The Excellency of the pen and pencil exemplifying the uses of them in the most exquisite and mysterious arts of drawing, etching, engraving, limning, painting in oyl, washing of maps & pictures, also the way to cleanse any old painting, and preserve the colours : collected from the writings of the ablest masters both ancient and modern, as Albert Durer, P. Lomantius, and divers others ; furnished with divers cuts in copper, being copied from the best masters ...

CHAP. VIII.

Of Landskip, and Rules to be observed therein.

LAndskip is that which expresseth in Picture whatsoever may be beheld upon the Earth, within the species of Sight; which is the termination of a fair Horizon, representing Towns, Villages, Castles, Promontaries, Mountains, Rocks, Vallies, Ruines, Rivers, and whatsoever else the eye is capable of beholding within the species of the Sight. To express which, and to make all things appear in Draught or Picture according to true proportion and distance, there are several Rules to be observed, of which take these few following.

RƲLE I. In every Landskip shew a fair Horizon, the Sky either clear or overcast with Clouds, expressing the rising or setting of the Sun to issue (as it were) from or over some Hill, or Mountain, or Rock; the Moon or Stars are never to be expressed in a fair Landskip, but in a Night-piece, I have often seen it, as in a piece of our Sarinus being taken by night, and in others. As an Astronomer with his Quadrant taking the height of the Moon, and ano∣ther with his Cross staff taking the distance of cer∣tain Stars, their Man standing at a distance with his Dark-lanthorn, to see their Degrees when they had made their observation; these things, as taking of the Partridge with the Loo-bell, and the like, become Night pieces very well.

RƲLE II. If you express the Light of the Sun in any Land∣skip, be sure that through your whole work you cast the light of your Trees, Buildings, Rocks, Ru∣ines, and all things else expressed within the verge thereof thitherwards.

RƲLE III. Be sure in Landskip that you lessen your bodies proportionably according to their distances, so that the farther the Landskip goeth from your eye, the fainter you must express any thing seen at di∣stance, till at last the Sky and the Earth seem to meet, as the Colours in a Rainbow do.

There are many excellent pieces of Landskip to be procured very easily; as also of Landskip and Perspective intermixed, which pieces to me were ever the most delightfull of any other; and such I would advise you to practise by; they, if they be good, being the only helps to teach you proportion of Bodies in any position, either near or a-far off.

I might here speak further of Damasking, An∣tique, ••risco, Grotesco, Tracery, and the like; but these are things that when you are expert in good Draught, as (by diligent practice and following the Rules and Examples before delivered,) I hope (by this time) you are, these things will come of them∣selves, and indeed, no sooner heard of or seen, but done. And thus I conclude this first book of Drawing with the Pen and Pastils, and shall now proceed to the second Book, which teacheth the Art of Etching and Graving