A complete dictionary of the Greek and Roman antiquities explaining the obscure places in classic authors and ancient historians relating to the religion, mythology, history, geography and chronology of the ancient Greeks and Romans, their ... rites and customs, laws, polity, arts and engines of war : also an account of their navigations, arts and sciences and the inventors of them : with the lives and opinions of their philosophers / compiled originally in French ... by Monsieur Danet ; made English, with the addition of very useful mapps.

C (Book c)

C The third Letter of the Alphabet, and one of those Consonants, called Mates.

It is pronounced different ways, but usually like a K, unless before the Vowels, A, O, and U, when 'tis pronounced some∣times like an S, and then a little Line is drawn from the bottom of it C, which the Printers call a C with a Tail, but the French a Cedille.

C, is a numeral Letter among the An∣cients, and stands for an Hundred, but with a Line drawn over the top, C, it signifies an Hundred Thousand.

When we meet in History with a sin∣gle C, it denotes Consul, when with a dou∣ble CC, it for the most part signifies Con∣sules.

This Letter has a near Relation to G, and Q for G, is but a diminutive of C, in the Judgment of Quintilian, so like are they one to the other, for of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, we make Gubernator, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Gloria, and of Egi, actum. Quintilian further adds, that 'tis not material whether Gaius or Gneius, be written with a C, or a G, and of pornicere, (which is still in use in Sacrifices) is made porrigere, and the like.

There is the like Affinity between C, and Q, so that several Grammarians have cast out Q, as a superfluous Letter, affir∣ming that C, and V, are sufficient to ex∣press whatever is written with Q, and 'tis worth our Observation, that the Greeks have no Q, which is taken from the Coph, or Koppa of the Syrians, and in French it has not a different Pronunciation from a single K, or C, before A, O, and U.

This Letter was accounted a sad, and fatal Letter among the Ancients, because they made use of it, in the Sentences of Criminals, being set upon their Tickets, or Ballots, for, I condemn the accused, Con∣dem••••.

Among the Greeks, this Letter has the Shape of the Round C Sigma, much used in the ancient Monuments engraven in the Times of the Roman Emperors from Augus•••••• to Constantine.

CABALA,

an Hebrew Word which signifies Receptio, which is a secret Knowledge that the Jews pretend to receive by Tradition and divine Revelation, by which they explain all Mysteries of Divinity, and all the Operations of Nature. They spend most of their Time in making My∣sterious Comparisons of things to the Let∣ters of the Hebrew Alphabet, in which they shew much Ingenuity, but withall as much Vanity and Superstition. Dr. Robert Fludd an English Man has made large Dis∣courses and Apologies for it, in his Nine great Volumes, which may be consul∣ted.

CABALISTA,

a Cabalist, one who is well skilled in the Jewish Cabalistical Learn∣ing.

CABALLUS,

the Horse Pogasus, to which the Fable has given Wings, as he flew to Mount Helicon, he caused a Foun∣tain to rise out of a Rock by a Blow of his Hough, from whence it was named Hippocrene, or the Fountain of the Horse. It was consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and upon that account its feigned that the Poets drank of that Water to make their Poems to be admired and approved. Per∣stus would have us to understand thus much by the first Verses of his first Sa∣tyr.

Nec fonte labra prolui Caballino: Nec in bicipiti somniasse Peruasso Memini, ut repente sic Poeta prodirem.

I never dipped my Lips in the Waters of the Fountain of the Horse Pegasus. I do not remember, that I ever slept upon Parnassus, which has Two Tops, that I might immediately commence Poet.

The Quirinal Mount at Rome was cal∣led Caballus, in the time of the Roman Emperors, because of the Marble Statue of Alexander the Great, taming his Horse Bucc∣phalus, set there.

CABIRI,

the great Gods of Same∣thrace. Varro calls them Divi potentes, and they are the same which the Samethraciant

name, the powerful Gods, which are Coelum and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Apollonius in the first Book of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, will have these Gods to be Four in Number, to which he gives these bar∣barous Names, though forbidden to disco∣ver them. AXIEROS, which is Ceres, AXIOKERSA, which is Preserpina, AXIOKERSOS, which is Pluto, and CASMILLUS, or CA∣MILLUS, which is Mercury. Others say, they were but Two, JUPITER, and DIONYSUS, some think, they were called C••biri from certain Moun∣tains of Phrygia, which have the same Name.

The Fragment of Sanconiathon quoted by Ensebius, tell us, that at Berith in Phoenieia, they worshipped certain Gods called Cabiri, from the Hebrew Word Cabir, which sig∣nifies Great and powerful. We are also taught from the same Fragments, that the Gods Cabiri, were the Sons of Jupiter, and were called DIOSCURES, i. e. Children of Jupiter, SAMOTHRACES, because they were worshipped in the Isle that bears the same Name.

Herodotus relates, that Cambyses being in Aegypt, and treating whatever the Aegyp∣tians counted Holy with Contempt, and Ra∣lliery, went into the Temple of the Ca∣biri, and laughing at their Images, burnt them.

The other Nations of the World imita∣ted the Aegyptians, and had their Cabiri, as well as they, whom they honoured in their Temples.

The Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, says, that there were at first but Two Cabiri, Ju∣piter, and Bacchus, but names others after∣ward, viz. AXIEROS, AXIO∣kERSA, and AXIOKERSOS, and Fourth named CASMILLUS, which is MERCURY.

M. Bochart derives these Names from the Hebrew Tongue, for he tells us that AXI∣EROS, is the same with Achasi eritz, that it to say, the Earth is my Possession, so that it can be no other but Cires, AXIOKER∣SOS, and AXIOKERSA, my Pos∣session is Death and Destruction, which are undoubtedly Pluto and Proserpina; as for Casmillus he was rather a Minister of the Gods Cabiri, then one of them, for Plutarch says, that the Greeks and Romans gave that Name to a young Officer in Jupiter's Tem∣ple, as the Greeks gave it to Mercury. Servius will have it, that in the Tuscan Lan∣guage, Mercury was called Casinillus, as being the Minister of the Gods.

Strabo mentions the Opinion of some, who held that there were but Three Gods Cabiri, as also Three Nymphs Cabiri, Ca∣biros tres, & tres Nymphas Cabiridas. And 'tis certain that there were at first, but Three Cabiri, as Tertullian asserts positively in his Book de Spectaculis. Macrobius is of Opinion, that the Gods, which Aensas carried from Troy into Italy, were these Gods Cabiri, and 'tis for this Reason that Virgil calls them the great Gods.

Dionysius Halicarnassaeus relates at large from the Credit of Callistratus, the Story of these great Gods, which Dandanus carried out of Arcadia, into the Isle of Samethrace, and from thence to Troy, where he placed them with the Palladium, which contained the Fate of Troy. He adds that Aeneas carried them afterward into Italy. Herodo∣tus gives the Name of Cabiri to the Gods of Samothrace, and says, that they were the Pelasgi, and Athenians together, that carried them into Samethrace.

CACA,

the Sister of Cacus, worship∣ped by the Romans in a little Chappel, called after her Name, where the Vestal Virgins went to offer Sacrifices.

CACUS,

the Son of Vulcan and Medu∣sa, whom the Fable represents to us with Three Heads, casting Fire and Flames out of his Nostrils, as Plutarch tells us. Cacus according to History was the Servant of Evander, a very wicked Man, who commit∣ted great Robberies. He attacked Hercules, as he returned out of Spain, and robbed him of most of his Cattel, drawing them into his Cave by their Tails, that his Robbery might not easily be discovered; but Her∣cules having found it by Caius's Sister, and by the lowing of the Cattel, he slew the Thief and buried him in his Cave throwing it down upon him. Hercules in Gratitude built an Altar to JUPITER the FINDER, near the Gate called Tri∣gemina, and sacrificed a Bull to him upon it.

CADAVER,

a dead Corpse. Lucian in his treatise of Mourning has made a pleasant and useful Description of the Ceremonies used about dead Persons, and says.

After the nearest Relation has received a dead Person, and closed his Eyes, his

next Business is to put a piece of Money into his Mouth to pay the Ferry-man of Hell, who is Charon, but never considers whether it be Money that is current in that Country, so that in my Opinion he had better give him nothing, than that he should be constrained to send it back again. After this Ceremony he washes the Body of the dead Person with warm Water, as if there were no Water below, or that he were to assist at a Festival, at his first Arrival: Besides this, he per∣fumes him, crowns him with Flowers, and puts him on his best Cloths, either because they fear he will dye of cold by the way, or that otherwise he will not be treated according to his Quality. All is accompanied with Complaints and Mourning, Tears and Sobs, to agree with the Master of the Ceremony, who orders all Matters, and recites with such a mournful Voice all his former Calamities it would make them weep, if they had never seen him. Then some tear their Hair, others beat their Breasts, or scratch their Faces, some rend their Cloaths and cast dust up∣on their Heads, or fall down upon the Ground, or throw themselves against the Walls. So that the dead Man is the most happy of all the Company, for while his Friends and Relations torment themselves, he is set in some eminent Place, washed, cleansed, perfumed, and crowned, as if he were to go into Company. Then his Father or Mother if he had any, leave the Company and go to him to embrace him with such ridiculous Lamentations, as would make him burst with Laughter, if he could be sensible of it. There are some, who at the Death of their Rela∣tions, kill their Horses and Slaves, to send them for their Use into the other World, and burn or bury with them, their most valuable Goods, as if they would be use∣ful to them. Nevertheless, all that these People do, is neither for the Dead, who can know nothing of it, though they cried Ten Times as loud, nor for them∣selves, for then they might act in Silence. So that, if it be not done meerly for Custom sake, 'tis only for fear they should be thought to have no Friendship for, or good Opinion of their Neighbours. If he could be sensible of what they do, doubtless he would say, why do ye lament me so much, and torment your selves for me, who am happier than you? Is it because the Darkness wherein I am frights you, or because you think I am smothe∣red with the Weight of my Tomb? But a Dead Man has nothing to fear, since now he is past all Apprehensions of Death, and my burnt or putrified Eyes have no need to see the Light. Besides, were I miserable, what good could all your Com∣plaints do, or the smitings of your Breasts to the Tunes of Instruments, and this crowned Tomb, these Tears, and Lamen∣tation of Women? Do you think this Wine which you pour out, runs down to Hell, or is good to drink in another World; as for the Beasts which you but in Sacrifice one part of them rises in Smoke and the rest is consumed into Ashes, whic are very indifferent Food.

This sort of mourning for the Dead, was much alike at Rome and Greece. But their Burials differ according to the Di∣versity of Nations; for the one burn, or bury them, and the other embalm them. I have been present at the Feasts in Aegypt, where they set them at the end of their Table; and sometimes a Man or Woman is forced to deliver up the Body of his Father or Mother to conform to that Custom.

As for Monuments, Columns, Pyramids, and Inscriptions, nothing is more use∣less; there are some that celebrate Plays in Memory of the Dead, and make Fu∣neral Orations at their Burials, as if they would give them a Certificate or Te∣stimonial of their Life and Manners.

After all this, some treat the Company, where the Friends comfort you, and de∣sire you to eat. How long say they, will you lament the dead? You can't re∣call them to Life again, by all your Tears? Will you kill your selves with Despai•• for your Friends, and leave your Chil∣dren Orphans? You ought at least to eat, because by this means you may mourn the longer.

Thus far Lucian.

When the Body is laid upon the Pile of Wood to be burnt, some Person opens his Eyes, as it were to make him look up to Heaven, and having called him several Times with a loud Voice, his next Relation sets Fire to the Pile of Wood with a Torch, turning his Back upon it to shew that he does that Service for the Dead with Regret.

Pliny is of Opinion, that burning of the Bodies of the Dead was not ancient at

Rome. We do not, says he, find, that any of the Cornelian Family were burnt, till Syl∣la; but Pliny seems to contradict himself, when he writes, that King Numa forbad to pour Wine upon the Fires, which were kindled for the burning of the Dead; and Plutarch assures us, that Numa did strictly forbid that his Body should be burnt after his Death, but he ordered Two Tombs of Stone to be built, in one of which his Body should be laid, and in the other those holy Books which be had written about Re∣ligion, and the Worship of the Gods, which is Proof that burning of Bodies was very ancient, and that it was at least used in his Time. The Laws of the XII Tables, which were made Three Hundred Years after the building of Rome, which forbad the Burial, or burning of Bodies within the City, does not at all favour the first Opinion of Pliny, for nothing else can be concluded; but that there were Two ways of disposing of dead Bodies in use, burying, or burning, and both were forbidden within the City to avoid Infection, and secure it from the danger of Fires, which might happen by that means.

Cicero teaches us, that the Custom of bu∣rying Bodies was introduced at Athens, by Cecrops, and that they buried them with their Faces to the West, whereas at Megara they turned their Faces to the East. The Custom of burying Bodies lasted a very long time throughout all Greece, and that of burning them came from the Gymnosophists of India, who had used it long be∣fore.

The Aegyptians embalm the Bodies of the Dead, to preserve them from Corruption. The Aethopians had diverse ways; some∣times they cast them into the Currents of Brooks and Rivers, sometimes they burnt them or put them in Earthern Vessels, ac∣cording to the Testimony of Herodotus and Strabo.

The Indians eat them, that by this cu∣rious Secret, they might give them a second Life by converting them into their own Substance.

Those People whom Herodotus calls, the Macrobies, or Long-lived dry the Bodies, then paint their Faces with white, and so restore them to their Natural Colour and Com∣plexion.

Then they wrapt them up in a Pillar of Glass, in which having kept the Body a whole Year they set it up in some place near the City, where all might see it.

Diodorus Siculas relates that there were cer∣tain People, who after they had burnt the Bodies, put their Ashes and Bones into Sta∣tues of Gold, Silver, and Earth, covering them over with Glass.

The Garamantes bury their dead on the Shore in the Sand, that they may be wash∣ed by the Sea.

When the Body of the dead is consumed by the Fire, and all present have taken their last farewell, Vale aternum nos eo ordine, quo Natura vlouerit, sequemur, the nearest Relations gather up the Ashes and Bones, which they sprinkle with holy Water, and then put them into Urns of different Mat∣ter, to set them in their Tombs, pouring out Tears upon them, which being catched in small Vessels, called Lacrymatoriae, they are likewise reposited with the Urn in the Tomb.

It is very uncertain how they could gather the Ashes, and keep them mingling with those of the Wood and other things, which were burnt with the Bodies. Pliny mentions a sort of Linnen which grows in the Indies, called by the Greeks, Asbestos, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 not to be burnt, of which is made a Cloath that will not burn, although it be cast into the Fire. In this the Body being wrapped up, the Ashes of it may easily be kept together without mixing with those of the Wood; but this is not probable, since the same Pliny tells us, that this Cloth was very rare, and was preserved for the Kings of the Country only.

Perhaps they made use of another Cloath made of the Stone Amiantus, which Pliny says, they had the Art of spinning at that Time, and Plutarch assures us, that in his Age there was a Quarry of that Stone in the Isle of Negropont, and the like is found in the Isle of Cyprus, Tines, and else∣where.

They might have also some other Inven∣tion, as to set the Body upon the Fire in a Coffin of Brass or Iron, from whence it was easy to gather the Ashes and Bones that were not consumed.

CADMUS,

the Son of Agenor, King of Phoenicia, who was sent by his Father to find out Europa, which Jupiter had taken away, but not hearing of her after several long and dangerous Voyages, he went to consult the Oracle of Delphi, who ordered him to build a City in the Place, whither an Ox should lead him. And preparing in the first place to sacrifice to the Gods, he sent

his Companions to the Fountain of Dirce, which was near, to fetch him some Water, but they were devoured by a Dragon. Minerva to comfort him for this Loss, advised him to go and slay the Monster, and to sow its Teeth upon the Earth. This being done, he saw armed Men immediately to grow up, who slew one another, except Five who surviving that Slaughter helped him to build the City, which he called Thebes, and reigned there several Years. He mar∣ried Harmonia, or according to Ovid, Hermione, the Daughter of Mars and Venus, by whom he had several Children, which came all to miserable ends. Cadmus was expelled out of Thebes by Amphion, and went into Europe with the Phaenicians. 'Tis said that he brought with him Sixteen Letters of the Greek Alphabet, that he taught to write in Prose, and that he was the first that set up Images in the Temples of the Gods He was changed into a Serpent with his Wife, through the Anger of the God Mars, be∣cause he slew the Dragon which kept the Fountain of Dirce.

Cadmus was one of the Graecian Heroes, of which the Pagans often made their Gods.

Bochart informs us, that Cadmus was one of those Cadmonites, of whom Moses speaks in Genesis. The Name of Cadmonites, was gi∣ven them, because they lived about Mount Hermon, which was the most Easterly Coun∣try. It is probable that Hermione Cadmus's Wife might have taken her Name from that Hill. And because these People were part of the Hivites, it was feigned that Cad∣mus and Hermione were changed into Ser∣pents, because the Syriack Word Hevaeus signifies a Serpent. The Fable says, that Cad∣mus having sown the Serpents Teeth, there came up armed Souldiers, which slew one another, and there survived Five of them only, which subdued Baeotia. Bochart in∣geniously conjectures, that these are only Allusions to the Phoenician or Hebrew words, for these Two Terms, seni naas, signify both the Teeth of Serpents, and Points of a Sword. Hyginus tells us, that Cadmus found out Steel first at Thebes, as also the Metallick Stone, of which, Steel and Copper is made, still called Cadmia. The armed Souldiers were at length reduced to Five, because the word Hames signifies Five. It imports also a Soldier girded, and ready for Battle, because the Souldiers girded their Body about the fifth Rib.

Nevertheless some Interpreters of Finder relate, that Cadmus and Hermione lived to a very old Age, and were by the special Fa∣vour of the Gods carried into the Elysian Fields in a Chariot drawn by two Dragons, which doubtless was the Occasion of the Fable.

Euhemerus, of the Isle of Cos, in the third Book of his sacred History, will have it that Cadmus was the Cook of the King of the Cydonians, one of whose Maids, a Player the Flute he debauched, and had by her Semele, whom she put in a Chest with Bac∣chus, and cast her into the Sea, because she prostituted her self to Jupiter.

Such as have allegorized this Fable, say, that Cadmus was a very valiant Prince, who conquered the Kingdom of Boeotia, by force of Arms, which was then governed by a King named Draco; that he endeavoured to divide it among his Subjects, but they quar∣relled and destroyed one another, and so he invaded the Kingdom. This History made the Poets feign that he slew a Dra∣gon, and sowing the Teeth their sprung up Men, which killed one another.

CADUCA BONA,

Escheats, Goods which are forfeited to the Kings Treasury, by the Laws of Escheats which were made in the Time of Augustus, to encrease the Treasure, which was exhausted by the civil Wars. These Laws were contained in seve∣ral Articles.

1. That all Persons who lived a single Life, should enjoy no Legacy, if they did not marry within the time limited by that Law, and if they did not, whatever they had bequeathed to them by Will, should be paid into the Treasury.

2. That those who had no Children should lose one Moyety of what was left them by Will, and this is that which the civil Law calls, Poena orbitatis.

3. All that was given by Will to any Person, who died in the Life of the Testa∣tor, or after his Decease before the Will was opened, was an Escheat, and belonged to the Treasury.

4. Every Heir, who was negligent in re∣venging of the Death of him, whose Estate he inherited was deprived of his Inheritance, and it came to the Treasury. In a Word, Caducum, in the sense of the civil Law is meant of any Legacy, or Gift of Inheritance, which is void, There is a Title in the Civil Law, de caducis tollendis.

CADUCA AUSPICIA,

Vain Signs by Birds, which are of no Use.

CADUCA VOTA,

& CADU. CAe PRECES, Fruitless Vews, and vain Prayers which are not heard.

CADERE CAUSA, or LITE,

to lose his Suit or Cause. An ancient Term of Law.

CADERE VOTIS,

to make Vews in vain which are not heard. To hope vainly.

CADUCEUM,

an Heralds Staffe. The Wand which Mercury according to the Fable received of Apollo, in exchange of the Seven-stringed Harp, which he gave him, was so called.

The Poets speak of many Vertues, which this Wand of Mercury had, as to lay Men asleep, and to raise the Dead. The Word comes from the Latin Cadere, which signifies to fall, because this Wand had a force in it to appease all Differences, and make Mens Arms to fall out of their Hands, as Mercu∣ry proved by Two Serpents which were fighting, for he threw it down between them, and they were Friends, and from that time Mercury always carried it as an Ensign of Peace.

This Wand according to the Aegyptian Mythology was streight, adorned with Two Serpents twining round it, and as it were joined together about the middle of their Bodies which seek to kiss one another, ma∣king an Arch of the highest part of their Bo∣dies.

The Ambassadours of Rome sent to make Peace carried a Wand of Gold in their Hand, and were upon that account called Caduceatores, as those who were sent to de∣clare War, were called FECIA∣LES.

The Ancients have attributed many won∣derful Effects to the Cadinoeans, alluding to the Rod or Staff of Moses, with which he did such Miracles in Aegypt, before Pharoah, and the Magicians of that Coun∣try.

CAECIAS,

the East Wind, which blows from the Parts where the Sun rises, and raises Clouds, from whence comes the Pro∣verb. It is attended with Mischief, as the Cecias with Clouds.

CAECILIUS,

of Epirus, who was the Freedman of Atticus a Roman Knight. He taught Grammar at Rome and was the first who read Virgil and the other Latin Poets to his Scholars.

There was another of that name, who was a Gaul, who has written of the Civil-Law, and of the signification of its Terms.

CAECUBUM,

a Town of Campania, whence came the excellent Wines which Ho∣race and others of the Poets speak so often of. Their Vineyard was destroyed by Nero, as Pliny relates.

CAEDERE

pignora, or Sectionem pigno∣rum instituere, or pignora auctione distrahere (In the Roman Law are used to signify) to sell by Auction, or by Parcels, the Goods which were seized from any one.

CAELIUS,

one of the Seven Moun∣tains of Rome, so called from Caelius Vi∣benus King of Tuscany, who assisted Romulus against the Latins. This Mountain was in∣closed within Rome by Tullus Hostilius, who built his Palace there. There were many beautiful Temples upon it, viz. That of Faunus, Venus, Cupid, and the Fourth to the Emperor Claudius.

CAENIS,

the Daughter of Elatheus, one of the Lapithae, who was beloved by Neptune, and changed into a Man that was invulnerable. He fought against the Centaurs for the Lapithae, and received no Wound, but he was crushed by the Fast of some great Trees. Virgil informs us that she resu∣med her Sex after his Death, but Ovid will have her changed into a Bird.

CAERUS,

was called by the Greeks the God of Opportunity, and by the Latins, of Occa∣sion. The Elians consecrated an Altar to him. Callistratus the famous Carver has re∣presented this God under the Form of a fair young Man, having his Hair loose, and blown about by the Gales of the Wind, and holding a Rasor in his Hand. A certain Poet also calls him the youngest of Saturn's Children. Phaedrus in his witty Fables has described him in the Shape of a Man with Wings, having Hair on the fore part of his Head, but being bald behind, that none can regain him when he has suffered him once to pass him, because he went so swift,

that he could run upon the edge of a Razor without hurting himself.

CAESA

& PORRECTA, these are the Entrails taken out of a Sa∣crifice, when it is opened, which the Sa∣crificer considers attentively, before he casts them into the Fire, to observe whe∣ther there be any Blemish, which may in∣terrupt the Sacrifice, or cause it to be re∣newed, and from hence arises the Proverb used by Cicero, Epist. 18. lib. 5. ad Atticum. Multa imo omnia, quorum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ne quid inter Caesa & porrecta, ut aiunt, oneris mihi ad∣datur, aut temporis. You see all that is in my Letters, refer to this Head, That being upon the point of learning my Office and relin∣quishing my Government, none shall involve me against my Intention and Design in new Affairs, and so oblige me to remain in my Office.

CAESA, and RUTA,

some understand by these Words, Things moveable, which are not fastened either by Hooks or Nails to the Foundation, or any part of the Building, as belonging neither to the Mason, or Car∣penter's Work.

Cum aedes Paternas vende∣res, ne in rutis quidem, & caecis solium tibi paternum recepisti. When you sold your Fathers House, you did not reserve so much to your self out of all his moveables, as the Chair wherein he sat.

CAESAR,

Caius Julius, who was the first Roman Emperor.

He was the Son of Lucius Julius Caesar, a Roman Consul and Praetor.

This Word Caesar, was the Surname of the Julian Family, either because the first of them was cut out of his Mothers Belly, or because he was born with much Hair; or lastly, because the Grandfather of Caius slew an Elephant, which in the Punick Language is called Caesar.

CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR,

was of a good Stature, he had a pale Com∣plexion, brisk Eyes, a large Nose, some∣thing rising, all Marks of a great Soul; a lover of Honour and Command. Being made Consul he went into Gallia, and sub∣dued it by Force. He first crossed the Sea, and made old Albion, now England, to pay tribute to the People of Rome. He made Pompey and Crassus Friends, by marry∣ing his Daughter Julia to the former; but afterward they quarrelled in such a manner, as begat a civil War, which had almost over∣turned the Roman Empire. Caesar was ever the Conqueror, and utterly routed all Pom∣pey's Forces in Aegypt, and in the Pharsalian Field, and so he got the Government into his Hands,

He marched from thence into Syria, and into the Kingdom of Pontus, where he con∣quered Pharnaces, vanquished Juba with Sci∣pio, and Cato in Africa. Returning to Rome he triumphed Four Times together, viz. over the Gauls, Aegypt, Pontus, and Africa, and further a fifth Time for subduing Pompey the younger in Spain.

After all these Victories he was chosen perpetual Dictator, and proclaimed Empe∣ror, which so stirred up the Hatred and Envy of the Noblemen of Rome, that they conspired against him and slew him in the Senate-house, having given him Twenty Three Wounds with their Daggers, of which he died. Brutus and Cassuis were a∣mong the Conspirators. He was Fifty Six Years old at his Death. Dr. Andreas an Italian, a Scholar of the famous Argoli, has given an excellent description of him in writing upon the Medal of this Emperor.

It is my Opinion, says he, that Julius Cae∣sar being of a tall Stature, and having brisk Eyes, and of a pale Skin, was of a passionate Disposition, but a little me∣lancholy; his large Nose a little rising between the Eyes, his Nostrils turning something upward, and flat on the top, make his Nose something like an Eagle's, which denotes great Courage, a lover of Glory and Empire. His brisk and black Eyes, his Forehead a little sinking in the middle, shew, that he was a Man of great Designs, and constant in his Undertakings; his Head was well shaped with Two ri∣sings behind and before, and his Forehead lean, all which joined together discover his Fitness for Study and Eloquence. He was bald on the fore part of his Head, which signifies his Inclination to love, from whence it became a common saying of his Souldiers which they sang at his Re∣turn from the East, O ye Romans, we have brought you the bald Adulterer.

There never was any Man, who had more Valour, fearless Boldness, and Courage, than he, nor greater Experience in warlike Affairs, or the Art of governing, by which he subdued 300 Nations, took 800 Cities, and conque∣red 3 Millions of Men in several Battles.

He was very resolute and daring, which made him to cross the Rhine and the Ocean to attack Germany and England, though the Wars of the Gauls, were not yet finished.

He shewed his Magnificence in his Prepara∣tions of Plays, and Triumphs, in which he ex∣ceeded all that had been before him, and swal∣lowed up, if I may so say, in that prodigal Ex∣pence, all the Roman Bravery, and Wealth. The large Reach of his Wit was proved by his Re∣formation of the Time and Laws, the former of which is an hard Work still, and the other his Death prevented him from finishing, as also his Eloquence in his learned Commentaries, which he has left of the Civil Wars, and the War with the Gauls.

He was the mildest Prince in the World, and we may say, that his whole Life was nothing but a continual Example of Mercy and Bounty; for he not only pardoned his Enemies thro' the Greatness of his Mind, but he restored them to their Dignities, and often heaped new Honours upon them; which made Cicero say, that he had conquer'd Victory, because he freely deprived himself of that which she had given. Where∣fore 'twas nothing but Justice to him, that the Senate decreed, that in grateful Acknowledg∣ment, a Temple should be built to Clemency, his Device was, Veni, Vidi, Vici, i. e. I came, I saw, I conquered.

CAESAR OCTAVIUS,

surnam'd Au∣gustus, the Nephew of Julius, and adopted by him: His Stature was tall and proper, he had a comely Face, a sweet and modest Look, a Nose gently rising near the Forehead, his Hair some∣what cur••'d. He succeeded Julius Caesar, and was Heir to his Name as well as his Vertues, and happily finish'd those Designs of Monarchy the other had laid. He reveng'd his Death upon his Murderers, who died all a violent Death, and some of them by the same Dagger wherewith they had assassinated him. This Prince had a generous Soul, and a charming and insinuating Wit. He was prudent and brave without Ostentation. His Eye-brows joining over his Nose, according to some Physiognomists, signified his Inclination to Vertue; others thought that this was a Sign of his Inclination to Study, because it denotes Melancholy, and there must be a little of that or Study: He was a Lover of Learning, and had a pleasant Way of Writing both in Prose and Verse, from whence it was that in his Time there were such able Men, as Virgil, Horace and Mecanas.

The Teeth of this Prince being small and thin set, according to Suetonius, prog••osticated short Life, in the Judgment of Hippocrates, and some Physicians: But, perhaps, his Sobriety made a∣mends for this Defect, since he liv'd to 76 Years of Age, although he was often troubled with Rheum, the Se••••tica, the Gout and Gravel.

Suetonius also remarks, that he commonly fell sick about his Birth-day. See Augu••lus.

CAESTUS,

a large Gantlet made of a raw Hide, adorned with Lead, which the ancient Wrestlers made use of when they fought at Fifty-cuffs in the publick Games. Calepin is mi∣staken, when he says that it was a kind of Club, for it was only a Strap of Leather, strengthned with Lead, or Plates of Iron, wherewith, after the Manner of Chains lying a-cross, they encom∣pass'd the Hand, and also the Wrist and part of the Arm to guard them from Blows, left they should be broken, or dislocated by them.

CAESTUS or CESTUM,

a Girdle which the Poets and Painters have given to Venus and Juno: Thus Pallas in Lucian advises Paris to take away Venus's Girdle, that he might the better judge of the Beauty of the Three Goddesses; because, adds she, Venus is a Magician, who keeps some Charm conceal'd within her Girdle. This Word comes from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signi∣fies a Girdle, or any other Work embroider'd with the Needle, which was commonly were by Women. It was a large Strap, which serv'd for a Girdle, made of Wool, and which the Husband untied for his Spouse the first Day of their Mar∣riage, before they went to Bed; as we learn from Homer, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; and O∣vid, Castáque fallaci zona recincta manu. And this relates to the Girdle of Venus, which Juno borrow'd of her to entice Jupiter to Love; for this Girdle, says Homer, B. 14. Of the Iliads, con∣tains the Passion, Wishes and Charms, by which Venus unites the Hearts of new-married People; which made Martial say,

Ʋt Martis revocetur amor summique Tonantis, A te Juno petat ceston, & ipsa Venus. Lib. 6. Epig. 13.

Some Authors say, that this Caestus of Venus was a little ••illet or Diadem, wherewith the Heads of Deities were encompass'd, which had a Point in the middle.

CAEYX,

King of Taracinia, the Son of Lucifer, or the Morning-Star, and Husband of Alcione; who going to consult the Oracle about the Government of his Kingdom, was Ship∣wreck'd at Sea; which so sensibly touch'd his Wife, that for Grief she threw her self Head-long into the Sea: But the Gods having Com∣passion on them, chang'd them both into Birds, call'd Haleyons, (i. e. Kingsfishers) who make the Sea calm when they harth their young ones in the Sea-rushes, during the sharpest Storms of Winter.

Lucian in his Dialogue, entituled, Alcyon, re∣lates the Fable after another manner, for he in∣troduces Socrates, speaking thus to Cherephon, whose pleasant Sound had struck his Ear from the other side of the River:

'Tis Alcyon, says Socrates to him, who is so much ex••oll'd, of whom this Fable is told: That the Daughter of Eolus having left the brave

Caeyx her Husband, the Son of the Morning-star, wasted her self with fruitless Complaints, until the Gods mov'd with Compassion, chang'd her into a Bird, which still searches on the Waters for him, whom she cannot meet with upon Earth. And to recompense her Love, while she makes her Nest and hatches her Young, the Winds are still, and the Sea is calm, even in the sharpest Weather of Winter: And so to this Day, these fine Days are call'd from her Name Halcyon-Days.

CAIUS or GAIUS,

a Surname given to many illustrious Romans, upon the Account of the Joy their Parent felt at their Birth, à gaudio pa∣rentum.

CAIUS,

surnam'd Octavius, the Father of the Emperor Augustus, who defeated the Fugi∣tive Slaves, and destroy'd those that remain'd of Catiline's Conspiracy.

CAIUS MEMMIUS,

a Curule, Edile, who first celebrated the Feast Cerealia, or the Festival of Ceres, as appears by this Motto,

Memmius aedilis Cerealia primus fecit.

CALABRA CURIA,

the Calabrian Court, built by Romulus upon Mount Palatine, near his own Habitation, according to Varro; or according to others, near the Capitol, in the Place where the Magazine of Salt now is. It was call'd Calabra, from the Latin Word Calare, which signifies to call together; because Romulus design'd this Place for the general Assemblies of the Peo∣ple; but since that time, the Rex sacrorum sum∣mons the Senate and People to meet there, to give them Notice of the Days for Games and Sacrifices. You may consult Macrobius about this Word, Lib. 1. Saturnal. and Festus.

CALANTICA,

a Kerchief, the ancient Head-dress of the Roman Women.

CALARE,

from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Voco, signifies to call together, or assemble the People, from whence comes the Word Calendae, which is as much as to say, the first Day of each Month, because he who presided at the Sacri∣fices, assembled the People in the Capitol, after he had observ'd the New Moon, to signifie to them the Feasts and Games of that Month.

CALATA COMITIA,

an Assembly of the People, who were call'd together for the E∣lection and Consecration of Priests, and for Wills which were made in the most ancient Times of the Commonwealth, in the Presence of the Peo∣ple, as Theophilus says, in Book 2. Instit. See Comitia.

CALCEAMENTUM,

the Shoe of the Ancients, which was different from ours both in Matter and Form: It was made at first of a raw Hide, with all the Hair on, which they call'd Carbatinas crepidas: But in succeeding Times, the Hides were prepared, curried, and steep'd in Allom-water. Shooes were made of the Skins of Cows, Calves, Deer, Goats, &c. from whence comes the Raillery used by Martial, of one who had a Cap of fine Leather, to whom he says, that his Head was shod. They made use also of the Bark of a Tree, which they wove or knit, as Martianus Capella tells us, Calceos praeterca ex papyro textili subligavit; which are also mention'd by Benedictus Balduinus, in Book 3. de Calceis antiquis. These sort of Shoes were especially used in Egypt, for the Priests wore them when they sacrific'd to the Gods: They made them also of Broom and Rushes, and they were call'd spartei and juncei calcei, which Fashi∣on came from Foreign Countries; and these the Spanish Peasants wore, as Pliny testifies. They made them also of Flaxen Cloth very white, em∣broider'd and enrich'd with Pearls and Dia∣monds. History informs us, that the Emperor Antoninus, surnam'd Philosophus, and his Succes∣sors till Constantine's Time, wore Shoes of this sort. They made use also of Mettals to make Shoes, as Iron, Brass, Gold and Silver. Em∣pedocles wore Shoes or Slippers of Brass; which gave occasion to that Apostrophe of Luci∣an, in his Dialogues to him, God preserve you good Master Slip-shoe. The Romans had Shoes of Iron, but they were used for the Punishment of Christians, during the Persecutions. They put great Nails into them, which they caus'd to be made red-hot, as was done to St. Basil, ferreas crepidas ignitis clavis confixas calceatus. They wore also Shoes of massy Gold, and others which were only gilt. Plautus, in his Bacchides, speaks of a very rich Man who wore Shoes, whose Soals were of Gold; Etiam rogas qui soccis babeat auro suppactum solum. Julius Caesar wore Shoes of Gold, and others which were only gilt, according to the Testimony of Seneca, Qui excusant eum, nigant id insolentiae factum, aiunt socculum auratum, imò aureum margaritis distinctum ostendere eum voluisse. They made use also of Wood, whereof they made Wooden Shoes, and Sandals or Galloches, which were the Shoes of the Poor, and of Parricides when they were shut up in a Sack, as Cicero tells us, Si quis parentes oc∣ciderit vel verberavit, ei damnato obvolvatur or folliculo lupino, soleae ligneae pedibus inducantur. Here follow the Names of the several sorts of Shoes which were used by the Ancients.

CALCEI,

Mullei, Soleae, Sandalia, Cothur∣ni, Caligae, Gallicae, Crepidae, Socci, Perones, O∣creae; to which we may add those which were in∣troduc'd by Custom, borrow'd for the most part from the strange Fashions of divers People; which are the Campagi, Phaecasia, Sicyonia, Alci∣biadae, Amiclaidae, Anaxyrides, Arpides, Laconicae, Lymphides, Persicae, Scythicae, Iphicratides: Of each of which we shall speak according to the Order of the Alphabet.

CALCEUS,

which we now call a Shoe, was different from ours in this, that it covered half the Leg, and was open in the Fore-part, and was tied with Thongs or Straps, which they called corrigias calceamenti: This may be easily observ'd from the Passage of Sidonius Apollinaris,

—Etconcurrentibus anfis Vinclorum pandas texunt per crura catenas.

This Shoe was extream close upon the Foot, when they had a mind to be handsomly shod, and thence it was called tersum calceum or tenti∣pellium, and it was a Sign of Carelessness or Po∣verty, to have a Shoe too big, and your Feet loose in it and bagging out, laxum calceum, follen∣tem, or follicantem, which made Ovid caution his Mistress to take heed that her Shoe was not too big.

Nec vagas in laxâ pes tibi pelle natet.

Thus St. Jerom says, that all the Care of worldly Men was to be handsomly cloath'd and shod, Omnis bis cura in vestibus, si benè oleant, si pes in laxâ pelle non folliat. To shun this, they took care to tie their Straps close, as Tibullus tells us, Ansaque compressos alligat arcta pedes, and to stuff them with Locks of Wool, and such like Things, as we learn from Tertullian, Stipabant tomento; upon which Words Rhenanus says, Stipant ne fol∣licet calceus, they stuff it with Wool for fear left it should have Wrinkles and the Foot turn about in it.

The Toe of the Shoe ended in a Point bend∣ing a little backwards, which they called calceum rostratum, repandum, uncinatum, and those who wore them so were called uncipedes, as Tertullian tells us in his Book de Pallio C. 5. Such were the Shoes of Juno, as Cicero informs us, cum ••••lceis repandis.

The common Citizens wore black Shoes, and the ordinary Women wore white: And there∣fore Lipsius seems to be mistaken, when he en∣deavours to prove that the Shooes of the Romans were white, and grounds his Opinion upon a Passage of Martial, where 'tis said, Calceus can∣didior sit primâ nive. But this learned Man doubtless did not take Notice, that in this Place Martial blames Cecinna, because he had a very nafty Gown, and wore Shoes as white as Snow: What is a••hrm'd by Horace and Juvenal is more probable therefore, that they wore black. Ne∣vertheless 'tis true, that some Men wore white Shoes under the Emperors, for we read in Spar∣tianus, that Alexander Severus forbad Men to use them, and permitted the Use of them only to Women, who wore also some that were red, and some of other Colours, which made Persius caution a young Man to take heed lest his Mi∣stress should cuff him with her red Patten, soleâ objurgabere rubrâ.

The Shoes of Senators, Patricians and their Children, had something like a Crescent at the End, which made the Figure of a C, to shew, that they were descended of the Number of the first 100 Senators or Fathers which Romu∣lus instituted after the building of his new City; Plutarch gives other Reasons for it, Resides, this Crescent was upon the Instep, and served to tie the Shoe close, as now our Buckles do, if we will believe Balduinus, who pretends to prove it by this Verse of Statius,

Primaque patriciâ clausit vestigia lunâ.

And by the Authority of Triaguellus upon the fifth Book of Alexand. Neap. Lunulae, says he, in calceis erant fibulae eburneae ad instar Lunae corni∣culantes. These Crescents were made of diffe∣rent Matter, as Gold, Silver and Ivory adorn'd with Diamonds and other precious Stones.

The chief Roman Magistrates wore commonly red Shoes, on Days of Ceremony and Tri∣umphs. The greatest part of Writers will have the Emperor Dioclesian to be the first who wore precious Stones upon his Shoes, and that he presented them to be kiss'd by those who did him Reverence. Yet we find that Heliogabalus wore them before him, as also Alexander Seve∣rus; and Pliny speaks of this Custom as an Abuse very common in his Time.

The Slaves wore no Shoes, but went barefoot, and for that Reason they were called cretati, or gypsati from their dusty Feet. There were also some Free-men that went barefooted, and Taci∣tus observes, that Phocion and Cato Ʋticensis and many others walk'd without Shoes; but these Examples are rare, and generally speaking all Persons that were of a free Condition walk'd always shod, except at some religious Solemni∣ty, or in the Time of some publick Calamity; for we learn from History, that when the great Mother of the Gods was wash'd, the People went in Procession barefooted, and that the Roman Dames put off their Shoes at the Sacrifices of Vesta. Tertullian relates, that the Pagan Priests very often order'd Processions to be made barefooted in a Time of Drought: Cùm tupet caelum & aret annus, nudipedalia denuntiantur. The principal Roman Knights at the Death of Julius Caesar ga∣thered up his Ashes, and being clad in white Tunicks they walked barefoot, to signifie at once both their Respect and Sorrow. Lycurgus and the Lacedemonian young Men went always bare∣foot, and the Aetolians and Hernicians, a Peo∣ple of Italy, had one Foot shod and the other naked, as also the Magicians in their Magical Mysteries: Virgil and Ovid tell us, Ʋnum exuta pedem vinclis. 4. Aeneid. Horace speaking of Canidia that famous Magician, acquaints us that she went barefooted,

—Pedibus nudis, passoque capillo.

CALCULUS,

this Latin Word signifies a Stone, because the Ancients made use of little Flint-stones instead of Counters, for reckoning up any Sums whether multiplied or divided in their Computations, either in Astronomy or Geometry. The Kings of Lacedemonia gave their Suffrages with Two small Stones, and the Romans marked their fortunate Days with a white Stone, and unfortunate with a black Stone,

—Albo aut nigro notanda lapilio.

CALENDAE,

the Calends. The Romans called the first Day of each Month by this Word, which comes from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, voco, because reckoning their Months by the Moon, there was a Priest appointed to observe the New Moon, who having seen it, immedi∣ately gave notice to him who presided over the Sacrifices; and he presently called the People to∣gether in the Capitol, and declared unto them how they must reckon the Days until the Nones, pronouncing Five times this Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, if they happen'd on the Fifth Day, or Seven times if they happen'd on the Seventh Day. These Calends, or first Day of each Month, were consecrated to Juno, upon which Account she was surnam'd Calendaris Juno.

The Greeks had no Calends as the Romans had, and therefore when one would signifie a Time that should never happen, they made use of that Expression, ad Graecas Calendas, i. e. at latter Lammas, or never. Augustus was the first who brought this way of Speaking into Fashion, as Suetonius relates, upon the Occasion of certain Debtors, who were become insolvent, Cùm ali∣quis nunquam exsoluturos significare vult, ad Ca∣lendas Graecas soluturos ait. Instead of the Name of Calends, the Geeeks made use of the Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Day of the New Moon, which was the same thing with the Calends a∣mong the Romans, as this Passage of Plutarch in the Life of Galba plainly proves, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The Calends of January were more consider∣able than the Calends of the other Months, be∣cause they were particularly consecrated to Juno and the God Janus; upon which Account the Romans then never fail'd to offer Vows and Sa∣crifices to these Two Deities; and the People being clad in new Gowns, went in Crouds to the Tarpeian Mount where Janus had an Altar. Although the Calends of January was a Festival Day for them, yet they did not fail then to be∣gin any new Work, every Man according to his Profession, that they might never be idle the rest of the Year, having begun it with Working.

The Magistrates entered upon their Office on this Day, and Feasts were kept everywhere, and Presents exchang'd between them in Token of Friendship.

The Feasts of the Calends, says Matthew Ba∣lastris, was kept on the first Day of January, and there was great Rejoycing, because the New Moon happen'd on that Day, and it was com∣monly believ'd, that if they diverted themselves well at the Beginning, they should pass the whole Year the more merrily. This Day brought no Sorrow to any but only to Debtors, who were oblig'd to pay their Interest and Arrears, upon which Account Horace calls them tristes Ca∣lendas.

CALENDARIUM,

a Calendar; an Al∣manack which contains the Order of the Days, Weeks and Months, and shews the Festivals which happen during the Year. The Roman People at first had no Calendar, for it was only in the Hands of the Priests, from whom they learned the Festivals, and the other Solemnities of a civil Life. They took great care to write down in it every Thing that happened each Year, and marked moreover the Days on which there were Pleadings and on which there were none: And therefore this Calendar was called Fastus, or in the Plural Number, Fasti, and also Annales publici, because in it were set down the most considerable Actions of the Great Men of the Commonwealth: And from hence come these ordinary Forms of Speech, Conscribere nomina fastis, or Referre in fastos & in annales publicos, i. e. to transmit your Memory to Posterity. Cn. Flavius, Secretary to Appius Clandius, gave the People a Calendar in Despite of the Priests and Senate.

Romulus was the first who divided Time by certain Marks, to serve for the Use of the People that were subject to him, and being much more skilful in Military Affairs than in Astronomy, he made the Year commence with the Spring, and gave it only Ten Months, whereof the first was the Month of March, and next after that was A∣pril, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December. He gave 31 Days to each of these Four Months, March, May, Quin∣tilis and October, and only 30 to each of the other Six, so that they made altogether 304 Days, which was that Duration of Time wherein, as he ima∣gin'd, the Sun run through all the differed Sea∣sons of the Year, as may be seen in the following Calender. But as to the Division of Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the Manner of reckoning their Days, see hereafter the Seventh Paragraph before the Calendar of Julius Caesar.

The CALENDAR of Romulus, containing 10 MONTHS, and consisting of 304 DAYS.

March.	April.	May.	June.	Quintilis.	Sextilis.	September.	October.	November.	December.
1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.
2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV
3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III
4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.
5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.
6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII
7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII
8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VL	8.	VI
9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V
10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV
11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III
12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.
13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.
14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	XVIII
15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	XVII
16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVI
17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XV
18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XIV
19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIII
20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XII
21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XI
22.	XI	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	X
23.	X	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	IX
24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	VIII
25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VII
26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VI
27.	VI	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	V
28.	V	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	IV
29.	IV	29.	III	29.	IV.	29.	III	29.	IV	29.	III	29.	III	29.	IV	29.	III	29.	III
30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	Prid.
31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.					31.	Prid.

'Tis true, there needed no long time to dis∣cover that this Account was too short, and that his Year must begin long before the Solar Year, and therefore to reduce these things into Order, he ordain'd that all the Days which were over and above what he had reckoned in this Calen∣dar, should be inserted amongst the rest without any Name, by way of Intercalation, which was done with little Care. But under the Reign of Numa Pompilius the Calendar was first reform'd. This Prince had private Conferences with Py∣thagoras, from whom he learn'd many things concerning Astronomy, which he chiefly applied to this Purpose; and he followed very near the same Order which the Greeks then observed in the Division of Time. 'Tis true, that instead of 354 Days, which they gave to their common Years, he gave to his 355, because he would have the Number to be odd, out of a supersti∣tious Opinion which he learned from the Egypti∣ans, who had an Aversion to even Numbers which they accounted unfortunate: And there∣fore he took away one Day from each of these Six Months, April, June, Sextilis, September, No∣vember and December, to which Romulus had given 30 Days, that they might have but 29, and left to the rest 31 Days which they had be∣fore; and then adding these Six Days to the 51, which Romulus's Year of 304 Days wanted, to make up his own Year of 355; he made them in all 57 Days; which Number he divided into Two to make of it Two other Months, which he placed before the Month March, viz. January consisting of 29 Days, and February of 28, which Month he design'd for the Sacrifices which were offered to the Infernal Gods, to which this e∣ven Number as being unfortunate seem'd most properly to belong.

Thus he made the Month of January, which he plac'd at the Winter-solstice, the first Month of the Year, instead of March which was the first before, and which Romulus had placed at the Vernal Equinox: And to make this Institution everlasting, he made use of the Intercalation of 90 Days every Eight Years, which Number was made up of the Eleven Days and a Quarter, which the Lunar Year consisting of 354 Days wanted of the Solar Year consisting of 365 Days and Six Hours. Of these the Greeks made Three Months, each whereof had 30 Days, which they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and which they intercalated after the Third, the Fifth and the Eigth Years; but Numa made Four Months of them, and in∣tercalated one every Two Years, after the Feast called Terminalia, which happened on the Sixth of the Kalends of March, i. e. on the 24th of February; and the first Month intercalated he made to consist of 22 Days, and the next of 23, that so the whole Intercalation in the Space of Four Years might make up the Number of 45 Days, which was equal to that used among the Greeks in their Olympiads. This Month inter∣calated every Two Years was called Mercedonius, and the Intercalary February.

The Year of Numa which consisted of 355 Days, ending one Day later than the Greek Year, it was easie to observe, that since their Beginnings were so far from agreeing together, they would in a little time recede very far from one another: And therefore the same Numa, to obviate this Inconvenience, ordain'd, that in the Space of Eight Years the whole 90 Days should not be intercalated, according to the Custom of the Greeks, but only 82 Days, which were to be inserted in this Order: At first in the Space of Two Years an Intercalation was made of 22 Days, next after that, an Intercalation was made of 23 Days, at the Third time an Intercalation was made of 22 Days, and at the Fourth an In∣tercalation was made of 15 Days only, in lieu of 23 which should have been inserted, this Deduction was necessary to take off in Eight Years time, the Eight superfluous Days he had added to his Year.

Numa's Year therefore consisted of Twelve Months, viz. January, February, March, April, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November and December, whereof Seven had 29 Days, and the rest 31, except February which had only 28, which may be seen in the following Account of his Calendar. But as to the Division of Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the Manner of reckoning Days. See hereafter the Paragraph before Caesar's Calendar.

The CALENDAR of Numa Pompilius, containing 12 MONTHS, and consisting of 355 DAYS.

January.	February.	March.	April.	May.	June.	Quintilis.	Sextilis.	September.	October.	November.	December.
1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.
2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV
3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III
4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.
5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.
6.	VIII	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII
7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII
8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI
9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V
10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV.	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV
11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III.	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III
12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.
13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.
14.	XVII	14.	XVI	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	XVII
15.	XVI	15.	XV	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	XVI
16.	XV	16.	XIV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XV
17.	XIV	17.	XIII	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XIV
18.	XIII	18.	XII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XIII
19.	XII	19.	XI	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XIV.	19.	XII	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XII	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XII
20.	XI	20.	X	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XI
21.	X	21.	IX	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	X
22.	IX	22.	VIII	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	IX
23.	VIII	23.	VII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	VIII
24.	VII	24.	VI	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	VII
25.	VI	25.	V	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VI
26.	V	26.	IV	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	V
27.	IV	27.	III	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	IV
28.	III	28.	Prid.	28.	V	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	III
29.	Prid.			29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	IV.	29.	Prid.	29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	Prid.	29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	Prid.
				30.	III			30.	III			30.	III					30.	III
				31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.					31.	Prid.

And to add the greater Weight and Autho∣rity to this Law, he appointed the High-priests to put it in Execution, and enjoyn'd them to sig∣nifie to the People the Time and Manner in which this Intercalation of extraordinary Days must be made: But these Priests, either thro' Ignorance or Malice, brought the Account of Time and other Matters depending upon it into so great Confusion, that the Festivals happen'd at such Seasons as were directly opposite to the Times of their Institution, and the Feasts of Autumn fell out in the Spring, and those of Har∣vest in the Middle of Winter.

This Disorder came to so great a Height, that when Julius Caesar was Dictator and High-priest, after the Battle of Pharsalia, he thought the Re∣formation of the Calendar to be a Thing well worthy of his Care, and necessary for the good Government of the Empire: And for this pur∣pose he fetch'd one Sosigenes from Alexandria, who was esteemed the best Astronomer of that Time, and he by the Order of the Emperor, after he had several times corrected it himself, declared that the Destribution of Time in the Calendar could never be settled as certain and unalterable, unless a principal Regard was had to the Annual Course of the Sun, and that it was necessary for the Future, by a Method contrary to that which had been hitherto practised, to adjust the Lunar Year by the Motion of the Sun, rather than accommodate the Course of the Sun to the unequal Laws of the Moon's Motion. And because it passed then for a thing certain among A stronomers, that the Annual Period of the Sun's Course was predsely 365 Days and Six Hours, therefore he resolved to give the whole Time of 365 Days to the Year in his Calen∣dar, reserving the Six Hours to the End of Four Years, when they made a whole Day, which he then added to the rest by way of Intercalation; so that this Year did not consist of 365 Days, as the other Years did which he called common, but of 366 Days. And since according to the Institution of Numa Pompilius, the Intercalation of the Month Mer••edonius was made towards the End of February, the same Sosigenes by order of the Emperor, used the same Time for the Inter∣calation of this Day, which happened to fall out on that Day which they called Regifugium, be∣cause the Romans in ancient Times had drove their Kings out of Rome on that Day, and on the Day which follows another Festival called Termi∣nalia, i. e. on the 24th Day of February, or to speak in the Language of the Romans, on the Sixth of the Calends of March; and because this Day was called the second Sixth of the Calends, which in Latin is Biss••xius, therefore the Year in which this Intercalation was made, was called Bissextile or Intercalary.

He chang'd nothing in the Order nor Names of the Months, nor yet in the Number of Days in these Four, viz. March, May, Quintil is and October, which had each 31 Days in Numa's Ca∣lendar; but to make room for the Ten Days, whereby the Solar Year exceeded that of Numa, he added Two Days to each of these Three Months, January, Sextilis and December, which had only 29 Days before, and so he made them equal to the other Months which had 31, but he added only one Day to these Four Months, April, June, September and November, and so made them consist of 30 Days, and to the Month of February he left 28 Days for the common Years, and 29 for the Year called Bissextile, that so there might be no Change made in the Cere∣monies of the Sacrifices, which were offered in this Month to the Infernal Gods.

As soon as these Things were thus order'd, and Sosigenes had finished his Work, the Empe∣ror publish'd an Edict, wherein he set forth the Reformation he had made of the Calendar, and commanded it to be used through all the Roman Empire.

And because of the Negligence of those to whom the Care was committed of distributing the Intercalatory Months, the Beginning of the Year was then found to anticipate its true Place 67 whole Days, therefore this Time must be some way spent to restore the first Day of the next Year to its due Place at the Winter-••o••stice, and to this end Two Months were made of these 67 Days, which were ordered to be intercalated between the Months of November and December, from whence it came to pass, that the Year of the Correction of the Calendar by Julius Caesar, which was called the Julian Correction, consist∣ed of 15 Months and of 445 Days; and upon this Account it was called the Year of Confusion, because in it that great Number of Days was to be absorbed which brought so great Confusion into the Account of Time.

But to accommodate the Matter in some measure to the Genius of the Romans, who had been so long accustomed to the Lunar Year, the Emperor would not begin his Year precisely on the Day of the Winter solstice, but only on the Day of the New-Moon which followed next after it, which happened by Chance at the time of this Correction of the Calendar, to be about Eight Days after the Solstice, from hence it comes to pass, that the Julian Year in all succeeding Times hath still preserved the same Beginning, i. e. the first Day of January, which is about Eight Days after the Solstice of Capricorn.

Julius Caesar drew a great deal of envy upon himself by this Correction of the Calendar, of which we have an Instance in that picquant Ra••l∣lery of Cicero upon this Occasion;

One of his Friends discoursing with him, happen'd to say, that Lyra was to set to Morrow, Cras Lyra occi∣dit, said he, to whom Cicero immediately report∣ed, Nempe ex Edicto, yes, quoth he, by vertue

of an Edict.

Yet this did nowise hinder this Reformation from being generally received and observed after the Death of Caesar, which hap∣pened the next Year after it. And to give the greater Authority to this Usage, it fell out also, that Marcus Antonius in his Consulship order'd, that the Month called Quintilis, which was that in which Julius Caesar was born, should bear his Name, and for the Future be called Julius; as it happened afterwards to the Month Sextilis, to which was given the Name of Augustus, both which Names are still continued down to our Time.

'Tis true, the Priests by their Ignorance com∣mitted a considerable Error in the Observati∣on of the first Years, for not understanding this Intercalation of a Day was to be made e∣very Four Years, they thought that the Fourth Year was to be reckoned from that wherein the preceeding Intercalation was made, and not from that which follow'd next after it, by which means they left only Two common Years in∣stead of Three between the Two Intercalary Years, from whence it came to pass, that they intercalated Twelve Days in the Space of 36 Years, whereas Nine only should have been in∣tercalated in that Space, and so they put back the Beginning of the Year Three Days: Which being observ'd by Augustus, Successor to Julius Caesar, he presently caused this Error to be a∣mended, by ordering that for the first Twelve Years no Intercalation should be made, that by this means these Three superfluous Days might be absorbed, and Things might be restored to their first Institution, which continued ever∣since without any Interruption, until the End of the last Age, when some thought themselves oblig'd to take Pains in making another Cor∣rection of the Calendar.

Here follows the Copy of an ancient Roman Calendar which some curions Antiquaries have gathered together out of divers Monuments that it might be published. There are Six different Columns in it; the first contains the Letters which they called Nundinales, the Second notes the Days which they called Easti, Nefasti and Comittales, which are also signified by Letters; the Third contains the Number of Meto, which is called the Golden Number; the Fourth is for the Days in Order, which are marked with A∣rabick Figures or Characters, the Fifth divides the Month into Calends, Nones and Ides, accord∣ing to the ancient Way of the Romans; and the Sixth contains their Festivals and divers other Ceremonies, of which we shall treat more large∣ly hereafter.

In this Calendar, to which we have given the Name of the Calendar of Julius Caesar, although it appears to have been made since Augustus's Time, is to be seen,

1. The same Order and Succession of the Months which was instituted by Numa Pompi∣lius, and such as we have set down before.

2. These Seven Months, January, March, May, Quintilis or July, Sextilis or August, Octo∣ber and Decembor have each of them 31 Days, and these Four April, June, September and No∣vember have only 30, but February for the com∣mon Years has only 28 Days, and for the In∣tercalary or Bissextile it has 29.

3. This Series of Eight Letters which we have called Literae Nundinales, is continued without Interruption from the first to the last Day of the Year that there might always be one of them to signifie those Days of the Year on which those Meetings were held that were called by the Ro∣mans Nundinae, and which returned every Ninth Day, to the end that the Roman Citizens might come out of the Country to the City to be in∣formed of what concerned either Religion or Government: These Letters are so placed, that if the Nundinal Day of the first Year was under the Letter A, which is at the 1st, the 9th, the 17th, the 25th of January, &c. the Letter of the Nundinal Day for the next Year must be D, which is at the 5th, the 13th, the 21st of the same Month, &c. for the Letter A being found at the 27th of December, if from this Day we reckon Eight Letters, besides the Letters B, C, D, E, which remain after A in the Month of December, we must take Four other Letters at the Beginning of January in the next Year, A, B, C, D, and so the Letter D, which is first found in the Month of January will be the 9th after the last A in the Month of December pre∣ceeding, and consequently it will be the Nundi∣nal Letter, or that Letter which notes the Days set apart for these Meetings, which may be also called by the Name of Faires or publick Markets. Thus by the same way of Calculation the Nun∣dinal Letter of the Third Year will be G, that of the Fourth B, and so on of the rest, un∣less their happens some Change by the In∣tercalation.

4. To understand aright what is set down in the second Column, we must know,

That to sue one at Law, (which we call trying of Causes or sitting of Courts,) was not allowed among the Romans on all Days, neither was the Praetor permitted on every Day to pronounce these Three solemn Words, or this Form of Law, Do, Dico, Addico; but these Days were called Fasti, on which the Courts sate to administer Justice, quibus fas esset jure agere, and these were called Nefasti, on which this was not permitted, quibus nefas esset, as we learn from these Two Verses of Ovid,

Ille Nefastus erit, per quem tria verba silentur; Festus erit, per quem jure licebit agi.

i. e. That Day was Nefastus on which these Three Words were not pronounced, Do, Dico, Addico,

as who should say among us, The Court does not sit to Day, and that Day was called Fastus, on which it was lawful to sue at Law, or try a Cause.

Besides, there were certain Days which they called Comitiales, which were marked with a C, on which the People met in the Campus Martius, for the Election of Magistrates, or treating a∣bout the Affairs of the Commonwealth, and these Days were so called because the Assemblies of the People held on them, were nam'd Comitia. There were also some set Days on which a certain Priest, (who was called among them Rex Sacrorum) was present at these Assemblies: And lastly, on a certain Day of the Year they were wont to cleanse the Temple of Vesta and carry off all the Dung in it, which was done with so much Ceremony, that it was not lawful on that Day to try Causes.

This being supposed, 'tis no wise difficult to understand what is contained in this Column, for where-ever we meet in it with the Letter N, which signifies Dies Nefastus, this denotes a Day on which Justice could not be administred, or if we meet in it with the Letter F, or Fastus, that signifies a Court-Day; or if we meet with F. P. or Fastus primâ parte diei, that signifies that the Court sits on the former part of the Day; or if we meet there with N. P. or Nefastus primâ parte diei, that signifies the Court does not sit on the former part of the Day; or if we meet there with E. N. or Endotercisus seu intercisus, that signifies the Court sits some certain Hours of the Day, and not at other Hours; or if we meet there with a C. that denotes that these Assem∣blies were then held which were called Comitia, or if we meet there with these Letters Q. Rex. C. F. or Quando Rex comitiavit, fas, they signifie, that the Court does sit after the Priest called Rex has been present at the Comitia; or lastly, when we see these other Letters Q. ST. D. F. or Quando stercus delatum, fas, they signifie, that the Court does sit immediately after the Dung is carried out of the Temple of the Goddess Vesta.

5. The Third Column is for the 19 Figures of the Numbers of the Lunar Cycle, otherwise called the Golden Number, which signifie the New Moons through the whole Year, according to the Order in which they were thought to hap∣pen in the Time of Julius Caesar, when these Figures were thus disposed in his Calendar.

6. The Fourth notes the Succession of the Days of the Months, by the Numbers of the Arabick Figures or Caracters; but then we must not imagine that they were thus disposed in the Tables of the Fasti, i. e. in the Calendar used by the Ancients, for they had no Knowledge of any such thing: Yet we thought it convenient to place them here, that we might the better com∣pare the Manner of naming and reckoning Days that was used by the Ancients with ours at pre∣sent, and discern what are the Days as we now reckon them, to which the Festivals and other Days of the Romans might correspond.

7. The Fifth Column contains that famous Di∣vision of the Days of the Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, which was in use among the Ro∣mans; and though this Division was not into e∣qual Parts, as were the Decads used by the Greeks, but into very different Portions of Time, yet this Variety is well enough expressed in these Two Verses.

Sex Maius Nonas, October, Julius & Mars, Quatuor at reliqui. Dabit Idus qui libet octo.

i. e. These Four Months, March, May, July and October, have Six Days of Nones, and all the rest have only Four; but in every one of them there are Eight Days of Ides. This must be under∣stood after this Manner, that the first Day of each Month was always called the Calends of that Month; after that in Four Months, March, May, July and October, the Seventh Day of the Month was called the Nones, and the Fiftenth the Ides, whereas in other Months in which the Nones lasted but Four Days, the Fifth was called Nonae the Nones, and the Thirtenth Idus the Ides; the other Days are reckoned backward from the Beginning of the next Month, and the Number always lessens as you come nearer to it.

The Days which are after the Calends until the Nones take their Name from the Nones of the Month currant, the following Days which are between the Nones and the Ides, take their Name from the Ides of the same Month; but all the rest from the Ides until the End of the next Month, take their Name from the Ca∣lends of the next Month: All which we shall ex∣plain more at large under the Word Mensis.

Besides, you may observe, that the Tables of the Fasti, by which the Romans described their Months and their Days throughout the Year, in Process of time were called by the Name of Calendar, because this Name of Calends is found written in great Characters at the Head of each Month.

8. The last Column contains those Things which chiefly belong to the Religion of the Ro∣mans, such as the Festivals, the Sacrifices, the Games, the Ceremonies, the fortunate or un∣fortunate Days, as also the Beginning of the Signs, the Four Cardinal Points of the Year, which make the Four Seasons; the Rising and Setting of the Stars, &c. which were very much much observ'd by the Ancients who made use of them for a long time, to denote the Difference of the Seasons, instead of a Calendar; at least, until it was reduced into a more regular Form by the Correction of Julius Caesar. We find in most of the ancient Books, that they govern'd themselves wholly by the Observation of the Ri∣sing and Setting of the Stars, in Navigation, in tilling the Ground, in Physick, and in the great∣est Part of their Affairs both publick and private.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. JANUARY. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Juno.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	F	I	1	Kalen.	Sacred to Janus, to Juno, to Jupiter and Aesculapius.
B	F		2	IV	An unfortunate Day. Dies Ater.
C	C	IX	3	III	Cancer sets.
D	C		4	Prid.
E	F	XVIII	5	Non.	Lyra rises. Aquila sets at Night.
F	F	VI	6	VIII
G	C		7	VII
H	C	XIV	8	VI	Sacrifices to Janus.
A		III	9	V	The Agonalia.
B	EN		10	IV	The middle of Winter.
C	NP	XI	11	III	The Carmentalia.
D	C		12	Prid.	The Compitalia.
E	NP	XIX	13	Id.	The Trumpeters make Publications thro' the City in the Habit of Women.
F	EN	VIII	14	XIX	Wicked Days by Order of the Senate.
G			15	XVIII	To Carmenta, Porrima and Postverta.
H	C	XVI	16	XVII	To Concord. Leo begins to set in the Morning.
A	C	V	17	XVI	The Sun in Aquarius.
B	C		18	XV
C	C	XIII	19	XIV
D	C	II	20	XIII
E	C		21	XII
F	C	X	22	XI
G	C		23	X	Lyra sets.
H	C	XVIII	24	IX	Festi Sementini, or the Feast of Seed-time.
A	C	VII	25	VIII
B	C		26	VII
C	C	XV	27	VI	To Castor and Pollux.
D	C	IV	28	V
E	F		29	IV	Equiria in the Campus Martius. The Pacalia.
F	F	XII	30	III	Fidicula sets.
G	F	I	31	Prid.	To the Dii Penates.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. FEBRUARY. Ʋnder the Protection of Neptune.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
H	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Juno Sospita, to Jupiter, to Hercules, to Diana. The Lucaria.
A	N		2	IV
B	N	XVII	3	III	Lyra sets, and the Middle of Leo.
C	N	VI	4	Prid.	The Dolphin sets.
D			5	Non.	Aquarius rises.
E	N	XIV	6	VIII
F	N	III	7	VII
G	N		8	VI
H	N	XI	9	V	The Beginning of the Spring.
A	N		10	IV
B	N	XIX	11	III	Genialic Games. Arcturus rises.
C	N	VIII	12	Prid.
D	NP		13	Id.	To Faunus and Jupiter. The Defeat and Death of the Fabii
E	C.	XVI	14	XVI	The Rising of Corvus, Crater and the Serpent.
F	NP	V	15	XV	The Lupercalia.
G	END		16	XIV	The Sun in the Sign Pisces.
H	NP	XIII	17	XIII	The Quirinalia.
A	C	II	18	XII	The Fornacalia. The Feralia to the Gods Manes.
B	C		19	XI
C	C	X	20	X
D	F		21	IX	To the Goddess Muta or Laranda. The Feralia.
E	C	XVIII	22	VIII	The Charistiae.
F	NP	VII	23	VII	The Terminalia.
G	N		24	VI	The Regifugium. The Place of the Bissextilo.
H	C	XV	25	V	Arcturus rises at Night.
A	EN	IV	26	IV
B	NP		27	III	Equiria in the Campus Martius.
C	C	XII	28	Prid.	The Tarquins overcome.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. MARCH. Ʋnder the Protection of Minerva.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
D	NP	I	1	Kalen.	The Matronalia; to Mars, the Feast of Ancylia.
E	F		2	VI	To Juno Lucina.
F	C	IX	3	V	The second Pisces sets.
G	C		4	IV
H	C	XVII	5	III	Arcturus sets. Vindemiator rises. Cancer rises.
A	NP	V	6	Prid.	The Vestaliana. On this Day Jul. Caesar was coeated High-Priest.
B	F		7	Non.	To Ve-Jupiter in the Wood of the Asylum. Pegasus rises.
C	F	XIV	8	VIII	Corona rises.
D	C	III	9	VII	Orion rises. The Northern Pisces rises.
E	C		10	VI
F	C	XI	11	V
G	C		12	IV
H	EN	XIX	13	III	The Opening of the Sea.
A	NP	VIII	14	Prid.	The second Equiria upon the Tyber.
B	NP		15	Id.	To Anna Parenna. The Parricide. Scorpio sets.
C	C	XVI	16	XVII
D	NP	V	17	XVI	The Liberalia, or Bacchanalia. The Agonalia Milvius sets.
E	C		18	XV	The Sun in the Sign Aries.
F	N	XIII	19	XIV	The Quinquatria of Minerva, which last 5 Days.
G	C	II	20	XIII
H	C		21	XII	The 1st Day of the Century. Pegasus sets in the Morning.
A	N	X	22	XI
B	NP		23	X	The Tubilustrium.
C	QR	XVIII	24	IX
D	C	VII	25	VIII	The Hilaria, to the Mother of the Gods. The Vernal Equinox.
E	C		26	VII
F	NP	XV	27	VI	On this Day Caesar made himself Master of Alexandria.
G	C	IV	28	V	The Megalesia.
H	C		29	IV
A	C	XII	30	III	To Janus, to Concord, to Salus and Pax.
B	C	I	31	Prid.	To the Moon, or Diana upon the Aventine Mount.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. APRIL. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Venus.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Letters.
C	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Venus with the Flowers and Myrtle. To Fortuna Virilis.
D	C		2	IV	The Pleiades set.
E	C	XVII	3	III
F	C	VI	4	Prid.	The Megalesian Games to the Mother of the Gods, for the Space of 8 Days.
G			5	Non.
H	NP	XIV	6	VIII	To Fortuna publica primigenia.
A	N	III	7	VII	The Birth of Apollo and Diana.
B	N		8	VI	Plays for Caesar's Victory. Libra and Orion set.
C	N	XI	9	V
D	N		10	IV	Cerealia. Ludi Circensis, the Circensian Games.
E	N	XIX	11	III
F	N	VIII	12	Prid.	The Mother of the Gods brought to Rome. Plays in ho∣nour of Ceres for 8 Days.
G	NP		13	Id.	To Jupiter Victor, and Liberty.
H	N	XVI	14	XVIII
A	NP	V	15	XVII	Fordicidia, or Fordicalia.
B	N		16	XVI	Augustus saluted Emperor. The Hyades set.
C	N	XIII	17	XV
D	N	II	18	XIV	Equiria in the Circus Maximus. The Burning of the Foxes.
E	N		19	XIII	Cerealia. The Sun in the Sign Taurus.
F	N	X	20	XII
G	NP		21	XI	Paliliana, or Pariliana. The Nativity of Rome.
H	N	XVIII	22	X	The second Agoniana, or Agonalia.
A	NP	VII	23	IX	The first Vinalia to Jupiter and Venus.
B	C		24	VIII
C	NP	XV	25	VII	Robigalia. Aries sets. The middle of the Spring.
D	F	IV	26	VI	The Dog-star rises. The Goat rises.
E	C		27	V	Latinae Feriae on the Mons sacer.
F	NP	XII	28	IV	The Floralia for the Space of 6 Days. The Goat rises in the Morning.
G	C	I	29	III	The Dog-star sets at Night.
H	F		30	Prid.	To Vesta Palatina. The first Larentalia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. MAY. Ʋnder the Protection of Apollo.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Deu bona. To Lares praestites. Ludi Floria for the Space of the 3 Days.
B	F		2	VI	The Compitalia.
C	C	XVII	3	V	The Centaar and the Hyades rise.
D	C	VI	4	IV
E	C		5	III	Lyra rises.
F	C	XIV	6	Prid.	The Middle of Scorpio sets.
G	N	III	7	Non.	Virgiliae rises in the Morning.
H	F		8	VIII	The Goat rises.
A	N	XI	9	VII	Lemuria at Night for the Space of 3 Days. The Lumi∣naria.
B	C		10	VI
C	N	XIX	11	V	Orion sets unfortunate Days to marry on.
D	NP	VIII	12	IV	To Mars The Avenger at the Circus.
E	N		13	III	Lemuria. The Pleiados rise. The Beginning of Summer.
F	C	XVI	14	Prid.	To Mercury. Taurus rises.
G	NP	V	15	Id.	To Jupiter. The Feast of the Merchants. The Birth of Mercury. Lyra rises.
H	F		16	XVII
A	C	XIII	17	XVI
B	C	II	18	XV
C	C		19	XIV	The Sun in Gemini.
D	C	X	20	XIII
E	NP		21	XII	The Agonalia, or Agoniana of Janus.
F	N	XVIII	22	XI	To Vejupiter. The Dog-star rises.
G	NP	VII	23	X	The Feriae of Vulcan. The Tubilustrium.
H	Q. REX		24	IX
	C. F.
A	C	XV	25	VIII	To Fortuna publica. Aquila rises.
B	C	IV	26	VII	The second Regifugium. Arcturus sets.
C	C		27	VI	The Hyades rise.
D	C	XII	28	V
E	C	I	29	IV
F	C		30	III
G	C	IX	31	Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. JUNE. Ʋnder the Protection of Mercury.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
H	N	XVII	1	Kalen.	To Juno. To Moneta To Tempestas. To Fabaria. Aquila. rises.
A	F	VI	2	IV	To Mars, to the Goddess Carna. To Hyades rise.
B	C		3	III	To Bellona.
C	C	XIV	4	Prid.	To Hercules at the Circus.
D	N	III	5	Non.	To Fides. To Jupiter Sponsor, or Deus fidius, holy half Father
E	N		6	VIII	To Vesta.
F	N	XI	7	VII	The Piscatorian Days in the Campus Martius. Arctu∣rus rises.
G			8	VI	To Intellectus, at the Capitol.
H	N	XIX	9	V	Vestaliana. The Altar of Jupiter Pistor. The Crown∣ing of Asses.
A	N	VIII	10	IV	Matralia, of Fortuna fortis. The Dolphin rises at Night.
B	N		11	III	To Concord. To Mother Matuta.
C	N	XVI	12	Prid.
D	N	V	13	Id.	To Jupiter Invictus. The lesser Quinquatrus. The Begin∣ning of Heat.
E	N		14	XVIII
F	Q. ST	XIII	15	XVII	The Carrying of the Dung out of the Temple of Vesta. The Hyades rise.
	D. F.
G	C	II	16	XVI
H	C		17	XV	Orion rises.
A	C	X	18	XIV	The whole Dolphin rises.
B	C		19	XIII
C	C	XVIII	20	XII	To Minerva upon Mount Aventine. The Sun in the Sign Cancer.
D	C	VIII	21	XI	To Summanus. Serpentarius rises.
E	C		22	X
F	C	XV	23	IX
G	C	IV	24	VIII	To Fortuna fortis. The Summer Solstice.
H	C		25	VII
A	C	XII	26	VI	The Girdle of Orion rises.
B	C	I	27	V	To Jupiter Stator and Lar.
C	C		28	IV
D	F	IX	29	III	To Quirinus on the Quirinal Mount.
E	F		30	Prid.	To Hercules and the Muses. The Poplifugia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. QUINTILIS, or JULY. Ʋnder the, Protection of Jupiter.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
F	N	XVII	1	Kalen.	Removing from one House to another.
G	N	VI	2	VI
H	N		3	V
A	NP	XIV	4	IV	Corona sets in the Morning. The Hyades 〈◊〉〈◊〉
B	N	III	5	III	The Poplifugium.
C	N		6	Prid.	Ludi Apollinares for the Space of 8 Days. To Fortuna Fe∣minina.
D	N	XI	7	Non.	The Nonae Caprotinae. The Feast of Maid-servants. Romu∣lus disappear'd.
E	N		8	VIII	Vitulatio, or wanton Rejoycings. The Middle of Capricorn sets.
F	EN	XIX	9	VII	Cepheus rises at Night.
G	C	VIII	10	VI	The Etesian Winds begin to blow.
H	C		11	V
A	NP	XVI	12	IV	The Birth of Julius Caesar.
B	C	V	13	III
C	C		14	Prid.	To Fortuna Feminina. The Merkatus, or Mercuriala for 6 Days.
D	NP	XIII	15	Id.	To Castor and Pollux.
E	F	II	16	XVII	The foremost Dog rises.
F	C		17	XVI	The fatal Day of the Battel of Allia.
G	C	X	18	XV
H	NP		19	XIV	Lucaria, Games lasting 4 Days.
A		XVIII	20	XIII	Plays for Caesar's Victory. The Sun in the Sign Leo.
B	C	VII	21	XII	Lucaria.
C	C		22	XI
D		XV	23	X	The Games of Neptune.
E	N	IV	24	IX
F	NP		25	VIII	Furinalia. The Circensian Games lasting 6 Days. Aqua∣rius sets.
G	C	XII	26	VII	The little Dog-star rises.
H	C	I	27	VI	Aquila rises.
A	C		28	V
B	C	IX	29	IV
C	C		30	III	Aquila sets.
D	C	XVII.		Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. SEXTILIS, or AUGUST. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Ceres.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Letters.
E	N	VI	1	Kalen.	To Mars. To Hope.
F	C	XIV	2	IV	Feriae, upon the Account of Caesar's subduing Spain.
G	C	III	3	III
H	C	〈◊〉〈◊〉	4	Prid.	The Middle of Leo rises.
A	F	XI	5	Non.	To Salus on the Quirinal Mount.
B	F		6	VIII	To Hope. The Middle of Arcturus sets.
C	C	XIX	7	VII	The Middle of Aquarius sets.
D	C	VIII	8	VI	Soli Indigeti on the Quirinal Mount.
E	NP		9	V
F	C	XVI	10	IV	To Opis and Ceres.
G	C	V	11	III	To Hercules in the Circus Flaminius. Lyra sets. The Be∣ginning of Autumn.
H	C		12	Prid.	The Lignapesia.
A	NP	XIII	13	Id.	To Diana in the Sylva Aricina. To Vertumnus. The Feast of Slaves, and Ser∣vant-maids.
B	F	II	14	XIX	The Dolphin in the Morning.
C	C		15	XVIII
D	C	X	16	XVII
E	NP		17	XVI	Portumnalia to Janus.
F	C	XVIII	18	XV	Consualia. The Rape of the Sabine Virgins.
G	FP	VII	19	XIV	The last Vinalia. The Death of Augustus.
H	C		20	XIII	Lyra sets. The Sun in the Sign Virgo.
A	NP	XV	21	XII	Vinalia Rustica. The Grand Mysteries. Consualia.
B	EN	IV	22	XI	Vindemiator rises in the Morning.
C	NP		23	X	Vulcanalia in the Circus Flaminius.
D	C	XII	24	IX	The Feriae of the Moon.
E	NP	I	25	VIII	Opi Consivae in the Capitol.
F	C		26	VII
G	NP	IX	27	VI	Volturnalia.
H	NP		28	V	To Victory in the Court. Sagitta sets. The End of the Etesian Winds.
A	F	XVII	29	IV
B	F	VI	30	III	The Ornaments of the Goddess Ceres are shown.
C	F		31	Prid.	Andromeda rises at Night.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. SEPTEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of Vulcan.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
D	N	XIV	1	Kalen.	To Jupiter Maimactes. Feasts to Neptune.
E	N	III	2	IV	To the Victory of Augustus Feriae.
F	NP		3	III	Dionysiaca, or Vindemiae.
G	C	XI	4	Prid.	Roman Games for the Space of 8 Days.
H	F		5	Non.
A	F	XIX	6	VIII	To Erebus a Ram and a black Sheep.
B	C	VIII	7	VII
C	C		8	VI
D	C	XVI	9	V	The Goat rises.
E	C	V	10	IV	The Head of Medusa rises.
F	C		11	III	The Middle of Virgo rises.
G	N	XIII	12	Prid.	The Middle of Arcturus rises.
H	NP	II	13	Id.	To Jupiter. The Dedication of the Capitol. The Nail fix'd by the Praetor.
A	F		14	XVIII	The Tryal of Horses.
B		X	15	XVII	The Grand Circensian Games, dedicated for 5 Days. The Departure of the Swallows.
C	C		16	XVI
D	C	XVIII	17	XV
E	C	VII	18	XIV	Spica Virginis rises in the Morning.
F	C		19	XIII	The Sun in the Sign Libra.
G	C	XV	20	XII	The Merkatus for the Space of 4 Days. The Birth of Romulus.
H	C	IV	21	XI
A	C		22	X	Argo and Pisces set.
B	NP	XII	23	IX	The Circensian Games. The Birth of Augustus. The Cen∣taur rises in the Morning
C	C	I	24	VIII	The Autumnal Equinox.
D	C		25	VII	To Venus, Saturn and Mania.
E	C	IX	26	VI
F	C		27	V	To Venus the Mother, and Fortuna redux.
G	C	XVII	28	IV	The Last of Virgo's rising.
H	F	IV	29	III
A	F	XIV	30	Prid.	A Feast to Minerva. The Meditrinalia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. OCTOBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the God Mars.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
B	N	III	1	Kalen.
C	F		2	VI
D	C	XI	3	V
E	C		4	IV	Bootes sets in the Morning.
F	C	XIX	5	III	The Ornaments of Ceres shown.
G	C	VIII	6	Prid.	To the Gods Manes.
H	F		7	Non.
A	F	XVI	8	VIII	The bright Star Corona rises.
B	C	V	9	VII
C	C		10	VI	Ramalia.
D		XIII	11	V	Meditrinalia. The Beginning of Winter.
E	NP	II	12	IV	Augustalia.
F	NP		13	III	Fontinalia. To Jupiter Liberator. Games lasting for 3 days.
G	NP	X	14	Prid.
H	NP		15	Id.	The Merchants to Mercury.
A	F	XVIII	16	XVII	Popular Games. Arcturus sets.
B	C	VII	17	XVI
C	C		18	XV	To Jupiter Liberator. Games.
D	NP	XV	19	XIV	Armilustrium.
E	C	IV	20	XIII	The Sun in the Sign Scorpio.
F	C		21	XII	Plays lasting 4 Days.
G	C	XII	22	XI
H	C	I	23	X	To Liber Pater. Taurus sets.
A	C		24	IX
B	C	IX	25	VIII
C	C		26	VII
D	C	XVII	27	VI	Plays to Victory.
E	C	VI	28	V	The lesser Mysteries. Virgilia set.
F	C		29	IV
G	C	XIV	30	III	The Feria of Vertumnus. Games consecrated.
H	C	III	31	Prid.	Arcturus sets.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. NOVEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Diana.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	N		1	Kalen.	The Banquet of Jupiter. The Circensian Games. The Head of Taurus sets.
B	F	XI	2	IV	Arcturus sets at Night.
C	F		3	III	The Fidicula rises in the Morning.
D		XIX	4	Prid.
E	F	VIII	5	Non.	Neptunalia. Games lasting 8 Days.
F	F		6	VIII
G	C	XVI	7	VII	A Show of Ornaments.
H	C	V	8	VI	Scorpio rises with a clear Light.
A	C		9	V
B	C	XIII	10	IV
C	C	II	11	III	The Shutting up of the Sea. Virgiliae set.
D	C		12	Prid.
E	NP	X	13	Id.	A Feast commanded. The Lectisternia.
F	F		14	XVIII	The Tryal of Horses.
G	C	XVIII	15	XVII	Popular Games in the Circus for 3 Days.
H	C	VII	16	XVI	The End of Seed-time for Corn.
A	C		17	XV
B	C	XV	18	XIV	The Merkatus for 3 Days. The Sun in the Sign Sagittarus.
C	C	IV	19	XIII	A Supper of the Priests, in Honour of Cybele.
D	C		20	XII	The Horns of the Bull set.
E	C	XII	21	XI	The Liberalia. Lepus sets in the Morning.
F	C	I	22	X	To Pluto and Proserpina.
G	C		23	IX
H		IX	24	VIII	Bruma or Brumalia, for the Space of 30 Days.
A	C		25	VII	The little Dog-star sets.
B	C	XVII	26	VI
C	C	VI	27	V	Funeral-Sacrifices to the Gauls dug up, and to the Greeks, in the foro boario.
D	C		28	IV
E	C	XIV	29	III
F	F	III	30	Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. DECEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Vesta.

Nundinal Letters	Days.	Golden Number.
G	N	XI	1	Kalen.	To Fortuna Feminina.
H			2	IV
A		XIX	3	III
B		VIII	4	Prid.	To Minerva and Neptune.
C	F		5	Non.	The Faunalia.
D	C	XVI	6	VIII	The Middle of Sagittarius sets.
E	C	V	7	VII	Aquila rises in the Morning.
F	C		8	VI
G	C	XIII	9	V	To Juno Jugalis.
H	C	II	10	IV
A	NP		11	III	Agonalia. The 14 Halcyonian Days.
B	EN	X	12	Prid.
C	NP		13	Id.	The Equiria, or the Horse-Races.
D	F	XVIII	14	XIX	Brumalia. Ambrosiana.
E	NP	VII	15	XVIII	Consualia. All Cancer rises in the Morning.
F	C		16	XVII
G		XV	17	XVI	The Saturnalia, lasting 5 Days.
H	C	IV	18	XV	Cygnus rises. The Sun in the Sign Capricorn.
A	NP		19	XIV	Opaliana.
B	C	XII	20	XIII	Sigillaria lasting 2 Days.
C	NP	I	21	XII	Angeronalia. The Divalia. To Hercules and Venus with Wine mix'd with Honey.
D	C		22	XI	Compitalia. Feriae dedicated to the Lares. Games.
E	NP	IX	23	X	The Feriae of Jupiter. Larentinalia, or Quarentinalia. The Goat sets.
F	C		24	IX	Juvenalia. Sports.
G	C	XVII	25	VIII	The End of the Brumalia. The Winter Solstice.
H	C	VI	26	VII
A	C		27	VI	To Phoebus for the Space of 3 Days. The Dolphin rises in the Morning
B	C	XIV	28	V
C	F	III	29	IV	Aquila sets at Night.
D	F		30	III	Canicula sets at Night.
E	F	XI	31	Prid.

It was not difficult for the Romans, when they were now become Masters of the World in the Time of Augustus, to cause this Correction of the Calendar made by Julius Caesar, to be every∣where receiv'd, and to introduce the Use of it among all Nations, even those which were most remote, at least so far as concern'd the Political Distribution of Time. For this Reason the Greeks did no longer make use of a Lunar Year, nor make their Intercalation of a Month and a Half to each Olympiad. The Egyptians also were oblig'd to fix their Thot to the first Day of their Year, which moved before through all the Sea∣sons, and to fix it for ever to a determinate Point. In like manner did the Jews, for they quite left off their way of intercalating of a Month in the Space of 120 Years, as they had been used to do, and submitted to the Interca∣lation of a Day once every Four Years.

'Tis true, the Observation of the Julian Ca∣lendar brought no other Alteration into these Countries, but each of them still retain'd the free Use of their own Customs and Traditions for Divine Worship. Thus the Jews continued in the ancient Observation of the Law, without changing any thing as to their Sabbath, Festivals, or Ceremonies; and herein the other Nations of the World did imitate them, although they were subject to the Roman Empire.

The primitive Christians made use of the Di∣vision of Tune according to the Custom of the Romans, to whose Power they were subject, ex∣cept such Customs as were peculiar to the City of Rome, or savoured of their blind Superstition and Idolatry. They kept therefore the same Names of the Months, the same Number of their Days, the same Division of these Days into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the same Interca∣lation of a Day every Four Years, in the Year which was called Bissextile or Leap-year. They left out the Nundinal Letters which were used in the Calendar of the Romans, and in their stead placed other Letters to signifie every holy Sun∣day throughout the Year. They took no Notice of their Dies Fasti, Nefasti or Comitiales, because they were employ'd only for some Uses peculiar to they City of Rome; but they rejected with Abhorrence the Festivals and Games of the Ro∣mans, as being Ceremonies consecrated to the Devil, and in their stead introduced the Feasts and Ceremonies of the true Religion.

CALIGA,

a Boot or Buskin, a sort of Shoes that were worn by a common Roman Soldier in time of War, from whence the Word Caligatus comes to signifie a common Soldier: And thus we must understand that Passage of Suetonius, in the Life of Augustus, Coronas murales sape etiam cali∣gatis tribuit, that he often gave the Mural Coro∣net to common Soldiers who first scal'd the Walls of the Enemies Cities; and also that Proverb which Seneca uses, speaking of Marius, that from a common Soldier he arrived at the Consulship, à caligâ ad consulatum pervenisse: Thus Agrippina caused her Son Caius to be nam'd Caligula, be∣cause he being born in the Army, she caused him to wear these Buskins like a common Soldier, to gain their Good-will by this Complaisance.

These sort of Shoes came up as high as the Middle of the Leg, and had at the Top the Fi∣gure of the Head of a Lion or Leopard, or only of the Muzzle of these Animals: It was garnish'd with little Nails of Iron, and sometimes even of Gold and Silver, and had a Sole of Wood. There was a Fund set apart for providing these Nails for the Soldiers, which was called Clava∣rium, and the Officers that distributed it were called Clavarii, of which Number was the Father of Suetonius.

The Soldiers did very often desire of the Em∣perors the Clavarium, i. e. the Money of this Fund, for buying Nails to adorn their Shoes; so they did of Vitellius according to the Relation of Tacitus, in L. 3. of his History.

Justin tells us, that all the Soldiers of Antio∣chus's Army caused their Buskins to be adorn'd with Nails of God, Argenti certè aurique tan∣tùm, ut etiam gregarii milites caligas auro suf∣figerent.

CALIGULA CAIUS,

the Fourth Ro∣man Emperor, the Son of Germanicus and Agrip∣pina, he succeeded Tiberius in the Empire. He was surnamed Caligula from the Military Shoes which his Mother caused him to wear in the Army, and which were called Caliga. He had an ill-shaped Body, a small Neck, a large Fore∣head and slender Legs; he affected sometimes, says Suetonius, to put on a terrible Countenance, to strike a Dread into the Minds of those who came near him; his Chin turned up, which was a Sign of Cruelty, but he would put on a modest Look, which was only a Copy of his Counte∣nance, says Tacitus, to cover his naked Designs. He gave an Example of all sorts of Vices, and committed the most enormous Crimes. He en∣deavoured to gain the Good-will of the People by Largesses and Shows of extraordinary Ex∣pence and Magnificence. He caused a Bridge to be built upon the Sea a Mile long with Moles, upon which he erected Towers and built Houses, out of a foolish and ridiculous Fancy, that by this means he had subdued this Element. He caused many of the Statues of the Gods to be maimed, breaking off their Heads, that he might place his own in the Room of them. In fine, he was a Monster of Cruelty and Prodigality. His own Servants killed him after he had reigned Four Years.

CALLIOPE,

who was the Mother of Or∣pheus, and the first of the Nine Muses, according to the Poets, who presided over Harmony, and the Hymns made in Honour of the Gods.

CALLISTO,

the Daughter of Lycaon, King of Arcadia, and a Nymph of Diana who suffered her self to be debauched by Jupiter; whereupon the Goddess being angry, chang'd her into a Bear: But afterwards her Lover placed her in the Heavens; and this is that Con∣stellation which is called the Great Bear.

CALUMNIA,

Calumny, of which the A∣thenians made a Deity, and to which they built a Temple. Lucian has given us an Emblem of Calumny, in a Dialogue under the same Title.

Apelles, says he, being accused by a Painter jealous of his Glory, that he had conspired a∣gainst Ptolomy, and caused the Revolt of Tyre, and the taking of Pelusium, and being acquit∣ted from this Accusation by one of the Pain∣ter's Accomplices, Ptolomy was so sensibly touch∣ed with Sorrow for what was done, that he gave Apelles 100 Talents, and deliver'd up the Accuser into his Hands, to do with him as he should think fit.

Apelles therefore to be reven∣ged on Calumny which had done him such an ill turn, made the following Picture. He painted a Prince with large Ears, as commonly Midas's are painted, sitting upon a Throne encompassed with Suspicion and Ignorance, and while he is in this State, he reaches out his Hand a great Way off to Calumny, which advances towards him, having a Face very bright, and sparkling with extraordinary Charms and Enticements: She holds in her Left-hand a sorch, and with the other drags an innocent young Man by the Hair, who holds up his Hands to Heaven and implores its Assistance: Before her marches Envy with a pale Face and squinting Eyes, which set off and dress up Calumny to make her the more accepta∣ble: After her comes Repentance under the Fi∣gure of a Lady in Mourning-Habit, with her Garments rent, which turns her Head towards Truth, who weeps for Sorrow and Shame.

CALYPSO,

was one of the Nymphs, the Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys: She reigned in the Isle of Ogygia, where she entertain'd Ʋlysses kindly, when he was cast upon it by a Storm. They lived together for Seven Years in great Privacy: But Ʋlysses at last forsook it, and pre∣ferred his own Country and his dear Penelopy to his new Mistress.

Lucian in L. 2. of his true History says,

That as he was going out of the Isle of the Blessed, Ʋlysses took him aside and gave him a Letter to Calypso, without the Knowledge of his Wife, and that he arriving within Three Days after in the Isle of Ogygia, broke open this Letter for fear lest this crafty Knare should put so me Trick upon him, and he found written in it what follows: I should not have left you be∣fore, but that I inffer'd Shipwrack, and hardly escaped by the Help of Leucotheus in the Coun∣try of the Phaeaces. When I returned home, I found my Wife courted by a sort of People who consumed my Goods; and after they were killed, I was assassinated by Telemachus whom I had by Circe. At present I am in the Isle of the Blessed, where I remember with Grief the Pleasures we enjoy'd together, and wish that I had always continued with you, and had accepted the Offer you made me of Im∣mortality. If I can therefore make an Escape, you may rest assured that you shall see me again. Farewel.

He delivered this Letter to Calypso, whom he found in a Grotto, such as Homer de∣scribes, where she was working Hangings with Figures in them.

CHAM, or CHAMESES,

the Son of Noab, who brought upon himself his Father's Curse by his Reproaches; although he had for his Share the rich Countries of Syria and Egypt, and all Affrica, as we read in Genesis, yet he made Inroads into the Countries possessed by his Nephews, and planted there such Vices as were not known before. He continued Ten Years in Italy, and was driven thence by Janus. Fuctius does not reckon him among the first Founders of the Italians.

CAMILLA,

the Queen of the Volsci, who was much addicted to Hunting, and was never so well pleased as in shooting with a Bow. She came into the Help of Turnus and the Latins a∣gainst Aeneas, and signalized herself by many brave Exploits: She was treacherously killed by Arontius, as we learn from Virgil, in L: 11. of the Aeneids.

CAMILLUS,

Camillus Furius, an illu∣strious Roman, who was called a second Romulus for restoring the Roman Commonwealth. He vanquished the Antiatae in a Naval Fight, and caused the Prows of the Ships to be brought into the Place of the Assemblies at Rome, which were afterwards called Rostra, being the Tribu∣nal for Orations. When the Capitol was besie∣ged by the Gauls, he was chosen Dictator, al∣though he had been banished by his ungrateful Country-men. Assoon as he heard this News, he solicited the Ardeatae to come in to the Assi∣stance of Rome, and invited all Italy to oppose the Invasion of the Gauls. He arrived at Rome in that very Moment when the Citizens were weighing 2000 Pounds of Gold in Performance of a Treaty they had made with the Gauls to oblige them to raise the Seige: But he charging them on a sudden, forced them by this Surprize to draw off with Shame and Loss.

After this Defeat and Deliverance of Rome, he made a Model of a Temple for that Voice which had given Notice to the Romans of the Arrival of the Gauls, and which they had slighted: He in∣stituted Sacrifices to it under the Name of Deus Locutius. He caused also a Temple to be built to Juno Moneta, and the Goddess Matuta. The Romans in Acknowledgement of so many Bene∣fits, erected to him an Equestrian Statue in the

Market-place of Rome, which was an Honour that was never done to any Citizen before. He died of the Plague at Eighty Years of age.

CAMILLUS, or CASMILLUS,

was the Minister of the Gods Cabiri: Thus Plutarch says, that the Romans and Greeks gave this Name to a young Man, who served in the Temple of Jupiter, as the Greeks gave it to Mercury: Mi¦nistrantem in ade Jovis puerum in flore aetatis dici Camillum; ut & Mercurium Graecorum nonnulli Camillum à ministerio appellavêre. Varro thinks that this Name comes from the Mysteries of the Samothracians. Macrobius informs us, that the young Boys and Maids, who ministred to the Priests and Priestesses of the Pagan Deities were call'd Camilli and Camillae: Romani quoque pueros puellasve nobiles & investes, Camillos & Camillas appellant, Flaminicarum & Flaminum praeministros. Servius says, that in the Tuscan Tongue Mer∣cury was call'd Camillus, as being the Minister of the Gods. This Word Camillus obtained among the Tuscans, Romans, Greeks, Samothracians, and the Egyptians; and came from the East into the West. Bochart thinks that this Word might be deriv'd from the Arabick chadamae, i. e. ministrare: And 'tis well known, that the Arabick has much Affinity with the Phoenician and Hebrew Tongues. Grotius derives Camillus from Chamarim Writings wherein this Term signifies Priests or Augurs.

CAMOENAE,

the Nine Muses, the Daugh∣ters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, so call'd from the Sweetness of their Singing.

CAMPANA SUPELLEX,

an Earthen Vessel which was made in Campania.

CAMPANA,

alone, or NOLAE, Bells. Pancirollus says expresly, that they were not in∣vented until about the Year of J. C. 400, or 420, when they were first found out by the Bishop of Nola in Campania, call'd Paulinus: And that for this Reason they were call'd Cam∣panae from the Country, or Nolae from the City where they were first used: But Salmuth upon this Passage of Pancirollus tells us, that it was an ancient Error to think that Paulinus first invent∣ed the Use of Bells, since they were in use from the Times of Moses; for the High-Priest among the Jews had a great many little Bells of Gold at the lower part of his Garment, to give No∣tice to the People when he entred into, and when he came out of the Sanctuary. The Priest of Proserpina among the Athenians, call'd Hie∣rophantus, rung a Bell to call the People to Sa∣crifice. The Romans likewise had a Bell in the publick Baths, to give Notice of the Time when they were open'd and shut up; as may appear from these Verses of Martial, L. 14. Epigr. 163.

Redde pilam: sonat aes thermarum: ludere pergis? Virgine vis solâ lotus abire domum.

Plutarch in his Book of Symposiacks speaks of cer∣tain Greeks who assembled at the Ringing of a Bell, to go and sup together.

Adrianus Junius assures us, that the Ancients used Bells for the same End as we do, that they rung them at the Death of any Person, as is done to this Day, out of a superstitious Opini∣on, which was then generally receiv'd, that the Sound of Bells drove away Devils. They made use of them also against Enchantments, and par∣ticularly after the Moon was eclipsed, which they thought came to pass by Magick: Thus we must understand these Verses of Juvenal,

—Jam nemo tubas atque aera fatiget, Ʋna laboranti poterit sucurrere Lunae.

CAMPESTRE,

the Lappet of a Gown, or lower part of a Cassock, that went round the Body; a sort of Apron, wherewith they girded themselves, who perform'd the Exercises in the Campus Martius, which reach'd from the Navel down to the middle of their Thighs, to cover their Privy Parts.

CAMPUS MARTIUS,

a large Place without Rome, between the City and the River Tiber. Some Authors affirm, that Romulus con∣secrated it to the God Mars, from whom he said he was descended, and that he devoted it to the Exercises of the Roman Youth. Others, as particularly Titus Livius, think that Tarquinius Superbus challeng'd to himself the Use of it; and that when he was driven away upon the Account of his Cruelty, and the impudent Rape of his Son committed on the Body of the chaste Lucretia, the Romans confiscated all his Goods, and particularly a great Field cover'd with Corn without the City, which they consecrated to the God Mars, by throwing all the Corn into the Tiber; Ager Tarquinius qui inter Ʋrbem & Tibe∣rim fuit consecratus Marti, Martius deinde campus fuit. Liv.

This Field contain'd all that great Plain which reaches to the Gate call'd Popolo, and even as far as the Pons Milvius, or Ponte-mole, according to the Topography of Cluverius. It had on one side the Tiber, and on the other the Quirinal Mount, the Capitol and the little Hill of Gar∣dens. Its lowermost part was call'd Vallis Mar∣tia, which reach'd from the Arch of Domitian as far as the Gate Popolo. Strabo speaking of the Beauties of the City of Rome, takes particular Notice of the Field of Mars, which was of a prodigious Compass, and much longer than it was broad.

In this Field the People assembled to chuse Magistrates; Review was taken of the Armies, and the Consuls listed Souldiers. This Place serv'd also for the Exercises of the Youth, as to ride the Horse, to Wrestle, to shoot with the Bow, to throw the Quoit, or Ring: And after these Exercises they bath'd them∣selves

in the Tiber, to refresh themselves, and to learn to swim.

In this Place the People beheld the Nauma∣chiae, or Sea-fights, which were shown there for their Pleasure and Diversion. Here also were to be seen the Statues of illustrious Men, and a vast Gallery built by Antoninus Pius, together with that Pillar 70 Foot high, whose Ascent was 106 Steps, that were enlightned by 36 Win∣dows. Here also was the Obelisk, which Augu∣stus fetch'd from Egypt, that supported a Sun-dial: Moreover, in this Place were to be seen the Arch of Domitian, the Amphitheatre of the Emperor Claudius, the Naumachia of Domitian, the Mansoleum of Augustus, the Sepulchre of Marcellus his Nephew, the Trophies of Marius, and a vast Number of Sepulchres and ancient Monuments all along the River-side.

At one End of this Place there was a little rising Ground, call'd Mons Citorius, or Citato∣rum, on which the People mounted to give their Votes at Elections. Very near to this was the Town-house, where Foreign Ambassadors were receiv'd, lodg'd and entertain'd at the Charge of the Commonwealth, during the Time of their Embassy, as Titus Livius relates upon occasion of the Macedonian Ambassadors, Macedones deducti extra Ʋrbem in villam publicam, ibique eis locus & lautia praebita. In this Place also the Censors made the first Assessment, and the Enrolment of the People and their Estates in the Year 319.

In Cicero's Time C. Capito made a Proposal to build the Campus Martius, and inclose it within the City. He offer'd to make the Septa or Inclosures, into which the People entred one by one to give their Votes, of Marble, which be∣fore were only of Wood: But the Civil Wars which fell out unexpectedly, hindred the Exe∣cution of this great Design.

CAMPUS FLORAE,

the Field of Flora, a Place consecrated to that Goddess, wherein were shown the Games call'd Floralia, instituted to her Honour.

CAMPUS SCELERATUS,

a Place which was near the Porta Collina, where the Vestal Virgins, which were lewd Prostitutes, were enterr'd alive.

CAMPUS RIDICULI,

a Place where Hannibal encamp'd when he besieg'd Rome, which he might easily have taken, if he had not been frighted with vain Dreams and Fancies, which kindred him from continuing the Siege; for the Romans perceiving the Siege to be raised, and their City by this means to be deliver'd, upon this occasion burst out into a very loud Laughter, and henceforth erected an Altar to the God of Laughter.

CANCELLARIUS;

he who went by this Name in the Roman Empire, had neither the Dignity nor the Power of him whom we now call Chancellor in England; for he was only a little Officer of very small Esteem among the Romans, who sate in a Place shut up with Grates or Bars, to write out the Sentences of the Judges and other Judicial Acts, very much like our Re∣gisters or Deputy-Registers. They were paid by the Roll for their Writing; as Salmasius has observ'd when he relates a Passage out of the Laws of the Lombards: Volumus ut nullus Can∣cellarius pro ullo judicio aut scripto aliquid amplius accipere audeat, nisi dimidiam libram argenti de majoribus scriptis; de minoribus autem infra dimi∣diam libram. Doubless this Officer was a very inconsiderable Person, since Vopiscus tells us, that Numerianus made a very shameful Election, when he preferr'd one of these Officers to be Governour of Rome, Praefectum Ʋrbi unum è Can∣cellariis suis fecit, quo ••oedius nec cogitari potuit aliquid, nec dici. Mons. Menage says, that this Word comes à Cancellis, from the Bars or Lat∣tice, within which the Emperor was when he administred Justice, because the Chancellor stood at the Door of that Apartment, which se∣parated the Prince from the People. M. Du Cange following herein the Opinion of Joannes de Janua, thinks that this Word comes from Pa∣lestine, wherein the Tops of Houses were flat, and made in the Form of Terrass-walks, having Bannisters with cross Bars, which were call'd Cancelli; and that those who mounted upon these Tops of Houses to repeat an Oration, were call'd Cancellarii; and that this Name was extended to those who pleaded within the Bars, which were call'd Cancelli forenses; and that af∣terwards those were call'd Chancellors, who sate in the first Place between these Bars. The Re∣gister in Sea-Port-Towns, i. e. in the Maritime Places in the Levans, was also call'd Chan∣cellor.

CANDELA BRUM,

a Candlestick. The Candlestick of the Temple at Jerusalem which was of Gold, which weigh'd 100 Minae, i. e. Pounds, differ'd from the Candlestick of the Romans, in this, that the latter had but one Stem with its Foot, and one Lamp at top, where∣as the Candlestick of the Temple of Solomon had seven Branches, three on each side and one in the middle, together with seventy Lamps, as Josephus says. Du Choul, in the Religion of the ancient Romans, has given seven Branches to their Candlestick, as Joseph did to that in Solo∣mon's Temple; but then he allows to it only seven Lamps, whereof that in the middle is greater than the rest, and represents the Sun, as the six other do the Planets. This Candlestick with the Vessels and other Rarities of the Tem∣ple at Jerusalem, serv'd for Ornaments to the Triumph of Titus and Vespasian, after the Sack∣ing of Jerusalem; and it was laid up in the Temple of Peace, together with the Sacred Ves∣sels of the Temple of the true God.

CANDIDATI,

the Candidates, or such as aspir'd to Offices in the Commonwealth; were so call'd from the white Garment they were oblig'd to wear during the two Years of their solliciting for the Place. This Garment was to be wore singly without any other Cloaths, according to the Relation of Plutarch, in the Life of Coriolanus, to avoid any Suspicion the People might have of conceal'd Money for pur∣chasing Votes, and also that they might the more easily show to the People the Scars of those Wounds they had receiv'd in fighting for the Defence of the Commonwealth.

In the first Year of their Canvassing, they ask'd leave of the Magistrate to harangue the People, or to make a Speech to them by some of their Friends. At the End of these Speeches they declar'd to them, that they desir'd to ob∣tain such an Office by their good Opinion of them, and pray'd them to have regard to their Ancestors, and the Services they had done, of which they gave a large Account: This was call'd profiteri nomen suum, and this Year was call'd annus professionis, which was wholly em∣ploy'd in making Friends among the Grandees, and Populace, either by Games and Feasts, or by building some Work for the Publick, or by defending at the Bar such as were sued. At the Beginning of the second Year they return'd to the Magistrate with the Recommendation of the People, which was commonly express'd in these Terms, rationem illius habe, and they pray'd him to set down their Names in the List of Candi∣dates, which they call'd, Edere nomen apud Prae∣torem aut Consulem: And there was this diffe∣rence between profiteri apud populum, & profiteri apud Magistratum, i. e. Between declaring their Intention to the People, and petitioning them for an Office, and being admitted by the Magistrate to petition for it; that no Person was ever hindred from desiring a Favour of the People, but every one was not admitted by the Magistrate to put in his Petition in publick on the Day of Election. For, as soon as the Magistrate had seen the Pe∣tition of the Candidate together with the Re∣commendation of the People, he call'd together the Ordinary Council of Senators; and after they had examin'd the Reasons he offer'd for desiring such an Office, and inform'd themselves of his Life and Behaviour, the Magistrate gave him leave to put in for the Place, in these Terms, rationem habebo, renuntiabo; or else he rejected him, and answer'd, rationem non habebo, non re∣nuntiabo, i. e. I will have no regard to you. We have an infinite Number of Examples to this purpose: Asconius-Pedianus writes, that Cati∣line desir'd the Consulship of the People at his return from Africa; and yet the Consul Volca∣tius, having call'd the Senate together, declar'd, that he was by no means to be admitted. C. Mar∣tius Rutilius put in for the Office of Censor, but the Consuls protested that they would have no regard at all to his Name, non renuntiabo. This Opposition was so powerful, that it prevail'd above the Favour of the People, and even above the Authority of the Tribunes. It was never known that any Man did more powerfully sol∣licite, or had greater Favour shown him than Pelicanus had for obtaining the Consulship, for he was supported by the Tribunes, and favour'd by the People; and yet the Consul Piso declar'd with a loud Voice, in the Presence of the Peo∣ple, as Valerius Maximus relates it, that he would not name him at all, non renunriabo.

The Tribunes also very often opposed the Candidates, when the Magistrate appear'd not to be sufficiently inform'd of their Defects, or plainly dissembled his knowledge of them, for then the Tribunes would exclude them.

The most general and essential Defect which excluded any Person from Offices, was his bad Life and wicked Actions: A second Defect which render'd any Person uncapable, was the want of that Age which was prescrib'd by the Laws to every one that should obtain the Offices of the Commonwealth. Tacitus informs, that at the Beginning of the Commonwealth the Person's Age was not at all consider'd, but any one was admitted indifferently to Dignities, and even to the Consulship, the Young as well as the Old; but in succeeding Times they were forc'd to make Laws, which prescrib'd a certain Age for Offices. One must be 27 Years of Age to be Quaestor, 30 to be Tribune; and the Office of the Major or Curule Edile could not be admini∣stred by any one under the Age of 37 Years; nor of Praetor under 39, nor of Consul under 43 Years of Age: But according to the Opini∣on of Justus Lipsius none could be Quaestor until he was 25 Years old, nor Tribune or Edile Ma∣jor until he had entred upon the 27th or 28th Year of his Age; nor Praetor until he was 30 Years old, nor Consul until he had entred upon the 43th Year of his Age. Nevertheless they did very often dispense with the Rigor of these Laws; for Scipio was made Consul at 24, and Pompey at 34 Years of Age.

There was also a third Defect which render'd them uncapable of Offices, and that was when they endeavour'd to obtain the greater Offices before they had passed thro' the lesser: Thus it was forbidden that any one should put in for the Office of a Consul, until he had first passed thro' the other inferior Offices: Upon which ac∣count Cicero in his Book, entituled, Brutus, calls the Petition of Caesar for the Office of Consul, An over-hasty and unusual Petition, Extraordi∣nariam & praematurum petitionem; because he had been formerly no more than Edile: And we learn from History, that Sylla testified so great a Zeal for the Observation of this Law, that he kill'd Q Lucretius Osella with his own Hand, for deli∣ring

the Consulship, before he had exercised the Office of Quaestor or Praetor. The Reader may consult the Word Annus, where we have given an Account of the Years which were prescrib'd for the several Offices.

The Magistrate having admitted the Pre∣tender to put in a Petition for the Office, he made it his Business to find out Friends, which were of great Credit and Authority among the Grandees of Rome, and the Populace, that by their Interest he might obtain it. To this end they made use of all manner of Civilities, and the little Arts of pleasing, to gain the Good-Will of the Voters; they courted private Per∣sons, not only with Complements but Gifts, and in the corrupt Times of the Commonwealth, they came at last to that pass, as to purchase openly the Votes of the Tribes: For buying their Votes, they made use of three sorts of Persons, who were call'd Interpretes, Divisores, Sequestres Interpretes, i. e. Brokers who help'd to make the Bargain, per quos pactio inducebatur, says Asconius Pedianus; Divisores, Distributers, who divided the Money among the Tribes, and Sequestres, Persons in whose Hands the Money was deposited, to give it to the Voters, in case they did not fail to give their Votes according to Agreement. To remedy this Disorder, ma∣ny Laws were made, which were call'd leges de ambitu; but still they found out from time to time several ways to evade them.

The time of Election being come, the Magi∣strate appointed an Assembly to be held three several Market days, that so those in the Coun∣try, who liv'd in the Municipal Cities and Co∣lonies, and had the Right of Voting, might have time to come to the City. When the Day of Election was come, the Candidates or Preten∣ders to Offices, being cloath'd in white, were present very early in the Morning, accompanied with those who befriended them, at the Quirinal Mount, or upon the little Hill of Gardens, call'd Collis Hortulorum, which overlook'd the Campus Martius, that so being upon a high Place, the People might the better see them. From thence they descended into the Campus Martius, where they continued their Sollicitations and Canvassings; as Horace informs us in these Verses,

—Hic generosior Descendat in Campum petitor; Moribus hic meliorque famâ Contendat; illi turba clientium Sit major. Odar. L. 3. Od. 1.

Then the President of the Assembly after he had named aloud the Pretenders to the Offices, and related the Reasons which every one had to stand for them, call'd the Tribes to give their Votes; and these being counted, he who had most was declar'd Magistrate, who after this Declaration never fail'd immediately to return Thanks to the Assembly, and from thence he as∣cended to the Capitol, there to say his Prayers to the Gods.

This good Order was a little chang'd under the Emperors. Augustus canvass'd for his first Consulship, after a Manner something new, be∣ing no more than 20 Years old; for he caused his Army to march near to Rome, and sent a famous Embassy, to desire the Office for himself, in the Name of the Legions; and the Captain of this Embassy, call'd Cornelius, perceiving that the Answer to his Petition was delay'd, laid his Hand upon the Hilt of his Sword, and had the Boldness to speak these Words, Hic faciet, si non feceritis.

In process of Time, when Augustus was ad∣vanc'd to an absolute Power, he himself can∣vass'd for those whom he had a Mind to favour, until he went to give his Voice in his Tribe, and these Candidates were call'd Candidati Ca∣saris. Suetonius adds, that afterwards he left to the People only the Power of naming the In∣ferior Magistrates, reserving to himself the Right of naming to the greater Offices, Caesar comitia cum populo partitus est, ut exceptis Consu∣latûs competitoribus, de catero numero candidato∣rum pro parte dimidiâ, quos populus vellet, renun∣tiarentur. Moreover, he encroach'd upon the People's Power of electing to Offices, which he had granted them, by making them disperse Tickets in his Name among the Tribes, who by this means were forc'd to chuse such as he recommended to them, & edebat per libellos cir∣cum Tribus missos scripturâ brevi, Caesar Dictator illi tribui: commendo vobis illum & illum, ut ve∣stro suffragio suam dignitatem teneant.

Tiberius, Successor to Augustus, took away the Right of Election from the People, and trans∣ferr'd it to the Senate: Nero restored it to them again, yet they never made use of it afterwards; and the Senate did only take care to proclaim in the Campus Martius such as were chosen to Offices, thinking by this means still to retain some Shadow of the ancient Manner of E∣lections.

Of all the Magistrates which were chosen, none but the Censors entred immediately upon the Discharge of their Office, the other Magi∣strates continued some Months before they en∣tred upon it, in which time they were instruct∣ed in the Duties belonging to them; for they were chosen in the Beginning of August, and they did not enter upon their Office till the First of January, and so they had the Space of Five Months for Instruction.

CANEPHORIA,

a Feast of Diana a∣mong the Greeks, at which all the Maids that were to be married, offer'd to this Deity Bas∣kets full of little Pieces of Work wrought with

the Needle, and by this Offering signified that they were weary of their Virginity, and had a Desire to taste the Pleasures of Matrimony. The Athenians also celebrated a Feast to Bacchus, during which the young Women carried Bas∣kets, or little Chests of Gold full of Fruit, from whence this Feast was called Canephoria, and the Women Canephorae, Basket-carriers. Suidas speaks of these Baskets consecrated to Bacchus, Ceres, and Proserpina; as also the Poet Theocritus in his Idyllia. They had a Cover to preserve the Mysteries of Bacchus, and conceal them from the Eyes of those who were not initiated into them, and who upon that account were treated as prophane.

CANIS,

the Coelestial Dog, is a Constel∣lation, of which there are two sorts; the Great Dog call'd Sirius, which is a Constellation con∣sisting of Eighteen Stars, according to Piolomy, of the Nature of Jupiter and Venus, the princi∣pal Star whereof is held to be greater than any other Star, nay, than the Sun it self: The little Dog, which is otherwise call'd Canicula, or Pro∣cyon, has only Two Stars, whereof one is of the first Magnitude, and of the Nature of Mars, which is the Cause of the great Heats in Sum∣mer.

CANIS,

a Dog, an Animal which was kept in the Temple of Aesculapius, and which was consecrated to the God Pan. The Romans never fail'd to crucifie one of this Kind every Year, be∣cause the Dogs had not given Notice by their barking, of the Arrival of the Gauls, who be∣sieg'd the Capitol; which was intended for a Punishment to the Species; whereas on the con∣trary, to do Honour to a Goose, they carried one of Silver in an Elbow-Chair, laid upon a Pil∣low, because she had advertised them of the Coming of the Gauls by her Noise. Aelian re∣lates, that the Egyptians held the Dog in great Veneration, because they look'd upon it as a Symbol of the Coelestial Dog, whose rising gives encrease to the Nile. This Author says else∣where, that there was a Country in Ethiopia, where they had a Dog for their King, and they took his Fawnings or Barkings to be Signs of his Good-will; and for his Authors he cites Her∣mippus and Aristotle. Plutarch also speaks of this Dog which some of the Ethiopians held for a King, and to whom all the Nobility paid Ho∣mage.

CANICULARIS PORTA,

a Gate at Rome, according to Festus, where Dogs of Red Hair were sacrific'd to the Dog-star, to ripen the Corn.

CANOPUS,

the Sovereign Deity among the Egyptians, of whose Original Suidas gives the following Account:

There arose, says he, one Day a great Controversie between the E∣gyptians, Chaldeans, and the Neighbouring Nations, concerning the Supremacy of their Gods; and while each Nation maintain'd that their own God was Supreme, it was at last decreed, that he among the Gods who should conquer the rest, should be acknowledg'd for So∣vereign over them all: Now the Chaldeans ado∣red the Element of Fire, which easily melted down or consum'd all the other Gods, made of Gold, Silver, and other fusile or combustible Matter; but when this God was about to be de∣clar'd the Sovereign Deity over all the rest, a certain Priest of Canopus, a City of Egypt, stood up, and advised them to take an Earthen Pot that had many little Holes made in it, such as the Egyptians used for purifying the Water of Nile; then having stopt up those Holes with Wax, he fill'd it with Water, and placed it over the Head of the God which they adored, whereupon the Contest was presently begun be∣tween it and the Fire, whose Heat having melted the Wax, the Water run out imme∣diately and extinguish'd the Fire; whereupon the God of Canopus was acknowledg'd for the Sovereign over all the Gods among these Na∣tions.

CANOPUS,

is also a Star, which we have no knowledge of, says Vitruvius, but by the Re∣lation of those Merchants who have travell'd to the uttermost Parts of Egypt, as far as these Countries which are at the End of the World, (and in the other Hemisphere) because it turns round about the South-Pole, and so is never visible to us, since it never rises above our Ho∣rizon.

CAPENA,

a Gate so call'd at Rome, ac∣cording to Festus, from a Neighbouring City near the Fountain Egeria: It was also call'd Ap∣pia, because it was the Gate thro' which they went to the Via Appia; and Triumphalis, because the Generals to whom a Triumph was decreed, made their Entrance into the City thro' this Gate, and Fontinalis from the Aquaeducts which were raised over it; whence Juvenal calls it ma∣dida Capena, and Martial, Capena, grandi porta quae pluit gutta.

CAPETIS SILVIUS,

King of Alba-Dionysius calls him Capetus: Eusebius, Titus Li∣vius, Messala and Jacobus, of Auzol, call him barely Atis; and Cassiodorus names him Egyptus. He reign'd 24 Years.

CAPIS SILVIUS,

King of Latium: He is said to have laid the Foundation of Capua in the Terra Laboris, tho' others attribute this Foundation to the Trojan Capis, the Father of Anchises; but without any probability. Sueto∣nius speaks of certain Plates of Brass, which were found at Capua, in the Tomb of Capis, in that Year that Julius Caesar was kill'd, on which Greek Letters were engraved, which signified, that at such time as the Bones of Capis should be discover'd, one of the Posterity of Julius should be killed by his own People; from whence we may

draw an uncontestable Proof that Capis was not a Trojan, for if he had, 'tis very probable, that Greek Characters would not have been used in his Monument.

CAPITOLIUM, or MONS CAPI∣TOLINUS,

the Capitol, or the Capitoline Mount, which was called at first Saturnius, be∣cause Saturn dwelt there; afterwards it was called Tarpeius from the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia, who was smothered there under the Bucklers of the Sabines; at last Capitolinus, from the Head of a Man called Tolus, which was found by the Workmen when they were digging the Foun∣dation of the Temple of Jupiter, who upon this Account was called Jupiter Capitolinus. This Mountain was the most considerable of all those that were at Rome, as well for its Extent, as for the Buildings that stood upon it, which were one Fortress and Sixty Temples, whereof the most famous was that dedicated to Jupiter un∣der this Title, J. Opt. Max. which was begun by Tarquinius Priscus, finished by Tarquinius Saperbus, dedicated by Horatius Pulvillus. It was burnt 424 Years after its Dedication: Sylla begun to rebuild it, and Quintus Catulus finished it, and consecrated it anew. 330 Years being expired after the Renewing of this second Consecration, the Souldiers of Vitellius set it on fire, and Vespa∣sian caused it to be built again. In this Temple Vows were made and solemn Oaths, here the Citizens ratified the Acts of the Em∣perors, and took the Oaths of Fealty to them, and lastly, hither the Magistrates and the Gene∣rals that kept a Triumph came to give Thanks to the Gods for the Victories they had obtained, and to pray for the Prosperity of the Empire.

CAPRICORNUS,

Capricorn, one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, into which the Sun enters at Winter-solstice. The Poets feign that Capricorn is the God Pan, who to avoid the Pur∣suit of the Giant Typhon, changed himself into a He-goat, whose lower Parts were of Fish. Ju∣piter admiring his Cunning placed him in the Heavens under this Figure. Others think that Capricorn was the Foster-brother of Jupiter; for Amalthea to whom he was put out to nurse ha∣ving no Milk of her own, suckled him with the Milk of a Goat, which Jupiter in Acknowledg∣ment for the Kindness placed among the Signs of the Zodiac.

CAPROTINA JUNO, and CA∣PROTINAE NONAE;

the Occasion of giving this Name to Juno, and to the Nones of the Month of July, which were called Caprotinae, was a follows. The Gauls having drawn off their Army after they had sack'd Rome, the Latins had a mind to make an Advantage of this Misfortune, of their Neighbours, and therefore entred into a League with the Gauls, and resolved utterly to destroy the Roman Empire; and that they might give some Colour to their Design, they sent to desire of the Romans all their Maids to be given in Marriage, which they refused to grant, and thereupon the Gauls presently declared War against them. This War happening just after their late Misfortune mightily perplexed the Senate, and put the Romans in great Trouble and Consternation, who could not resolve with themselves thus to abandon their Daughters. While they were in this Consternation, a cer∣tain Woman-slave called Philotis or Tutola pro∣posed to the Senate, that she and the other Fe∣male Slaves should be sent to the Latins instead of the young Roman Maids, being dress'd up in Cloaths like them. This Design was approved and presently put in Execution, for those Female Slaves resorted to the Enemies Camp, who up∣on their Arrival presently fell a drinking and rejoycing. When Philotis perceived that they were plunged into an Excess of Riot, she climb∣ed up a wild Fig-tree, and having from thence given a Signal to the Romans with a lighted Torch, they came presently and fell upon the Latins, and finding them buried in Wine and Luxury, they easily destroyed them. In Me∣mory of this Victory the Romans ordained that every Year a Festival should be kept at the Nones of July to Juno, who was called Caprotina from the wild Fig-tree, which in Latin is called Caprisicus. These Female Slaves having by this Stratagem preserved the Empire, were set at Liberty; and on this Day they give always a Treat to their Mistresses without the City, where they sport and jest with them, and throw Stones at one another to represent the Stones wherewith the Latins were overwhelmed.

CAPULUS,

a Bier, on which the Bodies of the Dead were carried to the Grave, from whence it comes to pass that old Men who are on the Brink of the Grave and just ready to die, are called Capulares senes; and those Criminals who are condemned to die, are called Capula∣res rei.

CARACALLA,

Antoninus, the Son of Septimius Severus and Marcia: He was declar'd Caesar, and made Partner in the Empire with Geta his Brother by the Father's Side. In his Youth he had sucked in the Principles of Chri∣stianity, having Evodus for one of his Gover∣nours, whose Wife and Son were instructed in the Christian Religion. Thus at first he gave good Signs of a very sweet Disposition, which procured him the Love of every Body: But his Father having removed from his Person those that inspired him with a Relish of true Piety, choaked that good Seed he had received, and made a Monster of him when he thought to make him a great Prince; for he intended to have usurped the Sovereign Power by Parricide, having laid his Hand upon his Sword on purpose to draw it and kill his Father, when he was one Day coming behind him on Horse-back, and

had certainly done it if those who were about him had not cryed out and hindered him. The Horror of an Action so black brought Severus in∣to such a deep Melancholy, that he died in it within a Year after. Car••calla being thus ad∣vanced to the Empire, killed his Brother Geta in his Mother's Bosom, that he might reign alone without any Partner upon the Throne. He cut off the Head of Papinian a celebrated Lawyer, because he would neither excuse nor desend the Murder of his Brother; which Ex∣ample of a generous Courage in this Lawyer, who was then Praefectus Praetorio, should make Christians blush, who so easily excuse the Crimes of Kings when they have Hopes of rising at Court. We have some Medals of this Prince, which represent to us what kind of a Person he was after he came to be Emperor. For when we observe in his Medal, the Space between his Eye-brows knit, his Eyes sunk in his Head, and his Nose a little turned up at the End, these Marks make up the Countenance of a Man who is thoughtful, crafty and wicked, and indeed he was one of the cruellest Men in the World: Besides, he was addicted to Wine and Women, fierce, insolent, hated by the Soldiers, and even by his own domestick Servants, inso∣much that at last he was killed by one of his own Centurions called Martialis, in the 43 Year of his Age, and the Sixth Year of his Reign. It might seem wonderful that so wicked a Prince should be placed among the Gods, as we learn that he was by the Title of Divine, which was given him, and by the Consecration we see in his Medal, but that we have this to say in the Case, that Macrinus who succeeded him, and was the Cause of his Death, had a mind by do∣ing him this Honour to clear himself of all Suspi∣cion of this Murder, or rather, that this was an Age of Slavery, and the People being enslaved bestowed the most sordid Flatteries upon the worst of Princes.

CARIATIDES,

Statues in the Shape of Women without Arms, habited genteelly, which served for Ornament and Support to the Chapi∣ters of Pillars in Edifices. Vitruvius in L. 2. C. 1. of his Architecture, relates the Story of them thus,

That the Inhabitants of Caria, which was a City of Peloponnesus, in former times had joyn'd with the Persians when they made War against the People of Greece; and that the Greeks having put an End to that War by their glorious Victories, declared afterwards to the Cariates, that their City being taken and ruin'd, and all their Men put to the Sword, their Women should be carried away Captive; and that to make the Disgrace the more re∣markable, their Ladies of Quality should not be suffered to put off their Garments, nor any of their usual fine Dresses. Now to make the Ca∣riates an everlasting Monument of the Punish∣ment they had endured, and to inform Poste∣rity what it was, the Architects of that Time instead of Pillars, placed this sort of Statues in publick Buildings.

Some remains of this sort of ancient Statues are still to be seen at Rome. Montiosius, who had much ado to find out some Signs of these Cariatides, which Pliny says were placed by Diogenes, an Athenian Ar∣chitect to serve for Pillars in the Pantheon, re∣lates that he saw Four of them in the Year 1580, which were buried in the Ground as high as the Shoulders on the Right-side of the Portico, in Demi-relief, and which sustain'd upon their Heads a kind of Architrave of the same Stone. This kind of Cariatides is still to be seen at Bourdeaux in a very ancient Building which they call Tuteles; as also in the old Louvre at Paris in the Hall of the Swiss Guards: They are Sta∣tues Twelve Foot high, and support a Gallery enriched with Ornaments which are very well cut, done by Goujon, Architect and Engraver to Henry II.

CARITES,

or the Three Graces, which were Three Sisters, the constant Companions of Venus, viz. Aglaia, Euphrosyne and Thalia. They are painted young and beautiful, with a smiling Countenance, clad in fine thin Stuff, without a Girdle, and holding one another by the Hand.

Seneca explains to us this Picture. He says,

They are painted young and beautiful, because their Favours are always agreeable for their Novelty, and the Memory of them can never be lost. They are clad in fine thin Stuff, be∣cause the Kindness they do you ought to be without Dissimulation or any Disguise, and should proceed from the Bottom of the Heart: Their Garment is not girt about, because Benefits ought to be free and unconstrained: They hold one another interchangable by the Hands, to show that Favours should be re∣ciprocal.

We ought to believe that the Graces were only Moral Deities. Pausanias has written a large Discourse about them, wherein he says, that Eteocles was the first who consecrated Three of them in Boeotia; that the Lacedaemonians knew but Two of them, Clita and Phaenna; that the Athenians also held Two of them in Ve∣neration, Auxo and Hegemo; that Homer mar∣ries one of the Graces to Vulcan without giving her any other Name, though he elsewhere calls her Pasitbae: Lastly, that Hesiod nam'd the Three Graces, Euphorsyne, Aglaia and Thalia, and makes them the Daughters of Jupiter and Eu∣rynome.

CARMENTA,

the Mother of Evander, and one who was a Prophetess, from whence she had her Name Carmenta, à carminibus, because the ancient Sibyls gave their Oracles in Verse. A Temple was built to her at Rome, wherein Sacrifices were offered to her: A Festival also

was instituted to her, which from her Name was called Carmentalia.

Carmenta, says Father Thomiain, answers pret∣ty well to Themis; for Servius says, that she was called Nicostrata, and that she assumed the Name of Carmenta, because she gave her Oracles in Verse, that she was the Mother of Evander, the Son of Pallas, King of Arcadia; and lastly, that she was killed by her own Son, or according to others, she instigated her Son to kill his Father Pallas; which forced Evander to flie away into Italy: Evander patrem suum occidit, suadente ma∣tre Nicostratâ, quae etiam Carmentis dicta est, quia carminibus vamcinabatur. Ovid relates this Hi∣story after such a manner as is something more to the Advantage of Evander, in his L. 1. V. 461. He makes him an innocent Fugitive, and one that was always maintained by the Pro∣phecies of his Mother, whom he made a Goddess of in Italy. Virgil says as much in L. 2.

Me pulsum patriâ, pelagique extremâ sequentem, Fortuna omnipotens & ineluctabile fatum His posuere locis, matrisque egere tremenda. Carmentis Nymphae monita, & Deus aucto Apollo.

Dionyfim Halicarnassaeus says, that Evander made this Voyage into Italy Sixty Years before the War of Troy, and that Evander was the Son of a Nymph who was named or surnamed Themis, because she foretold Things to come. Nymphae Arcadiaefilius Evander, quam Graeci Themin fuisse dicunt, & divino afflatu instinctam, i. e. That Evander imposing upon the Simplicity of the Aborigines, who were still wild and incivilized, made his Mother pass among them for a Pro∣phetess and for the Themis of Italy, and so obli∣ged them to pay her Divine Honours. Plu∣tarch also in his Roman Questions says, that Car∣menta was named Themis; and he adds that she was surnamed Carmenta, as who should say, Ca∣rens mente, because the Livine Spirit of Pro∣phecy assumed the Place of the Humane Spirit; and that Verses are called Carmina from her Name Carmenta, because she prophesied in Verse.

CARMENTALIA,

Feasts instituted in Honour of Carmenta, which are solemnized twice in the Month of January, viz. the first time on the Eleventh (or the Third of the Ides, as may be seen in the Roman Calendar,) because then this Deity perswaded her Son E∣vander to leave Arcadia, and to go and dwell at Italy; the second time this Festival is cele∣brated on the 15th of the same Month, the Occasion whereof is variously reported.

Some say, that when a Present was to be made to Apollo of Delphor, of the Tithe of the Plunder of the City of Veii, there being a De∣ficiency of what was necessary to make it up, the Roman Dames assembled together, and brought in to the Magistrates their Ornaments of Gold and Silver; which was so pleasing to the Senate, that they granted them the Pri∣viledge of being carried in a Litter to the Shows and into the City. Plutarch thinks, that for this Largess they had only the Priviledge of ha∣ving Funeral-Orations after their Death. Yet we read in History, that the Right of the Lit∣ter was taken from them, which provoked them so much that they would no longer keep Com∣pany with Men. This is what Ovid and Plu∣tarch tell us. Upon this Account the Senate to appease them, was forced to restore their an∣cient Priviledge unto them; and then they cau∣sed a Temple immediately to be built to Car∣menta, called by the Greeks Themis and Nico∣strata, at the Bottom of the Capitol, and ap∣pointed a Priest for it called Flamen Carmentalis, and hence the Gate of the City which leads to this Temple was also called Porta Carmentalis.

CARMA or CARNA,

a Deity which presided over the good Habit of the Body. A Sacrifice was offered to her on the first of June, together with a Potrage made of the Meal of Beans and with Bacon.

CARON,

the Ferry-man of Hell, who ferried over the Souls of the Dead in his Boat, according to the Fable, that they might after∣wards be judged by Rbadamantbus and Minos the Judges of Hell. He received an Obolus from all the Dead for their Passage, and for this Reason the Ancients put always this Piece into the Mouth of the Dead, that they might have wherewithal to pay the Ferry-man. Virgil de∣scribes him to us as very ancient and fat, having a long Beard and very bushy. The Souls of those who had no Burial, were to wander for the Space of a Hundred Years on the Side of the River, and then they were to be ferried over.

CARTHAGO,

Carthage, the Capital City of all Africk and the Rival of Rome. It was founded by a Tyrian called Charcedo, which confounds the Measures of Virgil, who had a mind that Dido should be the Foundress of it. Per∣haps this Difference may be accommodated by saying, that Dido founded Byrsa the Castle of Carthage, and so the Poet without any great Crime might stretch this to the City. But how to reconcile what Vigenere says with what Velleius Paterculus and Justin say, I know not, for the former says, that Carthage was built 45 Years, and the latter, that it was built 72 Years after Rome; whereas, if we may believe Vigenere, Rome was founded after Carthage more than 200 Years. This City bore the Brunt of Three great Wars against the Romans, which were called the Punick or Carthaginian Wars. The first lasted 24 Years according to Polybius, and 22 according

to Eutropius: The second under the Conduct of Hannibal lasted Eighteen Years, in which the Roman Empire was so shocked, that it was re∣duced to the very Brink of Ruine. But at last Hannibal their formidable Captain was over∣come by the soft Pleasures of Capua, and there∣by gave the Romans such a time of Respite, that they repaired the Losses they had suffered. In the third War Carthage was utterly destroyed by the Grandson of Scipio Africanus. There went out of the City no more than 5000 Per∣sons, who were the only sad Remains of this magnificent City, which had with so much Vi∣gor disputed the Empire of the World with Rome. It lasted only 660, or 700 Years.

CARTHAGINENSES,

the Carthagi∣nians, or the Inhabitants of Carthage, who are accounted a sort of faithless People in the World, to whom no Credit is to be given; from whence came the Proverb, Punica fides, Punick Faith, to signifie Knavery, or a deceitful Promise.

They sacrificed their Children to their Dei∣ties in the Presence of their Mothers, who were to behold this cruel Spectacle with a Stoi∣cal Constancy, and without any Compassion.

CASSANDRA,

the Daughter of Pria∣mus King of Troy, who was courted by Apollo for her extraordinary Beauty. This God bestow∣ed upon her the Gift of foretelling Things to come, in hopes that she would grant him her greatest Favours; but she not keeping her Word with him, Apollo was very angry with her, and so ordered the Matter, that though she spoke the Truth in what she predicted, yet she never was believed: And this was the Cause of the Ruine of her Country, as Virgil tells us, L. 2. of the Aeneids, V. 246.

Tunc etiam fatis aperit Cassindra futuris Ora, Dei jussu, non nunquam credita Teucris.

She was ravished at the Sacking of Troy by Ajax the Locrian, although she had embraced the Statue of Pallas.

The Greeks having divided among them the Booty of the City of Troy, Cassandra fell to the Share of Agamemnon, by whom she was carried away into his own Country, and by the Way she gave him Notice, that he was to be assassi∣nated by his Wife Clytemnestra, and her adul∣trous Keeper Aegistbus: He gave no Credit at all to this Prediction of his own Misfortune; but after he was come to his Palace, when he was going out of the Bath to sit down at Table, his Wife Cly••emnestra clave his Skull with the Blow of an Ax, having first entangled him in a Shirt without a Bosom; and afterwards falling upon Cassandra, she killed her after the same manner: But Orestes the Son of Agamemnon, coming in by Stealth, killed his own Mother, and her adulterous Lover, as al∣so the Murderer of his Father.

CASSIDARIUS,

He who had the Care and Oversight of the Salades and the Armour for the Head, which were kept in the Arsenals at Rome.

CASSIOPEA,

the Wise of Cepheus, King of Ethiopia, who incurred the Indignation of the Nereides for being accounted more beau∣tiful; which was the Cause why her Daughter Andromeda was exposed to a Sea-monster, that so the Mother might be punished in the Daugh∣ter: But Perseus at his Return from Libya, res∣cued her from the Jaws of this Monster, when it was just ready to devour her; and in Acknow∣ledgment of this Kindness, Cepheus gave her to him in Marriage. Cassiope was taken up into Heaven by the Favour of her Son-in-law, where the Astronomers represent her to us as sitting upon a Chair in the Milky-way, between Ce∣pheus and Andromeda, who touches our Summer Tropick with her Head and Hand. Vitruvius has given us the following Description of these Constellations.

Perseus leans with his Right-hand upon Cas∣siope, holding with the Left, which is over Au∣riga the Waggoner, the Head of Gorgon by the Crown, and placing it under the Feet of Andro∣meda: The Right-hand of Andromeda is over the Constellation of Cassiope, and the Left over the Northern Pisces. Cassiope is in the Middle, and Capricorn has the Eagle and Dolphin above it, which are dedicated to them.

CASTALIUS FONS,

the Castalian Fountain in Phocis, scituate at the Foot of Mount Parnassus, which the Poets feign'd to be dedi∣cated to Apollo and the Muses, which from thence were surnamed Castalides.

CASTITAS,

Chastity, which the Romans made a Goddess of, and which they represented in the Habit of a Roman Lady, holding a Scep∣ter in her Hand, and having Two white Doves at her Feet.

CASTOR,

the Son of Tyndarus, King of Laconia, and of Leda the Daughter of Thestius. The Fable gives us an Account, that Jupiter be∣ing smitten with the Beauty of Leda, trans∣formed himself into a Swan to enjoy her Em∣braces, who growing big with Child, was at length brought to Bed of Two Eggs, in each of which there were Two Twin-Children: In the first Pollux and Helena were included of Ju∣piter's getting; and in the other, Castor and Clytemnestra of Tindarus's: All these Children though gotten by different Fathers, were ne∣vertheless called from the Name of one of them Tyndarides.

Castor and Pollux were brave and of great Courage, for they cleared the Seats of Pirates, carried off their Sister Helena by Force, when

she was ravished by Theseus, and they went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden Fleece. Castor being descended of a Mortal Father was killed by Lynceus; but Pollux his Brother being descended of Jupiter, was Immortal. They were placed in the Number of the Dil Indigetes, or Genitales, by the Greeks and Romans, because they descended originally from the Country.

Diodorus Siculus relates, that the Argonauts being destressed with a great Tempest, Orpheus made a Vow to the Gods of Samothracia, where∣upon the Storm immediately ceased, and Two Coelestial Fires appeared over the Heads of Castor and Pollux, who were amongst the Argonauts; from whence comes the Custom of invoking the Gods of Samothracia in a Tempest, and or giving the Names of Castor and Pollux to those Two Coelestial Fires.

Lucian in the Dialogue of Apollo and Mercury bring in Apollo speaking thus upon the Occasion of these Two Brethren. Apoll. Can you learn to know Castor from Pollux, for I am always de∣ceiv'd upon the accont of their Likeness. Merc. He who was Yesterday with us is Castor. Apoll. How can you discern them, they being so like one another?

Merc. Pollux has a Face black and blew by a Blow he received in fighting, and particularly at Bebryx in his Voyage with the Argonauts. Apol. You'll oblige me to tell me of Things par∣ticularly, for when I see their Eggs-shell, white Horse, Spear and Stars, I always confound them together, but tell me why these Two Bro∣thers never appear in the Heaven at the same Time. Merc. Because it being decreed that these Two Sons of Leda should one be Mortal, and the other Immortal, they divided their good and bad Fortune like good Brethren, and so live and die by Turns. Apoll. This is a great Impediment to their Love; for, so they can ne∣ver see, or discourse one with another. But what Art or Trade do they profess? For every one of us hath his Business: I am a Prophet, my Son is a Physician, my Sister a Midwife, and thou art a Wrestler. Do they do nothing, but eat and drink? Mer. They succour Mariners in a Tempest. Apol. That's a necessary Employ∣ment, provided they perform it well.

Arrian says, that Alexander, while he was carrying on his Victories in Persia, sacrificed one Day to Castor and Pollux, instead of Hercules, to whom that Day was dedicated by the Macedo∣nians; and that while the Feast lasted after the Sacrifice was over, he talked sometimes of the great Actions of Castor and Pollux, and at other times of Hercules.

Cicero relates a wonderful Judgment, which befel Scopas, because he had spoken contemp∣tibly of these two Brethren Dioscorides, being crushed to Death by the Fall of his Chamber, whereas Simonides, who wrote their Encomium was called out of them by two unknown Persons Phoedrus recites this History more at large in the 4th Book of his Fables, Fab. 22. The Greek and Roman History is filled with the miraculous Ap∣pearances of these two Brethren, either to ob∣tain a Victory, or publish it when it was gained, for they were seen fighting upon two white Horses at the Battle, which the Romans fought against the Latins near the Lake Regillus.

But Cicero tells how we must credit these Re∣lations: He says, that Homer, who lived a little after these two Brethren, assures us, that they were buried in Macedonia, and consequently could not come to declare a Victory obtain'd by Vatienus.

The Romans did not omit building them a magnificent Temple, where they sacrificed to them white Lambs, and appointed a Feast to be kept in Honour of them, at which a Man sitting upon one Horse and leading another, runs full speed, and at the End of the Race leaps nimbly upon the Horse which is in his Hand, having a bright Star upon his Hat, to shew that only one of the Brothers was alive, because, indeed, the Stars of Castor and Pollux are to be seen above our Horizon, and sometimes not.

CATA PULTA,

a Warlike Engine so cal∣led, with which the Ancients used to throw Ja∣velins twelve or fiftten Foot long. The De∣scription of a Catapulta, says M. Perrault in his Notes upon Vitruvius, is understood by no Body, tho' many great Persons have applied them∣selves to it very carefully, as Justus Lipsius has observed. The Descriptions which Athenaeus, Ammianus Marcellinus, and Vegetius have given of it; the two Figures, which are in the Book of a nameless Author, entituled, Notitia Im∣perii; that which Will. de Choul says, he took out of an ancient Marble, that which Lipsius saw in the Arsenal at Brussels, and those which are drawn on Trajan's Pillar do none of them agree with the Description of Vitruvius. Caesar Cisaranus, who is the first who after Jocundus drew the Figures of Vitruvius with the greatest Exactness, has not attempted to draw a Cata∣pulta, but when he had translated and explained Vitruvius as far as that place, he leaves the Work, and Benedictus Jovius finished it. Jo∣cundus declares, when he gives us his Figure of it, that he did it not to explain the Text of Vi∣truvius, because it did not agree with it, and he owns that he did not understand either his own Figure, nor the Text of Vitruvius.

All that we know in general of the Catapulta is this, that they were made to cast Javelins, as Balistae were used to cast Stones, tho' this Di∣stinction is not observed by latter Latin Au∣thors, who have always expressed both these Engines by the Word Balista. Lucan tells us,

that a Catapulta cast Javelins with so great a Force, that they would pass thro' several Men one after another, and would carry them quite cross the Danube.

CATO,

the Surname of the Porcian Family, who came from the City Tusculum, from whence was their Original.

M. CATO, the Censor, named at first Pris∣cus, and after Cato from his excellent Wisdom, and strictness of Manners. He executed all the Offices in the Roman Commonwealth with Re∣putation and great Integrity. In fine, he was very learned. He has left us his Books of Hus∣bandry, which are written in pure Latin. He died very old.

CATO UTICENSIS.

Cato of Ʋtica, and Nephew's Son of Cato the Censor, lived a very strict and severe Life like his Great Uncle. He reformed divers Abuses which were crept into the Management of the Revenues of the Commonwealth, and the Military Discipline. He refused at first to join with Pompey, but at length united with him against Caesar. After the Battel of Pharsalia, were Pompey was defeated, he fled to Ʋtica, which was in King Juba's Dominion, but not being able to bear his great Misfortunes, he slew himself in a Fit of Despair, being 48 Years of Age, after he had read Plato's Treatise of the Immortality of the Soul.

CATULARIA,

the Name of one of the Gates of Rome, so called from the Red Dogs, which were sacrificed there to appease the Heats of the Dog-star.

CATULUS,

the Surname of the Luctatian Family, from the Word Catus, crafty and judi∣cious.

Q. LUCTATIUS CATULUS, was the first of that Family, who conquered the Cartha∣ginians in a Sea-fight, in which they lost 600 of their Ships. There was a Poet of that Name born at Verona, whose Poetry is elegant and soft, but very lewd and satyrical. He composed some Elegies and Epigrams, which still remain.

There was another of that Name, and of the same Family, who was Consul with Marius in his fourth Consulship, whom he forced to kill himself by eating live Coals. Sylla revenged his Death upon Marius, Junior.

CAUCASUS,

a Mountain in the Nor∣thern Parts of the Indies, near the Caspian Ports, where Jupiter bound Prometheus, according to the Fable, to punish him for making Man, and imposing upon him at a Feast, by giving him Bones covered with Fat.

CEBUS,

a certain Monster which had the Face of a Satyr, and the Body of a Dog and Bear.

CECROPS,

the first King of Athens, who lived in the Times of Moses. He built the City of Athens, which was first called Cecropia from his Name. He was the first that worshipped Jupiter in Greece, and was the Author of Idola∣try. He began to reign at Athens 375 Years before the Siege of Troy. The Floud of Deuca∣lion happened in his Reign, who was King of the Neighbouring Country by Mount Parnassus. This Deluge overflowed only Greece; as that which happened before under Ogyges, did Egypt only. He was the Author of Idolatry in Greece, and the first that acknowledged Jupiter for a God, appointing him Sacrifices: He brought up the Custom of burying the Dead, as Cicero observes in his 2d Book de Legibus.

CELENO,

one of the Seven Pleiades, the Daughter of Atlas, and the Nymph Pleione. She was also one of the Harpyes, the Daughter of Jupiter and Terra, of whom Virgil has given us a Description in the 3d Book of his Aeneids. See Harpyiae.

CELERES,

were 300 young Men, whom Romulus chose to attend his Person, that they might be at hand always to defend him, and execute his Commands. He called them Ce∣leres, i. e. ready and active. This Body of Men guarded him in all Commotions of the People, and made him able at all times to oppose any Attempts of his Enemies.

The Captain of this Guard was called Tribu∣nus Celerum, and he was the second Officer of State, for he had the Command of all the Sol∣diery, which he ordered as he pleased: He also had a Power to summon all the People together into the Campus Martius.

CELMIS, or CELMES,

one of the Fa∣vourites of Jupiter, who saying that that great God was a Mortal Man, was changed by him in∣to a Diamoud, as Ovid tells us in his 4th Book of Metamorphoses, v. 280.

Te quoque, nunc Adamas, quondam fidissime parvo Celme Jovi.

This Word comes from Chalamis, which in He∣brew signifies a very hard Stone.

CENSOR,

a Roman Magistrate, which numbred the People of Rome, and who was the Correcter of their Manners. The Occasion of making this Officer in the Commonwealth of Rome was this: The Consuls seeing themselves wholly taken up with Affairs of State, and not being able to attend so many different Businesses, the Senate to ease them propounded to make Censors in the Year after the Building of Rome 311, in the Consulship of M. Geganius Macrinus, and T. Quintius Capitolinus, whose chief Office it should be to take an exact View of the Peo∣ple of Rome, and value the Estate of every Ci∣tizen. First they created Two Censors of the Patricians, viz. Papyrius and Sempronius. Censui

agendo populus suffragiis praefecit Censores, abs re appellati, &c. Liv.

They continued in their Office five Years, and were chosen by the great Council called Comitia Centuriata, as the Consuls were, Cen∣sores quinto quoque anno creari solabant, says Asco∣nius Pedianus.

This length of Time became a Grievance to the Consuls at last, and the Dictator Mamercus Emilius shortened it, and brought it to Eighteen Months. The Censors hating Mamercus for shortening their Time, blotted him out of his Tribe, and put him among the Cerites, or those who pay Tribute.

To attain this Dignity, it was at first required, that they should be Noblemen born, but this continued only 100 Years; for, after the People were allowed to be made Consuls, and other great Officers, we see, that Caius Martius Ru∣tilius, who was the first Dictator chosen from among the People, was also created Censor with Manlius Naevius; and at length the Dictator Q. P. Philo made a Law, by which he ordained, that one Censor should be chosen out of the People. 'Tis also observable in History, that Q. Pompeius, and Q. Metellus were both taken from among the common People.

Before the second Punick War, it was not necessary to have executed any great Office before to be a Censor, because we learn from Livy, that Publius Licinius Crassus, who never had been any thing but an Aedile, was chosen Censor and High-Priest at the same time, but afterwards they never chose any to that Office but such as had been Consuls.

This Office was never executed more than once by the same Person, and we read in Vale∣rius Maximus, that M. Rutilius being made Cen∣sor a second time, reproved the People sharply for having so little Respect to the Laws of their Ancestors, who had thought it convenient to shorten the Time of that Office, because it made them too powerful, and so they acted contrary to them, in choosing a Man a second time.

Plinius Junior, did the same in refusing it, because he judged it not for the Advantage of the State to execute that Office twice.

If any of the Censors happened to die in the time of their Office, or would voluntarily re∣sign it, his Collegue was obliged also to resign it, altho there was no Law which commanded it, but a Custom established by a Religious Scruple: For when Lucius Papyrius, after the Death of his Collegue C. Julius had put M. Cornelius Meleginensis into his Place, that he might retain his own Office, it happened that Rome was taken by the Gauls, which was impu∣ted to that Action of Papyrius; whereupon all those that succeeded him, left their Office if their Collegue happened to die, or would resign. 'Tis true, that Appius Claudius Caecus and Aemi∣lius Scaurus would have kept it, but the ••••••∣bunes imprisoned the latter, and no Body would follow the Example of the former.

When the Censors were chosen in the Campus Martius, they immediately seated themselves in their Sellae Curules, or Chairs of State, which stood by Mars's Altar, and thanked the People for the Honour they had done them. Then they went up to the Capitol, were they took Possession of their Office, and received the En∣signs of it. They took an Oath to do nothing either for Hatred or Favour in their Places; but in all things to follow exactly the Rules of Equity and Right.

Their Office had two Parts: The first con∣sisted in taking the Number of the Citizens, and their Estates, and the other in reforming Manners, and rectifying Abuses.

They kept an exact Register of the Name and Estate of every Person, as also of their Children and Slaves, being very careful to place every Citizen in his Tribe or Century accord∣ing to his Estate, removing them every five Years, either higher or lower, according as their Estate was increased or lessened.

They punished a single Life with heavy Fines, chiefly since the Law of Furius Camillus, who forbad it, that the City of Rome might be a∣gain peopled, which the Civil Wars had con∣sumed.

They also regulated the Expences of the pub∣lick Sacrifices, and caused consecrated Geese to be kept in the Capitol.

The other part of their Office was to reform Manners, populi mores regunto; and to that end they took a View of the three Degrees of Men, which made up the Commonwealth, viz. Sena∣tors, Knights and People. They had a Power to put those out of the Number of the Senators whom they judged unworthy thro' their corrupt Manners, and place others in their room. They could take their Horses from the Knights, and deprive them of their Pay, which they received from the Treasury, when they lived not like Persons of Honour. They could remove the Citizens from their Tribe, by turning them down from an higher to a lower, depriving them of a Right of Voting, and making them pay Taxes as Strangers.

Altho' their Power was very large, yet they were obliged to give an Account of their Acti∣ons to the Tribunes, and the great Aediles; and we read in Livy, that the Tribune Appius Me∣tellus imprisoned both the Censors M. Furius Phi∣lus, and M. Artilius Regulus, because when he was Quaestor in the foregoing Year they had re∣moved him from his Tribe, and made him pay Taxes. A Law then was made to oblige them

to give their Reasons, why they had degraded a Citizen, and branded him with Disgrace, by de∣riving him of his Priviledges.

But this Office decreased in its Power with the Declention of the Commonwealth. Under the Emperors it was wholly laid aside, because they assumed to themselves all those Functions; for Suetonius relates, that Augustus took a View of the People with Ten Men, which he required of the Senate, which was practised by the other Emperors as far down as Theodosius, who endea∣voured to restore it, but the Senate opposed him, and from that time the Censorship was in∣separably annexed to the Imperial Power.

CENSURA.

The Censorship, the Office or Dignity of Censor. We may judge how considerable this Dignity was at Rome by Plu∣tarch's Words, in the Life of Marcus Cato,

That he demanded the Censorship ten Years after he had been Consul, as the Perfection of Honour, and the highest Degree to which a Roman Ci∣tizen could be preferred, because this high Sta∣tion was the Crown of all Offices, and of all the Authority which could be had in the Go∣vernment of their Commonwealth.

CENSUS,

the general Survey of the People of Rome, which was performed every five Years by the Censors. King Servius appointed this Survey, and he was the first that caused the People to be numbred, that he might know ex∣actly how many fighting Men he was able to raise, and what Sums of Money he could raise from them.

Every Citizen of Rome, or he that had the Right of Freedom, was obliged to give a true Acconnt of all his Estate, Children, Slaves and Freemen, upon pain of having their Goods con∣fiscated, which he concealed.

The Censors on their part were obliged to keep a perfect Register of all these Matters, and to be very careful that no Stranger should be registred unawares, Ne quis in censorias tabu∣las irreperes.

This Survey was made every five Years thro' all the Orders of the Commonwealth, viz. the Senates, Knights and People. The first was Lectio & recitatio Senatûs; the second, Censio, recensio & recognitio; and the third, Census, or Lustrum. For the Censor being set in his Chair of State commanded the Pur••vant to call over the Senators by their Names, legebant or recita∣bant Senatum. They rased out of the List the Names of those whom they intended to depose for their ill Manners, and put others in their Place taken out of the Knights, which they ex∣pressed by these Words, legere in Senatum.

Then they took a Survey of the Knights, whom they called over one by one, and if they had nothing to object against their Behaviour, the Censor said to every one, praeteri & tradus equum; but if on the Contrary he had any thing to blame him for, they took away his Horse and his Pay. Equus adimebatur. After this they went on to survey the People, not only of the City of Rome, but also of other free Cities, which had a Right to the Roman Freedom, whose Names were sent to the Censors: If they had any thing to object against their Manners, they deposed them, deprived them of their Right of Voting, and made them subject to Taxes, aerarios fieri & in Caeritum tabulas referri, (be∣cause the Inhabitants of that little City Caeres gained indeed the Title of the Roman Citizens, but had not obtained a Right to vote.)

The Survey being thus ended, an Assembly was appointed upon a certain Day in the Cam∣pus Martius to be present at the Sacrifice of Lu∣stration. The People came in Armies and were divided into Classes or Centuries, according to the Appointment of Servius, and offered a Sa∣crifice called Suovetaurilia, because they sacri∣ficed a Boar, a Sheep and a Bull, to implore the Gods to be pleased with the Survey they had made, and that they would preserve the Commonwealth in its Splendor and Honour. And with this Ceremony the Survey ended, Lu∣strum conditum, i. e. the Survey finished.

CENTAURUS,

a Centaur, half a Man and half an Horse, which had its Female Cen∣taur, half a Woman and half a Mare. This is a fabulous Monster feigned by the Poets, who have applied that Shape to those who invented Riding, or the Art of Horsemanship, so when it's said, that Chiron the Centaur was the Ma∣ster of Achilles, no more is meant but that he was the Man who taught him to ride an Horse; and the Fight of the Centaurs is a Battle of Horsemen. The Word comes from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is compounded of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 pungo, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, taurus.

Lucian describes the Picture of a Centaur drawn by Zeuxes, of which he affirms, that he saw a Copy at Athens, the Original having been carried away by Sylla.

It is a Female Centaur lying upon the Grass, of which, the Part like a Beast is stretched out on the Ground, and that like a Woman is half raised and supported by her El∣bow. She lays her Hind-feet at length, and folds up her Fore-feet, bending the one and leaning on the Ground with the other, as Horses do when they are about to rise. She inclines a little to one Side that she may let her young Ones suck, of which she holds one in her Arms which she suckles with the Breast of a Woman, and the other hangs upon those which she has like a Mare. Upon the Top of the Picture stands an He Centaur, as Centinel, who appears but half, and shew them a Lyon's

Whelp which he has taken. Although he seems to smile, yet he has a fierce Aspect, and a terrible Head of Hair, besides that, he is all hairy, but his Wife is as lovely as he is savage, and hath one half of her Body like the fine Mares of Thessaly, which were never yet tamed, and the other half like the finest Woman in the World, save that her Ears are straight and sharp, as a Satyr is painted. Of her Two young Ones, one is savage and hairy like the Father, and the other more tame and hu∣mane.

Lucretius would never believe that there were ever any Centaurs, nor Hippocentaurs, nor Onocentaurs, that is to say, half a Man and half an Ass. Lucian also is of the same Opinion, but speaks more plainly than Lucretius, when he says,

Et populum Pholoe mentita biformem.

For 'tis certain, that it is a Lye or Fable that there were ever any such monstrous People.

What Ovid speaks of the Nation of Centaurs, and of their Battles, is but a Fable built either upon the Idea of some such Monster, or upon some new Invention of Fighting on Horse-back, in which these People did excel all others.

Plutarch says in his Banquet of the Seven Wise-men, that a Shepherd brought them in a Basket, a Child which a Mare had brought forth, having the upper Parts of the Body like a Man and the lower like an Horse.

Pliny also affirms the same Things, and says, that he himself had seen an Hippocentaur, which was brought from Egypt to Rome, embalmed after the manner of those Times with Honey. Phlegon the Trallian relates the same Story, and Tacitus seems to allude to it, when he says, that the Birth of some Monsters did foreshew the Death of the Emperor Claudius.

St. Jerom gives us a Description of an Hippo∣centaur which St. Anthony met in the Desart, when he went to seek for Paul the Hermite. The same St. Jerom writing against Vigilantius, begins his Discourse with a Distinction of Two sorts of Monsters, of which the one was really produced, and the other feigned by the Poets, and puts the Centaurs among the Creatures that were true, but monstrous.

The Truth is, that the People of Thessaly called Centaurs, were either the first or the most expert at taming Horses, or fighting on Horseback, which is the Reason that they bare the Name of Hippocentaurs. Their King named Centaurus was the Brother of Pirithous the famous Friend of Theseus, and fought with the Lapithae which were commanded by Polypae∣ces the Son of Pirithous at the Seige of Troy. In Times of Peace these People exercised them∣selves in hunting on Horse-back, but chiefly in casting Bulls upon the Ground by taking them by the Horns.

Julius Caesar was the first that introuced this sort or Hunting into Rome in the Shews, as Pliny testifies, and was imitated in it by Nero, as we learn from Suetonius.

Lucian tells us also, that Ixion, King of Thessaly, whom Jupiter invited to a Feast of the Gods, because he was a very brave Man and good Company, fell in Love with Juno, and that Jupiter to deceive him formed a Cloud into the Shape of Juno to gratifie his Passion in some measure, and by these Embraces a Centaur was produced. But Palephatus tells the Thing otherwise, that Ixion, King of Thessaly, being one Day upon Mount Pelion, saw several mad Bulls which he durst not come near, and which made a Destruction in the Country round a∣bout; he promised a great Reward to him that could drive away these mad Creatures, and immediately some young Men of a little Village, in the Mountain called Nephele, i. e. a Cloud, getting upon their Horses, offered them∣selves to fight these Bulls, and did it with so great Success that they killed them all, and from this Victory they were call'd Centaurs, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as much as to say, Bull∣fighting. Isaac Tzetzes is of Opinion, that this Jupiter who loved Ixion was a King, who had a Wife of very great Beauty, with whom Ixion fell passionately in Love, and she discovering Ixon's Kindness to her Husband, he put one of her Chamber-maids named Nephele, or a Cloud in her Place, by whom he had a Son named Im∣brus and surnamed Centaurus, of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, pricking a Slave.

Mr. Abbot Feuretiere relates this Story o∣therwise:

A King of Thessaly, says he, ha∣ving sent some Horse-men to seek his Bulls, that were gone astray, they that saw them on Horse-back (it being a Thing new and ex∣traordinary at that Time) thought them to be made up of a double Nature, a Man and an Horse, which was the Original of the Fable of the Centaurs and Hippocentaurs.

CENTENARIA COENA,

a Feast wherein the whole Expences could be no more' than an Hundred Asses, which was a Piece of Ro∣man Money. See As.

CENTESIMA USURA,

The Hun∣dredth Penny, One per Cent.

CENTONARII;

it was a Military Trade, and they were such as provided Tents and other Equipage for War, called by the Ro∣mans Centones, or else those whose Business it was to quench the Fires which the Enemies En∣gines kindled in the Camp. Vigetius in his Fourth Book speaking of an Engine used in the

Camp to make a close Gallery or Fortification, says, that for fear it should be set on Fire, they covered it on the Out-side with raw or fresh Hides or Centones, i. e. certain old Stuffs fit to resist Fire and Arrows: For Julius Caesar in the Third Book of his Commentaries of the Civil War, says, that the Soldiers used these Centones to defend themselves from their Enemies Darts The Colleges of the Centonarii were often join∣ed with the Dendrophori, and the Masters of the Timber-works, and the other Engines of War, called Fabri, as may be seen by an Inscription of a Decurion of that College.

AUR. QUINTIANUS DEC.
COLL. FAB. & CENT.

That is to say, Aurelius Quintianus, Decurion of the College at the Masters of the Engines and Centonaries.

CENTUM,

a Numeral Word, a square Number made up of Ten multiplied by it self. This is the Number which begins the Third Co∣lumn of the Arabian Characters set in an Arith∣metical Order, 100.

CENTUM-VIRI,

may be called the Court of 100 Judges, which were Roman Magi∣strates chosen to decide the Differences among the People, to which the Praetor sent them as to the highest Court made up of the most learned Men in the Laws. They were elected out of 35 Tribes of the People, Three out of each, which makes up the Number of 105, and although at length the Number was increa∣sed to 180, yet they still kept the Name al∣ways of the Court of 100 Judges, and their Judgments were called Centumviralia Judicia. These Magistrates continued a long time in the Commonwealth, as also under the Empe∣rors Vespasian, Domitian and Trajan: Under the last of these they were divided into Four Cham∣bers each having 45 Judges.

CENTURIA,

a Century, a Part of a Thing divided or ranked by Hundreds. The People of Rome were at first divided into Three Tribes, and these Tribes into 30 Curiae, but Servius Tullius contrived the Institution of a Cense, i. e. a numbering of the Citizens of Rome with an Account of their Age, Children, Slaves and Estates, as also in what Part of the City they dwelt, and the Trade they fol∣lowed.

The first Cense was made in the Campus Martius, where were numbred 80000 Men able to bear Arms, as Livy tells us, and Fabius Pictor, an ancient Historian tell us, or 84700, accord∣ing to Dionysius Halicarnassaeus,

This Roll coming into the Hands of Servius, he divided all his People into Six Classes, each containing several Centuries, or Hundreds of Men, with different Arms, and Liveries ac∣cording to the Proportion of their Estates.

The first Class was made up of 80 Centuries or Companies, of which 40 were appointed to guard the City consisting of Men of 45 Years and upwards, and the other 40 were of young Men from 16 to 45 Years old, who bore Arms. Their Arms were all alike, viz. the Head-piece, the Back and Breast-plates, a Buckler, a Jave∣lin, a Lance and a Sword. These were called Classici in the Army, and were more honourable than those which were said to be infra Classem, as we learn from Aulus Gellius. They were to have 100000 As's in Estate, which make about 1000 Crowns of French Money. Asconius Pe∣dianus makes their Estate to amount to 2500 Crowns.

The Second, Third and Fourth Classis were made up each of them of 20 Centuries, of which Ten were more aged Men, and Ten of the younger sort: Their Arms were different from the first Classis, for they carried a large Tar∣get instead of a Buckler, a Pike and Javelin. The Estate of those of the Second Classis was to be 700 Crowns a Year, of the Third 500, and of the Fourth 200.

The Fifth Classis contained 30 Centuries, which had for their Arms Slings and Stones to throw out of them, and Three of them were Carpenters and other Artificers necessary for an Army. They were to have 125 Crowns E∣state.

The Sixth was a Century made up of the Rabble or such as were exempted from Service in War and all Charges of the Republick: They were called Proletarii, because they were of no other use to the Republick but to stock it with Children: They were also named Capite Censi, because they gave their Names only to the Censor.

CENTURIATA COMITIA.

Those Comitiae or Assemblies of the People of Rome by Centuries, where every one gave his Vote in his Century.

These sorts of Assemblies were first instituted by Servius Tullius, who divided, as is above said, the People into Six Classes and each Classis into Centuries.

These Assemblies had a great Share in order∣ing of all State Affairs, for they were summon∣ed together to make great Officers, to approve any new Law, to proclaim War against any People, and to implead any Citizen of Rome after his Death.

They also chose the Consuls, Praetors, Cen∣sors, and sometimes the Proconsuls and Chief Priests.

Livy tells us, that P. Cornelius Scipio was sent Proconsul into Spain by one of these Assemblies.

It belonged to the Consuls only to summon them together by the Authority of the Senate, who allowed or forbad them as they pleased, and the Dictator and Chief Priest had no Power to do it in the Absence of the Consuls but only by Commission.

These Assemblies were held without the City of Rome in the Campus Martius, and one Part of the People were armed during their Meeting for fear of any sudden Invasion, and a Standard was set up on the Capitol which was not taken down till they had ended.

When the Senate had ordered this Assembly, the Consuls appointed it to meet after Three free Fairs or Markets, which made 27 Days, that such as had any Right of Voting might have sufficient Notice: This they called edicere comitia in trinundinum. This Appointment was published by Bills set up in all the great Towns, or in the great Streets of Rome on the Three Market days next following: In them the Mat∣ters to be treated of were set down and the les∣ser Officers were forbidden in the Conclusion of them to make any Presages upon the Day of their Meeting: In edicto Consulum, quo edicunt quis dies comitiis Centuriatis futurus fit, sic scri∣bitur ex veteri formulâ; Ne quis Magistratus mi∣nor de caelo servasse velit.

When any Law was to be approved in these Assemblies, this was the Order observed: He that propounded it, who was called Rogator legis, made a Speech to the People, or caused another to make one, shewing them the Necessity and Advantage of the Law, which they termed Con∣cione declarare; if the People declared their Ap∣probation of the Law, it was hung up in Publick Three Market-days, the Preamble of it being in these Words, Quod bonum, faustum, felixque Reipublicae, populo, liberisque eorum esset: And thus the Laws of the Twelve Tables were pro∣pounded.

While it hung thus in Publick for Three Market-days, he that proposed it, either him∣self or by some able Orator distinctly explained all the Circumstances and Advantages of it. This Action was called promulgatio legis per tri∣nundinum; and discovers to us the Difference between these Two Latin Expressions, proponere legem, which is to set up, and promulgare legem, to explain it viva voce, as also between these two Phrases, Lator legis, and Autor legis; the first was he that barely propounded the Law, and the other was he that perswaded the People to accept it, after he had proved the Benefit, and Usefulness of it to them.

The Day appointed for the Meeting of the Assembly being come, the Consul went early in the Morning into the Capitol, or some other high Place, being attended with the Augur, whom he ordered to observe the Signs of the Heavens, which is expressed by these Latin Words, Jubebat sibi in auspicio esse. After he had sat sometime looking round about him to see what appeared in the Air, the Consul spoke to him in these Words, Dicito si silentium esse vide∣tur: Tell me whither there be nothing that pre∣vents this Assembly; to whom the Augur an∣swered, Silentium esse videtur; nothing hinders it, but if the contrary happened, obnuntiabat, he said, that the Signs did not approve of that Assembly.

This first Ceremony being finished, this Magi∣strate set up his Pavilion, or Tent in the Campus Martius, where he made a Speech to the People to exhort them to respect the Good of the Com∣monwealth only, and to do nothing thro' Humour or Interest in the Matters that should be propo∣sed to them, and then sent them every one to their own Century to give their Votes, Secediti in centurias oestras, & de iis deliberate. Then the Centuries separated themselves one from another, and gave their Votes viva voce, till the Year DCXV, after the Building of Rome, when Balots or Tickets were commanded, which they put into an Earthen Pot or Urn, made for that purpose. Every Century had its President, named Rogator, who gathered their Votes. After they had consulted a while, the Consul called the first Classis to give in their Votes. If they were all of a Judgment, he called none of the other Classes, because the first had a greater Number of Men than all the rest, and so their Voices carried it: But if their Votes were divi∣ded, he called the second Classis, and all the rest in their Order, till he had the full Number of the Votes given according to the Laws.

The Advantage which the first Classis had a∣bove the other was often the Cause of Tumults, because they could not endure that their Votes should be at any time ineffectual. To prevent which they contrived this expedient: They made all the Classes to draw Lots who should be ac∣counted first, and that upon which the Lot fell was called the Prerogative Tribe, because their Judgment was first had in all Matters.

This way of giving their Votes was strictly observed till the Year DCXV, when Gabinius the Tribune of the People made a Law, that they should for the Future do it by Balots or Tickets; this Law was called lex Tabellaria. The People much liked this Change, for be∣fore they could not give their Votes freely, left they should incur the Displeasure of their Great Men whom they were afraid to disoblige. Grata est tabella, says Cicero in his Defence of Plancus, quae frontem operit, bominum mentes te∣git, datque eam libertatem, ut quod velint faciant; and in his second Book of the Agrarian Law, he calls this way of Voting, vindex libertatis & principium justissimae libertatis. Yet, even this

had its Inconveniences, as Cicero himself owns in his third Book of Laws: Non fuit lacebra danda populo, in quâ bonis ignorantibus, quid quisque sen∣tiret, tabella vitiosum occultaret suffragium.

When the Consul had taken out of the Ear∣then-pot the Prerogative Classis, he order∣ed the Herald to pronounce it with a loud Voice, and then they went into an inclosed Piece of Ground, over very narrow Bridges, and as they entered, certain Persons called Diribitores, gave each of them Two Tickets, which they put into the Urn or Earthen-Pot set on the farther Side for that end.

This done, the Consul numbered the Votes, and declared the Officer chosen in these Words, Quod bonum faustum, fortunatum{que} sit mihi, Magi∣stratuique meo, populo, plebique Rom. talem Con∣sulem, aut Praetorem renuntio. I publish, that such an one is chosen Consul or Praetor by Plurality of Voices.

Notwithstanding, all these wise Cautions, foul ••ealings could not be prevented, for such as had Interest, and would have a Law re∣jected or a Person condemned, contrived, that no Ticket should be given to absolve a Man or receive a Law, as it fell out in the Case of Clodius, who had prophaned the Religious Rites of Bona Dea.

CENTURIO,

a Centurion, a Roman Of∣ficer which commanded an Hundred Soldiers; there were Six Centurions in one Cohors and Sixty in a Legion.

CEPHALUS,

the Son of Aeolus, and Husband of Procris, the Daughter of Erichtheus King of Athens. He was carried away by Au∣rora who was fallen in Love with him: She could not perswade him to a Compliance, yet Procris was very jealous of him, and contriving to watch him as he returned from Hunting, she hid herself in the Bushes, but Cephalus suppo∣sing it had been some wild Deer, shot his Dart at it and killed his Wife Procris.

CERA PUNICA,

white Wax, which was whitened by dipping it several times in Sea∣water and laying it in the Sun upon the Grass in the Spring time, that it might be often moi∣stened with the Dew, for want of which it must be continually sprinkled with Water. All this was done to refine the Wax, by driving out the Honey which was mingled with it and made it yellow.

CERAMICUS,

a Place in Athens inclo∣sed with Walls, which was used to walk in, in it were the Tombs of those famous Men who died in Defence of their Country, and many Statues erected in Memory of them with In∣scriptions, which published their great Actions, and the Praises they deserved for them.

CERASTIS,

the Isle of Cyprus, it was anciently inhabited by a very cruel People, which Venus changed into Bulls, as Ovid say: in his Tenth Book of his Metamorphosis. Cerastis signifies in Greek, bearing Horns, and this Isle was so called from the great Number of Moun∣tains in it, whose Tops something resembled Horns.

CERBERUS,

Pluto's Dog, who had Three Heads and as many Necks. The Poets feign him to be the Keeper of the Gate of Pluto's Palace in Hell, and suppose him to be produced from the Giant Typho and Echidna. He was bound in Chains by Hercules, and brought out of Hell, as Homer says.

CERCYON,

the Arcadian, a famous Robber, who infested all the Country of Attica with his Robberies and Murders, and forcing all Travellers to fight with him, and then killed them when he had conquered them. Theseus slew him in the City Eleusina. Ovid Lib. 7. Metamorph.

CEREALIA,

& CEREALES LU∣DI, Feasts and Plays appointed in Honour of Ceres. Memmius Aedilis Curulis was the first Institutor of these Feasts, as appears on a Me∣dal on which is the Effigies of Ceres holding in one Hand Three Ears of Corn, and in the o∣ther a Torch, and having her Left-Foot upon a Serpent with this Inscription, Memmius Ae∣dilis Cerealia pri••••s fecit. The Athenians long before had kept Feast to her, which they cal∣led Thesmophoria & Eleusia, upon this Occasion. Ceres searching all Places for her Daughter Pro∣serpina, came to Eleusina, where she undertook to be the Nurse of Triptolemus, the Son of King Elusius, and when he was grown up she taught him the Art of sowing Corn and making Bread. In Requital for so great a Benefit he appointed her a Feast, and Priests called Eumolpides from his Son Eumolpus. Crowns of Flowers were not used in this Feast, but of Myrtle and Ivy, be∣cause Proserpina was stolen while she was ga∣thering of Flowers; they carried light Torches, calling Proserpina with a loud Voice, as Ceres had done, when she was searching for her upon Mount Ida.

The Priests of this Goddess were called Ta∣citi Mystae, because they might not discover their Religious Rites. The Sacrifice offered to her was without Wine, as we learn from Plautus in his Aulularia Act 11. Scen. VI.

Staph. Cererine, mi Strobile, has sunt facturi nuptias? Strob. Quî? Staph. Quia temeti nihil aliatum est.

Sta. Are you celebrating the Marriage of Ceres? Strob. Why ask you that? Staph. Be∣cause you have brought no Wine.

Yet Cato seems to affirm the Contrary, and will have Wine to be used in the Sacrifices of Ceres: Postea Cereri exta & vinum dato. Lam∣binus is much perplexed with these Two Autho∣rities

opposite one to the other, and to free him∣self, flies to the Distinction of the Greeks and Romans, and says, that the Greek Women sacri∣ficed without Wine, but the Romans used it: Yet Plautus, who was a Roman, is against offer∣ing Wine to Ceres. After the Sacrifice was o∣ver, they made a magnificent Feast where every one diverted themselves as far as was convenient, in seeing the Sports of Fencers and Horse-races, over which the Aediles presided. Ne∣vertheless, the Roman Women being cloathed in White, expressed the Sorrow and Com∣plaints of Ceres's Mourning for the taking away of her Daughter Proserpina, holding Torches in their Hands.

CERES,

the Daughter of Saturn and Rhea. Varro says, that Ceres was so named from the Word Geres, because she bore all sorts of Fruits; quae quòd gerit fruges, Ceres. Others derive her Name from creare, because she raised Fruits. Vossius thinks, that the Name Ceres comes from the Hebrew Word cheres, that is to say, arare. In Scripture we meet with the Word Geres to signifie the Fruits of the Earth, from whence comes the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is one of the Names of the Earth in Hesychius. 'Tis pro∣bable that from this Hebrew Word Geres and the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Name of Ceres is de∣rived.

Ceres is called the Law-giver, legifera, be∣cause before Men had the Use of Corn they lived upon Acorns in the Woods without Law or Government; but after Corn was found out, they divided and tilled the Land, which was the Original of Government and Laws, as Ser∣vius assures us. Leges Ceres dicitur invenisse, nam & sacra ipsius Thesmophoria, id est, legum latio vo∣cantur; sed hoc ideò fingitur, quia ante frumentum inventum à Cerere, passim homines sine lege vaga∣bantur: Quae feritas interrupta est, postquam ex a∣grorum discretione nata sunt jura.

Ceres was the Mother of Proserpina, and yet both of them are the Earth. Rhea is the Mother of Ceres, and yet neither of them are any thing but the Earth. Truths are real and natural, but Genealogies are poetical and figurative. Some consider the Earth in diverse Respects, and will have Rhea to be the Globe of the Earth, Ceres the Surface, which is sown and reaped, and Proserpina is the Hemisphere of our Anti∣podes. This is the Opinion of Vossius.

Diodorus Siculus relates, that the Aegyptians from Tradition believe, that Isis is the same with Ceres who found out Tillage and the Use of Corn, and published most just Laws, from whence she became an Aegyptian Goddess: But because he could not quite conceal the Truth he owns that it was Erectitheus, who sailed out of Aegypt into Greece with a great Quantity of Corn to relieve it in a Time of Famine, and the Grecians in Requital of so great a Benefit made him their King, and he appointed the Rites of ••eres at Athens, according to the Usages and Ceremonies of Aegypt. This Hi∣storian says also in the same Place, that the coming of Ceres to Athens was nothing but the Transportation of Corn from Aegypt into Greece: Deam illo tempore in Atticam venisse tra∣ditur, quo fruges ejus nomine insignes Athen is sunt importatae, quarum semina tum Cereris beneficio quasi denuò reperta videantur. There is the same Reason to believe, that the Wandering of Ceres through all the World, was nothing else but the Transportation and Giving of Corn to all the World, either the first time when it was first sown, or in Process of time when Famine had made the Land barren. For if there were some Places which imparted their Corn to o∣ther Countries, and by Consequence were af∣firmed in a Poetick Stile to be the Country of Ceres, they were without doubt Aegypt and Sicily, but chiefly Aegypt, because of the Over-flowing of the Nile. The true History thereof is this, that Isis, Queen of Aegypt is the same with Ceres, and that she communicated Corn and the Art of Tillage to other Parts of the Earth. Finally, in Confirmation of what has been said, the same Author adds, that the Ceremonies and Antiquites of the Aegyptians are alike. I pass over other Places in the same Author where he endeavours to answer the Reasons which Sicily, Attica and the Isle of Crete and Aegypt had produced to challenge to themselves the Glory of having been the Places of the Birth-place of Ceres, which was the In∣ventor of Corn.

Herodotus confesses, that the Rites of Ceres, whom he calls the Law-giver, were brought out of Aegypt into Greece.

The Cities of Greece, as Pausanias says, but chiefly Athens and Argos disputed together, as the Aegyptians and Phrygians did, about the Beginning and Antiquity of the Rites of Ceres and the Gift of Corn. He tells us, that the Mysteries of Ceres and Isis were so secret, that it was not permitted to any to see her Statue except her Priests, and he adds elsewhere, that it was not allowed to any who were not admit∣ted to those Religious Rites to inquire into them, much less to be present and Spectators at them. He speaks also of another Temple of Ceres, into which only Women might enter, assuring us, that the Mysteries and Sacrifices of Ceres Eleusina were the most sacred that Greece had. Some distinguish the great Mysteries, which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from the lesser, which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The great Ones were observ'd every Year in Argos, and the lesser once in

Five Years at Eleusis, the former in the Spring and the latter in Autumn, as if they had a Re∣spect to the Approaches or Departure of the Sun. The lesser lasted Nine Days, and after it they celebrated several sorts of Combats.

Cicero tells us, that at Catanea in Sicily Ceres was honoured, as she was at Rome and in other Parts of the World, where she had a Statue which no Man ever knew more of than if there never had been any; Men never went into her Temple, but only Women and those Virgins who performed all the Offices of Priests. Sacra∣rium Cereris est apud Catanenses eâdem religione quâ Romae, quâ in caeteris locis, quâ propè in toto orbe terrarum. In eo sacrario intimo fuit signum Cereris per-antiquum, quod viri non solùm cujus∣modi esset, sed ne esse quidem sciebant. Aditus enim in i•• sacrarium non est viris: sacra per mu∣lieres & virgines consici solent.

If we will find out the Original of the My∣steries of Ceres Eleusina, we must remember that the Invention of Plowing is attributed by some to Ceres, who taught it Triptolemus, by o∣thers to Bacchus. For the great Mystery of Bacchus instituted by Isis or Ceres, who came in after-times out of Aegypt into Greece, was the Worship of a Phallus, or the Privy-member of Osiris, which could not be found by Isis after Typhon had put him to Death, and to which Ceres or Isis gave those infamous Honours.

St. Augustine in his Seventh Book de Civitate Dei, speaks thus of Ceres:

Amongst the My∣steries of Ceres, the most famous are those of Ceres Eleusina, which the Athenians celebrated with much Pomp.

All that Varro says respects the Invention of Corn, which he attributes to her, and the Steal∣ing of Proserpina by Pluto, fignifies only the Fruitfulness of the Earth. This Fruitfulness, adds he, failing for some time, and the Earth becoming barren, gave Occasion to this Opi∣nion, that Pluto had stolen the Daughter of Ceres and kept her in Hell, i. e. Fruitfulness it self; but after this Calamity, which had caused publick Grief, when Fruitfulness returned, Pluto was thought to restore Proserpina, and so pub∣lick Feasts were appointed to Ceres.

We have several Medals upon which Ceres is represented to us. That of Memmius Edilis Curulis shews her to us sitting, holding Three Ears of Corn in her Right-hand and a light Torch in her Left. Another of C. Volteius re∣presents her in a Chariot drawn by Two Ser∣pents, having Torches in her Hands, and set∣ting her Foot upon a Sow, which is ordinarily offered in Sacrifice to her, because that Beast destroys the Corn. Her Statue also is carved in the Habit of a Roman Matron with a Crown of Garlands and Ears of Corn, holding in her Hand a Crown of Poppies, and riding in a Chariot drawn with Two flying Dragons.

CERTES,

a People of Italy, inhabiting the City Caere, who entertain'd the Vestal Vir∣gins when they fled from Rome in the Invasion of the Gauls. The Romans acknowledged this Benefit, and granted the Freedom of the City of Rome to these People, yet without any Li∣cense to vote in their Assemblies or to execute any Office in their Commonwealth, and from hence arises the Proverb, In Ceritum tabulas referre aliquem, to deprive a Citizen of his Right of Voting.

CEROMA,

a Mixture of Oyl and Wax, a Sear-cloth, with which the Wrestlers rubbed themselves. It not only made their Limbs more sleek and less capable of being laid hold of, but more pliable and fit for Exercise.

CEROSTROTA,

In-laying: Salmasius thinks it should be read Cestrota, as coming from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies an Iron-Spit, because the Divisions in the Wood are burnt with an Iron-Spit, which is still done in our In-laying, when by the Help of Fire the little Pieces of Wood which make up the Fi∣gures, are made black to represent the Shadows. This Author is yet of Opinion, that we might still retain the Word Cerostrata, because for the more easie burning of the Wood, it is rub∣bed with Wax. Philander derives this Word from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies an Horn, which is much used in In-laying, being died of several Colours.

CHALCIDICA,

Banqueting-houses; some are very cautious, says Mr. Perrault, to know what this Word signifies. Philander thinks, that this Greek Word signifies the Places where Money-matters were decided, or the Office for the Mint, supposing that Word comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Brass, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Justice, Some will have it read Causidica, as much as to say, an Hall for pleading. Festus informs us, that Chalcidica was a sort of Building first found out in the City of Chalcis; Arnobus calls Chalcidica the fine Halls, where the Poets feigned, that the Pagan Gods supped. Barbaro and Baldus think it a proper Name for that sort of Buildings, which Dion says, was erected by Julius Casar in Honour of his Father. Palladio follows Barbaro in his Design, and draws this Building in the Fashion of the Judgment-seat, described by Vitruvius in the Temple of Au∣gustus, which was joined to the great Church of Fano. But Ausonius interpreting a Verse in Homer, where he speaks of an old Woman who went up into an high Place, makes use of Chalcidicam to express 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies in Greek an upper Room, Cisaranus and Caporali think also, that Chalcidica is a Noun Adjective, and say, that in longitudine Chalcidica implies, that a Palace built in a spacious Place, ought to have the same Proportion with the great

Churches of the City of Chalcis; but the true Construction of the Text will not bear that In∣terpretation. Let us then take the Opinion of M. Perrault upon these Words:

Being as∣sured by the Testimony of Ausonius, that Chal∣cidica was a lofty Place, which we call the first Story, I think, that these Chalcidica's were large and lofty Halls, where Justice was admi∣nistred, erected at the End of their Palaces, even with the Galleries through which they went out of one Room into another, and where the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 leaders walked.

CHALDAEI,

the Chaldaeans, a People of the greater Asia, who above all others practi∣sed the Art of Astrology. The Prophet Da∣niel was instructed by them. They worshipped the Fire. The Jews likewise affirm, as Jerom says, that these Words of Scripture, which say, that Abraham came out of Ʋr of the Chaldees shew, that he was miraculously delivered out of the Fire, into which the Chaldaeans had cast him because he refused to adore it. 'Tis credible that these Chaldaeans did worship the Sun and Stars, which they looked upon as Eternal Fires, and that in keeping a perpetual Fire burning upon their Altars, they desired to keep and preserve a Resemblance of them continually be∣fore their Eyes.

CHAOS,

Confusion, a Mixture of all the Elements, which the Poets feign was from all Eternity, before the Stars were placed in that Order in the which they now appear.

Manilius confesses, that Hesiod makes the World to be produced out of this Chaos in his Theogonia, where after he has pray'd the Muses to teach him what was the Original and Be∣ginning of the Earth, the Gods, Rivers and Seas, he brings in the Muses answering, that Chaos was the first Being, that the Earth fol∣lowed, then Hell and Love; Darkness and Night came out of the Chaos, and the Hea∣ven and Day sprung out of the Bosom of Night.

Although this Chaos of Hesiod is very con∣fused, yet it is no hard thing to find that it is a counterfeit Description of that of Moses in Genesis. The Chaos which was a confused Heap of all Things, was before all other Beings in their proper and distinct Nature. The Holy Spirit which rested upon the Chaos, was that Love which Hesiod mentions. The Darkness covered the Chaos, and this is what the Poet calls Erebus and the Night, for the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 comes from the Hebrew Harah, which signifies Darkness. The Day as well as the Heaven proceeded from the Chaos or the Earth, because the Stars were really in the Chaos, as were also the Heaven and Firmament before God took them out of it. Hell also itself rose out of the Chaos, and kept its Name, for so Orpheus calls it in Ovid.

Per chaos hoc ingens, vastique silentia regni. Metam. 10.

Oppian assures us, that it was Jupiter, that dwells in the Highest Heavens, who raised all these Bodies and all the Parts of this vast Universe out of the confused Chaos, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Jupiter beate, in te omnia, & ex te orta sunt. We may ex∣plain that of Love, which Oppian speaks of the Agreement of second Causes. The Spirit, which according to Moses, animated the Wa∣ters of the Chaos and covered them in some measure, according to the Hebrew Text, to make them fruitful, may be accounted for Love.

Diodorus Siculus mixing Fable, History and Philosophy together, makes the World to pro∣ceed from Chaos, as also do Euripides and Plutarch.

Ovid among the Latin Poets speaks very di∣stinctly of the Chaos, which was before the Creation of the World.

Ante mare & terras, & quod tegit omnia coelum, Ʋnus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, Quem dixere Chaos, rudis indigestaque moles, Nec quidquam nisi pondus iners; congestaque eodem Non benè junctarum discordia semina rerum. Metam. 1.

He then observes, that it was God who gave Order, Distinction and Light to this dark Chaos. We may say, that this Poet follows Moses closely, since he separates first the Heaven and Air from the Earth, makes the Waters to fall into the hollow Places of the Earth, out of which he causes Trees and Plants to spring; after this he forms the Stars, produces Fishes, Fowls, and the Beasts of the Earth, and concludes his Six Days Work with the Creation of Man, for Ovid ex∣actly follows this Order in God's Works, as they were all performed in the Six Days. Lastly, He describes the Creation of Man as the chief Piece of his Workmanship, in whom he put some Rays of his Holiness, Divinity, Dominion and Sanctity, yea, his own Image, that is to say, an Understanding penetrating into Heavenly Truths and Eternal Love.

Sanctius his Animal, mentisque capacius altae, Deerat adhuc, & quod dominari in caeter a posset, Natus homo est. Sive hunc divino semine fecit Ille opifex rerum, mundi melior is origo, &c.... Finxit in essigiem moderantum cunctae Deorum: Pronaque cùm spectent animalia caetera terram,

Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri Jussit, & erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. Metam. 1.

These Verses clearly express that the History of Genesis teaches, that Man was created an holy and religious Creature, with whom God conversed, that he gave them Dominion over all the World, being of a Divine Original ani∣mated by his Spirit, honoured with his Image, and governed by his Laws.

When Seneca in common Speech gives the Name of Chaos to Hell, noctis aeternae chaos, a∣versa Superis regna; he shews us, that that Part of the World still retains the Name of Chaos, as having in it Darkness, and Confusion of all Things.

CHARISTIA, or DIES CHARAE COGNATIONIS,

The Kinsmens Feast. This Feast was to be kept in the Month of Fe∣bruary in the Rustick Calendar, which still re∣mains at Rome upon an ancient Marble, but in Constantine's Time this Feast was called Charistia, which signifies the same thing. Valerius Maximus, L. 2. C. 1. N. 8. teaches us what it was:

Our Ancestors, says he, appointed a solemn Feast, which they called Charistia, in which none met but Kinsmen and near Relations, that if there were any Difference among them it might be ended most easily in the Mirth of a Feast,

Convivium etiam solemne majores instituerunt, id∣que Charistia apellaverunt, eui praeter cognatos & assines nemo interponebatur; ut si qua inter neces∣sarios querela esset orta, inter sacra mensae & inter hilaritatem animorum fautoribus concordiae adhibi∣tis tolleretur.

Ovid also may be consulted about this Day.

CHARITES.

See Carites.

CHARMIS,

a Physician of Marseilles, who being ambitious to out-do others, condemned warm Baths, and bathed his sick Patients in cold Water, even in the Winter.

CHARON.

See Caron.

CHARIBDIS,

a Gulph in the Sicilian Sea near Messina, now called commonly Galofa∣ro, into which Ships being driven by Tempests, are wrecked by the Rocks that lie hidden under Water; which has given an occasion to the Poets to feign that Charybdis and Sylla were two terrible Sea Monsters, which swallowed up Ships; and that 2 Women having robbed Hercules of his Oxen were stricken with Thunder by Jupiter, and changed into that Gulph, which is scituated in one of the Streights, upon the Coasts of Sicily.

The Hebrew Original of these two Names discovers plainly enough, who were the Authors of them, for Scylla comes from Secol, which sig∣nifies exitium, and Charybdis comes from chor obdem, i. e. foramen perditionis.

Strabo gives the Name of Charybdis to a Place in Syria, between Apamaea and Antioch, where the Orontes sinks into the Ground, and runs 40 Stadia, before it rises again. These Words, In∣cidit in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdin, are be∣come a Proverb, to express, To fall from a less into a greater Mischief; or as we speak common∣ly, Out of the Frying-pan into the Fire.

CHIMAERA,

a fabulous Monster, which has, as the Poets feign, the Head of a Lion, the Belly of a Goat, and Tail of a Serpent, which, they say, Bellerophon subdued riding upon the Horse Pegasus. The Original of this Fable is taken from a Mountain of Lycia of the same Name which casts out Flames, the Top of it was a Desart where nothing but Lions inha∣bited, the Middle had good Pastures, which fed Plenty of Goats, and the Foot of it, which was marshy, was full of Serpents. So Ovid tells us,

—Mediis in partibus hircum, Pectus & ora leae, caudamque serpentis habebat.

And because Bellerophon was the First that dwelt upon that Mountain, 'twas feigned, that he slew the Chimaera. Pliny says, that the Fire of that Mountain was nourished with Water, and could not be extinguished but with Earth or Mud. Some say, that this Monster had Three Heads, the one of a Lyon, the second of a Goat, and the third of a Dragon, because that Mountain had Three Tops or Three Points, which resembled the Shapes of these Crea∣tures.

Hesiod in describing a Chimaera, says, that this Monster had the Parts of Three Crea∣tures, a Lion, a Goat, and a Dragon,

Ante leo, retroque draco, medióque capella.

This Monster was nothing else but a Chiming of Words, for there were Three Captains which Bellerophon subdued, Ayrus, Arzalus and Tosibis, whose Names signifie these Three sorts of Creatures, Ayrus comes from ari, which signi∣fies a Lion, Arzalus from arzal, which is a kind of Wild-goat, and Tosibis is as much as to say, a Serpent's Head.

Strabo says, it was a Mountain of Lycia which cast out Fires, upon the Top of which there were Lions, and in the Middle Goats, and at the Foot Serpents.

Plutarch will have it to be the Name of an Arch-pirate who robbed in a Ship that had the Figure of a Lion in the Fore-part or Bow, of a Dragon on the Poop, and of a Goat in the Middle, whom Bellerophon conquered.

CHIRON,

a Centaur, the Son of Saturn and Phillyra. Cato tells us, that Saturn being very much in Love with that Nymph, was afraid left Rhea his Wife should surprize him in the Pursuit of his Amours, and therefore changed himself into an Horse that he might enjoy her, which was the Cause that Chiron who was begotten of her, was born half a Man and half an Horse. Others makes him the Son of Ixion and the Cloud he embraced instead of Juno. He became an excellent Physician, and very skillful in the Knowledge of Simples, Musick and Military Discipline. Achilles was educated by him, and was made a skillful Wariour, for he fed him only with the Mar∣row of Lions and Bears, that he might put into him the Strength and Courage of those Crea∣tures, and taught him to ride an Horse and hunt, as Preparatives for War. He learned Physick of Aesculapius and Astrology of Hercu∣les. Clemens Alexandrinus tells us, that Chiron taught Men to worship the Gods, and sacrifice to them, the Method of administring Justice one to another, and the Form of Oaths.

He was wounded by Hercules with an Arrow dipped in the Blood of Hydra, which fell by Chance upon his Foot, and put him to so great Pain by that Poison, that he could not en∣dure to live, although he was Immortal, where∣upon the Gods in Compassion made him one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, called Sa∣gittarius.

Lucian in his Dialogues of the Dead, where∣in he brings in Chiron and Menippus speaking, places him in Hell.

Menip.

I have heard, O Chiron, that tho' you were Immortal you wished for Death, how could you desire a Thing so little to be loved?

Chir.

'Twas because I was weary of Life.

Menip.

But were you not satisfied and pleased to see the Light?

Chir.

No, because I did every Day the same thing, eat and drink and Sleep, and the Pleasure of Life con∣sists in Change.

Menip.

But how did you bear Death after you had left Life for it?

Chir.

Without any Trouble, because there is such an Equality among the Dead as I like well, as in a popular State where one is not greater than his Neighbour; and 'tis not material to me whether it be Day or Night, and besides, there is this Advantage here below, that we are not troubled with Hunger or Thirst, or other Inconveniences of Hu∣mane Life.

CHLORIS,

a Goddess of Flowers, called by the Romans Flora, who was married to the Wind Zephyrus. Ovid in his Fifth Book of Fasti. See Flora.

There was another of that Name, the Daugh∣ter of Amphion and Niobe, who was slain with an Arrow by Apollo and Diana, because her Mother preferred her self before Latona. O∣vid, Lib. 6. of his Metamorphosis.

CHORUS,

the Chorus in a Comedy was but one Person only, who spoke in the ancient Composures for the Stage; the Poets by De∣grees added to him another, then Two, after∣wards Three, and at last more: So that the most ancient Comedies had nothing but the Chorus, and were only so many Lectures of Vertue, for as Horace says, they ought to en∣courage the Good, reconcile Enemies, pacifie the Enraged, applaud the Just, and command Frugality, Justice, Laws, Peace and Fidelity in keeping Secrets; intreat the Gods to debase the Proud, and pity the Miserable.

Ille bonis faveatque, & concilietur amicis, Et regat iratos, & amet pacare timentes. Ille dapes laudet mensae brevis; ille salubrem Justitiam, legesque, & apertis otia portis. Ille tegat commissa, deosque precetur, & oret, Ʋt redeat miser is, abeat fortuna superbis. De Arte Poet. V. 195.

CHRYSAOR,

the Son of Neptune and Medusa, who had Gerion by Callirhoe, accord∣ing to Hyginus; but Hesiod in his Theogonia makes him to be born without a Father, of the Blood of Medusa, after that Perseus had cut off her Head.

CICERO, M. TULLIUS, M. F. M. N. COR. CICERO;

Marcus Tullius, Marci Filius, Marci Nepos, Corneliâ tribu Cicero. Thus was Cicero, the Prince of Roman Eloquence, call'd: Marcus was his Praenomen, because he was the elder Brother: Tullius was the Name of his Fa∣mily, because he was descended of the ancient Family of the Tullii, who were of the Kings of the Volsei, as we read in Eusebius's Chroniton. Plu∣tarch derives his Pedigree from Tullus Attius, King of the Volsci; which is confirmed to us by these Verses of Silius Italicus.

Tullius aeratas raptabat in agmina turmas, Regia progenies, & Tullo sanguis ab alto: Indole prob quantâ Juvenis, quantumque daturus Ausoniae populis ventura in secula civem! Ille super Cangem, super exauditus & Indos, Implebit terras voce; & furialia bella Fulmine compescet lingue, nec deinde relinquet Par decus eloquii cuiquam sperare nepotum.

MARCI FILIUS,

his Father was called Marcus Tullius, who being a Man of a weak Con∣stitution, spent his Life for the most part at Ar∣pinum in Learning. Q. Calenus falsly asserts, that he exercised the Trade of a Fuller, and that he dressed Vines, and Olive-Trees.

MARCINEPOS,

the Grandson of Mar∣cus, who dwelt at Arpinum, and who opposed M. Gratidius the Author of the Lex tabellaria, to give Vote by Scrutiny.

CORNELIA,

of the Cornelian Tribe, which was one of the 35 Tribes of Rome into which all the People were divided, and which included the Inhabitants of Arpinum.

CICERO,

because he had a Wart like a Chick-pea upon his Face. He was born on the Third of the Nones of January in the Consulship of Servilius Cepio, and C. Attilius Serranus, 103 Years before Jesus Christ, and in the Year of the Building of Rome 647. His Father was named M. Tullius and his Mother Helvia and not Olbia, as some falsely read it in Plutarch, as Eusebius and Paulus Diaconus in the Supplement to Eutropius prove.

He came very young to Rome, where he spent his first Years in studying the Greek Learning, as he informs us himself in his E∣pistle to Titinnius.

I remember, says he, that in my Child-hood one Plotius taught Latin at Rome, I was troubled that I was not one of his Scholars, because he was an ingenious Man and taught very well, but I was diverted from him by the Opinion of very learned Men, who thought that the Greek Learning improved the Mind better:

Equidem memeriâ teneo pueris nobis primum Latine docere coepisse L. Plotium quendam: Ad quem cùm fieret con∣cursus, quòd studiosissimus quisque apud eum exer∣ceretur, dolebam mihi idem non licere. Contine∣bar autem doctissimorum hominum auctoritate, qui existimabant Graecis exercitationibus ali meliùs ingenia posse.

He studied Philosophy under Phi∣lo the Academick, Law under Scaevola, Rhe∣torick under Apollonius Molo. He travelled in∣to Greece, and tarried Three Years at Athens, where he applied himself to Phoedrus and Zeno Two Epicurean Philosophers, and Antiochus of Ascalon, a Person of rare Eloquence. He mar∣ried Terentia, and divorced her afterward, al∣though he had Children by her, viz. a Son na∣med Tullius, and a Daughter called Tullia and Tulliola, and married Popilia, who was very young, rich and handsome. Terentia said, he married her for her Beauty, but Tiro, Cicero's Free-man tells us, that it was for her great E∣state, with which he paid his Debts.

The great Desert of this excellent Man being joined with his Eloquence, raised him to the chief Offices of the Commonwealth; he was first Praetor, then Quaestor and Consul, and in his Consulship he dissipated the Conspiracy of Catiline by his Vigilance and Care, for which he gained the Name of Pater Patriae. He ac∣cused Clodius, and prosecuted him vigorously, but at length he was forced to yield to the prevailing Interest and the Fierceness of Clo∣dius, and flie from Rome into Exile. But the Senate and all good Men bore his Absence so impatiently, that they caused him to be recal∣led soon. At his Return he found a Civil War kindled between Caesar and Pompey, and although at first he embraced Caesar's Party, yet at last he turned to Pompey, but after the Battle of Pharsalia he was reconciled to Julius Caesar, who was slain a little after in the Senate. Octavius Caesar, surnamed Augustus, succeeded him, and when that cruel Triumvirate of Antonius, Lepidus and Caesar was formed to the Ruine of the Commonwealth and all good Men, Cicero was abandoned by Octavius Caesar to the Resentment of Antony, whom he had made his Enemy by his Philippicks; so that he was banished, and pur∣sued to Death by Popilius Lanatus, whose Life he had saved a little before. He cut off his Head and his Right Hand, having taken him as he was flying in his Litter towards the Sea of Cajeta. His Head and Hand were brought to Rome, and laid by Antony upon the Orators Bench, from whence he had often spoken to the People, and delivered his eloquent Orations for the Defence of the publick Liberty. Fulvia the Wife of Antony, having uttered a thousand Re∣proaches against these sad Relicks, pulled his Tongue out of his Mouth, and pricked it seve∣ral times thro' with her Bodkin. He was slain in the 63d Year, 11 Months and 5 Days of his Age, upon the Ides of December, in the Year of the Building of Rome 710.

We have several of his chief Pieces of Ora∣tory, but many are lost through the Injury of Time, of which he gives us a Catalogue in his second Book de Divinatione. His Epistles are inimitable.

His Brother Quintus came to the same unhappy End as himself, for he was also one of those that were banished with him, and being be∣tray'd by his own Servants, he was killed at the same time with his Brother Cicero.

CIMMERII,

a certain People of Scythia, which inhabited a Part of the Kingdom of Pon∣tus near the Bosphorus, called after their Name the Cimmerian; because they dwelt in a Coun∣try compassed about with Woods and always covered with thick Clouds, which caused a great Darkness, it gave an Occasion to the Proverb, which calls great Darkness Cimmeriae Tenebrae, such as were in Aegypt. Festus and some Au∣thors with him say, that there were certain Peo∣ple of that Name in Italy between Bajae and Cumae near the Lake Avernus, who dwelt in Caves under Ground, never saw the Sun, and never came out but in the Night.

CINCINNATUS,

a Roman Captain born in a mean Place, but great for his Vertue and Courage; as he was plowing a Field of Four Acres the People of Rome made him Dicta∣tor,

which they had not done but that the Affairs of their Republick were in a desperate Condition? He accepted of that Dignity un∣willingly, and having settled the Publick Af∣fairs in Seventeen Days, he left it freely, and returned to his Plough as before.

CINCIUS,

a Senator of Rome, who cau∣sed the Lex Fannia to be received, by which he moderated the superfluous Expences of pub∣lick Feasts. He was also the Author of the Law which was called Lex Muneralis, made a∣gainst such as bribed the People with Money to obtain any Office; it forbad those who can∣vassed for any Office to come clad in Two Gar∣ments into the Assemblies, to prevent their hiding of Money they used to bring to buy Votes.

CINERARIUM,

an Earthen-pot to ga∣ther the Ashes and Bones of burnt Bodies.

CINERES and RELIQUIAE,

the Ashes and Remnants of the Bodies burnt at Rome. When a Body was burnt, the Mother, Wife, Children, or other Relations of the Dead, cloathing themselves in Mourning, ga∣thered the Ashes and Bones that were not consumed by the Fire. They began it by in∣••ocating the Dii Manes and the Soul of the Deceased, praying him to accept that pious Duty which they were about to pay him, then washing their Hands and pouring Milk and Wine upon the Fire, they gathered the Ashes and Bones and sprinkled them with Wine and Milk. The first Bone which they gathered was called Os rejectum, according to Va••••o, or exceptum, because it was made use of to finish the Remainder of the Funerals. The Reliques being thus sprinkled, they put them into an Ʋrn made of different Materials and wept over it; they catched their Tears in small Glasses, called Lacrymatoria, which they put at the Bot∣tom of the Urn, then the Priest sprinkled the Urn and all present to purifie them with a Branch of Rosemary, Laurel or Olive, (as Ae∣neas did at the Funeral of the Trumpeter Mi∣senus) and dismissed the Assembly with these words, I licet, you may go, or depart.

Here we might observe the Difficulty, how the Ashes and Bones of the Dead could be ga∣thered when they were mixed with so many Animals and other Things, which were burnt with the Body, but we may find this Difficulty cleared under the Word Cadaver.

CINNA,

a Roman Captain who was Con∣sul Four Times in the Days of Sylla and Ma∣rius. He was expelled out of Rome by Cneus Octavius, because he endeavoured to recall the banished Slaves and make them free. He join∣ed with Marius and the banished Slaves, and invading Rome made a great Slaughter among the Citizens.

He exercised so much Cruelty and Rapine, that he became intollerable among his own Soldiers in his Army who thereupon slew him at Ancona.

There was another of this Name who was much beloved by Caesar Augustus, and prefer∣red by him to the great Offices of the Com∣monwealth; when he died he left all his Goods to Augustus, as an Acknowledgment of his Fa∣vour. Some reckon a Third of the same ••••ame, who was pulled in Pieces by the Peo∣ple at the Funeral of Julius Casar, because he was suspected to have been one of the Con∣spirators against him.

CINTHIUS,

an Epithet given to Apollo from a Mountain of the same Name in the Isle of Delos, where he was brought up, and where he had a Temple.

—Cinthius aurem Vellit & admonuit. Virg. Bucol.

Apollo pulled me by the Ear and admonish∣ed me.

CINXIA,

an Epithet which the Poets give Juno, because they make her the God∣dess that presides over Marriages, when the Husband takes away the Girdle from his Spouse in the first Night of their Marriage.

CINYRA,

is an Hebrew Word, which was after used both by the Greeks and Latins. The Fable makes Cinyras King of Cyprus, and will have him to be the Inventor of the In∣strument called Cinyra, as Suidas says, in Ci∣nyra, at the Time of the Trojan War. Lastly, It says, that he contended with Apollo about the Excellency of Singing and Musick, which was his Ruine. But the Truth of Scripture and of History shew the Falshood of this Fa∣ble, deducing the Antiquity of Musick and of the Musical Instrument Cinyra from the Ages be∣fore the ••loud. Laban who was several Ages before the Trojan War, makes mention of this Instrument in Genesis, C. 31.

CINYRAS,

King of Cyprus, who com∣mitted Incest with his own Daughter Myrrha, which he had by Adonis. He was a Man so rich, that he gave Rise to the Proverb, The Riches of Cinyras, to signifie a very rich Man.

CIPPUS,

a Roman Praetor, who returning Victorious to Rome, seemed to have Horns upon his Head. The Diviners being consulted about this Prodigy, they said, it foretold his Regal Power as soon as he entred into the City. But that Great Man scorning to enslave his Coun∣try would never go into Rome, but chose ra∣ther to live in voluntary Exile than to be so injurious to the Commonwealth.

CIRCE,

the Daughter of the Sun, and Perseis the Daughter of Oceanus, who married the King of the Sarmata. She was famous for Magick and Poisoning, if we may believe the Poets, she poisoned her own Husband that she might reign alone, as also several of her Subjects to try the Strength and Effects of her Poisons, which caused them to revolt from her, and drive her out of the Kingdom in Disgrace.

She went and dwelt in an Isle near Tuscany, upon a Promontory which was called by her Name, The Cape of Circe; there she fetched down the Stars from Heaven by her Charms, and miraculously changed Scylla the Daughter of Phorcus into a Sea-monster, as also Picus, King of the Latins into a Bird called a Wood-pecker: The Navy of Ʋlysses being cast upon these Coasts, she by her Inchantments, chan∣ged all his Companions into Hoggs, which he sent to view the Country, upon which he was cast by a Tempest.

Mercury kept Ʋlysses from falling into the same Misfortune, having given him the Herb Moly to preserve him from her Charms, and at the same time admonishing him, that when she struck him with her Red he should draw his Sword and threaten to kill her till she should offer to be Friends with him, and en∣tertain him, and engage her self by the Great Oath of the Gods not to hurt him in any thing. Ʋlysses followed Mercury's Advice ex∣actly, and Circe restored his Companions to their former Shape.

CIRCENSES LUDI,

the Plays of the Circus much used at Rome, in Imitation of the Olympick Games in Greece; these last were dedicated to Jupiter, and the former to the God Consus or the God of Counsels. They were vowed on the Seventeenth of the Calends of October, (i. e. Sept. 15.) and shewn the 9th of the same Calends (i. e. Sept. 23.) These Games con∣tinued Five Days.

Five sorts of different Games were shewn: The first was the Race of Chariots, which was the most ancient and chief of the Roman Exercises and Divertisements, as it was of the Greeks. The second was Leaping, who should leap best and highest. The third was Quoits, which was a Piece of Stone or Plate of Iron, which they cast as far as they could. The fourth was Wrestling, in which Two Wrestlers naked and their Bodies all anointed with Oil, laid hold upon on another, and endeavour'd to throw each other upon the Ground, by tripping up one another's Heels. The fifth was Fighting at Fifty-cuffs, at which they armed their Hands with great Straps of a raw Ox-hide with Bosses of Lead, which they called Cestis, with these they struck each other smartly, and often killed one another.

Upon the Day appointed for these Plays they went in the Morning to the Capitol, where all the Furniture for the Plays was ready, from whence they returned in good Order, and passed through the publick Places and principal Streets of Rome, and from thence to the Circus, where they took several Turns to shew the Pomp of the Plays the better.

Before them went the Chariots which car∣ried the Images of the Gods, and of the most illustrious Romans; then came other Chariots, in which the Roman Ladies most finely dres∣sed rode, and several other Chariots after them.

After this the Statues of the Gods were brought into the Circus, and the Roman Ladies took their Places to see the Sports.

Those, who were to fight, appeared in the Starting-place for the Race, riding upon their Chariots drawn with Two, Four or Six Horses a Breast, who expected nothing but the Signal to enter the Lists.

There were usually Four Companies of Fighters, or Four Squadrons distinguished by the Colours of their Garments. The First Squadron was called the Green, the Second the Blew, the Third the Red, and the Fourth the White. The Emperor Domitian added the Gold Colour and Purple to make Two other Squadrons who bore the Name of their Colour.

The Spectators were divided into Parties for the Combatants, some wagering for one Squa∣dron, and others for another.

The Names of the Combatants were drawn by Lot, and matched after this manner: They took an Urn into which they cast Balots of the Bigness of a Bean, on which was written an A or a B, or some such like Letter, and always Two of a Sort: Then the Champions came up one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter, and after that they put their Hand into the Urn; immediately one of the Judges took every ones Balot, and matched those that had Letters alike: If the Number of the Fighters was unequal, he that had the odd Let∣ter was to fight the Conqueror, which was no small Advantage, because he came fresh to fight against one who was already tired. This done, the Lists were opened at the Sound of the Trum∣pet, and when the last Signal was given by the hanging out a white Flag, they entred the List, and they run who should get first to the End of the Race: They were to turn first seven times, and afterwards five times about certain Posts without touching them, in which they shewed great Art. This is what Horace tells us in these Verses:

—Metaque fervidis Evitata rotis. Od. 1. Lib. 1.

I will explain the other Plays of the Cirque, in an Alphabetical Order.

CIRCIUS.

See after Circus.

CIRCUS,

a great Building of a Round or Oval Figure, erected by the Ancients to exhibit Shews to the People. There are some Ruines of the Circus's yet to be seen at Rome, Nismes, and other Places. The Romans were great Lovers of the Circensian Games, as this Verse of Juvenal testifies,

—Atque duas tantùm res anxim optat, Panem & Circenses.

Some will have the Name to come from Circus, to whom Tertullian attributes the Invention of them. Cassiodorus says, that Circus comes from circuitus. The Romans at first had no other Circus for their Races, than the Shoar of Tiber, with the Bank on the one side, and a Pallisade of Swords standing upright on the other, which made these Races dangerous, as Servius ob∣serves: From hence it is, that Isidore says, that these Sports were called Circenses, from circum enses: But Scaliger laughs at this Etymology. Tarquin was the first that built a Circus at Rome between the Aventine and Palatine Mounts, as Dionysius Hallcarnassaeus tells us. It was 2205 Foot long, and 950 Foot broad, which was the Reason it was called the Great Circus.

Julius Caesar adorned it with rich and magni∣ficent Buildings, which he encompassed about with fine Canals of Water, called Euripi, to represent Sea-fights in them. The Spectators, tho' very numerous, could see the Sports conve∣niently, for they sat on Benches one above another, in the Form of an Hill, so that they which sat before did not hinder those behind from seeing. Augustus enlarged the Circus, and erected a great Obelisk of 125 Foot high. The Emperor Claudius built Ornaments of Mar∣ble for the Dens of wild Beasts, designed for the Pleasures of the People, which till that time were made only of Earth or Wood. Caracalla caused divers parts of it to be painted and gilded, And lastly, Heliogabalus covered the Floor with Gold, and Silver-Dust or Sand, and was troubled he could not do it with Ivory; likewise by an excessive Luxury he filled the Pits with Wine, and represented a Sea-fight on it, as an ancient Historian relates.

Some say, there were Eight Circus's in Rome, of which several were either through Vanity or Devotion built for the Ornament of the Ci∣ty: That of Flaminius was the most famous for Plays, and for the Glass-house, where they had the Secret to harden Chrystal, so as to resist Fire. Those of Antoninus and Aurelian were adorned with curious Obelisks, and divers other Ornaments.

CIRCUS FLAMINII,

the Circus of Flaminius was a large Place compassed about as other Circus's were, with several rows of Benches one above another, Galleries, Porches, Shops, and other Buildings: It bore the Name of the Consul that built it. The Senate often met there when they came down from the Ca∣pitol. It was appointed for some Sports, as the Apollinarics, and Horse-races, and for the As∣semblies of the People by their Tribes, which was the most general way of meeting, because the 35 Tribes, with the Inhabitants of the Ci∣ty included all the People of Italy, which met there.

CIRCIUS,

the Wind, which is about the Caurus, and is called North-West. Augustus built a Temple to the Wind Circius among the Gauls, who were much troubled with it, because it blew down their Houses; yet these People thought themselves much benefited by it, be∣cause it cleared the Air. Hear what Seneca says of it; Galliam infestat Circius, cui aedificia quas∣santi tamen incolae gratias agunt, tanquam salubri∣tatem coeli sui debeant ei. Divus certè Augustus templum illi, cum in Gallia moraretur, & vovit & fecit.

CISIA,

Coaches with two Wheels. The An∣cients had these Coaches with two Wheels, which they called Cisia, which they used for greater Conveniency and Expedition. Cicero calls them Flying Chairs.

CITHAERON,

a Mountain in Baotia, at whose Bottom the River Asopus runs. It was consecrated to Bacchus, and his Orgiae were ce∣lebrated there, as Ovid tells us, Lib. 3. of his Metamorphosis.

CLAROS,

a small City of Ionia, hereto∣fore famous for the Oracle of Apollo, who from them was surnamed Clarins. There was a cer∣tain Fountain, whose Water inspir'd Men to de∣liver Oracles, when it was drank, but it also shortned their Lives.

Strabo informs us, that Calchas the Diviner returning home by Land, after Troy was taken with Amphilocus, the Son of Amph••••raus, passed through Claros, where he found much more ex∣pert Diviners than himself; for, when Calchas to try one of them, asked him, How many Pigs a Sow, that was big, should bring forth; Mopsus, who was the Diviner, answered, That she should have but three, two Males, and one Female, which proved true. But Calchas not being able to give an Answer in his turn to this Question, How many Figs a Fig-Tree had, and Mopsus tel∣ling him how many, he was so discontented, that he died of Grief to see himself out-done in his

own Art. Nearcbus derives this Word Cl••ros from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Lot, because it fell to Apollo in the Division. Some Authors say, it comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to weep, because Manto the Daughter of Tiresias the Diviner, to whom the Foundati∣on of that City is attributed, flying from Thebes after the Epigoni had destroyed it, landed in those Parts, where pouring out her Tears, she made a Fountain, which gave Name to that Place.

It is also an Isle in the Archipelago, between Tenedos and Soio, dedicated to Apollo, as Calli∣machus testifies in these Verses,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c.

CLAUDIA,

a Vestal Virgin, who taking too much Care in dressing her self, caused her Behaviour to be suspected, and her Chastity to be questioned; but she deared her self by a Prodigy, that happened thus: For she seeing the Ship, which brought the Statue of Cybele the Mother of the Gods, sticking in the Sand, so that it could not be got ashoar by all the Arts and Labour they could use, pray'd to the God∣dess to clear her in Publick, and immediately casting her Girdle upon it, she pulled it to Land without any trouble, which undeceiv'd the Peo∣ple, Ovid, L. 4. Fastorum.

CLAUDIANA;

the Claudian Family, very il∣lustrious amongst the Romans, from which several of the Emperors were descended, as Claudius and Nero. It came from Appius Claudius, King of the Sabines, from whom came Appius Claudius, who paved the Way called from his Name, Via Appia, and made the Conduit at Rome; as also Appius Claudius Caecus, and Appius Claudius Crassinus, who made himself Dictator. See Appius.

CLAUDIUS PULCHER,

who lost the Battle against Asdrubal, at the Seige of Lili∣baum. His Defeat is attributed to the Con∣tempt, which he cast upon a Presage made from the Holy Poultrey; for when the Coop was brought before him, that he might take the Augury himself, he perceived, that the Poul∣trey were not at all moved by the Corn they gave them, whereupon he cast the Coop and holy Poultrey into the Sea, saying these Words in Raillery: Let them drink, since they will not eat.

CLAUDIUS,

the Roman Emperor, who was the Son of Drusus, the Nephew of Tiberius, and Uncle of Caligula, whom he succeeded after his Death. Seneca has given us a Descrip∣tion of the Person and Intellects of this Emperor Claudius in his Apocolocyntosis, where he imputes to him all imaginable Defects. Suetonius tells us, that he was not ill made. It is true, that he had weak Legs, and a Trembling in his Head, but these Defects were caused by Poison given him when he was young, which made him simple, forgetful and timerous, so that he gave himself up to be governed by his Freemen: He had a fat Neck, and his Lips were always foaming with Spittle, which, some think, is represented up∣on his Medals, as well as mentioned by Histori∣ans, with all other Signs of Weakness, which be∣trayed the Defects of his Mind. Nevertheless he seemed desirous to make amends for these Imperfections by his Study, for he applied him∣self closely to the Greek Tongue, History and Grammar. He likewise composed a Book be∣fore his Reign, to prove the Necessity of add∣ing Three Letters to the Latin Alphabet, and when he was Emperor he put them into it with ease, but they died with him, for we find them only in the Inscriptions of his Time. He exe∣cuted the Office of a Censor with great Severi∣ty, and restrained the Liberties of the Theatre by most rigorous Edicts: He was exasperated by the Insolence of the People, who publickly affronted the most eminent Roman Ladies; and Publius Pomponius, who had been Consul, be∣cause he had made a Play which was acted. He forbad also lending Money to the Children un∣der Age, because to save themselves from the Hands of their Creditors, they were tempted to seek the Lives of their Fathers. Afterwards he finished the Aquaeducts, begun by Caligula, which brought the Water from the Simbruin Fountains into the City, and made some Regulations in the Science of foretelling Things to come by the Entrails of Beasts.

He put his Wife Messalinae to Death, who was one of the lewdest Princesses that ever lived, for she was married to Silius in publick, while her Husband was alive. He after married A∣grippina the Daughter of Germanicus, and his own Niece, who poisoned him some Years after with a Dish of Mushrooms by the Help of Locusta, a Woman famous for Poisoning, and the Empe∣ror's Physician, named Xenophon, who pretend∣ing to help his Vomiting, put a poison'd Fea∣ther into his Throat, of which he died.

CLAUDIANUS,

Claudian, a Poet known over all the World, whom all learned Men agree to come nearest the Majesty of Virgil of any that have endeavoured to imitate him, and to have been least infected with the Corruptions of his Age. His Invectives against Ruffinus and Eutropius are the best Pieces he has written, and perhaps nothing can be more compleat in their kind. Scaliger in his Trea∣tise of Poetry, says, that he was tired with the

meaness of his Matter, but he supplied all De∣fects by his Readiness of Wit, for his Fancy is happy, his Expression apposite, his Verse un∣affected, his Judgment accurate and his Orna∣ments pleasant for their Ingenuity.

CLAVUS,

a Nail. In the Consulship of L. Genutius and L. Aemilius Mamercus, in the Year 4352. according to the Julian Account, 3690 of the World, and 362 before Jesus Christ, the Plague continuing to lay waste Rome, com∣pelled the Romans to flie to the Ceremony of driving a Nail, which had never been done be∣fore but to keep an Account of the Years, ac∣cording to an ancient Law, That the Great Prae∣tor should drive a Nail on the Third Day of September. From this Time this Political Cere∣mony was turned into Superstition, and simple People were made to believe, that this Action would be effectual to avert publick Calamities, and to fasten them, as I may say, with this Nail.

This Nail was made of Brass, and it was dri∣ven into the Wall behind the Chappel of Mi∣nerva, in the Capitol, on the Right-hand of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; and to per∣form this Ceremony a Dictator was made.

LATUS-CLAVUS, or LATI-CLA∣VIUM, or TUNICA-CLAVATA; and ANGUSTUS-CLAVUS, or ANGU∣STI-CLAVIUM,

a Gown or Coat, which the Roman Senators and Knights and High-Priests wore, upon which were set Buttons ha∣ving Heads like Nails, more or less wide, ac∣cording to the Quality of the Persons or Of∣fices. This Coat thus adorned with Buttons in the Shape of Nail-heads was a Mark of Di∣stinction, Senators wore them large, and so were called Laticlavii instead of Senatores, as Suetonius calls them Bini Laticlavii, for Two Senators, and when they were degraded this Coat was taken from them; on the Contrary, Knights wore a Coat with Buttons more nar∣row, and from thence were called Angusti∣clavi.

The Senators did not gird this Coat, and from thence it was called Tunica recta, where∣as the Knights wore a Girdle about it. The Priests likewise might wear the Coat with large Buttons when they sacrificed, called from thence Laticlavus Sacerdotalis.

In the Times of the Emperors the Coat with large Buttons was bestowed as a Mark of Honour and Distinction upon the Governours of Provinces and such as had served the Em∣peror faithfully, as the blew Garter and Mar∣shal's Staff is in France.

They laid aside this Ornament in Times of publick Mourning or Calamity as a Sign of Sorrow.

CLELIA,

whom Dionysius Halicarnassaeus names Valeria, and makes her the Daughter of the Consul Valerius, being delivered for an Hostage to King Porsenna for the Security of a Truce, she cast her sell into the Tiber and swam over on Horse-back. King Prosenna, when she was brought back to him by the Consul Valerius, admiring her Courage, gave her an Horse finely equipped, and this is the Reason of the Statue on Horse-back, which the Romans have consecrated to Clelia's Vertue in the via Sacra.

CLEMENTIA,

Clemency, which the Ancients made a Goddess, and which they pictured holding a Branch of Lawrel in one Hand and a Spear in the other, to shew that Gentleness and Pity belonged only to victorious Wariours. The Romans dedicated a Temple to her by the Order of the Senate, after the Death of Julius Caesar, as Plutarch and Cicero relate. The Poet Claudian describes her as the Gardian of the World. The Emperors Tiberius and Vitellius caused her to be stamped upon their Moneys.

CLEOBIS and BITO,

the Children of the Priestess of Argos, who died both at the same time after they had drawn their Mother upon her Chariot to the Temple. And these are the Men which Solon calls the most happy, in his Answer to Croesus in Charon, or the Con∣templator. See Bito.

CLEOPATRA,

Queen of Aegypt, Daughter of Ptolomy, surnamed Dionysius, the last King of Aegypt. She was first beloved by Julius Caesar, who gave her that Kingdom a∣gain after he had conquered it, and by him she had a Son named Caesario, but after Mark An∣tony fell so passionately in Love with her, that he was not content to give her the Provinces of the lower Syria, Phoenicia, the Isle of Cyprus, &c. but promised to give her the whole Roman Empire in Requital of the Pleasures he had with her: For Love of her he divorced his Wife Octavia the Sister of Augustus, which so much incensed that Prince that he declared War against him. Antony, though he had the Assistance of the Aegyptian Army, fell by the Victorious Arms of Caesar near the Promontory of Actium: Cleopatra fled to Alexandria in Ae∣gypt, and seeing that she could not gain Cae∣sar's Favour to her Children, and being un∣willing to be made use of as a Captive to the Conqueror's Triumph, she killed her self by the biting of an Asp upon the Tomb of An∣tony her Lover.

CLEPSYDRA,

an Hour-glass made with Water. The Use of Clepsydrae was very ancient among the Romans, and there were several sorts of them which had this in common to them all, that Water ran by gentle Degrees through a narrow Passage from one Vessel to a∣nother, in which rising by little and little lift∣ed up a Piece of Cork which shewed the Hours in different Ways.

They were all subject to Two Inconveniences, the first is that which Plutarch takes notice of, that the Water passed through with more or less Difficulty, according as the Air was more or less thick, cold or hot, for that hindred the Hours from being equal; the other is, that the Water ran faster at first when the Vessel from whence the Water came was full than at last; and to avoid this Inconvenience, it was, that Orontes found out his Clepsydra, which is a small Ship flotting upon the Water, which empties it self by a Syphon which is in the Middle of it, for the Ship sinketh according to the Quantity of the Water which comes out of the Syphon, which makes it always run with the same Force, because it always receives the Water near the Surface. We make use of Hour-glasses of Sand instead of the Clepsydrae of the Ancients.

Clepsydrae were more especially used in Win∣ter, because the Sun-dials were not useful in that Season.

The second sort of Clepsydrae was such, as without changing the Dial made the Hours sometimes longer and sometime shorter by the Inequality of the Index or Hand, which de∣pended upon the Management of the Water, as Vigruoius says. This was performed by ma∣king the Hole through which the Water passed larger or smaller; for in the long Days when the Hours were longer, the Hole being made narrower, it convey'd but a little Water in a longer time, which caused the Water to rise and fall slowly, and so made the Counterpoize which turns the Axle-tree, to which the Index or Hand is fastened, to more slowly.

CLIENS,

a Client, among the Romans was a Citizen who put himself under the Pro∣tection of some Great Man, who in Respect of that Relation was called a Patron. This Patron assisted his Client with his Protection, Interest and Goods, and the Client gave his Vote for his Patron, when he sought any Of∣fice for himself or his Friends. Clients owed Respect to their Patrons, as they did owe them their Protection.

CLIENTELA,

the Protection which the great Roman Lords allowed the poor Citizens. This Right of Patronage was appointed by Ro∣mulus to unite the Rich and Poor together in such Bonds of Love, as the one might live without Contempt, and the other without Envy.

CLIMA,

or INCLINATIONÉS MUNDI, and INCLINAMENTUM, a Climate, which comes from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, to decline; it is intended to mark the Difference there is between the Countries of the World according to the Di∣stance they bear from the Pole or Aequinocti∣al Line, by reason of the Idea which the Ma∣terial Sphere gives us of this Distance, for the Countries which are distant from the Pole or Aequinoctial seem to decline or bend some more, and others less towards the Aequinoctial or Poles.

The Ancients knew but Seven Climates, which passed through Meroe, Siena, Alexan∣dria, Rhodes, Rome, Pontus and the Mouth of the Boristhenes. Paris is in the Sixth Climate, A∣verroes who lived under the Fifth Climate preferred it before all others. The Moderns, who have sailed much farther towards the Poles, have made 23 Climates of each Side of the Aequator, according to the Number of Twelve Hours by which the longest Day is encreased from the Aequator to the Polar Cir∣cle, for they allowed the Difference of Half an Hour between one Place and another to make a different Climate, and so reckoned 24 Climates; and beyond the Polar Circle the Length of Days encreases so fast that they reckoned no Climates there. The common People call the Country that differs from a∣nother, a Climate either for the Change of Seasons or Nature of the Soil, or People that inhabit it, without any Relation to the long Days of Summer.

CLIO,

one of the Nine Muses who teaches to sing the Encomiums of Illustrious Men. She has taken her Name from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Glory or Renown. She is said to be the Daughter of Jupiter and Mne∣mosyne, the Goddess of Memory.

CLOACA,

a Sink, or Gutter under Ground, by which the Fifth of the City of Rome was car∣ried away. Tarquinius Superbus finished the great Sink, which Tarquinius Priscus had begun, which reach'd as far as the Senators Bridge, and emp∣tied it self into the Tiber. The Channel was very wide, and to make it, he was forced to dig thro' the Mountains, and Vaulted it over in several places of the City. It was built of great Stones in the Form of an Arch, so well fastened and cemented together, that the con∣tinual running of Water and Filth had not en∣damaged it in the Space of Seven Hundred Years. There were many other Sinks in the

City, which all fell into this Common-sewer. M. Cato and Val. Flascus Censors built one up∣on Mount Aventine. There were Officers ap∣pointed to take Care of these Works, and to have them repaired, who were called Curatores Cloacarum Ʋrbis.

CLODIUS PUBLIUS,

a Noble Roman of the ancient Family of the Clodii, a very debauched Man, who committed Incest with his Sisters, and fell in Love with Pompeia the Wife of Caesar. He was found one Day in the Palace in the Habit of a singing Woman, among the Roman Ladies, who celebrated the Mysteries of Ceres, of which he was accused by the Tribunes, but he escaped the Rigour of the Law by causing himself to be chosen Tri∣bune. He was one of Cicero's greatest Ene∣mies, who so persecuted him, as to cause him to be banished, and sell his Goods. He was slain by Milo sometime after; and Cicero un∣dertook the Defence of Milo, and was success∣ful in it.

CLOTHO,

One of the Three Destinies, who spin the Life of Man according to the old Fables. Clotho holds the Spindle and draws the Thread. She is represented in a long Gown of divers Colours, having a Crown on her Head set with Seven Stars, holding in her Hand a Spindle. Lucian places Clotho in Hell with Charon, and makes her to keep the Re∣gister of all the Dead, that Charon brings over in his Boat.

Clotho.

So it is, O Charon, ship this Croud, and in the mean time I will take my Register, and standing at the Wharfs, I will ask every one his Name, House and Town. Mercury shall take Care to put them in Order, ac∣cording as they come in. Let us begin with little Children, who have nothing to answer me, as I have nothing to ask them.

CLYPEUS,

& CLYPEUM, a Buck∣ler, a piece of defensive Armour which the Ancients used, and carried upon their Arm to secure them from the Blows of their Enemies: The Figure of it was Round, Oval, or Sex∣angular. In the middle of it was a Boss of Iron, or of some other Mettal with a sharp Point.

CLYPEI, & CLUPEI VOTIVI,

Devoted Bucklers, which were designed to re∣present a memorable Action of some ancient Hero, and to preserve the Memory of it in a Temple of the Gods, where it was hanged. The Names which the Latins gave these Buck∣lers were, Clypea, Clypes, Clypei votivi, because they were like the Bucklers used in War. Some ancient Grammarians, that they might seem more accurate than others, say, that Clypeus in the Masculine Gender signifies a Buckler for the War; and Clypeum in the Neuter, a conse∣crated Buckler; or rather Clypius with an i is a Buckler for fighting; and Clypeum, or Clupeum, one of those Bucklers vowed to the Gods: But Pliny, and others of the Ancients laugh at these Niceties.

Trebellius Pollio uses these two Words, in a complaisant way, in his Life of Claudius the Goth.

The Senate, says he, decreed this Em∣peror a Golden Buckler, which they ordered to be set up in the Palace of the Capitol, and upon which this Emperor was drawn as far as his Breast.

Illi Clypeus aureus, sive, ut Gram∣matici loquuntur, Clypeum aureum Senatûs to∣tius judicio in Romana curia collocatum est, e∣tiam nunc videtur, expressa thorace ejus vultûs imago.

Salmasius upon this Passage shews, that these consecrated Bucklers were also called by the Greeks, Disci, Cycli, Aspides, which signifies properly the Bucklers used in War; Pinaces, which is Tables; Stylopinakia, Tables hung up∣on Pillars; Protomata, the upper Parts of a Man; Opla, among the Thebans, Arms; and Stetharia, among the Moderns, Busts or Pictures as far as the Waste.

The ancient Heathens were very desirous to leave the Memory of their brave Actions to their Posterity, and to that end contrived to have the History of their Ancestors graven up∣on Bucklers. Homer speaks of several made by the most curious Artists, and among others Achilles's and Ajax's; from whence came the Custom of making them of Metal, that they might hang them in their Temples as a Monu∣ment of their Victories and other remarkable Actions, or at least to leave their Effigies to their Posterity.

Livy tells us, that at the Conquest of the Carthaginians under the Command of L. Mar∣tius, the Romans got much Spoil, among which was found a Silver Buckler which weighed One Hundred and Thirty Eight Pound, upon which the famous Asdrubal of Barcha, one of the chief Commanders of that War was drawn, and that Buckler, which was called Clypeus Mar∣tius, was put into the Temple of the Capitol, to leave the Memory of that Conquest to Poste∣rity, and remained there till the Capitol was burnt.

The same Author relates, that in the Tri∣umph, which Titus Quintius obtained for the Victory, which he had gained over Philip, King of Macedon, the Father of Demetrius, Ten Sil∣ver Bucklers, and one of solid Gold, which were found among the Spoils of the Enemies, were carried before him.

Some Years after in the Consulship of Marcus Tuccius, and P. Junius Brutus Twelve gilt Bucklers were dedicated and sent to the Ca∣pitol. Suetonius in the Life of Domitian, re∣lates, that the Senate to shew how odious the Memory of that Tyrant was, commanded that his Bucklers should be taken out of the Tem∣ples.

Antoninus Pius dedicated a very noble Buckler to his Predecessor Adrian.

These Bucklers did not only represent the Portraitures or Busts of these Eminent Persons, but all their History was engraven on them. Of this sort there were many at Cyzicum in the Temple of Apollonides the Mother of Attalus and Eumenes, upon which were engraven Hi∣stories in Relievo. Upon one of these Bucklers Pelias and Neleus, the Sons of Neptune, were drawn, who delivered their Mother from Im∣prisonment, as Plutarch assures us. Some Me∣dals shew us, what Fashion these consecrated Bucklers were of, and among others the Reverse of a Medal of the Emperor Augustus, to whom the Senate and People of Rome had consecrated a Buckler, in Remembrance that Phraares, King of the Parthians had sent him again the Ensigns of War which he had taken in his Victory o∣ver Crassus and Mark Antony, supposing that Augustus had not obliged him by Force to re∣store them: This pleased him so much, that he built a Temple to Mars the Revenger in the Capitol, where these Military Ensigns were con∣secrated with this Buckler.

Vespasian also has made another Medal with a consecrated Buckler fastened to a Pillar be∣tween Two Lawrel-Trees, by the Order of the Senate; which is signified by these Letters Ex S. C. Ex Senatûs consulto. These Two Lawrels referred to those that were planted at the Em∣peror's Gate the first Day of the Year, or when they had obtained some Victory.

Dio speaking of the Honours which the Se∣nate bestowed upon Augustus, says, that they ordered Lawrels to be planted before his Palace, to shew that he was always victorious over his Enemies; whence it is that Pliny very properly calls a Lawrel Caesar's Porter, the only Orna∣ment and faithful Guardian of their Palaces: Gratissima dominibus janitrix Caesarum, quae sola & domos exornat & ante limina excubat.

There remains still another sacred Buckler, on which is represented that victorious Action which Scipio Africanus did at the taking of New Carthage in Spain; it is related at large in Livy:

But, says he, Scipio calling the Spanish Ho∣stages, whom he had taken Prisoners, com∣forted them in their ill Fortune, and told them, that they were come into the Power of the People of Rome, who took more Delight in gaining Hearts by Kindness than in making them Subjects through Fear, and who loved more to have Foreign Nations for their Allies and Friends than to lay upon them an heavy Bondage. Then having taken the Names of all their Cities, he caused a List to be made of all the Prisoners, inquiring of them their Name and Country, and sent out Posts all Ways, that every Family concerned should come and re∣ceive his own, surrendring up to the Gover∣nours of the Cities that were present, their Citizens, and advising Caius Flaminius the Treasurer to treat the rest with all imaginable Civility. At the same time a very aged Ma∣tron crowded through the Throng of Hostages to cast her self at his Feet; (she was the Wife of Man donius the Brother of Indibilis, King of the Illergetae.) Her Petition mixed with Tears and Sobs was, that Scipio would please to re∣commend the Care of the Ladies to his Guards, and when Scipio answered, they should want nothing convenient for their Subsistance, she replied, 'tis not that that I am concerned for, for in this Disgrace we ought to be contented with any thing, but that which disturbs me is the Youth of these my Daughters, for as for my self Age secures me from all the Insolences which they may justly fear. (They were the Daughters of Indibilis, young and fair.) Then Scipio answered her, I cannot but follow the Custom of the People of Rome, and the exact Discipline which is observed in my Troops, that does not suffer any Man in the least man∣ner to violate the Respect which is due to your Sex, but your Vertue and Constancy, which even ill Fortune cannot triumph over, oblige me to take a more particular Care of your Per∣sons. Then he committed them to the Keeping of a Man whose Fidelity was well known, and gave him a Command to shew as much Respect and Favour to them, as if they were the Wives of his best Friends.

A little after, there came to him a young Woman from among the Prisoners, of such a perfect Beauty, that she drew Respect from all the Spectators. Scipio being informed of her Country and Family, found that she was betrothed to a young Prince among the Cel∣tiberi named Allucius, with whom she was pas∣sionately in Love. At the same time he called her Parents and the Husband designed for this beautiful Virgin, with whom he had this Discourse. Young Man, my Soldiers ha∣ving discovered your Espousals to me, and having learned that you love her affectio∣nately, which her Beauty easily perswades me to believe, I am willing to favour your Passi∣on, although to speak freely to you, if I were permitted to enjoy the Pleasures of Youth, especially in a lawful Love, and the Cares of the Commonwealth were not wholly Masters

of my Heart, I should desire your Spouse, who so very well deserves the Affections of a fine Gentleman; but you know that she has been treated by me with the same Respect, as if she were with her Father in Law or her own Parents; I have kept her carefully for you, that I might return her to you a Pre∣sent worthy both of you and me; all the Re∣quital I desire of you is, that you will be Friends to the Commonwealth, and if you have as much Esteem for me, as the People of your Nation had for my Father and Uncle, satisfie your selves, that all the Romans equal us in Vertue, and that as there is no People in all the World whom you ought to fear more for an Enemy, so there is none that you can wish more for a Friend. This young Prince being astonished at this exceeding Bounty, and trans∣ported with Joy, took Scipio by the Hand and pray'd all the Gods to reward this Action, whose Merit he could never sufficiently ac∣knowledge. In the mean time, the Parents of this fair Lady seeing that he would free them without Ransom, brought him a consi∣derable Sum, and offering it to him pray'd him to accept of it as a Testimony of their Gratitude, assuring him, that it would be as great a Favour to them to accept it, as it was to release his Prisoner to them without using the Right of insisting upon Conquest. Scipio pretending that he was overcome with their urgent Intreaties, ordered the Money to be laid at his Feet, and turning himself to Allu∣cius, said unto him, I give you this over and above the Portion which your Father in Law will give you, take it from my Hand as a se∣cond Portion with which I present you. So he ordered the Sum which had been presented him to be carried to him, and him to lead away his Mistress. In fine, This young Prince being loaded with the Presents and Honours he laid upon him, returned home, and there extolled the Merits of Scipio, who was more like a God than a Man, and knew not only how to conquer by Arms, but by Kindness and Favours.

Polybius who lived in the Time of this fa∣mous Roman, and was particularly acquainted with him, relates this Action in a fewer Words: He adds these remarkable Ones, which he spake to those Soldiers who presented this fair Lady to him:

If my Fortune were limited to that of a private Person, you could not offer me a more acceptable Present, but being, as I now am, the General of an Army, you could not bring me one more disagreeable.

CLYTFMNESIRA,

the Daughter of Tyndarus, and Wife of Agamemnon, having heard from her Brother Palamedes that her Husband had brought a Concubine with him, which was Cassandra, she conspired immediately with Ae∣gysthus the Son of Thyestes, who was her Gallant, to put them both to Death; and so while he was sacrificing to the Gods for his Return, C••••∣temnestra slew her Husband Agamemnon and Cassandra with an Ax, but her Son Orestes re∣venged the Death of his Father Agamemnon by slaying the Debaucher of his Family and Mur∣derer of his Father.

CLYTIA,

a Nymph, and the Daughter of Oceanus, who was loved by Apollo and after∣ward forsaken by him, because through Jea∣lousie to Orcania she discovered the Love of that God with his Daughter: This Desertion was such a Grief to her, that she died of Sorrow, and was turned into a Flower called the Helio∣trope, which remembring the Love which she bore to him, turns it self always on the Side he is of to see him.

CNEUS,

a Name given to such among the Romans as were born with some Blemish on their Bodies, or some other natural Defect, which the Latins call Naevus.

CNIDOS,

a Sea-Town on the utmost Bor∣ders of the Chersonesus, which joins to Carias, famous for the Temple where is the Venus of Praxiteles of white polished Marble; whence it is that Horace calls her Venus Cnidiana.

COCLES,

the Surname of a Roman Citi∣zen named Horatius, who alone opposed the In∣vasion of the Tuscans when they were ready to enter into Rome over the Bridge Sublicius, till it was broken down; and then he cast himself immediately into the Tiber, being much wound∣ed in the Thigh, and escaped to the other Side. The Consul Publicola in Gratitude erected his Statue of Copper in Vulcan's Temple.

COCYTUS,

one of the Rivers of Hell ac∣cording to the Poets, which comes from these Greek Words 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to weep, lament and Groan. Homer places this River in the Cim∣merian Country, and will have Hell to be this very Country of the Cimmerians, one Day's Journey from Circe, which is a Mountain in the Country of the Latins.

CODRUS,

the last King of Athens, who lived in the Days of Samuel. He devoted him∣self to Death for his Country, for going in Dis∣guise into the Midst of his Enemies, they slew him unknown, and by his Death his Countrymen got the Victory over the Peloponesians, to whom the Oracle had promised it, if they did not slay their Enemies King. The Athenians being Con∣querors would not have another King, that they might honour his Memory the more. So end∣ed the Kingdom of the Heraclidae, who were descended of Hercules, and their Common-wealth was governed by yearly Magistrates to the Time of Solon the Law-giver.

There was also a very bad Poet of that Name, of whom Horace speaks.

—Rumpantur ut ilia Codro.

COELIUS,

a Mountain which was first, called Quercetulanus, because of a Forest of Oaks which was upon it. It was afterward called Coelius from Coelius Vibenna, who brought an Aid of Tuscans to one of their Kings, (either to Tarquinius Priscus, or some other, for Histo∣rians do not agree about it,) and received this Mountain for his Habitation with the adjoining Fields as far as the Place where there is now a Market, because his Soldiers were very nume∣rous; and the Street is still called by their Name, The Tuscan-Street.

This Mountain was built and made one of the Divisions of Rome: It was burnt in the Reign of Tiberius, but he rebuilt it, and or∣dered that instead of Mount Coelius, it should be called Augustus's Mount, because the Statue of Tiberius, which was at a Senator's House na∣med Junius, was the only Preservative of it from so great a Conflagration.

COELUS, or COELUM,

the Heaven, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, either from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 video, to see; or from the Hebrew Word Or, that is to say, Lucere, to shine, or our, which is urere, to burn in Flame, from whence the Latins have also derived Aurora.

This Heaven was the first Object of false Worship, and Men took it for an Universal Nature, which it contains; whence it bears the Name of Jupiter, as if Jupiter were the Soul, and the Heaven, the Body of the whole Uni∣verse. This was the Opinion of Ennius when he said, Aspice hoc sublime candens, quem invo∣cant omnes Jovem.

Phurnutus makes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to come from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is to say, a Guardian or Conservator, because the Heavens and the Stars were the first false Gods, who were honoured as the Conservators of the World.

COELUM,

the most ancient of the Gods, had for one of his Children Time named Sa∣turn, who with a Cut of a Sickle deprived his Father of his Genitals, which he cast into the Sea, and by the Froth which came of the Stir∣ring of the Waves Venus was born.

'Tis no hard thing to guess why Coelum is said to be the first of the Gods, and the Father of Saturn or Chronos, since 'tis evident that the Motions of the Heavens make and measure the Duration of Time. When Saturn is said to have deprived his Father Coelus of his Genera∣tive Faculty by castrating him, it is because in Time the Fruitfulness of the Heavens ceased to produce new Beings, learing the Propagation and Multiplication of Creatures once formed to Venus, and so 'tis feigned that Venus was born of the natural Parts of Coelus and the Froath of the Sea; as Macrobius, Aiunt Saturnum abcidisse patris pudenda, quibus in mare projectis, Venerem procreatam, quae à spumâ unde coaluit, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 nomen accepit.

COENA,

Supper from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. communes, because the Ancients usually supped together in Companies, but dined alone: Sup∣per was the best Meal. They broke their Fast in the Morning very lightly with a Piece of Bread dipped in pure Wine, which Meal they cal∣led Jentaculum, and in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies pure Wine, The second Meal was the Prandium or Dinner from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Morning and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies plain and very moderate. They had a Fourth Meal, which they made sometimes, which they called Commissatio or Commessatio, a Collation or a Meal after Supper. Suetonius makes mention of these Four Meals in his Life of Vitellius, Epulos trifariàm semper, in∣terdum quadrifariàm dispertiebat: in jentacula, & prandia, & coenas, commessationesque, &c.

These Suppers were made after different Manners. There was one called Coena recta, a Splendid Supper, with which the Roman Nobles treated their Mistresses and Friends, who had at∣tended them in their Visits, or in the Execution of their Offices. They that would avoid the Expence and Trouble of these Suppers, gave them Bread and Meat instead of them, and this Distribution was called Sportula. Domi∣tian took away these Allowances, and restored the Feast called Coena recta; for Suetonius tells us, sportulas publicas sustulit, revocatâ coenarum rectarum consuetudine.

COENA DAPSILIS,

a plentiful Feast, whether this Word comes from dapes, which signifies Daintles, or the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Abundance of all Things.

COENA ACROAMATICA,

from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies pleasant and merry Discourse. It was a Supper at which many witty Jests were spoken for Diversion.

There was moreover, COENA AD∣VENTITIA, INTERVALLATA, NOVEMDIALIS, & DUODENA∣RIA, called by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, be∣cause the Guests were Twelve in Number, cloathed like Gods and Goddesses. There was also another Supper called Pontificalis, which the High-priest made upon the Day of his Con∣secration.

They supped usually about the Ninth Hour in the Day-time, that is, about Four a Clock in the Afternoon, but in the Spring and Au∣tumn

about Three a Clock, and in Winter at Two; for the Romans, as well as Greeks, often changed their Time, supping sometimes at one Hour and sometimes at another, as we may ob∣serve in their Authors. They put on a Gar∣ment when they sat down to Table called Vestis caenatoria, or Pallium coenatorium, of which Mar∣tial makes mention.

There was then a Table spread between Three Beds, upon which they eat; another which they used for a Cup-board called Abacus, upon which they set Glasses, Fruits, &c. Var∣ro speaks of Four sorts of Tables, that on which they eat, another square one called Ʋr∣uarium, on which they set their Pots, Dishes, Flagons and Basons; a Third called Cyliban∣tium, from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies a Drinking-Cup or Bowl, and the Fourth called Cartibulum, whereon they cut the Meat, which was after served up in Portions to each Guest. Round about the Beds and Tables was a kind of Bench a little raised, upon which they set their Children who eat with them, as Sue∣tonius testifies in the Life of the Emperor Claudius, C. 32. Adhibebat omni coenae & liberos suos cum pueris, puellisque nobilibus, qui more ve∣teri ad fulcra lectorum sedentes vescerentur. They used no Table-cloaths, they had Servants which were employed to wipe the Table when they took away the Dishes and set on another Ser∣vice, and others were appointed to sweep a∣way what fell from the Table and the Spit∣tings, others held great Fans to cool them or drive away the Gnats, and others gave them Drink and Meat; as Horace tells us.

His ubi sublatis, puer altè cinctus, acernam Gausape purpureo mensam pertersit, & alter Sublegit quodcunque jaceret inutile, quodque Posset coenantes offendere. Sat. 8. Lib. 11.

They were served usually with Three Courses; The first Course when they sat down to Ta∣ble was called Antecoena, or Gustatio, at which they set on Mulberries, Eggs, or such like Things; the second was called Coena, or Caput Coenae, when they set on more dainty Meats, and the third was the Disert, called Bellaria, Mensa pomorum; as we read in Suetonius, Coenam ternis ferculis praebebas, speaking of Augustus. At the Beginning of their Meal they drunk a Glass of Greek Wine, but Caesar at the Feasts which he made for the People had Four sorts of Wines brought, viz. of Chios, Lesbos, Fa∣lernum and Memertinum. At the Beginning and End of the Supper they made Libations of Wine to their Gods, and then drank every one out of a very large Bowl which was filled with Wine, having made their Libations out of it, according to Sil. Ital.

Nec priùs aut epulas aut muneragrata Lyaei Fas cuiquam tetigisse fuit, quàm multa precatus In mensam...... sacrum libavit honorem.

Virgil speaks of the Libations made at the End of that Treat which Dido gave Aeneas, Lib. 1. Aeneid, V. 727.

Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae Crateras magnos statuunt, & vina coranant.... His Regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit, Implevitqne mero pateram. —Tum facta silentia tectis. Jupiter (hospitibus namre dare jure loquuntur).. Dixit, & in mensâ laticum libavit honorem: Primaque libato summo tenus attigit ore: Tum Bitiae dedit increpitans,..... Post alii proceres, &c.

We have the Description of a Wedding by Lucian, in a Dialogue, entituled, the Lapithae.

The Guests being all come, and it being time to go to Supper, the Women who were many, and the Bride in the midst, cover'd with a Vail, took the Right-hand, and the Men sat down quite opposite to the Ladies: At the upper End the Banker Lucritus, then Ari∣staenetus; afterwards Zenothemis and Hermo: After them sat down the Peripatetick Clodi∣mus, then the Platonist, and afterwards the Bridegroom, then my self, Zeno's Tutor af∣ter me, then his Pupil.

We eat our Meat pretty peaceably at first; for there were a World of Dishes, and those well dress'd. After having indulg'd our Ap∣petite for some time, came in Alcidamas the Cynick: The Master of the House bid him Welcome, and wish'd him to take a Seat by Dionysodorus, You would think me very ef∣feminate, said he, should I sit down at Table, or lie almost along on a soft Bed, and Purple Cushions, as if one went to sleep, and not to eat. I will stand, and feed my self here and there after the Manner of the Scythians, &c. In the mean while the Healths went merrily round, and they entertain'd one another with various Discourses. The Servants delaying to serve up a new Course, Aristaenetus unwilling a Moment should be lost without Divertise∣ment, had a Buffoon introduced to make the Company merry. He began to shew a Thou∣sand extravagant Postures, with his bald Head and Body all disjointed, and to chaunt Verses, in Aegyptian Dialect, after which he fell to breaking his Jests upon the Company, every Man laughing at what was said, and taking all in good part. The last Service was brought up, which was to every Man a Fowl and a piece of Venison, Fish and the Disert; in a word, every thing that might be honestly eat or car∣ried away.

COGNOMEN,

a Sirname. It was properly the name that distinguish'd the lines of a Pedi∣gree in the same race in eadem gente. For ex∣ample, when Livy said that the race of the Poti∣tians was divided in twelve Families; for Gens and Familiae, were as the whole, and its parts. Those that were of the race were called Gen∣tiles; and those of the same Line or Family were called Agnati: As we may observe in the Royal Race of France, often divided in several Bran∣ches, as Valois, Bourbon, Orleans, Montpensier, &c. so when 'tis said the Family of the Caesars was of the Julian Race, Julian is the general Name of the Race, nomen gentis, and Caesar is the Name of the Family, cognomen familiae.

The word Cognomen includes also the Sirnames given upon some particular account, as when Salust says of Scipio; Massinissa in amicitiam recep∣tus a Publio Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen fuit ex virtute; and Tully speaking to Pomponius, who was Sirnamed Atticus, because he had been brought up a Scholar at Athens, tells him; Teque non cognomen Athenis solum deportasse, sed humanitatem & prudentiam intelligo.

If we consider this, we shall find that there are no Sirnames that we call cognomina, and di∣stinguish the Families, but were given at first upon some particular occasion, seeing the pro∣per Names themselves, praen••mina, were at first given upon some like account.

These Sirnames were hereditary to all the posterity of the same Family; however, they might change them, or add some other new Name to them; and sometimes, besides the Name of the private Family, they took the Name of the Race, or the Tribes in the Abla∣tive case, as C. Verres Romaleâ; Servius Sulpitius Lemoniâ; that is, ex Romuleâ ex Lemonia Tribu.

The Romans plac'd sometimes the Sirname of the private Family before the general Name, cognomen antenomen gentis, says Manucius; and so Tully said Gallo, Balbi Cornelii, Papum Emilium; and Livy, Paulus Aemilius Cos, and the like; tho' Gallus, Balbus, Papus and Paulus were the Sir-names of a Family, and not the Forenames. And sometimes the Sirnames became Names, as Valerius Maximus tells us.

COLISEUM,

'tis the Amphitheater that Vespatianus built in Rome, and his Son Titus De∣dicated. Philander's opinion is, that this word Coliseum, is said, quasi coloseum, because of Nero's Coloss that was near it; tho' that Name be nei∣ther general nor common to other Amphithea∣ters, but particular to that famous Amphytheater, the remainders whereof are yet seen at Rome.

COLLATINUS,

Sirnamed Tarquinius, Lucretia's Husband, the first Man that was made Consul with Junius Brutus, after the Kings were driven away out of Rome, for the Rape commit∣ted on Lucretia, by the Son of Tarquinius Super∣bus. But Collatinus being of the Tarquinian Fa∣mily, abdicated his Consulship, and retired to Alba, that all called by the Name of Tarquinius might be banished out of Rome.

COLLEGIUM,

College, A Name given to the Assembly of some Societies and Corpora∣tions. The Romans had Companies of Work∣men, Tradesmen and other Callings, former∣ly called Colleges, that had their Patrons and Governors. They were Instituted by Muma.

COLLEGIUM

AURIGARIO∣RUM and AURIGARUM, The College of the Coachmen, who in the publick Games of the Circle, disputed with their Adversaries, the Prize proposed to the best Drivers. They composed Colleges or Societies, that were di∣stinguished one from another by Colours: Gru∣ter in his Inscriptions mentions four princi∣pal colours, Russatam the red; Prasinam the green; Venetam the blue; Albatam the white. 'Tis thought the Ancients would represent by these colours, the four Seasons of the Year, in which Nature puts on new cloaths; each Par∣ty representing a Season by his colour: The Green represented the Spring, the Red the Sum∣mer, the Blue the Autumn, and the White the Winter, covered with Ice and Snow.

COLLEGIUM AUGURUM,

The College of the Augurs: Romulus was the first Insti∣tutor of this College, which was composed of three Men, to whom Servius Tullius added ano∣ther; and it continued so till the Year 454, for then, during the Consulship of Q. Apuleius Pansa and M. Valerius Corvinus, the Tribunes of the People created five Men more, taken out of the people: And now this College was compos'd of nine persons till the time of Sylla, who in∣creas'd their number to fifteen according to Flo∣rus, or twenty four according to Alexander ab Alex.

COLLEGIUM AESCULAPII and HYGIAE,

The College of Aesculapius and Health, It was a Society or Congregation of 60 persons, who at certain days in the Year met at an appointed place to offer Sacrifices, in the behalf of those that were willing to implore the help of Aesculapius and Health, and there they entertained one another.

COLLEGIUM

DENDROPHO∣RORUM, The College of the Dendrophori. This College is often recorded in the Ancient In∣scriptions upon Marble, and yet 'tis hardly known what sort of people these Dendrophori were. The Learned are divided upon this point. Salmasius in his Commentaries upon the life of Caracalla, written by Sparsianus says, that the Dendrophori were those Men, who in the processions made in the honour of the Gods, carried Branches of Trees, accord∣ing to the Aetymology of the word Den∣drophores 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies, he that car∣ries a Tree; wherefore the Epithet of Dendropho∣ros was given to Silvanus, in an ancient Inscrip∣tion

recorded by Gruter, because this God is commonly represented carrying a Branch of a Pine-tree, or some other tree.

The title of the Theodosian Codex, concerning the Heathen and their Temples, seems to fa∣vour this opinion in the 20th Law.

'Tis just, says the Text, that all the places, that the Dendrophori, and other Heathen Professions have possessed, and were appointed for the keep∣ing of Feasts and distribution of Money, be applied to the Revenues of our House, hav∣ing first banished the Error that had given birth to them.

According to this opinion Dendrophori was not the name of a Trade, but of Religion or Superstition.

However, the contrary opinion, which most part of the Learned hold, is not unlikely, for they say that the Dendrophori were Timber-Merchants, who dealt especially for the use of the War and Engines. Wherefore they were commonly joined in the same College, with those that had the care of the Engines and ne∣cessary Timber for the Camp, called Fabri, and even with those called Centonarii, which was a Trade for the War. These Centonarii were joined together with them, in the 8th Title of the Theodosian Codex, by which the Emperor Constantine commands, that in all the Towns where the Dendrophori shall be found, they shall be received into, and re-united to the Corpo∣ration of the Centonarii and Master Builders, called Fabri. 'Tis true, that from hence we cannot certainly know what was their Trade. but it seems that it was a Society of Workmen, who had a near relation with those that sup∣plied the things necessary for the Camp; where∣fore they were created by the Senate, or were under the direction of a Quindecim-Vir, or one of the Fifteen Men, whose Office is fully descri∣bed in another place.

The College of the Centonarii, which was a Military Trade, were those Men who fur∣nished the Army with Tents, and other train of War, called by the Romans Centones.

The College of the Masters of the Timber and warlike Engines, called Fabri and Tignarii, was a Body of Workmen, who furnished the Timber necessary for the Army both by Sea and Land.

COLLINA PORTA,

the Gate Colli∣na at Rome upon Mount Quirinal, near the Tem∣ple of Venus Ericina.

COLONIAE,

Colonies; they were made up of some Inhabitants of Rome, who were sent into the conquered Towns, built without the City of Rome. These Colonies were called after the Names of the Emperors that founded them, not only by the general Name of Caesar or Au∣gustus, for these Titles were common to all the Emperors; but were also called by their pro∣per Names that distinguished them from their Ancestors; so the Colony of Patras is called Neroniana, in a Medal that we have of Nero, on the reverse whereof we read Genio Coloniae Neronianae Patrensis.

COLOPHON.

A Town very famous in Ionia, especially for the antient Temple of Apollo Clarianus, which (if we except that of Ephesus) was the most remarkable of all Ionis, tho it was not quite finished, as Pausanias tells us, in his Achaicks, but yet very famous for the Oracles that Apollo pronounced there. The Temple was not built in Colophon itself, but in Claros, a little Town in the Territory of Colo∣phon. There was also a Mountain and a Wood dedicated to Apollo Clarianus.

COLOSSUS,

A Coloss, a statue of a Prodigious size, and the shape of a Gyant. The Coloss of Rhodes was a statue of Apollo, so high, that Ships past with full Sails betwixt its Legs. It was the workmanship of Chares, a Disciple of the renowned Lysippus; he was 12 years about it, and it was overthrown by an Earthquake 56 years after it was erected; they loaded 900 Camels with the Brass this Coloss was made of. The basis that supported the statue, was of a Triangular Figure, its extremities were su∣stained with 60 Pillars of Marble. There was a winding Stair-case to go up to the top of it; from that place one may discover Syria, and the Ships that went into Egypt, in a great Looking-glass that was hung about the neck of the statue.

COLUMNA,

Around Pillar to bear up a Building, or adorn it. There are Pillars made of Wood, Stone, Marble, Brass, Jasper, Lapis Lazuli, &c. There are some wreathed, channelled, detached, &c. to make them ap∣pear bigger, or more agreeable to the sight. The diversity of these Pillars give the name to the five orders of Architecture; the Tuscan, Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian and Composite. In the Temple of Diana of Ephesus, there was 127 Pillars all of a piece, and 60 Foot high, which had been erected at the charges of so many Kings.

COLUMNA TRAJANI,

The Pil∣lar of Trajan. This Pillar was set up in the middle of a place that the Emperor Trajan had adorned. It was 128 Foot high; they went up to it by a Stair-case of 185 Steps, and 45 Win∣dows. There were represented round about it in basso relievo, the noble Acts of that Prince. The Senate set up this Pillar in honour of Trajan, in the time of the War against the Parthians; and after his death they brought his Ashes in a Golden Urn from Seleucia, a Town in Syria, where he dyed, and placed the Urn on the top of the Pillar.

COLUMNA ANTONINI,

The Pillar of Antoninus. This Pillar was in the Field of Mars, and was 176 foot high, with a Stair-case of 106 steps, and 56 Windows, and a statue at the top of it representing Antoninus.

COLUMNA MILLIARIS,

A milliary Pillar; the Antients made use of this Pillar to mark out the Miles or the Leagues from one place to another.

COLUMNAE HERCULIS,

The Pil∣lars of Hercules. These Pillars are two Moun∣tains situated at the mouth of the straight of Gibraltar, one called Calpè, the other Abyla, both opposite one to another. The fabulous Anti∣quity thought that Hercules himself had set up these 2 Pillars to serve for limits of his exploits.

COLUMNA AUGUSTI,

The gol∣den Milliary, a pillar that Augustus set up in Rome, where the Highways of Italy met.

COMES.

This word Comes signified at first those persons who waited on the Magi∣strates in Provinces, as Treasurers, Lieute∣nants, Secretaries, Provosts, Registers, and all other inferour Officers, whereof we have many instances, even in the time of the Com∣monwealth. In the Emperor's time this word was employed to express those that were of the Family, or the attendance of the Prince; according to this signification, the Councellours of State were called COMITES CON∣SISTORIANI.

COMES ORIENTIS,

The Go∣vernour of the East. This Governour had 15 Provinces under his Government, and the particular Governours gave him an account of their respective administration, and if any of their had prevarricated, he punished them according to their misdemeanour.

COMES REI MILITARIS,

He commanded the Soldiers in the Armies, and had an equal authority with the Captains of the Provinces.

COMES STABULI,

The Great Ma∣ster of the Horse. He was to take care that the Provinces should deliver the Horses, that they did owe every year to the Emperor, wherefore these Horses were called Equi Cano∣nici. This Officer was very much respected in the Roman Empire, as the Great Constable was formerly in France, or the Master of the Horse is now in England.

COMES SCHOLARUM.

This Of∣ficer was an inspector over all the subaltern Officers of the Emperor: there were eleven classes of them, that were employed about the Affairs of the Prince, in the Provinces and the Armies. Each classis had his chief Comman∣der, who was called Comes or Caput Scholae.

COMES SACRARUM LARGITI∣ONUM,

The Treasurer of the gifts and libe∣ralities or alms of the Prince, which he destri∣buted among the Souldiers and the people. In the time of the Commonwealth these Treasu∣rers were called Questors. Some Emperors suppressed them, and some others restored them again; but Constantine the Great institu∣ted two Treasurers to manage his Reve∣nues, and both were called Comites.

The fond of this grant or bounty money was raised in the Provinces, and sent into the Prince's Coffers, called Arcae Largitionum; the collectors established to collect this money were called Exactores, Canonicarii.

COMES PRIVATARUMRERUM DOMUS DIVINAE,

The Treasurer of the casual forfeitures: He gathered the money that fell to the Prince by chance, as forfei∣tures, and other escheats, or goods of mortmain.

COMES DOMESTICORUM E∣QUITUM & PEDITUM,

A Collonel of the Archers of the Emperors guards, esta∣blished by the young Gordian. There were be∣fore the Emperor Gordian's time some compa∣nies of Guards, but he raised some more, both horse and foot, for his own guard, to attend always his person, wherefore they were called Protectores domestici praesentales. They were in all 3500 chosen and strong men, born in Armenia. Justinianus added to that number 2000 more, who were called Supernumerarii. They were commanded by three Officers, the first was Comes, the second Tribunus Protectorum, and the third Primicerius Protectorum.

COMES PATRIMONIJ,

Trea∣surer of the Demesn, he received the money for the maintenance of the Prince.

COMES CASTRENSIS BALA∣TIJ,

The Lord High Steward of the Princes Houshold. He took care of the Prince's Ta∣ble, and commanded all the Officers and wait∣ing Gentlemen of the House, called in gene∣ral Mensores, i. e. Mensa Regis Servientes; he com∣manded also the Lampadorij, i. e. those that lookt after and carried the Lamps, &c.

COMITIA.

Assemblies of people, which were threefold; for either they were made up by Wards or Curiae, and then were called Comitia Curiata, or by Tribes Comitia Tributa, or by hundreds, Comitia Centuriata, ac∣cording to the division of the Roman people. In the first Assembly, where they chuse the inferiour Magistrates, no man was allowed to vote but the Citizens of Rome. In the two o∣ther Assemblies, not only the Citizens of Rome had a right to vote, but also the Inhabi∣tants of the Colonies and Municipal Towns. In these great Assemblies they chose the great Magistrates, and took into consideration the most important affairs of the Commonwealth. Vide infra Centuriata, Curiata, and Tributa.

COMITIUM,

The place where the Assemblies met at Rome. It was one side of the Forum Romanum, or the place of Rome. This place was covered, and there was a kind of Scaffold or High and spacious Theatre called the place for Orations, adorned with Bows, or four Decks of Ships taken from the Antiates, in the first memorable Sea-fight the Romans were ingaged in. From this place

they administred Justice, made Speeches, pro∣posed Laws to the people, and generally made all their deliberations with them. There they did choose also most part of their Magi∣strates, wherefore the Candidates when they came to this place, used to lay aside all their grandeur, and shewed themselves familiar with all sorts of people, caressing and intreating some of them, bribing the others, and making their best to get a vote, being accompanied in these occasions by such of their friends and relations who had the greatest interest.

COMMODUS.

See after the following article.

COMOEDIA,

a Comedy, a Play com∣posed with art, either in prose or verses, to re∣present some humane action, agreeable and not cruel. The Comedy was first acted in some Villages, as it appears by the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Susarion was the first Author of it, as Thespis of the Tragedy, according to Suidas, Polydorus Virgil and Ludovicus Vives affirm that the Romans had their Comedy from the Greeks. The first representation of Comedy at Rome was under the Consulship of Caius Sulpitius Peti∣cus, and Caius Licinius Stolon, 390 years since the foundation of Rome, and 364 before the co∣ming of our Saviour. They were acted for the first time in the Island of the River Tiber, and afterwards upon Stages, Messala and Cassius, one of Caesar's Murtherers, being then Cen∣sors; as 'tis related by Valerius Maximus Appia∣nus, and St Austin, l. 1. de civitate Dei.

Aristophanes has excelled in Comedies; in that which is entituled Plutus, he tells us, that that God, having at first a clear sight, did look only upon just men, but that Jupiter having blinded him, Riches since that time are in∣differently shared among good and bad men. It was some time after attempted to reco∣ver his sight, but Penia, which is poverty it∣self, opposed it, shewing that Poverty being the Mistress of Arts, Sciences and Vertues, they would be in danger of being lost if all men were rich. They would not hearken to her wholsom advice, Plutus recovered his sight in the Temple of Aesculapius, and from that time the Temples and the Altars of the Gods, even of Jove himself, were forsaken, all men sacrificing to the only Plutus.

The ancient Comedy was a Satyr, to banish vice, and countenance virtue.

When Horace says that Comedy should be kept within the bounds of Laws, lege regi, he doth not say that it should be suppressed.

Donatus assures us, in his Book concerning Comedy, that antient Poets did not bring in Fictions as the Modern have done since, but represented the dealings of men, not sparing even the names of persons.

COMMODUS,

Son to Marcus Aurelius, a Roman Emperor. The Inclinations of his mind were worse than the Shape of his Bo∣dy; for he had nothing of his Fathers good nature, tho his Face had something of his features. His cruelties and debaucheries, so opposite to the clemency, sobriety and wisdom of Marcus Aurelius, perswaded the people that he was not his legitimate Son, ad that his Mother had got him by a Gladiator, whom she loved: and really he pretended to be a skilful Gladiator himself, a good Coachman, and a good Player. Some Authors give this description of him, that he had a wild look, sparkling eyes, and an ill composed discourse, like a Drunkard, whose actions he was imitating. Marcus Aurelius took notice of his ill nature, and used all his endeavours to correct it, having provided the best Masters for him, but nature prevailed upon education. He took after Fan∣stina his Mother's debaucheries, and as soon as his Father was dead, he removed all the good men about him, because their presence and care were troublesome to him, and a bridle to his loose way of living. His vanity was brought to such an excess, that he would be called the young Jupiter, and the Roman Hercu∣les, affecting with an unparallelled Foppery to dress himself in a Lions Skin, and to wear a massy Club like Hercules. At last Commodus be∣came so incommodious to all Mankind, that he was kill'd by his own Servants, they not being able to bear any longer his extravagancies. The Senate and the people did express an extraor∣dinary joy for the same, seeing themselves de∣livered from a Monster, and an enemy to all men.

During his life, they flattered him with a thousand Encomiums, so far, that they cal∣led his Reign the Golden Age, and bestowed upon him the Epither of Hercules, calling him the invincible and the Peace-maker of Man∣kind. There remains still a Medal of this ambitious Prince stampt at Nicca, with these words written in the Ring thereof. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. All the world was happy under the Empire of Commo∣dus.

We have besides on the reverse of a Golden Medal, and of another great one of Brass, both stampt for the same Emperor, these words, PROVIDENTIAE AUG. with two stand∣ing Figures, one representing Commodus like Hercules (for he affected to be dressed in a Lions Skin, and called Hercules Commodianus, and to have Sacrifices offered unto himself as if he had been a God) his right Foot upon the fore Deck of a Ship, in remembrance of some ex∣ploit he had performed at Sea; the other Fi∣gure represents a Woman, whose head is dres∣sed in an Elephants Skin, with a Serpent at her Feet, which was the ordinary emblem, the

Romans used to represent Africa abundant in Elephants. She presents Commodus with a handful of Ears of Corn, to shew the vigilancy of that Prince in sending to Africa and Egypt for the Corn that Italy and the whole Empire might stand in need of. Wherefore Lampridius says in the life of Commodus, that he fitted out a Fleet every year for Africa, that in case the Corn of Alexandria fell short, they might be supplied from Africa. Before the Reign of Commodus, they sent out of Italy to fetch Corn from Africa, but there was neither a Company of Corn Merchants settled, nor a Fleet appoint∣ed for that purpose, as there has been one for Alexandria ever since the time of Augustus.

There was also Gold, Silver and Brass stampt by the order of Commodus, whereon his Head is represented covered with a Lions skin, and on the reverse appear a Bow and Arrows, and a Quiver, with this motto HERCULI RO∣MANO AUGUSTO.

He design'd to change the name of the City of Rome, and have her called after his name Commodiana, and therefore in his Letters he took the following titles,

Imperator Caesar Lu∣cius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus, Pius, Felix, Sarmaticus, Germanicus, Maximus, Bri∣tannicus, Paccator orbis terrarum, Invictus, Romanus Hercules, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunitiae potestati XVIII. Imperator VIII. Consul VII. Pater Patriae; Consulibus, Praetoribus, Tribunis Plebis Senatuique Cummodiano felici salutem.

COMPITALIA.

The Feasts institu∣ted by Servius, which were commonly kept in January, the day before the Ides (which is the twelfth day of the month) and in May the sixth day before the Nones (which is the second day according to the old Roman Calendar.) This word Compitalia, comes a compitis, for at such days in all the cross ways both of the Town and Country they offered Sacrifices to the Gods Lares, which were certain Daemons, or Dome∣stick Gods, protectors or keepers of the fami∣lies. Macrobius tells us in his Saturnalia, that they Sacrificed formerly young children to these Lares and Mania their mother, for the conserva∣tion of the whole family. But Brutus, having expelled the Kings out of Rome, interpreted otherwise this Oracle of Apollo, ordering that instead of the heads demanded by the Oracle, they should take Poppy's heads, and in this sense he would have the Oracle to be inter∣preted. And the same Author tells us, that instead of children, that were before immola∣ted to these Gods, they made effigies of men and women with straw, which they did offer in Sacrifice, with some round woollen balls, for so many slaves as there was in the fa∣mily: as Festus reports,

Quibus tot pilae, quot capita servorum; tot effgies, quot essent liberi, po∣nebantur, ut vivis parterent, & essent his pilis & simulacris contenti; they offered them as many Balls as there was Slaves, and as many Effigies as there were free Persons in the Fa∣milies, that they might not hurt the Living, and be contented with these Offerings.

Dionysius Halicarnasseus tells us in his Antiqui∣ties, that this Feast was celebrated after the Sa∣turnalia, viz. at the beginning of January, and that it was proclaimed in these words, Die nono post Kalend. Jan. Quiritibus Compitalia erunt. This Peast was kept by the Slaves, according to the Institution of Servins, in remembrance of his Fortune, that being born a Slave, yet he be∣came King of the Romans. And Tully says, in the 7th Book of his Epistles to Atticus, that he would not go into the House of Albus, lest he should be troublesom to his Slaves, who were about Solemnizing the Compitalia, Ego quoniam Compitalitius dies est, nolo eo die in Albanum venire molestus Familiae.

COMUS,

the God of rejoycing and feast∣ing, and President at Dances and Debaucheries. Philostratus in the third Book of his Pictures, re∣presents him young and fair, with a red face by too much drinking, a lighted Flamboy in his hand, which he holds down to the very ground, and seems to burn his Legs with it. He is crowned with Garlands of Flowers, a∣mong Feastings and Pleasures.

CONCORDIA,

Concord; a Divini∣ty much respected among the Romans. Tiberius dedicated her a Temple in Rome, which he built by order of Livia his Mother. On the Coin or the Medals of the Emperors, there is the figure of Concord, holding up a Cup with one hand, and the Cornucopia, or Horn of Plenty with the other, to shew that plenty of all things at∣tends a State, where the People live in good correspondency and concord. She is also re∣presented by two Images holding one another by the right hand. On the Medals of Marc-Anthony, we see Concord under the Emblem of two Serpents ty'd below, and raising up in the figure of a Bow, to compass an Altar, on which lies the head of Augustus, to represent the concord of the Triumvire. On the Medals of Caesar Augustus, Concord holds with one hand the Horn of Plenty, and with the other she presents some Fruits to Lepidus, Anthony, and young Caesar Trium-vits, with this Motto, Salus Generls Humani. The Crow was particu∣larly consecrated to Concord, as Aelianus relates, for he tells us, that it was the custom among the ancient Romans, when they married to call upon the Crow; that is to say, the Con∣cord that should be between married People. Policianus in his Miscellaneous Works confirms this opinion, and tell us, that he has a Medal of the young Faustina, Marcus Aurelius's Daugh∣ter, on the reverse whereof was represented a Crow, the Symbol of Concord, with the word Concordia.

CONFARREATIO,

the Ceremony of the Confarreation was observed in certain Mar∣riages, by eating together a Cake of Wheat. Tacitus tells us,

It was the custom to Name three Persons of a Patrician Family, whose Fathers had observed in their Marriages the ceremony of the Confarreation, but that cannot be practiced now, because this Cere∣mony was neglected, or is too hard to be pract∣ised, or rather out of the little care they took of things belonging to Religion, or in fine, because Priests and their Wives had a right to be emancipated from the Paternal Au∣thority, in consequence of that Dignity.

CONGIARIUM,

a certain Sum of Money, which the Roman Emperors distributed from time to time among the People, and this Liberality was called among the Latins Congiari∣um; but the largesses that the Emperors bestow∣ed among the Soldiers were called Donativum. Tacitus speaking of young Caesar tells us, that he gave the Congiarium to the People, and the Do∣nativum to the Soldiers, Congiarium populo, Dona∣tivum Militibus dedit. During his Reign he be∣stowed often this Liberality upon the People, and gave them thirty little Sesterces to each of them, sometimes 40, and sometimes 150, as 'tis recorded by Suetonius. Children were not excluded of this Liberality in the Reign of Au∣gustus, though before that time, Children that were not above twelve Years old, had no share in it.

CONGIUS,

a kind of Measure contain∣ing six Sextaries, the Sextary two Hemines, and the Hemine nine Ounces, and was about our Gallon.

CONISTERIUM,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Greek sig∣nifies Dust. There was some dust kept in this place for the Wrestlers, who were used to spread some upon one another, that they might take a better hold upon the anointed Bodies of their fellow-wrestlers.

CONSECRATIO,

a Consecration of the Roman Emperors by the Senate and the Peo∣ple after the Emperor was dead. These are the Ceremonies observed at this Consecration or Deification, as they are related by Herodianus.

The Emperour being dead, the whole City sad and mornful was complaining of her loss. They set a waxen Statue of the Emperor upon a Bed of State, at the entry of the Imperial Palace; The Senators were at the left hand dress'd in Mourning Cloaths, and on the Right stood the Roman Ladies dress'd in white Cloaths, keeping all a sad and mournful silence for seven Day together. During that time, the Physici∣ans came from time to time to feel the Pulse of the Patient, saying that his Illness was worse and worse. The seventh day being expired, they published his Death, and all things being prepared for his Obsequies, the chief among the Knights and Senators carried the Bed up∣on their shoulders along the Holy Street, as far as the Old Market-place, (where Magistrates us'd to resign their Offices) attended with mournful Songs, and the noise of Instruments. Afterwards they carried him out of the Town into the Field of Mars, where was a Funeral Pile, dress'd and prepared with sweet Perfumes. The outside of the Funeral Pile was adorn'd with Joiners Work, and rich Stuffs embroider∣ed with Gold, with Ivory Statues and several Pictures. This sumptuous Monument was di∣vided in three Stories, and the Corps was laid in the middle one; then they began the Horse-Race, and the Fights of the Gladiators in Honour of the Dead. And after the Games were over, the Successor to the Empire, hold∣ing in his Hand a burning Torch, set the Fu∣neral Pile on fire, and immediately after an Eagle was seen flying up from the top of it, in the middle of the Fire and Smoak; This Eagle carried away the Soul of the Dead into the company of the Immortal Gods (as they thought) and then presently they worshipped him, erect∣ed Altars to his Honour, and ordained Priests and Sacrifices for him at Rome, and the other Cities of the Empire. Seneca makes a pleasant Jest upon the Apotheosis or Deification of Clau∣dius, which deserves to be the Readers curiosity.

CONSECRATIO

PONTIFI∣CUM, The consecration of the Roman Pontiffs. Prudentius relates in what manner the highest Priest was consecrated among the Pagans. They let him down into a hole, dressed in his Priestly habit, and covered the hole with a plank bored through in many places; then the Victimarius, or the Butcher-priest, and the o∣ther Ministers attending the Sacrifices, brought upon the plank a Bull adorned with Gar∣lands of Flowers, and having thrust the Knife into his Throat, his blood was shed, poured upon the plank, and dropt down through the holes of it upon the Pontiff, who did rub his Eyes, Nose, Ears, and his Tongue itself with it. After this ceremony, they took him out of the hole allover bloody, and saluted him with these words, Salve Pontifex Maxim••; and having changed his cloaths, conducted him to his House, where was a great Feast ready for them, the description whereof we have from Macrob.

Summus Sacerdos nempe sub terram scrobe Actâ in profundum consecrandus mergitur, Mirè insulatus festa vittis tempora Nectens, coronâ tum repexus aureâ Cin••tu Gabinio Sericâ fultus toga: Ta••ulis supernè strata texunt pulpita, Rimosa rari p••gmatis compagibus, Scin••••••t subin••e vel terebrant aream, Crebroque lignum perforant acum••••••,

Pateat minutis ut frequens hiatibut: Huc taurus ingens fronte torvâ & bispidi Sertis revinctus aut per armos floreis, Aut impeditus cornibus, deducitur: Hic ut statuta est immolanda bellua, Pictus sacrato dividunt venabulo, Eructat amplum vulnus undam sanguinis Ferventis, inque texta pontis subditi Fundit vaporum flumen & latè aestuat. Tam per frequentes mille rimarum vias Illapsus imber tabidum rorem pluit, Defossius intùs quem sacerdos excipit Guttas ad omnes, sturpe subjectans caput, Et veste & omni putrefactus corpore: Qui nos supinat, obvias offert genas, Supponit aures, labra, nares objicit, Oculos & ipsos proluit liquoribus, Nec jam palato parcit, & linguam rigat; Postquam cadaver sanguine egesto rigens Compage ab illa Flamines retraxerint, Procedit inde Pontifex visu horridus, Ostentat udum verticem, barbam gravem, Omnes salutant atque adorant emi••ùs.

CONSENTES DIJ.

They were Gods which the Heathens thought Members of the Councils of the Gods, and principally of Jupi∣ter, St August lib. 4. de civit. Dei. cap. 23.

CONSTANTINUS,

sirnamed MAG∣NUS. Constantine the Great, Son to Constanti∣us and Helena. He defeated Maxentius the Ty∣rant with the standard of the cross, the sign whereof appeared to him in the air, with these words written upon it, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in hoc vince. He was instructed in the Christian Re∣ligion, and baptized by Silvester Bishop of Rome. He gave liberty to the Christians, built many Churches, and endowed them very rich∣ly. He gave to Pope Silvester and his Suc∣cessors the City of Rome to be their own, with all the Imperial Badges, after he had transfer∣red the Seat of the Empire to Constantinople, called the New Rome He died in the sixty sixth year of his Age, and the 31st of his Reign.

CONSUALIA.

Feasts instituted by Romulus, according to Livy, when he stole the Sabine Virgins; for he had found an Altar under ground, says Plutarch, dedicated to God Consus, or the God of Counsel; and this Altar was always kept covered till the Feast of Con∣sualia, when they had Horse-races in Neptune's Honour.

CONSUL,

a Soveraign Roman Magi∣strate, that was created upon this occasion. Lucretia, Collatinus his wife, having been ravish∣ed in a country house by the son of Tarquinius Superbus in the absence of her husband, came to Rome, and cast herself at the feet of Spurius Lucretius her father, and entreated him to call his friends, before whom she plainly related how she had been abused by the son of Tarqui∣nius: and withal told them,

'Tis for you to revenge your honour, for mine shall be wash'd preseutly with my own blood, which I will shed pure to the Gods.

After she had spoken these words, she thrust a Dagger into her breast, and expired in the presence of the whole assembly. This tragick death exaspera∣ted the people, and encouraged them to at∣tempt the recovery of their liberty, and to shake off the Royal Authority. Wherefore they esta∣blish'd a kind of Government mixt of Aristo∣cracy and Democracy: the people chose every year two Magistrates, whom they call'd Con∣suls, because they took care of their Country, and gave counsel to their Country-men. They enter'd upon this publick office the thirteenth day of December. Their garments were enrich'd with Purple, like those of the Kings: and were attended like them with Lictors or Serje∣ants, who carried bundles of Rods or Axes; they owned no Superiours but the Gods and the Laws; but when the time of their Magi∣stracy was expired, they were liable to be im∣peached before the people, and to give an ac∣count of their administration. The Senate was the Councel of Consuls, and judg'd of all sorts of affairs, but without prejudice to the right of appealing to the people.

The first Authors of the Roman Liberty, viz. Lucius Junius Brutus, and Lucius Tarquinius Collati∣nus, were created Consuls in the year of the creation of the world 3545, Julian Period 4205, before the birth of our Saviour 509, and from the foundation of Rome 244. Tarquinius Colla∣tinus was put out of his Office before the year of his Consulship was expired, Brutus forc'd him to leave it off, because he was of the Tarquinian Family, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room to fulfil his time.

The Consuls were chosen every year in the Field of Mars, by the Roman people assembled by hundreds. In the first times of the Com∣monwealth, no man could pretend to this dig∣nity, but such as were of the Patrician Family, viz. Noblemen; but afterwards the people obtained that one of the Consuls should be ta∣ken out from among them, and Sextius was the first Consul chosen out of the people, notwith∣standing the opposition of the Nobility, as it is related by Livy. Comitia Consulum adversâ no∣bilitate habita, quibus L. Sextius de plebe primus Consul factus est, in the year 388. Plinius Junii tells us, that Licmins Stolo who had been Tribune with Sextius, was the first Consul taken out of the people; but all other Authors are of a contra∣ry opinion.

This Magistrate wore a Gown edged with purple; he had the priviledge of sitting upon the Sella Curulis, or a chair of State made of Ivory, carrying in his hand a Royal Staff of Ivory, called Scipio Eberneus, with an Eagle at

the top of it, as a Badge of his dignity and power. Twelve Mace-bearers went before him for a months time, (for the Consuls had agreed among themselves, that the Twelve Mace-bearers should go only before one of them, lest they should fright the people) which time being expired, there should be then but a Sergeant walking before him, and the Mace-bearers should follow him, car∣rying neither bundles of Rods nor Axes, as Suetonius relates, Antiquum retulit morem, ut quo mense fasces non haberent, Accensus ante cum iret, lictores pone sequerentur. Which was only practi∣ced when the Consuls were both at Rome: for in the Provinces each of them kept the badges of his Power.

A Consul was commonly chosen, at Forty three Years of Age, which was called Tompus legitimum; but this was not always observed, for Valerius Corvinus was but three and twenty Years old when he was chosen; Scipio Afri∣canus was chosen at four and twenty, as also Marius, Pompey and Augustus, all before they were forty three Years old.

Besides, it was requisite he should have exer∣cised other Offices, as that of Quaestor, Aedilis, and Pretor, which was no better observed than the first required condition, for Pompey had ne∣ver had been a Quaestor nor Pretor, when he ob∣tained the Consulship.

Their Authority and Power was of a very great extent, so long as the Commonwealth subsided; as it appears by these words of the Law of the twelve Tables, REGIO IMPERIO DUO SUNTO: IIQUE PRAEEUNDO, JUDIC AN∣DO, CONSULENDO, PRAETORES, JUDICES, CONSULES APPELLANTOR: MILITIAE SUM∣MUM JUS HABENTO: NIMINI PARENTO. This gives them a Royal Power, as Tully calls it in the third Book of the Laws; viz. a supream Authority above all the other Magistrates; fa∣stigium dignitatum, says Livy, and the same Au∣thor calls also their Power Immoderata & Infini∣ta potestas, an infinite and unlimited Power.

But this authority was much lessened under the Emperors, who took upon themselves the whole Soveraign Power, leaving only to the Consuls the badges of their dignity, and the power of calling the Senate, and administring justice to private men.

In the last times of the Commonwealth, and under the Emperors, they entered upon their Magistracy the first day of January, be∣ginning with it the year, which was called af∣ter their name. The Senate in a Body, and the people, came very early to their Houses to wa•••••••• them, then accompanied them to the Capitol. Spartianus calls that ceremony Offici∣um novorum Consulum, & Auspiciis interesse, be∣cause being arrived at the Capitol, they took the Augure, and each of them sacrificed an Ox to Jupiter, Consulibus, quo die Magistratus iniere, immolantibus singulis Jovi bovem, ut solet. The Sacrifice being over, they came down to the Senate with the same attendance, where, in the time of the Emperors, they gave thanks to the Emperor, and took the Oath of Allegi∣ance; and few days after thanked the people from the place appointed for publick Speeches. This ceremony ended with a largess of Money or Provisions, which they bestowed upon the people, and sent some presents to their Friends, which were called Nunera Consularia, and Sportulas Consulares, says Cassiodorus. Afterwards the Emperors Zeno and Leo, forbad these li∣beralities, and instead of it, ordered they should pay a certain summ for the repairing of the Aqueducts. They used also to entertain the people with Shews, Fights of Gladiators, Wild Beasts, and other Spectacles, of which the Ro∣mans were fond almost to folly.

After they had drawn Lots about the Pro∣vinces where they should govern, or that the Senate and the people had appointed them without drawing Lots, (which was sometimes practiced) they went to the Capitol to make their vows and prayers, nuncupabat vota, for the prosperity of the Armies of the Common-wealth, then went out by the Gate through which they were to repair to their respective Provinces, having put on their Armour, and attended by their Mace-bearers, and other Officers likewise with their Armoury on. At their going away, the Commonwealth fur∣nished them with all things necessary for their Journey, Houshold-goods, Furnitures, Cooks, &c. Augustus paid them a Summ of Money, to furnish themselves with all these things. They were not allowed to leave their Province, nor the command of the Armies, without an express order from the Senate, neither be∣fore their Successors were arrived there. At their return they made a Speech to the peo∣ple, which ended by a protestation that they had done nothing, neither against the Laws nor the good of the Commonwealth in all the time of their administration. Itaque abiturus Consulatu, jurasti te nibil contra leges fecisse, says the younger Pliny to Emperor Trajan.

CONSULATUS,

The Consulship, the office or dignity of a Consul. During the time of the Commonwealth, the Consulship was annual, except in case of death or some misdemeanour of the Consul; for Quintius Cincinnatus being Dictator, forced Lucius Mi••••∣tius then Consul, to quit his office, becausebe did not prevent the Enemies from besieging him in his Camp.

He who succeeded the deposed Consul, con∣tinued no longer in it, than the time his Pre∣decessor was to enjoy it; and sometimes there was none chosen to fill up his place; for when

Cinna was killed, Carbo his Colleague served out his time; as also Sextus Caesar in the room of Rutilius his Colleague, killed in the War of the Confederates.

Under the Reign of the Emperors the time of the Consulship was not fixed, it lasted often but two or three months, and sometimes lon∣ger. Dion tells us, that Julius Caesar made this alteration in the year DCCVIII. of the foun∣dation of Rome: for having quitted his Con∣sulship before his year was out, to finish what remained of it, he created Q. Fabius and C. Trebonius: and the first of them being dead the last day of his Consulship, he put in his room Caninius, for the remainder of that day: and this gave occasion to Tully, to say of him in a jo∣king way,

that he had shown so great a vigi∣lancy in his Consulship, that he never slept all the while he was Consul.

Augustus followed the example of his Prede∣cessor, that he might gratify many people, as Suetonius says in his life; for of his six Con∣sulships, some lasted nine months, some six, some others four or three months. Tiberius and Claudius shortened yet this time, and the Emperor Commodus made five and twenty Con∣suls in one year.

Yet, to keep something of the antient cu∣stom, they chose always a Consul at the Ca∣lends of January, and the year was called after his name. He was called Consul ordinarius, the others were called Suffecti. This explains us what Suetonius says in the life of Domitianus, In sex Consulattbus unum ordinarium tantum gessit; and what Symmachus says, Delatus est a clemen∣tissimis Principibus ordinarius consulatus, he was made Consul the first of January.

Constantine the Great restored the antient custom, and ordered that the Consulship should be for a whole year, making yet some titular Consuls, as Julius Caesar had done, ac∣cording to Suetonius.

Cassiodorus relates a formular made use of by the Emperors in conferring the dignity of a Consul, which may be seen lib. 6. Ep. 21.

A Catalogue of the Roman Consuls. And an Abridgment of all the me∣morable deeds, that were transacted during their respective Consulate.

THe Romans having driven away Terqui∣nius Superbus, resolved never to suffer any more the Government of Kings, and established a kind of Government mixt of Aristocracy and Democracy; the people chose every year two Soveraign Magistrates, called Consuls, because they bestowed their Counsels and care upon their Country. Their authority was equal, and had no other limits, but the time. They were cloathed with pur∣ple like Kings, and had Serjeants as well as they, or Mace-bearers, carrying bundles of Rods with an Ax bound up in the midst of them, owning no Superiours but the Gods and the Laws. The Senate was the Council of the Consuls, and judged of all sorts of af∣fairs; but there was appeal from them to the people. They had also other Judges and in∣feriour Magistrates, of whom we shall speak in the sequel of this Book. This change hap∣pened in the year of the creation of the world 3545. of the foundation of Rome 244. and be∣fore the birth of our Saviour 509.

The first Consuls were the Authors of the publick liberty, viz. LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, and LUCIUS TARQUINIUS COLLATINUS; This last was not only forced to quit his Consulship, but also to go out of Rome, be∣cause his name was the same with that of the banished Tarquinius, and PUBLIUS VALERIUS was chosen Consul in his room, to make an end of the year.

Brutus having called the people together, and caused them to take an Oath, that they should never submit themselves to the Royal Authority; afterwards he increased the Se∣nate with three hundred new Senators, and was killed at the head of the Horse, fighting a∣gainst Aruns Tarquinius his Son. The Ladies mourned a whole year for him, because they lookt upon him as the Revenger of violated chastity in the person of Lucretia. Valerius chose for his colleague in the room of Brutus, either Titus Lucretius, as Livy says, or Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus Father to Lucre∣tia.

Anno Mundi 3547. Romae 246. M. HORATIUS PULVILLUS, P. VALERIUS. Horatius dedi∣cated the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which Tarquinius had built: he signalized his cou∣rage at the Siege that Porsenna King of Tuscany had laid before Rome; who having seized up∣on Janiculum Castle attacked the Sublician Bridge which had a communication with the Town, and had almost got possession of it, but Hora∣tius alone made head against the Enemies at the entry of the Bridge, whilst his own men were cutting it down behind him, and then threw himself down into the Tiber, and got safe into the Town, having received no wounds in the very midst of the Darts his E∣nemies flung at him.

A. M. 3548. R. 247. M. VALER VOLUSIUS, PUBLIUS POSTHUMIUS TUBERTUS. The Calendars of the Capitol record two Con∣suls after these; viz. Spur. Largius Flavus or Ru∣us,

and T. Herennius Aquilinus: and instead of Marcus, the Roman Calendars record T. Va∣lerius; Cassiodorus, P. Valerius. Plutarch agrees with Livy, and adds the Sirname of Tubertus to that of Posthumius, which Livy doth not men∣tion. These two Consuls got two great Victo∣ries over the Sabines, for which they obtain'd the Honour of publiek Triumph.

A. M. 3550. R. 249. Publius Valerius, Pub∣licola, Titus Lucretius Plutarch records this Consulship as the fourth of Valerius, and Dionysius Halicarnasseus puts M. Horatius in the room of Iucretius. During this Consulship, Appius Clausus a Sabine, who was afterwards named Claudius, came to shelter himself at Rome, with those of his Party to the number of five thousand: He was received in the Senate, where he took a place as Senator, and the free∣dom of Citizens was bestowed upon the other Men that came along with him, with two A∣cres of Ground to each of them, upon the Banks of Anio.

A. M. 3551. R. 250. MENENIUS AGRIP∣PA LANATUS, PUBLIUS POSTHUMIUS TUBERTUS. Valerius Publicola died in the beginning of the following Year, crowned with Glory and Blessings; the Roman Ladies mourned for him as they did for the death of Brutus. The Sabines made an Irruption in∣to the Roman Territories, Posthumius the Consul made head against them; but they forc'd him to retire to a disadvantageous place, where they besieg'd him; yet Agrippa's Colleague got him off, and vanquish'd the Sabines. The great Triumph was decreed to Agrippa, and the lesser called Ovatio to Posthamius.

A. M. 3552. R. 251. VIRGINIUS OPI∣TER TRICOSTUS, SPUR. CASSIUS VI∣CELLINUS. These Consuls defeated the Arun∣tians, and cut off the Head of all their Ge∣nerals, after they had led them in Triumph. The Lands of the Aruntians were destributed to the People, to punish them for the plunder they had committed in the Roman Country.

A. M. 3553. R. 252. POSTHUMIUS CA∣MINUS ARUNCUS, T. LAERTIUS. Cassio∣dorus reckons two Years less; but this supputa∣tion agrees with Eutropius. Upon the rumour that Manilius, Tarquiniu's Son-in-law, was mak∣ing a powerful League against the Romans to restore Tarquinius, the Senate re-united the au∣thority of the Consuls, in the person of one Magistrate whom they created, and called him Dictator. He had power of life and death over the Romans, and had four and twenty Li∣ctors walking before him. The first that was honour'd with this Office, was T. Largius.

A. M. 3554. R. 253. SERVIUS SULPITI∣US, M. TULLUS or TULLIUS LONGUS. There was nothing considerable done this year, during which all things were quiet.

A. M. 3555. R. 254. T. AEBUTIUS HEL∣LUA, C. or L. or P. VETURIUS GEMINUS. The Consuls besieged Fidenas, and proclaimed war against the Latins, who had sided with all the Enemies of Rome.

A. M. 3556. R. 255. CLELIUS SICULUS, T. or LAERTIUS FLAVUS. The Latins ha∣ving made a Confederacy with the people cal∣led Volcae, the Romans made Aulus Posthumius Dictator, to resist them. The Armies did en∣counter near Lake Regillus, where there was a bloody and obstinate Fight, and it was reported that Castor and Pollux had fought for the Ro-mans under the shape of two young Horsemen, and that they had themselves brought to Rome the news of the Victory obtained by the Ro∣mans. The Senate ordered the honour of Tri∣umph to the Dictator.

A. M. 3557. R. 256. AULUS SEMPRO∣NIUS ATTRATINUS, M. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS. They dedicated the Temple of Saturn, and instituted the Feasts called Sa∣turnalia for the 17th day of December. Tar∣quinius and Manilius engaged seventeen Com∣monalties of the Latins against Rome.

A. M. 3558. R. 257. AULUS POSTHU∣MIUS ALBUS REGILLENSIS, T. VIRGI∣NIUS TRICOSTUS. A War was proclaimed against the Volcae.

A. M. 3559. R. 258. APPIUS CLAUDI∣US SABICUS, M. or P. SERVILIUS PRIS∣NUS. This Year was very fortunate to the Commonwealth. The Latins, weakned by ma∣ny frequent losses, banished out of their Coun∣try Tarquinius Superbus, being then fourscore and ten years old, as being the author of their Mis∣fortunes. This unfortunate Prince retired to Cumae at the Court of Aristodemus, where he died few days after. All the Roman people were reduced to thirty one Tribes. The Sa∣bines renewed the War. The Senate created a Dictator to maintain it, viz. Aulus Posthumius. A Company of Merchants was settled at Rome, and the Temple of Mercurius their Patron was dedicated. The Honour of this Dedication was contested by the two Consuls, the Senate to bring them to an Agreement, appointed the People to decide their Quarrel, who be∣stowed that honour upon M. Lectorius a private ancient Centurion.

A. M. 3560. R. 259. AUL. or C. VIRGINI∣US COELIMONTANUS, T. VETUSIUS or VETURIUS GEMINUS. The Sedition rais'd by the indebted persons was renew'd, and be∣came so strong, that a Dictator was created to quell it. Upon the rumor of this domestick disorder, the Sabini, the Aequi, and the Volcae confederated themselves, and took the Field; and as the Consuls would raise Forces to march against their Enemies, the People refus'd to list themselves, and retir'd in a body upon the

Mounts Esquilinus and Aventinus. The Soldiers likewise refus'd to take the Oath: Upon this the Senate was forc'd to create M. Valerius Dicta∣tor, Publicola his Brother, who pacified all things, being extreamly lov'd by the People and Souldiers; he rais'd ten compleat Legions, which was the greatest Army that ever Rome had on foot, and defeated the Volcae.

A. M. 3561. R. 260. SPURIUS CASSIUS VICELLINUS, POSTHUMIUS CAMINUS ARUNCUS. The people in a mutiny against the Senate, went out of Rome, and incamped in a tumultuous manner upon the sacred Mountain, four Miles from Rome: Menenius Agrippa, a very eloquent man, went to the sa∣cred Mountain, where he represented to the people, that the whole Commonwealth was but one Body, whereof the Senate was the Head and the Stomach, which alone seem'd to swallow down all that the strength and the skill of the other parts could get, but that it was only in order to destribute the same to all the rest of the Body, to nourish and strengthen it; but if the Members should cease to afford the usual aliments, they would shortly be de∣prived themselves of strength, heat, and life it self. The People having hearkened to this just comparison, yielded to the proposals of agree∣ment that were made to him, whereof the chiefest was, that popular Magistrates should be created, who were called Tribunes of the Peo∣ple, and that they should be sacred and invio∣lable. They had power to oppose themselves to the deliberation of the Senate, and the orders of the Consuls. Nothing could be concluded without their consent, which they notified by putting a T below the order; and on the con∣trary, when they opposed themselves to it, they did write this word l'eto. Their power is more fully described under the word Tri∣bunus

A. M. 3562. R. 261. T. GEGANIUS MA∣CERINUS, P. MINUCIUS AUGURINUS. Rome was afflicted with great Dearth, which grew still more raging by the injustice of Ari∣stodemus, Tyrant of Cumae, who seiz'd upon the Corn that the Roman Magistrates had bought in Sicily.

A. M. 3563. R. 262. M. MINUTIUS AU∣GURINUS, AULUS SEMPRONIUS AT∣TRATINUS. The People grumbled at the unequal distribution of the Corn that was brought to Rome. C. Marsius surnamed Coriola∣nus from the taking of Corioli, endeavouring to suppress the murmuring and complaining of the people, was banished out of Rome. Coriola∣nus retired into the Country of the Volcae, and made war against his own Country, which he brought very near to its ruine. He would neither be perswaded by the Ambassadours that were sent to him, nor hearken to the ad∣vice of the Pontiffs; but only was prevailed with by the Prayers of Veturia his Mother, and Volumnia his Wife. Wherefore he brought the Volcae again into their Country; but a while after they put him to death, because he had betray'd them, in quitting their Conquests, and giving over the sacking of Rome.

A. M. 3564. R. 263. SPUR. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS, SEXTUS FURIUS MEDUL∣LINUS. The Calendars of the Capitol reckon two Consuls before these, and mention Q. P. Sulpitius Camerinus, Spurius Largius or Laertius Fla∣vus: C. Julius Julus, and P. Pinarius Mamertinus, for the years of the World 3565 and 3566.

A. M. 3567. R. 266. T. SICCINIUS ABI∣NUS, C. AQUILIUS TUSCUS. The first Consul made war against the Volcae, but got no great advantage over them, says Livy, tho' Di∣onysius Halicarnasseus affirms that he throughly de∣feated them; the Roman Cavalry having fought on foot at the head of the Infantry. Siccinius obtained the great Triumph, and Aquilius the Ovation for the advantages obtained over the Heruici.

A. M. 3568. R. 267. SPURIUS CASSIUS VICELLINUS, PROCULUS VIRGINIUS TRICOSTUS. Cassius propos'd the Agrarion-Law, which was the cause of a World of Divi∣sions at Rome. This Law ordered that all the Lands gain'd from the Enemies, should be divided among the People; but it was reject∣ed. The Roman Civil Law mentions two Agra∣rian Laws, one made by Julius Caesar, the other by the Emperor Nerva; but they concern the limits of the Lands, and have no regard to the Divisions thereof.

A. M. 3569. R. 268. SERGIUS CORNE∣LIUS MALLUGINENSIS or COSSUS, Q. FABIUS VIBULLANUS. The Quaestors Fa∣bius Caeso and Lucius Valerius sued Cassius, and im∣peach'd him for high Treason; which was pro∣ved against him, and he was thrown headlong from the Tarpeian Rock at the end of his Con∣sulship: Some were for punishing his Crime even in the persons of his Children, but they could not carry it; and this moderation passed afterwards for a Law at Rome, that the Crimes of the Fathers should not be punish'd in the persons of their Children, till the time of the Wars of Sylla and Marius. The Estate of Cassius was forfeited, and applied to the setting up a a Statue in the Temple of Ceres.

A. M. 3570. R. 269. CAESO FABIUS, L. AEMILLIUS MAMERCUS. Cassiodorus de∣notes by a K. what Livy expresses by a C. Caeso. The Temple of Castor and Pollux was dedicated, which had been devoted after the Battle on the Lake of Regillus. Livy tells us, that some Au∣thors before his time, affirmed that this Battle was fought in the tenth Consulship, tho' he re∣lated it himself in the ninth.

A. M. 3571. R. 270. M. FABIUS VIBULLA∣NUS S. VALERIUS POTITUS VOLUTIUS. The Vestal Oppia was buried alive, being con∣victed of Incontinency. The War of the Vol∣cae, obliged the Consuls to raise Forces, but the Tribunes of the people opposed them: whereupon by an order of the Senate, the I∣vory chair of the Consuls were carried out of the Town, where they listed Souldiers, confiscating the Estates of the Citizens who refused to obey. The Tribunes alledged the Laws agreed upon on the Sacred Mountain, but it was to no purpose, for by the very same Laws their power had no further extent than the compass of the Walls of Rome, so that their Veto was of no effect.

A. M. 3572. R. 271. Q. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, C. JULIUS JULUS. The War a∣gainst the Volcae was carried on. The Veientes made incursions into the Campania of Rome.

A. M. 3573 R. 272. K. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, SPUR. FURIUS FUSCUS or FU∣SUS. This year Xerxes went into Greece, ac∣cording to what Dionysius Halicarnasseus relates, but Diorus Siculus reports, that it was under the Consulship of Spurius Cassius, and Proculus Virginius Tricostus, which was the 24th Consul∣ship; and according to his supputation the last year of the seventy third Olympiad.

A. M. 3574. R. 273. M. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, CNEUS MANLIUS CINCINNA∣TUS. The War of the Volcae, the Veientes, and the Aequi, became more dangerous by the conjunction of the Tuscans. The Consuls to op∣pose them joined both their Armies: they en∣gaged them, and got the victory, but with a considerable loss; wherefore the Consuls re∣fused the Triumph, that the Senate had or∣dered them, being too sensibly moved for the loss the Commonwealth had suffered, to be desirous of the glory of a Triumph.

A. M. 3575. R. 274 K. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, T. VIRGINIUS TRICOSTUS RU∣TILUS. This year the Fabian Family alone made War against the Veientes under the com∣mand of Caeso.

A. M. 3576. R. 275. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, C. or Q. SERVILIUS STRUCTUS AHALA. The Fabians continued the War a∣gainst the Veientes, while the Romans were en∣gaged with the Tuscans.

A. M. 3577. R. 276. C. or M. HORATI∣US PULVILLUS, T. MENENIUS LANA∣TUS. The Veientes having drawn the Fabians into an Ambuscado, gave them such an overthrow, that of all that numerous Family only a child of fourteen years of age, Son to M. Fabius, remained alive.

A. M. 3578. R. 277. AULUS VIRGINI∣US TRICOSTIUS, SPURIUS RUTILIUS SERVILLIUS STRUCTUS. The Veientes were driven out of the Janiculum, and by these means the people of Rome were eased of the want of Provisions, they had suffered by reason of their troublesome Neighbourhood. The Tribunes of the people renewed their instances to obtain the Agrarian Law. Menenius resisted them, but they impeached him of Misdemea∣nour in his Office, where upon he was fined twenty Crowns, but he was so sensibly con∣cerned at this affront put upon him, that he died a while after with grief.

A. M. 3579. R. 278. L. or C. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS, P. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. The Tribunes, encouraged by the misfortune of Menenius, attempted to impeach Servilius at the end of his Consulship, but he cleared himself of their accusation.

A. M. 3580. R. 279. L. FURIUS ME∣DULLINUS, C. or A. MANLIUS VOLSO. The Veientes bought a Truce of forty years, and parted upon that account with a great deal of Gold and Corn. Manlius received the honor of the Ovation. An account of the people was taken, and Rome had a hundred and three thou∣sand heads of Families

A. M. 3581. R. 280. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, OPITER, VIRGINIUS, or VO∣PISCUS, or C. JULIUS JULUS. The Tri∣bunes renewed their accusations against the Pa∣tricians, and Genutius one of them impeached Manlius and Furius, and they had been con∣demned, had not the Senate ordered Genutius to be stabb'd in the night in his own house. The people highly resented this assas∣sination, and rose in an open sedition, and made Volero Tribune in the room of Genutius.

A. M. 3582. R. 281. L. PINARIUS MA∣MERTINUS, P. FURIUS FUSUS, or ME∣DULLINUS. The new Tribune Volero endeavoured to procure a Law to be made, for the election of the Tribunes of the people by the votes of the Tribes, but the Senate opposed it, with one of the Tribunes, whom they had got on their side so that the Law did not pass.

A. M. 3583. R. 282. APPIUS CLAUDIUS SABINUS, T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS. The Tribune Victorius according to Livy, or Lectorius, according to Dionysius Halycarnasseus, accused Claudius as a most violent man against the Plebeians: and this accusation obliged the Senate to consent, that the election of the Tribunes should be made in the assembly of the people by Tribes; but Piso got three Tribunes to be added to the two former.

A. M. 3584. R. 283. L. or T. VALERIUS POTITUS, T. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. The Tribunes accused Appius Clauaius for despi∣sing the Roman people, and abetting the mur∣ther of the Tribun: Genutius. Claud. us appeared in the Assembly, where nothing was deter∣mined, and a while after he died of a sickness.

His Obsequies were performed in the usual manner, for persons of his rank; with a Fune∣ral Speech, in spight of the opposition of the Tribunes.

A. M. 3585. R. 284. T. MINUTIUS PRIS∣CUS, AULUS VIRGINIUS COELIMON∣TANUS. The Sabini and the Volcae made an irruption into the Roman Territories, but were repulsed with loss.

A. M. 3586. R. 285. T. or P. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS, Q. SERVILLUS PRISCUS. The Consuls chased the Sabini and the Volcae, and Quintius took Actium, the Senate came out to meet him, and ordered him the triumph.

A. M. 3587. R. 286. T. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, Q. FABIUS VIBULLANUS. The first obtained this Magistracy, being yet but four and twenty years of age, because of his rare merit. He gave to the people the Town of Actium with his Territory, and all his dependencies thereof.

A. M. 3588. R. 287. Q. SERVILIUS PRIS∣CUS, SPUR. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS RE∣GILLENSIS. The Romans were in peace both in Country and in Town, because of an Epidemical Disease that raged amongst them.

A. M. 3589. R. 288. Q. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLIN US. The City was purified, and the Citizens were numbred, who were found to be one hundred and twenty four thousand two hundred and fourteen heads of Families without the Or∣phans, and those that had no Children, who were not numbred.

A. M. 3590. R. 289. AULUS POSTHU∣MIUS ALBUS, SPURIUS FURIUS ME∣DULLINUS FUSCUS. The people called Aequi fought Furius, routed his Army, wound∣ed him, and obliged him to retire upon a hill with the rest of his Army, where they besieg∣ed him. T. Quintius Capitolinus chosen Pro-consul, came to the assistance of the Consul, and brought him off, but there was a great slaughter on both sides.

A. M. 3591. R. 290. L. AEBUTIUS HEL∣LUA, P. SERVILIUS PRISCUS. The plague raged at Rome, the two Consuls died thereof, with many other persons of note.

A. M. 3592. R. 291, L. LUCRETIUS TRICIPITINUS, T. VETURIUS GEMINUS, or SPURIUS VETURIUS CRASSUS. The Tribune Tarentillus proposed the famous Law called by the name of the Author Tarentilla. This Law ordered the creation of five Magi∣strates, according to Livy, or ren according to Dionysius Hallicarnasseus, to moderate the au∣thority of the Consuls; but this Law was re∣jected, tho it was very acceptable to the peo∣ple.

A. M. 3593. R. 292. P. or T. VOLUMNI∣US GALLUS SEXTUS, SERVIUS SUL∣PITIUS CAMERINUS AVENTINUS. Rome was frighted by several prodigies, a Cow spoke, it rained Flesh, which was seen du∣ring some days upon the ground without be∣ing corrupted.

A. M. 3594. R. 293. APPIUS CLAUDI∣US SABINUS, L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. Four thousand five hundred slaves got into a Body, and took up Arms against the Romna people. The Consuls would raise Forces to oppose them, but the Tribunes kept the people from listing themselves, so that they were forced to have recourse to the Confederates. The Slaves chose for their General Appius Ar∣donius, a Sabine by Birth, and under his com∣mand, they seized upon the Capitol, which they stored with Arms and Provisions. Va∣lerius the Consul came thither to attack them, but was killed. The Senate sent in his room Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, Father to Caeso, who disarmed the slaves, and made a cruel exam∣ple of them, by the horror of their punish∣ments.

A. M. 3595. R. 294. C. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, Q. L. CORNELIUS MALUGI∣NENSIS. They made an end of the tenth account of the people, which began the fore∣going year, and found a million three hun∣dred thirty two thousand four hundred and nineteen heads of Families.

A. M. 3596. R. 295. L. MINUTIUS AU∣GURINUS, L. or C. NAUTIUS RUTILI∣US. The people called Aequi forced the Consul Minutius to quit the Field, and besieg∣ed him in his Camp. The Senate in this sad conjuncture, durst not call back the other Consul Nautius from the Frontiers of the Sa∣bines, wherefore they made Dictator L. Quin∣tius Cincimatus, whom they took from plough∣ing in a little Field, having lost the rest of his Estate by the injustice of the people. He chose for General of the Horse a brave man, oppressed like himself, called L. Tar∣quinius. These two illustrious poor men raised an Army in sixteen days, lead it against the Enemies, whom they defeated, and brought the vanquished under the Yoke; they triumphed, and deposed Minutius from his Consulship, and Q. Fabius, who had got so much glory during his former Consulship, was appointed in his place.

A. M. 3597. R. 296. Q. or P. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS, M. or C. HORATIUS PUL∣VILLUS. Ten Tribunes of the people were created instead of five. Livy says, that this alteration was made two and thirty years after the creation of the first Tribunes; and Sa∣ballicus says six and thirty years.

A. M. 3598. R. 297. L. or M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, SPURIUS VIRGINIUS, COE∣LIMONTANUS.

A great dearth of Provi∣sions kept the Romans at rest. Dionysius Halicar∣nasseus mentions here a Sedition rais'd at Rome, occasioned by a violent Plebeian called Icellius, whom a Lictor had us'd too roughly. The Senate gave Mount Aventinus to any man that would build there, ('tis a Hill within the compass of Rome, containing about twelve Fur∣longs or fifteen hundred paces of Ground.)

A. M. 3599. R. 298. T. ROMILIUS VA∣TICANUS, C. VETURIUS CICURINUS or CIMINUS. The Tribunes renewed the Law Tarentilla, but to no purpose.

A. M. 3600. R. 299. SPURIUS TARPEI∣US CAPITOLINUS, AULUS ATERINUS FONTINALIS. Romilius who was Consul the foregoing year, was accused for having com∣manded to a dangerous post the Tribune Siccius, and was fined for the same. A Law was made, giving leave to every Magistrate to impeach the other Magistrates, who should be convicted of having done any thing, either against the Law or the Discipline. Three Deputies were sent into Greece, to fetch the Laws of Solon, and in∣struct themselves in the Customs of the Repub∣lick of Athens, and other most famous Com∣monwealths of Greece. These Deputies were Posthumius Albus, Aulus Manlius, P. or Servius Sul∣pitius.

A. M. 3601. R. 300. P. CURIATIUS or HO∣RATIUS TERGEMINUS, SEXTUS QUIN∣TILIUS VARUS or QUINTIUS. The Plague and the Famine raged so much in the Town and in the Country, that the Consul Quintilius, three Tribunes, an Augure, and the Priest of Quirinus died of it.

A. M. 3602. R. 301. L. or T. MENENIUS LANATUS, P. SEXTIUS CAPITOLINUS. The Deputies who were sent to Greece came back again and brought the Laws of Solon.

A. M. 3603. R. 302. APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSINUS, T. GENUTIUS AUGURI∣NUS. Livy, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, Cassiodorus, and Sabellicus make no mention of these Con∣suls, they are only recorded in the Calendars of the Capitol. The People took a distaste of the Consulary Government; whereupon the Senate created ten Soveraign Magistrates called Decemviri to govern the Commonwealth, and to examine the Laws of Solon, which were cal∣led the Laws of the twelve Tables, because they were engraven upon twelve Tables of Brass. They were at first chosen out of the number of Patricians. Appius Claudius President of the Assembly, got himself to be one of the Decemviri. These new Magistrates exercised their Magistracy with all sorts of violence and ryranny, during three years together, says Cas∣siodorus, or during two years, according to Sa∣bellicus and Dionysius Halicarnasseus: Whereupon Valerlus and Horatius prevailed upon the People to agree, that first of all, the Decemviri should quit their Office, and the Ancient Consulary Government should be restor'd: which was perform'd, and the Mediators of the Peace, were made Consuls.

A. M. 3606. R. 305. L. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS, M. HORATIUS BARBATUS. Ap∣pius and Oppius Decemviri killed themselves, to avoid the shame of their Condemnation; one for being the cause of the death of Virginia, and the other for having order'd a Veteran Sol∣dier to be whipt beyond all measure, and with∣out cause. The other Decemviri banish'd them∣selves. The Consul Horatius routed the Sabini. The Senate would deny him the honour of Triumph out of hatred, but the triumphed a∣gainst their will.

A. M. 3607. R. 306. SP. or L. HERMINI∣US EXQUILINUS, T. VIRGINIUS COELI∣MONTANUS TRICOSTUS. There was no∣thing considerable done this year against the Enemies; only the Tribunes grew hot against the Patricians.

A. M. 3608. R. 307. M. GEGANIUS MACERINUS, C. JULIUS JULUS. All things continued quiet within and without.

A. M. 3609. R. 308. T. QUINTIUS CA∣PITOLINUS, AGRIPPA FURIUS FU∣SUS. The Volcae and the Aequi took opportuni∣ty from the civil Divisions of the Romans, to advance as far as the Esquilinian Gate, destroy∣ing all that they met in their way, but Consul Quintius drove them back to their own Frontiers.

A. M. 3610. R. 309. M. GEGANIUS AUGU∣RINUS, P. CURIATIUS, or C. FURIUS FU∣SUS, or C. QUINTIUS, or CURTIUS PHILO. Canuleius Tribune, of the People propos'd, that it might be lawful for the Patricians to Marry into Plebeian Familes, and that the people might chuse the Consuls out of the body of the Senate and their own. The Senate was forc'd to pass this Law, but in ambiguous words; for it was order'd that Marriages should be free, and that the Plebeians should be admitted to the Military Tribunate, with the same Au∣thority as the Consuls had.

Military Tribunes. With the Authority of Consuls.

ANNO Mun 3611. R. 310. AULUS SEM∣PRONIUS ATTRATINUS, L. ATTILI∣US, T. CECILIUS. These three Tri∣bunes were Patricians, and kept their Office but three Months, because the Auspices at their Election were found defective, whereupon they made an Inter-rex to preside in the Assemblies, in which they created two Consuls for the re∣maining

part of the Year; viz. Papyrius Mugil∣lanensis, L. Sempronius Attratinus.

A. M. 3612: R. 311. M. GEGANIUS MA∣CERINUS, T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS. The first Censors were created this year, who were at first very little reputed, but afterwards became the first Magistrates of Rome. The Con∣sul Geganius assisted the Ardeates against the Volcae, whom he brought under their yoke, and Clavi∣lius General of the Volcae followed his triumphal Chariot.

A. M. 3613. R. 312. M. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, POSTHUMIUS OEBUTIUS HEL∣LUA CORNICEN. A Colony of Romans and Rutili was sent into Ardea, and the Lands that were conquer'd in the time of the Consulship of Quintius were restored to the Ardeates.

A. M. 3614. R. 313. C. FURIUS PACIL∣LUS, L. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS. The Tri∣bune Petilius propos'd the Agrarian Law, but to no purpose.

A. M. 3615. R. 314. PROCULUS GEGA∣NIUS MACERINUS, LUCIUS MENENI∣US LANATUS. Rome was afflicted with Fa∣mine, and a very dangerous Sedition was fo∣mented by Spurius Melius, an ambitious rich Man, who bribed the favour of the People, by di∣stributing Corn and Money amongst them.

A. M. 3616. R. 315. TITUS QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS, MENENIUS AGRIPPA LANATUS. The Famine grew more raging than the foregoing year, and gave an opportu∣nity to Melius to exercise his liberality, and ad∣vance his ambitious practices. Minutius Com∣missioner for the Provisions acquainted the Senate with it, who created L. Quintius Cincin∣natus Dictator: He called Melius to answer for the same, but being check'd by his Conscience, he fled away. Servilius pursued him, and kill'd him in the place of the Assembly. The Tri∣bunes exasperated so highly the people, under pretence of the death of Melius, that the Senate was forc'd to name Military Tribunes.

MILITARY TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3617. R. 316. AEMILIUS MAMER∣CUS, TITUS QUINTIUS Son to CINCIN∣NATUS, L. JULIUS JULUS. The Town of Fidena rebelled, and delivered up-herself to the Volcae. The Senate sent some Deputies to Fidena, to know the reason of such a sudden alteration; but the Fidenates killed the Depu∣ties; whereupon Consuls were created.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3618. R. 317. M. GEGANIUS MA∣CERINUS, L. SERGIUS, who was afterwards called FIDENAS. The Consul Sergius won a Bat∣tle over the Fidenates, the Volcae and the Falisci on the Bank of the River Anio; but the Ro∣mans suffer'd so great a loss in this Engagement, that they created Aemilius Mamercus Dictator, who got the Victory over these three Nations, after Cossus a Military Tribune kill'd Volumnius King of the Volcae in single Combat. The Dictator triumph'd, and Cassus obtained the Ovation, or lesser Triumph, wherein he ap∣pear'd loaded with Spoils called Opima, the first that were seen in a Triumph since the time of Romulus.

A. M. 3619. R. 318. M. PAPYRIUS or COR∣NELIUS MALUGINENSIS, L. PAPYRI∣US CRASSUS. The Plague raged at Rome, and the people was so frighted by several pro∣digies, that they did not enquire into the im∣peachment against Spurius Melius, nor the murther committed in his person by Servilius.

A. M. 3620. R. 319. C. JULIUS JULUS, L. VIRGINIUS TRICOSTUS. The Plague was still violent, and gave an opportunity to the Fidenates and the Veientes to enter into the Roman Territories, and came as far as the Gate called Collina, but the Dictator Aulus Sirvilius Structus, or Priscus drove them away, and pur∣sued them to Fidena, which he besieged, and took it by force of Arms.

A. M. 3621. R. 320. M. MANILIUS CA∣PITOLINUS, Q. SULPITIUS COSSUS, or CAIUS JULIUS JULUS, L. VIRGINIUS TRICOSTUS. The Vientes frighted by the taking of Fidena, sent Deputies to the twelve Commonalties of Tuscany, to make themselves sure of their assistance against the Romans, who chose Aemilius Mamercus Dictator for the second time. He ordered that the Censors should be but one year and a half in their Office; The Censors, out of a revenge for this Order, taxed Mamercus as soon as he had laid down the Office of Dictator, the people grumbled at it, and would not approve of what the Censors had done.

TRIBƲNES.

A. 3622. R. 321. M. FABIUS VIBUL∣LANUS, M POLLIUS, L. SERGIUS FIDENAS. The plague, and the fears of a Famine se∣cured the tranquility of the City.

A. M. 3623. R. 322. L. PINARIUS MA∣MERCUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS, SPUR. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS. The most considerable among the Plebeians perswaded the Tribunes to propose a Law, by which it should be forbidden to all men standing for offices to be dress'd in white Gowns. Cassiodo∣rus mentions nothing of what was transacted since the third Consulship of C. Julius and L.

Virginius, not so much as the name of any Magistrate till the following Consulship.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3624. R. 323. T. QUINTIUS POE∣NUS, CINCINNATUS, CNEUS JULIUS MENTO. The Volcae and the Veientes having joyned their Forces together, obliged the Romans to name for Dictator Posthumius Tubertus, who defeated the Enemies, took their Camp and spoils, which he carried in his triumph. The Consul Julius dedicated the Temple of Apollo.

A. M. 3625. R. 324. L. PAPYRIUS CRAS∣SUS, L. JULIUS JULUS. The people called Aequi desired to enter into alliance with the Roman people, but they were denied. The Senate prevented the Tribunes of the peo∣ple in the design they had to demand the re∣lease of Fines, for they released them to get the affection of the people, without being asked for by the Tribunes.

A. M. 3626. R. 325. L. SERGIUS FI∣DENAS, HOSTILIUS LUCRETIUS TRI∣CIPITINUS. There was nothing worth ob∣servation transacted this year.

A. M. 3627. R. 326. AULUS SORNE∣LIUS COSSUS, T. QUINTINUS POENUS CINCINNATUS. An extream dry weather occasioned a sort of itch in Rome, of which few people were free, some new superstitions were taking ground among the people, but they were suppressed.

A. M. 3628. R. 327. C. SERVILIUS HA∣LA STRUCTUS, L. PAPYRIUS MUGIL∣LANENSIS. The Senate sent some Heralds to Veii to ask of the Veientes satisfaction for the goods they had plundered in the Roman Territory; and upon their refusal, a War was proclaimed against them.

MILITARY TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3629. R. 328. T. QUINTIUS POENUS CINCINNATUS, C. FURIUS, MARCUS POSTHUMUS, AULUS COR∣NELIUS COSSUS. The last of them staid in the City to manage the affairs, and his three colleagues went against the Veii, but they were vigorously repulsed. Upon this mis∣fortune Aemelius Mamercus was made Dictator, who went to rescue the Military Tribunes. The rumour of this success filled the Fidenates with hopes of recovering their liber∣ties, therefore they killed all the Romans in their Colony, and joyned themselves to the Veii. The Dictator fought them, routed, and pursued them so closely, that the Romans got promiscuously with them into Fidena; took it, and put the Inhabitants thereof to death. The Dictator made an end of this War in sixteen days.

A. M. 3630. R. 329. AULUS SEMPRO∣NIUS ATTRATINUS, L. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLI∣NUS T. HORATIUS BARBUSUS. A Truce of twenty years was granted to the Veii.

A. M. 3631. R. 330. C. CLAUDIUS CRASSUS, SPUR. NAUTIUS, SERGIUS, RUTILIUS FIDENAS, SERTUS JULIUS TULLUS or JULUS. There was magnifi∣cent games celebrated at Rome.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3632. R. 331. C. SEMPRONIUS ATTRATINUS, Q. FABIUS VIBULLA∣NUS. Sempronius was like to lose the Roman Army in the fight against the Volcae, had not the valour of Sextus Tarpeius a Brigadeer saved it, for having possessed himself of a rising ground, he gave opportunity to the Consul to get off with the Army.

TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3633. R. 332. L. MANLIUS CA∣PITOLINUS, Q. ANTONIUS MEREN∣DA, L. PAPYRIUS MUGILLANENSIS. Hortensius Tribune of the people, charged Sempro∣nius with the ill success against the Volcae, but his colleague sopposed him.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3634. R. 333. Q. FABIUS VIBUI∣LANUS, T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS. Fabius defeated the Aequi, and the Senate granted him the lesser triumph. The Tri∣bunes proposed to chuse Quaestors out of the commonalty of the people; but the Senate would not consent to it. The whole year was spent in insignificant contestations, so that the following year they made no Consuls, but only an Inter-rex, who was L. Papyrius Ma∣gillanus, who obtained from the people that Military Tribunes should be elected.

MILITARY TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3636. R. 335. L. QUINTIUS CIN∣CINNATUS, SEXTUS FURIUS MEDUL∣LINUS, AULUS SEMPRONIUS ATTRA∣TINUS, M. MANLIUS. The Tribunes of the people renewed the Agrarian Law, but

Sempronius opposed it. The Vestal Posthumia was accused of incontinency, because she was too wanton and too nicely dress'd; but she cleared herself of that accusation.

A. M. 3637. R. 336. AGRIPPA MENE∣NIUS LANATUS, P. LUCRETIUS TRI∣CIPITINUS, SPUR. NAUTIUS, C. SER∣VILIUS. The people was busied about sup∣pressing a conspiracy of many Slaves, who had resolved to set on fire several parts of the City, and then seize upon the Tarpeian Rock, while the Citizens should be busied about put∣ting out the fire. The two Slaves who had discovered the conspiracy were made free, and those who were found guilty were put to death by several torments.

A. M. 3638. R. 337. L. SERGIUS FIDE∣NAS, M. PAPIRIUS MUGILLANENSIS, C. SERVILIUS PRISCUS. The Aequi shame∣fully defeated the Tribunes. The Senate made Q. Servilius Dictator, who marched pre∣sently against the enemies, and whilst they were proud of their Victory, he attack'd them so briskly, that after having routed them he took Lavicum, and afterwards enter'd triumph∣ing into Rome. A Colony of fifteen hundred Romans was sent to Lavicum.

A. M. 3639. R. 338. AGRIPPA MENENI∣US LANATUS, L. SERVILIUS STRU∣CTUS, L. LUCRETIUS TRICIPITINUS, SPUR. VETURIUS COSSUS. Rome was ve∣ry quiet all this year.

A. M. 3640. R. 339. AULUS SEMPRO∣NIUS ATTRATINUS, M. PAPYRIUS MUGILLANENSIS, SPUR. NAUTIUS RU∣TILIUS Q. FABIUS VIBULLANUS. The Tribunes renewed the Agrarian Law; but in or∣der to disappoint their design, the Senate found means to sow division among them.

A. M. 3641. R. 340. C. or L. CORNELIUS COSSUS, P. VALERIUS POTITUS, Q. FA∣BIUS VIBULLANUS, M. POSTHUMIUS REGILLENSIS, QUINTIUS CINCINNA∣TUS. The people Aequi took the field, and seized upon the Town Vola, but a while after Posthumius took it again. The Tribunes pro∣pos'd to send a Colony to Vola to supply it with inhabitants, but Posthumius oppos'd it, with the whole Senate; and being retired into the Camp to avoid the fury of the people, he was ston'd to death by his own souldiers, who were angry, because he had sided with the Se∣nate in this affair. This disorder occasioned the creation of new Consuls.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3642. R. 341. AULUS CORNELIUS COSSUS, or P. POSTHUMIUS REGILLEN∣SIS, L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS. The en∣quiry after the accomplices of the murther committed on the person of Posthumius went on but slowly. The Tribunes complained of it, and the people grumbled thereat, but all was pacified.

A. M. 3643. R. 342. Q. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS, C. FURIUS PACILLUS. Livy doth not mention these two Consuls, but Cassi∣odorus speaks of them.

A. M. 3644. R. 343. M. PAPYRIUS AT∣TRATINUS, or MUGILLANUS, C. NAU∣TIUS RUTILIUS. There was a very great want of Provisions, and a contagious Distem∣per in the City, that swept away a great ma∣ny people.

A. M. 3645. R. 344. M. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, C. VALERIUS. The Aequi plun∣dered the Country, and came to the very Gates of Rome. The Consul Valerius repulsed them, and got great spoils from them. The Ovation or lesser triumph was decreed for him.

A. M. 3646. R. 345. C. or CN. CORNE∣LIUS COSSUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLI∣NUS. The Volsci besieged Carvertana. The Tribunes would not allow the people to take up arms, but upon condition that they would choose Military Tribunes instead of Consuls. The Senate consented to it, upon condition that none of the Tribunes then in Office should be elected.

MILITARY TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3647. R. 346. C. JULIUS JULUS, C. or P. CORNELIUS COSSUS, C. SERVI∣LIUS AHALA. The Volsci and the Aequi took the Field with a dreadful Army, against the Romans, who immediately created P. Cor∣nelius Dictator, who defeated the Ene∣mies.

A. M. 3648. R. 347. L. FURIUS MEDUL∣LINUS, C. VALERIUS POTITUS, CN. FABIUS VIBULLANUS, C. SERVILIUS AHALA. The Vosci took the Fort Verugo, the Tribunes armed tumultuosly, and routed all the Enemies they met in the Field, but were not able to re-take the Fort.

A. M. 3649. R. 348. P. CORNELIUS COSSUS, CN. CORNELIUS, COSSUS, FABIUS AMBUSTUS, L. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS. Fabius besieged and took Auxur, now called Torracina. The Senate ordered, that for the time to come the Soldiers should re∣ceive their pay out of the publick Trea∣sury.

A. M. 3650. R. 349. T. QUINTIUS CA∣PITOLINUS, AULUS MANLIUS, L. FU∣RIUS MEDULLINUS, C. JULIUS JULUS, M. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. The War

was continued against the Volsci, but with lit∣tle success. Some Authors rank in this place the Consulships of Aulus Manlius Volso, and L. Furius Medullinus, but Livy mentions nothing of it.

A. M. 3652. R. 351. C. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS, M. SERGIUS FIDENAS, P. COR∣NELIUS MAGULLINENSIS CN. COR∣NELIUS COSSUS, Q. FABIUS AMBU∣STUS, SPUR. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS. The Town of Artana belonging to the Vosci was taken, and razed down to the ground.

A. M. 3653. R. 352. M. AEMILIUS MAMER∣CUS, L. VALERIUS POTITUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS, M. QUINTIUS VARUS M. JULIUS JULUS, M. POSTHU∣MIUS, M. FURIUS CAMILLUS, M. POST∣HUMIUS ALBINUS. The Town of the Veii was besieged, and block'd up during the whole winter, a practise unusual a∣mong the Romans, who made War only in summer time. The Tribunes and the peo∣ple grumbled at this new practice; but Claudi∣us Crassus represented to them in a Speech, that Enemies were to be attacked at all times and seasons.

A. M. 3654. R. 353. C. SERVILIUS A∣HALA, Q. SERVILIUS, L. VIRGINIUS, Q. SULPITITUS, AULUS MANLIUS, M. SERGIUS. The Volsci seized upon Anxur and fortified it. The Falisci and Fidenates at∣tacked the Romans who besieged Veii. The attack begun with Sergius's quarters, who suffered his Forces to perish, rather than to ask a relief of Virginius his colleague, with whom he was then at variance. This misun∣standing was prejudicial to the State, and thereupon the Senate ordered, that some other Tribunes should be created, tho it was then but the fifteenth day of July, whereas they used to proceed to their Election upon the thirteenth day of December. Servilius Ahala was named for the remainder of that year

A. M. 3655. R. 354. L. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS, M. FURIUS CAMILLUS, M. AE∣MILIUS MAMERCUS, CN. CORNELIUS COSSUS, C. FABIUS AMBUSTUS, L. JULIUS JULUS. The Tribunes were victo∣rious every where, and Valerius retook Anxur.

A. M. 3656. R. 355. P. LICINIUS CAL∣VUS, L. MANLIUS, P. TITINIUS, P. ME∣LIUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS, L. PO∣PILIUS VOLSO. Licinius was the first Mi∣litary Tribune chosen out of the Body of the people. The Winter proved so very cold, and there fell such an abundance of Snow, that the same is recorded in the history of that time, as an extraordinary thing.

A. M. 3657. R. 356. M. VETURIUS L. TITINUS, P. MENENIUS PACILLUS, CN. GENUTIUS, L. ATTILIUS. The Tribunes of the people watched their opportunity so well, that they got all the Military Tribunes chosen from among the Plebeians, except only Veturius. The plague raged both in Town and Country. They had recourse to the books of the Sibyls, and celebrated the first Lectis ter••••∣•••••• by an order of the Duum viri. This Reli∣gious ceremony is explained under the word Lectisternium.

A. M. 3658. R. 357. L. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS, M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, M. FURIUS CAMILLUS. The interest of the Senate was so great, that all the Military Tri∣bunes were taken out of the Patrician Order. The Waters of the Albanian Lake grew so ex∣traordinary high, and there being no visible cause of it, its overflowing was taken for a prodigy: An Augur of Veii intimated to the Se∣nate, that there was no other way for the Ro∣mans to take Veii, but the making a passage for this Water; thereupon the Senate sent to con∣sult the Oracle of Delphi.

A. M. 3659. R. 558. L. JULIUS JULUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS L. SERGIUS FIDENAS, AULUS POSTHUMIUS RE∣GELLENSIS, P. CORNELIUS MALUGI∣NENSIS, A. MANLIUS. The Tarquin plundered the Campania of Rome. Posthumi•• and Julus routed them, and retook the spoils. The Volsci besieged Anxur, and the Aequi Lavic••••

A. M. 3660. R. 559. P. LICINIUS CAL∣VUS, P. TITINIUS, P. MENENIUS, CN. GENUTIUS, L. ATTILIUS. Titinius and Genutius fell into an Ambuscado laid by the Falisci, and suffered a great loss by it. The Sol∣diers incamped before Veii, chose M. Furius Ca∣millus Dictator, and his election was approved of by the Senate. Camillus marched immedi∣ately to relieve Titinius, whom the Enemies kept besieged, and after he had defeated them, he returned to the Siege of Veii; and when he saw that the Town could hold no longer, he sent to the Senate to know what he should do with so rich a place, and the Senate order∣ed that it should be plundered, not only by the Soldiers, but also by all the Inhabitants of Rome that would go thither. Camillus made a triumphant Entry after the taking of Veii, and for the immortal memory of his atchieve∣ments, he marked out the Temple of Juno the Queen on mount Aventinus. This J•••• was Patroness of the Veientes, and after the ta∣king of Veii, the Romans having entered into her Temple, and asked the Goddess if she was willing to go to Rome, her Statue made a sign that she was consenting to it. Camillus dedi∣cated also the Temple of mother Matuta, whom Plutarch calls Lucothoea.

A. M. 3661. R. 360. P. CORNELIUS COSSUS, P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, C. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS,

L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS Q. SERVILIUS. The popular Tribune Siccinius represented to the people that Rome was scitua∣ted in a barren and unwholsom territory, that the Country of the Veii was fruitful and plea∣sant, the air wholesom, and a convenient dwelling place for every thing, and advised them to go and settle themselves there; some other Tribunes proposed that the Roman people should divide themselves in two parts, that one part of them should remain at Rome, and the other should go to inhabit Veii, but Camil∣lus opposed both proposals as dishonourable to that City.

A. M. 3662. R. 361. M. FURIUS CA∣MILLUS, M. FURIUS MEDULLINUS, C. AEMILIUS, L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. SP. POSTHUMIUS, P. CORNELIUS. Camillus went to plunder the Fields of the Falisci, and got a great booty in their Camp, which he refused to deliver to the Soldiers: This unusual practice they bore with, out of the great respect they had for him; but they abhorred his severe virtue, tho they admired it, says Livy. Camillus afterwards besieged Fa∣leria, and during this siege, a School-master, who had under his care the Children of the most considerable Families of the Inhabitants, brought all these innocent creatures to the Camp of the Romans. Camillus, struck with horror at this base perfidiousness, clapt the Ma∣ster in Irons, and sent him back again, the children whipping him along the way. This act of generosity mov'd so sensibly the Inhabi∣tants of Faleria, that they surrendered them∣selves to the Romans, and willingly submitted to so generous Enemies. The Senate sent a Golden Cup to the Temple of Delphi, to return thanks to Apollo for the good advice he had given him, to make a free passage for the wa∣ters of the Albanian Lake. This Present, with the Ambassador who carried it, was taken by the Pyrates of Lipari; but Timasitus their comman∣der, being informed that the Ambassador was a Roman, he let him go free with the Presents that were conscrated to Apollo.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3663. R. 362. L. LUCRETIUS FLAVUS, SERVIUS SULPITITUS CA∣MERINUS. The Tribunes of the people renewed the proposal made two years before of inhabiting Veii, but the Senate opposed it, and distributed the lands of the Veientes to the people.

A. M. 3664. R. 363. L. VALERIUS POTITUS, M. MANLIUS, afterwards called CAPITOLINUS. A great Drought occasion∣ed a contagious distemper in Rome, of which a great many people died.

MILITARY TRIBƲNES.

A. M. 3665. R. 364. L. LUCRETIUS, SERVIUS SULPITIUS, M. AEMILIUS, L. FURIUS MEDULLINUS, AGRIPPA, FU∣RIUS C. AEMILIUS. M. Seditius a Plebeian, head a voice, (which he thought to come from Heaven) that gave warning to the Ro∣mans of the coming of the Gauls into Italy. The Senate neglected this advice, as a Dream; but the event justified that it was not a meer fancy, for the Gauls entered Italy and besieg∣ed Rome.

A. M. 3666. R. 365. The three Sons of FABIUS AMBUSTUS, P. SULPITIUS LONGUS, Q. SERVILIUS, P. SERVI∣LIUS, MALUGINENSIS. The Tribunes went out to meet the Gauls, but they were vanquished; for out of too much con∣fidence in their valour, they passed the River Allin, and incamped at the Bank of it. There was a great slaughter, and those who escaped caused such a consternation in Rome, that all the inha∣bitants left the City, except some Officers and Soldiers, who got into the Capitol, and some Senators, whose great age had rendered them unfit for fighting, but whose great courage did not permit them to run away. These con∣tinued in their Houses, and dressed themselves in their Robes of State. The Gauls furiously pursued the Romans, and came to Rome the same day that the Battle was fought, says Livy, or three days after, according to Plutarch. They found the Town open and without Inhabitants: they got into it, set it on fire in several places, and killed those venerable old men, whom they had took at first for the Domestick Gods of the Romans. They besieged the Capitol, and as they were scaling the Wall in the night, the Geese that were fed in the Temple of Jano, made so great a noise, that M. Manlius being awakned by it, ran to the Rampart and repul∣sed the Gauls. The besieged being in want of every thing, were forced to capitulate, upon condition of paying to the Gauls a thousand pound weight of Gold, or two thousand according to Pliny; and whilst they were weighing the Gold in execution of the Treaty, Camillus (who tho absent had been named Di∣ctator) arrived and charged the besiegers, of whom they killed a great number. The Gauls being retired, the Tribunes proposed again to go to inhabit Veii, and leave the smoaking ru∣ins of Rome, but Camillus prevented it, restored the service of the Gods, and marked out a Temple in honour of that voice that they had despised, when it gave warning of the coming of the Gauls, and instituted sacrifices to it, under the name of the God Locutius. Pliny

affirms, that a while before the taking of Rome, they had numbred one hundred fifty two thousand five hundred and fourscore heads of Families.

A. M. 3667. R. 366. AULUS VALERIUS PULLICOLA, L. VIRGINIUS, P. CORNE∣LIUS, AULUS MANLIUS, L. AEMILIUS, L. POSTHUMIUS. The Romans remembring that the eighteenth day of July, says Livy, or the fifteenth according to Sabellicus, they had been defeated at Cremera, where all the Fabians were kill'd; and that upon the same day, they were routed on the banks of the Allia by the Gauls, they did mark out that day in their Fasts or Calendar for a fatal and unlucky day, and forbad by a solemnal decree to undertake any thing for the future, upon that day. Camillus was made Dictator ••he reduced the Volsoi to the Romans obedience, after they had maintain∣ed their Liberty for seventy Years, says Eutro∣pius. He marched afterwards against the Aequi, whom he overcame, as he did also the Tuscans: His Triumph lasted three days together, for having subdued these three Nations, and: out of the Spoils that he had got, he repaid the Ro∣man Ladies the price of the Jewels they had be∣stowed to enrich the Offering, that the Roman People had made to Apollo.

A. M. 3688. R. 367. T. Q. CINCINNA∣TUS, Q. SERVILIUS FIDENAS, C. JULI∣US JULUS, L. AQUILIUS CORVUS, L. LUCRETIUS TRICIPITINUS. The Fields of the Aequi, were plunder'd, and the Romans took from the Tusoans Cortuosa and Contenebra.

A. M. 3669. R. 368. L. PAPYRIUS, CN. SERGIUS, L. AEMILIUS, L. LICINIUS, M. MENENIUS, L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA, C. CORNELIUS. The Tribes called Pometina, Sabina, Stellatina, Arni••nsis were added to the former, and so made in all thirty five.

A. M. 3670. R. 369. M. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, SEXTUS GORN. MALUGINENSIS, L. SERGIUS FIDENAS, L. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS, L. HORATIUS PULVIL∣LUS, T. VALERIUS. Camillus and Valerius march'd against the Antiates, whom they de∣feated, and took Satricum.

A. M. 3671. R. 370. AULUS MANLIUS, P. CORNELIUS, T. and L. QUINTIUS CA∣PITOLINUS, L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR, C. SERGIUS. M. Manlius attempted to make him∣self Sovereign of Rome, and in order to it, spread abroad several reports against the Senate, who thereupon made Aulus Cornelius Cossus Dicta∣tor, who oppos'd Manlius, and summon'd him to appear before the People, and discover the place where the Senate had hid the Gold, which he accused them to keep for themselves. Manlius shifted off this Question with ambigu∣ous Answers, which discovered his Calumny; wherefore the Dictator caus'd him to be arrest∣ed; but the people grumbling at it, and threatning the City with a Sedition, the Dicta∣tor thought fit to release Manlius.

A. M. 3672. R. 371. SERGIUS CORNE∣LIUS MALUGINENSIS, P. VALERIUS POTITUS, L. POSTHUMIUS, M. FURIUS CAMILLUS, SERVIUS SULPITIUS, T. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS, C. PAPYRI∣US CRASSUS. M. Manlius renewed his In∣treagues; and the Senate having won to their Interest the Tribunes of the People, Manlius was summon'd again; he appeared, and was convicted of aspiring to a tyrannical Govern∣ment, and condemned to be thrown headlong from that same Rock that he had defended a∣gainst the Gauls in the Siege of the Capitol; his House was razed, and they forbid his Family, to take for the future the fore-name of Ma••••••. The Plague and the Famine did a world of da∣mage both in the City and the Country.

A. M. 3673. R. 372. L. VALERIUS, AU∣LUS MANLIUS, L. LUCRETIUS, L. AEMI∣LIUS, M. TREBONIUS, SERVIUS SUL∣PITIUS. Colonies were sent this year to P••••∣ptine and Nepete.

A. M. 3674. R. 373. SPUR, and L. PAPY∣RIUS, SERVIUS CORNELIUS MALUGI∣NENSIS, Q. SERVILIUS, C. SULPITIUS, L. AEMILIUS. Rome was a little mortified for the loss of Satricum, which was taken by storm by the Volsci, and all the Romans of that Colony were put to the Sword.

A. M. 3675. R. 374. M. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, AULUS and L. POSTHUMII REGIL∣LENSES, L. FURIUS, L. LUCRETIUS, M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS. Camillus with Furi•••• his Colleague made war against the Volsci, de∣feated them, and took their Camp by storm, and because he found some Tusculans among the Prisoners, this was a sufficient reason for proclaiming war against them; but the Tusculans opened their Gates, without offering to make any defence; thereupon Camillus grant∣ed them the freedom of Citizens of Rome.

A. M. 3676. R. 375. LUCIUS and P. VA∣LERIJ, C. SERGIUS, LICINIUS MANCI∣NUS, L. PAPYRIUS, SERGIUS CORNE∣LIUS MALUGINENSIS. The Tribunes of the people rais'd a Sedition, and demanded the releafe of Usuries; but the Senate denying their request, they stopt the raising of Forces to oppose the Inhabitants of Praeneste, who made Incursions to the very Gate Collina. Quintias Cincinnatus was thereupon created Dictator, and march'd against the Enemy, who made a stand on the banks of the River Allia; but he van∣quish'd them, and took in twenty days nine of their Towns, and Praeneste their capital City was surrender'd by Capitulation.

A. M. 3677. R. 376. C MANLIUS, P. MANLIUS, L. JULIUS PATRICIUS, C.

SEXTILLIUS, M. ALBINUS, L. ANTIS∣TIUS. The Volsci got this year some advan∣tage over the Tribunes.

A. M. 3678. R. 377. SP. FURIUS, Q. SERVILIUS, LICINIUS MANCINUS, M. HORATIUS, P. CLAELIUS, L. GEGANIUS. The Tribunes of the people propos'd that all persons in debt should be relieved, and the Se∣nate consented that no man should be put in prison for debt, so long as the war against the Volsci should last. A Tax was laid upon the People, for the lining with Stonè the Ramparts of Rome.

A. M. 3679. R. 378. L. AEMILIUS, B. VA∣LERIUS, C. VETURIUS, SERVIUS SUL∣PITIUS, L. and C. QUINTIJ CINCINNA∣TI. The Tribunes of the people made several Demands to the Senate; 1. That the Interest that had been paid by the Creditors, might be deducted from the Principal, and that the re∣maining part should be paid off at several times in three years. 2. That no Roman Citizen should be allowed to possess above five hundred Acres of Ground. 3. That one of the Consuls for the future should be a Plebeian. The Se∣nate oppos'd these Laws, and the Tribunes on their side would not consent to the creation of the Magistrates Curules; so that Rome was five years without Magistrates of the first Order.

A. M. 3685. R. 384. L. FURIUS, AULUS MANLIUS, SERVIUS SULPITIUS, L. CORNELIUS, AULUS and CAIUS VALE∣RIJ. The two last raised the siege of Tusculum, which was besieg'd by the Vilitrians.

A. M. 3686. R. 385. Q. SERVILIUS, C. VETURIUS, A. and M. CORNELIJ, Q. QUINTIUS, M. FABIUS. The Tribunes propos'd to create ten Magistrates to take care of the affairs of Religion, and the Books of the Sibylt, and that five of them should be taken out among the Patricians, and the other five among the Plebeians. This Magistracy was never be∣fore this time exercised, but by two men cal∣led Duum-viri, both Patricians.

A. M. 3687. R. 386. T. QUINTIUS, SER∣VIUS CORNELIUS, SERVIUS SULPITI∣US, SP. SERVILIUS, L. PAPYRIUS, L. VE∣TURIUS. M. Furius Camillus was chosen Dicta∣tor for the fourth time, and to bring the peo∣ple to reasonable terms, abdicated his Office, which the Senate conferr'd upon P. Manlius, who to give some satisfaction to the People, consented to the creation of the Decem-viri or ten Men, appointed to manage the affairs of Religion.

A. M. 3688. R. 387. AULUS and MAR∣CUS CORNELIJ, M. GEGANIUS, P. MAN∣LIUS, L. VETURIUS, P. VALERIUS. The Gauls came again into Italy, and M. Fur••us Ca∣millus was chosen again Dictator to oppose them. Livy says that the Gauls were beaten near the Lake Albanus; but Polybius, a Greek born, from whom Livy has taken many things, affirms that the Gauls were not beaten, but came and plundered the Country as far as Albanus, and retired with a great Booty. The Senate consented to the creation of a Consul out of the body of the people, and the people agreed that a Praetor, and two Aediles Curules should be chosen out of the body of the Patricians or the Nobles.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3689. R. 389. AEMILIUS MAMER∣CUS, L. SEXTIUS.

A. M. 3690. R. 388. L. GENUTIUS A∣VENTINUS, Q. SERVILIUS AHALA. The Plague swept away a great many People in Rome, and amongst them M. Furius Camillus.

A. M. 3691. R. 390. T. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, C. LICINIUS STOLO CALVUS. The Plague continued in Rome, but to stop it they solemniz'd the Lectisternium, and voted and celebrated for the first time the Senick Games, which were very inconsiderable at first, for they were neither compos'd in measur'd Verses, nor attended with any other Musick but only some Flutes. The Tyber overflowed its Banks, and the whole Country about it was laid under Water.

A. M. 3692. R. 391. L. GENUTIUS, L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. Rome was still af∣flicted with Pestilence, and the Romans were forc'd to have recourse to the Ceremony of driving the Nail; which was only practised at first, to mark out the number of years, according to the ancient Law; Let the greatest Praetor drive the Nail the third day of September; since that time, this political ceremony was turn'd into superstition, and they perswaded the common people, that it had the virtue of turning away any publick Plagues. This Nail was of Brass, and they drove it into the back wall of the Temple of Minerva in the Capitol, at the right hand of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and upon this ceremony L. Manlius Imperiosus was made Dictator.

A. M. 3693. R. 392. Q. SERVILIUS HA∣LA, L. GENUCIUS. A great Abyss open'd of it self, in the place where the Assemblies met, they endeavoured all they could to fill it up, but to no purpose; they had recourse to the South-sayers, who answer'd, that this Abyss should never be closed up, but by throwing into it that in which the Romans excell'd. Q. Curtius a young Roman Knight presented himself to the Senate, which was in a great perplexity about this Answer, who acquainted him, that the Gods asked for nothing else, but a Roman to remové that prodigy, upon which he freely

offer'd to lay down his Life to fill up that Pit; and then compleatly Arming himself, riding on Horseback, threw himself into the Gulph, in the presence of all the People, who imme∣diately flung Flowers and Offerings into it, and a while after this Hole shut up of it self, and that place was since called Lacus Curtianus, for an everlasting Monument of Curtius's bravery.

A. M. 3694. R. 393. C. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, C. LICINIUS CALVUS STO∣LO. The Gauls made a third irruption into Italy; and upon the first advice of this Inva∣sion, they made Titus Quintius Poenus Dictator. He with all the Roman Forces incamped upon the Banks of the Anio, in the sight of the Gauls, the River being betwixt them both: Then a Gaul of a prodigious stature came up to chal∣lenge the Roman Forces to a single Combat; T. Manlius got leave of the Dictator to fight this Enemy, and succeeded so well, that he kill'd him at one blow. The Gaul fell down dead upon the ground, and Manlius kept for himself nothing of his Spoils, but a rich Collar for a Token of his Victory; from whence af∣terwards he took the Sirname of Torquatus, which afterwards distinguish'd his posterity from the other Manlii.

A. M. 3695. R. 394. C. PETILIUS LIBO BALBUS, M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS. The Tiburtini were at war with Fabius, and called the Gauls to their assistance, who were then in Campania. The Armies engag'd near the Gate Collina, and the Fight was lasting and bloody; but at last the Romans got the Victory. Q. Ser∣vilius Hala was made Dictator.

A. M. 3696. R. 395. M. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, C. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS. The Inhabitants of the City of Tyber, now Tivoli, sca∣led Rome in a very dark night: This unexpect∣ed alarm put the Town into a great Confusi∣on; but the Romans at last repuls'd their Ene∣mies with loss.

A. M. 3697. R. 296. C. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS, C. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS. War was proclaimed against the Tarquini∣ans, who had plundered the Roman Territo∣ries; Fabius was beaten, and a great slaughter was made of the Romans, besides seven hun∣dred Prisoners, who were all put to death after the Fight was over: The Gauls coming again, and incamped at Pedum near Rome, C. Sulpitius was made Dictator, and got a victory over them.

A. M. 3698. R. 397. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, CN. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS. The Tribunes got a Law to be made to re∣duce the use of money to one per Cent. Li∣cinius Stolo the Author of the Law, whereby it was forbidden to possess more than five hundred Acres of ground, was himself con∣victed of possessing a thousand Acres, and thereupon fined.

A. M. 3699. R. 398. M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. Popilius plundered the Fields about the City of Tyber, now Tivoli, after he had forced the Inhabitants to retire within their Walls. Fabius offered Battle to the Falisci, but they mistrusting their Forces, made use of a stratagem. Their Priests pla∣ced themselves at the head of their Batalions, dressed in their priestly habits, their heads surrounded with Serpents, and holding up lighted Torches in their hands. This spe∣ctacle at first stopt the Romans, out of respect to Religion, but that scruple being vanished, they fell upon them, and overthrew the Ene∣mies and all their Bugbears. The Tuscans afterwards joyning themselves to the Falisa, C. Martius Rutilius was created Dictator, the first of the Plebeians that enjoyed that Digni∣ty, he made C. Plautius a Plebeian, General of the Horse, at which the Senate grumbled ve∣ry much. The Dictator got an entire victory over the Enemies, and took eight thousand Prisoners. The Senate would have denied him the honour of Triumph, but he triumph∣ed notwithstanding, and the people never be∣fore expressed so much joy. The Senate made all their endeavours to get two Consuls chosen out of their Body, but the Tribunes gave no∣tice of their design to the people; who could not come to any resolution for a long time; so that the Commonwealth was governed by by eight Inter-reges.

A. M. 3700. R. 399. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, M. or L. VALERIUS PUBLI∣COLA. All was quiet within and without the City, till the latter end of the year, when the Patricians used their interests for getting the Consulship for those that were of the body, in which they succeeded.

A. M. 3701. R. 400. M. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS, T. QUINTIUS or M. PO∣PILIUS. Fabius defeated the Tiburtini, took Salucium, and forced them to lay down their Arms. The Tarquins were also routed, and their Prisoners killed by way of retaliation. The triumph was allowed to Fabius without any opposition. A league was solemny made with the Samnites.

A. M. 3702. R. 401. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, M. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. (Sabillicus mentions C. Martius Rutilius in∣stead of Sulpitius.) The Tuscans, Ceratani, and the Volsci, raised a great many Forces, where∣upon the Senate created T. Manlius Torquatus Dictator, who proclaimed War against the Ceretani, because they had joyned with the Tuscans to plunder the Roman Fields. The Ce∣retani frighted thereat, sent an Embassy to Rome to excuse themselves, and they were pardoned upon consideration that their Town had been a place of Refuge for sacred things,

when Rome was burnt by the Gauls. The Towers and Ramparts of Rome were repaired, and the Temple of Apollo was dedicated. A great Rebellion broke out at the latter end of the year, because the Patricians would keep the Consulship among themselves, but they were brought again to the Law of Licinius, and a Plebeian was made Consul.

A. M. 3703. R. 402. L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA, a Patrician, C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS, a Plebeian. Five Commissioners were established for the regulation of Usuries, who were called Mensarii. C. Julius was e∣lected Dictator.

A. M. 3704. R. 403. C. SULPITIUS PE∣TICUS, T. QUINTIUS POENUS CINCIN∣NATUS. The Senate created M. Fabius Am∣bustus Dictator, without any pretence whatso∣ever; but notwithstanding the opposition of the Senate and the Dictator, the Licinian Law was put into Execution, and a Consul was chosen out of the Body of the people.

A. M. 3705. R. 404. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO a Patrician, M. POPILIUS LOENAS, a Plebeian. Scipio falling sick, Popilius marched with the Army against the Gauls, whom he put at first in disorder, and then attacked them in their Camp, where he forced them with an invincible courage. L. Furius Camil∣lus was named Dictator.

A. M. 3706. R. 405. L. FURIUS CA∣MILLUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS. The Gauls came again this year, and incamped near Albano with a formidable power. The Romans raised an Army of forty two thousand Foot, and three thousand Horse. This Ar∣my incamped near the Gauls, and one of them challenging the Romans to a single Combat, M. Valerius a young Tribune, commanding a thousand men, offered himself to fight him. 'Tis related, that during the fight a Raven came to the help of Valerius, and pearched upon his Head-piece, flying at the face of the Gaul, and pecking him, insomuch that Valerius killed his adversary. This false story probably is ground∣ed upon the custom of the antient Romans, who crested their Head-pieces with figures of Animals, thinking thereby to render them∣selves more terrible to their Enemies, and no doubt but Valerius had the figure of a Raven upon his Head-piece, and they have repre∣sented this Figure alive and moving, only to represent the agility of Val rius in this fight. How∣ever it was, Valerius got the sirname of Corvi∣nus, which remained to all his posterity. The Senate went on with their Intreagues to elude the Licinian Law, and made F. Manlius Torquatus Dictator, but the people carried it for Lae∣nas.

A. M. 3707. R. 406. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, M. POPILIUS LOENAS. Valerius was then but three and twenty years of age, yet his want of the age was dispensed with∣in consideration of the victory he had obtain∣ed over the Gaul, whom he had killed the last year. The Plague was very troublesom to the Romans. The Carthaginians made a league with the Roman people.

A. M. 3708. R. 407. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, C. PLAUTIUS VENOX. The use of Money was reduced again to half per Cent.

A. M. 3709. R. 408. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, C. PETILIUS LIBO. Valerius pur∣sued the Volsci as far as Satricum, where he forced them, burnt the Town, and demolish∣ed its Fortifications. He obtained the Ho∣nour of Triumph, wherein he appeared attend∣ed by four thousand Prisoners.

A. M. 3710. R. 409. M. FABIUS DOR∣SO, SERVIUS SULPITIUS CAMERINUS. The Aruncians renewed the War, plundering the Country about Rome, whereupon L. Furi∣us Camillus was made Dictator, who engaged and overcame the Aruncians, having first devo∣ted a Temple to Juno Moneta, which was built in the place, where the House of Manlius Ca∣pitolinus formerly stood.

A. M. 3711. R. 410. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS Livy relates a great many prodigies that hap∣pened this year; for it rained Stones, and the Sun was eclipsed at noon. P. Valerius Publicola was chosen Dictator.

A. M. 3712. R. 411. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, AULUS or C. CORNELIUS COS∣SUS. Valerius got a great Victory over the Samnites: he took one hundred and seventy Colours, and forty thousand Shields. The Carthaginians hearing of it, sent to congratu∣late the Roman people, and offered a Crown of Gold of five and twenty pounds weight to Jupiter Capitolinus.

A. M. 3713. R. 412. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, Q. SERVILIUS AHALA. The Legions that were in Winter quarters at Ca∣pua, considering how pleasant and fruitful that Country was, resolved to make themselves masters of that rich Town, killing all the In∣habitants thereof; but Martius prevented that cruel and treacherous design, removing the se∣veral authors of that enterprize by diverse Com∣missions. M. Valerius Corvinus was made Dicta∣tor.

A. M. 3714. R. 413. C. PLAUTIUS, L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. The Camp and the Country of the Volsci were plunder'd. Ae∣milius put all the Samnites Country to the Fire and Sword, and forc'd them to sue for Peace, which was granted them.

A. M. 3715. R. 414. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, P. DECIUS MUS. War being

proclaim'd against the Latins, the two Consuls raised their Forces, and marched toward the Enemies, who expected them near Capua. Both the Consuls separately saw a Ghost, who told them with a distinct voice, that one of the two Armies should perish, and the Commander of the other should be kill'd. The Entrails of Victims foretold the same; so that both the Consuls agreed among themselves, that the first of them that should find his Forces in a waver∣ing condition, should devote himself to the In∣fernal Gods to have the Roman Army. The Son of Maulius the Consul, who was order'd to march with a body of Horse to observe the Enemy, was challeng'd by the Commander of an advanced Post: This young man, ambitious of Glory, not thinking of the Prohibition the Generals had made, accepted of the Challenge, kill'd his Enemy, and brought the Spoils to his Fathers feet, who barbarously put him to death, and sacrific'd his own Son to the severity of military. Discipline; from whence came this Proverb Manliana imperia, to express an extream severity in point of observation of Orders. They engaged the Enemy, the Fight was very bloody, and the event uncertain for a long time; but Decius seeing that his Forces grew weak, and that their courage failed 'em, sent for M. Valerius the Pontiff, and being dress'd in his Gown of State, cover'd his Head, and put both his Feet upon a Dart; then lifting up his right hand to the height of his Chin, he devoted himself to the Infernal Gods, pronouncing aloud these words, which the Pontiff dictated him word by word,

Janus, Jupiter, and you Fathers, Mars, Quiri∣nus, Bellona, Lares, Domestick Gods, Gods Novencilles, Gods Indigites, Gods who have power over us and our Enemies; and you Infernal Gods, I do invoke you, I adore you, and beg your pardon, vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Roman People, and grant them the Victory, and afflict with fear and death their Enemies. And so I devote my self to the Infernal Gods, and to the Earth, the Iegions of the Enemies, and their helpers, with my self.

Thus hav∣ing spoken, he sent word to Manlius that he had devoted himself, then spurring on his Horse into the midst of the Enemies, he revi∣ved the Souldiers courage, and got the victory by his death. Manlius pursued the Enemies, possessed himself of their Camp, plunder'd the rich Fields of Capua, and made his Triumphal entry into Rome.

A. M. 3716. R. 415. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO. The Consuls always had the best of their Ene∣mies. Q. Publius Philo one of the Consuls was named Dictator. He signaliz'd himself in his Office by several publick Orders, to the great mortification of the Patricians, for he caus'd a Law to be enacted, by which the Senate was to en∣cute the Orders of the people, and that the People should first declare their opinion con∣cerning the Laws that should be proposed. He got also enacted that one of the Censors should be taken out of the body of the People.

A. M. 3717. R. 416. L. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, C. MENENIUS NEPOS. The Two Consuls took the Town of Pedum, which Ae∣milius had only invested. Afterwards they marched through all the Country of the Latin, and seized upon a great many of their Town, whereupon a Statue on Horseback was erected to each of them in the Market place at Rome, which never had been yet done for any person. By the Advice of Camillus the freedom of Citizens was granted to several of the Latins, yet with this limitation, that they should have no vote in the Assemblies. Camillus took Antium, from the Volsci, and brought to Rome all the stems of their Gallies, and set them upon places designed for Orations, called Ro∣stra or pro Rostris.

A. M. 3718. R. 417. C. CALPURNIUS or SULPITIUS LONGUS, L. AELIUS PETI∣CUS. The Senate forced the Consuls to name a Dictator to go to the relief of the Ar••••∣cians, because they had been remiss therein, they named C. Claudius Regillensis. Minutia was convicted of having transgressed the Vessal's rules in point of Chastity. Q. Publius Philo was the first Plebeian that was raised to the Dignity of Praetor.

A. M. 3719. R. 418. L. PAPYRIUS CRAS∣SUS, CAESO DUELLIUS. The Tuscans now called Calvi in Terra Laboris, joyned the Sedi∣tiams to make War against Rome, but they were easily defeated at the first encounter.

A. M. 3720. R. 419. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS, M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. Valerius besieged Calles, and took it by storm. L. Aemilius Mamercus was made Dictator to pre∣side in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3721. R. 420. T. VETURIUS, SPU∣RIUS or P. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS. A Colony was sent to Calles. P. Cornelius Rufur was created Dictator. The Plague raged in the City

A. M. 3722. R. 421. L. or AULUS COR∣NELIUS, CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS. A Report was spread abroad, that the Gauls were about making an irruption into Italy, where∣upon the Romans made M. Papyrius Crassus Dicta∣tor. Alexander King of Epirus, made a Con∣federacy with the people of Rome. Two Tribes were added to the former, viz. the Me∣tianna and Scaptianna.

A. M. 3723. R. 422. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, T. or C. VALERIUS POTITUS PLACCUS. There was a great Mortality in Rome, and it was observed that it carried away

none but men. The cause of this particularity was for a long time unknown, till a Slave de∣clared to the Senate, that most part of the Roman women had plotted to destroy all the men, and for that purpose made use of a poy∣soned drink. Twenty of these women were seized, who bring asked about the quality of the drink that was found by them: they an∣swer'd impudently, that it was good; they were commanded to try it themselves, and as soon as they had drank it, some indubitable marks of poison appeared, and soon after they died. One hundred and seventy others were apprehended, and publickly put to death. A Dictator was created to drive in the nail, to ap∣pease the Gods by this Ceremony. Two Con∣suls were poysoned by their Wives, of which they died. This is the first instance of pub∣lick Poysoning. Cn. Quintius was chosen Dictator.

A. M. 3724. R. 423. P. PAPYRIUS CRAS∣SUS, L. PLAUTIUS VENNO. Peace was granted to the Samnites, the Volsci, and the lit∣tle Commonwealth of Fundi.

A. M. 3725. R. 424. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, CN. PLAUTIUS. The Consul besieged the Town of Priverna, and took it. He ordered the Governours Head to be cut off, and interceded for the rest of the people: by his means the Inhabitants of Priverna obtained a Peace, and the freedom of Roman Citizens.

A. M. 3726. R. 425. C. or P. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS, P. CORNELIUS SCAPULA. A Colony was sent to Fregellae.

A. M. 3727. R. 426. CORNELIUS LEN∣TULUS, Q. PUBL. PHILO. Claudius Marcellus, was chosen Dictator to op∣pose the Samnites Naulans. The Senate dispu∣ted his Election, but the people maintained it.

A. M. 3728. R. 427. C. PETILIUS, L. PA∣PYRIUS MALUGINENSIS, or CURSOR. Alexander King of Epirus was killed in Lucania, now called Basilicates. The fifth Lectisternium or Banquet was celebrated, because of the great affairs the Romans had upon their hands.

A. M. 3729. R. 428. L. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCAEVA. A War was proclaimed against the Marsi, and Camillus marched against the Samnites; but he fell sick, and named L. Papyrius Cursor Dicta∣tor, who being obliged to go to Rome, to of∣fer there some sacrifices, left the command of the Army to Favius, expressly forbidding him to attack the Enemy, let the opportunity be e∣ver so fair. Fabius seeing that the absence of the Dictator made the Samnites grow careless, chose rather to hazard his life, than neglect so fair an opportunity of defeating the ene∣mies. He attacked them in their Camp, ob∣tained a great victory, and got a rich booty. The Dictator being return'd to the Camp, design'd to put Fabius to death, but the whole Ar∣my and the Senate itself used all their interest to get his pardon, but the Dictator remained inflexible; yet was at last prevailed upon by the prayers of the whole people, to whom he granted Fabius his life; saying unto him,

Live thou, Fabius, more glorious for this universal love of the people, than for the Victory thou hast got over the enemy, and may the Gods grant that thy bad example do not prove prejudicial to the State.

A. M. 3730. R. 429. C. SULPITIUS LON∣GUS, Q. AEMILIUS or AURELIUS CERE∣TANUS. The Samnites broke the Truce, which was made for a year. The Tribunes of the people accus'd the Tusculans of being con∣cern'd in the Rebellion of the inhabitants of Priverna: but they came to Rome with their wives and children, and cleared themselves.

A. M. 3731. R. 430. Q. FABIUS, L. FUL∣VIUS. They created Aulus Cornelius Arvina Dictator, who pursued the Samnites, and made so great a slaughter of them, that they begged for Peace, offering to surrender up all that they had taken during the War.

A. M. 3732. R. 431. T. VETURIUS CAL∣VINUS, SP. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS. The Samnites were sent back again, and Peace was denied unto them. Pontius their General raised all the force he could, and incamp'd on the top of Furcae Caudinae, called now Stretto d'Arpeia, or Jugo di Santa Maria, or Vallo di Guardano. Pontius ordered ten, the most reso∣lute of his Souldiers, to disguise themselves like Shepherds, and gave them some Cattel to drive: these new Shepherds were taken by the Roman Forragers, who brought them before the Consuls. They were severally examined, and all affirmed that the Samnites were busied at the siege of Luceria. The Consuls de∣ceived by this false report, went down thro the narrow passage of the Valley; but as soon as they were got into it, the Samnites ap∣peared upon the tops of the Mountains. They endeavoured all they could to pass the Defilé, but the passage was stopt with strong barricadoes of Trees hewn down. Then they attempted to go back again, but they found their retreat obstructed; so that they were taken like Wild Boars in Nets. The Samnites brought them all under shameful subjection. M. Fabius Ambustus was elected Dictator.

A. M. 3733. R. 432. QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO, L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR. The Consuls of the foregoing year delivered them∣selves up willingly to the Samnites, with the other Commanders who had signed the Treaty of the Furcae Caudinae, to wash away the shame the Roman people had been reproached with

concerning it. The War was renewed against the Samn••e••s, and Papyr••us besieged Luceria, and took it, and conquer'd Pontius, and seven thousand of his men, and set six hundred Ho∣stages at liberty, that were kept Prisoner there.

A. M. 3734. R. 433. LUCIUS PAPYRIUS CURSOR, or MALUGINENSIS, Q. AEMI∣LIUS CERETANUS. They named M. Ae∣milevs Papus Dictator. Papyrius put the Garrison of the Samnites to the Sword, which had been driven from Satricum.

A. M. 3735 R. 434. M. FOLLIUS FELCI∣NA, L. PLAUTIUS VENNO. A Truce for two years only was granted to the Samnites, instead of the Peace they sued for. A Roman Governour was sent to Capua for the first time.

A. M. 3736. R. 435. C. JUNIUS BUBUL∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS BARBULA. The Ro∣man Law began to be received in all Italy.

A. M. 3737. R. 436. AULUS SPURIUS or SEMPRONIUS NAUTIUS RUTILIUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. They made L. Ae∣milius Dictator, who engaged twice the Sam∣nites; in the first engagement the advantage was equal on both sides: but in the second fight the Samnites were defeated. Q. Fabius was elected Dictator to succeed him.

A. M. 3739. R. 438. M. PETILIUS LI∣BO, C. SULPITIUS LONGUS. Cassiodorus mentions two other Consuls before these, viz. L. Papyrius Junior, Q. Publicius, or Publius Chilo. The Consuls took the Town of Sora by trea∣chrey, and all the Inhabitants were put to the Sword, except only two hundred and twenty five of the chief Authors of the rebellion, who were sent to Rome, where they were publickly whipt, and then beheaded. The Senate crea∣ted Q. Menenius Dictator.

A. M. 3740. R. 439. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, Q. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS. Junius took Nola and the Fort of Fregellae. C. Petillius was made Dictator to drive the Nail, to stop the Plague.

A. M. 3741. R. 440. M. VALERIUS, P. DECIUS. Valerius made an end of the War with the Samnites. Appius Claudius came out of his Censorship, during which the way called after his name via Appia was paved by his care. He made also the Canal of Rome called Appian, which brought the Anio into Rome, and was called Aqua Claudia: it carried the waters to the very top of Mount Aventini. All the Potitie died this year, though they were thirty young men of that name in twelve Families.

A. M. 3742. R. 441. C. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS BUBULCUS, Q. AEMILIUS BARBU∣LA. The Players upon Flutes and other musical Instruments quitted Rome and retired to Tivoli, because they were forbidden to drink in Temples. The Senate desired them to come again, but they refused; whereupon they sent some of their acquaintance to them, who made them so very drunk, that they, brought them in Waggons to Rome. After the fumes of the Wine were over, they were amazed to find themselves in it, and would go back again, but they were forbid upon pain of death to go out of the Town, and were allowed to mask themselves during three days every year. Junius re-took Luceria, and killed 20000 Sammtes upon the spot.

A. M. 3743. R. 442. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, Q. MARTIUS RUTILIUS. Fabius fought the Tuscans and got the victory over them, but the Samnites got the day against the other Consul. L. Papyrius Cursor was then cre∣ated Dictator, who triumphed over the Sam∣nites, and their stately Shields were laid by his orders in the place of the Assemblies; and this Ornament was so taking, that they adorn'd in the like manner the Streets of Rome, where the Statues of the Gods were to pass.

A. M. 3744. R. 443, Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. Sabellicus menti∣ons neither of them. The Consuls got several advantages, one over the Samnites, and the o∣ther over the Umbrians, who were quite routed.

A. M. 3745. R. 444. Q. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS CAECUS, L. VOLUMNIUS FLAM∣MA. The Proconsul Q. Fabius defeated the Samnites near Alif, and streightned them so much in their Camp, that they could not get out of it, but upon condition of subjecting themselves, and that their Confederates to the number of seven thousand men, should be publickly exposed to Sale.

A. M. 3746. R. 445. L. CORNELIUS ARVINA, Q. MARTIUS TREMULUS. Cor∣nelius was much straitned in his Camp by the Samnites and want of Provisions. Martius his colleague hearing of the condition he was in, came to his relief; the Samnites marched out to meet him, and fought him, but they were quite routed, and lost thirty thousand men. Upon the absence of the Consuls, Cornelius Sci∣pio was created Dictator. The Temple of Salus, devoted by Junius Bubulus during the War with the Samnites, was Built.

A. M. 3747. R. 446. L. POSTHUMIUS, T. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS. The Con∣suls besieged Boviana, and took it. The Coloss of Hercules was found among the Spoils, and was dedicated in the Capitol, having been first carried in the Consuls Triumph.

A. M. 3748. R. 447. L. SULPITIUS A∣GERIO, or SAVERIO, P. SEMPRONIUS SOPHUS. The Peace was concluded with the Samnites. The Aequi made some motions, but at last they disbanded their Armies so soon

as they heard that the Consuls were marching against them. C. Flavius, Son to Cneus Flavius a freed man, was raised to the dignity of Aedi∣lis Curulis, notwithstanding the oppositions of the Patricians. Flavius to be revenged of them, published the Civil Law, which the Se∣nate and the Patricians had always kept very secret among themselves. He did also put out the Fasti and Calendars, that every one might know the Feriae, or Holidays, and dedicated the Temple of Concord. This encreased the mortification of the Patricians, who had then nothing left secret. Q. Fabius Censor, endea∣vouring to hinder the Mob from having any share in the elections of Magistrates, divided the common people in four Tribes, which he called the Tribes of the Town. The Senate was so pleased with it, that they granted Fabius the sirname of Maximus, which he had not been able to obtain by a great many victories he had got over the Samnites, Tuscans and Umbians.

A. M. 3749. R. 448. L. GENUTIUS A∣VENTINUS, SERVIUS CORNELIUS LEN∣TULUS. A Colony of four thousand men was sent to Sora, and another of six thousand to Albana. The freedom of the City was granted to the Arpinates. They sent a small body of Forces into Umbria to repress certain Forragers, who retired into a deep Den that had two ways to get in, the Roman Forces filled up both ways with wood, and then set it on Fire, and smothered two thousand of these Forragers in the Den.

A. M. 3750. R. 449. M. LIVIUS DEU∣TER, C. AEMILIUS. The Aequi not being able to suffer the yoke of the Romans, attack∣ed the Colony of Albana, whereupon C. Junius Bubulcus was created Dictator to punish them, and in eight days time he suppressed them. He came back to Rome, where he dedicated the Temple of Salus, which he had vowed du∣ring his Consulship. The Marsi rebelled, and M. Valerius Maximus was made Dictator, who defeated them, and reduced them to the Ro∣man subjection.

Some record in this place M. VALERIUS CORVINUS MAXIMUS, and P. SEMPRO∣NIUS SOPHUS; but Livy doth not mention 'em.

A. M. 3752. R. 451. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS MAXIMUS, Q. APULLIUS PAN∣SA. They created four Pontiffs, and five Au∣gurs out of the body of the People: So that the people shared all dignities of the Common-wealth with the Patricians, having besides the Populary Tribunes over and above their share. Valerius propos'd the Law of appealing to the People from the Sentences of the Senate, when a Citizen was condemned to be whipt or dye.

A. M. 3753. R. 452. M. IULVIUS ••OE∣TUS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS. The Consul Manlius fell off his Horse, and broke his Neck, and M. Valerius Maximus succeeded him. Rome was much pressed with famine, but was relieved by the care of Fabius Maximus then Commissioner for the Provisions. Two Tribes were added to the former, viz. the Anniana and Tarentina.

A. M. 3754. R. 453. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, FULVIUS CENTUMALUS. The Romans sent some Forces to the assistance of the Lucani against the Samnites, whom they de∣feated near Boviana.

A. M. 3755. R. 454. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. The Samnites lost a Battle, in which three thousand two hun∣dred of them were taken Prisoners, and four thousand four hundred kill'd.

A. M. 3756. R. 455. L. VOLUMNIUS FLAMMA, APPIUS CLAUDIUS. The Consuls got a great victory over the Samnites. They killed seven thousand of the Enemies, and took two thousand Prisoners. A Colony was sent to Minturna, that lies at the mouth of the River called then Liris, or Clanius, and now Garillan.

A. M. 3757. R. 456. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. The Tuscans, the Samnites, and the Umbrians leagued together, and made War against the Roman people. The 2 Armies being in view of one another, a Wolf that pursued a Hind, passed in the sight of both Armies; the Souldiers gave a great shout, and frighted those creatures so much, that the Wolf retired on the Romans side, and the Hind on the side of the Samnites, who kil∣led her. The Generals of the Roman Army improved this accident as a good omen, and encouraged their Souldiers thereby. They told them that the Wolf was an Animal consecrated to Mars, whom they adored as one of their first Gods. Then they recollected the Fable of the Wolf of Romulus: the Hind, said they, is consecrated to Diana, and the Samnites have doubtless provoked that God∣dess, by killing a creature that is under her protection. The Armies engaged with an extream fury, the Wing commanded by De∣cius, not being able to resist the strength of the Enemies yielded every where; when Decius devoted himself to the Infernal Gods, as his Father had done before, and flung himself into the thickest Batallions of the Enemies; and yet Fabius had much ado to get the best of the day. There was at Rome a quarrel be∣twixt Women, which was like to bring on a great disorder. Virginia Aulus, Virginius his Daughter, and Volumnius his Wife, being a∣bout to perform her devotion in the Chap∣pel of the Patrician Chastity, which stood in the Oxe Market, near the Temple of Hercu∣les; the Patrician Ladies would not admit her,

tho she was of a Patrician Family, because they said she had degenerated in marrying a Ple∣beian. Virginia would not submit this con∣test to the decision of the people; but she built a Chappel in the long Street, which she devoted to the Plebeian Chastity.

A. M. 3758. R. 457. LUCIUS POST∣HUMIUS, ATTILIUS REGULUS. Posthu∣mius fell sick, the Samnites attacked the Camp of the Consul Attilius, and being favoured by a thick fog, made a great slaughter of his men. Posthumius having recovered his health, went into Tuscany, and there routed the Tuscans in two several encounters, took many Towns, and then made a triumphal Entry.

A. M. 3759. R. 458. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, SPURIUS CARVILIUS. The Sam∣nites raised an Army more numerous and pow∣erful than before. They assembled all their Forces together near Aquilonia, and made a retrenchment in the midst of their Camp with boards and hurdles of rods wall'd together, cover'd with linnen cloaths, and armed them with rich and fine arms. Papyrius engag'd them, and killed three and thirty thousand three hun∣dred of them upon the spot, and made three thousand eight hundred prisoners. The Con∣suls triumphed. The nineteenth Lustram was solemnized, and the account of the Citizens being taken, amounted to two hundred sixty two thousand three hundred and twenty two heads of Families. The Romans being afflict∣ed with the Plague, sent an Embassy to Epi∣daurus with rich presents for Aesculapius, in or∣der, if possible, to bring him to Rome.

A. M. 3760. R. 459. Q. FABIUS GUR∣GES, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCEVA. Fabius fought the Samnites so imprudently, that it was almost agreed upon to recall him; but Fabius Maximus, his Father, to prevent that dis∣grace, offered himself to serve as his Sons Lieutenant. The Senate accepted of it with joy. And this great man having restor'd the former posture of affairs, obtain'd for his Son the honour of Triumph.

A. M. 3761. R. 460. L POSTHUMIUS, C. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS. The Roman Ambassadors got leave of the Inhabi∣tants of Epidaurus to bring along with them the God Aesculapius under the shape of a great Ser∣pent, who presented himself to them in his Temple, and followed them to Rome. He landed at an Island in the Tyber, and the Ro∣mans built there a Temple to his honour.

A. M. 3762. R. 461. P. CORNELIUS RU∣FINUS, M. or ANNIUS CURIUS DENTA∣TUS. Curius triumphed twice, viz. over the Samnites and Sabini. The first made an attempt upon the fidelity of Curius, and offered him a rich present of Plate, instead of earthen Dishes they saw him making use of: but this great man told them, 'twas more glorious to com∣mand rich men, than to be rich himself.

A. M. 3763. R. 462. M. VALERIUS, Q. CAEDITIUS NOCTUA Colonies were sent to Cestrae and Adria.

A. M. 3764. R. 463. Q. MARTIUS TRE∣MULUS, P. CORNELIUS ARVINA. They celebrated the Celsus and Lustram, and took an account of the Citizens of Rome, who were then encreased to the number of two hundred seventy thousand heads of Families.

A. M. 3665. R. 464. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, C. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS. The people not being able to pay their Creditors, rebelled, and retired to Janiculum. The Dicta∣tor Q. Horatius pacified the sedition.

A. M. 3766. R. 465. M. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS MAXIMUS, C. AELIUS POETUS. The Gauls besieged Aretium in Tuscany. The Consul Aelius attempting to relieve the Town, lost his Army and life there.

A. M. 3767. R. 466. C. CLAUDIUS, M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS. The Gauls, contrary to the Laws of Nations, murthered the Roman Ambassadors, who were sent to them to de∣mand the prisoners took before Aritium. This was the occasion of a bloody War, but the Romans got the best on't.

A. M. 3768. R. 467. C. SERVILIUS TUC∣CA. L. CAELIUS or CAECILIUS METEL∣LUS. The Tarentini took some Roman Galleys, and killed the Commander thereof.

A. M. 3769. R. 468. Q. CORNELIUS DO∣LABELLA, CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS. Do∣labella defeated the Gauls, who came to besiege Rome, which obliged them to make peace with the Romans, which continued for forty years together.

A. M. 3770. R. 469. C. FABRICIUS LUS∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS. The Bruti∣ans and Lucanians besieged Tauranum in Cala∣bria. Fabricius marched against them, and rai∣sed the Siege.

A. M. 3771. R. 470. L. AEMILIUS BARBU∣LA, Q. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS. The Ta∣rentini finding themselves hard pressed by the Romans, implored the assistance of Pyrrhus King of Epirus, who was very glad of that opportu∣nity.

A. M. 3772. R. 471. P. VALERIUS LEVI∣NUS, T. CORUNCANUS NEPOS. Pyrrhus came into Italy; fought the Roman Army, and defeated it by means of his Elephants, the Ro∣mans having never seen any before. Eutropius says that Pyrrhus advanced as far as Praeneste, and that in his march he increased his forces and party.

A. M. 3773 R. 472. C. FABRICIUS LUS∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS. One of Pyr∣chus's Physicians came to Fabricius, and offered to poyson the King; but the Consul was struck

with horror at his base treachery, and sent him back to his Master, with a full account of his ill design. Pyrrhus was so pleased with the generosity of the Cousul, that he sent him all the Prisoners he had taken at the defeat of Le∣vinus. However, these mutual kindnesses did not make an end of the War; for they fought, and Pyrrhus again obtained the Victory.

A. M. 3774. R. 473. P. SULPITIUS SA∣VERIO, P. DECIUS MUS. This second misfortune did not cast down the courage of the Consuls, they order'd their Souldiers to at∣tack the Elephants only, which they perform∣ed with such success, that those creatures feel∣ing themselves wounded, ran away, put their own Souldiers in disorder, and gave the Ro∣mans an opportunity to get an entire Victory. Pyrrhus lost twenty thousand men, and was wounded in the fight.

A. M. 3775. R. 474. P. CORNELIUS RU∣FUS, C. JUNIUS BRUTUS. Pyrrhus his con∣federates were punished.

A. M. 3776. R. 475. Q. FABIUS GURGES, C. GENUTIUS. Several Prodigies terrified the Roman people, and particularly a Thunder-bolt, which struck off the head of the Statue of Jupiter Capitolinus.

A. M. 3777. R. 476. MANIUS, or M. CU∣RIUS DENTATUS C. CORNELIUS DENTATUS. Curius engaged Pyrrhus, defeated him, and killed three and twenty thousand of his Soldiers. The honour of tri∣umph was permitted him, and four Elephants were shown the first time at Rome. After this overthrow Pyrrhus returned into Greece, and came no more into Italy.

A. M. 3778. R. 477. SERVIUS CORNE∣LIUS, M. CURIUS DENTATUS. C. Fabri∣tius Censor, expelled P. Cornelius Rufinus a Con∣sulary man out of the Senate, because he found fifteen marks of silver utensils in his house.

A. M. 3779. R. 478. C. FABRICIUS LI∣CINIUS or LUSCUS, C. CLAUDIUS CIN∣NA. They numbred the people, and found two hundred seventy one thousand two hun∣dred twenty four heads of Families. Ptolome∣us Philadelphus sent an Embassy to Rome, to make a league with the Romans. Eutropius reckons this year to be the four hundred and sixty first after the foundation of Rome, and Cornelius Nepos the four hundred and seventieth.

A. M. 3780. R. 479. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, C. SERVILIUS. The Vestal Seutilia was convicted of lewdness, contrary to the constitu∣tion of her order, and was put to death accord∣ing to the laws.

A. M. 3781. R. 480. C. QUINTIUS GU∣LOX, L. GENUTIUS. Eutropius mentions M. Falius Pictor in the room of Genutius, omit∣ting the following Consuls.

A. M. 3782. R. 481. C. GENUTIUS, CN. CORNELIUS BLASIO. The Mamertini, whom the Carthaginians had called to their assistance, besieged them in their own Cittadel. These Mamertini were Souldiers of Campania, who after having served under Agathocles, as Sabal∣licus reports, or under Hiero, according to Po∣lybius, were put in Garrison in Messina. They were so taken with the situation and conveni∣ency of the place, that they resolved to settle there, and for that purpose killed all the male Inhabitants whom they came to relieve, and having seized upon all their effects, and their Wives, they began a new settlement. They were called Mamertini, that is, the Children of Mars.

A. M. 3783. R. 482. Q. FABIUS PICTOR, Q. OGULIUS GALLUS. There is nothing more recorded of these Consuls, but their names.

A. M. 3784. R. 483. SEMPRONIUS SO∣PHUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS. The Legion who had seized upon Rhegium during the Consulship of L. Aemilius, was now besieged and forced to surrender at discretion. All the Soldiers were beheaded. Polybius tells us, that this Legion consisted of Romans, but Florus says it was made up of the Inhabitants of Campania, and the Town of Capua.

A. M. 3785. R. 484. M. ATTILIUS RE∣GULUS, L. JUNIUS LIBO. They begun to use Money at Rome, says Eutropius, and the number of Quaestors was encreased.

A. M. 3786. R. 485. DECIUS JUNIUS MUS, CN. FABIUS PICTOR. Volsinia, one of the chiefest Communities in Tuscany, was oppressed by the Slaves, whom they had made free. Decius subdued that Rabble, and punished them.

A. M. 3787. R. 486. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS GURGES, L. MANLIUS.

A. M. 3788. R. 487. APPIUS CLAUDIUS, Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS. Aurelius Victor names Appius Cl. Caudex, and says, that he was Brother to Appius Claudius Caecus: but he could be but either his Son or his Nephew. The Ma∣mertini, the greatest villains in the world, begged the assistance of Romans, who assisted them rather out of policy and self interest, than affection or justice. This year the barbarous show of the Gladiators began first; M. and Decius Brutus invented it, to grace the Funeral pomp of their Fathers. Florus mentions it not till three years after.

A. M. 3789. R. 488. M. VALERIUS MAXI∣MUS, M. OTTACILIUS. The Conquest of Sicily was attempted, and four compleat legions were sent on that expedition. Valerius brought from the City of Catanea in Sicily the first Dial that ever was seen at Rome. It was set up upon a Pillar over against the Rostra.

Claudius went over into Sicily with a fine Ar∣my, and this was the first time that the Roman Horse passed over the Sea. He gave Battle to the Carthaginians, and vanquished them, and by this enterprize had the honour to be the first of all the Romans that got a victory out of Italy.

A. M. 3790. R. 489. L. POSTHUMIUS, Q. MANLIUS. The Consuls took the Town of Agragas, tho it was relieved by Hanno Gene∣ral of the Carthaginians, with whom the Ro∣mans had a very bloody Battle.

A. M. 3791. R. 490. L. VALERIUS FLAC∣CUS, T. OTTACILIUS CRASSUS. The Romans fitted out a Fleet, and put sixscore Galleys to Sea. This was the first Navy the Romans ever had. The Inhabitants were num∣bred, and amounted to three hundred seventy two thousand two hundred and fourscore heads of Families, according to Florus, but Eutropius's account amounts only to two hundred and ninety two thousand three hundred thirty four.

A. M. 3792. R. 491. CN. CORNELIUS A∣SINA, C. DUELLIUS NEPOS. Cornelius was treacherously besieged by Annibal, Duellius his colleague revenged the Treachery; for he sunk many of the Carthaginian Galleys, took fifty of them, and chased the Admiral, with all the remaining Ships. After this great vi∣ctory, Duellius returned to Rome, where he had the first Naval Triumph. He was also allow∣ed to have a Torch carried before him in the night, and players upon the Flute to attend him.

A. M. 3793. R. 492. L. AQUILIUS FLO∣RUS, L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO. Cornelius defeated the Carthaginians in the Isle of Corsica, where Hanno their General was killed, fighting for the defence of the Town of Olbia. The Consul buried him very honourably.

A. M. 3794. R. 493 AULUS ATTILIUS COLLATINUS, Q. or C. SULPITIUS PA∣TERCULUS. The two Consuls offered the Car∣thaginians Battle before Palermo, but they refused it. The Consul Attilius, out of rashness, attempting to engage the Carthaginian Fleet, had a severe rebuke, but his Lieutenant by his prudence at∣toned for it. The Islands of Sardinia and Cor∣sica surrendred themselves to the Romans after the taking of Caralla.

A. M. 3795. R. 494. C. CORNELIUS, C. ATTILIUS according to Cassiodorus, or M. ATTILIUS REGULUS and L. MAN∣LIUS according to Polybius, Eutrolius and Florus. The Consuls put out to Sea with three hundred and fifty Sail, and a hundred and forty thousand men. The Carthaginians came up to meet them with an equal force, but the success was not alike, for thirty two of the Enemies Galleys were sunk, sixty four taken, and the rest chas'd as far as the coasts of Africa.

Atiilius destroyed a dreadful Serpent, sixscore foot long whose Scales were so hard, that they were forc'd to make use of a Balista to kill him. He sent the skin thereof to Rome.

A. M. 3796. R. 495. Q. CAEDITIUS, L. MANLIUS or M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. Neither Polybius, Eutropius, or Florus mention these Consuls. The Carthaginians having lost three Generals, and above eighteen thousand men kill'd in several Fights, besides five thou∣sand Prisoners, sent to Sparta to get a General. The Spartans sent them Xantippus, a prudent man and a great Captain, who beat the Romans in a fight, where they lost thirty thousand men, besides fifteen thousand that were taken Prisoners, with the Consul Regulus.

A. M. 3797. R. 496. M. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, SERVIUS FULVIUS NOBILIOR. The Carthaginians, proud of this Victory, put again to Sea, and engag'd the Consuls near Ca∣marina. The Fight was long and obstinate, but the Romans got the victory, and took a hun∣dred and fourteen Ships of the Enemies. At their return home, they met with such tem∣pestuous weather, that they could save but fourscore of their Ships.

A. M. 3798. R. 497. AULUS ATTILI∣US, or according to Polybius, L. AQUILIUS, C. CORNELIUS ASINA. The Consuls be∣sieged Palerma, the chiefest City of the Cartha∣ginians in Sicily, and took it before it could be relieved. The Senate to repair the loss of the former year, put two hundred and forty Ships to Sea, which they sent to bring all that could be recovered of the first Fleet.

A. M. 3799. R. 498. C. SERVILIUS, C. SEMPRONIUS. Eutropius and Sabellicus call the first by the Sirname of Caepio, and the se∣cond by that of Blaesus. The Romans lost two hundred and fifty Ships by stress of weather, upon which they laid up the remainder of their Fleet, except threescore Gallies, which they kept to guard the Coasts of Italy.

A. M. 3800. R. 499. C. AURELIUS COTTA, P. SERVILIUS GEMINUS. The Consuls went over into Sicily, but there was nothing remarkable done on neither side.

A. M. 3801. R. 500. L. CAECILIUS, L. FURIUS or C. CURIUS, says Sabellicus. Eu∣tropius gives the first the sirname of Metellus, and the second that of Pacillus. The Carthaginians sustain'd several Losses both by Sea and Land, and thereupon they sent Ambassadors to Rome, and the Consul Attilius Regulus, who was their Prisoner with them to treat for peace; but the Consul disswaded the Romans from it, and from exchanging the Prisoners, wherefore they sent back the Ambassadors: Regulus return'd with them according to his Parole. The Car∣thaginians

being exasperated with this denial, shew'd their resentment to Regulus, and in∣vented punishment for him both new and cruel: they put him in a Vessel stuck full with points of Nails, and roll'd it about till the ge∣nerous Roman expired.

A. M. 3802. R. 501. C. ATTILIUS RE∣GULUS, L. MANLIUS VOLSO. The Con∣suls went over into Sicily, and besieged Lilibae∣um both by Sea and Land. Annibal got into the place with ten thousand men, and made a vigorous Sally, having burnt the Romans En∣gines.

A. M. 3803. R. 502. P. CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER, L. JUNIUS. Claudius seeing that the siege of Lilibaeum took up a great deal of time, formed a design upon Drepanum a Sea-Town: but Asdrubal who commanded in the place, having notice of it, drew his Forces in a line of Battle at the mouth of the Harbour: Clau∣dius was amaz'd to see his Enemy in this po∣sture; yet thought fit for the honour of the Romans to attack him, but Asdrubal sunk many of his Ships, and took ninety three. The su∣perstitious people imputed this loss to the slight Claudius had made of the Augur of the sacred Birds: for the Cage being brought be∣fore him that he might take himself the Augur, and seeing that the Birds did not stir towards the Corn that was laid there for them, he threw the Cage and the Birds into the Sea, saying,

Let them drink, since they won't eat.

The people was number'd, and there was found two hundred-fifty one thousand two hundred twenty two heads of Families. Junius sailed for Sicily with sixty Ships, thinking to rein∣force his Fleet with the like number of Gal∣leys; but Cartala Admiral of the Carthaginians, being inform'd of the course he was steering, stood off to Sea, and kept his Fleet under sail, to prevent the joining of the two Fleets; but foreseeing a great storm approaching, he re∣tired under shelter. The Romans who had but little experience in Sea affairs, seeing them∣selves at liberty, attempted to join their Gal∣leys; but they were on a sudden overtaken by so tempestuous weather, that they lost most part of their Ships.

A. M. 3804. R. 503. P. SERVILIUS GE∣MINUS, C. AURELIUS COTTA. The siege of Lilibaeum was continued without any considerable success.

A. M. 3805. R. 504. L. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, CN. FABIUS BUTEO. There was a sight upon Mount Eryx, which Jurius had formerly taken. Sabellieus says that Junius seiz'd upon Erice, but in all probability he mistakes the Mountain for the City.

A. M. 3806. R. 505. M. FABIUS BU∣TEO, M. OTTACILIUS CRASSUS. The Fleet of the Consuls was scatter'd by a storm, and render'd unfit for any Enterprize.

A. M. 3807. R. 506. M. FABIUS, C. ATTI∣LIUS. Florus thinks that the Praetors were first created this year; but this sort of Magistracy was in use in Rome the year before the Con∣sulship of L. Aemilius and L. Sextius. One of them administred Justice to the Citizens of the Commonwealth, the other to the Foreign∣ers that came to Rome. They were allowed to use Ivory Chairs, and were clothed like the Consuls, attended by six Lictors, and rode upon a white Horse.

A. M. 3808. R. 507. A. MANLIUS TORQUATUS, C. SEMPRONIUS. The War continued in Sicily.

A. M. 3809. R. 508. C. FUNDANIUS, C. SULPITIUS GALLUS. Nothing remark∣able happen'd this Year.

A. M. 3810. R. 509. C. LUTTATIUS, A. POSTHUMIUS. Luttatius got together two hundred Galleys, with five Banks of Oars each (Quinqueremes) to drive away Amilcar Ad∣miral of the Carthaginians, who had infested the Coasts of Italy for five years together. The Carthaginians had notice of these Sea preparati∣ons, and fitted out a like number of Ships. The two Fleets engaged, and the Romans had the advantage. Eutropius says, that thirteen thousand of the Enemies were kill'd, and two and thirty thousand made Prisoners. This loss obliged them to sue for peace, which was grant∣ed, upon condition that they should quit Sici∣ly, and pay two thousand Talents ready Money for the charges of the War, and two hundred every year during the space of twenty years. And thus ended the first Punick or Carthaginian War, which had continued four and twenty years, according to Polibius, and two and twenty, ac∣cording to Eutropius. The Temple of Janus was shut up.

A. M. 3811. R. 510. Q. LUTTATIUS CATULUS, AULUS MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, The Consuls triumph'd over the Falisci, whom they defeated in six days, hav∣ving kill'd fifteen thousand of their men, and conquer'd half of their Country.

A. M. 3812. R. 511. C. CLAUDIUS CEN∣TO, M. SEMPRONIUS TRUDITANUS. King Hiero came to Rome to see the publick Shews, and made a present to the Roman peo∣ple, of two hundred thousand Bushels of Corn.

A. M. 3813. R. 512. C. MANLIUS, Q. or P. VALERIUS FLACCUS. The Romans sent to Prolomeus King of Aegypt, to offer him a succour of Forces, against King Antiochus; but he return'd them thanks, and would not accept of it. One Licinus, says Eutropius, about this time introduc'd Comedy and Tragedy upon the Roman Stage.

A. M. 3814. R. 513. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, L. CORNELIUS or L, VA∣LERIUS

FLACCUS. The Romans accepted of Sardinia; which offered to surrender to them. The Carthaginians were very much displeased at it.

A. M. 3815. R. 514. L. CORNELIUS, Q. FULVIUS. Eutropius says, that the first of these Consuls was sirnamed Lentulus, and the second Flaccus. Fulvius made war in Liguria: burnt down the Forests, in which the Enemy used to retire.

A. M. 3816. R. 515. C. LICINIUS VAR∣RUS, P. CONELIUS LENTULUS. The Consuls routed the Ligurians, who were so bold to attack the Romans on the plain.

A. M. 3817. R. 516. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, C. ATTILIUS BALBUS. The Consuls chastiz'd the Sardinians, and Triumph∣ed for the same. The Temple of Janus was shut up.

A. M. 3818. R. 517. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, SPURIUS CARVILIUS MAXI∣MUS, or according to Eutropius, CN. FUL∣VIUS CENTUNCULUS. War was pro∣claim'd against the Illyrians, and the Consuls disarmed the Ligurians.

A. M. 3819. R. 518. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, M. POMPONIUS MATHO. Tullia a vestal Virgin was convicted of Unchastity, and punish'd with death.

A. M. 3820. R. 519. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, M. PUBLICIUS MALLEO. Au∣thors relate nothing of what was transacted during this Consulship.

A. M. 3821. R. 520. C. PAPYRIUS MAS∣SO, M. POMPONIUS MATHO.

A. M. 3822. R. 521. M. AEMILIUS BAR∣BULA, M. JUNIUS PERA. Demetrius King of Pharos hearing of the preparations the Romans made against Queen Teuca, Widow to Agron King of Illyria, revolted from her, and joined with another party.

A. M. 3823. R. 522. L. or ANNAEUS POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, CN. FULVIUS CENTUMALUS. Posthumius went into Illy∣rium, where having joined his Forces with those of Demetrius, he took the Towns of Apol∣lonia and Corcyra, and many other places: Whereupon Queen Teuca was forc'd to sue for peace, which was granted to her, upon condi∣tion that she should pay a yearly Tribute, and that the Towns then taken should remain to the Conqueror.

A. M. 3824. R. 523. Q. FABIUS SPURI∣US CARVILIUS. The number of Praetors was incresed to four.

A. M. 3825. R. 524. P. VALERIUS, M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. The Country taken from the Gauls was given to the Soldiers; and that imboldened them to take up Arms against the Romans, and Demetrius, whom they had made King of Pharos joined his Forces with theirs.

A. M. 3826. R. 525. L. APUSTEIUS, M. VALERIUS MESSALA. The Gauls entred into Italy with seventy thousand men, and the Romans opposed them with an Army of eight hundred forty eight thousand foot, and fifty thousand eight hundred Horse.

A. M. 3827. R. 526. C. ATTILIUS, MA∣MILIUS LEPIDUS or PAPPUS. The Gauls engag'd the Romans, and quite routed them, but as they were returning home, they fell between the Army of the Consul Attilius, and the remainder of the Forces of Aemilius that were behind them, so that they were beaten, and lost forty thousand men in this engage∣ment, with Corgolitanus their King; on the Roman side Attilius was kill'd.

A. M. 3828. R. 527. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS. They carried on the War in Liguria and Lombardia; but the Plague and the continued Rains oblig'd the Consuls to retire, without having done any considerable thing.

A. M. 3829. R. 528. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, Q. FURIUS PHILO or C. FLA∣MINIUS NEPOS. This last Consul enter'd into the Milanese, fought the Enemies with success, and made his triumphal entry, not∣withstanding the opposition of the Senate. Flaminius is not reckon'd among the Consuls, neither in the Fasti, nor by Cassiodorus, because the Senate design'dto depose him, for some defect of Formalities in his Election, and for that reason it may be, that his name was not set down in the Calendars.

A. M. 3831. R. 529. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO. They made war against the Milanejes and Lom∣bards. Marcellus took Milan, and returned to Rome with great booty, having kill'd Veridoma∣rus King of the Gauls.

A. M. 3831. R. 530. P. CORNELIUS ASINA, M. MINUTIUS RUFUS. Seve∣ral Merchants made a complaint to the Senate, that the Adriatick Sea was become dangerous, because of the Piracies of the Italians. Rome took hold on this pretence to proclaim war against them.

A. M. 3832. R. 531. L. VETURIUS PHI∣LO, C. LUTTATIUS CATULUS. Han∣nibal laid siege to Saguntum. The Saguntines sent for succour to Rome. The Romans sent Deputies to Carthage to complain of it; but the Carthaginians, against Hanna's opinion, ac∣cepted of the war, that the Deputies declared against them. The Inhabitants of Sanguntum being reduced to the last extremity, chose ra∣ther to set their Town on fire, and burn all their Goods and themselves withal, than sur∣render to the Enemy. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the Haminian way were finish'd.

A. M. 3833. R. 532. M. LIVIUS SALI∣NATOR, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. This year two hundred and seventy thousand heads of Families were number'd in Rome. The enfranchis'd Slaves, who had been hitherto di∣stributed amongst Tribes, were divided into four, which were called Aesquilina, Palatina, Suburrana, and Collina.

A. M. 3834. R. 533. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, T. SEMPRONIUS LONGUS. The War being proclaimed against the Carthagini∣ans, the Romans made publick processions to obtain the favour of the Gods. The Roman Army was four and twenty thousand Foot, and eighteen hundred Horse strong, all Ro∣mans born, besides four and forty thousand Foot, and four thousand Horse of Confede∣rate Troops; and the Carthaginians were four∣score thousand Foot, and ten thousand Horse. Hannibal entered Italy with this Army, and came to the foot of the Alps about the fifteenth of October, and in nine days he got up to the top of them, in spight of the High-landers and the Snow, cutting and splitting the Rocks that were in his way with Fire and Vinegar. Cor∣nelius advanc'd against him, and met him up∣on the banks of the Tessena, where they enga∣ged, and Hannibal was victorious. Sempronius came to relieve his Colleague, but he had no better success.

A. M. 3835. R. 534. CN. SERVILIUS GEMINUS, C. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. The Consul Flaminius was sent against Hannibal, but he had fifteen thousand men kill'd in the Fight, and eight thousand made Prisoners. Q. Fabius Maximus was made Dictator; his wise and prudent conduct was suspected by the Ro∣mans, who order'd by a Plebiscitum, that the General of the Horse should bear an equal power with the Dictator.

A. M. 3836. R. 535. C. TERENTIUS VARRO, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. The two Consuls offer'd battle to Hannibal, who willingly accepted it. The Fight began with an incredible eagerness, and was so bloody, that forty thousand Romans, with the Consul Aemilius himself, were kill'd on the spot. Han∣nibal sent to Rome three bushels of those Rings, the Roman Knights were for a badge of their Quality. This overthrow has render'd the Village of Cannae famous to posterity. M. Ju∣nius was created Dictator; They raised new Forces, and armed eight thousand Slaves, that were bought for that purpose. To compleat all their misfortunes, the Romans received ad∣vice of the loss of the Army that Posthumius the Praetor commanded in Gaul, which was crushed to death, and buried under the Trees of the Forest Litana. The Gauls had half saw'd those Trees, but kept them standing by means of Ropes and other things, and let them fall on the Romans, when they saw their whole Army in the Forest.

A. M. 3837. R. 536. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS. The noise of Thunder being heard during the creation of the Consuls, the Senate perswaded the People that this bad Omen was occasioned, because the two Consuls were Ple∣beians. To avoid all disputes about it, Marcel∣lus of his own accord laid down his Consul∣ship, and deliver'd up his place to Q. Fabius Maximus, who restored the affairs of the Ro∣mans by dilatory methods.

—Cunctando restituit rem. Enn.

A. M. 3838. R. 537. FABIUS MAXIMUS, M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. Marcellus met Hannibal near Nola, and engaged him, but he got no great advantage over him. The two Scipio's did wonders in Spain. Cneus Scipio forc'd the Camp of Asdrubal, and put a supply into Illiturgis, which the Carthaginians had be∣sieged.

A. M. 3839. R. 538. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS. Rome was set on fire and the Incendiaries could not be discovered. Sifax King of Numidia made a League with the Romans. Massinissa the Son of Gala, a young Prince, seventeen years of age, defeated Sifax and killed thirty thousand of his men. Fabius followed Hannibal every where, and encamped so advantageously, that he could not be forced to fight.

A. M. 3840. R. 539. Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER. Hannibal took Tarentum by the treachery of Philomenes and Nico, two young Gentlemen of that place. Marcellus took Syracusa by storm, having layn before it for three years together, during which time Archimedes alone, made more resistance against him with his Engines, than all the Arms of the Carthaginians. P. Sci∣pio was delivered up to the Enemies by the Geltiberians, or the people of Arragon, and put to death by the Carthaginians. Cneus his Brother was a short time after overpower'd by three Armies of the Carthaginians.

A. M. 3841. R. 540. CN. FLAVIUS CEN∣TUMALUS, P. SULPITIUS GALBA. Ful∣vius besieged Capua, which surrender'd to him after a siege of two years. He put to death fifty six Senators, which were found alive, the others being dead during the siege, and the rest of the Inhabitants were publickly ex∣pos'd to sale.

A. M. 3842. R. 541. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, M. VALERIUS LEVINUS. This last Consul made an end of the Sicilian war, by the taking of Agrigentum, which was the last place belonging to the Carthaginians.

P. Cornelius Scipio came into Spain as Proconsul, tho he was but four and twenty years of age. He took Nova Carthago by storm, and got a very rich booty both of Ammunition and Provisions, besides many Hostages, that the Spaniards had delivered to the Carthaginians, and among them a very beautiful young La∣dy. Scipio enquired about her Country and Family, and being told that she was betroth∣ed to a young Celtiborian Prince named Alluci∣us, he sent immediately for her Parents and her Bridegroom, to whom he delivered up his Spouse, and sent them back again. Vale∣rius Maximus relating this passage, calls the Bridegroom Indibilis, instead of Allucius, but Polybius, who lived in the time of that Illustri∣ous Roman, nor Livy do not confound him with Iudibilis, whom they call King of the Illergetes.

A. M. 3843. R. 542. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS CUNCTATOR, Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS. Twelve Roman Colonies refused their usual Supplies of Men and Money; where∣upon the Senate was obliged to have recourse to the Treasure called Aerarium vicessimarum, which never was made use of but in very urging necessities. They took out of it four thousand pound weight of Gold, which were applied to the most pressing exigencies. Scipio went on with the Conquests in Spain. He made a Confederacy with Iudibilis, and Man∣donius, the two greatest Princes of Spain, whose friendship he had gained by setting at liberty their Wives and Children, whom he had taken in Nova Carthago. He defeated As∣drubal, and possess'd himself of his Camp, where he got a great booty.

A. M. 3844. R. 543. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, TITUS QUINTIUS CRISPI∣NUS. Both Cousuls fell into an Ambuscado of the enemy, where Marvellus was killed, and Crispinus so wounded, that he died in few days after of his wounds, having named Dictator T. Manlius Torquatus.

A. M. 3845. R. 544. C. CLAUDIUS NE∣RO, MARCUS LIVIUS, whom Cassiodorus calls SALINATOR. Asdrubal Barcha came into Italy, to the relief of Hannibal his bro∣ther, and besieged Placentia, but hearing that the Consul Livius was drawing near him, he raised the Siege, and encamped upon the banks of Metaurus in Umbria. Nero joined his Colleague with such of the Troops as were able to march, with the utmost diligence; and before the Carthaginians had notice of it, the Consuls offered Battel to Asdrubal, who accepted of it, and was killed in this fight, with five and fifty thousand of his men, and five thousand made prisoners. Nero being re∣turned to his Camp, ordered the head or As∣drubal (the only booty he had brought with him) to be thrown among the Carthaginians; and at the sight of this sad spectacle Hannibal uttered these words, Now I deubt no more of the misfortune of Carthage. Both Consuls tri∣umphed: Livius on a Triumphal Chariot, and Nero only on Horseback, because he had fought in the Army of his Colleague. Nero named Dictator his Colleague Livius, to pre∣side in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3846. R. 545. L. VETURIUS PHI∣LO, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS. Scipio went over into Africa, having made a league with Sifax King of part of Numidia, and up∣on his return from that journey fell so dan∣gerously ill, that they gave him over for dead. This false report being spread in Spain, Iudibilis rebelled, and the Roman Army itself mutinied, and requested to return into Italy; but the recovery of Scipio calmed their minds. The Carthaginians perverted Sifax from the Confederacy made with Scipio, and gave him to wife Sophonisba, Asdrubal Gisco's daughter, who was promised a long time before to Prince Massanissa.

A. M. 3847. R. 546. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS. Mago came into Italy to the relief of Hannibal. C. Octavius, Praetor of Sicily, cros∣sing the Sea, took eight Ships laden with Corn design'd for Hannibal's Army. The Praetor of Spain routed the Spaniards, and Indibilis their Commander was kill'd in the fight, wherein he behaved himself with a great deal of cou∣rage.

A. M. 3848. R. 547. M. CORNELIUS, whom Cassiodorus calls CETHEGUS, P. SEM∣PRONIUS TUDITANUS. Scipio besieged Utica; Sifax and Asdrubal came to relieve it with four and fifty thousand foot, and thir∣teen thousand horse. Scipio raised the Siege, and marched against them. A general re∣view was made of all the Roman people, and the number of them amounted to two hun∣dred and fiftteen thousand heads of Families.

A. M. 3849. R. 548. CN. SERVILIUS CAE∣PIO, CN. SERVILIUS GEMINUS. Scipio being reinforced with the Numidian horse that Massanissa had brought along with him, beat the Carthaginians from several Posts. Massanissa took Sifax Prisoner, and pursued his routed Army as far as Cirtha, the chief City of the dominions of that unfortunate Prince, which was delivered up to him, with all the Towns of Numidia, upon advice that their King was taken Prisoner. Scipio took Utica, which put the Carthaginians into such a consternation, that they sued for Peace. Q. Caecilius Metellus was elected Dictator.

A. M. 3850. R. 549. M. SERVILIUS GER∣MINUS, T. CLAUDIUS NERO. Hannibal returned to Carthage, and was made comman∣der

of a very considerable Army, to oppose Scipio: The Armies engaged, but the Cartha∣ginians were beaten, and lost twenty thousand men, and as many Prisoners. This loss obliged the Carthaginians to sue again for Peace, which they obtained on the following conditions, that they should pay a yearly Tribute to the Romans, that they should keep but four Galleys in their Harbour, and that they should reim∣burse in ready Money, the charges of the War. Scipio came back again to Rome, where he made his Triumphal Entry.

A. M. 3851. R. 550. CN. CORNELI∣US LENTULUS, P. AELIUS PAETUS. A Confederacy was concluded with the Rho∣dians and King Attalus.

A. M. 3852. R. 551. P. SULPITIUS GALBA, L. AURELIUS COTTA. The War was proclaimed against Philip King of Macedon, because he had attacked Illyrium du∣ring the Carthaginian War. L. Furius Praetor of the Gauls defeated Amilcar, and killed thirty thousand Gauls, both Insubres and Caeromani, and took two thousand Prisoners.

A. M. 3853. R. 552. L. LENTULUS, P. VELEIUS TAPPULUS. L. Bebius Praetor of the Gauls was beaten by the Gauls called Insubres, and lost six thousand men.

A. M. 3854. R. 553. SEXTUS AELIUS PAETUS, T. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. Quintius had a Parley with Phllip King of Ma∣cedon, but that interview had no effect; for at last they came to an engagement, wherein the Romans got a Booty, tho the slaughter was not very great on either side, for King Phi∣lip lost but two thousand men. After this victory Quintius besieged Corinth, but without any success.

A. M. 3855. R. 554. CN. CORNELIUS CETHEGUS, Q. MINUTIUS RUFUS. Cassiodorus doth not mention these two Consuls in his Chronology. The two Consuls made War, one in Luguria, and the other in the Country of the Boii. Cornelius engaged the Ligurians and Milaneses, broke them, and killed fifteen thousand of them, and took seven thousand Prisoners and among them Amilcar, their Commander, the last of the Carthaginian Generals that re∣mained in Italy. A battle was fought be∣tween King Philip, and the Consul Quintius, in a place called Cynocephalum in Thessalia, where the Romans were victorious. The Con∣sul Cornelius triumphed over the Milaneses, and Minutius obtained but the small. Triumph or Ovation on Mount Albanus.

A. M. 3856. R. 555. L. FURIUS PUR∣PUREO, M CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, Son to Marcellus the Great. Flaminius con∣cluded the Peace with King Philip, and there∣by restored the liberty to Greece, causing the same to be proclaimed at the Olympick Games. A great many Slaves of the Romans got into a Body and rebelled, and had cou∣rage enough to make a stand against a Legion designed to reduce them to their duty; they were all disarmed and very severely punish∣ed.

A. M. 3857. R. 556. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, M. PORTIUS CATO. Valerius fought against the Boii, and killed eight thousand of them. Cato being arrived in Spain, which Province was fallen to his share, routed forty thousand Spaniards, and brought the whole Country under the Roman subjection. T. Quintius made War against Tyrannus Nabis, besieged him in Sparta, and forced him to accept of a disadvantageous Peace.

A. M. 3858. R. 557. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, T. SEMPRONIUS LONGUS. Flaminius withdrew the Garri∣sons of the Towns of Acrocorinthus, Demetria∣des and Calcidona, and so restored an entire li∣betty to Greece, and the Greeks delivered up to him all the Roman Slaves.

A. M. 3859. R. 558. L. CORNELIUS MERULA, Q. MINUTIUS THERMUS. Merula brought up the Legions against the Boii, and beat them near Modena. There was a powerful League made against Rome by Antiochus in Asia, the Aetolians in Greece, and Hannibal in Africa, but so many Confederate Enemies, served only to add a greater lustre in the Roman Glory.

A. M. 3860. R. 559. L. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS, CN. DOMITIUS AENEO∣BARDUS. The League above-mentioned began to discover its self in Greece. Antiochus joyned the Aetolians, and took Calcidona.

A. M. 3861. R. 560. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, M. ACILIUS GLA∣BRIO. Acilius went over into Greece with ten thousand Foot, and two thousand Horse. Antiochus expected him at the narrow passage of Tempe, where the Consul made a great slaughter of the Asiaticks, then besieged Hera∣clea, where the Aetolians after the defeat of Tempe, were retired. He reduced the place, and forced the Enemies to beg Peace.

A. M. 3862. R. 561. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASIATICUS, C. LAELIUS NE∣POS, whom Cassiodorus call Africanus, to inti∣mate that he is the same who was Scipio's Lieutenant in Africa. Antiochus made War a∣gainst Eumenes King of Armenia, and besieged Pergamus, the chiefest Town of that Prince's Dominions: but when he heard that the Consul was marching against him, he raised the Siege, and waited for him upon the Banks of the Phaenician River, where he lost four and fifty thousand men. Peace was granted to King Antiochus, upon condition that he

should not extend his Conquests on this side of Mount Taurus. Acilius Glabrio caused a Statue on Horseback to be made, and set it up in the Temple of Piety, and consecrated the same to the memory of his Father, whom the Statue represented. This was the first Statue made of that precious Metal at Rome.

A. M. 3863. R. 562. M. FULVIUS NO∣BILIOR, C MANLIUS VOLSO. Scipio came back to Rome, and was the first man that triumphed over the Asiaticks.

A. M. 3864. R. 563. C. VALERIUS MESSALA, C. LIVIUS SALINATOR. The Senate sent ten Deputies into Asia, to settle the Affairs of Proconsul Manlius Volso.

A. M. 3865. R. 564. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS L. FLAMINIUS CRASSIPES, or C. FLAVIUS NEPOS. The Scipio's were both accused by the Tribunes of the people of em∣bezzling the publick Money Scipio Africanus ap∣peared before the Assembly in white cloath, and having made the Eulogy of his great At∣chievements, without excusing himself of the crime laid upon him, he ended his Speech with these words.

Upon this day of the year I destroyed Carthage, Rome's Emula∣tor, let us go and give thanks to the Gods for the same.

Having thus spoken, he went up to the Captitol, and there he performed his sacrifice.

A. M. 3866. R. 565. SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS ALBINUS, Q. MARTIUS PHI∣LIPPUS. The Consuls made an exact in∣quiry into the new superstition of the Baccha∣nalia that were celebrated in the night time with horrid lasciviousness. Seven thousand persons were found guilty of this shameful superstition. The Athletes, the delight of the Greeks, were introduced into Rome.

A. M. 3867. R. 566. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, M. SEMPRONIUS TU∣DITANUS. The two Praetors of Spain were routed near Toledo; but a while after they had their revenge on the banks of the River Tagus, insomuch that out of five and thirty thousand Spaniards, four thousand only es∣caped, all the rest being either killed or ta∣ken Prisoners.

A. M. 3868. R. 567. P. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, L. PORCIUS LICINIUS. Cas∣siodorus relates some other Consuls instead of these.

A. M. 3869. R. 568. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, Q. FABIUS LABEO. There was nothing more remarkable this year than an exact enquiry after the Bacchanalia, and poisonings. Scipio Africanus, Hannibal and Philopaem••n died this year, tho Eutropius tells us that Hannibal died two years before.

A. M. 3870. R. 569. CN. BEBIUS PAM∣PHILUS, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. The dissolute life of the Priests of Isis, called Galli, occasioned an order from the Senate, import∣ing that the Temples of that Goddess, and Serapis should be razed to the ground, but no man durst execute this Sentence of the Senate, out of a scruple of Religion: Therefore Paulus Aemilius took himself an Ax, and began to de∣molish that Nest of lewd people, and incou∣raged the workmen by his Example.

A. M. 3871. R. 570. M. BEBIUS PAM∣PHILUS, P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS or CETHEGUS. There was found in Numa's Grave three Volumes concerning Religion, Petilius the Praetor got them burnt without scruple; whereupon he was impeached of Impiety and Sacrilege; yet he was found not guilty, because he took an Oath, that these Books tended to the subversion of the Religi∣on then established.

A. M. 3872. R. 571. AULUS POSTHU∣MIUS ALBINUS LUSCUS, C. CALPUR∣NIUS PISO. This Consul died a little while after his Election, not without suspicion of having been poison'd by Quarta Hostilia his Wife, to get the Consulship for her Son, who she had by a first Husband, called Q. Fulvius Flaccus, who was chosen in the room of his Father-in-law.

A. M. 3873. R. 572. Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS, L. MANLIUS ACCIDINUS or LUS∣CUS. The Ligurii Appuani were transported to Samnium, for it was thought impossible to keep these fierce people in peace, so long as they could shelter themselves amongst their Mountains.

A. M. 3874. R. 573. M. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS, A. MANLIUS VOLSO. Epulo King of the Istrians took the Field, and by favour of very thick foggy weather drew near the Camp of the Romans, and at the first onset for∣ced the same; but while he and his Army were feasting in the Romans Camp, Consul Manlius fell upon them and defeated them.

A. M. 3875. R. 574. C. CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER, T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS. There was a Serpent seen at Rome with four feet, which was taken for a prodigy. Claudius routed the Istrians, and besieged them in Mesa∣tia the chief Town of their Country, whither they were retired.

A. M. 3876. R. 575. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALUS, Q. PETILIUS SPU∣RINUS. Cornelius died in his Consulship, and C. Valerius Levinus was chosen in his room. Consul Levinus forced the Ligurians to retire un∣to their two Mountains, called Laetum and Ba∣lista, and there besieged them, but was killed at the beginning of the Fight. This misfor∣tune rather encourag'd than disheartned the

Romans, who at last beat the Enemy from those holds.

A. M. 3877. R. 576. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, P. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. Cassiodo∣rus mentions these two Consuls, tho' there is nothing recorded during their Consulship.

A. M. 3878. R. 577 SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS, Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. Poly∣bius doth not mention these two Consuls, and yet Cassiodorus affirms that he has taken his Chro∣nology out of the Calendars or Fasti of the Capitol, where they are recorded.

A. M. 3879. R. 578. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. Peace was granted to the People of Corsica, upon condition that they should pay every year two hundred thousand pounds weight of Wax.

A. M. 3880. R. 579. C. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, P. AELIUS LIGUR. A stormy wind drove away so great a quantity of Locusts in∣to Apulia, that the Land was all over covered with them. The Roman people solemnly re∣nounced the friendship of Perseus King of Ma∣cedonia, hearing that he was forming a party in Asia against them.

A. M. 3881. R. 580. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, C. CASSIUS LONGUS. Perscus defeat∣ed the Roman Army commanded by the Con∣sul Licinius, says Eutropius. This Battle was fought on the Banks of the River Penes. The Praetor Lucretius laid the siege before Coronea, and took it by storm with the Town of Thebes.

A. M. 3882. R. 581. C. ATTILIUS SE∣RANUS, C. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS. The Alabandii out of a base and ridiculous flattery rank'd Rome in the number of their Gods, built her a Temple, and instituted an∣nual Games to the honour of their new created Goddess. Mancinus got some advantage over Perseus.

A. M. 3883. R. 582. Q. MARTIUS PHI∣LIPPUS, Q. SERVILIUS CAEPIO. Perseus desired peace, but it was denied him. The Censors forbad the Farmers of the publick Revenues to renew their Lease.

A. M. 3883. R. 583. L. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, C. LICINIUS CRASSUS. Paulus Aemilius was chosen to have the conduct of the Macedo∣nian war, tho' he was then sixty years old. He found Perseus incamp'd, and well fortified upon Mount Olympus, and forc'd him to re∣move from thence, and afterwards engag'd him. The Macedonians, after a long and vigorous resistance, were at last overcome, and Perseus surrender'd himself to Paulus Aemilius, who led him in triumph with his three Children; that unfortunate Prince died in Irons, and two of his Children before him. Theyoungest called Alexander, was very skilful in Joyners work, and Turning, and writ so good a hand, that the Register of the Commonwealth took him for his Clerk: A sad fate of the last Successor of Alexander the Great. Macedonia was then re∣duced to a Province, having been govern'd by thirty Kings, during nine hundred and twen∣ty three years, but had no great name in the world, according to Justin, till one hundred and eighty two years before the defeat of Per∣sius. Paulus Aemilius, as an exemplary punish∣ment of the Illyrians, quarter'd his Army in threescore of their chiefest Towns, and at an appointed day gave them up to be plunder'd by his Soldiers, who sold one hundred and fifty thousand Inhabitants for Slaves.

A. M. 3885. R. 584. Q. AELIUS POE∣TUS, M. JUNIUS POENUS. Memmius Prae∣tor of Spain reduc'd some Spaniards that were in Rebellion.

A. M. 3886. R. 585. M. MARCELLUS, C. SULPITIUS GALBA. Marcellus made war with good success.

A. M. 3887. R. 586. CN. OCTAVIUS NEPOS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS.

A. M. 3888. R. 587. AULUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS, Q. CASSIUS LONGUS. The war was carried on in Spain with differ∣ing success.

A. M. 3889. R. 588. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, M. JUVENTIUS. Sempronius reduced Thracia, and the Country along the River Danube into a Province, and brought them under the subjection of the Roman Em∣pire.

A. M. 3890. R. 589. P. SCIPIO NASI∣CA, L. MARTIUS FIGULINUS.

A. M. 3891. R. 590. M. VALERIUS MESSALA, C. FANNIUS STRABO.

A. M. 3892. R. 591. L. ANNICIUS GAL∣LUS, CORNELIUS CETHEGUS.

A. M. 3893. R. 592. CN. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, M. FULVIUS NOBILIOR.

A. M. 3894. R. 593. M. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, C. POPILIUS LAENAS. The Romans sent people to work in the Mines, that were discovered in Macedonia.

A. M. 3895. R. 594. SEXTUS JULIUS CAESAR, L. AURELIUS ORESTES.

A. M. 3896. R. 595. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, C. MARTIUS FIGULINUS.

A. M. 3897. R. 596. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, M. GLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS.

A. M. 3898. R. 597. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, Q. OPIMIUS NEPOS.

A. M. 3899. R. 598. Q. PULVIUS NO∣BILIOR, T. ANNIUS LUSCUS.

A. M. 3900. R. 599. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS.

A. M. 3901. R. 600. L. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, AULUS POSTHUMIUS ALBI∣NUS. Lucullus made war against the Celtibe∣rians,

and sent Scipio over into Africa, to desire some Elephants of Massmissa.

A. M. 3902. R. 601. L. QUINTIUS FLAA∣MINIUS, M. ACILIUS BALBUS.

A. M. 3903. R. 602. L. MARTIUS, M. MANLIUS NEPOS. The reduction of Utica gave sufficient occasion to the Romans for proclaiming war against the Carthaginians. They sent over the two Consuls into Africa with one hundred and fifty Galleys, with five Oars in a seat, (Quiqueremes) one hundred with six Oars (Sextiremes) and fourscore thousand Foot, all Romans born, and four thousand of their best Horse. The Carthaginians, surpriz'd at these preparations of war, sent Deputies to complain to the Senate of this infraction of a peace so sólemnly sworn, and so religiously kept on their side. The Romans demanded three hundred Hostages, and that they should bring up all their Arms to the Consuls. The Carthaginians obey'd exactly, they deliver'd up their Hostages and their Arms; consisting of Arms for two hundred thousand men, such as were used in that time, and two thousand Engines of war. When they were thus dis∣arm'd, Marsius told them, that he had orders to destroy their Town, but that he would give them leave to rebuild another Carthage on the firm Land, fourscore Furlongs at least off from the Sea. The Carthaginians were thun∣der-struck at this cruel Declaration; and tho' they were without Forces and Arms they shut up their Gates, and provided themselves with Arms as well as they could, making use (in that necessity) of their Wives hair, instead of strings for their Bows.

Asdrubal took the Field with twenty thou∣sand men, and from time to time supply'd the Town with Provisions.

Manlius attempting to rid himself of this troublesome Enemy, fell inconsiderately into a defilé, where he had certainly perish'd, had not the Tribune Scipio brought him off.

A. M. 3904. R. 603. SP. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, L. CALPURNIUS PISO. The Carthaginians sent Ambassadours every where for relief; and made such progress therein, that the Romans were amazed at it.

A. M. 3905. R. 604. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, C. LIVIUS DRU∣SUS. Scipio went over into Africa at the de∣sire of the people, tho it was the Province of his Colleague, and had under his command fourscore thousand Foot, and four thousand Horse, with leave to raise such number of the Confederates as he should think fit. Scipio with these Forces by night attack'd a quarter of Carthage, called Megara, on the land's side, took it by storm, and there he lodg'd himself, and so kept the besieged from receiving Pro∣visions. At the beginning of the winter, ha∣ving left some Troops to block up the place, he marched with the remaining Forces against Asdrubal, who was very troublesome to him: Asdrubal not being able to withstand him, got into Nephera, where Scipio besieged him, and took the place, wherein seventy thousand men were kill'd. Scipio return'd in the begin∣ning of the Spring, to carry on the siege of Carthage, and stormed another quarter of the Town, called Cotton, wherein there was a great slaughter for six days and six nights to∣gether. The strongest hold of Carthage, call'd Byrsa, was not yet taken, and there, those that could escape out of Megara and Cotton, had made their retreat; but wanting both Provi∣sions and Ammunition, they surrendered to Scipio as well as Asdrubal, who was retired in the Temple of Aesculapius. Five thousand persons of both Sexes went out of Carthage, which were the deplorable remains of that stately City, the Rival of Rome, which flourish∣ed for six hundred and sixty seven years, or seven hundred, according to some Authors.

A. M. 3906. R. 605. CN. CORNELIUS CENTUMALUS, L. MEMMIUS. The A∣chaians opposed Memmius with a good Army, but were overcome. The Consul pursued the Victory, laid siege to Corinth, and took it; he razed its walls, and carried all its fine Orna∣ments also to Rome. This year Scipio laid Car∣thage even with the ground. Corinth flourish∣ed for nine hundred and fifty years.

A. M. 3907. R. 606. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, L. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS. Fa∣bius routed Viriatus in Spain.

A. M. 3908. R. 607. SERGIUS SULPI∣TIUS GALBA, L. AURELIUS COTTA. One Andriscus, who called himself the Son of Philip the fifth King of Macedonia, because he was like him both in shape and countenance, made some noise in Macedonia. The Romans at first despised him, but after he had defeated the Praetor Juvetius, they were afraid of him, says Florus.

A. M. 3909. R. 608. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS.

A. M. 3910. R. 609. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS. Macedo∣nia fell to Metellus, who vanquished Andriscus. whom a King of Thracia delivered into his hands. This pretended King followed the triumphal Chariot of the Consul, and after∣wards the Senate ordered he should be put to death, and gave the name of Macedonicus to the Consul who had overcome him.

A. M. 3911. R. 610. CN. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, Q. POMPEIUS or POMPILIUS RUFUS. Florusil. 2. c. 17. says that this last Consul had dishonoured the Roman name in Spain, having caused Veriatus to be murther'd

by one of his Servants, whom he corrupted for that purpose. Paterculus tells us that this Pompey was the first of his name that was rai∣sed to the Consulship, and charges the Consul Caepio-with the murther of Viriatus. Eutropius affirms that the murtherers committed the fact of their own accord, and demand∣ed a reward from the Consuls for the same, who generously answer'd that they had no reward for crimes. A Macedonian perswaded seventeen thousand Slaves, that he was son to King Perseus; but the Praetor Tre∣melius defeated him, before he had encreased his faction.

A. M. 3912. R. 611. Q. CAEPIO, C. LAELI∣US. This last Consul undertook to get the Agrarian Law enacted; but when he under∣stood that it could not be done without rai∣sing a great confusion in the Commonwealth, he gave it over: whereupon he got the sirname of Sapiens.

A. M. 3913. R. 612. CN. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. POPILIUS LAENAS, whom Flo∣rus and Eutropius call Q. POMPFIUS LAE∣NAS. This last Consul was beaten in Spain by the Numantini, who might have quite rout∣ed him; but had rather make Peace with him, than provoke the Romans.

A. M. 3914. R. 613. P. CORNELIUS CAE∣PIO or SCIPIO NASICA, D. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS. This Consul beat the Celtae, the Lusita∣nians and the Galicians at Sea; and was there∣upon sirnamed Brutus Galacius.

A. M. 3915. R. 614. M. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, C. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS, who carried on the siege of Numantia. Being gone out of his Camp against the Augur of the Au∣spices, the Numantini attacked the same, seized upon it, and having followed the Consul, o∣vertook him in a narrow passage, where they might have easily routed him, had he not con∣cluded a Peace with them: The Senate re∣fused to ratifie that Peace, being disadvanta∣geous and shameful to the Roman people, but sent Mancinus with his hands bound to Numan∣tia, with the bundle of Rods, the badge of his dignity.

A. M. 3916. R. 615. P. FURIUS PHILO, SEXTUS ATTILIUS SERANUS. Numantia was besieged again.

A. M. 3917. R. 616. SERGIUS FULVIUS FLACCUS, Q. CALPURNIUS PISO. The siege of Numantia was carried on, but very slowly.

A. M. 3918. R. 617. P. CORNELIUS SCI∣PIO AFRICANUS, C. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS. Scipio starved the Numantini, and tho they made several vigorous sallies, reduced them to such exrremities, that they burnt their Wives, Children, and all that they had most dear and precious to them, even their Arms, and then rnn naked against the Arms of the Romans, leaving to Scipio no other orna∣ment of his triumph, but the bare name of Numantinus. Pliny says that the booty of this rich Town was but seven thousand, pound weight of Silver, and therefore Florus accounts it for nothing.

A. M. 3919. R. 618 C. MUTIUS SCAE∣VOLA, L. CALPURNIUS PISO. The Consul Murtus, who was a learned Lawyer, perswaded Tiberius Gracchus to get the Agrarian Law to be received; he brought it about, af∣ter a great resistance from the Senate, who na∣med Commissioners to share the Lands; but allowed but nine obeli a day to each of them to bear their charges. Attalus King of Pergamus gave by his last Will his Kingdom and all his goods to the Roman people. Tiberius Gracchus made use of this opportunity to flatter the people, and demanded that the Money of At∣talus might be destributed among them. The Senate opposed his demand; but Gracchus went up the Capitol, and a great number of people after him. Then Scipio Nasica, Jupiter's High Priest cried out, Let those that are for the good and conservation of the Commonwealth follow me: and having put his Gown over his head. ascended the Capitol, followed by the Sena∣tors and the most rich among the Plebeians. The people made room for him out of re∣spect to his Priesthood: but he and his fol∣lowers making use of the Seats of the Tem∣ple, instead of Arms, knock'd down Gracchus with three hundred more of his party. Ari∣stonicus, who call'd himself the Son of Atta∣lus, occasion'd a second War in Asia.

A. M. 3920. R. 619. P. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, P. RUPILIUS. Spain having been ab∣solutely subdued by the taking of Numantia, it was reduc'd into a Province. Florus l. 2. c. 20. says that this year King Attalus died, and gave his dominions to the Roman people. Judas Machahaeus made a league with the Ro∣man people: as we read in the book of the Machabees.

A. M. 3921. R. 620. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS. Crassus went into Asia, to make war against Aristoni∣cus, Attalus's pretended Son, who had seized upon the Kingdom of Pergamus. The Consul took greater care to lay hold upon the Trea∣sures of Attalus, than to pursue Aristonicus, who haivng rallied his Troops, fell upon the Romans and entirely defeated them. Eutrepius l. 4. and Justinus l. 36. say, that the Consul was killed upon the spot: but Valerius Maxi∣mus relates his death otherwise, and says, that after his overthrow he was taken by some Thracian Soldiers between Smirna and Elaea, and as they were bringing him to Ari∣stonicus, he designing to be killed, put a Sol∣diers

eye out with a Switch he had in his hand, whereupon the Soldier killed him; so died Crassus, the only Roman Consul who was ever taken alive in War.

A. M. 3922. R. 621. APPIUS or C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, M. PERPENNA. This last Consul had order to revenge the affront that Aristonicus had put on the Roman people. He besieged him in Stratonica, and took him Prisoner, having forced him to sur∣render for want of Provisions. The Consul preserved his life, that he might adorn his Triumph, but he was strangled in prison by order of the Senate.

A. M. 3923. R. 622. C. SEMPRONI∣US TUDITANUS, M. AQUILIUS NE∣PUS. Aquilius made an end of the War in Asia, by poisoning the Waters. Scipio Nasica Aemilianus was found dead in his Bed, and by marks that appeared upon his Body, it was plain that he had been strangled; his own Wife, and Cornelia, the Gracchi's Mother, were suspected of having committed that crime.

A. M. 3924. R. 623. CN. OCTAVIUS NEPOS, T. ANNIUS LUSCUS.

A. M. 3925. R. 624. L. CASSIUS LON∣GUS, L. CORNELIUS CINNA. Jonathas, Brother to Judas Machabaeus, renewed the league with the Romans.

A. M. 3926. R. 625. L. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, L. AURELIUS ORESTES. One of the slaves that manured the ground in Sicily, named Eunus, a Syrian born, not being able to bear the misfortune of his condition, played at first the Enthusiast, as being inspired by the Goddess of Syria: and said that he was sent from the Gods, to free the Slaves; and to get credit among the people, he had in his mouth a Nut full of Brimstone, and setting it dexterously on fire, he blew out Flames to the great amazement of the vulgar. Two thousand Slaves and others oppressed with misery, joyned him, and with their help he broke open the Prisons, and unfettered the Slaves, crying out every where Liberty. By these means he was in few days at the head of threescore thousand men, and got ground on the Romans. Perpenna being sent against them, took them by Famine, and all the Prisoners were nailed to the cross.

A. M. 3927. R. 626. M. PLAUTIUS HIPSAEUS, M. FULVIUS FLACCUS. A Slave called Athenoin, a Sicilian born, and a Shepherd, killed his Master, and got out of Prison as many Slaves as he could, and put himself at the head of them, taking upon him the quality of King and Liberator of the Slaves. Aquilius was ordered to punish him, and made use of the same means, that had so well succeeded with Perpenna, he had the like good success, except only that Athene∣on was not taken alive, because the Soldiers being too eager to seize him, tore him in pieces. Fulvius perswaded the Italians to beg the Freedom of Roman Citizens, but the Senate prevented it.

A. M. 3928. R. 627. C. CASSIUS LON∣GINUS, C. SEXTIUS CALVINUS. The Allo∣broges, Haedui and Averni made war against the Marsitians, ancient Confederates of the Romans. Sextius who was sent to assist them, destroyed the Allobroges and their Allies, after a war of three years standing. Eutropius reckons this year to be the 627 ab urbe condita.

A. M. 3929. R. 628. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. Carthage was rebuilt two and twenty years af∣ter its ruine. Metellus laid siege before Canto∣bricum in Spain, and as he was ready to storm it, the besieged laid the Children of Rethogenes a Spanish Prince, who was on the Romans side, on the breach. Metellus moved to compassion by the prayers of Rethogenes, rais'd the siege and retired.

A. M. 3930. R. 629. CN. DOMITIUS, C. FANNIUS STRABO. Gracchu, Tribune of the people, got Commission for rebuilding Carthage; and cast a line about it in seventy days, and called her Junonia. Sextius built a Town in Gallia Narbonensis, near a spring of mineral waters, which was called Aqua Sextiae.

A. M. 3931. R. 630. L. OPIMIUS, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS. Opimius revoked all Orders decreed by Gracchus, and particularly the re-peopling of Carthage, giving out, that it was not the will of the Gods, who had de∣clared their mind about the same by a Prodi∣gy, for a Wolf had pluckt out the stakes that were driven into the ground to draw the line about it; Gracchus maintained that that pro∣digy was false and forged; and while they were arguing upon that point, a Lictor spoke so insolently, that he was kill'd by Gracchus's Faction. The Consul and the Senate made a great noise for the death of this wretched man, thinking thereby to raise the people, but on the contrary they expressed their indignation, that the Senate should make such a disturbance for the death of an insolent Lictor, who had made no scruple to knock down Tiberius Grac∣chus Tribune of the people, an inviolable Ma∣gistrate, even in the Temple of Jupiter. Af∣terwards a sedition broke out in Rome, raised by the faction of Gracchus and that of the Se∣nate. Opimius promis'd to give for the Head of Gracchus its weight in Gold, and the same was brought to him, and was found seventeen pounds eight ounces weight. Then Opimius built a Temple to the Goddess Concerrd.

A. M. 3932. R. 631. P. MANLIUS NE∣POS, C. PAPYRIUS CARBO.

A. M. 3933. R. 632. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS CALVUS, L. AURELIUS COTTA.

A. M. 3934. R. 633. M. PORTIUS CA∣TO, Q. MARTIUS REX. C. Cato, Grand∣son to Cato the Great, was fined for having converted several things in Macedonia to his own use, which belonged to the Republick. A Colony was sent to Narbona.

A. M. 3935. R. 634. P. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. MUCIUS'SCAEVOLA. This last Consul triumphed over Dalmatia.

A. M. 3936. R. 635. C. LICINIUS GE∣TA, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS.

A. M. 3937. R. 636. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS, M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS. All Arts serving only for diversion were ba∣nished Rome, except playing upon the Roman Flutes, Singers and Dice players.

A. M. 3938. R. 637. M. ACILLIUS BAL∣BUS, C. PORTIUS CATO.

A. M. 3939. R. 638. C. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, CN. PAPIRIUS CARBO. Massi∣nissa King of Numidia being dead, his Son Micipsa succeeded him alone, after the death of his Brothers Mastanabal and Gulossa. Micipsa had two Sons Adherbal and Hiempsal; and his Bro∣ther Mastanabal had left a Son called Jugurtha, by a Concubine, whom the esteem and love that the Numidians had for him, rendered sus∣picious to Micipsa; but to get himself sure of him, he adopted him, and made him an equal sharer with his own Children. A while after this Adoption Micipsa died, and left his Kingdom to his two Sons, and to Jugurtha, who was so cruel as to cause Hiempsal to be murthered in the Town of Thirmida. Adher∣bal took up Arms to revenge his Brothers death, but was beaten; he had recourse to the Romans, but Jugartha sent them Ambassa∣dours loaded with Gold and Silver, and thereby won them over to his interest.

A. M. 3940. R. 639. C. LIVIUS DRUSUS, L. or C. CALPURNIUS PISO. L. Opimius was sent to divide the Kingdom of Numidia: The lowest Numidia, which is bounded by the Sea, fell to Adherbal; but so soon as Opimius had left Africa, Jugurtha invaded his Brother's Territories, where he destroyed all, and be∣sieged him in Cirtha, the capital City of his Kingdom, and so streighten'd him, that he was forc'd to surrender. Jugurtha put him to death with all his faithful Servants.

A. M. 3941. R. 640. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, L. CALPURNIUS BE∣STIA. The News of what Jugurtha had done in Africa being brought to Rome, a War was proclaim'd against him, and the Consul Cal∣purnius was sent into Africa. This cruel Prince sent an Embassy to Rome, to bribe the Sena∣tors and people with rich Presents: But his Ambassadors were order'd to depart Italy in ten days, and Jugurtha was summon'd to ap∣pear at Rome in person to justifie himself. He came thither upon the parole of Cassius the Proeror, who had been sent to notifie unto him the orders of the Senate. Memmius Tribune of the people accused him of having put to death the two Sons of Massinissa his Father and Benefactor; but he got off of this impeach∣ment with Money. But upon advice that Massiva Son of Gulossa had been murther'd by his orders, he was shamefully banish'd out of Rome; and at his going out of the Town he spoke these words, O infamous Town, thou art to be sold, if thou couldst find a buyer. Scipio pull'd down a very fine Theater, that Lucius Cassius had began, lest the Romans courage should be soften'd and effeminated by the Luxury and Pleasures of the Greeks.

A. M. 3942. R. 641. SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS ALBINUS, M. MINUTIUS RU∣FUS. Albinus was sent against Jugurtha, but he came back to Rome, because the meeting of their Assemblies or Commitia required his presence, and left his Brother Aulus to com∣mand in Africa: Aulus out of a desire of gain∣ing Glory, laid siege to Stul, a Town impreg∣nable by its scituation; but Jugurtha attack'd his Camp in the night, and made a great slaughter of his men. Aulus retired upon a Hill with the scatter'd Remnants of his Army, but Jugurtha besieged him the next day, and forc'd him to surrender, upon condition that he should pass under the yoke himself, and all the rest of his Soldiers, and that he should quit Africa.

A. M. 3943. R. 642. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS NUMIDICUS, M. SYLLANUS. Metellus went into Africa, which put Jugurtha under a consternation. Metellus seiz'd upon Vacca a large Town, where he kept his Maga∣zines, and then besieged Zama the chief Town of Numidia; but being perpetually harassed by Jugurtha he rais'd the Siege.

A. M. 3944. R. 643. SERGIUS SULPI∣TIUS GALBA, M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS. Jugurtha made great preparations of war, and attempted to corrupt the Roman Garrisons. The Inhabitants of Vacta, irritated by the Co∣vetousness of the Romans, returned to the sub∣jection of their ancient Master; but Metellus retook that place, destroyed the Inhabitants thereof, and permitted his Soldiers to plun∣der it. Then he marched against Jugurtha, whom he defeated, and forced him to re∣tire to Bocus his Son-in-law, King of Mau∣ritania.

A M. 3945. R. 644. L. CASSIUS LON∣GINUS, C. MARIUS. This last Consul,

had the management of the Affairs of Africa. He formed a design upon Capsa, one of the most powerful Towns of Africa, took it with∣out resistance, and gave it up to his Soldiers to be pillaged. Afterwards he engaged Bocus and Jugurtha near Cirtha, and got a compleat victory over them. Bocus delivered up his Father-in-law to Marius, pursuant to a secret Treaty between them.

Hircanus King and Soveraign Pontiff of the Jews, renewed the confederacy with the Ro∣man people.

A. M. 3946. R. 645. Q. SERVILIUS SE∣PIO, C. ATTILIUS SERRANUS. The Cimbri and Teutoni began to fright Italy. Some think these Nations to be the Scythae, others would have them to be the Germans of the North: They were three hundred thousand fighting men, besides a great number of Wo∣men and Slaves.

A. M. 3947. R. 646. Q. RUTILIUS RU∣FUS, C. MANLIUS. The Cimbri and Teuto∣ni defeated the two Consuls on the Banks of the River Rhone. This loss brought so great a fear upon Rome, that 'tis parallell'd by Hi∣storians, with the fright that seiz'd the Ro∣mans, after they were routed at Cannae by Hannibal; they were afraid the Gauls would come again to besiege the Capitol. Rutilius instituted Fencing Masters, to teach young Soldiers how to handle their Weapons.

A. M. 3948. R. 647. C. MARIUS, C. FLAVIUS FIMBRIA. The people was in great terror, and thought that no other man but Marius was able to defend them against the fury of the Cimbri, wherefore he was na∣med Consul in his absence, contrary to the laws. Marius came again to Rome, he triumph∣ed over Jugurtha, and brought into the Ex∣chequer three thousand and seven pounds weight of Gold, and five thousand seven hun∣dred and seventy five pounds of Silver in the Mass, besides a great quantity of Gold and Silver Coin. He bestowed all the time of his Consulship, in making preparations for this great and important Expedition against the Cimbri.

A. M. 3949. R. 648. C. MARIUS, L. AURELIUS ORESTES. The Cimbri turn'd their arms against Spain, and so gave an op∣portunity to Marius to reinforce his Army, and bring it under a good Discipline. Ore∣stes died in his Magistracy.

A. M. 3950. R. 649. C. MARIUS, L. LUCTATIUS CATULUS. Marius being inform'd that the Cimbri were marching to∣wards Italy, went over the Mountains, and incamped on the banks of the River Rodanus, now the Rhone: he engag'd them in Provence, and gave such an overthrow, that they lost one hundred thousand men, either kill'd or taken Prisoners. The Inhabitants of Marseilles for a long time inclosed their Vineyards with the bones of the Cimbri and Toutoni, who were kill'd in this bloody Fight. Florus says, that Teutobocus their King was made prisoner and led in triumph to Rome.

A. M. 3951. R. 650. C. MARIUS, MANI∣US AQUILIUS. Marius preferr'd the safety of Rome before the triumph that was ordain'd him; and the glory of a second Victory, to the glory of a victorious entry into Rome, he pursued the Cimbri, whom he engaged and routed in the plain of Versellae, killing sixscore thousand of them on the spot, and taking sixty thousand Prisoners. Marius in conside∣ration of this great Victory, was called the third founder of Rome.

A. M. 3952. R. 651. C. MARIUS, L. VA∣LERIUS FLACCUS. This sixth year of Marius's Consulship was spent in Actions un∣worthy of him; for he seconded all the sedi∣tious proposals of Saturninus a Tribune of the People, and oblig'd the Senators to take an Oath, that they should follow the Laws made by the people; which they did with this limi∣tation, Si Leges sunt: There was none but Metellus that refus'd to take the Oath. Pater∣culus and Valerius Maximus both justifie Marius about the death of the Tribune Saturninus, and the Praetor Glaucia. 'Tis true that he shut up these two seditious men in the Court of Ho∣stilia; but he did so, to secure them from the fury of the people, and save them under that pretence; but the Senate having discovered his design, sent some of his faction, who got upon the tops of the Neighbouring houses, and kill'd them with their Darts.

A. M. 3953. R. 652. M. ANTONIUS, AULUS, POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS. The Thracians rebell'd, and committed horrid cru∣elties on the Romans.

A. M. 3954. R. 653. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS PIUS, T. DIDIUS. This last Consul was sent to punish the Thracians, and Metellus in several engagements defeated two Brothers, called the Herculians, Authors of the Rebellion in Spain.

A. M. 3955. R. 654. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, P. or C. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS. Cn. Carbo went over into Gaul to observe the conduct of Crassus, because he had banish∣ed his Father. A while after, finding no fault therewith, he returned into Rome, and reported that his Father could not be guilt∣less, seeing he had been condemn'd by so just and moderate a man as Crassus.

A. M. 3956. R. 655. CN. DOMITIUS AENEOBARBUS, C. CASSIUS LONGI∣NUS. Ptolomeus King of Aegypt made the Ro∣man people his Heir by his Will.

A. M. 3957. R. 656. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, Q. MUTIUS SCAEVOLA or SCAE∣VULA. They made a Law which was cal∣led after their Names Licinia and Mucia, about the regulation of the Citizens.

A M. 3958. R. 657. CAIUS COELIUS CALDUS, L. DOMITIUS AENEOBAR∣BUS.

A. M. 3959. R. 658. C. VALERIUS FLACCUS, M. HERENNIUS. All was quiet in the Roman Empire under these Con∣suls.

A. M. 3960. R. 659. C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, M. PERPENNA.

A. M. 3961. R. 660. P. or L. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS, SEXTUS JULIUS CAESAR. M. Livius Drusus Tribune of the people, at∣tempted to restore to the Senate the right of judging in certain Causes, which Gracchus had got from them, and given to the Knights. He endeavour'd also to obtain the freedom of Roman Citizens for all the Inhabitants of Italy; but he was vigorously oppos'd: whereupon the Inhabitants of Italy rais'd one hundred thousand men, to obtain it by the force of their Army.

A. M. 3962. R. 661. C. JULIUS CAESAR, C. RUTILIUS LUPUS. The Consuls rais'd one hundred thousand men, whom they di∣vided into several Bodies, that they might re∣sist the several Nations of Italy leagued toge∣ther; yet they were worsted every where, and the Consul Rutilius was kill'd in an En∣gagement. At the latter end of the year, Julius Caesar made a Law, granting the freedom of Rome to the Latins and the Confederates, as Tully says, in his Oration for Balbus.

A. M. 3963. R. 662. CN. POMPEIUS STRABO, L. PORCIUS CATO. The war against the Inhabitants of Italy was car∣ried on; There Cato was kill'd, and several Bodies of the Army defeated. The Italians seeing the good success of their Affairs, erected a Commonwealth of their own, which they called the Italian Republick; and the capital City of this new State was Cornifi∣cium; But Pompeius destroy'd their infant Re∣publick, and routed their chief Forces. The Senate granted the freedom of their City to the Latins that were not of the League, but they were not incorporated into the thirty five Tribes, nor had the priviledge of voting in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3964. R. 663. L. CORNELIUS SYLLA or SULLA, Q. POMPEIUS RU∣FUS. Several prodigies threatned the Roman State with some fatal revolution. A woman was brought to bed of a Serpent, and great foundings of Trumpets were seen in the air: These prodigies were the forerunners of the troubles, which were occasioned by the Civil Wars between Marius and Sylla, which had their rise from what follows. Marius stood for the command of the Army against Mithri∣dates King of Pontus, and Sylla pretended the same, for being Consul, that Command be∣longed to him; yet Marius made so good an interest for himself, that he carried it, being seconded by the Tribune Sulpitius. The Con∣suls being offended at this proceeding, stopt all Employments and acts of Justice: But Sulpitius grew so insolently bold, that he at∣tacked the Consuls in the Rostra, and kill'd and overthrew all that would oppose his fury. Sylla could find no shelter, but in the House of Marius, from whence he was not permit∣ted to go out, till he had passed his word to repeal what he had ordered. Marius sent one of his Lieutenants to Nola, to oblige the Ar∣my to swear fidelity to him, but Sylla prevent∣ed it, and came to the Army before Marius's Lieutenant, whom he caus'd to be put to death, as soon as he came into the Camp; and having caus'd the Army to take an Oath to him, he march'd directly towards Rome, and possessed himself of the Gate Collina, and some other posts. The Inhabitants made at first some resistance from the tops of their Houses, but Sylla threatned them to set the whole Town on fire, if they offer'd to oppose him. Marius made a vigorous resistance in the sacred street, but not being able to withstand any longer, he quitted the Town and went over into Africa. All things being then at Sylla's command, he call'd the Senate, and caus'd Marius and Sulpitius with their followers to be proscrib'd, and declared Enemies of the Roman People.

A. M. 3965. R. 664. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, CN. OCTAVIUS FLACCUS. After the Consul's election, Sylla set out for Rome to make war against Mithridates, and be∣gan this Expedition with the defect of Arche∣laus one of his Generals. Octavius expelled Cinna out of Rome, and substituted in his room Cornelius Merula, the great Priest of Jupiter. After this affront Cinna retired into Italy, and perswaded the Italians to rebel, inticing them with the promises of the freedom of Citizens, and of being incorporated into the thirty five Tribes, that they might be partakers of all the priviledges of the Roman people: By this means Cinna raised a considerable Army, and Marius joined himself to him. They took the Town of Ostia by treachery, and destroyed all the Inhabitants thereof. Afterwards Ma∣rius went over the River Tyber, leaving Cinna on the other side, and seized the Janiculum, whereupon the Romans sent him Ambassadours to desire him to come again to Rome; and to that purpose the act of his banishment was repealed. Marius and Cinna entred again into

Rome, and there made a very great slaughter.

A. M. 3966. R. 665. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, C. MARIUS. Marius died the 17th day of his seventh Consulship, and Cinna got Valerius Flaccus elected in his room, who was ordered to go and make war against Mithri∣dates: they made Fimbria, with the quality of Praetor, his Lieutenant General, that he might have a greater Authority. He fell out with Placcus, who shamefully deposed him; but this great Man was revenged of the Consul, and got him murthered in a Well, where he had hid himself. After his death, Fimbria ha∣ving the sole command of the Army, pursued Mithridates, and forced him to retire by sea to Mitilene.

A. M. 3967. R. 666. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO. Cinna went on with his Murthers and Proscriptions. P. Lenas Tribune of the people, caused his Colleague Sextus Lucilius, to be thrown head-long from the Tarpeian Rock.

A. M. 3968. R. 667. CORNELIUS CIN∣NA, CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO. Sylla divi∣ded Asia in forty four Provinces, and then re∣turned into Italy: Cinna marched against him, but his own Soldiers mutinied, and killed him in his Camp. Carbo would have no Col∣league.

A. M. 3969. R. 668. L. SCIPIO ASIA∣TICUS, C. NORBANUS FLACCUS. The two Consuls with the young Marius, opposed Sylla with two powerful Armies; but he de∣feated them, and pursued Norbanus so closely, that he besieged him in Capua.

A. M. 3970. R. 669. CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO, C. MARIUS. Sylla engaged Marius near Signium, and got a full victory, having killed twenty thousand of his men, and taken eight thousand Prisoners. Offella one of Sylla's Generals besieged Marius in Praeneste, where he retired after his defeat, and kept him so close that he could not get off; where∣upon he murthered himself. Then Praeneste was delivered up to Sylla, who got all the In∣habitants together in the place of Arms, and had them murthered by his Soldiers. Pliny affirms that Sylla found in Praeneste three thousand pounds weight of Gold, and seven thousand pounds of Silver. Sylla came again to Rome, where he took the Name of Faustus: He caused himself to be created perpetual Dictator, and obliged the Senate to approve by a decree, all that he had done, and all that he should do afterwards. He changed many ancient Laws, and made new ones, and cre∣ated three hundred Senators, whom he chose himself out of the Equestrian Order; besides he freed ten thousand Slaves, to whom he gave the freedom of Citizens, and called them by his name Cornelians. When he walk'd in the City, he was attended with four and twenty Lictors, and a great Guard. At last he quitted the Dictatorship, being guilty of many Murthers, Assassinations, Prescriptions and Banishments.

A. M. 3972. R. 671. M. TULLIUS SIL∣LIUS, CN. ORTILLIUS DOLABELLA. These two Consuls are recorded in this order in the Chronologies; but 'tis very likely that they were both Consuls, during the Year of Sylla's Dictatorship; for we find that there were Consuls during the perpetual Dictator∣ship of Caesar, and the Soveraign Authority of the Emperours.

A. M. 3973. R. 672. L. CORNELIUS SYLLA FAUSTUS, Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS PIUS. This year all things were very calm.

A. M. 3974. R. 673. P. SERVILIUS ISAURICUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER. Sylla refus'd the Consulship and re∣tired into the Country, where he liv'd the rest of his days in quiet. The Consul Clau∣dius went into Macedonia, where he died of a fit of Sickness. His Colleague passed over Mount Taurus, where the Romans never had been before. He brought Cecilia and Licia un∣der the Roman subjection; and having in three years time performed the Expedition, return∣ed to Rome, where he receiv'd the honours of Triumph, with the Name of Isaurieus.

A. M. 3975. R. 674. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, Q. CATULUS LUCTATIUS, Sylla died: Lepidus would not permit the Magnificent Funeral designed for him, be∣cause of the Murthers he had committed; yet Catulus was allowed to pay to the body of his Friend all the testimonies of his acknow∣ledgment. Pompeius growing in credit, sided with the Nobility, and marched at the head of an Army, that Catulus trusted him with against Brutus, and besieged him in Modena. Pompeius got the Government of Spain, with the Character of Pro-consul.

A. M. 3976. R. 675. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS SCAURUS, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. Scaurus made Laws to regulate the Expences of private men. Pompey and Metellus had several Engagements in Spain with Sertorius, but Pompey was always beaten, and Metellus always victorious; whereupon Sertorius passed a biting Jest upon Pompey, as Eutropius and Plutarch relate, If that old woman, said he, rallying the Physiognomy of Metellus, was not here, I would send this Boy to School, meaning Pompey, who was then but a Youth.

A. M. 3977. R. 676. CN. OCTAVIUS COSCONIUS, CN. SCRIBONIUS CURIO. This last Consul succeeded Claudius in the Go∣vernment of Macedonia. He carried on his Conquests as far as the River Danube. He

spent, three years in these wars, and after∣wards came to Rome to make his triumphas entry. Octavius routed the Dalmatians, took Salonica, and triumphed likewise over that Nation.

A. M. 3978. R. 677. L. OCTAVIUS, C. AURELIUS COTTA. There was no∣thing remarkable transacted during their Con∣sulate.

A. M. 3979. R. 678. L. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, M. AURELIUS COTTA. Lu∣cullus got a Commission to march against Mi∣thridates, who had increased his Forces during the civil wars of Marius and Sylla; yet he de∣feated him in several Battels.

A. M. 3980. R. 679. M. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, C. CASSIUS. Spartacus a famous Gladiator got out of the Prisons of Capua, with seventy of his Companions; and being at the head of sixty thousand men, who join∣ed themselves to him, undertook to make war against the Roman people. He routed all the forces that oppos'd him; and beat Cassius the Praetor, who would dispute with him the pas∣sage of the River Po, with ten thousand men.

A. M. 3981. R. 680. L. GELLIUS, COR∣NELIUS LENTULUS. The Senate com∣mitted the care of the war against Spartacus to Crassus, who was followed by the most part of the Nobility. This General order'd a Trench to be made of fifteen Leagues long, from one Sea to the other, to inclose Spartacus, and prevent his escape; but he overcame this obstacle, by filling up the Trench in a certain place with Fascines, in a very dark and cold night.

A. M. 3982. R. 681. CN. AUFIDIUS ORESTES, P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SURA. Crassus pursued Spartacus, who re∣tired towards the Alps, after having lost twelve thousand men, that Crassus had cut off in several skirmishes. But two of Crassus's Generals pursuing him with too much preci∣pitation were beaten, and the Army they commanded cut in pieces. This Victory was the cause of his ruin, for his Soldiers grow∣ing proud of these advantages, forced Crassus to an Engagement, and were quite routed, and Spartacus himself lost his life. Lucius was victorious in the famous Battle of Cizicenna against Mithridates; his Lieutenant General beat the Fleet of the King, and Lucullus ha∣ving subdued Paphlagonia, Bithinia; Pontus, and taken Synopae its capital City, he again defeat∣ed Mithridates near Cabyra, and took away from him the lower Armenia. This unfortu∣nate Prince fled to Tigrannes King of the upper Armenia, who stil'd himself King of Kings. Lucuilus followed Mithridates into Armenia; besieged and took Tigranocerta the chiefest City of the Kingdom, which Tigrannes had built. Tigrannes, who had besieged Ptolomais, hearing of the great progress of the Romans, rais'd the siege and march'd against Lucullus; but he was overcome, and Lucullus took the Town of Nisiba, where Tigrannes was taken prisoner.

A. M. 3983. R. 682. M. LICINIUS CRASSUS, CN. POMPEIUS. Pompey taking notice that Crassus's opinion prevail'd in the Senate, made it his business to gain the Love of the People, wherefore he restored the Tri∣bunes the authority that Sylla had taken away from them; and referred the trial of civil and criminal Causes to the Equestrian Order.

A. M. 3984. R. 683. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS CRETICUS, Q. HORTENSIUS. The Isle of Candia revolted, and gave a fair op∣portunity to Metellus to signalize himself. He subdued the whole Island in the space of three years, and afterwards obtain'd the triumph and the sirname of Creticus. Appion King of Cyrene and Lybia died, and by his Will bequeathed his Territories to the Roman people, with the Towns of Ptolomais, Cyrene and Bernice, says Eu∣tropius. The Capitol was intirely rebuilt, and dedicated by Quintus Catulus, according to Cas∣siedorus. The disturbances between Hircanus and Aristobulus began this year, and were carried on so far, that they occasion'd the destruction of Jerusalem, and the servitude of the Jews, as Josephus their Historian relates.

A. M. 3985. R. 684. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS, Q. MARTIUS VATIA REX. This year was imploy'd in ordering and set∣tling the Provinces, that Appion had lest by his Will to the Roman people.

A. M. 3986. R. 685. M. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. ACILIUS GLABRIO. The Pi∣rates grew formidable upon the Miditerranean Sea. Pompey was ordered to clear the Sea of them; whereupon he fitted out five hundred men of war, and raised sixscore thousand Foot, and five thousand Horse; with these Forces he cleared the Sea in forty days, and by this quick Expedition he got so far into the esteem of the people, that they gave him Commission to march against Mithridates and Tigrannes, to the prejudice of Lucullus, who having almost destroy'd them, deserved the honour of making an end of that war.

A. M. 3987. R. 686. M. ANNIUS or AEMILIUS LEPIDUS, L. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS or L. JULIUS TULLUS.

A. M. 3988. R. 687. L. AURELIUS COTTA, L. MANLIUS TORQUATUS.

A. M. 3989. R. 688. P. JULIUS CAESAR, Q. MARTIUS. (Salustius adds the sirname of Figulinus to that of Martius.) During these three Consulates, Pompey carried on the war against Mithridates, and kill'd forty thousand

of his Men, having lost himself but twenty Soldiers. The reason they give of this great disproportion is, that they engag'd in the night, and the Roman Soldiers had the Moon behind them: So that their shadow being carried near the Enemies, the Enemies blows could do them no harm. This Battle was fought in Asia Minor: Mithridates escap'd with two men only, and Hipsicratea one of his Wives. A while after his own Son, ha∣ving rebelled against him, he killed himself out of grief. After his death Pompey entred the Territories of Tigrannes, and incamp'd within sixteen miles from Artaxates his Capi∣tal City. Tigrannes being weakned by so ma∣ny losses, and fearing the Army of Pompey, came to him and laid down his Diadem at his feet; Pompey took it up and gave it to him again, and contented himself with some Pro∣vinces of his Kingdom, with the best part of his Treasures, which he yielded to the Roman people. Pompey came a while after into Judea, and inquired into the Quarrel between Hirca∣nus and Aristobulus, upon pretence of being Mediator between them. Aristobulus, to shew how far he trusted him, put all his strong places into his hands, and made him several rich presents, and among other, a fine golden Vine a very curious piece of work; but he was deceived in the protection he expected from Pompey: Therefore he armed what forces he could, and got into Jerusalem. Pompey pitch'd his Camp at the very Gates of it, and carried on the siege vigorously: Aristobulus, to prevent the ruin of Jerusalem, came out to surrender himself to Pompey; but while the Roman Ge∣neral was flattering this Prince with hopes, Gabinius his Lieutenant got into the place, and after a slender resistance they open'd the Gates to Pompey. The faction of Aristobulus got into the Temple, being resolved to defend them∣selves; but Pompey besieged them, and took them after a siege of three months. The Holy Temple was prophan'd, not only by the un∣circumcis'd Nations that enter'd it, but also by the slaughter of the Jewish Priests, who were promiscuously killed with the Victims. Hir∣canus was made high Priest, but was deprived of the Royalty. Pompey left the Treasure of the Sanctuary untouch'd.

A. M. 3990. R. 689. M. TULLIUS CI∣CERO, M. ANTONIUS. The City of Je∣rusalem was taken during their Consulate. Catiline began his seditious practices. Cicero quell'd this dangerous Conspiracy at its very beginning, having order'd such as were guil∣ty to be put to death., and obliged Catiline to quit the City. Cato, who was Tribune of the people, and bore a hatred to Julius Caesar, be∣cause he had an amorous Intreague with Porcia his Sister, would have his name set down in the number of the Conspiracy; but he put himself under the protection of the people. Catilline at his going out of Rome, caus'd the bundle of Rods to be carried before him, as if he had been Consul, and with this state he got at the head of twenty thousand men, that Manlius had privately rais'd. Antonius assem∣bled quickly an Army, and pursued Catiline with the utmost diligence, that he might have no time to encrease his Forces, and over∣took him in the plain of Pistois, where he en∣gaged him. The Fight was very bloody, but the greatest part of the Conspirators was killed, with Catiline himself. Scaurus made war against the Arabians, without any other design, than that he might have an opportuni∣ty to plunder the rich Town of Petra, the chief City of their States; but he took so ill measures, that his Army would have starved, had not Hircanus the High Priest of the Jews relieved them. Hircanus afterwards became Mediator of the Peace between Aretas King of the Arabians and the Romans; and the siege of Petra was raised, upon condition of paying three hundred Talents to Soaurus for the charges of the war. M. Otho or Roscius Otho then Praetor, procured a Law, by which it was order'd, that the Equestrian Order should have a distinct place at the Theater, from that of the people.

A. M. 3991. R. 690. DECIUS JUNIUS SYLLANUS, L. LICINIUS MURENA. Pompey triumph'd for several days together, viz. over the Pirates, over the Kings, Mithri∣dates, Tigrannes and Aristobulus. The Sons of Mithridates and Tigrannes and Aristobulus himself followed the triumphal Chariot.

A. M. 3992. R. 691. M. PAPYRIUS or M. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. VALERI∣US MESSALA. Cutiline was killed this year, according to Cassiodorus; but his opinion does not seem probable; for Salustus expresly observes that this Conspiracy began in June, during the Consulate of Caesar and Martius. Besides, 'tis undeniable that Anthony com∣manded the forces of the Commonwealth, when Catiline was defeated.

A. M. 3993. R. 692. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CELER, L. AFRANIUS. Caesar asked the Consulates, and making in∣terest for it, reconciled Crassus and Pompey, and married his Daughter Julia to Pompey.

A. M. 3994. R. 693. C. JULIUS CAESAR, M. CALPURNIUS BIBULUS. As soon as Caesar was made Consul, he proposed the Agra∣rian Law. Bibulus vigorously opposed these novelties, but it was to no purpose; for his Colleague carried every thing, and also abu∣sed him in his person, causing the Fasces that were carried before Bibulus, to be broke in the presence of Bibulus himself. Bibulus

durst not appear any more after so great an affront, and shut up himself in his own house, causing his oppositions to be posted up by night: wherefore the people seeing him no more, said in jest, Julio & Caesare Coss. Caesar got the Government of Gaul for five years.

A. M. 3995. R. 694. L. CALPURNIUS PISO, AULUS GABINIUS PAULUS. The hatred of the Tribune Clodius broke out against Cicero, who had impeach'd him for having prophaned the Mysteries of Ceres, be∣cause he went into the house of Calpurnia dressed in a Womans Apparel upon the ac∣count of Galantry. Cicero to avoid his fury went into Gaul, where he served in the qua∣lity of Caesar's Lieutenant. Clodius's anger seemed to be over, because Cicero was out of his reach: but Cicero fell into the snare, for he returned to Rome, where immediately Clo∣dius accused him of having put to death Lentu∣lus, Cethegus, Sura and other accomplices of Catiline, without having observed any forma∣lity of Justice: Upon this accusation Cicero was banished Rome, and his Houses both in the Town and Country were burnt down.

Alexander Son to Aristobulus having made his escape out of Pompey's hands, came into Judea, where he rais'd ten thousand Foot, and fifteen hundred Horse, and then attack'd Ga∣binius, but was beaten. Alexander lost three thousand men, and retired into Alexandria, where he defended himself for some time; but at last was forced to surrender. Aristobu∣lus King of the Jews, with Antigonus his Son, escaped also out of the Prisons of Rome, and would attempt to raise men in arms as Alex∣ander had done; but he had no better success than Alexander, for he was brought again pri∣soner to Rome.

A. M. 3996. R. 695. P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTER, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS. Pompey taking notice that the esteem the people had for him, was lessen'd by the Artifices of Clodius, resolv'd to be re∣veng'd of him, and to recal Cicero out of his banishment, and restore him to all his Estate. Clodius could never prevent it by his Veto or opposition, for the Senate ordered that all ex∣ercise should cease till Cicero's return. Clodius being afraid that this decree of the Senate should be approved of by the People, raised as many Men as he could to prevent it, and Pompey and the Senate likewise raised forces, and engaged Clodius and his Men. The sight was bloody, but the Senate got the best; and Cicero returned. The Commission for bringing Corn to Rome was bestowed upon Pompey, as a reward in consideration of Cicero's return. A while after Milo murthered Clodius: whereupon Cicero made a sine Apology in the behalf of the murther of Clodius his Enemy, which is to be seen in his Orations.

A. M. 3997. R. 696. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, L. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS. Caesar form'd the famous Triumvirat with Pompey and Crassus, which was so fatal to the Commonwealth, that at last it brought the Roman people under the subjection of one man. Cato and the Consul Martius his Father∣in-law attempted to break this league, but could not accomplish it.

A. M. 3998. R. 697. CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, M. LICINIUS CRASSUS. The Consuls got an order, by which Caesar should remain in his Government for five years more, Pompey should be Governour in Spain and Afri∣ca, and that Crassus should have Syria and Ae∣gypt, with the absolute power of making war against what Nation soever he should think fit. Crassus was so impatient of being at war with the Parthians, that he put to Sea before the Spring, in a very hard season, so that he lost a great many of his Ships. He plunder'd the Temple of Jerusalem, which Pompey and Gabinius had spared out of respect, and car∣ried away two thousand Talents of consecra∣ted Silver.

An Arabian, whom Plutarch calls Ariamenes, and Appianus Abaris, guided Crassus and his Ar∣my into a dry and barren Plain, and expos'd him to the Parthians fury, who defeated him, kill'd his Son, and the greatest part of his Soldiers; he attempted to escape in the dark, but another Arabian, whom he had took for his Guide, betrayed him also; for he guided his forces during the night, so that the next morning they were in a great plain, in sight of the Parthians. Surena the Parthians Com∣mander pretended to be willing to come to a treaty with Crassus; whereupon the Consul advanced to the Parley, but the Parthians surrounded him, and kill'd him with their Arrows.

Caesar was more fortunate in his Govern∣ment, he defeated the Sicambri and Usipeles, which were the people of Guelderland and Zut∣phen, and laid a Bridge over the River Rhine, and passed over into Germany, where he stay'd but eighteen days, and came back again into Gaul, from whence he undertook the Con∣quest of England.

A. M. 3999. R. 698. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, L. DOMITIUS AENEO∣BARBUS. The death of Crassus created Jea∣lousy betwixt Pompey and Caesar. Julia, Pompey's Wife, and Caesar's Daughter, died in Child∣bed. And after her death, Pompey seeing that Caesar's Victories had got him the love of the people, could not bear his preference; where∣fore he would have laid down his Employ∣ments; but Cato, who was Caesar's Enemy per∣swaded him to the contrary.

A. M. 4000. R. 699. CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS, M. VALERIUS MESSALA. Caesar went over a second time into England with eight hundred Sail, and all the choice of the Nobility of Gaul. The English made no great resistance; Castivelanus their King sub∣mitted to the Romans. The people of Namur and Hainault took up Arms, and besieged Cice∣ro in his Camp, but Caesar came to his relief and got him off, being then reduc'd to the last extremity. Afterwards Caesar went to∣wards Rome, and sent to Pompey to borrow two Legions of him, which Pompey sent him. Scipio Hipseus and Milo stood both at Rome, with open force for the Consulship; whereupon the Senate named Pompey the only Consul, with the power of chusing a Colleague.

A. M. 4001. R. 700. CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS. He chose for his Colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus. Pompey being a Widower took Cornelia, Scipio's Daughter, for his second Wife, and all his care was to make himself sure of the Senate, to counter-ballance the fa∣vour of the people, who declared openly for Caesar. He was continued Governour of Spain and Africa for four years; and Caesar obtain'd the Government of Gaul for the same time. Many disturbances arose in Gaul, that kept Caesar very busie. He defeated Vercingentorix, besieged and took Avaricum now Bourges Bituri∣cum, now the chief City in Berry, and Alexia, near Vellacundirum (Auxerre), and forc'd Vircin∣gentorix to surrender himself.

A. M. 4002. R. 701. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, SERVIUS SULPITIUS RU∣FUS. Marcellus upon Pompey's motion propo∣sed to send a successour to Caesar, but Sulpitius's Colleague, and the Tribunes of the people oppos'd it, saying, that Caesar had obtained his Government for four years, which time was appointed by the Senate, and that it would argue much injustice and imprudence in the people, to take his Government from him, while he was victorious, and before the time appointed by the Senate was expired. The Proposal was then rejected for this time.

A. M. 4003. R. 702. L. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. Mar∣cellus, Cousin German to the last Consul of this name, proposed again to recal Caesar, and send him order to disband his Army; Aemili∣us on the contrary, added to the reasons al∣ledg'd the foregoing year by Sulpitius, that Caesar offered to disband his Army, if Pompey, who was his declared Enemy, would also break his Forces. The Tribune Curio seeing that the Senate favour'd Pompey, made that proposal to the people, who approv'd the same, and Anthony Curio's Colleague, openly read Caesar's Letters in the presence of the people, notwithstanding the opposition of the Consul Marcellus, who made all his endeavours to prevent it. Marc. Antony, who was on Ca∣sar's side was made their chief Pontiff, and Galba was debarred of the Consulate, because he had been Caesar's Lieutenant.

A. M. 4004. R. 703. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, G. CLAUDIUS MARCEL∣LUS. The two Consuls favour'd the party of Pompey, and proposed to recal Caesar and disband his Army; but Curio and other Friends to Caesar, opposed boldly the Consuls, who dismiss'd the Assembly, upon pretence that they grew too hot. Labienus one of the chief∣est General Officers of Caesar forsook him, and went over to Pompey. The Consuls found out another way to bring their design about; they exaggerated the shame or disgrace that the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians had brought upon Rome; and that to revenge that affront, it was necessary to send two Legions of Cae∣sar's, and two other of Pompey's, with some other Forces to make war against them. As soon as Caesar had notice of this order, he sent two of his Legions, with two more that Pompey had lent him. Fabius came to Rome from Caesar, and delivered his Letters to the Consuls, who were hardly prevailed upon by the Tribunes, that the same should be read to the Senate, and would never consent that his offers should be taken into consideration, but ordered to consider of the present state of the affairs of the Republick. Lentulus one of the Consuls said, that he would never forsake the Commonwealth, if they would speak their mind boldly. Scipio, Pompey's Father-in-law, spoke to the same purpose, and said that Pom∣pey would never forsake the Republick, if the Senate would stand by it. Whereupon it was ordered that Caesar should disband his Ar∣my by a certain time, or otherwise he should be declared Criminal. Marc-Anthony and Q. Massius Tribunes of the people opposed this re∣solution. The Censor Piso and the Praetor Roscius offered themselves to go to Caesar, to inform him how the affairs went, but they were not allowed to go, and all the proceed∣ings were stopt. They had recourse at last to the last remedies, and to a Decree, by which it was ordered, That the Magistrates should take care of the safety of the Commonwealth. The Tribunes went out of Rome and retired to Caesar at Ravenna, where he was expecting an answer suitable to the equity of his De∣mands.

The following days the Senate met out of the City, that Pompey might be present at the Assembly, for being Proconsul, by his Office he could not be at Rome. Then they raised Forces throughout Italy, and took Mo∣ney out of the Exchequer to bear Pompey's charges. Caesar having intelligence of all

these proceedings, assembled his Soldiers, and represented to them in a pathetical way the in∣justice of his Enemies, and exhorted them to stand by him against their violence. The Sol∣diers cried out presently that they were ready to protect his Dignity, and that of the Tri∣bunes. Caesar trusting himself to their fideli∣ty, brought them towards Rimini, where he met the Tribunes of the people, who came to him to implore his assistance.

All the Towns of Italy where Caesar appear'd open'd their Gates, and sent away Pompey's Garrisons. This great progress surpriz'd Pompey's Followers, and obliged them to quit Rome, and Caesar pursu'd them as far as Brun∣dusium, where Pompey cross'd over the Sea with the Consuls. Caesar having no Ships to follow them, return'd to Rome. The Magistrates and the Senators that remain'd there made Lepidus Inter-Rex, who created C. Julius Caesar Dictator, who recall'd the banish'd Citizens, and restor'd them to the possession of their Estates: He laid down that great Office, after having kept it eleven days only, and then was made Consul.

A. M. 4005. R. 704. C. JULIUS CAESAR, P. SERVILIUS VATINIUS ISAURICUS. Caesar had then no other thoughts, but to pur∣sue Pompey; but first of all he thought fit to make himself Master of Spain, where Pompey had fortified himself a long while ago. He had several skirmishes on the Segra near Laeri∣da, and so closely pursued Afranius one of Pompey's Generals, that he was obliged to dis∣band his Army, composed of seven Roman Legions, and of a great many Confederates. Varro another General of Pompey's attempted to defend Calis and Cordua, but all the Neigh∣bouring Provinces declared themselves for Caesar, so that he was forc'd to yield to his good Fortune, and delivered up his Forces, Ships, and all his Ammunitions. In the mean time Pompey got together a very strong Fleet, compos'd of several Squadrons from Asia, the Cyclades Islands, Corsou, Athens and Egypt, mak∣ing in all five hundred Ships, besides the Tenders, and other small Ships. His Land Forces were not inferior to his Naval Strength, but he had dispersed his Army into several places, to keep the Provinces in his Interest; and had then with him but forty five thou∣sand Foot, and seven thousand Horse: Caesar was not so strong, for his Army consisted on∣ly of a thousand Horse, and twenty two thousand Foot. These two Armies engaged in Thessalia near Pharsalia, and Pompey's Army was defeated, and himself forc'd to escape in disguise to Amphipolis, where he attempted to rally his scatter'd Forces; but Caesar pur∣sued him so close, that he had no time to do it, and fled away into Egypt, where King Ptolomy caused him to be murther'd before he landed. Caesar was so concerned at the news of his death, that the murtherers thought they could not avoid a punishment suitable to their Crime, but by the death of Caesar himself. Photinus the Eunuch, and Archaelas attacked Caesar, but Methridates King of Perga∣mus came to his relief, and deliver'd him from these Murtherers.

A. M. 4006. R. 705. Q. FURIUS CALE∣NUS, P. VATINIUS. Tho' Caesar was ab∣sent from Rome, yet he was made Dictator the second time, and his Dictatorship conti∣nued for a whole year. He reduced the King∣dom of Pontus into a Roman Province, and be∣stow'd the Government of it upon Celius Vin∣cinianus. It was concerning this Victory that Caesar obtained over Pharnaces King of Pontus, that he wrote to his Friend Anicius, veni, vidi, vici, I am come, I have seen, I have overcome; to shew with what swiftness he had subdued the Kingdom of Pontus. Caesar return'd by way of Asia Minor, and gave the Kingdom of Bosphorus to Mithridates King of Pergamus, and from thence came to Rome, where his pre∣sence was necessary: After his arrival he dis∣banded a great part of his Forces, giving one hundred Crowns to each Soldier, with Lands enough to live there rich and contented.

A. M. 4007. R. 706. C. JULIUS CAESAR, M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS. Caesar did not stay long at Rome, but went over into Africa at the beginning of January, where at first he was worsted by Labienus's Forces. After∣wards he drew the Africans to a Fight near the Town of Tapsus, where the Forces of Labienus and Afranius, tho' reinforc'd by those of Sci∣pio, were cut in pieces. Caesar gain'd great Glory in this Battle; for he got three Camps of the Enemies, kill'd ten thousand Men, or fifty thousand, according to Plutarch; made several Prisoners, and lost but one hundred and fifty Men. After this Victory Caesar march'd towards Utica, where Cato command∣ed, who seeing all things in a desperate con∣dition kill'd himself. Tuba got off safe in the last battle with Petreius, and attempted to re∣tire to Zama a Town of his own, very strong and well provided, where he had left his Wife, Children and Treasure, but the Inha∣bitants thereof shut up the Gates upon him, and made a present of all his Treasure to Caesar. Afranius and Sylla had no better for∣tune, for they fell into a body of the Army, that Sitius, Caesar's Lieutenant commanded, and Sylla was made prisoner with Pompeia his Wife and Children. Sitius's Soldiers kill'd him and Afranius by Caesar's order, who spared the life of Pompeia and his Children, and restor'd them to their Estate. Scipio attempted to get into Spain, but the Winds and the Sea drove him

back to ••o••na, where Sitius was return'd, who sunk easily all his Ships.

Caesar having subdued Africa, made it a Pro∣vince, and subjected it to the Roman Laws. He caused all the Goods of Juba to be sold, and made presents to his Soldiers of the Mo∣ney arising by them. Caesar return'd to Rome, where he triumph'd for three days together: The first day he triumph'd over Aegypt, the second over the Kingdom of Pontus and Phar∣naces, and the third over Africa and King Juba; and in so modest a manner, that there was nothing seen in his Triumph, that could seem to insult over the memory of those he had vanquished: The next day after these Triumphs, he entertained all the Roman Peo∣ple at two and twenty thousand Tables, and gave them the diversion of a great many Fights of Gladiators, and a representation of a Sea-fight. The Citizens were numbered and were found 320000 heads of Families, who had escaped the fury of the Civil Wars.

Pompey's Sons, with the remains of his Par∣ty, were retired into that part of Spain called Ʋlterior or Baetica, where Caesar pursu'd and de∣feated them near Munda, killing thirty thou∣sand on the spot, among whom were three thousand Roman Knights, and seventeen Field Officers, with Labienus and Actius Varus. After this Victory Munda and Cordua were both be∣sieged and taken; Pompey's Sons died of their wounds.

A. M. 4008. R. 707. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, C. TREBONIANUS. Caesar crown'd with Glory after so many Conquests came to Rome, to make his triumphal Entry there; and then the Senate and the Roman people submitted to him, creating him perpetual Dictator, and render'd him such Honours that were only due to the Gods. Rome could never get a more illustrious Master. He ap∣ply'd himself carefully to all that could con∣tribute to the grandeur and welfare of the Roman people. He reform'd the Calendar, re-built and re-populated several Towns; and undertook to cut the Isthmus of Corinth, which joined Merco to the Continent of Greece, and terminates the Gulph of Lepanto. He would also join the Anio to the Tiber, by a Canal that was to be cut from Rome to Circae∣um, and fall in at Terracinae. This great man in the midst of his Grandeur and Prosperity was murthered in the Senate, and died of three and twenty wounds he received, being then fifty six years old.

CONSUALIA,

and Consuales Ludi. Feasts and Games instituted the tenth day of August, or of March, as Ovid says, in the third Book of his Fastorum, in honour of the God Con∣sus, or God of Counsel, (as 'tis interpreted by St Austin and Servius.) Romulus made use of him when he stole the Sabine Virgins, at the Games that were represented at Rome, where he had invited the Sabines. During this Feast the Horses and Asses were crown'd with Flowers, and rested, and a Mule was sacri∣ficed to this God. After this sacrifice they represented the Games call'd Consuales, after∣wards named Romani and Circenses; according to the report of Asconius Paedianus, in his Com∣mentary on the first Verina. Ad id tempus Cir∣censi spectaculo contenta erat civitas nostra, quod primus Romulus raptis Virginibus Sabinis Consualium nomine celebravit. Vid. again this word, be∣fore the word Consul.

CONSUS.

The God Consus, or the God of Counsel, according to Servius's interpretation. Consus, says this Grammarian upon the 8th of the Aeneid, is the God of Counsel, who has his Temple covered in the great Circus, to shew that Counsel ought to be kept secret: And St Austin lib. 4 de civitate dei, cap. 11. Consus is named so from the Counsel he gives or inspires men with; but Cyprianus calls him the God of Cheating and Malice, for it was he that inspired Romulus to ravish the Sabine Virgins, who came to Rome, to be present at the Games that were there represented, the Sabines having been invited to them by Romu∣lus. Livy speaking of the Rape of the Sabines.

The Romans, says he, celebrate still in our time this Feast and Solemnity, and call it Consualia. There is an Altar under ground very near the great Circus, where they make Sacrifices, attended with great Illuminati∣ons of Fires and Lights; there are also ma∣ny Horse-races.

Wherefore some name this God 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Neptune, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Earth-mover; affirming that for that rea∣son his Altar was hid under ground, because Neptune, who is the Sea, incompasses the Earth. Others pretend that this Feast and Horse-Ra∣ces were made in honour of Neptune; but that Altar was consecrated to a certain Spirit or Daemon, keeper of secret Councils.

Varro confirms Livy's opinion, but Dyonysius Halicarnasseni tells us, that the Romans dedica∣ted a Temple to Neptune the Horse-tamer, and kept a Feast every year on the sixteenth of August, which the Arcadians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Romans Consualia, during which time the Horses, Mules and Asses rested.

CONTUBERNIUM MILITARE,

A Company of Soldiers that lodge in the same Tent, commanded by a Decunus, or leader of ten men. This company was the tenth part of a Company of an hundred men called Centuaria.

CONVIVIUM,

V. Epulum, a Banquet or Feast.

CORAGIUM,

The Obsequies of a Virgin.

CORDAX,

A kind of an old, merry and pleasant Dance, full of ridiculous and extra∣vagant postures, like Country dances.

CORICEUM,

A part of the Ancient Palaestra. Grammarians don't agree about the meaning of this word; the greatest part of Interpreters deriving the same from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that signifies a young Girl, say, that Coriceum was a place where young Girls exercis'd themselves with wrestling and running. Palladio thinks they were little Schools for Girls. Others take its Etymology from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. the Hair, as if it were an ap∣pointed place for shaving. Mercurialis, with∣out troubling himself with the Etymology, affirms that it was a place where they laid up the Wrestlers Cloaths, or such as went into the Baths; and gives no other reason for the same, but only that such a room was requisite in the Palaestra: but Baldus tells us, that this word Coriceum is derived from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies a Ball, and his in∣terpretation of this word seems the most rea∣sonable; wherefore we may say, that Coryce∣um is a place where men play at long Tennis, vulgarly called Welsh Tennis, or at Baloon, which was a necessary thing in a wrestling place.

CORINTHUS.

Corinth the chief City of Achaia, placed in the middle of the Isthmus of Peloponnessus between the Ionian and the Aegean Seas. It was built first by Sisiphus the Son of Aeolus, and named Corcyra, according to Strabo; and after having been destroyed, it was rebuilt by Corinthus, Pelops his Son, and called after his Name Corinthus. The Corinthians abused the Roman Ambassadors, whereupon Mummius was sent thither, who put the Inha∣bitants to the sword, and razed the Town to the ground.

CORINTHIUM.

Viz. AES. Corinthian Brass. Pliny mentions three sorts of Corinthian Brass; viz. the white, red and the mixt coloured: this diversity arises from the pro∣portion of the three sorts of Metals whereof 'tis compounded, which are Gold, Silver and Copper, which according to Pliny and Florus, were mix'd together when the City of Co∣rinth was burnt, for many Statues and Vessels of these three Metals were melted down and so incorporated.

CORINTHIUS,

Viz. ORDO. The Co∣rinthian Order, one of the three orders of Ar∣chitecture; consisting in its Pillars and Cha∣piter, which is adorn'd with Carvers work, of two ranks of fine leaves, sixteen in num∣ber, being cut therein, and from whence come out so many small branches or stalks, cover∣ed again with the same number of Cartridges. This order was invented by Callimachus Stone∣cutter, who by chance found a Basket set upon a plant of Acanthus, covered with a tile, that had very much bent its leaves. This new Figure pleased him, and he imitated it in the Pillars he wrought afterwards at Corinth, settling and regulating upon this Model all the proportions and measures of the Corinthian Or∣der. Villappendus says, that this History of Callimachus is a Fable, that the Greeks did not invent the Corinthian Chapiter, but took the Model thereof from the Temple of Solomon, where the top of the Pillars were adorn'd, as he says, with leaves of Palm-trees, unto which the leaves of an Olive-tree are more like than those of an Acanthus, which he tells us, never were us'd by the Ancients in the Corinthian Chapiters: However, the contrary is observed in many tops of Pillars, that are yet to be seen in Greece, and even in the Pil∣lars called Tutelles at Bourdeaux, the tops whereof are of the Corinthian Order, with the leaves of Acanthus.

CORIOLANUS.

After the taking of the Town of Corioli, the Consul C. Martius took the Sirname of Coriolanus. Dionysius Hal∣licarnasseus tells us, that Coriolanus being upon the Guard, the Enemies made a sally out of the Town and attacked him in his post, but he beat them back so vigorously, that he en∣tered the Town along with them, and set it on fire; which brought such terror upon the Inhabitants and the Garrison, that they quit∣ted the place. Plutarch relates this in a diffe∣rent manner, and says, that the Consul hav∣ing engaged the Volsci some miles from Cori∣oli, he perform'd wonderful deeds of Valour; and having routed them, he went at the head of a body of Reserve, and charged the Rear of the Enemies, who flying into Corioli for shelter, he got in promiscuously with them, and made himself Master of the Town. This great Captain, proud of the Nobility of his Family and his Rank, does treat the Roman people with too much Authority, and exas∣perated them to that degree, that they banish'd him out of Rome. Coriolanus highly resenting this Affront, retired among the Volsci, and came at the head of them to in∣camp on the Cluvian Trenches, two leagues∣off Rome, after he had taken many Towns from the Romans. The Romans, afraid of their lives, attempted to move him by Prayers. The Pontiffs and the most considerable of the Senate were sent to him, but could not prevail with him, and he yeilded only to the solicitations of his Mother and his wife Vo∣lumnia. He brought again the Volsci into their own Country, but they put him to death for having been so favourable to his Country.

CORNELIA,

Viz. FAMILIA. The Cor∣nelian Family. Many great men and worthy Ladies in the Roman Commonwealth came from that Illustrious Family.

CORNELIA,

Pompey's Wife, for whom he had more tenderness and regard, than for the whole Empire. All his fear was upon her account, and he took more care to save her from the publick danger, than to prevent the ruine of the Universe.

—Seponere tutum, Conjugii decrevit onus; Lesboque remotam Te procul a saevi strepitu, Cornelia, belli. Lucanus.

After the loss of the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey encouraged her to constancy, telling her, that if she had lov'd only the person of her Husband, she had lost nothing; and if she had loved his Fortune, she might be glad to have now nothing else to love but his Person.

—Tu nulla tulisti, Bello damna meo. Vivit post praelia magnus, Sed forma perit: quod defles, illud amasti. Luc.

Cornelia imbark'd with Pompey, and depart∣ed from the Island of Lesbos, where she was left during the war. The Inhabitants of the Island were generally sorry at her departure, because she had lived all the while she was there, during her Husbands profperity, with the same modesty as she should have done in time of his adversity.

Stantis adhuc fati vixit quasi conjuge victo.

After the death of Pompey, she took no other pleasure but in mourning, and seemed to love her grief, as much as she had loved Pompey.

—Saevumque arctè complexa dolorem, Parfruitus lacrymis, & amat pro conjuge luctum.

CORNELIUS COSSUS,

A milita∣ry Tribune, who kill'd Volumnius King of the Veientes in a pitch'd battle, and consecrated his Spoils called Opimae, to Jupiter sirnamed Pheretrius.

CORNELIUS MERULA,

He was Consul and Priest to Jupiter. He sided with Sylla, and got his Veins opened, for fear of falling into the hands of Marius, who had seized upon Rome with his party.

CORNELIUS GALLUS,

An intimate Friend to Augustas and Virgil, whose Encomi∣um you may read in the 4th Book of his Georgicks; under the name of Aristeus. He kill'd himself be∣cause he had been suspected of Treachery.

CORNELIUS SEVERUS,

An He∣roick Poet and a Declaimer; Quintilian and seneca speak commendably of him.

CORNELIUS TACITUS,

A Fa∣mous Historian and a wise Politician, who wrote the History of the Roman Emperors in sixteen Books of Annals, beginning from the death of Augustus. The six, seven, eight and ninth Books are lost.

There were many other Illustrious Men of that Family.

CORNICEN.

He that bloweth a Horn or Cornet, invented by Marsyas in Phrygia. 'Tis a kind of a great Flute, with seven holes; there are some that are straight, made of a whole piece of wood, of Service-tree or Plum-tree: Some others are of two pieces and crooked.

The Ancients made use of them in War and Sacrifices; those that were used in Sacri∣fices were commonly made with Box-tree, and those used for the Games were of Silver, or of Bones of Asses Legs, the sound whereof was more clear, as Plutarch relates it.

CORNICULARIJ.

A kind of Officers that stood at a corner of the Bar, where the Magistrate administred Justice, to hinder the people from coming in and di∣sturbing the Magistrate: Cornicularii, quia Cornibus secretarii praetoriani praeerant, says Cassio∣dorus.

CORNIX,

A Crow, a Bird with black Feathers, lesser than a Raven, but croaking and feeding upon Carrion like him. She fore-tells the Rain with her croaking, which was accounted a bad Omen to him that began any undertaking.

Saepè sinistra cava praedixit ab ilico Cornix. Virg. Eclog. 1.

And sometimes it was a good Omen.

Farpeio quondam quae sedit culmine Cornix, Est benè non potuit dicere, dixit erit. Epigram. Maronis.

Yet the Crow was under the protection of Concord, for Aelianus tells us, that the Anci∣ents were used to call upon the Crow in their Weddings. Politianus affirms that he has seen a Golden Medal of the young Faustina, Mar∣cus Aurelius his Daughter, and Wife to L. Verus, on the reverse whereof a Crow was represented as the Symbol of Concord.

CORNU,

The Horny hard part that grows on the head and at the feet of many Animals. The Ancients, says Plutarch, hung up Stags horns in the Temples of Diana, to shew that she was the Goddess of hunting. Servius tells us, that they represented the God of Sleep with a Horn.

CORNU-COPIA,

The Horn of Plenty, according to the Fable; 'tis a Horn from which came out all things that could be wish'd for, out of a priviledge that Jupiter gave his Nurse, whom they supposed to have been a She-goat or Amalthea. This Fable is grounded upon the fruitfulness of a Territo∣ry

of Libia, whose Figure is like an Ox's Horn, very abundant in Wine and rare Fruits, which King Ammon gave to his Daughter A∣malthea, whom the Poets have supposed to have been Jupiter's Nurse.

CORONA,

A Crown. Crowns were added to Honour, Virtue and the Atchieve∣ments of great men, by Priests in Sacrifices, by the people in Game, Shews and Feastings: and because of their several uses, they were made of several Materials, as we shall see afterwards.

The Crowns that were bestowed upon merit, and for reward of great Actions were called Civica, Obsidionalis, Muralis, Ca∣strensis, Navalis, Vallaris, Ovalis, and Trium∣phalis.

The Crown Civica was made of Branches of Oak with Acorns, or of ground Oak, and was given to such who had sav'd a Citizens life in a battle, having defended him, and killed his Enemy.

The Crown Obsidionalis, was made of Grass called Gramen, gathered in the Camp, and gi∣ven in honour of the courage of the Soldier or Captain, who had forced the Enemy to raise the siege of a Town or Camp.

The Crown Muralis was bestowed upon him, who had first scaled the Wall of a besieged Town or some other place, and entred by the breach. This Crown was of Gold or Silver, with Battlements of old Walls round about, in the form of Beams.

The Crowns Castrensis and Vallaris were granted to such, who forc'd the Palisadoes and the Camp of the Enemies, and beat them from the Trenches and the Fences where they were retired. This Crown was made of Gold and Silver, with Pales of Palisadoes round about, like so many Rays.

The Crown Navalis was of the same metal with the two former, formed with Beaks of Ships, and was given to him who first board∣ed the Enemies Ships.

The Crown Triumphalis was at first made of Laurel; but afterwards they made it of Gold: the Cities sent it to the victorious General, to wear on the day of his Triumphal Entry.

The Crown Ovalis was granted to him, who had obtained the lesser Triumph, called Ovatio, and was made of branches of Myrtle∣tree.

They likewise crowned the Conquerors in the publick Games of Greece; the Crown of the Olympick Games dedicated to Jupiter, was made of wild Olive-tree. That of the Pythian Games, celebrated in the honour of Apollo, for the defeat of the Serpent Pytho, was of Laurel. That of the Isthmian Games, so∣lemnized in the honour of Palemon, kept in the Isthmus of Corinth, was made of branches of Pine-tree: and that of the Nemaean Games, celebrated in the honour of the young Arche∣morus, they gave a Crown of Smallage: and this is confirm'd by the four following Latin Verses of Alciatus, translated out of the Greek of Archias.

Sacra per Argivas-certamina quatuor urbes Sunt; duo facta viris, & duo Coelitibus. Ʋt Jovis & Phaebi, Melicertaeque Archemorique Proemia sunt pinus, poma, apium, atque olea.

In publick Feastings and Rejoycings they were crowned with Ivy, Roses, and other natural and artificial Flowers. Pliny tells us, that these Crowns or Garlands of Flowers were not used, and that they were kept for the Statues of the Celestial Gods. Menestus and Callimachus both Physicians, wrote against the use of Crowns of Flowers in Feastings, saying that they were hurtful to the Brain: but Typho another Physician, and Aristo a Peripatetick Philosopher main∣tained the contrary, and said that Flowers may open the pores of the Head, and make a free passage for the fumes of the Meat and Wine. It might however fall out, that some Flowers and Herbs may hurt the Brain; and this may be the reason why they left off the use of Garlands of Flowers, and made use of little woollen Bands, which they tied up about their Heads in their merry Meetings.

Livy tells us at the end of his first Decade, that in the Year 460, all the Romans assisted at publick Games, with their Heads crowned with Laurel or Flowers, eodem anno coronati primùm ob res bello benè gestas, ludos Romanos spectaverunt, and the Conquerors were crown∣ed with Palm-branches.

They likewise crown'd themselves with Flowers and Herbs, at the Sacrifices and Feasts in honour of the Gods; as it appears by ancient Marbles.

They gave also the Gladiators, that were made free, a Crown of Wool.

CORONA,

In Architecture, is that part of the Cornish, which is called the Caves. Vitruvius by the word Corona understands the whole Cornish.

CORONA LATA,

The Cornish of the Dorick Order, according to Vitruvius.

CORONIS,

The Goddess Coronis, wor∣shipp'd in Sicyonia, according to Pausanias: She had no Temple, but they offered Sacri∣fices to her in the Temple of Pallas.

CORONIS,

Phlegias's Daughter, loved by Apollo; but being grown too familiar with Ischis, the Son of Elatus of Thessalia, a Raven who saw them together, acquainted Apollo with it. This rais'd his jealousie to that heighth that he slew her; and took the

Child out of her Womb, with the help of Mercurius, and called him Aesculapius, whom he committed to the care of Chiron the Centaur to be brought up, and the Raven's Feathers that were white before were changed into black, that he might mourn for ever for the death of Coronis, Apollo's Mistriss. Pin∣dar doth not mention any thing of the Ra∣ven, but says, that Apollo discovered himself the Infidelity of his Mistriss, that he slew her, and took the Child out of the womb of Coro∣nis, as they were going to burn her on a Fu∣neral Pile.

CORTINA TRIPOS,

A three∣footed Stool, covered with the skin of the Serpent Pytho, whereupon the Pythonissa or Priestess of the Temple of Apollo of Delphis, sat down to pronounce the Oracles of that God. Virgil takes this word for the Oracle itself.

Nec te Phaebi Cortina fefellit. 1. Aen.

The Oracle of Apollo has not deceived you.

CORVINUS,

A Sirname given to Valerius Maximus a Tribune, during the Con∣sulate of Furius and Appius ccccv years after the foundation of Rome, when the Gauls entered Italy: The two Armies being then in pre∣sence, a Gaul, of the stature of a Giant, came out of the Camp, and challenged the stoutest of the Romans. Valerius accepted the challenge, having first obtained leave of the Consuls; and fought him in the sight of both Armies: But the Historians observe a wonderful thing, that a Raven fell upon the Giant, and some∣times blinded him with his Wings, some∣times peck'd him, and scratched his Face and his Hands, and sometimes pearching upon the head-piece of Valerius, he assisted him to get the Victory, insomuch that he killed his Enemy on the spot; whereupon he took the name of Carvinus, and was so much consider∣ed since, that Augustus erected him a Statue in the Market-place of Rome.

CORVUS,

A Raven, a Brid of good Omen. Apollo took an Antipathy against him, because his indiscreet prattling caused the death of Coronis his beloved Mistriss, whom he killed out of jealousie: in punishment where∣of, he changed his white Feathers into black ones, as we learn it from Ovid, l. 2. Meta∣morphosis.

Sperantemque sibi non falsae praemia linguae, Inter aves albas vetuit consistere corvum.

'Tis said, that young Ravens taken out of their Nest, and exposed to the smoak of brimstone-flower, become white.

Ovid tells us, that Phoebus sent the Raven to fetch water, but having tarried too long, he excused his long stay upon the want of a Pitcher, and the fright he was put in by a Serpent; but the truth was, that he staid till the Figs were ripe, to feed upon them. A∣pollo did punish his lying, and forbid him to drink all the while the Figs were growing ripe.

Addis, ait, culpae mendacia, Phoebus? & audes Fatidicum verbis fallere velle Deum? At tibi, dum lactens haerebit in arbore ficus, De nullo gelidae fonte bibantur aquae.

The Poets have disguised a Physical Truth under this Fable; for the Ravens are sick and thirsty, all the while the Figs are milky, ac∣cording to Pliny: Corvi aegrescunt sexagenis diebus siti maximè, antiquam fici coquantur autumno.

CORVUS,

An Engine to pull down a Wall, called also a Crane; this Engine of War was found out by Cetras a Chalcedonian, which was made use of, says Polybius, to grap∣ple the Ships of the Enemies. This Historian makes an obscure description of it, and all that we can understand, is that there was a Pillar and a Ladder that turned upon it, at the end of the Ladder there was a Pully, through which went a Rope, having a very heavy Iron Hook to it, which they let fall into the Enemies Ship.

CORYBANTES,

The Priests of the Goddess Cybele, the Mother of the Gods, ac∣cording to the Fable; at the celebration of this Goddess's Mysteries, they ran up and down by Precipices, with their hair dishe∣velled. Some made incisions in their Elbow and elsewhere, others blew a Horn, beat the Drum, and play'd upon the Cymbals: So that Mount Ida resounded with their cries and debaucheries. By the help of this hor∣rid noise they saved Jupiter from the hands of Saturn, who would have devoured him, accord∣ing to the agreement made with Titan his Brother. They first inhabited Mount Ida, in Phrygia, thence they went to an Island cal∣led Creta, or Candia, upon a Mount that they likewise called Ida; and here they saved Ju∣piter with skipping and dancing, which they did perform by striking with Swords and Darts against Shields. 'Tis said that Rhea taught her Priests this dance in Creet and Phrygia. Some Authors confound the Cory∣bantes with the Curetes and Idaei Dactyli. This word is derived from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which signifies to to toss the head to and fro, as mad men do; but Diodorus Siculus writes, that they are called Corybantes, from one Corybantes the Son of Jason and Cibele, who introduced the mysteries of that Goddess in Phrygia.

CORYCEUM,

vid. Coriceum.

COTHURNUS,

A Buskin, a kind of Shoe that the Roman Ladies did wear, that they might appear the taller. It was worn also by Actors of Tragedies, that they might the better represent Hero's: wherefore to express the lofty strain or high style of an Author, 'tis said that he wears the Buskin: & in cothurnis prodit Aesopus novis. Phaed. Aesop raises his Stile. This Shoe was soled with Cork, and covered the calf of the Leg, therefore Virgil says,

Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno, 1. Aeneid.

COTYLA.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. An ancient mea∣sure of Liquors, containing nine ounces of Italian Measure, viz. an onnce less than the Roman Hemina. Apuleius says, that the Cotyla and Hemina were synonymous among the An∣tients, and that they are both taken for half the Sextarius. The Hemina, says he, is the half of the Sextarius; wherefore the Greeks call it Cotyle, i. e. incision or division, be∣cause it divides the Sextarius in two. Isidorus says the same in his Origines. Epiphanius says positively, that the Cotyla is the half of the Sextarius, and that it is called Cotyla, because it divides the Sextarius in two. Galen in his Books of Physick, makes use of the like ex∣pressions. Suidas also tells us, that in his time the Cotyla was called half the Sexta∣rius.

CRANA,

Janus his Daughter, who suc∣ceeded Sabatius in the Government of the Aborigenes. Berosus says, that Crana was Ja∣nus's Daughter, but according to Ovid, she was Apollo's Sister, and Janus his Mistress, and this God gave her for a reward of the last favour she had granted him, the office of overseer of the hinges of Doors, where∣upon she was called Cardinea.

Prima dies tibi, Crana, datur, Dea cardinis haec est. —Teque Potitus, Jus pro concubitu nostro tibi Cardinis esto, Hoc pretium positae virginitatis habe.

CRANUS,

the Son of Crana and Janus, and not his Brother, as Berosus says. He honoured Crana very much, having de∣dicated a Wood to her on the Banks of the Tiber, and instituted a Feast to be kept every year. He reigned four and fifty years over the Aborigenes.

CRASSUS,

called Marcus, was a very eloquent and covetous Roman, he sled away from Rome into Spain, during the factions of Marius and Sylla. He put an end to the War of the Slaves, who had rebelled under the Conduct of Spartacus, whereupon they granted him the lesser triumph, which was performed on Foot, and called Ovation. Af∣terwards he was chosen Consul and Censor. The Government of Syria and Egypt fell to him. He proclaimed War against the Par∣thians, and was so forward in it, that he would not tarry till the Spring, but em∣barked in a very bad Season, and lost many of his Ships. Then trusting to an Arabian, whom he had taken for his Guide, he ven∣tured himself and his Army too far in a Desart Country, where Surena the Parthian Commander, intirely defeated the Roman Ar∣my. Publius his Son was killed in the Fight, and a while after he himself fell by treachery, and had his Head and right Hand cut off, and sent to King Orodes in Armenia, who poured melted Gold into his Mouth, that his dead body might be burned with the same Metal, that had inflamed his mind with an insatiable desire of Riches. Flor. l. 3. cap. 3. Plutarch adds, that he had plundered the Temple of Jerusalem, carrying away above 2000 Talents of Silver, and all the Gold that was found there, and Sidonius Apollinaris has observed that he laughed but once in the whole course of his life.

There was another called Pub. Licinius Crassus, who was chosen Pontiff before he arrived at the usual age, and afterwards elected Consul, and was no less covetous than M. Crassus. He made War in Asia against Aristonicus, who called himself the Son of At∣talus, and under that pretence seized upon the Kingdom of Pergamus. He had more re∣gard to the Treasures of Attalus, than the management of the War: wherefore he was vanquished and taken alive in the Fight; but as they were bringing him to Aristonicus, he was killed by a Soldier, whom he provoked to do it, by striking out one of his Eyes with a Switch that he had in his hand,

CREPIDA,

A kind of a Shoe used in former times, like Slippers without a heel, made up of three Soles sewed together, that made a small noise in walking, upon which account they were named Crepidae a crepitu; but there are some Authors who derive this word from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a kind of Shoe used a∣mong the Greeks, which Persius calls in the first Satyr Crepidae Graiorum, and Suetonius af∣firms c. 13. in the life of Tiberius, that this kind of Shoe came from the Greeks. They were more especially made for the use of Philosophers, and men that lived in austeri∣ty, and a retir'd life.

CREPITUS,

A Fart, a Deity wor∣shipped by the Aegyptians under an obscene Figure, which might be seen in some curious collections of Antiquities.

CROESUS,

King of Lydia, who pos∣sessed great Wealth and Treasure, and sent some Wedges of Gold for an offering to A∣pollo, as a reward for his false Oracles. He was taken Prisoner by Cyrus, and condemn'd to be burnt alive: being brought to the place of Execution, and lying upon the pile of Wood, he cried out Solon, Solon, (a Philo∣sopher whose advice he had despised in the time of his prosperity.) Herodotus en∣larges this History, and relates in the first Book of Clio, that Cyrus having defeated and taken Croesus Prisoner, put him in Irons, and got him ty'd fast to a pile of Wood, there to be burnt alive with fourteen young Chil∣dren of the chiefest Lords of Lydia. In this condition Croesus pronounced three times the word Solon. Cyrus asked him what God he was calling upon, he answered, that Solon was a Philosopher, who foretold him this misfortune: whereupon he commanded im∣mediately the Fire should be put out, but they could not do it. Then Craesus called upon Apollo, and a sudden Rain fell, which did put out the Fire.

Lucian relates that Solon went to wait on Croesus at Sardis, the Capital Town of his Empire, and that Croesus spoke to him thus;

Now, Solon, I have shewn thee all my Trea∣sures and Glory, pray tell me who is the happiest man in the world? Solon. There are very few Croesus, that deserve that name, but of all that I have ever known, Biton and Cleobis seem to me the most happy, who died both at the same time, after they had drawn the Priestess of Argos their Mo∣ther in a Chariot to the Temple: and Tellus, that illustrious Athenian, who, after he had lived a good life, died for his Country; for no man can be called happy before death, and when he hath finished his course.

—Dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo, supremaque funera debet.

Horace took this thought from the Oedi∣put of Sophocles.

Xenophon in the 7th Book of the Cyropedia, relates the History of Croesus, after another manner, and says, that being defeated by Cyrus, he retired for shelter to Sardis, where Cyrus, having vigorously pursued him, the Inhabitants of the Town, to avoid the fury of the Conqueror, delivered up Croesus and their Town into his hands; then Croesus ap∣pearing before him, called him his Lord and Master, and told him the answer he had from the Oracle of Apollo how he might be happy, which was to know himself, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; but that his prosperity and great riches had blind∣ed him.

CREUSA,

The first Wife of Aeneas, and Daughter of King Priam and Hecuba, who was lost in the taking of Troy, and was delivered from the Grecian slavery by Cybele the mother of the Gods, and entertain'd in her service; as it is related by Virgil l. 2. Aeneid. v. 785.

Non ego Myrmidonum sedes, Dolopúmve superbas Aspiciam, aut Grais servitum matribus ibo..... Sed me magna Deûm genitrix his detinet oris.

Some say that Aeneas put her to death by the order of the Greeks, that none of Priam's race should remain alive; and others more probably believe that she was killed or taken prisoner, as she was following Aeneas that night Troy was taken, having lost her way in the burning of the Town.

CREUSA,

The Daughter of Creon King of Corinth, whom Jason married after his divorce from Medea, who being inraged for Jason's forsaking her, resolved to revenge that af∣front; and to that purpose, she seemed to be pleased with the new match, and sent to the Bride a Casket full of Precious Stones, so vio∣lently inchanted with fire in it, that as soon as she open'd it, it burnt her, and her Father Creon, with the Palace.

CRIOBOLIUM,

A Sacrifice of Rams, from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which is a Ram. This word is to be seen in an Inscription at Rome.

Diis Omnipotentibus,
Lucius Ragonius Venustus,
V. C. Augur
Publicus P. R. Q. Pontifex,
Vestalis Major,
Percepto Taurobolio
Criobolioque
X. Kal. Jun.
Dn. Valentiniano
Aug. IIII. Et Neoterio Conf.
Aram Consecravit.

CROCODILUS,

a Crocodile, a Beast that lives in the River Nile, &c. and was worshipped by the Aegyptians. 'Tis said he is very greedy of Dogs-flesh, wherefore the Dogs run all the while they are drinking Water out of the River Nile, lest they should be devoured by the Crododiles. Phaed.

CROESUS,

vid. after Crepitus.

CROTALUM,

was a kind of Casti∣nietta made of a Reed, divided into two, lengthways, which being struck one a∣gainst the other with different motions of the Fingers, made a sound like that the Stork makes with her Bill, wherefore the Anci∣ents gave that Bird the Epither of Crotalistria, i. e. Player upon the Crotalum. And Aristo∣phanes the Poet, calls a great talker a Crotalum.

Pausanias tells us, that Pisander Camirensis re∣ported that Hercules did not kill the Stym∣phalides with his Arrows, but that he had frighted and driven them away with the noise of the Crotala; and according to this Author the Crotalum must be a very ancient Instru∣ment of Musick, if it was made use of in Hercules his time. Ovid joins the Crotalum with the Cymbals.

Cymbala cum crotalis prurientiaque arma Priapo Ponit, & adducit tympana pulsa manu.

They acted several sorts of postures when they played with the Crotalon, as Dancers do when they dance Sarabands, and play with the Castaniets; as appears by an ancient Poem intituled Copa, attributed to Virgil.

Clemens Alexandrinus, who ascribes the In∣vention of this Instrument to the Sicilians, would have the Crotala banished from the Fe∣stivals of Christians, because of the unbecom∣ing postures their sound was attended with.

CRUMATA,

Another kind of Casta∣niets made of little bones or shells, as Sca∣liger observes upon the Copa of Virgil, they were very common among the Spaniards, and especially among the Inhabitants of the Pro∣vince Baetica about Cadiz, to which Martial makes allusion:

Nec ae Gadibus improbis puellae, Vibrabunt sine fine prurientes, Lascivos docili tremore lumbos. Epigr. 79. lib. 5.

The same Poet in another place speaks of a Woman that could play with that Instru∣ment, and make motions with her Body.

Edere lascivos ad Boetica crumata gestus, Et Gaditanis ludere docta modis. Epig. 71. l. 6.

The Inhabitants of that Country have kept to this time the use of that Instrument, and from them Castaniets come to us.

Yet these Castaniets were not unknown to the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes calls them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Oyster's shells, and Marshal, Testae.

Audiat ille testarum crepitus.

CRUPEZIA,

Another kind of Casta∣niets to play with the feet, and were cal∣led Crupexia from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to strike, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the sole of the foot, accord∣ing to the Aetymology which Hesychius the Grammarian gives of it.

Pollux says that these Crupezia's were Shoes, made use of by Players upon the Flure. Ar∣nobius lib. 7. against the Gentiles calls them Sea∣••••lla, and laughs at their superstition, saying, What, are the Gods moved with the sound of Cym bals, and the noise of Castaniets, (Scabillo∣rum)? Salmasius, who in his Commentary upon the life of Carinus, has collected all that is to be found in Authors about this kind of Castaniets, says that they were also called Scabella, Scamilla and Scamella, because it was like a little stool or a foot-stool, which they struck several ways with a wooden or iron shoe; but I think that these Castaniets were of several forms. There are some re∣presented like a Sandal made of two Soles, and a Castaniet tied betwixt them. Those who will be further inform'd in this matter, may read Bartolinus's Treatise de Tibiis veterum.

CRUX,

A Cross, a Gibbet of the An∣cient Romans, whereon they hanged their Slaves and Malefactors. This punishment was made use of among the Jews, Persians, Aegyptians, Greeks and Romans. The Criminals were tied to it with Ropes, or nailed, and always died upon it, but when they had hung there a while, they broke their Bones to make them expire the sooner, as they used the Male∣factors that were crucified with our Saviour. But since our Lord was crucified, the Em∣perors gave orders that no Criminal should be put to death upon the Cross. These Crosses were of several Figures, as Justus Lipsius tells us in his Treatise de Crucibus.

CRYPTAE:

Vaults appointed for the in∣terment of particular Families.

CTEISBIUS,

a Native of Alexandria was a Barber's Son, and naturally endowed with an excellent Genius for Mechanical In∣ventions, for which he had a strong inclina∣tion. He hung a Looking-glass in his Fa∣thers Shop, so that it might be easily pulled down, or raised higher, by means of an hid∣den Rope, which he thus performed.

He put a wooden Tube under a Beam where he had fastened some Pullies, over which the Rope went, and made an angle in ascending and descending into the Tube, which was hollow, that a little Leaden Ball might run along it, so that the Ball passing and re-passing in this narrow Cavity, by its violent motion expelled the air that was in∣closed and condensed by compression and forced it against the air without; these oppo∣sitions and concussions made an audible and distinct sound; and observing by this, that air inclosed and expelled with violence, made a sound like the Voice, he was the first that from this principle invented Engines, which received motion from Water, also all Automa∣ta's that go by the force of Water inclosed; Engines that depend on the power of the Circle or Lever, and many other pleasant and useful Inventions, particularly Clocks that move by Water. To set these Engines at

work, he bored a Plate of Gold or a precious Stone, and he chose such kind of materials, as being subject to wear by the constant pas∣sing of the Water, or liable to contract filth to obstruct its passage. This being done, the Water which runs equally through the small hole raises a piece of Cork, or little Ship inverted, which Workmen call Tympa∣num, upon which is a Rule and some Wheels equally divided, whose Teeth moving one another, made these Wheels turn very lei∣surely. He also made other Rules and Wheels divided after the same manner, which by one single motion in turning round, pro∣duces divers effects, made several small I∣mages move round about Pyramids, threw up Stones like Eggs, made Trumpets sound, and performed several other things that are not essential to Clocks. This we have from Vitruvius lib. 9. c. 9.

CTESIPHON.

A famous Architect who made the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. He invented an Engine to bring the Pillars of this Temple from the quarries where they were dug out, to Ephesus; for he durst not make use of Carts, as others commonly do, because the wheels would have sunk in the way, under such a weight, but he got four pieces of Wood, each of four inches square, two whereof were joyned cross the other two, which were longer and even with the body of each Pillar. At both ends of each Pillar he drove in Iron Pins made like a Swallows Tail, and made them fast there with Lead, having fastened into the cros∣sing pieces of Wood, Iron-rings, to put in the Iron-pins; besides, he put some strong short poles of Oak at both ends of the En∣gine, to which the drawing Oxen were fast∣ned, and when they drew the Iron-pins that were in the Iron-rings, could turn free∣ly enough to let the body of the Pillars rowl easily upon the Ground; and thus he brought all the Pillars of the Temple of Diana.

CUBITUS,

A Cubit, an ancient Mea∣sure. Philander observes, that there were three kinds of Cubits, viz. The great one, which was nine ordinary Foot long; the middle one was two foot long, which was about a foot and ten inches of the common foot, and the small one was of a Foot and a half, which was about an inch and a half less than a common foot of twelve inches.

CUBUS,

A Cube, a solid and regular Body, with six square sides, all even, like its Angles, Dies, are little Cubes. This word comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Tissera, a Dice. A Cubical number is that which is multiplied twice, once by its root, and another time by its pro∣duct ('tis the third power in Algebra) 64 is a Cube number, produced by the multiplication of 4, which is the root, which makes 16 its Square: and multiplied again by 4 it makes 64, which is the Cube.

A Cubical foot Cube, is a measure of so∣lid bodies, which are a foot every way.

CULEARIA VASA,

Vessels of the greatest content. This word is derived from Culeus, an ancient measure containing about 540 pints (which is near two Hogsheads,) it was the biggest measure for Liquors, Culeus hac nulla est major mensura liquoris, says Fannius. It was made of Leather or baked Earth, as we learn it from Varro.

CUNEI SPECTACULORUM.

The Seats and Benches in Theatres, which having a large basis, and growing narrower, the nearer they came to the Center of the Theatre, had the form of a Wedge, and therefore were called Cunei.

CUNINA,

A Goddess, who had the charge of Childrens Cradles, called Cunae.

CUPIDO,

The God of Love, according to the fable. There are several opinions concerning his birth. Hefiod says, he was born of the Chaos and the Earth; Tully after Lucian, of Mars and Venus; Arcesilas says, that he was the Son of the Night and the Air; Sapho of Calus and Venus; Seneca of Vulcan and Venus. Ovid and Plutarch are of opinion, that there were two Cupids, one celestial, which is innocent Love, and the other terre∣stial, which is filthy Love; the first born of Venus and Jupiter, the second of Erebus and the Night. He is represented like a Boy, naked and winged, with a vail over his eyes, car∣rying a quiver upon his Shoulders; and holding a Torch with one hand, and a Bow and some darts with the other, wherewith he wounded the hearts of Lovers.

Plutarch tells us, that the Aegyptians and Greeks had two Cupids, one Celestial, and the other Common.

Lucian seems to be of that opinion in the Dialogue betwixt Venus and Cupid; for there Cupid confesses, that tho he had pierced with his Darts all the other Gods, yet he had met with some hearts that were impenetrable, viz. Minerva's, the Muses, and Diana's.

CURATORES,

Omnium Tribuum. The Syndicks, who were the Protectors of the Districts of Rome, like the Aldermen of the Wards in London.

CURATORES,

Operum publicorum. The Overseers or Surveyors of publick works, who took care of them.

CURATORES,

alvei, Tiberis & cleaco∣rum, The Commissioners for cleansing the Ti∣ber, and the Common-shore of the City, they were establisht by Augustus, according to what Suetonius says, Nova officia excogitavit, curam operum publicorum, viarum, & aquarum alvei & Tiberis.

CURATORES,

Viarum extra Urbem. The Commissioners for the Highways, Cawse∣ways, and Bridges about the City of Rome.

CURATORES,

Denariorum Flandorum, express'd in ancient inscriptions by these three Letters, C. D. F. The Warden of the Mint, called also Viri Monetales, who had the care of coining. The inscriptions of old Gold and Silver pieces were stampt with these five letters, A. A. A. F. F. i. e. Aere, Argento, Auro flando, feriundo, overseers for melting and coining species of Brass, Silver and Gold.

CURATORES

Kalendarii. Men who put out the publick money to interest, which was paid at the Kalends, or the first day of the month, from whence they were called Kalendarii.

CURETES.

The Inhabitants of the Isle of Crete, to whom Rhea committed the care of bringing up young Jupiter. The Curetes were accounted Inhabitants of Crete, because that worship pass'd from that Island to the rest of Greece and Italy, as it formerly came from Phoenicia into Egypt, Phrygia, and Samothracia, and from thence to Crete, from whence it was at last communicated to the Greeks.

CURIA.

A place, says Festus, where those who were intrusted with the care of publick affairs met; but Curia among the Ro∣mans signified rather the persons who met in Council, than the meeting place; for there was no certain place appointed for the Assem∣blies, the Senate meeting sometimes in one Temple, and sometimes in another. Yet there was certain places called Curia, as Cu∣ria Hostilia, Curia Calabra, Curia Saliorum, Cu∣ria Pompeii, Curia Augusti; but Antiquity has left us no account of those Edifices.

There were two kinds of these places or Courts, some wherein the Pontiffs met a∣bout the affairs of Religion, and were called by a general word, Curiae Veteres; there were four of these, viz. Foriensis, Ravia, Vellensis, and Velitia, which were in the tenth Ward of the City of Rome, and the other, wherein the Senate assembled about State Affairs. We have this division from Varro, in the fourth Book, de Lingua Latina: Curiae duorum gene∣ra; & ubi Sacerdotes res divinas curarent, ut Curiae veteres; & ubi Senatus humanas, ut Curia Hostilia.

CURIA CALABRA.

The Court of Calabra was built by Romulus upon Mount Palatinus, as Varro says, or in the Capitol, in the same place where now the Storehouse for Salt is kept at the Conservators Lodging, as 'tis some other Authors opinion. It was called Calabra, from the verb Calare, i. e. to call, because it was the place appointed by Romulus, where the King of the Sacrifices called the Senate and the people, to tell them of the new Moons, the days for Sacri∣fices, and publick Games.

CURIA HOSTILIA.

The Court Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius, in the place where the Senate often assembled.

CURIA POMPEII, or POM∣PEIA.

The Court of Pompey adjoyning to the Theatre, which he caused to be built in the place now called Campo di Fiore. It was a very magnificent Palace; the Senate was assembled there when Julius Caesar was mur∣thered, and the Statue of Pompey was sprinkled with Caesar's Blood. At the Entry of this Palace was a magnificent Porch, supported with an hundred fine Pillars: It remained intire near three hundred years, and was burnt down in the time of the Emperor Philip, who succeeded Gordianus III.

CURIA SALIORUM.

The Court of the Salii, on Mount Palatine, where, the Augurial staff of Romulus was found intire, having receiv'd no hurt by the fire, after the Court was reduc'd to ashes, as Tully relates in his Books de divinatione.

CURIA JULIA or JULII.

The Court of Julius Caesar.

CURIA AUGUSTI,

The Court of Augustus.

CURIA OCTAVIA.

The Court of Octavia, Augustus his Sister.

CURIA POMPILIANA.

The Pompilian Court.

CURIA CATONIS.

The Court of Cato.

There are several other Courts mentioned by Vopiscus in the life of the Gordiani. All these places had nothing material, but that they were called after the names of those who built them. The Senate never met in those places till they were consecrated by the Augurs.

CURIAE.

The Roman People was at first divided into three Tribes, and each in ten Curiae. Each Curia had its Curio or Priest, who had the care of the Sacrifices, and Feasts proper to each Curia; as we learn from Dionysius Halicarnasseus. This was like Popish Parishes, which have their peculiar Saints Feasts and Curates, and these Curates a Bishop at their head, called by the Romans Curio Maximus, the first of the Curates, who, in spiritual Affairs, govern'd all the Curio's and Curiae, Maximus Curio, cujus authoritate Cu∣riae, omnesque Curiones reguntur, says Festus.

Livy relates, that Romulus called each Curia after the names of the Sabin Ladies, whom he had stole away. Yet this is not likely; for there is no name of the Sabin Ladies in History: And Dionysius Halicarnasseus tells us, that they took their name from the part of the Town were they dwelt.

Each Curia maintained its Curio with the offerings and tythes that each Inhabitant paid

him, or by some contribution of money; which Festus calls Aes Curionium, quod dabatur Curioni ob sacerdotium Curionatûs.

The Sacrifices of the Curiae were called Curionia and Curialia Sacra, like the Parochial Masses of the Church of Rome, where every particular man of the Curiae is bound to be present: Wherefore Romulus and Numa had assigned Funds to bear the charges of these sacrifices, and keep the Feastings made after the sacrificing was over, which were called Agapae.

CURIO.

The Priest or Curate of each Curiae or Parish. Varro derives the Etymology of Curio from Curia, because the Curio's were established to be spiritual heads in the Curiae. Curioni dicti a Curiis, qui fiunt ut in his sacra fa∣ciant; others take it from cura care, because they offer sacrifices for their Parishioners.

The Popish Curates have a great Analogy to these ancient Curio's, as to their office, (laying Paganism aside) for the name agreed with them, either taken from Curia or Cura: their office is alike; for the Curates are sub∣ordinate to a first Curate, viz. the Bishop, and receive orders from him concerning what must be done in their Parochial Churches, what rites and ceremonies ought to be observed, either in the administring of the Sacraments, or the rest of Divine service, and the list of the Feasts that are to be kept; likewise the Curions instituted by Romulus, were subjects to the Curio called Curio Maximus, who gave them directions about the Feasts of each month, the ceremonies of the sacrifices, and several other things contained in the ri∣tual or formularies they had made concern∣ing them. Therefore Festus defines this great Curio, a man by whom all is done in the Cu∣riae, and is an Overseer over all the Curio's: Maximus Curio, cujus auctoritate Curiae omnesque Curiones reguntur.

After the Curio's Death, the Curiae chose themselves their Curio, as it was granted them by Romulus, and then presented him to the great Curio to be confirmed by him. The Christian Churches formerly chose their Cu∣rates after the same manner.

CURIO MAXIMUS,

The great Curio, who had authority over all the Curio's, with respect to the external Policy. He was chosen by the Assembly of all the Curio's, and then was confirmed by the Senate and the people.

CURIUS DENTATUS,

a Roman Consul, who triumphed over the Samnites and Sabines during his Consulship. The Sam∣nites, who had suffered great losses by this great man, attempted to bribe him. Where∣fore they sent him Deputies, who found him at Table sitting upon a form, and eating some Turnips in an earthen Dish: whereupon they offered him a rich present of Plate. But he smiling told them in contempt, That he had rather command rich men, than to be over∣burthen'd with these superfluities.

CURSOR,

a Courrier, such a one as Martial speaks of in an Epigram.

Cursorem sextâ tibi, Rufe, remissimus horâ.

Livy tells us, that Sempronius Gracchus, a very active youth, was chosen for a Courrier, and that in three days he arrived at Pella, having rid very fleet Horses appointed for that pur∣pose; and this shews that a long time before Augustus the Romans had Post-horses settled in their Empire, as is also mentioned by Sueto∣nius. Xenophon l. 8. de Cyropedia says, that Cyrus was the first inventer of them, and set∣tled Post-horses from place to place, with a Post-master, to receive and take care of the Packets that the Courriers brought, that he might have fresh news from the most re∣motest places. Herodotus in Urania says, that Xerxes was the first that established them after his defeat.

CURTIUS QUINTUS,

A Roman Knight, who devoted himself for the pub∣lick good, during the Consulship of Q. Servi∣lius Ahala, and L. Genutius. A great Abyss opened in the place where the Assemblies were kept at Rome, which they attempted to fill, but to no purpose; whereupon they had recourse to Oracles, who answered, that this Pit could never be shut up, but by throwing into it, that in which the Romans did excel above all other Nations. The Se∣nate assembled upon this answer, and Q. Curtius a young Roman Knight presented himself to the Senate, and shewed them, that Rome was not more fruitful in the pro∣duction of any particular thing, than other Cities, and that which made her so famous, was the brave men that she brought up; and that the Gods demanded but a Roman to expiate for that prodigy, and that he offered himself freely to lay down his life to fill up that Abyss. After this Speech Curtius put on his Arms, and riding upon his Horse, he spurr'd him on into the Abyss. The people that were spectators of that action presently threw flowers upon him, and made offerings; and the hole closed of itself by degrees. This place was called since the Curtian Lake.

CUSTODES.

Some Roman Officers appointed to prevent any deceit in the deli∣vering Tickets for the election of Magi∣strates.

CYATHUS.

A small Vessel, wherewith they took the Wine out of a larger Vessel. The Cyathus contained an ounce and a half of liquor.

CYBELE.

The Daughter of Coelus, Si∣ster and Wife to Saturn, who begot Jupiter. Fabulous Antiquity gave her many names, sometimes she is call'd the mother of the Gods, Rhea, Cybele, Dindymia, Berecynthia, Pessmuntia, &c.

Pliny says that the Earth is rightly call'd our Mother, because God gave it to men to be their Palace, as Heaven is his own.

The Pagans called her the Mother of the Gods, meaning by those, Gods those who had been men; and honoured her under the name of Rhea and Cybele: She was principally honoured in Phrygia: She took from thence most of her names; Cybele, Dindyma and Ida are Mountains of Phrygia; Berecynthia, Pessi∣nus, Andira are Towns of Phrygia; Mygdonia is a little Country: and from these several places she has got her different names.

She was not only called Cybele, as Faustus says, but also Cybebé; because, says he, she makes people run mad, from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, agere in furorem.

Rhea is derived either from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to run, because of the rains and celestial influences, that make the earth fruitful; or because of the continual flowing of seeds and generati∣ons of all terrestrial natures; or rather this name comes from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, terra, by a transposition like that of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, aer. The Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, terra, comes plainly from the Hebrew Erets, which signifie the same thing, and Rhea might be directly derived from it.

Dindymia. She had this name from a Moun∣tain in Phrygia or Troades, called Dindyma, where she was particularly worshipp'd, and from whence her Feasts and Ceremonies were brought to the Greeks and Romans.

Idaea, because of Mount Ida in Phrygia, where she was likewise adored.

Berecynthia, from a Castle of Phrygia of that name, near the River Sangaris, or from the Mountains of that name, as Fulgentius relates.

Pessinuntia, from the Town Pessinus; or, as Herodian says, because a Statue fell formerly in the fields of Phrygia, which was thought to be the Statue of Cybele; or because the place where the Phrygians solemniz'd the feast of this Goddess was call'd Pessinus, on the banks of the River Gallus. The Romans ha∣ving conquer'd this Country, were advis'd by the Oracle, that if they could transfer to Rome the Goddess of Pessinus, their Empire should be raised to a soveraign degree of greatness: whereupon they sent a famous Embassy to the Magistrates of that Country, to ask them leave to bring her to Rome, which was grant∣ed them: and they carried that Deity (which was but a nasty, rough and unpolish'd Stone) on board of their Ship, and brought her to Rome: as Ovid says,

Est moles nativa: loco res nomina fecit; Appellant saxum, pars bona montis ea est. Fast. l. v. v. 150.

CYBELE,

is derived either from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to make Gam∣bols, and shake the head; because the Priests of this Goddess, called Corybantes, Daetyli Idaei, Curetes and Galli, danced and shook their heads like mad men on the day of the feast; or this word comes from the place cal∣led Cybele, or in fine from a little Grove of Pine-trees consecrated to her.

She is also called Maja, i. e. Mother or Nurse. This word is common both to the Greeks and Latins: and in all likelihood is a Greek word, and signifies a Nurse, which is the Earth. But those that will have it a Latin word derive it from Majus, which is the same with Magnus, from whence comes Major and Majestas.

The Romans honoured the Earth by the names of Tellus and Tellumo, Tellus was the fe∣minine name, and Tellumo the masculine, and so it was a God and Goddess. St Austin re∣lates to this purpose what Varro says on this subject:

The same Earth has a double ver∣tue, a Masculine virtue to produce Seeds, and a Feminine vertue to receive and nourish them; from the latter she was called Tellus, and from the other Tellumo.

The Romans called also the Earth Ops, be∣cause of her power to give help. Opis is dif∣ferent from Ops, and 'tis one of the names of Diona, among the Greeks, because she helps women in labour. King T. Tatius built her a Temple under the name of the Goddess Ops.

They gave her also the name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as much as to say 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, terra mater. Plato derives this name from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, dans ut mater.

St Austin, in the 7th Book, ch. 24. de Civi∣tare Dei, relates the explanation that Varro gives of all the mysterious particulars of the worship of Cybele or the Earth.

She is cal∣led, says he, the mother of the Gods; the Drum which is ascribed to her, is the Figure of the Globe of the Earth; the Turrets that she carries over her head, re∣present the Towns; the Seats that sur∣round her, shew that she only stands still, while all things are in motion round about her; the Eunuch Priests who attend her, denote that to get Corn and Seeds the Earth must be manured, because all things are to be found in her Bosom; their agitations and motions before their Goddess, teach Husbandmen that they must not lye still, because they have always something to do; the sound of Cymbals denote the noise of

the Instrument of Husbandry; the Cymbals are made of Brass, because they were for∣merly of that Metal, before Iron was found. The tame and untied Lion gives us to un∣derstand, that there is no Land so wild and and barren, but may be manured. Besides, Tellus having many Names and Sirnames, she was taken for several Deities. They think, says he, that Tellus is the Goddess Ops, because she mends, and grows better by Labour; the Mother of the Gods, because she brings forth a great many things; the great Mo∣ther, because she produces Food; Proserpina, because Corn comes out of her Bosom; Vesta, because she cloaths herself with Grass and green Turf.

This is the Physical Explication of the most particular things Poets and Historians have feigned concerning Cybele, so much reverenc'd by the Greeks and Romans. By all these names they meant the same Goddess, viz. the most effeminate part of the world, which is like its Mother; whereas the Sun and Stars are con∣sidered as the Father thereof

Strabo informs us of the greatest part of the Ceremonies used in honour of this Goddess, which were always performed with fury and transport of mind. The fury of the Priests of Cybele was the voluntary agitation of Fana∣tick Men, who made a great noise and tumult, and cut their Bodies with Knives, so that these Sacrifices of Cybele, were like those performed by the Priests of Baal, related in the Book of Kings. Pliny tells that the Priests of Cybele used to cut off the marks of their Sex with a Knife, made of Medicinal Earth, found in the Island of Samos, and that they run in no danger of their Life, when they made use of that sort of Knives.

There is an old Marble at Rome, cut in ho∣nour of the great Mother of the Gods, with the figure of that Goddess crown'd with a Turret, holding with one hand a Drum, and with the other some Ears of Corn: She sets upon a Chariot drawn by two Lyons, attend∣ed by Atys, who holds a Ball in his Hand, and leans upon a Pine-tree, for this Tree was con∣secrated to her.

There are yet three Medals to be seen where Cybele is otherwise represented. One is of the Emperor Severus, where she is represented holding with one hand a Scepter, and with the other a Thunder-bolt, and her Head co∣vered with a Turret: She rid upon a Lyon flying through the Air. The other Medal is of the Emperor Geta, stampt after the same manner, with this Inscription Indulgentia Au∣gustorum. The third is of Julia, who represents the Mother of the Gods crown'd with Tur∣rets, attended by two Lions, and sitting upon a Throne, she holds with her right hand a branch of Pine-tree, and lays her left hand on a Drum, with this Motto Mater Deum.

This Goddess is also represented with a great many Breasts, to shew that she feeds Men and Beasts, and carries Turrot on her Head, and has two Lions under her Arms.

CYCLOPES,

The Cyclopes, a race of fierce and haughty Men, who have but one Eye in the middle of their Forehead. Poets have given this Name to some Inhabitants of Sicily, whom they feign'd to be Vulcan's Assist∣ants in the making of Jupiter's Thunder-bolts, they made also the Arms of Achilles and Aenca••. They were so named, because they had but one round Eye in the middle of their Fore∣head. They are the Sons of Heaven and Earth, as Hesiod tells us, or of Neptune and Amphitrits, as Euripides and Lucian say. Those of most note among them are Polyphemus, Brontes, Ste∣ropes and Pyracman. Apollo kill'd them with his Arrows, to revenge the death of his Son Aescu∣lapius, whom Jupiter had kill'd with a Thun∣derbolt, made by these Cyclopes.

Poets say also, that Polyphemus was Shepherd to Neptune, and Galatea's Lover, and that Ulys∣ses put out his Eye with a Fire-brand, to re∣venge the death of his Companions, whom the Cyclopes had eaten.

CYCLUS SOLIS,

The Cycle of the Sun or of the Dominical Letters, is a revolu∣tion of 28 Years, which being expired; the same Dominical Letters return again in the same order.

To understand this well, it must be obser∣ved, that the Year being composed of Months and Weeks, every Day of the Month is markt in the Calendar with its Cypher, and one of these seven Letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G. The first Letter begins with the first Day of the Year, and the others follow in a perpetual Circle to the end.

Wherefore these Letters might be unalter∣able, to denote every Holy-day or every Day of the Week, as they are in respect to the Days of the Months, if there was but a cer∣tain and unvariable number of Weeks in the Year; and as A marks always the first of Ja∣nuary, B the 2, C the 3, so A should mark al∣ways Sunday, B, Munday, &c. But because the Year is at least of 365 Days, which make up 52 Weeks and a Day over; it happens that it ends with the same day of the Week with which it began; and so the following Year begins again, not with the same Day, but with the next to it: And from thence it fol∣lows, that A, which answers always the first of January, having noted the Sunday for one Year, (for which reason 'tis called the Domi∣nical Letter) it will note the Monday in the following Year, and G will note the Sunday: and so forward.

'Tis plain, by what has been said, that if the Year had but 365 Days, this Circle of Do∣minical Letters, should end in seven Years by retrograding G, F, E, D, C, B, A. But because every four Years there is a Leap-Year, which has one Day more, two things must needs happen.

First, That the Leap-Year has two Domini∣cal Letters, one of which is made use of from the first of January to the 25th of February, and the other from that Day till the end of the Year. The reason of it is plain, for reckoning twice the 6th of the Kalends, the Letter F which notes the Day, is also reckon∣ed twice, and so fills up two Days of the Week: From whence it follows, that the Letter that till then had fallen upon Sunday, falls then but upon Monday, and that the fore∣going Letter by retrograding comes to note Sunday.

The second thing to be observed is, that that having thus two Dominical Letters every fourth Year, the Circle of these Letters doth not end in seven Years as it would do; but in four times seven Years, which is 28. And this is properly called the Cycle of the Sun, which, before the correction of the Kalendar, began with a Leap-Year, whereof the Domi∣nical Letters were G, F.

CYCLUS LUNARIS,

The Cycle of the Moon. It was no less difficult to deter∣mine by a certain Order, the Days of the New Moons in the course of the Year. To this purpose a great many Cycles were propo∣sed, which afterwards Experience shewed to be false, and they were obliged to receive this Cycle of 19 Years, Invented by Methon of A∣thens, called the Golden Number, to make the Lunar Year agree with the Solar; for at the end of them the New Moons returned again on the same Days, and the Moon began again her course with the Sun, within an Hour and some Minutes or thereabouts. This Number was called the Golden Number, either for its excellency and great use; or because, as some say, the Inhabitants of Alexandria sent it to the Romans in a Silver Calendar, where these Numbers from 1 to 19 were set down in Golden Letters. This Number has been cal∣led the great Cycle of the Moon, or Deceunovenna∣lis, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of 19 Tears; or Me∣thonicus from the Name of its Author. This Golden Number has been of great use in the Calendar, to shew the Epacts and New Moons, ever since the Nicene Council ordered that Easter should be kept the first Sunday after the Full Moon of March.

However, this Cycle was not settled every where, according to the same manner in the Calendar; for the Western Christians, called Latins, imitating the Hebrews, reckon'd the Golden Number 1. on the first day of Janua∣ry of the first Year: But the Christians who Inhabited Asia, under the name of Christians of Alexandria, placed the Golden Number 3. at the same day.

CYCNUS,

A Swan, a Bird living in or about the Waters, very fine to behold, with a long and straight Neck, very white, except when he is young. Ovid in the 12th Book of his Metamorphosis, says that Cycnus was King of Liguria, and kin to Phaeton, who for the grief of his death was changed into a Bird of his name.

'Tis said that Swans never sing but when they are at the point of death, and then they sing very melodiously. Tully in his Tusculans tells us, that Swans are dedicated to Apollo the God of Divination, who being sensible of their approaching death, rejoice and sing with more harmony than before. I ucian on this account laughs at the Poets, in his Treatise of Amber or the Swans.

I also expected, says he, to have heard the Swans warbling all along the Eridanus, having learn'd that the Companions of A∣pollo had been there changed into Birds, who still retain their singing, for a token of their excellency in Musick. But this I fouud as fabulous as the rest; for inquiring of the People thereabouts, they told me, that in∣deed, sometimes they saw Swans upon the Eridanus; but that their singing, or rather screaming, was not more grateful than that of other River-Fowls.

CYDIPPA,

A Noble and Beautiful Lady, whom Acontius lov'd and married by an Artifice; for his Birth not permitting him to pretend to so great a Match, he wrote these words upon an Apple, I take my Oath by the Mysteries of Diana that I will be thy Wife: then he let fall this Apple at the Feet of Cydippa; who took it up, and read what was written upon it, and so engag'd herself thereby to make these words good, for whenever she de∣sign'd to marry another Man, she fell dange∣rously ill, which she imputed to Diana's. an∣ger, and to appease her she married Acontius. Ovid in his Epistles of Acontius and Cydippa.

CYLINDRUS,

A Cylinder, a solid body extended in length, equally round, the extremities whereof are equal Circles. Archi∣medes has writ an excellent Book upon the Cy∣lendes. Petit has made a Treatise of the A∣rithmetical Cylinder, called Rabdology, which are Fillets of Past-board set in order upon a Cylinder, that is easily turned about. This Invention is owing to Napier a learned Scotch-man.

CYMBALA.

Cymbals, This word comes from the Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. hollow, be∣cause they were made like two little Porrin∣gers

of Copper or Brass, and for that reason were sometimes called only Aera. These Cymbals were found, as we may see by the Figures that we have of them, and by this verse of of Propertius.

Quâ numerosa fides, quâque aera rotunda Cy∣beles.

Cassiodorus, who has described Cymbals, calls them Acetabula, i. e. a hollow piece, as the concavities of the Bones, that receive the head of another Bone, and are therefore called Acetabula, the Box of the Bones. St Austin, upon the 101 Psalm says, that Cym∣bals must touch one another to make a sound, and that antient Authors compare them often to the Lips. Fulgentius in the first Book of his Mythology tells us, that the two Lips are like Cym••••ls that form the sounds, and the Tongue like the bow of a Musical Instrument, that cuts and divides them.

Isidorus Pelutioca having compared the Psalte∣rion, the Cythara, the Drum, the Strings and the Organs, used in ancient Ceremonies, with several parts of the Body, compares al∣so Cymbals to the Lips, because they form sounds, by pressing and striking one against the other like Cymbals.

Ovid, in the 3d Book, de arti amandi, calls Cymbals by a name that seems very difficult to be understood.

Disce etiam duplici genialia nablia palma Verrere.

He gave them this Epithet genialia, because they used Cymbals at Weddings, and other Diversions. This Instrument being com∣posed of two separated pieces, several Au∣thors call it by names in the plural number, as Petronius, Intrans Cymbalisiria & concrepans aera. A woman coming in, and playing on a Cymbal.

CYNOSURA.

The name by which the Grecians call the little Bear. It signifies Dogs-tail. 'Tis the nearest constellation to our Pole, consisting of seven Stars, four of them are in a square Figure like the four Wheels of a Chariot, and the three others in a long Figure like the beam of a Cart; whence the Country-people call that Star the Chariot, and from one the number of these Seven Stars, our Pole, and all that are of Heaven to the Aequinoxial Line, are called Septentrional.

CYNTHOS.

A Hill in the Isle of Delos, covered with very thick Trees, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana, and upon that account Horace calls him Cyn∣thius.

CYPARISSUS,

A young man of extraordinary Beauty, who was not to be comforted for the death of a Stag, that he had killed a hunting, and would murther himself; whereupon Apollo changed him in∣to a Tree called after his name Cyparissus, a a Cypress, which is carried in Funeral pomps, and consecrated to dead men.

CYRUS.

The Son of Cambyses, who transferr'd the Empire from the Medes to the Persians. He subdued the Assyrians, took Ba∣bylon, made war against Croesus King of Lydia, and took him prisoner. He set at liberty the Jews, who were captive in Babylon, and sent them again into their own Country, un∣der the conduct of Zorobabel, with order to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. This hap∣pened two hundred years after their captivi∣ty, as it was foretold by Isaiah and Esdras. But this Prince being at War with the Scy∣thians, and Massagetes, he was slain with two hundred thousand men in an ambush laid by Queen Tomyris, who cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel full of blood, with this invective,

Satiate thy self with Blood, which thou hast so much thirsted after.

CYTHARA.

A Musical Iustrument with strings, of a triangular figure, which was played upon with a bow, as it is descri∣bed in a Letter attributed to Hieronymus. And according to what Pausanias says, Cythara and Lyra were two instruments, and Mercurius was the inventer of the Lyra, and Apollo of the Cythara. Yet most of the Ancient Poets con∣found these two Musical instruments, be∣cause they are very like one another. For Cythara was of a triangular figure, and the Lyra after the form of two opposite SS. There are some Statues and Medals whereon Apollo is represented with the Lyra in his hand, and sometimes with the Cythara.

CYTHERA.

An Island in the Aegean Sea, where the Goddess Venus was drove a∣shore in a Sea-shell, and there the Inhabitants built her a magnificent Temple, from whence Venus was call'd Cytherea.

CYTHERON.

Mount Cytheron near Thebes, consecrated to Apollo and the Muses: called upon that account Cytherides. There were celebrated the Orgia, or Feasts dedica∣ted to Bacchus.