the Portugals, and ne∣glect of their Carracks.

CHAP. II.

Takes a View of Goa; makes a Voyage to Vingula; engages with the Malabars; and returns us to Carwar.

THE Archbishop's See. The Provost of the Jesuits. The College of the Dominicans the Seat of the Inquisitor. St. Roch. Domo of Bon Jesu. Why the Jesuits are called Paulistines. The Convent of St. Austin. Several Seminaries. The Franciscans. The Carmelites. The Spittal. Sancta Monacha, a Nunnery. The Thea∣tini in the Virge of the Palace. Going to Vingula we engage a Malabar. They ca∣ress us ashore at Vingula. Monuments for Women burnt alive with their dead Hus∣bands. Return from Vingula to Goa. The King's Yards viewed. The Industry of the Portugal Ancestry. A well-weigh'd choice of an Harbour. Old Goa. Sancto Pilar the Seat of the Capuchins. The way betwixt Old Goa and New Goa. Their Prisons and Executions. Seva Gi a bad Neighbour. The Power of the Viceroy and Archbishop. The outward Port of the Fidalgoes. The Clergy how respected. The Women and Children. The finest Manchet. How the Outguards inform the City. Return'd to Carwar.

CHAP. III.

A Pilgrimage to Gocourn; where was a great Gentile Solemnity; a cursory Discourse of the bor∣dering Princes.

A Nchola Castle supplied with Brass Guns from a Portugal Shipwreck. The Country properly Canatick. Peace makes people chearful. Our coming to Gocourn discovered. It is an University. The Tomasia the Brachmins Harvest. The Jattery or Washing. A Vow performed. Jougies or Devotes. A Solemn Processi∣on of their Duels or Heroes. The Foun∣ders unknown. Their Divines under no Vow of Coelibacy. A Brachmin can hardly attone the Violation of his Cast.

The Cast of Dowlies. Of Mirja. An huge Snake. The Story of Canora. The best Pepper comes from Sunda. The Nose-cutting Raja of Saranpatan. Raja Mada∣ree. The Irresolution of the Duccances emboldens Seva Gi. His wild Excursions. The Protector of Visiapour breaks the Measures of the Confederates. Bullul Caun beats the Mogul's Army.

CHAP. IV.

Of the King and Kingdom of Vi∣siapour; their Policy and Go∣vernment. Hobsy Cofferies pre∣ferred. The present Protector, and other Members of Duccan. The Life, Exploits, and Expedi∣tions of Seva Gi. The Wealth, Strength, and Powers of each, with respect to the Great Mogul as Supreme.

THE Conspiracy of Ramras his Fa∣vourites. They make themselves Kings: Are curbed by the Mogul. On the Fall of Nishamshaw, the Rajahs desert. How it comes to pass the Mogul has made no further progress in his Conquests. The Government of Duccan. The Duccances are Princes born. Cowis Caun the Protector murder'd at a Treat by Bullul Caun. The Succession of the Kings of Visiapour. Bul∣lul Caun keeps the King and Kingdom in possession. The Members of Visiapour. The Mountains in all Conquests the last that stand out. Seva Gi raises himself on the Ruins of the other Lords. The King of Visiapour jealous of Seva Gi. Seva's Treachery in slaying Abdul Caun. Where∣upon follows the Discomfiture of the Ar∣my, and taking Panalla. Another Royal Army broke by Perfidy. Seva has Raja∣pour surrender'd by a false Pharmond. Syddy Jore trick'd out of his Life by Bul∣lul Caun. The King of Visiapour dies. Se∣va's Soldiers hardy. The King not Ab∣solute. The Duccanees of a restless Tem∣per. The difference between the Hilly People and those of the plain Country. The Cities, Marts, and Ports.

CHAP. V.

Shews the Pleasure and Product of the Woods. The People bewitch'd to Idolatry. The Sottishness of the Atheist. I am sent for to Bombaim: After some Endea∣vours to get thither, forced to winter at Carwar, and then re∣turn to Surat.

DIversions. A Tyger kill'd and dis∣sected. Two Bones found in the Shoulders, immersed in the Flesh. The Customs of the Ombrahs on any great Action. Monkies the common Repast of the Tygers. Apes anatomized. Bam∣boes. Cassia Fistula. The Thamarind-Tree. The Indian Oak. Nux Vomica. A Feast of Priapus. The Dregs of the People use Charms, or think they do so. Their Sa∣crifice for the Fields. Whether these Wretches do work by the Devil or no. The sublime Wit as much in the Wrong as the depressed. No Evasion for the Atheist. I am sent for to Bombaim. All Butchers Flesh forbidden at Goa in the Heats, but Pork. Mangoes good to cleanse the Blood. Cheruses. Anana••s. I winter at Carwar. Bad a final Adieu to Carwar, and come again to Goa. Jews feed on Hogs-flesh, for fear of the Inquisition. Left Goa on St. Xaverius his Eve. In danger of being shipwreck'd at Bombaim. Return to Surat.

CHAP. VI.

Is a summary Rehearsal of the whole.

THE business of Alexander and King Porus suspicious. The Name of I••∣dia doubtful from what beginning. India produces three Harvests in some places. Sunday observed by the Indians. How they count the Hours. Their Years di∣vided into Three Seasons. The Mountains▪ Rivers. The Country rich in Increase. The Desarts. Mines. Wild Beasts. For Game. Fowls of Prey. Fish. Insects. Their Men of Learning. Their Notion of God. The

Conceit of Transmigration forcible to Merits. They Write on Leafs. The Muttanies and Jougies. Jugglers, &c. A Crocus-colour'd Coat intimates a Re∣solution to dye or be Conqueror. Opium eaten in quantity. Whether the Banyan be a Jew. Distinguished by their several painting their Forhead, and Cuts of their Beard. The Ombrahs. Petty Ombrahs. The Artillery. Their Pride and Luxury. The reason of the Licentiousness of the Fa∣kiers. The Portugals might have conquer'd India, had not the English interrupted them: Whereupon the Dutch fell upon them. The English not much valued. The Parsies expose their Dead to the Fowls of the Air. The Women of the same Spe∣cies with others, the Position of their Veins being the same. Few crooked or deformed. The Cause of their Blackness left in suspense. Their Houses built for Conveniency. They live to a good Age, by care of their Diet, and Cleanliness. Their Washers and other Craftsmen work well for little Money. The World Peo∣pled after the Flood from Scythia.

CHAP. VII.

The last Observable is the Weights, Coins, and Precious Stones; a Collection whereof follows:

RUpees. Mamoodees. Pice. Maund. Sear. Candy. Coved. Tuss. Tolla. Mass. Valls. Gudianus. Ruttees. Tanks. Cruzado. Dollar. Chequeen. Duckra. Juttals. Pagods. Carrack. Miscallis. Vas∣sael. Mangore. Larees. Zerephins. Rues. Tuccas. Guzz. St. Thomas. Venetian. Cruza. Tango. Vinteen. Rees. Bahar. Kintal. Arabel. Rottola. Mark. Pipa. Almoodas. Cannales. Gunny. Raies. Bugerooks. Mooras. Parras. Addalins. Matts. Fanams. Couries. Miam. Foues. Ticul. Cuttee. Hobb. Pecul. Bunda. Ganton. Quoin. Cappans. Cash. Tale. Buncal. Dupper. Tares. Roue. Royal of Eight. Tominians. Barilloes. Areba. Pi∣co. Teen. Quaedreen. Abassees. Fluce. Parrow. Sarhee. Ebraim. Caveer. Muc∣kee. Mertigat. Faresola. Vachin. Mar∣bat. Catla. Ambergreece. Diamond. Ruby. Saphir. Emerald. Topaz. Hya∣cinth. Amethist. Garnet. Chrysolite. Tur∣kois. Agat. Splen. Jasper. Lapis Lazuli. Opal. Vermilion. Clystropie. Cornelian. Onyx. Bezoar.

LETTER V.

CHAP. I.

Of our crossing the Sea to the Per∣sian Gulph: Arrival at Gom∣broon, and stay there.

THE Scipio African sent to drive a Trade in Persia, not to guard the Gulph. Few Christian Ships without Fryars. Diu bravely defended against the Turkish Forces. Pyrates infest all the In∣dian Seas. The Tropic Birds. The Cuttle-fish. Cape Rosulgaot a Promontory in Arabia F••elix. The Imaum is Caliph. Breach of Faith the Loss of Muschat. We enter the Straits of the Persian Gulph. Wafted ashore at Gombroon. The Structures. Half the Custom belongs to the English. The Chief Customer obliged to secure the Roads. The English free of all Imposts. The Hollanders absolute in the Spice-Trade. The English Trade more in Shew than Reality. The French have nothing to do. The Scipio dispatch'd for India. Excessive Heats. The manner of recei∣ving a Message from the Emperor. Plen∣ty of Food. Their Water. It rains but twice a Year, and then not long. The Winds. The Inland stifling hot. Lo∣custs come in Armies. The Earth ac∣curst for Adam. The Caun of Bunder sent a Present of Apples candied in Snow, in the midst of the Heats. Worms breed in their Bodies: How they must be treat∣ed. Poultry dye suddenly.

CHAP. II.

Our setting forth from Gombroon, and leaving Lhor.

THE Ceremony of our Departure. Band Ally a Caravan Seraw. Our manner of travelling, and how provided. Shotters are Footmen. Of the Palm-Tree. Hell-gate. Getche a Village on Wheels. A great Bridge. Courestan. Men and Beasts destroyed by the Heats. Goorba∣zergum, the Merchants Grave. Jehun. Tangedelon. Cormoot. Sham Zangee. Lhor. Brimstone the most refined here. The

Bezoar-stone, its Name: How bred: Its Trial. Assa Foetida. The Civility of the Persians ends in Covetousness.

CHAP. III.

We measure the utmost Bounds of the Province of Lhor and Ge∣rom, to the City of Siras.

POkutal. Bury. A Peor or Prophet's Tomb. Bonaru: What shift they make for Water. Mousar the utmost Ex∣tent of the Province of Lhor. Chawtalk. Manna. Mastich. The Bitter Almond. Gerom. The strongest Wine and best Dates here. The Cause of their Blind∣ness. This is Mr. Herbert's Kirjoth Gerom. Wheat. Liquorice. Theft punished with immuring. Monstrous Persian Rams. Po∣lium. Caifer bounds Gerom, and the Growth of Palms. Firaw. Mussaferry. Bobba-Hodge. Udgewally. Our Entry into Siras. The Wines of Siras generous: The Peo∣ple good Companions.

CHAP. IV.

Of Siras, and the Ancient Persepo∣lis; and our journeying quite through Persia.

SIras the chief City in Persia. Their Gardens. The Cypress-Trees the biggest in the Universe. The Nightin∣gal. The Vinyards. Glass made here. No Fortification. The Caun imprisoned. The Kindred of Mahomet Disturbers of their Societies Their Houses. Their Temples. The Caun's Palace. We take our Leave at the Armenian Burying-place. Repositories for Snow. Ice and Tobacco used by the Vulgar. Zergoon. The Ri∣ver Araxes, now Bindimire: Why called Bindimire. We suspect the Rhadars to be Robbers at Meergoscoon. Persepolis, now Chulminor. Storks build on the Pillars of Rustam the Prince of the Gabers. Uncer∣tain whether it be Persepolis. The Straits where Artibazanes repulsed Alexander. Maijm. O▪ Joan. The Sweet Almond. Pistacia-Nut. The Cappar-Shrub. The Pine. The Peach. The Pomgranat. Ass∣pass once governed by an Englishman. Cus∣cuzar. The Mountains capped with Snow. Degurdu. A Ditch at Esduchos parts Persia from Parthia.

CHAP. V.

Our Progress into Parthia, Entrance into Spahaun, and Reception there.

OLD Castles turned into Dove-Cotes. The Tragical Fall of Imaum Cooly Caun. Moxutebeggy. Comeshaw. The Su∣perstition of the Persians. Dove-Cotes for Salt-petre. Mayar. Mirge. Met by the Citizens. A Prospect of Ispahaun. A stately Bridge. Covered Buzzars. The Midan or Hypodrom. The Royal Mosque, and Throne over the Palace-Gate. A Clock-house. The Exchange, and Eng∣lish House. The distance of Ispahaun from Gombroon. A Pillar of Skulls. Romish Fryars. Jews are Druggists. Fruiterers. Silk Buzzars. The Armenians subtle Deal∣ers. Woollen Cloth as cheap as in Eng∣land. That and Tin come to a bad Mar∣ket. The Caravans of the City. Balneos. Coffee-houses. Necromancers.

CHAP. VI.

Carries us to Jelfa; where is treated of the Gabers, the Armenians, Georgians, and Europe Arti∣zans.

SIX thousand Families of Armenians in Jelfa. The Gabers are the Old Persi∣ans: How degenerated. Their Impure Feasts. Their Women are Comedians. The Armenians have a Civil Governor of their own. They are under Protection of the Empress. Their being forbid Co∣leons, the cause of Apostacy. They re∣strain their Women. Their Temper. Thir∣teen Parish-Churches; a Cathedral and Convents. St. Bartholomew and St. Tha∣daeus first preach'd the Gospel in Armenia. St. Gregory the first Patriarch. False Do∣ctrine spread among them. They sepa∣rate from the Greek Church. The Ace∣phali Sectarians. The Georgians depart from the Armenians. The Succession of their Patriarchs. Their Tenents. The Patriarchs install'd with Pomp. The Vor∣tebeds

or Monasticks. The Archbishop. Their Clergy marry. Their Baptism. Matri∣mony. Purification. The Feasts and Fasts ordained by their Church. Their Fune∣rals. The Burial of Self-murderers. Their Antiquity. The Georgians of a different Temper from the Armenians. The way of Salute. Nunneries at Jelfa.

CHAP. VII.

Gives us a Sight of the Palace, and Rarities there. Our Entertain∣ment by the French Artizans in the Emperor's Service. The Di∣versions of the Place; and its Product: And the Close of the Year, with its Seasons.

THE grea•• Garden at the end of the Charba••g. Wild Beasts for the Emperor's Diversion. The Rhinoceros not the Indian Onager. The Abassin Ass mistaken for the Sabean. The Flower of Ispahaun meet a-nights in the Walk belonging to the Palace. The French Artizans divert us. River-Fishes. The Hedghog. Water-Fowl. Muscovia-Hawks. Greyhounds. No Woods or Forests about Spahaun. An Eclypse of the Sun. The Suburbs. A Third Bridge. We were two days in compassing Spahaun. Change of Weather. Catalogue of Plants growing at Spahaun. Sharp Winters here. Use of Stoves in Persia. A pure Air with∣out Soil. The Death of the President. The Agent succeeds at Surat. Artifices of the Dutch.

CHAP. VIII.

Brings us to Gombroon in the midst of Winter. The Caun's Pranks there. The Hot Baths at Ge∣noe. The Aequinox and Sea∣sons attending. Some Parallel betwixt this Coast and the Indian. A New Agent arrives.

VAllies filled with Snow. We defend our selves with Furs. At Chuld••∣star a Camel mad with Lust. Obedah a Town of Vinyards. Conacaraw and De∣hid. Conacurgu and Mushat. The cold Weather makes our Indian Servants use∣less. We begin to lose the Winter. The Air grows thick. Our English Mastiffs master their Lions. We returned to Gom∣broon. The English President affronted by the Caun. The Banyans fly his Tyranny. Going to Asseen, we visit the Hot Baths of Genoe. Their Virtues. Two Hospi∣tals built at the Charge of two Banyans. All Waters partake of the Conditions of the Earth through which they pass. Mi∣neral Waters. Their differences. The Medical Benefits of these Baths. Noe-Rose. The Air moist. Indian Plants grow here. The Portugal Fleet, and our new Agent arrive.

CHAP. IX.

We go up in the Spring with our New Agent to Ispahaun. Two Irish Greyhounds sent as a Present to the Emperor. We leave the Agent there, and return in the Fall.

THE hasty Removal of the Agent the Cause of his Sickness, and his Followers. A notable Robbery. Diary Fevers. Colocynthis. The Tarantula. Pains in the Joints, and putrid Fevers, occa∣sion'd as well by the Water as Air. Drinking in Ice a destructive Custom. The Agent leaves Siras. I fall sick. On my Recovery I set forward for Spahaun. Polygore and Aubgurrum. Imaum Zadah. Want of Rain. Heste Behest, Paradise upon Earth. Murmuring against the Go∣vernment. The King's Steward restored to Favour. The Physician hanged. Irish Greyhounds a Present for the Emperor. Colums the Forerunner of the Winter. Crows of several Colours. Monuments of Robbers. The Air as well as Food the Cause of Birds keeping one place. The Old and New Moon visible in twelve hours time in hot Countries to the North. The Years centre in our Winter.

CHAP. X.

A Voyage to Congo for Pearl: A Discourse of their Generation. Departure from Persia, and Re∣turn to India.

WE come to Congo. A Dearth in the Wa∣ter as well as on Land. We come again to Bunder Abassee. The Pearl. The Adul∣teration. Its Names. The kinds of Pearl. Cheripo, or Seed-Pearl. Chanquo, or Mo∣ther of Pearl. Scallop: Its Properties. Its Dignity and Value. The Prices and Sizes. We undergo difficulties in our passage back to India, through Negli∣gence of the Pilots.

The Present State of PERSIA.

CHAP. XI.

Gives the various Names; Situati∣on, &c.

ITS Names, Situation, and Bounds. Temper of the Air. High Moun∣tains. Their Four-footed Beasts: Wild-Fowl: Fishes. The Valleys made fruit∣ful by the Snow from the Hills. Plants. Tobacco. Manufactories. Persian Pearls the best. Gombroon Earthen Ware the best, next to the China. Lapis Lazuli. Tu∣tiae. Manatae. Bole. Marble. Naptha. Mi∣nerals. Rivers. Springs. Little Rain. Showers of Sand. Dew turn'd to Manna. Cities. Houses. Spahaun proposed as a Pa∣tern of their Politicks. Shaw Abas well advised in the choice of it for the Im∣perial City. The Cauns. Etimundoulet, or Chancellor. A Janiseen Deputy-Caun. The Droger. The Calenture. The Cadi, or Cazy. Spahaun the chief Empory. The Citizens humbled. Courtiers and Soldi∣ers great. Their Caravans. No Priority at Church, Bath, or Caravan. The Ge∣labdars not so esteemed in Persia, as the Caphala Bashee in Tur••y. Their Temples, Colleges, Hummums, or Balneo's. The Coffee-houses.

CHAP. XII.

Of the present Inhabitants, &c.

THE present Persians Scythians. Jews here ever since the Captivity. On the Death of the Emperor, the new one causes his Brothers and near Relations Eyes to be put out. Nobles by Birth among the Persians. The Government Hierarchical: Whereon is grounded the Emperor's Security. His Wealth. His Course of Life. His Name and Genea∣logy. The Suffees introduced, from whom Spahaun is called Suffahaun. Oppositions made by the Turkish Sect. The English sack Ormus by Surprize. Articles of A∣greement between the English and the Persians. Vengeance pursues the Enter∣prizers. Shaw Abas kills his Son Mirza. The present Emperor given up to De∣bauchery. The way of receiving Am∣bassadors. The Procession of the Serag∣lio, or Haram. The Cruelty of the Black Eunuchs. The Cavalry. Their Arms, and manner of fighting. The Suffees Church-Militants. Their Order created to check the Saieds. Their Habit, and the Persians Standard White and Red. Their Privileges. Other Knights. The Watchmen. The Navy.

CHAP. XIII.

Of their Book-men and Books. Of their Religion, and Religious Worship. Of their Notions in Philosophy: Of Heaven and Hell. Their Astronomers, Physicians, and Lawyers.

A Learned Clerk rare. The School-Language. Their Books written with a Pen, not printed. Pens made of Reeds. Education of Youth. Preposte∣rous way of learning. Emulation in gaining Disciples. Logick. Their Phy∣sicks: Metaphysicks. Books in esteem. Mahomet's Revelations: Assisted by Ser∣gius the Monk. His blasphemous Opini∣ons. Friday his Sabbath. Polygamy. The Mufti: His Revenue: His Authority. The Talman, or Mullah. Their Funerals

more pompous than the Turkish Sects are. Their Tribes clarified by Pilgrimage. Their Names given by the Parents. No Garb to distinguish their Clerks. How they are maintained. Their Limners. Hi∣storians. Alchymy. Mathematicks. Ne∣cromancy. Astrologers. Astronomy. A Pithonissa. Several sorts of Daemons. Lon∣gitude and Latitude. Dialling. Musick. Medicks. Anatomy rejected. The Suf∣fees Death required of his Physician. Their Prescripts. What Purges approved. What Authors in esteem. They are unskil∣ful in Chyrurgery. Endemial Diseases. Large quantities of Opium eaten at a time. Their Lawyers. The Cadi. A Corrupt Judge. Lex Talionis. Drubbing on the Soles of the Feet. They buy their Wives. Are often divorced. All Con∣tracts made before the Cadi. Usury for∣bid by Mahomet: Yet his Disciples are cruel Extortioners. The Cheik. The Codre. Guilty of Bribery and Injustice. Their Paradise. Their Hell. The Progress of their Religion. The Souls of Men su∣perior to Brutes: Cannot embrace a Car∣nal Religion, but an Holy, Pure, and Spiritual; which is no where to be found but in Christianity. Success no Argu∣ment.

CHAP. XIV.

The Appellations of the Warrior and Scholar; of the Merchant, Me∣chanicks, and Villains. Of their Garb, Civility of Manners, Fa∣cetiousness, Revellings, Sports, Weddings, Cleansings, and Bu∣rials. Of their Women; and License of Curtezans. The Eu∣nuchs, &c.

THE Merchant. Cheats in all Pro∣fessions, make the Brokers necessa∣ry. The Villany of a Droger. The Persian in his City Dress. The Drover. The Herdsman. The Husbandman. The Dervises. Vinedressers. Slaves made of the Old Persians. The Eunuchs. The Old Women. Their Women. Their Excel∣lencies. The Mark of a Whore. Curti∣zans: Their Children provided for. Ly∣ings in and Purifyings. Widows reckon∣ed Mutes. Sodomy. Addicted to Plea∣sure. Corruptness of the Courtiers. Wo∣men made use of to Complain. The Per∣sian places Felicity in Prosperity. Their Recreations and Exercises. They Hunt a long time together. How Treated on their Return. Immoderate in their Feast∣ing. Their Religious Feasts. Foot-Ra∣cing. Their Valour, whence it proceeds. Their Urbanity. The Custom of car∣rying Aves. Their Virtues. Vices. How far beholden to Constitution of Body and Air. Their Diet. Cabob. Pulloe. Dum∣poke. Stews. Cookoo Challow. No good Confections. Sherbets. The Persians Spit as much as other Folks. Their happiness of Body. Commutative Justice.

LETTER VI

CHAP. I.

Takes notice of Broach: The Change of Governors at Surat. Intestine Broils of the Empire. Rencounter of the English; and Portentous Accidents of this Year.

THE Author sent for to Broach. Diffe∣rent Modes of Travelling in India from that of Persia. Their Chariots for Tra∣velling. Bereaw. Uncliseer. Broach City. What Profit to the Mogul. Rama Jessinsin defies the Emperor. The Confederates make Disturbance. Morad Beck made Governor of Surat. Great Inundati∣ons by the Rains. The Mogul prepares to Chastise the Pagans. The Return of the Juddah Fleet. Seva Seizes Henry Kenry. The Barbarians Relieve it. Their Fleet drove into Tull. The Eldest Son of the Mogul brings an Army to Bram∣pore. Two Portents.

LETTER VII.

CHAP. I.

Continues the General Occurrences, with Remarks.

THE Syddy and Seva left to contend for Henry Kenry. The English Re∣proach'd. The Mogul inflicts a Double Poll. Seva Gi Dies. Heats about Suc∣cession. The Mogul's Eldest Son sent to the Post. Withdraws his Army. An Example on Treason. The Mogul's Se∣cretary's Reasons to dissuade the Empe∣ror from his Persecuting the Heathens. A Drought feared. The First Interloper. A Comet.

LETTER VIII.

CHAP. I.

Concludes with my Return to Eng∣land.

WE set Sail for England. A Young Man lost over-board. We Sail on the back side of St. Lawrence. We weather the Cape of Good Hope. Land at St. He∣lena. The Story of the Island and Island∣ers. Of Ascension, and Catching of Tor∣toises. Foolish Birds. Isle of St. Tho∣mas. A bold Act of an Algier Slave. The Azores. England. We Land at Folk∣stone near Dover.