A complete dictionary of the Greek and Roman antiquities explaining the obscure places in classic authors and ancient historians relating to the religion, mythology, history, geography and chronology of the ancient Greeks and Romans, their ... rites and customs, laws, polity, arts and engines of war : also an account of their navigations, arts and sciences and the inventors of them : with the lives and opinions of their philosophers / compiled originally in French ... by Monsieur Danet ; made English, with the addition of very useful mapps.

CALENDARIUM,

a Calendar; an Al∣manack which contains the Order of the Days, Weeks and Months, and shews the Festivals which happen during the Year. The Roman People at first had no Calendar, for it was only in the Hands of the Priests, from whom they learned the Festivals, and the other Solemnities of a civil Life. They took great care to write down in it every Thing that happened each Year, and marked moreover the Days on which there were Pleadings and on which there were none: And therefore this Calendar was called Fastus, or in the Plural Number, Fasti, and also Annales publici, because in it were set down the most considerable Actions of the Great Men of the Commonwealth: And from hence come these ordinary Forms of Speech, Conscribere nomina fastis, or Referre in fastos & in annales publicos, i. e. to transmit your Memory to Posterity. Cn. Flavius, Secretary to Appius Clandius, gave the People a Calendar in Despite of the Priests and Senate.

Romulus was the first who divided Time by certain Marks, to serve for the Use of the People that were subject to him, and being much more skilful in Military Affairs than in Astronomy, he made the Year commence with the Spring, and gave it only Ten Months, whereof the first was the Month of March, and next after that was A∣pril, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December. He gave 31 Days to each of these Four Months, March, May, Quin∣tilis and October, and only 30 to each of the other Six, so that they made altogether 304 Days, which was that Duration of Time wherein, as he ima∣gin'd, the Sun run through all the differed Sea∣sons of the Year, as may be seen in the following Calender. But as to the Division of Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the Manner of reckoning their Days, see hereafter the Seventh Paragraph before the Calendar of Julius Caesar.

The CALENDAR of Romulus, containing 10 MONTHS, and consisting of 304 DAYS.

March.	April.	May.	June.	Quintilis.	Sextilis.	September.	October.	November.	December.
1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.
2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV
3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III
4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.
5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.
6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII
7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII
8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VL	8.	VI
9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V
10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV
11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III
12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.
13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.
14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	XVIII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVIII	14.	XVIII
15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	XVII	15.	Id.	15.	XVII	15.	XVII
16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVI	16.	XVII	16.	XVI	16.	XVI
17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XV	17.	XVI	17.	XV	17.	XV
18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XIV	18.	XV	18.	XIV	18.	XIV
19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIII	19.	XIV	19.	XIII	19.	XIII
20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XII	20.	XIII	20.	XII	20.	XII
21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XI	21.	XII	21.	XI	21.	XI
22.	XI	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	X	22.	XI	22.	X	22.	X
23.	X	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	IX	23.	X	23.	IX	23.	IX
24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	VIII	24.	IX	24.	VIII	24.	VIII
25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VII	25.	VIII	25.	VII	25.	VII
26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VI	26.	VII	26.	VI	26.	VI
27.	VI	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	V	27.	VI	27.	V	27.	V
28.	V	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	IV	28.	V	28.	IV	28.	IV
29.	IV	29.	III	29.	IV.	29.	III	29.	IV	29.	III	29.	III	29.	IV	29.	III	29.	III
30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	Prid.	30.	III	30.	Prid.	30.	Prid.
31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.					31.	Prid.

'Tis true, there needed no long time to dis∣cover that this Account was too short, and that his Year must begin long before the Solar Year, and therefore to reduce these things into Order, he ordain'd that all the Days which were over and above what he had reckoned in this Calen∣dar, should be inserted amongst the rest without any Name, by way of Intercalation, which was done with little Care. But under the Reign of Numa Pompilius the Calendar was first reform'd. This Prince had private Conferences with Py∣thagoras, from whom he learn'd many things concerning Astronomy, which he chiefly applied to this Purpose; and he followed very near the same Order which the Greeks then observed in the Division of Time. 'Tis true, that instead of 354 Days, which they gave to their common Years, he gave to his 355, because he would have the Number to be odd, out of a supersti∣tious Opinion which he learned from the Egypti∣ans, who had an Aversion to even Numbers which they accounted unfortunate: And there∣fore he took away one Day from each of these Six Months, April, June, Sextilis, September, No∣vember and December, to which Romulus had given 30 Days, that they might have but 29, and left to the rest 31 Days which they had be∣fore; and then adding these Six Days to the 51, which Romulus's Year of 304 Days wanted, to make up his own Year of 355; he made them in all 57 Days; which Number he divided into Two to make of it Two other Months, which he placed before the Month March, viz. January consisting of 29 Days, and February of 28, which Month he design'd for the Sacrifices which were offered to the Infernal Gods, to which this e∣ven Number as being unfortunate seem'd most properly to belong.

Thus he made the Month of January, which he plac'd at the Winter-solstice, the first Month of the Year, instead of March which was the first before, and which Romulus had placed at the Vernal Equinox: And to make this Institution everlasting, he made use of the Intercalation of 90 Days every Eight Years, which Number was made up of the Eleven Days and a Quarter, which the Lunar Year consisting of 354 Days wanted of the Solar Year consisting of 365 Days and Six Hours. Of these the Greeks made Three Months, each whereof had 30 Days, which they called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and which they intercalated after the Third, the Fifth and the Eigth Years; but Numa made Four Months of them, and in∣tercalated one every Two Years, after the Feast called Terminalia, which happened on the Sixth of the Kalends of March, i. e. on the 24th of February; and the first Month intercalated he made to consist of 22 Days, and the next of 23, that so the whole Intercalation in the Space of Four Years might make up the Number of 45 Days, which was equal to that used among the Greeks in their Olympiads. This Month inter∣calated every Two Years was called Mercedonius, and the Intercalary February.

The Year of Numa which consisted of 355 Days, ending one Day later than the Greek Year, it was easie to observe, that since their Beginnings were so far from agreeing together, they would in a little time recede very far from one another: And therefore the same Numa, to obviate this Inconvenience, ordain'd, that in the Space of Eight Years the whole 90 Days should not be intercalated, according to the Custom of the Greeks, but only 82 Days, which were to be inserted in this Order: At first in the Space of Two Years an Intercalation was made of 22 Days, next after that, an Intercalation was made of 23 Days, at the Third time an Intercalation was made of 22 Days, and at the Fourth an In∣tercalation was made of 15 Days only, in lieu of 23 which should have been inserted, this Deduction was necessary to take off in Eight Years time, the Eight superfluous Days he had added to his Year.

Numa's Year therefore consisted of Twelve Months, viz. January, February, March, April, May, June, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November and December, whereof Seven had 29 Days, and the rest 31, except February which had only 28, which may be seen in the following Account of his Calendar. But as to the Division of Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the Manner of reckoning Days. See hereafter the Paragraph before Caesar's Calendar.

The CALENDAR of Numa Pompilius, containing 12 MONTHS, and consisting of 355 DAYS.

January.	February.	March.	April.	May.	June.	Quintilis.	Sextilis.	September.	October.	November.	December.
1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.	1.	Kalend.
2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV	2.	VI	2.	IV	2.	IV
3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III	3.	V	3.	III	3.	III
4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.	4.	IV	4.	Prid.	4.	Prid.
5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.	5.	III	5.	Non.	5.	Non.
6.	VIII	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII.	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII	6.	Prid.	6.	VIII	6.	VIII
7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII	7.	Non.	7.	VII	7.	VII
8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI	8.	VIII	8.	VI	8.	VI
9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V	9.	VII	9.	V	9.	V
10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV.	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV	10.	VI	10.	IV	10.	IV
11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III.	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III	11.	V	11.	III	11.	III
12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.	12.	IV	12.	Prid.	12.	Prid.
13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.	13.	III	13.	Id.	13.	Id.
14.	XVII	14.	XVI	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	XVII	14.	Prid.	14.	XVII	14.	XVII
15.	XVI	15.	XV	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	XVI	15.	Id.	15.	XVI	15.	XVI
16.	XV	16.	XIV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XV	16.	XVII	16.	XV	16.	XV
17.	XIV	17.	XIII	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XIV	17.	XVI	17.	XIV	17.	XIV
18.	XIII	18.	XII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XIII	18.	XV	18.	XIII	18.	XIII
19.	XII	19.	XI	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XIV.	19.	XII	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XII	19.	XIV	19.	XII	19.	XII
20.	XI	20.	X	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XI	20.	XIII	20.	XI	20.	XI
21.	X	21.	IX	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	X	21.	XII	21.	X	21.	X
22.	IX	22.	VIII	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	IX	22.	XI	22.	IX	22.	IX
23.	VIII	23.	VII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	VIII	23.	X	23.	VIII	23.	VIII
24.	VII	24.	VI	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	VII	24.	IX	24.	VII	24.	VII
25.	VI	25.	V	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VI	25.	VIII	25.	VI	25.	VI
26.	V	26.	IV	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	V	26.	VII	26.	V	26.	V
27.	IV	27.	III	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	IV	27.	VI	27.	IV	27.	IV
28.	III	28.	Prid.	28.	V	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	III	28.	V	28.	III	28.	III
29.	Prid.			29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	IV.	29.	Prid.	29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	Prid.	29.	IV	29.	Prid.	29.	Prid.
				30.	III			30.	III			30.	III					30.	III
				31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.			31.	Prid.					31.	Prid.

And to add the greater Weight and Autho∣rity to this Law, he appointed the High-priests to put it in Execution, and enjoyn'd them to sig∣nifie to the People the Time and Manner in which this Intercalation of extraordinary Days must be made: But these Priests, either thro' Ignorance or Malice, brought the Account of Time and other Matters depending upon it into so great Confusion, that the Festivals happen'd at such Seasons as were directly opposite to the Times of their Institution, and the Feasts of Autumn fell out in the Spring, and those of Har∣vest in the Middle of Winter.

This Disorder came to so great a Height, that when Julius Caesar was Dictator and High-priest, after the Battle of Pharsalia, he thought the Re∣formation of the Calendar to be a Thing well worthy of his Care, and necessary for the good Government of the Empire: And for this pur∣pose he fetch'd one Sosigenes from Alexandria, who was esteemed the best Astronomer of that Time, and he by the Order of the Emperor, after he had several times corrected it himself, declared that the Destribution of Time in the Calendar could never be settled as certain and unalterable, unless a principal Regard was had to the Annual Course of the Sun, and that it was necessary for the Future, by a Method contrary to that which had been hitherto practised, to adjust the Lunar Year by the Motion of the Sun, rather than accommodate the Course of the Sun to the unequal Laws of the Moon's Motion. And because it passed then for a thing certain among A stronomers, that the Annual Period of the Sun's Course was predsely 365 Days and Six Hours, therefore he resolved to give the whole Time of 365 Days to the Year in his Calen∣dar, reserving the Six Hours to the End of Four Years, when they made a whole Day, which he then added to the rest by way of Intercalation; so that this Year did not consist of 365 Days, as the other Years did which he called common, but of 366 Days. And since according to the Institution of Numa Pompilius, the Intercalation of the Month Mer••edonius was made towards the End of February, the same Sosigenes by order of the Emperor, used the same Time for the Inter∣calation of this Day, which happened to fall out on that Day which they called Regifugium, be∣cause the Romans in ancient Times had drove their Kings out of Rome on that Day, and on the Day which follows another Festival called Termi∣nalia, i. e. on the 24th Day of February, or to speak in the Language of the Romans, on the Sixth of the Calends of March; and because this Day was called the second Sixth of the Calends, which in Latin is Biss••xius, therefore the Year in which this Intercalation was made, was called Bissextile or Intercalary.

He chang'd nothing in the Order nor Names of the Months, nor yet in the Number of Days in these Four, viz. March, May, Quintil is and October, which had each 31 Days in Numa's Ca∣lendar; but to make room for the Ten Days, whereby the Solar Year exceeded that of Numa, he added Two Days to each of these Three Months, January, Sextilis and December, which had only 29 Days before, and so he made them equal to the other Months which had 31, but he added only one Day to these Four Months, April, June, September and November, and so made them consist of 30 Days, and to the Month of February he left 28 Days for the common Years, and 29 for the Year called Bissextile, that so there might be no Change made in the Cere∣monies of the Sacrifices, which were offered in this Month to the Infernal Gods.

As soon as these Things were thus order'd, and Sosigenes had finished his Work, the Empe∣ror publish'd an Edict, wherein he set forth the Reformation he had made of the Calendar, and commanded it to be used through all the Roman Empire.

And because of the Negligence of those to whom the Care was committed of distributing the Intercalatory Months, the Beginning of the Year was then found to anticipate its true Place 67 whole Days, therefore this Time must be some way spent to restore the first Day of the next Year to its due Place at the Winter-••o••stice, and to this end Two Months were made of these 67 Days, which were ordered to be intercalated between the Months of November and December, from whence it came to pass, that the Year of the Correction of the Calendar by Julius Caesar, which was called the Julian Correction, consist∣ed of 15 Months and of 445 Days; and upon this Account it was called the Year of Confusion, because in it that great Number of Days was to be absorbed which brought so great Confusion into the Account of Time.

But to accommodate the Matter in some measure to the Genius of the Romans, who had been so long accustomed to the Lunar Year, the Emperor would not begin his Year precisely on the Day of the Winter solstice, but only on the Day of the New-Moon which followed next after it, which happened by Chance at the time of this Correction of the Calendar, to be about Eight Days after the Solstice, from hence it comes to pass, that the Julian Year in all succeeding Times hath still preserved the same Beginning, i. e. the first Day of January, which is about Eight Days after the Solstice of Capricorn.

Julius Caesar drew a great deal of envy upon himself by this Correction of the Calendar, of which we have an Instance in that picquant Ra••l∣lery of Cicero upon this Occasion;

One of his Friends discoursing with him, happen'd to say, that Lyra was to set to Morrow, Cras Lyra occi∣dit, said he, to whom Cicero immediately report∣ed, Nempe ex Edicto, yes, quoth he, by vertue

of an Edict.

Yet this did nowise hinder this Reformation from being generally received and observed after the Death of Caesar, which hap∣pened the next Year after it. And to give the greater Authority to this Usage, it fell out also, that Marcus Antonius in his Consulship order'd, that the Month called Quintilis, which was that in which Julius Caesar was born, should bear his Name, and for the Future be called Julius; as it happened afterwards to the Month Sextilis, to which was given the Name of Augustus, both which Names are still continued down to our Time.

'Tis true, the Priests by their Ignorance com∣mitted a considerable Error in the Observati∣on of the first Years, for not understanding this Intercalation of a Day was to be made e∣very Four Years, they thought that the Fourth Year was to be reckoned from that wherein the preceeding Intercalation was made, and not from that which follow'd next after it, by which means they left only Two common Years in∣stead of Three between the Two Intercalary Years, from whence it came to pass, that they intercalated Twelve Days in the Space of 36 Years, whereas Nine only should have been in∣tercalated in that Space, and so they put back the Beginning of the Year Three Days: Which being observ'd by Augustus, Successor to Julius Caesar, he presently caused this Error to be a∣mended, by ordering that for the first Twelve Years no Intercalation should be made, that by this means these Three superfluous Days might be absorbed, and Things might be restored to their first Institution, which continued ever∣since without any Interruption, until the End of the last Age, when some thought themselves oblig'd to take Pains in making another Cor∣rection of the Calendar.

Here follows the Copy of an ancient Roman Calendar which some curions Antiquaries have gathered together out of divers Monuments that it might be published. There are Six different Columns in it; the first contains the Letters which they called Nundinales, the Second notes the Days which they called Easti, Nefasti and Comittales, which are also signified by Letters; the Third contains the Number of Meto, which is called the Golden Number; the Fourth is for the Days in Order, which are marked with A∣rabick Figures or Characters, the Fifth divides the Month into Calends, Nones and Ides, accord∣ing to the ancient Way of the Romans; and the Sixth contains their Festivals and divers other Ceremonies, of which we shall treat more large∣ly hereafter.

In this Calendar, to which we have given the Name of the Calendar of Julius Caesar, although it appears to have been made since Augustus's Time, is to be seen,

1. The same Order and Succession of the Months which was instituted by Numa Pompi∣lius, and such as we have set down before.

2. These Seven Months, January, March, May, Quintilis or July, Sextilis or August, Octo∣ber and Decembor have each of them 31 Days, and these Four April, June, September and No∣vember have only 30, but February for the com∣mon Years has only 28 Days, and for the In∣tercalary or Bissextile it has 29.

3. This Series of Eight Letters which we have called Literae Nundinales, is continued without Interruption from the first to the last Day of the Year that there might always be one of them to signifie those Days of the Year on which those Meetings were held that were called by the Ro∣mans Nundinae, and which returned every Ninth Day, to the end that the Roman Citizens might come out of the Country to the City to be in∣formed of what concerned either Religion or Government: These Letters are so placed, that if the Nundinal Day of the first Year was under the Letter A, which is at the 1st, the 9th, the 17th, the 25th of January, &c. the Letter of the Nundinal Day for the next Year must be D, which is at the 5th, the 13th, the 21st of the same Month, &c. for the Letter A being found at the 27th of December, if from this Day we reckon Eight Letters, besides the Letters B, C, D, E, which remain after A in the Month of December, we must take Four other Letters at the Beginning of January in the next Year, A, B, C, D, and so the Letter D, which is first found in the Month of January will be the 9th after the last A in the Month of December pre∣ceeding, and consequently it will be the Nundi∣nal Letter, or that Letter which notes the Days set apart for these Meetings, which may be also called by the Name of Faires or publick Markets. Thus by the same way of Calculation the Nun∣dinal Letter of the Third Year will be G, that of the Fourth B, and so on of the rest, un∣less their happens some Change by the In∣tercalation.

4. To understand aright what is set down in the second Column, we must know,

That to sue one at Law, (which we call trying of Causes or sitting of Courts,) was not allowed among the Romans on all Days, neither was the Praetor permitted on every Day to pronounce these Three solemn Words, or this Form of Law, Do, Dico, Addico; but these Days were called Fasti, on which the Courts sate to administer Justice, quibus fas esset jure agere, and these were called Nefasti, on which this was not permitted, quibus nefas esset, as we learn from these Two Verses of Ovid,

Ille Nefastus erit, per quem tria verba silentur; Festus erit, per quem jure licebit agi.

i. e. That Day was Nefastus on which these Three Words were not pronounced, Do, Dico, Addico,

as who should say among us, The Court does not sit to Day, and that Day was called Fastus, on which it was lawful to sue at Law, or try a Cause.

Besides, there were certain Days which they called Comitiales, which were marked with a C, on which the People met in the Campus Martius, for the Election of Magistrates, or treating a∣bout the Affairs of the Commonwealth, and these Days were so called because the Assemblies of the People held on them, were nam'd Comitia. There were also some set Days on which a certain Priest, (who was called among them Rex Sacrorum) was present at these Assemblies: And lastly, on a certain Day of the Year they were wont to cleanse the Temple of Vesta and carry off all the Dung in it, which was done with so much Ceremony, that it was not lawful on that Day to try Causes.

This being supposed, 'tis no wise difficult to understand what is contained in this Column, for where-ever we meet in it with the Letter N, which signifies Dies Nefastus, this denotes a Day on which Justice could not be administred, or if we meet in it with the Letter F, or Fastus, that signifies a Court-Day; or if we meet with F. P. or Fastus primâ parte diei, that signifies that the Court sits on the former part of the Day; or if we meet there with N. P. or Nefastus primâ parte diei, that signifies the Court does not sit on the former part of the Day; or if we meet there with E. N. or Endotercisus seu intercisus, that signifies the Court sits some certain Hours of the Day, and not at other Hours; or if we meet there with a C. that denotes that these Assem∣blies were then held which were called Comitia, or if we meet there with these Letters Q. Rex. C. F. or Quando Rex comitiavit, fas, they signifie, that the Court does sit after the Priest called Rex has been present at the Comitia; or lastly, when we see these other Letters Q. ST. D. F. or Quando stercus delatum, fas, they signifie, that the Court does sit immediately after the Dung is carried out of the Temple of the Goddess Vesta.

5. The Third Column is for the 19 Figures of the Numbers of the Lunar Cycle, otherwise called the Golden Number, which signifie the New Moons through the whole Year, according to the Order in which they were thought to hap∣pen in the Time of Julius Caesar, when these Figures were thus disposed in his Calendar.

6. The Fourth notes the Succession of the Days of the Months, by the Numbers of the Arabick Figures or Caracters; but then we must not imagine that they were thus disposed in the Tables of the Fasti, i. e. in the Calendar used by the Ancients, for they had no Knowledge of any such thing: Yet we thought it convenient to place them here, that we might the better com∣pare the Manner of naming and reckoning Days that was used by the Ancients with ours at pre∣sent, and discern what are the Days as we now reckon them, to which the Festivals and other Days of the Romans might correspond.

7. The Fifth Column contains that famous Di∣vision of the Days of the Months into Calends, Nones and Ides, which was in use among the Ro∣mans; and though this Division was not into e∣qual Parts, as were the Decads used by the Greeks, but into very different Portions of Time, yet this Variety is well enough expressed in these Two Verses.

Sex Maius Nonas, October, Julius & Mars, Quatuor at reliqui. Dabit Idus qui libet octo.

i. e. These Four Months, March, May, July and October, have Six Days of Nones, and all the rest have only Four; but in every one of them there are Eight Days of Ides. This must be under∣stood after this Manner, that the first Day of each Month was always called the Calends of that Month; after that in Four Months, March, May, July and October, the Seventh Day of the Month was called the Nones, and the Fiftenth the Ides, whereas in other Months in which the Nones lasted but Four Days, the Fifth was called Nonae the Nones, and the Thirtenth Idus the Ides; the other Days are reckoned backward from the Beginning of the next Month, and the Number always lessens as you come nearer to it.

The Days which are after the Calends until the Nones take their Name from the Nones of the Month currant, the following Days which are between the Nones and the Ides, take their Name from the Ides of the same Month; but all the rest from the Ides until the End of the next Month, take their Name from the Ca∣lends of the next Month: All which we shall ex∣plain more at large under the Word Mensis.

Besides, you may observe, that the Tables of the Fasti, by which the Romans described their Months and their Days throughout the Year, in Process of time were called by the Name of Calendar, because this Name of Calends is found written in great Characters at the Head of each Month.

8. The last Column contains those Things which chiefly belong to the Religion of the Ro∣mans, such as the Festivals, the Sacrifices, the Games, the Ceremonies, the fortunate or un∣fortunate Days, as also the Beginning of the Signs, the Four Cardinal Points of the Year, which make the Four Seasons; the Rising and Setting of the Stars, &c. which were very much much observ'd by the Ancients who made use of them for a long time, to denote the Difference of the Seasons, instead of a Calendar; at least, until it was reduced into a more regular Form by the Correction of Julius Caesar. We find in most of the ancient Books, that they govern'd themselves wholly by the Observation of the Ri∣sing and Setting of the Stars, in Navigation, in tilling the Ground, in Physick, and in the great∣est Part of their Affairs both publick and private.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. JANUARY. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Juno.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	F	I	1	Kalen.	Sacred to Janus, to Juno, to Jupiter and Aesculapius.
B	F		2	IV	An unfortunate Day. Dies Ater.
C	C	IX	3	III	Cancer sets.
D	C		4	Prid.
E	F	XVIII	5	Non.	Lyra rises. Aquila sets at Night.
F	F	VI	6	VIII
G	C		7	VII
H	C	XIV	8	VI	Sacrifices to Janus.
A		III	9	V	The Agonalia.
B	EN		10	IV	The middle of Winter.
C	NP	XI	11	III	The Carmentalia.
D	C		12	Prid.	The Compitalia.
E	NP	XIX	13	Id.	The Trumpeters make Publications thro' the City in the Habit of Women.
F	EN	VIII	14	XIX	Wicked Days by Order of the Senate.
G			15	XVIII	To Carmenta, Porrima and Postverta.
H	C	XVI	16	XVII	To Concord. Leo begins to set in the Morning.
A	C	V	17	XVI	The Sun in Aquarius.
B	C		18	XV
C	C	XIII	19	XIV
D	C	II	20	XIII
E	C		21	XII
F	C	X	22	XI
G	C		23	X	Lyra sets.
H	C	XVIII	24	IX	Festi Sementini, or the Feast of Seed-time.
A	C	VII	25	VIII
B	C		26	VII
C	C	XV	27	VI	To Castor and Pollux.
D	C	IV	28	V
E	F		29	IV	Equiria in the Campus Martius. The Pacalia.
F	F	XII	30	III	Fidicula sets.
G	F	I	31	Prid.	To the Dii Penates.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. FEBRUARY. Ʋnder the Protection of Neptune.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
H	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Juno Sospita, to Jupiter, to Hercules, to Diana. The Lucaria.
A	N		2	IV
B	N	XVII	3	III	Lyra sets, and the Middle of Leo.
C	N	VI	4	Prid.	The Dolphin sets.
D			5	Non.	Aquarius rises.
E	N	XIV	6	VIII
F	N	III	7	VII
G	N		8	VI
H	N	XI	9	V	The Beginning of the Spring.
A	N		10	IV
B	N	XIX	11	III	Genialic Games. Arcturus rises.
C	N	VIII	12	Prid.
D	NP		13	Id.	To Faunus and Jupiter. The Defeat and Death of the Fabii
E	C.	XVI	14	XVI	The Rising of Corvus, Crater and the Serpent.
F	NP	V	15	XV	The Lupercalia.
G	END		16	XIV	The Sun in the Sign Pisces.
H	NP	XIII	17	XIII	The Quirinalia.
A	C	II	18	XII	The Fornacalia. The Feralia to the Gods Manes.
B	C		19	XI
C	C	X	20	X
D	F		21	IX	To the Goddess Muta or Laranda. The Feralia.
E	C	XVIII	22	VIII	The Charistiae.
F	NP	VII	23	VII	The Terminalia.
G	N		24	VI	The Regifugium. The Place of the Bissextilo.
H	C	XV	25	V	Arcturus rises at Night.
A	EN	IV	26	IV
B	NP		27	III	Equiria in the Campus Martius.
C	C	XII	28	Prid.	The Tarquins overcome.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. MARCH. Ʋnder the Protection of Minerva.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
D	NP	I	1	Kalen.	The Matronalia; to Mars, the Feast of Ancylia.
E	F		2	VI	To Juno Lucina.
F	C	IX	3	V	The second Pisces sets.
G	C		4	IV
H	C	XVII	5	III	Arcturus sets. Vindemiator rises. Cancer rises.
A	NP	V	6	Prid.	The Vestaliana. On this Day Jul. Caesar was coeated High-Priest.
B	F		7	Non.	To Ve-Jupiter in the Wood of the Asylum. Pegasus rises.
C	F	XIV	8	VIII	Corona rises.
D	C	III	9	VII	Orion rises. The Northern Pisces rises.
E	C		10	VI
F	C	XI	11	V
G	C		12	IV
H	EN	XIX	13	III	The Opening of the Sea.
A	NP	VIII	14	Prid.	The second Equiria upon the Tyber.
B	NP		15	Id.	To Anna Parenna. The Parricide. Scorpio sets.
C	C	XVI	16	XVII
D	NP	V	17	XVI	The Liberalia, or Bacchanalia. The Agonalia Milvius sets.
E	C		18	XV	The Sun in the Sign Aries.
F	N	XIII	19	XIV	The Quinquatria of Minerva, which last 5 Days.
G	C	II	20	XIII
H	C		21	XII	The 1st Day of the Century. Pegasus sets in the Morning.
A	N	X	22	XI
B	NP		23	X	The Tubilustrium.
C	QR	XVIII	24	IX
D	C	VII	25	VIII	The Hilaria, to the Mother of the Gods. The Vernal Equinox.
E	C		26	VII
F	NP	XV	27	VI	On this Day Caesar made himself Master of Alexandria.
G	C	IV	28	V	The Megalesia.
H	C		29	IV
A	C	XII	30	III	To Janus, to Concord, to Salus and Pax.
B	C	I	31	Prid.	To the Moon, or Diana upon the Aventine Mount.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. APRIL. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Venus.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Letters.
C	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Venus with the Flowers and Myrtle. To Fortuna Virilis.
D	C		2	IV	The Pleiades set.
E	C	XVII	3	III
F	C	VI	4	Prid.	The Megalesian Games to the Mother of the Gods, for the Space of 8 Days.
G			5	Non.
H	NP	XIV	6	VIII	To Fortuna publica primigenia.
A	N	III	7	VII	The Birth of Apollo and Diana.
B	N		8	VI	Plays for Caesar's Victory. Libra and Orion set.
C	N	XI	9	V
D	N		10	IV	Cerealia. Ludi Circensis, the Circensian Games.
E	N	XIX	11	III
F	N	VIII	12	Prid.	The Mother of the Gods brought to Rome. Plays in ho∣nour of Ceres for 8 Days.
G	NP		13	Id.	To Jupiter Victor, and Liberty.
H	N	XVI	14	XVIII
A	NP	V	15	XVII	Fordicidia, or Fordicalia.
B	N		16	XVI	Augustus saluted Emperor. The Hyades set.
C	N	XIII	17	XV
D	N	II	18	XIV	Equiria in the Circus Maximus. The Burning of the Foxes.
E	N		19	XIII	Cerealia. The Sun in the Sign Taurus.
F	N	X	20	XII
G	NP		21	XI	Paliliana, or Pariliana. The Nativity of Rome.
H	N	XVIII	22	X	The second Agoniana, or Agonalia.
A	NP	VII	23	IX	The first Vinalia to Jupiter and Venus.
B	C		24	VIII
C	NP	XV	25	VII	Robigalia. Aries sets. The middle of the Spring.
D	F	IV	26	VI	The Dog-star rises. The Goat rises.
E	C		27	V	Latinae Feriae on the Mons sacer.
F	NP	XII	28	IV	The Floralia for the Space of 6 Days. The Goat rises in the Morning.
G	C	I	29	III	The Dog-star sets at Night.
H	F		30	Prid.	To Vesta Palatina. The first Larentalia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. MAY. Ʋnder the Protection of Apollo.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	N	IX	1	Kalen.	To Deu bona. To Lares praestites. Ludi Floria for the Space of the 3 Days.
B	F		2	VI	The Compitalia.
C	C	XVII	3	V	The Centaar and the Hyades rise.
D	C	VI	4	IV
E	C		5	III	Lyra rises.
F	C	XIV	6	Prid.	The Middle of Scorpio sets.
G	N	III	7	Non.	Virgiliae rises in the Morning.
H	F		8	VIII	The Goat rises.
A	N	XI	9	VII	Lemuria at Night for the Space of 3 Days. The Lumi∣naria.
B	C		10	VI
C	N	XIX	11	V	Orion sets unfortunate Days to marry on.
D	NP	VIII	12	IV	To Mars The Avenger at the Circus.
E	N		13	III	Lemuria. The Pleiados rise. The Beginning of Summer.
F	C	XVI	14	Prid.	To Mercury. Taurus rises.
G	NP	V	15	Id.	To Jupiter. The Feast of the Merchants. The Birth of Mercury. Lyra rises.
H	F		16	XVII
A	C	XIII	17	XVI
B	C	II	18	XV
C	C		19	XIV	The Sun in Gemini.
D	C	X	20	XIII
E	NP		21	XII	The Agonalia, or Agoniana of Janus.
F	N	XVIII	22	XI	To Vejupiter. The Dog-star rises.
G	NP	VII	23	X	The Feriae of Vulcan. The Tubilustrium.
H	Q. REX		24	IX
	C. F.
A	C	XV	25	VIII	To Fortuna publica. Aquila rises.
B	C	IV	26	VII	The second Regifugium. Arcturus sets.
C	C		27	VI	The Hyades rise.
D	C	XII	28	V
E	C	I	29	IV
F	C		30	III
G	C	IX	31	Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. JUNE. Ʋnder the Protection of Mercury.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
H	N	XVII	1	Kalen.	To Juno. To Moneta To Tempestas. To Fabaria. Aquila. rises.
A	F	VI	2	IV	To Mars, to the Goddess Carna. To Hyades rise.
B	C		3	III	To Bellona.
C	C	XIV	4	Prid.	To Hercules at the Circus.
D	N	III	5	Non.	To Fides. To Jupiter Sponsor, or Deus fidius, holy half Father
E	N		6	VIII	To Vesta.
F	N	XI	7	VII	The Piscatorian Days in the Campus Martius. Arctu∣rus rises.
G			8	VI	To Intellectus, at the Capitol.
H	N	XIX	9	V	Vestaliana. The Altar of Jupiter Pistor. The Crown∣ing of Asses.
A	N	VIII	10	IV	Matralia, of Fortuna fortis. The Dolphin rises at Night.
B	N		11	III	To Concord. To Mother Matuta.
C	N	XVI	12	Prid.
D	N	V	13	Id.	To Jupiter Invictus. The lesser Quinquatrus. The Begin∣ning of Heat.
E	N		14	XVIII
F	Q. ST	XIII	15	XVII	The Carrying of the Dung out of the Temple of Vesta. The Hyades rise.
	D. F.
G	C	II	16	XVI
H	C		17	XV	Orion rises.
A	C	X	18	XIV	The whole Dolphin rises.
B	C		19	XIII
C	C	XVIII	20	XII	To Minerva upon Mount Aventine. The Sun in the Sign Cancer.
D	C	VIII	21	XI	To Summanus. Serpentarius rises.
E	C		22	X
F	C	XV	23	IX
G	C	IV	24	VIII	To Fortuna fortis. The Summer Solstice.
H	C		25	VII
A	C	XII	26	VI	The Girdle of Orion rises.
B	C	I	27	V	To Jupiter Stator and Lar.
C	C		28	IV
D	F	IX	29	III	To Quirinus on the Quirinal Mount.
E	F		30	Prid.	To Hercules and the Muses. The Poplifugia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. QUINTILIS, or JULY. Ʋnder the, Protection of Jupiter.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
F	N	XVII	1	Kalen.	Removing from one House to another.
G	N	VI	2	VI
H	N		3	V
A	NP	XIV	4	IV	Corona sets in the Morning. The Hyades 〈◊〉〈◊〉
B	N	III	5	III	The Poplifugium.
C	N		6	Prid.	Ludi Apollinares for the Space of 8 Days. To Fortuna Fe∣minina.
D	N	XI	7	Non.	The Nonae Caprotinae. The Feast of Maid-servants. Romu∣lus disappear'd.
E	N		8	VIII	Vitulatio, or wanton Rejoycings. The Middle of Capricorn sets.
F	EN	XIX	9	VII	Cepheus rises at Night.
G	C	VIII	10	VI	The Etesian Winds begin to blow.
H	C		11	V
A	NP	XVI	12	IV	The Birth of Julius Caesar.
B	C	V	13	III
C	C		14	Prid.	To Fortuna Feminina. The Merkatus, or Mercuriala for 6 Days.
D	NP	XIII	15	Id.	To Castor and Pollux.
E	F	II	16	XVII	The foremost Dog rises.
F	C		17	XVI	The fatal Day of the Battel of Allia.
G	C	X	18	XV
H	NP		19	XIV	Lucaria, Games lasting 4 Days.
A		XVIII	20	XIII	Plays for Caesar's Victory. The Sun in the Sign Leo.
B	C	VII	21	XII	Lucaria.
C	C		22	XI
D		XV	23	X	The Games of Neptune.
E	N	IV	24	IX
F	NP		25	VIII	Furinalia. The Circensian Games lasting 6 Days. Aqua∣rius sets.
G	C	XII	26	VII	The little Dog-star rises.
H	C	I	27	VI	Aquila rises.
A	C		28	V
B	C	IX	29	IV
C	C		30	III	Aquila sets.
D	C	XVII.		Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. SEXTILIS, or AUGUST. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Ceres.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Letters.
E	N	VI	1	Kalen.	To Mars. To Hope.
F	C	XIV	2	IV	Feriae, upon the Account of Caesar's subduing Spain.
G	C	III	3	III
H	C	〈◊〉〈◊〉	4	Prid.	The Middle of Leo rises.
A	F	XI	5	Non.	To Salus on the Quirinal Mount.
B	F		6	VIII	To Hope. The Middle of Arcturus sets.
C	C	XIX	7	VII	The Middle of Aquarius sets.
D	C	VIII	8	VI	Soli Indigeti on the Quirinal Mount.
E	NP		9	V
F	C	XVI	10	IV	To Opis and Ceres.
G	C	V	11	III	To Hercules in the Circus Flaminius. Lyra sets. The Be∣ginning of Autumn.
H	C		12	Prid.	The Lignapesia.
A	NP	XIII	13	Id.	To Diana in the Sylva Aricina. To Vertumnus. The Feast of Slaves, and Ser∣vant-maids.
B	F	II	14	XIX	The Dolphin in the Morning.
C	C		15	XVIII
D	C	X	16	XVII
E	NP		17	XVI	Portumnalia to Janus.
F	C	XVIII	18	XV	Consualia. The Rape of the Sabine Virgins.
G	FP	VII	19	XIV	The last Vinalia. The Death of Augustus.
H	C		20	XIII	Lyra sets. The Sun in the Sign Virgo.
A	NP	XV	21	XII	Vinalia Rustica. The Grand Mysteries. Consualia.
B	EN	IV	22	XI	Vindemiator rises in the Morning.
C	NP		23	X	Vulcanalia in the Circus Flaminius.
D	C	XII	24	IX	The Feriae of the Moon.
E	NP	I	25	VIII	Opi Consivae in the Capitol.
F	C		26	VII
G	NP	IX	27	VI	Volturnalia.
H	NP		28	V	To Victory in the Court. Sagitta sets. The End of the Etesian Winds.
A	F	XVII	29	IV
B	F	VI	30	III	The Ornaments of the Goddess Ceres are shown.
C	F		31	Prid.	Andromeda rises at Night.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. SEPTEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of Vulcan.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
D	N	XIV	1	Kalen.	To Jupiter Maimactes. Feasts to Neptune.
E	N	III	2	IV	To the Victory of Augustus Feriae.
F	NP		3	III	Dionysiaca, or Vindemiae.
G	C	XI	4	Prid.	Roman Games for the Space of 8 Days.
H	F		5	Non.
A	F	XIX	6	VIII	To Erebus a Ram and a black Sheep.
B	C	VIII	7	VII
C	C		8	VI
D	C	XVI	9	V	The Goat rises.
E	C	V	10	IV	The Head of Medusa rises.
F	C		11	III	The Middle of Virgo rises.
G	N	XIII	12	Prid.	The Middle of Arcturus rises.
H	NP	II	13	Id.	To Jupiter. The Dedication of the Capitol. The Nail fix'd by the Praetor.
A	F		14	XVIII	The Tryal of Horses.
B		X	15	XVII	The Grand Circensian Games, dedicated for 5 Days. The Departure of the Swallows.
C	C		16	XVI
D	C	XVIII	17	XV
E	C	VII	18	XIV	Spica Virginis rises in the Morning.
F	C		19	XIII	The Sun in the Sign Libra.
G	C	XV	20	XII	The Merkatus for the Space of 4 Days. The Birth of Romulus.
H	C	IV	21	XI
A	C		22	X	Argo and Pisces set.
B	NP	XII	23	IX	The Circensian Games. The Birth of Augustus. The Cen∣taur rises in the Morning
C	C	I	24	VIII	The Autumnal Equinox.
D	C		25	VII	To Venus, Saturn and Mania.
E	C	IX	26	VI
F	C		27	V	To Venus the Mother, and Fortuna redux.
G	C	XVII	28	IV	The Last of Virgo's rising.
H	F	IV	29	III
A	F	XIV	30	Prid.	A Feast to Minerva. The Meditrinalia.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. OCTOBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the God Mars.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
B	N	III	1	Kalen.
C	F		2	VI
D	C	XI	3	V
E	C		4	IV	Bootes sets in the Morning.
F	C	XIX	5	III	The Ornaments of Ceres shown.
G	C	VIII	6	Prid.	To the Gods Manes.
H	F		7	Non.
A	F	XVI	8	VIII	The bright Star Corona rises.
B	C	V	9	VII
C	C		10	VI	Ramalia.
D		XIII	11	V	Meditrinalia. The Beginning of Winter.
E	NP	II	12	IV	Augustalia.
F	NP		13	III	Fontinalia. To Jupiter Liberator. Games lasting for 3 days.
G	NP	X	14	Prid.
H	NP		15	Id.	The Merchants to Mercury.
A	F	XVIII	16	XVII	Popular Games. Arcturus sets.
B	C	VII	17	XVI
C	C		18	XV	To Jupiter Liberator. Games.
D	NP	XV	19	XIV	Armilustrium.
E	C	IV	20	XIII	The Sun in the Sign Scorpio.
F	C		21	XII	Plays lasting 4 Days.
G	C	XII	22	XI
H	C	I	23	X	To Liber Pater. Taurus sets.
A	C		24	IX
B	C	IX	25	VIII
C	C		26	VII
D	C	XVII	27	VI	Plays to Victory.
E	C	VI	28	V	The lesser Mysteries. Virgilia set.
F	C		29	IV
G	C	XIV	30	III	The Feria of Vertumnus. Games consecrated.
H	C	III	31	Prid.	Arcturus sets.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. NOVEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Diana.

Nundinal Letters.	Days.	Golden Number.
A	N		1	Kalen.	The Banquet of Jupiter. The Circensian Games. The Head of Taurus sets.
B	F	XI	2	IV	Arcturus sets at Night.
C	F		3	III	The Fidicula rises in the Morning.
D		XIX	4	Prid.
E	F	VIII	5	Non.	Neptunalia. Games lasting 8 Days.
F	F		6	VIII
G	C	XVI	7	VII	A Show of Ornaments.
H	C	V	8	VI	Scorpio rises with a clear Light.
A	C		9	V
B	C	XIII	10	IV
C	C	II	11	III	The Shutting up of the Sea. Virgiliae set.
D	C		12	Prid.
E	NP	X	13	Id.	A Feast commanded. The Lectisternia.
F	F		14	XVIII	The Tryal of Horses.
G	C	XVIII	15	XVII	Popular Games in the Circus for 3 Days.
H	C	VII	16	XVI	The End of Seed-time for Corn.
A	C		17	XV
B	C	XV	18	XIV	The Merkatus for 3 Days. The Sun in the Sign Sagittarus.
C	C	IV	19	XIII	A Supper of the Priests, in Honour of Cybele.
D	C		20	XII	The Horns of the Bull set.
E	C	XII	21	XI	The Liberalia. Lepus sets in the Morning.
F	C	I	22	X	To Pluto and Proserpina.
G	C		23	IX
H		IX	24	VIII	Bruma or Brumalia, for the Space of 30 Days.
A	C		25	VII	The little Dog-star sets.
B	C	XVII	26	VI
C	C	VI	27	V	Funeral-Sacrifices to the Gauls dug up, and to the Greeks, in the foro boario.
D	C		28	IV
E	C	XIV	29	III
F	F	III	30	Prid.

The CALENDAR of Julius Caesar. DECEMBER. Ʋnder the Protection of the Goddess Vesta.

Nundinal Letters	Days.	Golden Number.
G	N	XI	1	Kalen.	To Fortuna Feminina.
H			2	IV
A		XIX	3	III
B		VIII	4	Prid.	To Minerva and Neptune.
C	F		5	Non.	The Faunalia.
D	C	XVI	6	VIII	The Middle of Sagittarius sets.
E	C	V	7	VII	Aquila rises in the Morning.
F	C		8	VI
G	C	XIII	9	V	To Juno Jugalis.
H	C	II	10	IV
A	NP		11	III	Agonalia. The 14 Halcyonian Days.
B	EN	X	12	Prid.
C	NP		13	Id.	The Equiria, or the Horse-Races.
D	F	XVIII	14	XIX	Brumalia. Ambrosiana.
E	NP	VII	15	XVIII	Consualia. All Cancer rises in the Morning.
F	C		16	XVII
G		XV	17	XVI	The Saturnalia, lasting 5 Days.
H	C	IV	18	XV	Cygnus rises. The Sun in the Sign Capricorn.
A	NP		19	XIV	Opaliana.
B	C	XII	20	XIII	Sigillaria lasting 2 Days.
C	NP	I	21	XII	Angeronalia. The Divalia. To Hercules and Venus with Wine mix'd with Honey.
D	C		22	XI	Compitalia. Feriae dedicated to the Lares. Games.
E	NP	IX	23	X	The Feriae of Jupiter. Larentinalia, or Quarentinalia. The Goat sets.
F	C		24	IX	Juvenalia. Sports.
G	C	XVII	25	VIII	The End of the Brumalia. The Winter Solstice.
H	C	VI	26	VII
A	C		27	VI	To Phoebus for the Space of 3 Days. The Dolphin rises in the Morning
B	C	XIV	28	V
C	F	III	29	IV	Aquila sets at Night.
D	F		30	III	Canicula sets at Night.
E	F	XI	31	Prid.

It was not difficult for the Romans, when they were now become Masters of the World in the Time of Augustus, to cause this Correction of the Calendar made by Julius Caesar, to be every∣where receiv'd, and to introduce the Use of it among all Nations, even those which were most remote, at least so far as concern'd the Political Distribution of Time. For this Reason the Greeks did no longer make use of a Lunar Year, nor make their Intercalation of a Month and a Half to each Olympiad. The Egyptians also were oblig'd to fix their Thot to the first Day of their Year, which moved before through all the Sea∣sons, and to fix it for ever to a determinate Point. In like manner did the Jews, for they quite left off their way of intercalating of a Month in the Space of 120 Years, as they had been used to do, and submitted to the Interca∣lation of a Day once every Four Years.

'Tis true, the Observation of the Julian Ca∣lendar brought no other Alteration into these Countries, but each of them still retain'd the free Use of their own Customs and Traditions for Divine Worship. Thus the Jews continued in the ancient Observation of the Law, without changing any thing as to their Sabbath, Festivals, or Ceremonies; and herein the other Nations of the World did imitate them, although they were subject to the Roman Empire.

The primitive Christians made use of the Di∣vision of Tune according to the Custom of the Romans, to whose Power they were subject, ex∣cept such Customs as were peculiar to the City of Rome, or savoured of their blind Superstition and Idolatry. They kept therefore the same Names of the Months, the same Number of their Days, the same Division of these Days into Calends, Nones and Ides, and the same Interca∣lation of a Day every Four Years, in the Year which was called Bissextile or Leap-year. They left out the Nundinal Letters which were used in the Calendar of the Romans, and in their stead placed other Letters to signifie every holy Sun∣day throughout the Year. They took no Notice of their Dies Fasti, Nefasti or Comitiales, because they were employ'd only for some Uses peculiar to they City of Rome; but they rejected with Abhorrence the Festivals and Games of the Ro∣mans, as being Ceremonies consecrated to the Devil, and in their stead introduced the Feasts and Ceremonies of the true Religion.