The history of the church from our Lords incarnation, to the twelth year of the Emperour Maricius Tiberius, or the Year of Christ 594 / as it was written in Greek, by Eusebius Pamphilius ..., Socrates Scholasticus, and Evagrius Scholasticus ... ; made English from that edition of these historians, which Valesius published at Paris in the years 1659, 1668, and 1673 ; also, The life of Constantine in four books, written by Eusibius Pamphilus, with Constantine's Oration to the convention of the saints, and Eusebius's Speech in praise of Constantine, spoken at his tricennalia ; Valesius's annotations on these authors, are done into English, and set at their proper places in the margin, as likewise a translation of his account of their lives and writings ; with two index's, the one, of the principal matters that occur in the text, the other, of those contained in the notes.

CHAP. VIII. Concerning the doath of Marcianus, and the Em∣pire of Leo. And how, the Hereticks of Alex∣andria slew Proterius, and gave that Arch-Bi∣shoprick to Timotheus Aelurus.

MOreover, a 1.1 during Severus's Governing the Romans, Marcianus changed his King∣dom, and departed to a better Inheritance, when he had Governed the Empire b 1.2 seven years only, having left amongst all men a c 1.3 truely royall Monument. The Alexandrians, informed of his death, with much more animosity and a greater heat of mind, renewed their rage against Prote∣rius. For, the multitude is a thing with the greatest ease imaginable blown up into a rage, and which snatches hold of the most triviall oc∣casions as fuell for Tumults. But above all others, the [populace] of Alexandria [are of this humour, which City] abounds with a nume∣rous multitude made up mostly of an obscure and d 1.4 promiscuous company of Foreigners, which by an unexpected and unaccountable boldness and precipitancy, e 1.5 breaks out into violence and rage. 'Tis therefore for certain reported, that any one there who [makes complaint] f 1.6 of the break∣ing any thing of small value [which he carries,] may incite the City to a popular Tumult, and may lead and carry [the multitude] whither, and against whom he pleases. For the most part also they are delighted with jests and sports, as g 1.7 Herodotus relates concerning Amasis. And this is the humour of the Alexandrians. Never∣theless, as to other things, they are not such a fort of persons, as that any one may despise them.

The Alexandrians therefore observing the time, when Dionysius Commander of the Milice made his Residence in the Upper Egypt, make choice of one Timotheus, surnamed Aelurus, to ascend the Archi-Episcopal-Chair; a person who here∣tofore had followed a Monastick Life, but after∣wards was enrolled amongst the number of the Presbyters of the Alexandrian Church. When they had led this person to the Great Church, called h 1.8 Caesar's, they ordain him their Bishop, whilest Proterius was as yet living, and personally officiating in his Episcopal Function. Eu∣sebius Bishop of Pelusium, and Peter of Iberia [Bi∣shop] of the little Town Majuma, were present at the Ordination; as he who wrote Peter's Life, has told us, in his account of these transactions. Which writer affirms that Proterius was not murdered by the people, but by one of the Souldiers. Further, after Dionysius had made his return to the City [Alexandria] with the greatest celerity ima∣ginable, (to which he had been urged by the nefarious facts there perpetrated,) and was using his endeavours to extinguish the kindled fire of the Sedition; some of the Alexandrians, in∣cited thereto by Timotheus, (as the Contents of the Letter written to Leo [the Emperour] do declare,) murder Proterius by running their swords through his bowells, when he attempted to get away, and had fled as far as the most Holy Baptistery. And after they had tied a rope about him, [they hung him up] at that place termed The Tetrapylum, and shewed him to all persons, jeering and crying out aloud, that that was Proterius who had been killed. After this, they drag'd the body all over the City, and then burnt it. Nor did they abhor tasting of his very bowells, according to the usage of Savage-beasts; as the Supplicatory Libell (wherein all these pas∣sages are contained,) sent by all the Bishops of Egypt, and by the whole Clergy of Alexandria, to Leo, who after Marcianus's death, as hath been said, was invested with the Empire of the Romans, [doth evidence;] the Contents where∣of are conceived in these express words.

To the Pious, Christ-Lover, and by-God-de∣signed Leo, Victor, Triumphator, and Au∣gustus; The humble Address presented by all the Bishops of Your Aegyptick Dioecesis, and by the Ecclesiasticks in Your Greatest and Most Holy Church of the Alexan∣drians.

Whereas by Celestiall Grace You have been be∣stowed as a most Eximious Gift upon the World, 'tis no wonder if You cease not (Most Sacred Em∣perour!) daily, after God, from making Provision for the Publick. And after some other words. And whilest there was an uninterrupted peace a∣mongst the Orthodox Laïty, both with us, and also at the City Alexandria, [disturbances were raised] again by Timotheus, who made a sepa∣ration of himself from the Catholick Church and Faith, and cut himself off [therefrom,] soon after the holy Synod at Chalcedon, (at which time he was but a Presbyter,) together with four or five persons only, heretofore Bishops, and some few Monks, who together with him, were distem∣pered with the Hereticall errour of Apollinaris and * 2.1 that person. On which account ha∣ving then been canonically deposed by Proterius of divine memory, and by a Synod of [the Bi∣shops of] all Egypt, they deservedly experienced the Imperial displeasure † 2.2 by Exile. And after some words interposed. And ‖ 2.3 having taken his advantage of that opportunity, when the Emperour Marcianus of Sacred * 2.4 Memory made his departure hence to God; with impious Ex∣pressions (as if he had been subject to no Laws,) he in a most shameless manner raged against [and reproach't] the said Emperour: and im∣pudently Anathematizing the Holy and Oecume∣nicall Synod at Chalcedon, he draws after him a multitude of ‖ 2.5 Mercenary and disorderly fellows, with whom he has made war, contrary to the Divine Canons, and to the Ecclesiastick Constitution, [in op∣position] to the Republick, and to the Laws; and † 2.6 has violently thrust himself into the Holy Church of God, which at that time had its Pastour and Teacher, Our most Holy Father and Arch-Bishop Proterius, who then Celebrated the usuall Religious and solemn Assemblies, and poured forth his prayers to Christ the Saviour of us all, for Your Religious Empire, and for Your Christ-loving Palace. And, after the interposition of a few words. Then, after the space of one day, when (as 'twas customary) the most pious Proterius continued in the Bishops Pallace, Timotheus taking with him two Bishops who had been legally deposed, and [some] Ec∣clesiasticks, who, as we have said, had in like manner been condemned to dwell in Exile; (i 2.7 as if he could have re∣ceived Ordination from two [Bishops;] not so much as one of the Orthodox Bi∣shops throughout the Egy∣ptick-Dioecesis being there, who are always wont to be present at such Ordinations of the Bishop of the Alexan∣drians:) takes possession, as he supposed, of the Archi∣episcopal Chair; audaci∣ously attempting manifestly to commit adultery upon that Church, which had its own Bridegroome, who performed the divine [offices] therein, and canonically administred his own See. And after some other words. That Bles∣sed person [Proterius] could do nothing else, than (as 'tis written,) * 2.8 Give place unto wrath, and make his escape to the adorable Baptistery, that he might avoid their incursion, who ran in upon him to murder him: in which † 2.9 place most especially, a dread and terrour is usually infused into the minds even of Barbarians, and all other Savage and cruell persons, who are ignorant of the adorableness of that place, and of the Grace flowing therefrom. Nevertheless, these [Ruf∣fians,] who used their utmost endeavour to bring that designe to effect, which from the beginning [they had laid with] Timotheus; [these But∣chers] who would not suffer Proterius to be pre∣served even within those immaculate * 2.10 Rails; who revered neither the † 2.11 sanctity of the place, nor the time it self; (for k 2.12 it was the Festival-day of the Salutary Easter;) who dreaded not [the dignity of] the Sacerdotall Function, to

which it appertains to mediate between God and men; kill that guiltless person, and together with him commit a barbarous murder upon six others. And, after they had carried about his Body which was wounds all over, and likewise barbarously drag'd it almost throughout every place of the City, and [further] in a most lamentable man∣ner insulted over it; without any thing of com∣passion they Scourged the Corps, insensible of its stripes, l 2.13 cutting it limb from limb. Nor did they abstain, according to the usage of Savage beasts, from tasting of his Entrails, whom a little before they were supposed to have as an Intercessour between God and men. [In fine,] having cast the remains of his Body into a fire, they threw the ashes thereof into the winds; [by the com∣mission of these Barbarities] far exceeding the utmost Savageness of wild-beasts: the Occasioner and crafty Contriver of all which Nefarious facts, was Timotheus.

Moreover, Zacharias giving a Narrative of these matters [in his History,] is of opinion, that most of these things were done [in such a manner as I have related them;] but says they were occasioned by Proterius's fault, who had raised most grievous Seditions at Alexandria: [he affirms likewise,] that these Facts were au∣daciously perpetrated (not by the people, but) by some of the Souldiers; which affirmation he grounds on the Letter written by Timotheus to [the Emperour] Leo. Further, in order to the punishing these enormities, Stilas is sent by the Emperour Leo.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Evagrius is out. Marcianus Augustus dyed in the Consulate of Constantinus and Rusus, on the year of Christ 457, in the month Fe∣bruary. Majorianus was proclaimed Emperour at Ravenna in the same year, on the Calends of Aprill, that is, almost two months after Mar∣cianus's death. To whom succeeded Severus, on the year of Christ 461, in the Consulate of Severinus and Dagalaï••us, almost five years after the Emperour Marcianus's death. Further, this Severus was by ano∣ther name termed Serpentius, as Theophanes informs us in his Chronicon, pag. 97, in these words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. And Se∣verus, called also Serpentius, was Proclaimed. For so it must be read, as the most Learned Franciscus Combesisius has rightly conjectured. 'Tis certain, in the Alexandrian Chronicle he is so termed. For, on the fifteenth Indiction, Leo Augustus is put Consul the second time with Serpentinus. Now, 'tis manifestly known, that on this year Severus Augustus was Consul with Leo. For so Cassiodorus relates in his Fasti, and also the Old Authour publish't by Cuspini∣anus. Vales.
• b 1.2

  Marcianus reigned six years and as many months, as Marcellinus relates, and Victor Tunonensis in his Chronicon. He began his Reign in the year of Christ 450, on the eighth of the Calends of September, on the fifth Feria, as 'tis recorded in the Alexandrian Chronicle. And he dyed on the year of Christ 457. about the close of the month January, as Theodorus Lector informs us, with whom agrees the Au∣thor of the Alexandrian Chronicle. For this Authour says, that Leo, who succeeded Marcianus, was proclaimed in the month Peritius, on the seventh of the Ides of February. So Marcianus reigned six years five months and some few days. Vales.
• c 1.3

  Nicepho∣rus has in∣terlined this place after this manner: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and having left his Em∣pire a mo∣nument to all men. Christo∣phorson followed the same sense, as 'tis appa∣rent from his rendi∣tion. For he tran∣slates it thus: Ex∣emplari ve∣rè Regio omnibus ad intuendum relicto, A truly Royall Exemplar being left [by him] to the view of all persons. Musculus has rendred it in this manner; Et memoriam sui verè Imperialem apud cunctos mortales reliquisset, And had left a truly Imperial memory of his own self amongst all mortalls. But Evagrius does not say this, but that a monument manifestly Royall was left by Marcianus amongst all men. Now, that monument can be nothing else, than either his own life religiously spent, or rather the Chalcedon Synod, which he had ordered to be convened, to take away the dissentions of the Church, and whereat he himself, agreeable to the Example of Constantine the Great, would be present. In regard there∣fore, that Synod had been convened and perfected by his labour and diligence, it may deservedly be stiled the Work and Monument of the Emperour Marcianus. Vales.
• d 1.4

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. In the Florentine M. S. the reading is, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Notwithstanding, the Rules of Grammar require that we should write 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as S^r Henry Savil had remarked at the margin of his Copy. Suidas in his Lexicon explains 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by these terms, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, promiscuous, extraneous per∣sons, such as are brought in unawares.—Nicophorus has explained this word elegantly thus▪ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a numerous multitude, and which comes from any place whatever. Vales.
• e 1.5

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Something seems to be wanting here, which may perhaps be supplyed, by adding a Praeposition, thus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, breaks out into violence and rage. Vales.
• f 1.6

  In the incomparable Florentine and Tellerian M. SS. this place is written thus: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Nicephorus has explained this place excellently well, in this manner: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, And they say, that every one who will make use of an obvious [light, or triviall] occasion, may quickly enrage the people [and incite them] to a Sedition. Christophorson read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. For he renders it thus: Aiunt plebtium quemque modò ipse voluerit principium dare, &c. They say that every ordinary fellow, provided he be willing to give the Onset, may inflame that City [and excite it] to a popular and civil Sedition. But I approve not of this emendation. For, what shall become of these words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉? I embrace therefore the reading in the Florent. aud Tellerian M. SS. viz. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and render the whole passage thus: 'Tis there∣fore for certain reported, that any one there who [makes complaint] of the breaking any thing of small value [to wit, a glass vessel, pot, or any such like thing, which he carries,] may incite the City to a po∣pular Tumult. Pollio (in Emilianus) confirms the same, where he speaks thus concerning the Egyptians in general: Et hoc familiare est populo Aegyptiorum, &c. And this is usual with the Egyptians, that, like furious and madmen, upon any triviall occasions they may be induced [to involve] the Publick in the greatest dangers. On account of their being past by unsaluted, by reason of their not having a place allowed them in the Baths, because their flesh and pot-herbs may have been taken from them, on account of their servile shooes, and other such like occasions as these, they have by Sedition often arrived at the highest peril of the Republick. Vales.
• g 1.7

  The passage in Herodotus, which Evagrius points at here, occurs in B. 2. of his History, pag. 157, Edit. Paul. Stephens, 1618. Vales.
• h 1.8

  The Great Church of the City Alexandria, was termed Cae∣saria, as Epiphanius informs us, in Hares. Arian, and Liberatus, in his Breviarium, cap. 18. But So∣crates (Book 7. chap. 15.) says the name of that Church was Cae∣sarium. Athanasius declares the reason of this Appellation (in his Epist. ad Solitar.) to wit, be∣cause that Church had been built in a place which heretofore was called the Caesarium, that is, the Temple of the Caesars. There had been a School in the same place also, and a pallace of the Emperour Adrian's, which in suc∣ceeding times was termed Lici∣nius's Pallace, as Epiphanius at∣tests. Vales.
• * 2.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 they mean Eutyches; and so Va∣lesius ren∣ders it.
• † 2.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, with exile.
• ‖ 2.3

  Or, ha∣ving obser∣ved the time.
• * 2.4

  Or, rest.
• ‖ 2.5

  Or, fel∣lows that may be bought.
• † 2.6

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the true import of which words is (if our English tongue would bear such an ex∣pression,) has swell'd himself in∣to.
• i 2.7

  I have mended this place from the Florentine M. S. in which Copy (instead of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and moreover, receiving ordination from two;) the reading is, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c. as if he could have received ordination from two [Bishops.] In the fourth Canon of the Nicene Councill, 'tis in express words established, that a Bishop is to be ordained by at least three Bishops of his own Province. The old Translatour of this Letter read as we do: whose version is extant in The third part of the Chalcedon Synod. Where his Rendition is this, tan∣quam manus impositionem susceptu∣rus a duobus, as if about to re∣ceive imposition of hands▪ from two. Vales.
• * 2.8

  Rom. 12. 19.
• † 2.9

  Viz. the Baptistery.
• * 2.10

  Where∣with the Baptistery was en∣compassed.
• † 2.11

  Or, re∣verence.
• k 2.12

  Liberatus (in his Bre∣viarium, chap. 15.) relates, that Pro∣terius was not mur∣dered on the Festi∣val of Ea∣ster, but three days before. For these are his words: Et ante triduum Paschae, &c. And on the third day before Ea∣ster, where∣on the Lords Sup∣per is cele∣brated, Pro∣terius of holy memo∣ry is by the multitudes themselves shut up in the Church, whither out of fear he had be taken him∣self. And there on the same day in the Baptistery, he is slain, torn in pieces, cast out, and his Corps is burnt, and his ashes are strewed into the winds. All which Liberatus has almost word for word written out of the Gesta de nomine Acacii, which we owe to Jacobus Sirmondus. Vales.
• l 2.13

  Instead of [〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉] it must undoubtedly be written thus: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, cutting it in pieces, or, limb from limb. Instead of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the reading in the Florent. M. S. is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; which is a very small difference. Nicephorus confirms our Emen∣dation, at book 15. chap. 17; who has it expresly written as I had conjectured. Further, this Supplicatory-Libell of the Bishops of the Egyptick Dioecesis to the Emperour Leo, if any one has a mind to read it entire, occurs in Latine, in the third part of the Chalcedon Synod, chap. 11. Vales.