A battle-door for teachers & professors to learn singular & plural you to many, and thou to one, singular one, thou, plural many, you : wherein is shewed ... how several nations and people have made a distinction between singular and plural, and first, in the former part of this book, called The English battle-door, may be seen how several people have spoken singular and plural...: also in this book is set forth examples of the singular and plural about thou, and you, in several languages, divided into distinct Battle-Doors, or formes, or examples; English Latine, Italian, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriack, Arabick ... and how emperors and others have used the singular word to one, and how the word you came first from the Pope, likewise some examples, in the Polonian, Lithuanian, Irish and East-Indian, together with ... Swedish, Turkish ... tongues : in the latter part of this book are contained severall bad unsavory words, gathered forth of certain school-books, which have been taught boyes in Enland ... / George Fox, John Stubs, Benjamin Farley.

THE SPANISH Battle-Door.

En la luz con que Christo os ha alum∣brado en ella creed, para que conozcays la uncion en voso∣tros para ensennarhos.

LOS Castellanos en sus Grammaticas (por las quales se en∣sennan su languaje a los otros) ensennan que ay dos nu∣meros, es a saber, el singular (que habla de uno solo) y el plural (que habla des m••s que uno) y que en ambos di∣chos numeros ay tres person as distinctas las unas de las otras, la primera (hablando de su mismo, O sus mismos) la segunda (hablando a otro, O otros) y la tercera (hablando de otro, O otros) y aun contodo, esso se son tan degenerados (por su ambicion) en su hablar, que las mez clan los unos con los otros, usando muchos vezes el Plural para el Singular, y la tercera persona parae la segunda Singular, para que nolo quiere•• suf∣frir, que alguno los de del tu la segunda persona Singular, y se enojon mucho en ella, -pero toda via los trasladores de la Biblia Espannola, usan siempre tu la segunda persona Singu∣lar, come se llama.

That is,

THE Spanjards in their Grammars (by which they teach their language to others) do teach that there are two numbers (to wit) the Singular (which speaketh but of one) and the Plural (which speakes of more than one) and

that in both said numbers there are three persons distinct from one another; the first (speaking of ones self, or them∣selves) the second (speaking to another, or others) and the third (speaking of another, or others) and yet for all this are so degenerated (by their ambition) in their speaking, that they confound them one with another, using oft-times the Plu∣ra•• for the singular, and the third person for the second Singu∣la••, because they will not endure that any one should give them the thou, the second person Singular, as its called.

Singular
El Maestro	is	The Master
D'el Maestro	Of the Master
A el or al Maestro	To the Master
Del Maestro	From the Master

Plural
Los Maestros	is	The Masters
De los Maestros	Of the Masters
A los Maestros	To the Masters
De los Maestros	From the Masters

Singular	La Casa	is	The House
De la Casa	Of the House
A la Casa	To the House
De la Casa	From the House

Plural	Las Casas	is	The Houses
De las Casas	Of the Houses
A las Casas	To the Houses
De las Casas	From the Houses

Agora para dezir los Maestros, y las Casas, quando se ha de dezir el Maestro, y la Casa, es esto bu••n Castellano, para mesclar el Plural con el Singular, como vosotros hazeys quando dezir, vos O vosotros para tu?

That is,

Now to say the Masters, and the Houses, when you should say the Master, and the House; Is this good Spanish, to con∣found the Plural with the Singular, as you do when ye say ye or you, for thou?

El Rey	is	A King	Los Reyes	is	Kings
La Reyna	A Queen	Las Reynas	Queens

Agora para dezir, los Reyes, o las Reynas d'Espanna, quan∣do

se ha dezir el Rey, o ln Reyna d'Espanna, esto seria dezir que Reyes, y Reynas d'Espanna, quando no ay sino el Rey, y la Reyna, un solo? Es esto bu••n Castellano, O la verdad?

That is,

Now to say the Kings, or the Queens of Spain, when you should say the King, or the Queen of Spain; this were to say, that there were Kings, and Queens in Spain, when there is but the King, and the Queen, but one; Is this good Spanish, or truth?

Singular			Plural
Yo	is	I	Nos or nosótros	is	We
De mi	Of me	De nos or de nosótros	Of us
à mi	To me	à nos O à nosótros	To us
Me, mi	Me	Nos	Us
De mi	From me	De nos or de nosótros	From us

Tu	is	Thou	Vos or vosótros	is	Ye or you
De ti	Of thee	De vos or de vosótros	Of you
à ti	To thee	à vos or a vosótros	To you
Te, ti	Thee	Os	You
De ti	From thee	De vos or vosótros	From you

El	is	He	Ellos	is	Them
Del	Of him	De éllos	Of them
à el	To him	à éllos	To them
Lo, le	Him and it	Los, les	Them
D'el	From him	De éllos	From them

Ella	la, le	ellas	las
is	is	is	is
she	her	they	them Women.

Agora para dezir nosótros, vosótros, ellos, quando se ha de dezir yo, tu el, esto seria vsar el plural para el singular, por∣que nosótros, vosótros, ellos son del numero plural, y no se han de usar, quando se habla a un solo, sino quando se habla a mu∣chos, &c. Y yo, tu, el, son del numero singular, y se usan a un solo: pues es esto buen Castellano para mezclar los? No esto contrario a vuéstras proprias Grammaticas que ensennan hablar en el singular a uno, y en el plural a mas que uno?

That is,

Now to say, we, ye or you, and they, when one should say, I, thou, he; this would be to use the plural for the singular,

for we, ye, they, are of the plural number, and are not to be used when one alone is spoken to, but when many are spoken to, &c. And I, thou, he, are of the singular number, and are used to one alone; Then is this good Spanish to confound them? Is it not contrary to your own Grammars, which teach to speak in the singular to one, and in the plural to more than one?

Singular			Plural
Mi, mio	is	My, mine	Nuéstro	is	Ours
Mi, mia		Nuéstra
Tu, tuyo	Thy, thine	Vuéstro	Your
Tu, tuya		Vuéstra
Su, suyo	His, hers	Su	Theirs
Su, suya

Agora por un hombre, (hablande de su mismo solo) de dezir nuéstro libro, O nuéstra Cabeça quando se ha de dezir mi libro, O mi cabeça es esto buen Espanol? porque Mi quiere dezir que es mio solo; y nuéstro que ay otros conmigo. Y para dezir vuéstro (a un solo) quando se ha de dezir tu o tuyo, no es buen Espannol, porque vuéstro dize propriamente a muchos, y no a uno, sino Tu o Tuyo a uno; pues no es esto contrario a vuéstras proprias Grammaticas, y Biblia? Y no estays vosotros degenera∣dos de vuéstra propria ensennança, o instrucion? hablando como alunados y no doctos, si vuéstras Grammaticas ensennan vuéstra lenguaje derechamente, y si la biblia Espannol esta verdadera∣mente trasladada?

That is,

Now For one man (speaking of himself alone,) to say [nué∣stro libro] our Book, or [nuéstra ca••eça] our head, when he should say [mi libro] i. e. my Book, or [mi cabeça] that is, my head; Is this good Spanish? For mine, means, that it is mine alone, and ours, that there are others with me.

And to say your (to one alone) when you should say, thy or thine, is not good Spanish, for you is said properly to many, and not to one, but thy or thine to one: Then is not this con∣trary to your own Grammars and Bible? and are you degenera∣ted from your own Teaching, and Instruction? speaking as madmen and not learned, if your Grammars do teach your lan∣guage aright? and if the Spanish Bible be truly translated? But Read on:

Singular	Yo revelo	is	I reveal
Tu revelas	Thou revealest
Aquel reveld	He revealeth

Plural	Nosótros revelamos	is	We reveal
Vosótros revelays	Ye reveal
Aquellos revelán	They reveal

Singular			Plural
Yo digo	is	I say	Nosótros dezimos	is	We say
Tu dizes	Thou sayest	Vosótros dezis	Ye say
Aquel Dize	He saith	Aquellos dizen	They say

Agora para dezir nosótros revelamos, O nosótros dezimos, quando se ha de dezir yo revelo, O yo digo, es esto buen Espan∣nol? No es esto hablar como Idiota, y novicio, y como loco que no sabe quando hablar en el singular y quando en el plural, sino pone el plural para el singular?

Y para dezir vosótros revelays, O vosótros dezis, quand•• hablays a un soló, es esto buen Castellano, no es esto contrari•• a vuéstra instrucion Grammatical? Que ensenna dezir tu a uno, y vos, o vosótros a muchos, no a uno?

Y para dezir vuestra ••erçed revela O V••d dize quand•• ha∣blays a un otro, es esto segun vuestra Grammatica? Porque no se ensenna allá que tu se habla a un otro, en la segundae è rsona singular? Y para dezir a quellos revelán O aquellos dizen, quando se ha••••dezir, aquel revelá, O aquel dize no es esto poner el plural para el singular es esto buen Espannol par•• hablar ansi?

That is,

Now to say we reveal or we say, when one should say I re∣veal or I say; Is this good Spanish? Is not this to speak as an Idiot and Novice, and as a fool that knows not when to speak in the singular, and when in the plural, but puts the plural for the singular?

And to say ye reveal or ye say, when you speak to one alone; Is this good Spanish? Is not this contrary to your own Gram∣mar instruction? Which teaches to say thou to one, and ye or you to many, not to one.

And to say your worship revealeth, or your worship saith, when you speak to another; Is this according to your Gram∣mar? For do you not teach there that thou is to be spoken to another, in the second person singular? And to say they reveal or they say, when you should say he revealeth or he saith; Is

not this to speak the plural for the singular? Is that good Spa∣nish to speak so?

Y aora vosótros que dezis tu a vuestros s••ervos de cuenta vil (como se llama) y vos a vnéstros Criados de mejor suerte, y vuestra merced a todos otros, no soys degenerados de vuéstra propria lengua vulgar (si vuéstras Grammaticas ensennan vuéstra lengua derechamente) vosótros que por vuéstra ambicion hablays contrario a vuéstras proprias Grammaticas disciplina y Biblia?

Y ansi estays caydos en el respecto de personas, diziendo, a vuéstros Negros y Esclavos tu, pero a vuéstros siévos mejores vos O vosótros, y los unos a los otros vmd. No es esto l'Ante∣christo, que esta ensalçado sopre todo loque se llama dios? Porque dezis, [vos O Vmd] a Dios O a Christo? Y a••n lo to∣mays a vos mismos. Dezis yo os supplico, O yo supplico vmdo & sennor? Como dezis, a l'Hombre soberbio y Ambicioso? Y no deshaze esto toda la instrucion en vuéstras Grammatic••s que e•• tu a uno y vos a muchos?

No testigaron tambien los ninnos contra vosótros? Porque no les ensennastes [ensu Grammatica] que hauian de dezir tu a uno? Porque pues se enojeys vosótros tan en ellos que hablan segu•• vuestra propria instrucion? Tambien no sera la Biblia Espan∣no••a testigo contra vosótros en vuéstra hablar ansi, en que no ay otra palabra a uno solo sino tu, &c, Como se puede ver en las Escripi••ras seguentes y leer en la Biblia mismo mas a largo.

That is,

And now you that say thou to your servants of mean account (as you call it) and you to your servants of the better rank, and your worship to all others; Are not you degenerated from your own Mother Tongue? (If your Grammars teach yonr language aright) Ye who through your ambition speak contrary to your own Grammars, Teaching and Bible; and so are fallen into respect of persons, saying to your Negers and Slaves thou, but to your better servants ye or you, and to one another your worship; Is not this the Antichrist, who is exalted above all that is called God? For do you say [you or your worship] to God or to Christ? And yet take it to your selves; Do you say I beseech you, or I beseech your Worship O Lord? as you say to proud and ambitious man? And doth not this destroy all your teaching in your Grammars, which is thou to one, and you to many? Will not the Children also testifie against you? For did you not teach them [in their Grammar] that they should say thou to one? Wherefore then are you so offended at those that speak according to your own teaching? And will not the Bible be a witness against you in your so speaking, in which there is no other word to on•• alone but thou, &c? As you may

see in the following Scriptures, and read in the Bible it self more at large.

Aqui se sigue algunos Ex∣emplos sacados fuera dell' Escriptura.	Here followes some Exam∣ples taken out of Scripture.
Adam Dió del tu •• Dios, Gen. 3. 10, 12.	Adam thou'd God, Gen. 3. 10, 12.
Y el respondió, oy tu boz en el huerto y vvé miedo, &c. Y la muger que diste conmi∣go, ella me Dio del arbol y comi, &c.	And he answered, I heard thy voice in the Garden, and was afraid, &c. And the wo∣man which thou gavest me, she gave me of the Tree, and I did eat.
Mirad est•• oy tu boz, y la muger que [tu] diste conmigo, &c. No esta, oy vuéstra boz; Y l•• muger que [vosótros] distes conmigo, &c. Ni oy su boz de vue∣stra merçed, y la muger que vmd, Dió conmigo, &c.	(Mark) its, I heard thy voice, and the woman which thou gavest me, &c. It is not I heard your voice, and the woman which you gave me, &c. Nor I heard your worships voice, and the wo∣man which your worship gave me, &c.
El siervo de Abraham Dio del tu a Abraham su Sennor, Gen. 24. 5.	Abrahams servant thou'd A∣brabam his Lord, Gen. 24. 5
Y el siervo le respondi•• por ven∣tura la muger no querrá ve∣nir en pos de mi à esta tier∣ra; bolveré pues tu hijo à la tierr•• de donde saliste▪	And the servant answered him, Peradventure the wo∣man will not follow me un∣to this Land; Shall I then return thy son unto the Land from whence thou camest forth?
Otra vez mirad; no es, bolveré pues vuéstro hijo, à la tierra de donde salistes? Ni bolveré pues su hijo de vmd. à la tierra de donde vmd salio? Sino, tu hijo, y de donde [tu] saliste.	Mark again it is not, shall I th•••• bring back your son unto th•• land from whence yo•• come? nor shall I then bring back your worships son unto the Land from whence your wor∣ship came? but, thy son, and from whence thou camest.

••a hija de Jephte. dio del tu, a su padre, Juezes 11. 36. Ella entonçes le respondió: Padre mio, si has abierto tu boca à jehovah, haz de mi como Salió de tu boca pues que Iehovah t•• ha hécho vengança de tus enemigos, &c.	Iephtha's daughter thou'd her father, Juges 11. 37. If thou hast opened thy mouth unto the Lord, do thou unto me as it proceeded out of thy mouth: Forasmuch as the Lord hath taken vengeance for thee of Thine enemies, &c.
He aqui otra vez, no es hazed de mi como Salio de vuestra boca, pues que Iehovah os h•• hecho vengança de vuestros enemigos, &c. Ni haga vmd de mi como Salió de su boca, pues que Iehova ha hécho vmd vengança de sus enemigos. Como vosótros dezis.	Behold again, It is not, do you unto me according as it hath proceeded out of your mouth, Seing the Lord hath taken vengeance for you, of your Enemies, &c. Nor let Your worship do unto me as it hath proceeded out of his mouth, seing the Lord hath taken vengeance for your worship, of his enemies. as you do say.
Y Nathan dixó del tu al Rey David.	And Nathan thou'd King David.
2 Sam. 12. Entonçes Nathan dixó à David, Tu eres à quel varon.	2 Sam. 12. Then Nathan said to David, Thou art the man.

Y aqui, como veys, el Sujetto dixó del Tu à su Rey, la Hija à su Padre, el Siervo à su Sennor, y Adam à su dios, quando Hablaron à un soló; y no veys que Dios se enojo en Adam, ni el padre en su hija, ni el Rey en su Sujetto, por haver dicho Tu y te a ellos, co••o vosotros, se enojeys en ellos que dizen Tu a vosótros.

That is,

And here as you see the Subject Thou'd his King, the Daughter her Father, the Servant his Master, and Adam his God, when they spake to one onely; But you do not see that God was offended at Adam, Nor the Father at his Daughter, nor the Lord at his servant, nor the King at his Subject, for saying Thou and T••ee to them, as You are at them that say Thou to You.

Pedro dixó Tu à Christo.	Peter tho••'d Christ.
Matt. 16. 16. Y respondiendo Simon Pedro dixó, Tu eres el Christo, &c.	Matth. 16. 16. And Simon Peter answered and said▪ Thou art the Christ, &c.
Y Christo dixo à Pedro Tu. y ti.	And Christ Thou'd and Thee'd Peter.
Ver. 18. Bien aventurado eres, &c. porque no te ••o reveló carne ni sangre, &c.	Ver. 18. Blessed art Tho••, &c. for flesb and bloud hath not revealed it unto thee &c.
Y Ver. 23. Quitate de delante de mi adversario, (o Satan) estorvo me eres porque no entiendes loques es de Dios, Si no loque es de los hombres.	And Ver. 23. Get thee from before me (enemy, or Satan) Thou art an offence to me: For thou understandest not the thing which is of God, but that which is of men.
El Mancebo dixo Tu y Ti al Tribuno.	The Young man thou'd and thee'd the Chief Captain.
Actos de los Apostoles 23. 20, Y el dixó los judios, han concertado de rogar te que mannana Saques à Paulo àl concilio, &c. mas tu no los creas, &c.	Acts 23. 20, 21. And he said, The Jews have agreed to desire thee, that thou would∣est bring down Paul to mor∣row into the Council, &c. but do not thou yield unto them.
Paulo à Agrippa.	Paul to Agrippa.
Actos 26. 2. O Rey Agrippa, tengome por dichoso, de que delante de ti me aya oy de defender.	Acts 26. 2. O King Agrippa, I think my self happy, because I shall answer for my self this day before thoe.
Pero hablando a mas de uno dixeron Vosótros, &c.	But speaking to more than one they said You, &c:
Christo à sus Discipulos.	Christ to his Disciples.
Joan 14. 18, 20. No os dexaré huerfanos, vendre à vosotros: y a quel dia vosótros cono∣cereys,

que yo soy en mi padre, y vosótros en mi, y yo en vosótros.	Iohn. 14. 18, 20. I will not leave You Orphans, I will come to You, and at that day ye shall know that I am in my Father; and you in me, and I in you.
Y à los Escribas y Phariseas.	And to the Scribes and Pharisees.
Mat. 23. Ay de vosótros Escribas y Phariseas Hypo∣critas, &c.	Matth. 23. Wo unto you Scribes and Pharisees Hy∣pocrites, &c.
Luk. 17. 21 Porque heaqui el Reyno de Dios dentro vosótros esta.	Luke 17. 21. For behold the Kingdome of God is within you.
Paulo á los Romanos.	Paul to the Romans.
Rom. 8. 9, 10. Mas vosótros no s••ys en la carne, sino en el espiritu, por quanto el espiritu de Dios mora en vosótros: y si alguno no tieune el espiritu del Christo, el tal no es deel.	Rom. 8. 9, 10. But ye are not in the flesh, but in the spirit forasmuch as the spirit of God dwelleth in you: and if any man hath not the spirit of Christ, he is none of his.
2 Cor. 14. 5. No hos conozceys a vosótros mismos, que Iesus el Christo esta en vosótros, si ya no soys reprovados?	2 Cor. 14. 5. Know you not your own selves, that Jesus Christ is in you, if ye be not already reprobates.
Paulo a los Galatas.	Paul to the Galatians.
Gal. 1. 3. Gracia ayays y paz, de Dios el Padre, y del Sennor nuestro Iesus el Christo.	Gal. 1. 3. Grace and peace be unto you, from God the Father, and from our Lord Jesus Christ.
1 Joan. 2. 20. Mas vosótros teneys la uncion del Sancto, y conoceys todas las cosas.	1 Ioan. 2. 20. But ye have an unction from the Holy One, and ye know all things.
Vers. 26. Esto os he e∣scripto de losque os en∣gannan.	Ver. 26. This I have written unto you, concerning them that seduce you.
Ver.. 27. Y la uncion que vosótros aveys reçebido del, mora en vosótros: y no te∣neys necessidad que ningun•• os ensenne: Mas como la uncion misma os ensenna de

todas cosas, y es verdadera, y no es mentira, ansi como os ha ensenado, perseverad en el, o en ella.

Vers. 17. And the unction which ye have received of him abideth in you, and you need not that any man teach you, but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things, and it is true, and is no lye, so as it hath taught you, ye shall abide in him, [or in it.]

Ansi por loque es dicho, y por las Escripturas ya çitadas, podeys ver que la Lengua Castellana ha proprias distinctiones para toda Cosa, y no tienen necessidad, de mezclar el Plural con el Singular, ni la terçera persona singular con ••l••segunda, como se hazen communamente: Porque pues aueys ansi corru••pid•• vuestra Leng••aje? No es••a por Soberbia, y ambicion, que soys hechos tan sobervios en vuestras coraçones que no puedeys suffrir el mismo hablar a vosotros mismos, que vosótros mismos bablays a Dios, quando semblays orar à el? Y como esta sobervia, esta levadura, vienne ser otra vez purgada fuera, no os sera menester que vosótros otra vez bolvereys a la simplicidad y rectitud de hablar? Seays vosótros juezes vosótros mismos.

That is,

So by what is said, and by the Scriptures before mentioned, ye may see that the Spanish Tongue hath distinctions in their Speech for every thing, and need not confound the Plural with the singular, nor the third person Plural with the second, as they do ordinarily. Wherefore then have you so corrupted your Language? Is it not through pride and ambition, that you are become so proud in your hearts, that you cannot bear the same Language to your selves, which your selves do give to God, when you seem to pray to him? And as this pride, this leaven comes to be purged out again, must you not return again to simplicity and plainness of Speech? Be ye Judges your selves.

Directions for the sounding of Spanish and Portugal.

THey have but Twenty two Letters, as the Italian and French: they have no K, nor W.

A, as in French, broader than in these English words, care, sale, male, &c.

B, oftentimes as V consonant, in the beginning and middle of words; and the same word is often writ with b or v. The like in Portugal.

C, as in English, before e, i, as s,: ç with this tail under it, as ss, or ths, almost▪ lispingly, ch as in English, as mucho much, muchacho a boy: c before t is not sounded, as acto an act, sound ato, &c.

D, in the middle and end as dh.

E, as in English, it is sounded in the end of words alwayes, ey as i, or y in English; as, la Ley the Law, sound l•• Ly.

F, as in English.

G, as gh in Ghost, but more in the throat; but never as the English j consonant, or as g before e: gua as gwa. gue, or gui; as in these English words, guest, guide.

H, in the beginning is sounded strong, in the end scarce at all, it never comes before t, as it doth in English: hue sounds as wue or gwe, as huerto an Orchard, sound wuerto or gwerto; so huesso a bone, sound wuesso or gwesso. H in Portugal is not sounded.

I, as in almost all Tongues and Languages, never as the English, who sound their i different from all, as ei: j as kh, or gh, as the Arabick 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in the throat; ju as qhu, or as in the North of England they sound qhuarter; as, Iuan John, Iuez a Judg, sound Qhuan, Qhuez.

L, as in English; but ll as if i followed, as llamar to call, callar to be silent; sound lliamar, and calliar, as ll in Welch, or ill in French, in fille, or gl in Italian, figlio, &c. or as lh in Portugal, molher a woman, which sound mollier, &c.

M, as in English, M, in Portugal sound it in the end of a word as n.

N, as in English, but double nn, or n with this-stroak upon it, as if i followed it; as, danno losse, sound dannio, or as gn in French, or Italian. And so nh in Portugal, as Rainha a Queen, sound Rainia.

O, as in English; as tomar to take.

P, as in English.

Qu, as in English, before a, as quando when, but before e or i, as k; as, que what, qui who, sound ke, ki. The like in Portugal.

R, as in English.

S, as in English.

T, as in English; save that its never sounded as c or s, as in the English, French, Dutch, Italian, and Latine, in these kinde of words, Nation, patience, &c. which are alwayes writ in Spanish with c, as Nacion, paciencia, &c.

U, as oo in English, or as ou in these words, could, would, should; as ou in French, or oe in Dutch; If two uu come together, and a Vowel follow, the latter is a Consonant; as, yo uve, I had, except vuestro, vuestra, &c. Your.

X, as their g, or j consonant; so that the same word is sometimes writ with j, sometimes with g; and otherwhiles with x, and so may be sought in the Dictionary, if not in the one then in the other.

X in Portugal as sh: and so some do sound the Spanishg, j, and x.

Y, as in French, or as ee, or ie in English, as piece, Priest, &c. and is a word of it self, signifying and.

Z, as in English.

The end of the Spanish Battle-doore.