A complete dictionary of the Greek and Roman antiquities explaining the obscure places in classic authors and ancient historians relating to the religion, mythology, history, geography and chronology of the ancient Greeks and Romans, their ... rites and customs, laws, polity, arts and engines of war : also an account of their navigations, arts and sciences and the inventors of them : with the lives and opinions of their philosophers / compiled originally in French ... by Monsieur Danet ; made English, with the addition of very useful mapps.

CONSƲLS.

A. M. 3689. R. 389. AEMILIUS MAMER∣CUS, L. SEXTIUS.

A. M. 3690. R. 388. L. GENUTIUS A∣VENTINUS, Q. SERVILIUS AHALA. The Plague swept away a great many People in Rome, and amongst them M. Furius Camillus.

A. M. 3691. R. 390. T. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, C. LICINIUS STOLO CALVUS. The Plague continued in Rome, but to stop it they solemniz'd the Lectisternium, and voted and celebrated for the first time the Senick Games, which were very inconsiderable at first, for they were neither compos'd in measur'd Verses, nor attended with any other Musick but only some Flutes. The Tyber overflowed its Banks, and the whole Country about it was laid under Water.

A. M. 3692. R. 391. L. GENUTIUS, L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. Rome was still af∣flicted with Pestilence, and the Romans were forc'd to have recourse to the Ceremony of driving the Nail; which was only practised at first, to mark out the number of years, according to the ancient Law; Let the greatest Praetor drive the Nail the third day of September; since that time, this political ceremony was turn'd into superstition, and they perswaded the common people, that it had the virtue of turning away any publick Plagues. This Nail was of Brass, and they drove it into the back wall of the Temple of Minerva in the Capitol, at the right hand of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and upon this ceremony L. Manlius Imperiosus was made Dictator.

A. M. 3693. R. 392. Q. SERVILIUS HA∣LA, L. GENUCIUS. A great Abyss open'd of it self, in the place where the Assemblies met, they endeavoured all they could to fill it up, but to no purpose; they had recourse to the South-sayers, who answer'd, that this Abyss should never be closed up, but by throwing into it that in which the Romans excell'd. Q. Curtius a young Roman Knight presented himself to the Senate, which was in a great perplexity about this Answer, who acquainted him, that the Gods asked for nothing else, but a Roman to remové that prodigy, upon which he freely

offer'd to lay down his Life to fill up that Pit; and then compleatly Arming himself, riding on Horseback, threw himself into the Gulph, in the presence of all the People, who imme∣diately flung Flowers and Offerings into it, and a while after this Hole shut up of it self, and that place was since called Lacus Curtianus, for an everlasting Monument of Curtius's bravery.

A. M. 3694. R. 393. C. or C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, C. LICINIUS CALVUS STO∣LO. The Gauls made a third irruption into Italy; and upon the first advice of this Inva∣sion, they made Titus Quintius Poenus Dictator. He with all the Roman Forces incamped upon the Banks of the Anio, in the sight of the Gauls, the River being betwixt them both: Then a Gaul of a prodigious stature came up to chal∣lenge the Roman Forces to a single Combat; T. Manlius got leave of the Dictator to fight this Enemy, and succeeded so well, that he kill'd him at one blow. The Gaul fell down dead upon the ground, and Manlius kept for himself nothing of his Spoils, but a rich Collar for a Token of his Victory; from whence af∣terwards he took the Sirname of Torquatus, which afterwards distinguish'd his posterity from the other Manlii.

A. M. 3695. R. 394. C. PETILIUS LIBO BALBUS, M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS. The Tiburtini were at war with Fabius, and called the Gauls to their assistance, who were then in Campania. The Armies engag'd near the Gate Collina, and the Fight was lasting and bloody; but at last the Romans got the Victory. Q. Ser∣vilius Hala was made Dictator.

A. M. 3696. R. 395. M. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, C. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS. The Inhabitants of the City of Tyber, now Tivoli, sca∣led Rome in a very dark night: This unexpect∣ed alarm put the Town into a great Confusi∣on; but the Romans at last repuls'd their Ene∣mies with loss.

A. M. 3697. R. 296. C. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS, C. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS. War was proclaimed against the Tarquini∣ans, who had plundered the Roman Territo∣ries; Fabius was beaten, and a great slaughter was made of the Romans, besides seven hun∣dred Prisoners, who were all put to death after the Fight was over: The Gauls coming again, and incamped at Pedum near Rome, C. Sulpitius was made Dictator, and got a victory over them.

A. M. 3698. R. 397. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, CN. MANLIUS IMPERIOSUS. The Tribunes got a Law to be made to re∣duce the use of money to one per Cent. Li∣cinius Stolo the Author of the Law, whereby it was forbidden to possess more than five hundred Acres of ground, was himself con∣victed of possessing a thousand Acres, and thereupon fined.

A. M. 3699. R. 398. M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. Popilius plundered the Fields about the City of Tyber, now Tivoli, after he had forced the Inhabitants to retire within their Walls. Fabius offered Battle to the Falisci, but they mistrusting their Forces, made use of a stratagem. Their Priests pla∣ced themselves at the head of their Batalions, dressed in their priestly habits, their heads surrounded with Serpents, and holding up lighted Torches in their hands. This spe∣ctacle at first stopt the Romans, out of respect to Religion, but that scruple being vanished, they fell upon them, and overthrew the Ene∣mies and all their Bugbears. The Tuscans afterwards joyning themselves to the Falisa, C. Martius Rutilius was created Dictator, the first of the Plebeians that enjoyed that Digni∣ty, he made C. Plautius a Plebeian, General of the Horse, at which the Senate grumbled ve∣ry much. The Dictator got an entire victory over the Enemies, and took eight thousand Prisoners. The Senate would have denied him the honour of Triumph, but he triumph∣ed notwithstanding, and the people never be∣fore expressed so much joy. The Senate made all their endeavours to get two Consuls chosen out of their Body, but the Tribunes gave no∣tice of their design to the people; who could not come to any resolution for a long time; so that the Commonwealth was governed by by eight Inter-reges.

A. M. 3700. R. 399. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, M. or L. VALERIUS PUBLI∣COLA. All was quiet within and without the City, till the latter end of the year, when the Patricians used their interests for getting the Consulship for those that were of the body, in which they succeeded.

A. M. 3701. R. 400. M. FABIUS AM∣BUSTUS, T. QUINTIUS or M. PO∣PILIUS. Fabius defeated the Tiburtini, took Salucium, and forced them to lay down their Arms. The Tarquins were also routed, and their Prisoners killed by way of retaliation. The triumph was allowed to Fabius without any opposition. A league was solemny made with the Samnites.

A. M. 3702. R. 401. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS, M. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. (Sabillicus mentions C. Martius Rutilius in∣stead of Sulpitius.) The Tuscans, Ceratani, and the Volsci, raised a great many Forces, where∣upon the Senate created T. Manlius Torquatus Dictator, who proclaimed War against the Ceretani, because they had joyned with the Tuscans to plunder the Roman Fields. The Ce∣retani frighted thereat, sent an Embassy to Rome to excuse themselves, and they were pardoned upon consideration that their Town had been a place of Refuge for sacred things,

when Rome was burnt by the Gauls. The Towers and Ramparts of Rome were repaired, and the Temple of Apollo was dedicated. A great Rebellion broke out at the latter end of the year, because the Patricians would keep the Consulship among themselves, but they were brought again to the Law of Licinius, and a Plebeian was made Consul.

A. M. 3703. R. 402. L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA, a Patrician, C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS, a Plebeian. Five Commissioners were established for the regulation of Usuries, who were called Mensarii. C. Julius was e∣lected Dictator.

A. M. 3704. R. 403. C. SULPITIUS PE∣TICUS, T. QUINTIUS POENUS CINCIN∣NATUS. The Senate created M. Fabius Am∣bustus Dictator, without any pretence whatso∣ever; but notwithstanding the opposition of the Senate and the Dictator, the Licinian Law was put into Execution, and a Consul was chosen out of the Body of the people.

A. M. 3705. R. 404. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO a Patrician, M. POPILIUS LOENAS, a Plebeian. Scipio falling sick, Popilius marched with the Army against the Gauls, whom he put at first in disorder, and then attacked them in their Camp, where he forced them with an invincible courage. L. Furius Camil∣lus was named Dictator.

A. M. 3706. R. 405. L. FURIUS CA∣MILLUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS. The Gauls came again this year, and incamped near Albano with a formidable power. The Romans raised an Army of forty two thousand Foot, and three thousand Horse. This Ar∣my incamped near the Gauls, and one of them challenging the Romans to a single Combat, M. Valerius a young Tribune, commanding a thousand men, offered himself to fight him. 'Tis related, that during the fight a Raven came to the help of Valerius, and pearched upon his Head-piece, flying at the face of the Gaul, and pecking him, insomuch that Valerius killed his adversary. This false story probably is ground∣ed upon the custom of the antient Romans, who crested their Head-pieces with figures of Animals, thinking thereby to render them∣selves more terrible to their Enemies, and no doubt but Valerius had the figure of a Raven upon his Head-piece, and they have repre∣sented this Figure alive and moving, only to represent the agility of Val rius in this fight. How∣ever it was, Valerius got the sirname of Corvi∣nus, which remained to all his posterity. The Senate went on with their Intreagues to elude the Licinian Law, and made F. Manlius Torquatus Dictator, but the people carried it for Lae∣nas.

A. M. 3707. R. 406. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, M. POPILIUS LOENAS. Valerius was then but three and twenty years of age, yet his want of the age was dispensed with∣in consideration of the victory he had obtain∣ed over the Gaul, whom he had killed the last year. The Plague was very troublesom to the Romans. The Carthaginians made a league with the Roman people.

A. M. 3708. R. 407. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, C. PLAUTIUS VENOX. The use of Money was reduced again to half per Cent.

A. M. 3709. R. 408. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, C. PETILIUS LIBO. Valerius pur∣sued the Volsci as far as Satricum, where he forced them, burnt the Town, and demolish∣ed its Fortifications. He obtained the Ho∣nour of Triumph, wherein he appeared attend∣ed by four thousand Prisoners.

A. M. 3710. R. 409. M. FABIUS DOR∣SO, SERVIUS SULPITIUS CAMERINUS. The Aruncians renewed the War, plundering the Country about Rome, whereupon L. Furi∣us Camillus was made Dictator, who engaged and overcame the Aruncians, having first devo∣ted a Temple to Juno Moneta, which was built in the place, where the House of Manlius Ca∣pitolinus formerly stood.

A. M. 3711. R. 410. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS Livy relates a great many prodigies that hap∣pened this year; for it rained Stones, and the Sun was eclipsed at noon. P. Valerius Publicola was chosen Dictator.

A. M. 3712. R. 411. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS, AULUS or C. CORNELIUS COS∣SUS. Valerius got a great Victory over the Samnites: he took one hundred and seventy Colours, and forty thousand Shields. The Carthaginians hearing of it, sent to congratu∣late the Roman people, and offered a Crown of Gold of five and twenty pounds weight to Jupiter Capitolinus.

A. M. 3713. R. 412. C. MARTIUS RU∣TILIUS, Q. SERVILIUS AHALA. The Legions that were in Winter quarters at Ca∣pua, considering how pleasant and fruitful that Country was, resolved to make themselves masters of that rich Town, killing all the In∣habitants thereof; but Martius prevented that cruel and treacherous design, removing the se∣veral authors of that enterprize by diverse Com∣missions. M. Valerius Corvinus was made Dicta∣tor.

A. M. 3714. R. 413. C. PLAUTIUS, L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS. The Camp and the Country of the Volsci were plunder'd. Ae∣milius put all the Samnites Country to the Fire and Sword, and forc'd them to sue for Peace, which was granted them.

A. M. 3715. R. 414. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, P. DECIUS MUS. War being

proclaim'd against the Latins, the two Consuls raised their Forces, and marched toward the Enemies, who expected them near Capua. Both the Consuls separately saw a Ghost, who told them with a distinct voice, that one of the two Armies should perish, and the Commander of the other should be kill'd. The Entrails of Victims foretold the same; so that both the Consuls agreed among themselves, that the first of them that should find his Forces in a waver∣ing condition, should devote himself to the In∣fernal Gods to have the Roman Army. The Son of Maulius the Consul, who was order'd to march with a body of Horse to observe the Enemy, was challeng'd by the Commander of an advanced Post: This young man, ambitious of Glory, not thinking of the Prohibition the Generals had made, accepted of the Challenge, kill'd his Enemy, and brought the Spoils to his Fathers feet, who barbarously put him to death, and sacrific'd his own Son to the severity of military. Discipline; from whence came this Proverb Manliana imperia, to express an extream severity in point of observation of Orders. They engaged the Enemy, the Fight was very bloody, and the event uncertain for a long time; but Decius seeing that his Forces grew weak, and that their courage failed 'em, sent for M. Valerius the Pontiff, and being dress'd in his Gown of State, cover'd his Head, and put both his Feet upon a Dart; then lifting up his right hand to the height of his Chin, he devoted himself to the Infernal Gods, pronouncing aloud these words, which the Pontiff dictated him word by word,

Janus, Jupiter, and you Fathers, Mars, Quiri∣nus, Bellona, Lares, Domestick Gods, Gods Novencilles, Gods Indigites, Gods who have power over us and our Enemies; and you Infernal Gods, I do invoke you, I adore you, and beg your pardon, vouchsafe to bless the endeavours of the Roman People, and grant them the Victory, and afflict with fear and death their Enemies. And so I devote my self to the Infernal Gods, and to the Earth, the Iegions of the Enemies, and their helpers, with my self.

Thus hav∣ing spoken, he sent word to Manlius that he had devoted himself, then spurring on his Horse into the midst of the Enemies, he revi∣ved the Souldiers courage, and got the victory by his death. Manlius pursued the Enemies, possessed himself of their Camp, plunder'd the rich Fields of Capua, and made his Triumphal entry into Rome.

A. M. 3716. R. 415. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO. The Consuls always had the best of their Ene∣mies. Q. Publius Philo one of the Consuls was named Dictator. He signaliz'd himself in his Office by several publick Orders, to the great mortification of the Patricians, for he caus'd a Law to be enacted, by which the Senate was to en∣cute the Orders of the people, and that the People should first declare their opinion con∣cerning the Laws that should be proposed. He got also enacted that one of the Censors should be taken out of the body of the People.

A. M. 3717. R. 416. L. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, C. MENENIUS NEPOS. The Two Consuls took the Town of Pedum, which Ae∣milius had only invested. Afterwards they marched through all the Country of the Latin, and seized upon a great many of their Town, whereupon a Statue on Horseback was erected to each of them in the Market place at Rome, which never had been yet done for any person. By the Advice of Camillus the freedom of Citizens was granted to several of the Latins, yet with this limitation, that they should have no vote in the Assemblies. Camillus took Antium, from the Volsci, and brought to Rome all the stems of their Gallies, and set them upon places designed for Orations, called Ro∣stra or pro Rostris.

A. M. 3718. R. 417. C. CALPURNIUS or SULPITIUS LONGUS, L. AELIUS PETI∣CUS. The Senate forced the Consuls to name a Dictator to go to the relief of the Ar••••∣cians, because they had been remiss therein, they named C. Claudius Regillensis. Minutia was convicted of having transgressed the Vessal's rules in point of Chastity. Q. Publius Philo was the first Plebeian that was raised to the Dignity of Praetor.

A. M. 3719. R. 418. L. PAPYRIUS CRAS∣SUS, CAESO DUELLIUS. The Tuscans now called Calvi in Terra Laboris, joyned the Sedi∣tiams to make War against Rome, but they were easily defeated at the first encounter.

A. M. 3720. R. 419. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS, M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. Valerius besieged Calles, and took it by storm. L. Aemilius Mamercus was made Dictator to pre∣side in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3721. R. 420. T. VETURIUS, SPU∣RIUS or P. POSTHUMIUS ALBUS. A Colony was sent to Calles. P. Cornelius Rufur was created Dictator. The Plague raged in the City

A. M. 3722. R. 421. L. or AULUS COR∣NELIUS, CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS. A Report was spread abroad, that the Gauls were about making an irruption into Italy, where∣upon the Romans made M. Papyrius Crassus Dicta∣tor. Alexander King of Epirus, made a Con∣federacy with the people of Rome. Two Tribes were added to the former, viz. the Me∣tianna and Scaptianna.

A. M. 3723. R. 422. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, T. or C. VALERIUS POTITUS PLACCUS. There was a great Mortality in Rome, and it was observed that it carried away

none but men. The cause of this particularity was for a long time unknown, till a Slave de∣clared to the Senate, that most part of the Roman women had plotted to destroy all the men, and for that purpose made use of a poy∣soned drink. Twenty of these women were seized, who bring asked about the quality of the drink that was found by them: they an∣swer'd impudently, that it was good; they were commanded to try it themselves, and as soon as they had drank it, some indubitable marks of poison appeared, and soon after they died. One hundred and seventy others were apprehended, and publickly put to death. A Dictator was created to drive in the nail, to ap∣pease the Gods by this Ceremony. Two Con∣suls were poysoned by their Wives, of which they died. This is the first instance of pub∣lick Poysoning. Cn. Quintius was chosen Dictator.

A. M. 3724. R. 423. P. PAPYRIUS CRAS∣SUS, L. PLAUTIUS VENNO. Peace was granted to the Samnites, the Volsci, and the lit∣tle Commonwealth of Fundi.

A. M. 3725. R. 424. L. AEMILIUS MA∣MERCUS, CN. PLAUTIUS. The Consul besieged the Town of Priverna, and took it. He ordered the Governours Head to be cut off, and interceded for the rest of the people: by his means the Inhabitants of Priverna obtained a Peace, and the freedom of Roman Citizens.

A. M. 3726. R. 425. C. or P. PLAUTIUS PROCULUS, P. CORNELIUS SCAPULA. A Colony was sent to Fregellae.

A. M. 3727. R. 426. CORNELIUS LEN∣TULUS, Q. PUBL. PHILO. Claudius Marcellus, was chosen Dictator to op∣pose the Samnites Naulans. The Senate dispu∣ted his Election, but the people maintained it.

A. M. 3728. R. 427. C. PETILIUS, L. PA∣PYRIUS MALUGINENSIS, or CURSOR. Alexander King of Epirus was killed in Lucania, now called Basilicates. The fifth Lectisternium or Banquet was celebrated, because of the great affairs the Romans had upon their hands.

A. M. 3729. R. 428. L. FURIUS CAMIL∣LUS, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCAEVA. A War was proclaimed against the Marsi, and Camillus marched against the Samnites; but he fell sick, and named L. Papyrius Cursor Dicta∣tor, who being obliged to go to Rome, to of∣fer there some sacrifices, left the command of the Army to Favius, expressly forbidding him to attack the Enemy, let the opportunity be e∣ver so fair. Fabius seeing that the absence of the Dictator made the Samnites grow careless, chose rather to hazard his life, than neglect so fair an opportunity of defeating the ene∣mies. He attacked them in their Camp, ob∣tained a great victory, and got a rich booty. The Dictator being return'd to the Camp, design'd to put Fabius to death, but the whole Ar∣my and the Senate itself used all their interest to get his pardon, but the Dictator remained inflexible; yet was at last prevailed upon by the prayers of the whole people, to whom he granted Fabius his life; saying unto him,

Live thou, Fabius, more glorious for this universal love of the people, than for the Victory thou hast got over the enemy, and may the Gods grant that thy bad example do not prove prejudicial to the State.

A. M. 3730. R. 429. C. SULPITIUS LON∣GUS, Q. AEMILIUS or AURELIUS CERE∣TANUS. The Samnites broke the Truce, which was made for a year. The Tribunes of the people accus'd the Tusculans of being con∣cern'd in the Rebellion of the inhabitants of Priverna: but they came to Rome with their wives and children, and cleared themselves.

A. M. 3731. R. 430. Q. FABIUS, L. FUL∣VIUS. They created Aulus Cornelius Arvina Dictator, who pursued the Samnites, and made so great a slaughter of them, that they begged for Peace, offering to surrender up all that they had taken during the War.

A. M. 3732. R. 431. T. VETURIUS CAL∣VINUS, SP. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS. The Samnites were sent back again, and Peace was denied unto them. Pontius their General raised all the force he could, and incamp'd on the top of Furcae Caudinae, called now Stretto d'Arpeia, or Jugo di Santa Maria, or Vallo di Guardano. Pontius ordered ten, the most reso∣lute of his Souldiers, to disguise themselves like Shepherds, and gave them some Cattel to drive: these new Shepherds were taken by the Roman Forragers, who brought them before the Consuls. They were severally examined, and all affirmed that the Samnites were busied at the siege of Luceria. The Consuls de∣ceived by this false report, went down thro the narrow passage of the Valley; but as soon as they were got into it, the Samnites ap∣peared upon the tops of the Mountains. They endeavoured all they could to pass the Defilé, but the passage was stopt with strong barricadoes of Trees hewn down. Then they attempted to go back again, but they found their retreat obstructed; so that they were taken like Wild Boars in Nets. The Samnites brought them all under shameful subjection. M. Fabius Ambustus was elected Dictator.

A. M. 3733. R. 432. QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO, L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR. The Consuls of the foregoing year delivered them∣selves up willingly to the Samnites, with the other Commanders who had signed the Treaty of the Furcae Caudinae, to wash away the shame the Roman people had been reproached with

concerning it. The War was renewed against the Samn••e••s, and Papyr••us besieged Luceria, and took it, and conquer'd Pontius, and seven thousand of his men, and set six hundred Ho∣stages at liberty, that were kept Prisoner there.

A. M. 3734. R. 433. LUCIUS PAPYRIUS CURSOR, or MALUGINENSIS, Q. AEMI∣LIUS CERETANUS. They named M. Ae∣milevs Papus Dictator. Papyrius put the Garrison of the Samnites to the Sword, which had been driven from Satricum.

A. M. 3735 R. 434. M. FOLLIUS FELCI∣NA, L. PLAUTIUS VENNO. A Truce for two years only was granted to the Samnites, instead of the Peace they sued for. A Roman Governour was sent to Capua for the first time.

A. M. 3736. R. 435. C. JUNIUS BUBUL∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS BARBULA. The Ro∣man Law began to be received in all Italy.

A. M. 3737. R. 436. AULUS SPURIUS or SEMPRONIUS NAUTIUS RUTILIUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. They made L. Ae∣milius Dictator, who engaged twice the Sam∣nites; in the first engagement the advantage was equal on both sides: but in the second fight the Samnites were defeated. Q. Fabius was elected Dictator to succeed him.

A. M. 3739. R. 438. M. PETILIUS LI∣BO, C. SULPITIUS LONGUS. Cassiodorus mentions two other Consuls before these, viz. L. Papyrius Junior, Q. Publicius, or Publius Chilo. The Consuls took the Town of Sora by trea∣chrey, and all the Inhabitants were put to the Sword, except only two hundred and twenty five of the chief Authors of the rebellion, who were sent to Rome, where they were publickly whipt, and then beheaded. The Senate crea∣ted Q. Menenius Dictator.

A. M. 3740. R. 439. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, Q. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS. Junius took Nola and the Fort of Fregellae. C. Petillius was made Dictator to drive the Nail, to stop the Plague.

A. M. 3741. R. 440. M. VALERIUS, P. DECIUS. Valerius made an end of the War with the Samnites. Appius Claudius came out of his Censorship, during which the way called after his name via Appia was paved by his care. He made also the Canal of Rome called Appian, which brought the Anio into Rome, and was called Aqua Claudia: it carried the waters to the very top of Mount Aventini. All the Potitie died this year, though they were thirty young men of that name in twelve Families.

A. M. 3742. R. 441. C. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS BUBULCUS, Q. AEMILIUS BARBU∣LA. The Players upon Flutes and other musical Instruments quitted Rome and retired to Tivoli, because they were forbidden to drink in Temples. The Senate desired them to come again, but they refused; whereupon they sent some of their acquaintance to them, who made them so very drunk, that they, brought them in Waggons to Rome. After the fumes of the Wine were over, they were amazed to find themselves in it, and would go back again, but they were forbid upon pain of death to go out of the Town, and were allowed to mask themselves during three days every year. Junius re-took Luceria, and killed 20000 Sammtes upon the spot.

A. M. 3743. R. 442. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, Q. MARTIUS RUTILIUS. Fabius fought the Tuscans and got the victory over them, but the Samnites got the day against the other Consul. L. Papyrius Cursor was then cre∣ated Dictator, who triumphed over the Sam∣nites, and their stately Shields were laid by his orders in the place of the Assemblies; and this Ornament was so taking, that they adorn'd in the like manner the Streets of Rome, where the Statues of the Gods were to pass.

A. M. 3744. R. 443, Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. Sabellicus menti∣ons neither of them. The Consuls got several advantages, one over the Samnites, and the o∣ther over the Umbrians, who were quite routed.

A. M. 3745. R. 444. Q. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS CAECUS, L. VOLUMNIUS FLAM∣MA. The Proconsul Q. Fabius defeated the Samnites near Alif, and streightned them so much in their Camp, that they could not get out of it, but upon condition of subjecting themselves, and that their Confederates to the number of seven thousand men, should be publickly exposed to Sale.

A. M. 3746. R. 445. L. CORNELIUS ARVINA, Q. MARTIUS TREMULUS. Cor∣nelius was much straitned in his Camp by the Samnites and want of Provisions. Martius his colleague hearing of the condition he was in, came to his relief; the Samnites marched out to meet him, and fought him, but they were quite routed, and lost thirty thousand men. Upon the absence of the Consuls, Cornelius Sci∣pio was created Dictator. The Temple of Salus, devoted by Junius Bubulus during the War with the Samnites, was Built.

A. M. 3747. R. 446. L. POSTHUMIUS, T. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS. The Con∣suls besieged Boviana, and took it. The Coloss of Hercules was found among the Spoils, and was dedicated in the Capitol, having been first carried in the Consuls Triumph.

A. M. 3748. R. 447. L. SULPITIUS A∣GERIO, or SAVERIO, P. SEMPRONIUS SOPHUS. The Peace was concluded with the Samnites. The Aequi made some motions, but at last they disbanded their Armies so soon

as they heard that the Consuls were marching against them. C. Flavius, Son to Cneus Flavius a freed man, was raised to the dignity of Aedi∣lis Curulis, notwithstanding the oppositions of the Patricians. Flavius to be revenged of them, published the Civil Law, which the Se∣nate and the Patricians had always kept very secret among themselves. He did also put out the Fasti and Calendars, that every one might know the Feriae, or Holidays, and dedicated the Temple of Concord. This encreased the mortification of the Patricians, who had then nothing left secret. Q. Fabius Censor, endea∣vouring to hinder the Mob from having any share in the elections of Magistrates, divided the common people in four Tribes, which he called the Tribes of the Town. The Senate was so pleased with it, that they granted Fabius the sirname of Maximus, which he had not been able to obtain by a great many victories he had got over the Samnites, Tuscans and Umbians.

A. M. 3749. R. 448. L. GENUTIUS A∣VENTINUS, SERVIUS CORNELIUS LEN∣TULUS. A Colony of four thousand men was sent to Sora, and another of six thousand to Albana. The freedom of the City was granted to the Arpinates. They sent a small body of Forces into Umbria to repress certain Forragers, who retired into a deep Den that had two ways to get in, the Roman Forces filled up both ways with wood, and then set it on Fire, and smothered two thousand of these Forragers in the Den.

A. M. 3750. R. 449. M. LIVIUS DEU∣TER, C. AEMILIUS. The Aequi not being able to suffer the yoke of the Romans, attack∣ed the Colony of Albana, whereupon C. Junius Bubulcus was created Dictator to punish them, and in eight days time he suppressed them. He came back to Rome, where he dedicated the Temple of Salus, which he had vowed du∣ring his Consulship. The Marsi rebelled, and M. Valerius Maximus was made Dictator, who defeated them, and reduced them to the Ro∣man subjection.

Some record in this place M. VALERIUS CORVINUS MAXIMUS, and P. SEMPRO∣NIUS SOPHUS; but Livy doth not mention 'em.

A. M. 3752. R. 451. M. VALERIUS COR∣VINUS MAXIMUS, Q. APULLIUS PAN∣SA. They created four Pontiffs, and five Au∣gurs out of the body of the People: So that the people shared all dignities of the Common-wealth with the Patricians, having besides the Populary Tribunes over and above their share. Valerius propos'd the Law of appealing to the People from the Sentences of the Senate, when a Citizen was condemned to be whipt or dye.

A. M. 3753. R. 452. M. IULVIUS ••OE∣TUS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS. The Consul Manlius fell off his Horse, and broke his Neck, and M. Valerius Maximus succeeded him. Rome was much pressed with famine, but was relieved by the care of Fabius Maximus then Commissioner for the Provisions. Two Tribes were added to the former, viz. the Anniana and Tarentina.

A. M. 3754. R. 453. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, FULVIUS CENTUMALUS. The Romans sent some Forces to the assistance of the Lucani against the Samnites, whom they de∣feated near Boviana.

A. M. 3755. R. 454. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. The Samnites lost a Battle, in which three thousand two hun∣dred of them were taken Prisoners, and four thousand four hundred kill'd.

A. M. 3756. R. 455. L. VOLUMNIUS FLAMMA, APPIUS CLAUDIUS. The Consuls got a great victory over the Samnites. They killed seven thousand of the Enemies, and took two thousand Prisoners. A Colony was sent to Minturna, that lies at the mouth of the River called then Liris, or Clanius, and now Garillan.

A. M. 3757. R. 456. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, P. DECIUS MUS. The Tuscans, the Samnites, and the Umbrians leagued together, and made War against the Roman people. The 2 Armies being in view of one another, a Wolf that pursued a Hind, passed in the sight of both Armies; the Souldiers gave a great shout, and frighted those creatures so much, that the Wolf retired on the Romans side, and the Hind on the side of the Samnites, who kil∣led her. The Generals of the Roman Army improved this accident as a good omen, and encouraged their Souldiers thereby. They told them that the Wolf was an Animal consecrated to Mars, whom they adored as one of their first Gods. Then they recollected the Fable of the Wolf of Romulus: the Hind, said they, is consecrated to Diana, and the Samnites have doubtless provoked that God∣dess, by killing a creature that is under her protection. The Armies engaged with an extream fury, the Wing commanded by De∣cius, not being able to resist the strength of the Enemies yielded every where; when Decius devoted himself to the Infernal Gods, as his Father had done before, and flung himself into the thickest Batallions of the Enemies; and yet Fabius had much ado to get the best of the day. There was at Rome a quarrel be∣twixt Women, which was like to bring on a great disorder. Virginia Aulus, Virginius his Daughter, and Volumnius his Wife, being a∣bout to perform her devotion in the Chap∣pel of the Patrician Chastity, which stood in the Oxe Market, near the Temple of Hercu∣les; the Patrician Ladies would not admit her,

tho she was of a Patrician Family, because they said she had degenerated in marrying a Ple∣beian. Virginia would not submit this con∣test to the decision of the people; but she built a Chappel in the long Street, which she devoted to the Plebeian Chastity.

A. M. 3758. R. 457. LUCIUS POST∣HUMIUS, ATTILIUS REGULUS. Posthu∣mius fell sick, the Samnites attacked the Camp of the Consul Attilius, and being favoured by a thick fog, made a great slaughter of his men. Posthumius having recovered his health, went into Tuscany, and there routed the Tuscans in two several encounters, took many Towns, and then made a triumphal Entry.

A. M. 3759. R. 458. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, SPURIUS CARVILIUS. The Sam∣nites raised an Army more numerous and pow∣erful than before. They assembled all their Forces together near Aquilonia, and made a retrenchment in the midst of their Camp with boards and hurdles of rods wall'd together, cover'd with linnen cloaths, and armed them with rich and fine arms. Papyrius engag'd them, and killed three and thirty thousand three hun∣dred of them upon the spot, and made three thousand eight hundred prisoners. The Con∣suls triumphed. The nineteenth Lustram was solemnized, and the account of the Citizens being taken, amounted to two hundred sixty two thousand three hundred and twenty two heads of Families. The Romans being afflict∣ed with the Plague, sent an Embassy to Epi∣daurus with rich presents for Aesculapius, in or∣der, if possible, to bring him to Rome.

A. M. 3760. R. 459. Q. FABIUS GUR∣GES, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS SCEVA. Fabius fought the Samnites so imprudently, that it was almost agreed upon to recall him; but Fabius Maximus, his Father, to prevent that dis∣grace, offered himself to serve as his Sons Lieutenant. The Senate accepted of it with joy. And this great man having restor'd the former posture of affairs, obtain'd for his Son the honour of Triumph.

A. M. 3761. R. 460. L POSTHUMIUS, C. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS. The Roman Ambassadors got leave of the Inhabi∣tants of Epidaurus to bring along with them the God Aesculapius under the shape of a great Ser∣pent, who presented himself to them in his Temple, and followed them to Rome. He landed at an Island in the Tyber, and the Ro∣mans built there a Temple to his honour.

A. M. 3762. R. 461. P. CORNELIUS RU∣FINUS, M. or ANNIUS CURIUS DENTA∣TUS. Curius triumphed twice, viz. over the Samnites and Sabini. The first made an attempt upon the fidelity of Curius, and offered him a rich present of Plate, instead of earthen Dishes they saw him making use of: but this great man told them, 'twas more glorious to com∣mand rich men, than to be rich himself.

A. M. 3763. R. 462. M. VALERIUS, Q. CAEDITIUS NOCTUA Colonies were sent to Cestrae and Adria.

A. M. 3764. R. 463. Q. MARTIUS TRE∣MULUS, P. CORNELIUS ARVINA. They celebrated the Celsus and Lustram, and took an account of the Citizens of Rome, who were then encreased to the number of two hundred seventy thousand heads of Families.

A. M. 3665. R. 464. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, C. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS. The people not being able to pay their Creditors, rebelled, and retired to Janiculum. The Dicta∣tor Q. Horatius pacified the sedition.

A. M. 3766. R. 465. M. VALERIUS PO∣TITUS MAXIMUS, C. AELIUS POETUS. The Gauls besieged Aretium in Tuscany. The Consul Aelius attempting to relieve the Town, lost his Army and life there.

A. M. 3767. R. 466. C. CLAUDIUS, M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS. The Gauls, contrary to the Laws of Nations, murthered the Roman Ambassadors, who were sent to them to de∣mand the prisoners took before Aritium. This was the occasion of a bloody War, but the Romans got the best on't.

A. M. 3768. R. 467. C. SERVILIUS TUC∣CA. L. CAELIUS or CAECILIUS METEL∣LUS. The Tarentini took some Roman Galleys, and killed the Commander thereof.

A. M. 3769. R. 468. Q. CORNELIUS DO∣LABELLA, CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS. Do∣labella defeated the Gauls, who came to besiege Rome, which obliged them to make peace with the Romans, which continued for forty years together.

A. M. 3770. R. 469. C. FABRICIUS LUS∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS. The Bruti∣ans and Lucanians besieged Tauranum in Cala∣bria. Fabricius marched against them, and rai∣sed the Siege.

A. M. 3771. R. 470. L. AEMILIUS BARBU∣LA, Q. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS. The Ta∣rentini finding themselves hard pressed by the Romans, implored the assistance of Pyrrhus King of Epirus, who was very glad of that opportu∣nity.

A. M. 3772. R. 471. P. VALERIUS LEVI∣NUS, T. CORUNCANUS NEPOS. Pyrrhus came into Italy; fought the Roman Army, and defeated it by means of his Elephants, the Ro∣mans having never seen any before. Eutropius says that Pyrrhus advanced as far as Praeneste, and that in his march he increased his forces and party.

A. M. 3773 R. 472. C. FABRICIUS LUS∣CUS, Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS. One of Pyr∣chus's Physicians came to Fabricius, and offered to poyson the King; but the Consul was struck

with horror at his base treachery, and sent him back to his Master, with a full account of his ill design. Pyrrhus was so pleased with the generosity of the Cousul, that he sent him all the Prisoners he had taken at the defeat of Le∣vinus. However, these mutual kindnesses did not make an end of the War; for they fought, and Pyrrhus again obtained the Victory.

A. M. 3774. R. 473. P. SULPITIUS SA∣VERIO, P. DECIUS MUS. This second misfortune did not cast down the courage of the Consuls, they order'd their Souldiers to at∣tack the Elephants only, which they perform∣ed with such success, that those creatures feel∣ing themselves wounded, ran away, put their own Souldiers in disorder, and gave the Ro∣mans an opportunity to get an entire Victory. Pyrrhus lost twenty thousand men, and was wounded in the fight.

A. M. 3775. R. 474. P. CORNELIUS RU∣FUS, C. JUNIUS BRUTUS. Pyrrhus his con∣federates were punished.

A. M. 3776. R. 475. Q. FABIUS GURGES, C. GENUTIUS. Several Prodigies terrified the Roman people, and particularly a Thunder-bolt, which struck off the head of the Statue of Jupiter Capitolinus.

A. M. 3777. R. 476. MANIUS, or M. CU∣RIUS DENTATUS C. CORNELIUS DENTATUS. Curius engaged Pyrrhus, defeated him, and killed three and twenty thousand of his Soldiers. The honour of tri∣umph was permitted him, and four Elephants were shown the first time at Rome. After this overthrow Pyrrhus returned into Greece, and came no more into Italy.

A. M. 3778. R. 477. SERVIUS CORNE∣LIUS, M. CURIUS DENTATUS. C. Fabri∣tius Censor, expelled P. Cornelius Rufinus a Con∣sulary man out of the Senate, because he found fifteen marks of silver utensils in his house.

A. M. 3779. R. 478. C. FABRICIUS LI∣CINIUS or LUSCUS, C. CLAUDIUS CIN∣NA. They numbred the people, and found two hundred seventy one thousand two hun∣dred twenty four heads of Families. Ptolome∣us Philadelphus sent an Embassy to Rome, to make a league with the Romans. Eutropius reckons this year to be the four hundred and sixty first after the foundation of Rome, and Cornelius Nepos the four hundred and seventieth.

A. M. 3780. R. 479. L. PAPYRIUS CUR∣SOR, C. SERVILIUS. The Vestal Seutilia was convicted of lewdness, contrary to the constitu∣tion of her order, and was put to death accord∣ing to the laws.

A. M. 3781. R. 480. C. QUINTIUS GU∣LOX, L. GENUTIUS. Eutropius mentions M. Falius Pictor in the room of Genutius, omit∣ting the following Consuls.

A. M. 3782. R. 481. C. GENUTIUS, CN. CORNELIUS BLASIO. The Mamertini, whom the Carthaginians had called to their assistance, besieged them in their own Cittadel. These Mamertini were Souldiers of Campania, who after having served under Agathocles, as Sabal∣licus reports, or under Hiero, according to Po∣lybius, were put in Garrison in Messina. They were so taken with the situation and conveni∣ency of the place, that they resolved to settle there, and for that purpose killed all the male Inhabitants whom they came to relieve, and having seized upon all their effects, and their Wives, they began a new settlement. They were called Mamertini, that is, the Children of Mars.

A. M. 3783. R. 482. Q. FABIUS PICTOR, Q. OGULIUS GALLUS. There is nothing more recorded of these Consuls, but their names.

A. M. 3784. R. 483. SEMPRONIUS SO∣PHUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS. The Legion who had seized upon Rhegium during the Consulship of L. Aemilius, was now besieged and forced to surrender at discretion. All the Soldiers were beheaded. Polybius tells us, that this Legion consisted of Romans, but Florus says it was made up of the Inhabitants of Campania, and the Town of Capua.

A. M. 3785. R. 484. M. ATTILIUS RE∣GULUS, L. JUNIUS LIBO. They begun to use Money at Rome, says Eutropius, and the number of Quaestors was encreased.

A. M. 3786. R. 485. DECIUS JUNIUS MUS, CN. FABIUS PICTOR. Volsinia, one of the chiefest Communities in Tuscany, was oppressed by the Slaves, whom they had made free. Decius subdued that Rabble, and punished them.

A. M. 3787. R. 486. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS GURGES, L. MANLIUS.

A. M. 3788. R. 487. APPIUS CLAUDIUS, Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS. Aurelius Victor names Appius Cl. Caudex, and says, that he was Brother to Appius Claudius Caecus: but he could be but either his Son or his Nephew. The Ma∣mertini, the greatest villains in the world, begged the assistance of Romans, who assisted them rather out of policy and self interest, than affection or justice. This year the barbarous show of the Gladiators began first; M. and Decius Brutus invented it, to grace the Funeral pomp of their Fathers. Florus mentions it not till three years after.

A. M. 3789. R. 488. M. VALERIUS MAXI∣MUS, M. OTTACILIUS. The Conquest of Sicily was attempted, and four compleat legions were sent on that expedition. Valerius brought from the City of Catanea in Sicily the first Dial that ever was seen at Rome. It was set up upon a Pillar over against the Rostra.

Claudius went over into Sicily with a fine Ar∣my, and this was the first time that the Roman Horse passed over the Sea. He gave Battle to the Carthaginians, and vanquished them, and by this enterprize had the honour to be the first of all the Romans that got a victory out of Italy.

A. M. 3790. R. 489. L. POSTHUMIUS, Q. MANLIUS. The Consuls took the Town of Agragas, tho it was relieved by Hanno Gene∣ral of the Carthaginians, with whom the Ro∣mans had a very bloody Battle.

A. M. 3791. R. 490. L. VALERIUS FLAC∣CUS, T. OTTACILIUS CRASSUS. The Romans fitted out a Fleet, and put sixscore Galleys to Sea. This was the first Navy the Romans ever had. The Inhabitants were num∣bred, and amounted to three hundred seventy two thousand two hundred and fourscore heads of Families, according to Florus, but Eutropius's account amounts only to two hundred and ninety two thousand three hundred thirty four.

A. M. 3792. R. 491. CN. CORNELIUS A∣SINA, C. DUELLIUS NEPOS. Cornelius was treacherously besieged by Annibal, Duellius his colleague revenged the Treachery; for he sunk many of the Carthaginian Galleys, took fifty of them, and chased the Admiral, with all the remaining Ships. After this great vi∣ctory, Duellius returned to Rome, where he had the first Naval Triumph. He was also allow∣ed to have a Torch carried before him in the night, and players upon the Flute to attend him.

A. M. 3793. R. 492. L. AQUILIUS FLO∣RUS, L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO. Cornelius defeated the Carthaginians in the Isle of Corsica, where Hanno their General was killed, fighting for the defence of the Town of Olbia. The Consul buried him very honourably.

A. M. 3794. R. 493 AULUS ATTILIUS COLLATINUS, Q. or C. SULPITIUS PA∣TERCULUS. The two Consuls offered the Car∣thaginians Battle before Palermo, but they refused it. The Consul Attilius, out of rashness, attempting to engage the Carthaginian Fleet, had a severe rebuke, but his Lieutenant by his prudence at∣toned for it. The Islands of Sardinia and Cor∣sica surrendred themselves to the Romans after the taking of Caralla.

A. M. 3795. R. 494. C. CORNELIUS, C. ATTILIUS according to Cassiodorus, or M. ATTILIUS REGULUS and L. MAN∣LIUS according to Polybius, Eutrolius and Florus. The Consuls put out to Sea with three hundred and fifty Sail, and a hundred and forty thousand men. The Carthaginians came up to meet them with an equal force, but the success was not alike, for thirty two of the Enemies Galleys were sunk, sixty four taken, and the rest chas'd as far as the coasts of Africa.

Atiilius destroyed a dreadful Serpent, sixscore foot long whose Scales were so hard, that they were forc'd to make use of a Balista to kill him. He sent the skin thereof to Rome.

A. M. 3796. R. 495. Q. CAEDITIUS, L. MANLIUS or M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. Neither Polybius, Eutropius, or Florus mention these Consuls. The Carthaginians having lost three Generals, and above eighteen thousand men kill'd in several Fights, besides five thou∣sand Prisoners, sent to Sparta to get a General. The Spartans sent them Xantippus, a prudent man and a great Captain, who beat the Romans in a fight, where they lost thirty thousand men, besides fifteen thousand that were taken Prisoners, with the Consul Regulus.

A. M. 3797. R. 496. M. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, SERVIUS FULVIUS NOBILIOR. The Carthaginians, proud of this Victory, put again to Sea, and engag'd the Consuls near Ca∣marina. The Fight was long and obstinate, but the Romans got the victory, and took a hun∣dred and fourteen Ships of the Enemies. At their return home, they met with such tem∣pestuous weather, that they could save but fourscore of their Ships.

A. M. 3798. R. 497. AULUS ATTILI∣US, or according to Polybius, L. AQUILIUS, C. CORNELIUS ASINA. The Consuls be∣sieged Palerma, the chiefest City of the Cartha∣ginians in Sicily, and took it before it could be relieved. The Senate to repair the loss of the former year, put two hundred and forty Ships to Sea, which they sent to bring all that could be recovered of the first Fleet.

A. M. 3799. R. 498. C. SERVILIUS, C. SEMPRONIUS. Eutropius and Sabellicus call the first by the Sirname of Caepio, and the se∣cond by that of Blaesus. The Romans lost two hundred and fifty Ships by stress of weather, upon which they laid up the remainder of their Fleet, except threescore Gallies, which they kept to guard the Coasts of Italy.

A. M. 3800. R. 499. C. AURELIUS COTTA, P. SERVILIUS GEMINUS. The Consuls went over into Sicily, but there was nothing remarkable done on neither side.

A. M. 3801. R. 500. L. CAECILIUS, L. FURIUS or C. CURIUS, says Sabellicus. Eu∣tropius gives the first the sirname of Metellus, and the second that of Pacillus. The Carthaginians sustain'd several Losses both by Sea and Land, and thereupon they sent Ambassadors to Rome, and the Consul Attilius Regulus, who was their Prisoner with them to treat for peace; but the Consul disswaded the Romans from it, and from exchanging the Prisoners, wherefore they sent back the Ambassadors: Regulus return'd with them according to his Parole. The Car∣thaginians

being exasperated with this denial, shew'd their resentment to Regulus, and in∣vented punishment for him both new and cruel: they put him in a Vessel stuck full with points of Nails, and roll'd it about till the ge∣nerous Roman expired.

A. M. 3802. R. 501. C. ATTILIUS RE∣GULUS, L. MANLIUS VOLSO. The Con∣suls went over into Sicily, and besieged Lilibae∣um both by Sea and Land. Annibal got into the place with ten thousand men, and made a vigorous Sally, having burnt the Romans En∣gines.

A. M. 3803. R. 502. P. CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER, L. JUNIUS. Claudius seeing that the siege of Lilibaeum took up a great deal of time, formed a design upon Drepanum a Sea-Town: but Asdrubal who commanded in the place, having notice of it, drew his Forces in a line of Battle at the mouth of the Harbour: Clau∣dius was amaz'd to see his Enemy in this po∣sture; yet thought fit for the honour of the Romans to attack him, but Asdrubal sunk many of his Ships, and took ninety three. The su∣perstitious people imputed this loss to the slight Claudius had made of the Augur of the sacred Birds: for the Cage being brought be∣fore him that he might take himself the Augur, and seeing that the Birds did not stir towards the Corn that was laid there for them, he threw the Cage and the Birds into the Sea, saying,

Let them drink, since they won't eat.

The people was number'd, and there was found two hundred-fifty one thousand two hundred twenty two heads of Families. Junius sailed for Sicily with sixty Ships, thinking to rein∣force his Fleet with the like number of Gal∣leys; but Cartala Admiral of the Carthaginians, being inform'd of the course he was steering, stood off to Sea, and kept his Fleet under sail, to prevent the joining of the two Fleets; but foreseeing a great storm approaching, he re∣tired under shelter. The Romans who had but little experience in Sea affairs, seeing them∣selves at liberty, attempted to join their Gal∣leys; but they were on a sudden overtaken by so tempestuous weather, that they lost most part of their Ships.

A. M. 3804. R. 503. P. SERVILIUS GE∣MINUS, C. AURELIUS COTTA. The siege of Lilibaeum was continued without any considerable success.

A. M. 3805. R. 504. L. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, CN. FABIUS BUTEO. There was a sight upon Mount Eryx, which Jurius had formerly taken. Sabellieus says that Junius seiz'd upon Erice, but in all probability he mistakes the Mountain for the City.

A. M. 3806. R. 505. M. FABIUS BU∣TEO, M. OTTACILIUS CRASSUS. The Fleet of the Consuls was scatter'd by a storm, and render'd unfit for any Enterprize.

A. M. 3807. R. 506. M. FABIUS, C. ATTI∣LIUS. Florus thinks that the Praetors were first created this year; but this sort of Magistracy was in use in Rome the year before the Con∣sulship of L. Aemilius and L. Sextius. One of them administred Justice to the Citizens of the Commonwealth, the other to the Foreign∣ers that came to Rome. They were allowed to use Ivory Chairs, and were clothed like the Consuls, attended by six Lictors, and rode upon a white Horse.

A. M. 3808. R. 507. A. MANLIUS TORQUATUS, C. SEMPRONIUS. The War continued in Sicily.

A. M. 3809. R. 508. C. FUNDANIUS, C. SULPITIUS GALLUS. Nothing remark∣able happen'd this Year.

A. M. 3810. R. 509. C. LUTTATIUS, A. POSTHUMIUS. Luttatius got together two hundred Galleys, with five Banks of Oars each (Quinqueremes) to drive away Amilcar Ad∣miral of the Carthaginians, who had infested the Coasts of Italy for five years together. The Carthaginians had notice of these Sea preparati∣ons, and fitted out a like number of Ships. The two Fleets engaged, and the Romans had the advantage. Eutropius says, that thirteen thousand of the Enemies were kill'd, and two and thirty thousand made Prisoners. This loss obliged them to sue for peace, which was grant∣ed, upon condition that they should quit Sici∣ly, and pay two thousand Talents ready Money for the charges of the War, and two hundred every year during the space of twenty years. And thus ended the first Punick or Carthaginian War, which had continued four and twenty years, according to Polibius, and two and twenty, ac∣cording to Eutropius. The Temple of Janus was shut up.

A. M. 3811. R. 510. Q. LUTTATIUS CATULUS, AULUS MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, The Consuls triumph'd over the Falisci, whom they defeated in six days, hav∣ving kill'd fifteen thousand of their men, and conquer'd half of their Country.

A. M. 3812. R. 511. C. CLAUDIUS CEN∣TO, M. SEMPRONIUS TRUDITANUS. King Hiero came to Rome to see the publick Shews, and made a present to the Roman peo∣ple, of two hundred thousand Bushels of Corn.

A. M. 3813. R. 512. C. MANLIUS, Q. or P. VALERIUS FLACCUS. The Romans sent to Prolomeus King of Aegypt, to offer him a succour of Forces, against King Antiochus; but he return'd them thanks, and would not accept of it. One Licinus, says Eutropius, about this time introduc'd Comedy and Tragedy upon the Roman Stage.

A. M. 3814. R. 513. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, L. CORNELIUS or L, VA∣LERIUS

FLACCUS. The Romans accepted of Sardinia; which offered to surrender to them. The Carthaginians were very much displeased at it.

A. M. 3815. R. 514. L. CORNELIUS, Q. FULVIUS. Eutropius says, that the first of these Consuls was sirnamed Lentulus, and the second Flaccus. Fulvius made war in Liguria: burnt down the Forests, in which the Enemy used to retire.

A. M. 3816. R. 515. C. LICINIUS VAR∣RUS, P. CONELIUS LENTULUS. The Consuls routed the Ligurians, who were so bold to attack the Romans on the plain.

A. M. 3817. R. 516. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, C. ATTILIUS BALBUS. The Consuls chastiz'd the Sardinians, and Triumph∣ed for the same. The Temple of Janus was shut up.

A. M. 3818. R. 517. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, SPURIUS CARVILIUS MAXI∣MUS, or according to Eutropius, CN. FUL∣VIUS CENTUNCULUS. War was pro∣claim'd against the Illyrians, and the Consuls disarmed the Ligurians.

A. M. 3819. R. 518. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, M. POMPONIUS MATHO. Tullia a vestal Virgin was convicted of Unchastity, and punish'd with death.

A. M. 3820. R. 519. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, M. PUBLICIUS MALLEO. Au∣thors relate nothing of what was transacted during this Consulship.

A. M. 3821. R. 520. C. PAPYRIUS MAS∣SO, M. POMPONIUS MATHO.

A. M. 3822. R. 521. M. AEMILIUS BAR∣BULA, M. JUNIUS PERA. Demetrius King of Pharos hearing of the preparations the Romans made against Queen Teuca, Widow to Agron King of Illyria, revolted from her, and joined with another party.

A. M. 3823. R. 522. L. or ANNAEUS POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, CN. FULVIUS CENTUMALUS. Posthumius went into Illy∣rium, where having joined his Forces with those of Demetrius, he took the Towns of Apol∣lonia and Corcyra, and many other places: Whereupon Queen Teuca was forc'd to sue for peace, which was granted to her, upon condi∣tion that she should pay a yearly Tribute, and that the Towns then taken should remain to the Conqueror.

A. M. 3824. R. 523. Q. FABIUS SPURI∣US CARVILIUS. The number of Praetors was incresed to four.

A. M. 3825. R. 524. P. VALERIUS, M. ATTILIUS REGULUS. The Country taken from the Gauls was given to the Soldiers; and that imboldened them to take up Arms against the Romans, and Demetrius, whom they had made King of Pharos joined his Forces with theirs.

A. M. 3826. R. 525. L. APUSTEIUS, M. VALERIUS MESSALA. The Gauls entred into Italy with seventy thousand men, and the Romans opposed them with an Army of eight hundred forty eight thousand foot, and fifty thousand eight hundred Horse.

A. M. 3827. R. 526. C. ATTILIUS, MA∣MILIUS LEPIDUS or PAPPUS. The Gauls engag'd the Romans, and quite routed them, but as they were returning home, they fell between the Army of the Consul Attilius, and the remainder of the Forces of Aemilius that were behind them, so that they were beaten, and lost forty thousand men in this engage∣ment, with Corgolitanus their King; on the Roman side Attilius was kill'd.

A. M. 3828. R. 527. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS. They carried on the War in Liguria and Lombardia; but the Plague and the continued Rains oblig'd the Consuls to retire, without having done any considerable thing.

A. M. 3829. R. 528. T. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS, Q. FURIUS PHILO or C. FLA∣MINIUS NEPOS. This last Consul enter'd into the Milanese, fought the Enemies with success, and made his triumphal entry, not∣withstanding the opposition of the Senate. Flaminius is not reckon'd among the Consuls, neither in the Fasti, nor by Cassiodorus, because the Senate design'dto depose him, for some defect of Formalities in his Election, and for that reason it may be, that his name was not set down in the Calendars.

A. M. 3831. R. 529. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO. They made war against the Milanejes and Lom∣bards. Marcellus took Milan, and returned to Rome with great booty, having kill'd Veridoma∣rus King of the Gauls.

A. M. 3831. R. 530. P. CORNELIUS ASINA, M. MINUTIUS RUFUS. Seve∣ral Merchants made a complaint to the Senate, that the Adriatick Sea was become dangerous, because of the Piracies of the Italians. Rome took hold on this pretence to proclaim war against them.

A. M. 3832. R. 531. L. VETURIUS PHI∣LO, C. LUTTATIUS CATULUS. Han∣nibal laid siege to Saguntum. The Saguntines sent for succour to Rome. The Romans sent Deputies to Carthage to complain of it; but the Carthaginians, against Hanna's opinion, ac∣cepted of the war, that the Deputies declared against them. The Inhabitants of Sanguntum being reduced to the last extremity, chose ra∣ther to set their Town on fire, and burn all their Goods and themselves withal, than sur∣render to the Enemy. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the Haminian way were finish'd.

A. M. 3833. R. 532. M. LIVIUS SALI∣NATOR, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. This year two hundred and seventy thousand heads of Families were number'd in Rome. The enfranchis'd Slaves, who had been hitherto di∣stributed amongst Tribes, were divided into four, which were called Aesquilina, Palatina, Suburrana, and Collina.

A. M. 3834. R. 533. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, T. SEMPRONIUS LONGUS. The War being proclaimed against the Carthagini∣ans, the Romans made publick processions to obtain the favour of the Gods. The Roman Army was four and twenty thousand Foot, and eighteen hundred Horse strong, all Ro∣mans born, besides four and forty thousand Foot, and four thousand Horse of Confede∣rate Troops; and the Carthaginians were four∣score thousand Foot, and ten thousand Horse. Hannibal entered Italy with this Army, and came to the foot of the Alps about the fifteenth of October, and in nine days he got up to the top of them, in spight of the High-landers and the Snow, cutting and splitting the Rocks that were in his way with Fire and Vinegar. Cor∣nelius advanc'd against him, and met him up∣on the banks of the Tessena, where they enga∣ged, and Hannibal was victorious. Sempronius came to relieve his Colleague, but he had no better success.

A. M. 3835. R. 534. CN. SERVILIUS GEMINUS, C. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. The Consul Flaminius was sent against Hannibal, but he had fifteen thousand men kill'd in the Fight, and eight thousand made Prisoners. Q. Fabius Maximus was made Dictator; his wise and prudent conduct was suspected by the Ro∣mans, who order'd by a Plebiscitum, that the General of the Horse should bear an equal power with the Dictator.

A. M. 3836. R. 535. C. TERENTIUS VARRO, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. The two Consuls offer'd battle to Hannibal, who willingly accepted it. The Fight began with an incredible eagerness, and was so bloody, that forty thousand Romans, with the Consul Aemilius himself, were kill'd on the spot. Han∣nibal sent to Rome three bushels of those Rings, the Roman Knights were for a badge of their Quality. This overthrow has render'd the Village of Cannae famous to posterity. M. Ju∣nius was created Dictator; They raised new Forces, and armed eight thousand Slaves, that were bought for that purpose. To compleat all their misfortunes, the Romans received ad∣vice of the loss of the Army that Posthumius the Praetor commanded in Gaul, which was crushed to death, and buried under the Trees of the Forest Litana. The Gauls had half saw'd those Trees, but kept them standing by means of Ropes and other things, and let them fall on the Romans, when they saw their whole Army in the Forest.

A. M. 3837. R. 536. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS. The noise of Thunder being heard during the creation of the Consuls, the Senate perswaded the People that this bad Omen was occasioned, because the two Consuls were Ple∣beians. To avoid all disputes about it, Marcel∣lus of his own accord laid down his Consul∣ship, and deliver'd up his place to Q. Fabius Maximus, who restored the affairs of the Ro∣mans by dilatory methods.

—Cunctando restituit rem. Enn.

A. M. 3838. R. 537. FABIUS MAXIMUS, M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. Marcellus met Hannibal near Nola, and engaged him, but he got no great advantage over him. The two Scipio's did wonders in Spain. Cneus Scipio forc'd the Camp of Asdrubal, and put a supply into Illiturgis, which the Carthaginians had be∣sieged.

A. M. 3839. R. 538. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS. Rome was set on fire and the Incendiaries could not be discovered. Sifax King of Numidia made a League with the Romans. Massinissa the Son of Gala, a young Prince, seventeen years of age, defeated Sifax and killed thirty thousand of his men. Fabius followed Hannibal every where, and encamped so advantageously, that he could not be forced to fight.

A. M. 3840. R. 539. Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER. Hannibal took Tarentum by the treachery of Philomenes and Nico, two young Gentlemen of that place. Marcellus took Syracusa by storm, having layn before it for three years together, during which time Archimedes alone, made more resistance against him with his Engines, than all the Arms of the Carthaginians. P. Sci∣pio was delivered up to the Enemies by the Geltiberians, or the people of Arragon, and put to death by the Carthaginians. Cneus his Brother was a short time after overpower'd by three Armies of the Carthaginians.

A. M. 3841. R. 540. CN. FLAVIUS CEN∣TUMALUS, P. SULPITIUS GALBA. Ful∣vius besieged Capua, which surrender'd to him after a siege of two years. He put to death fifty six Senators, which were found alive, the others being dead during the siege, and the rest of the Inhabitants were publickly ex∣pos'd to sale.

A. M. 3842. R. 541. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, M. VALERIUS LEVINUS. This last Consul made an end of the Sicilian war, by the taking of Agrigentum, which was the last place belonging to the Carthaginians.

P. Cornelius Scipio came into Spain as Proconsul, tho he was but four and twenty years of age. He took Nova Carthago by storm, and got a very rich booty both of Ammunition and Provisions, besides many Hostages, that the Spaniards had delivered to the Carthaginians, and among them a very beautiful young La∣dy. Scipio enquired about her Country and Family, and being told that she was betroth∣ed to a young Celtiborian Prince named Alluci∣us, he sent immediately for her Parents and her Bridegroom, to whom he delivered up his Spouse, and sent them back again. Vale∣rius Maximus relating this passage, calls the Bridegroom Indibilis, instead of Allucius, but Polybius, who lived in the time of that Illustri∣ous Roman, nor Livy do not confound him with Iudibilis, whom they call King of the Illergetes.

A. M. 3843. R. 542. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS CUNCTATOR, Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS. Twelve Roman Colonies refused their usual Supplies of Men and Money; where∣upon the Senate was obliged to have recourse to the Treasure called Aerarium vicessimarum, which never was made use of but in very urging necessities. They took out of it four thousand pound weight of Gold, which were applied to the most pressing exigencies. Scipio went on with the Conquests in Spain. He made a Confederacy with Iudibilis, and Man∣donius, the two greatest Princes of Spain, whose friendship he had gained by setting at liberty their Wives and Children, whom he had taken in Nova Carthago. He defeated As∣drubal, and possess'd himself of his Camp, where he got a great booty.

A. M. 3844. R. 543. M. CLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS, TITUS QUINTIUS CRISPI∣NUS. Both Cousuls fell into an Ambuscado of the enemy, where Marvellus was killed, and Crispinus so wounded, that he died in few days after of his wounds, having named Dictator T. Manlius Torquatus.

A. M. 3845. R. 544. C. CLAUDIUS NE∣RO, MARCUS LIVIUS, whom Cassiodorus calls SALINATOR. Asdrubal Barcha came into Italy, to the relief of Hannibal his bro∣ther, and besieged Placentia, but hearing that the Consul Livius was drawing near him, he raised the Siege, and encamped upon the banks of Metaurus in Umbria. Nero joined his Colleague with such of the Troops as were able to march, with the utmost diligence; and before the Carthaginians had notice of it, the Consuls offered Battel to Asdrubal, who accepted of it, and was killed in this fight, with five and fifty thousand of his men, and five thousand made prisoners. Nero being re∣turned to his Camp, ordered the head or As∣drubal (the only booty he had brought with him) to be thrown among the Carthaginians; and at the sight of this sad spectacle Hannibal uttered these words, Now I deubt no more of the misfortune of Carthage. Both Consuls tri∣umphed: Livius on a Triumphal Chariot, and Nero only on Horseback, because he had fought in the Army of his Colleague. Nero named Dictator his Colleague Livius, to pre∣side in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3846. R. 545. L. VETURIUS PHI∣LO, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS. Scipio went over into Africa, having made a league with Sifax King of part of Numidia, and up∣on his return from that journey fell so dan∣gerously ill, that they gave him over for dead. This false report being spread in Spain, Iudibilis rebelled, and the Roman Army itself mutinied, and requested to return into Italy; but the recovery of Scipio calmed their minds. The Carthaginians perverted Sifax from the Confederacy made with Scipio, and gave him to wife Sophonisba, Asdrubal Gisco's daughter, who was promised a long time before to Prince Massanissa.

A. M. 3847. R. 546. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS. Mago came into Italy to the relief of Hannibal. C. Octavius, Praetor of Sicily, cros∣sing the Sea, took eight Ships laden with Corn design'd for Hannibal's Army. The Praetor of Spain routed the Spaniards, and Indibilis their Commander was kill'd in the fight, wherein he behaved himself with a great deal of cou∣rage.

A. M. 3848. R. 547. M. CORNELIUS, whom Cassiodorus calls CETHEGUS, P. SEM∣PRONIUS TUDITANUS. Scipio besieged Utica; Sifax and Asdrubal came to relieve it with four and fifty thousand foot, and thir∣teen thousand horse. Scipio raised the Siege, and marched against them. A general re∣view was made of all the Roman people, and the number of them amounted to two hun∣dred and fiftteen thousand heads of Families.

A. M. 3849. R. 548. CN. SERVILIUS CAE∣PIO, CN. SERVILIUS GEMINUS. Scipio being reinforced with the Numidian horse that Massanissa had brought along with him, beat the Carthaginians from several Posts. Massanissa took Sifax Prisoner, and pursued his routed Army as far as Cirtha, the chief City of the dominions of that unfortunate Prince, which was delivered up to him, with all the Towns of Numidia, upon advice that their King was taken Prisoner. Scipio took Utica, which put the Carthaginians into such a consternation, that they sued for Peace. Q. Caecilius Metellus was elected Dictator.

A. M. 3850. R. 549. M. SERVILIUS GER∣MINUS, T. CLAUDIUS NERO. Hannibal returned to Carthage, and was made comman∣der

of a very considerable Army, to oppose Scipio: The Armies engaged, but the Cartha∣ginians were beaten, and lost twenty thousand men, and as many Prisoners. This loss obliged the Carthaginians to sue again for Peace, which they obtained on the following conditions, that they should pay a yearly Tribute to the Romans, that they should keep but four Galleys in their Harbour, and that they should reim∣burse in ready Money, the charges of the War. Scipio came back again to Rome, where he made his Triumphal Entry.

A. M. 3851. R. 550. CN. CORNELI∣US LENTULUS, P. AELIUS PAETUS. A Confederacy was concluded with the Rho∣dians and King Attalus.

A. M. 3852. R. 551. P. SULPITIUS GALBA, L. AURELIUS COTTA. The War was proclaimed against Philip King of Macedon, because he had attacked Illyrium du∣ring the Carthaginian War. L. Furius Praetor of the Gauls defeated Amilcar, and killed thirty thousand Gauls, both Insubres and Caeromani, and took two thousand Prisoners.

A. M. 3853. R. 552. L. LENTULUS, P. VELEIUS TAPPULUS. L. Bebius Praetor of the Gauls was beaten by the Gauls called Insubres, and lost six thousand men.

A. M. 3854. R. 553. SEXTUS AELIUS PAETUS, T. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. Quintius had a Parley with Phllip King of Ma∣cedon, but that interview had no effect; for at last they came to an engagement, wherein the Romans got a Booty, tho the slaughter was not very great on either side, for King Phi∣lip lost but two thousand men. After this victory Quintius besieged Corinth, but without any success.

A. M. 3855. R. 554. CN. CORNELIUS CETHEGUS, Q. MINUTIUS RUFUS. Cassiodorus doth not mention these two Consuls in his Chronology. The two Consuls made War, one in Luguria, and the other in the Country of the Boii. Cornelius engaged the Ligurians and Milaneses, broke them, and killed fifteen thousand of them, and took seven thousand Prisoners and among them Amilcar, their Commander, the last of the Carthaginian Generals that re∣mained in Italy. A battle was fought be∣tween King Philip, and the Consul Quintius, in a place called Cynocephalum in Thessalia, where the Romans were victorious. The Con∣sul Cornelius triumphed over the Milaneses, and Minutius obtained but the small. Triumph or Ovation on Mount Albanus.

A. M. 3856. R. 555. L. FURIUS PUR∣PUREO, M CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, Son to Marcellus the Great. Flaminius con∣cluded the Peace with King Philip, and there∣by restored the liberty to Greece, causing the same to be proclaimed at the Olympick Games. A great many Slaves of the Romans got into a Body and rebelled, and had cou∣rage enough to make a stand against a Legion designed to reduce them to their duty; they were all disarmed and very severely punish∣ed.

A. M. 3857. R. 556. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, M. PORTIUS CATO. Valerius fought against the Boii, and killed eight thousand of them. Cato being arrived in Spain, which Province was fallen to his share, routed forty thousand Spaniards, and brought the whole Country under the Roman subjection. T. Quintius made War against Tyrannus Nabis, besieged him in Sparta, and forced him to accept of a disadvantageous Peace.

A. M. 3858. R. 557. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, T. SEMPRONIUS LONGUS. Flaminius withdrew the Garri∣sons of the Towns of Acrocorinthus, Demetria∣des and Calcidona, and so restored an entire li∣betty to Greece, and the Greeks delivered up to him all the Roman Slaves.

A. M. 3859. R. 558. L. CORNELIUS MERULA, Q. MINUTIUS THERMUS. Merula brought up the Legions against the Boii, and beat them near Modena. There was a powerful League made against Rome by Antiochus in Asia, the Aetolians in Greece, and Hannibal in Africa, but so many Confederate Enemies, served only to add a greater lustre in the Roman Glory.

A. M. 3860. R. 559. L. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS, CN. DOMITIUS AENEO∣BARDUS. The League above-mentioned began to discover its self in Greece. Antiochus joyned the Aetolians, and took Calcidona.

A. M. 3861. R. 560. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, M. ACILIUS GLA∣BRIO. Acilius went over into Greece with ten thousand Foot, and two thousand Horse. Antiochus expected him at the narrow passage of Tempe, where the Consul made a great slaughter of the Asiaticks, then besieged Hera∣clea, where the Aetolians after the defeat of Tempe, were retired. He reduced the place, and forced the Enemies to beg Peace.

A. M. 3862. R. 561. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASIATICUS, C. LAELIUS NE∣POS, whom Cassiodorus call Africanus, to inti∣mate that he is the same who was Scipio's Lieutenant in Africa. Antiochus made War a∣gainst Eumenes King of Armenia, and besieged Pergamus, the chiefest Town of that Prince's Dominions: but when he heard that the Consul was marching against him, he raised the Siege, and waited for him upon the Banks of the Phaenician River, where he lost four and fifty thousand men. Peace was granted to King Antiochus, upon condition that he

should not extend his Conquests on this side of Mount Taurus. Acilius Glabrio caused a Statue on Horseback to be made, and set it up in the Temple of Piety, and consecrated the same to the memory of his Father, whom the Statue represented. This was the first Statue made of that precious Metal at Rome.

A. M. 3863. R. 562. M. FULVIUS NO∣BILIOR, C MANLIUS VOLSO. Scipio came back to Rome, and was the first man that triumphed over the Asiaticks.

A. M. 3864. R. 563. C. VALERIUS MESSALA, C. LIVIUS SALINATOR. The Senate sent ten Deputies into Asia, to settle the Affairs of Proconsul Manlius Volso.

A. M. 3865. R. 564. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS L. FLAMINIUS CRASSIPES, or C. FLAVIUS NEPOS. The Scipio's were both accused by the Tribunes of the people of em∣bezzling the publick Money Scipio Africanus ap∣peared before the Assembly in white cloath, and having made the Eulogy of his great At∣chievements, without excusing himself of the crime laid upon him, he ended his Speech with these words.

Upon this day of the year I destroyed Carthage, Rome's Emula∣tor, let us go and give thanks to the Gods for the same.

Having thus spoken, he went up to the Captitol, and there he performed his sacrifice.

A. M. 3866. R. 565. SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS ALBINUS, Q. MARTIUS PHI∣LIPPUS. The Consuls made an exact in∣quiry into the new superstition of the Baccha∣nalia that were celebrated in the night time with horrid lasciviousness. Seven thousand persons were found guilty of this shameful superstition. The Athletes, the delight of the Greeks, were introduced into Rome.

A. M. 3867. R. 566. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, M. SEMPRONIUS TU∣DITANUS. The two Praetors of Spain were routed near Toledo; but a while after they had their revenge on the banks of the River Tagus, insomuch that out of five and thirty thousand Spaniards, four thousand only es∣caped, all the rest being either killed or ta∣ken Prisoners.

A. M. 3868. R. 567. P. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, L. PORCIUS LICINIUS. Cas∣siodorus relates some other Consuls instead of these.

A. M. 3869. R. 568. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, Q. FABIUS LABEO. There was nothing more remarkable this year than an exact enquiry after the Bacchanalia, and poisonings. Scipio Africanus, Hannibal and Philopaem••n died this year, tho Eutropius tells us that Hannibal died two years before.

A. M. 3870. R. 569. CN. BEBIUS PAM∣PHILUS, L. AEMILIUS PAULUS. The dissolute life of the Priests of Isis, called Galli, occasioned an order from the Senate, import∣ing that the Temples of that Goddess, and Serapis should be razed to the ground, but no man durst execute this Sentence of the Senate, out of a scruple of Religion: Therefore Paulus Aemilius took himself an Ax, and began to de∣molish that Nest of lewd people, and incou∣raged the workmen by his Example.

A. M. 3871. R. 570. M. BEBIUS PAM∣PHILUS, P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS or CETHEGUS. There was found in Numa's Grave three Volumes concerning Religion, Petilius the Praetor got them burnt without scruple; whereupon he was impeached of Impiety and Sacrilege; yet he was found not guilty, because he took an Oath, that these Books tended to the subversion of the Religi∣on then established.

A. M. 3872. R. 571. AULUS POSTHU∣MIUS ALBINUS LUSCUS, C. CALPUR∣NIUS PISO. This Consul died a little while after his Election, not without suspicion of having been poison'd by Quarta Hostilia his Wife, to get the Consulship for her Son, who she had by a first Husband, called Q. Fulvius Flaccus, who was chosen in the room of his Father-in-law.

A. M. 3873. R. 572. Q. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS, L. MANLIUS ACCIDINUS or LUS∣CUS. The Ligurii Appuani were transported to Samnium, for it was thought impossible to keep these fierce people in peace, so long as they could shelter themselves amongst their Mountains.

A. M. 3874. R. 573. M. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS, A. MANLIUS VOLSO. Epulo King of the Istrians took the Field, and by favour of very thick foggy weather drew near the Camp of the Romans, and at the first onset for∣ced the same; but while he and his Army were feasting in the Romans Camp, Consul Manlius fell upon them and defeated them.

A. M. 3875. R. 574. C. CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER, T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS. There was a Serpent seen at Rome with four feet, which was taken for a prodigy. Claudius routed the Istrians, and besieged them in Mesa∣tia the chief Town of their Country, whither they were retired.

A. M. 3876. R. 575. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALUS, Q. PETILIUS SPU∣RINUS. Cornelius died in his Consulship, and C. Valerius Levinus was chosen in his room. Consul Levinus forced the Ligurians to retire un∣to their two Mountains, called Laetum and Ba∣lista, and there besieged them, but was killed at the beginning of the Fight. This misfor∣tune rather encourag'd than disheartned the

Romans, who at last beat the Enemy from those holds.

A. M. 3877. R. 576. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, P. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. Cassiodo∣rus mentions these two Consuls, tho' there is nothing recorded during their Consulship.

A. M. 3878. R. 577 SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS, Q. MUCIUS SCAEVOLA. Poly∣bius doth not mention these two Consuls, and yet Cassiodorus affirms that he has taken his Chro∣nology out of the Calendars or Fasti of the Capitol, where they are recorded.

A. M. 3879. R. 578. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, M. POPILIUS LAENAS. Peace was granted to the People of Corsica, upon condition that they should pay every year two hundred thousand pounds weight of Wax.

A. M. 3880. R. 579. C. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, P. AELIUS LIGUR. A stormy wind drove away so great a quantity of Locusts in∣to Apulia, that the Land was all over covered with them. The Roman people solemnly re∣nounced the friendship of Perseus King of Ma∣cedonia, hearing that he was forming a party in Asia against them.

A. M. 3881. R. 580. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, C. CASSIUS LONGUS. Perscus defeat∣ed the Roman Army commanded by the Con∣sul Licinius, says Eutropius. This Battle was fought on the Banks of the River Penes. The Praetor Lucretius laid the siege before Coronea, and took it by storm with the Town of Thebes.

A. M. 3882. R. 581. C. ATTILIUS SE∣RANUS, C. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS. The Alabandii out of a base and ridiculous flattery rank'd Rome in the number of their Gods, built her a Temple, and instituted an∣nual Games to the honour of their new created Goddess. Mancinus got some advantage over Perseus.

A. M. 3883. R. 582. Q. MARTIUS PHI∣LIPPUS, Q. SERVILIUS CAEPIO. Perseus desired peace, but it was denied him. The Censors forbad the Farmers of the publick Revenues to renew their Lease.

A. M. 3883. R. 583. L. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, C. LICINIUS CRASSUS. Paulus Aemilius was chosen to have the conduct of the Macedo∣nian war, tho' he was then sixty years old. He found Perseus incamp'd, and well fortified upon Mount Olympus, and forc'd him to re∣move from thence, and afterwards engag'd him. The Macedonians, after a long and vigorous resistance, were at last overcome, and Perseus surrender'd himself to Paulus Aemilius, who led him in triumph with his three Children; that unfortunate Prince died in Irons, and two of his Children before him. Theyoungest called Alexander, was very skilful in Joyners work, and Turning, and writ so good a hand, that the Register of the Commonwealth took him for his Clerk: A sad fate of the last Successor of Alexander the Great. Macedonia was then re∣duced to a Province, having been govern'd by thirty Kings, during nine hundred and twen∣ty three years, but had no great name in the world, according to Justin, till one hundred and eighty two years before the defeat of Per∣sius. Paulus Aemilius, as an exemplary punish∣ment of the Illyrians, quarter'd his Army in threescore of their chiefest Towns, and at an appointed day gave them up to be plunder'd by his Soldiers, who sold one hundred and fifty thousand Inhabitants for Slaves.

A. M. 3885. R. 584. Q. AELIUS POE∣TUS, M. JUNIUS POENUS. Memmius Prae∣tor of Spain reduc'd some Spaniards that were in Rebellion.

A. M. 3886. R. 585. M. MARCELLUS, C. SULPITIUS GALBA. Marcellus made war with good success.

A. M. 3887. R. 586. CN. OCTAVIUS NEPOS, T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS.

A. M. 3888. R. 587. AULUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS, Q. CASSIUS LONGUS. The war was carried on in Spain with differ∣ing success.

A. M. 3889. R. 588. T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, M. JUVENTIUS. Sempronius reduced Thracia, and the Country along the River Danube into a Province, and brought them under the subjection of the Roman Em∣pire.

A. M. 3890. R. 589. P. SCIPIO NASI∣CA, L. MARTIUS FIGULINUS.

A. M. 3891. R. 590. M. VALERIUS MESSALA, C. FANNIUS STRABO.

A. M. 3892. R. 591. L. ANNICIUS GAL∣LUS, CORNELIUS CETHEGUS.

A. M. 3893. R. 592. CN. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, M. FULVIUS NOBILIOR.

A. M. 3894. R. 593. M. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, C. POPILIUS LAENAS. The Romans sent people to work in the Mines, that were discovered in Macedonia.

A. M. 3895. R. 594. SEXTUS JULIUS CAESAR, L. AURELIUS ORESTES.

A. M. 3896. R. 595. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, C. MARTIUS FIGULINUS.

A. M. 3897. R. 596. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, M. GLAUDIUS MAR∣CELLUS.

A. M. 3898. R. 597. L. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, Q. OPIMIUS NEPOS.

A. M. 3899. R. 598. Q. PULVIUS NO∣BILIOR, T. ANNIUS LUSCUS.

A. M. 3900. R. 599. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS.

A. M. 3901. R. 600. L. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, AULUS POSTHUMIUS ALBI∣NUS. Lucullus made war against the Celtibe∣rians,

and sent Scipio over into Africa, to desire some Elephants of Massmissa.

A. M. 3902. R. 601. L. QUINTIUS FLAA∣MINIUS, M. ACILIUS BALBUS.

A. M. 3903. R. 602. L. MARTIUS, M. MANLIUS NEPOS. The reduction of Utica gave sufficient occasion to the Romans for proclaiming war against the Carthaginians. They sent over the two Consuls into Africa with one hundred and fifty Galleys, with five Oars in a seat, (Quiqueremes) one hundred with six Oars (Sextiremes) and fourscore thousand Foot, all Romans born, and four thousand of their best Horse. The Carthaginians, surpriz'd at these preparations of war, sent Deputies to complain to the Senate of this infraction of a peace so sólemnly sworn, and so religiously kept on their side. The Romans demanded three hundred Hostages, and that they should bring up all their Arms to the Consuls. The Carthaginians obey'd exactly, they deliver'd up their Hostages and their Arms; consisting of Arms for two hundred thousand men, such as were used in that time, and two thousand Engines of war. When they were thus dis∣arm'd, Marsius told them, that he had orders to destroy their Town, but that he would give them leave to rebuild another Carthage on the firm Land, fourscore Furlongs at least off from the Sea. The Carthaginians were thun∣der-struck at this cruel Declaration; and tho' they were without Forces and Arms they shut up their Gates, and provided themselves with Arms as well as they could, making use (in that necessity) of their Wives hair, instead of strings for their Bows.

Asdrubal took the Field with twenty thou∣sand men, and from time to time supply'd the Town with Provisions.

Manlius attempting to rid himself of this troublesome Enemy, fell inconsiderately into a defilé, where he had certainly perish'd, had not the Tribune Scipio brought him off.

A. M. 3904. R. 603. SP. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS, L. CALPURNIUS PISO. The Carthaginians sent Ambassadours every where for relief; and made such progress therein, that the Romans were amazed at it.

A. M. 3905. R. 604. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, C. LIVIUS DRU∣SUS. Scipio went over into Africa at the de∣sire of the people, tho it was the Province of his Colleague, and had under his command fourscore thousand Foot, and four thousand Horse, with leave to raise such number of the Confederates as he should think fit. Scipio with these Forces by night attack'd a quarter of Carthage, called Megara, on the land's side, took it by storm, and there he lodg'd himself, and so kept the besieged from receiving Pro∣visions. At the beginning of the winter, ha∣ving left some Troops to block up the place, he marched with the remaining Forces against Asdrubal, who was very troublesome to him: Asdrubal not being able to withstand him, got into Nephera, where Scipio besieged him, and took the place, wherein seventy thousand men were kill'd. Scipio return'd in the begin∣ning of the Spring, to carry on the siege of Carthage, and stormed another quarter of the Town, called Cotton, wherein there was a great slaughter for six days and six nights to∣gether. The strongest hold of Carthage, call'd Byrsa, was not yet taken, and there, those that could escape out of Megara and Cotton, had made their retreat; but wanting both Provi∣sions and Ammunition, they surrendered to Scipio as well as Asdrubal, who was retired in the Temple of Aesculapius. Five thousand persons of both Sexes went out of Carthage, which were the deplorable remains of that stately City, the Rival of Rome, which flourish∣ed for six hundred and sixty seven years, or seven hundred, according to some Authors.

A. M. 3906. R. 605. CN. CORNELIUS CENTUMALUS, L. MEMMIUS. The A∣chaians opposed Memmius with a good Army, but were overcome. The Consul pursued the Victory, laid siege to Corinth, and took it; he razed its walls, and carried all its fine Orna∣ments also to Rome. This year Scipio laid Car∣thage even with the ground. Corinth flourish∣ed for nine hundred and fifty years.

A. M. 3907. R. 606. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, L. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS. Fa∣bius routed Viriatus in Spain.

A. M. 3908. R. 607. SERGIUS SULPI∣TIUS GALBA, L. AURELIUS COTTA. One Andriscus, who called himself the Son of Philip the fifth King of Macedonia, because he was like him both in shape and countenance, made some noise in Macedonia. The Romans at first despised him, but after he had defeated the Praetor Juvetius, they were afraid of him, says Florus.

A. M. 3909. R. 608. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS.

A. M. 3910. R. 609. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS. Macedo∣nia fell to Metellus, who vanquished Andriscus. whom a King of Thracia delivered into his hands. This pretended King followed the triumphal Chariot of the Consul, and after∣wards the Senate ordered he should be put to death, and gave the name of Macedonicus to the Consul who had overcome him.

A. M. 3911. R. 610. CN. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, Q. POMPEIUS or POMPILIUS RUFUS. Florusil. 2. c. 17. says that this last Consul had dishonoured the Roman name in Spain, having caused Veriatus to be murther'd

by one of his Servants, whom he corrupted for that purpose. Paterculus tells us that this Pompey was the first of his name that was rai∣sed to the Consulship, and charges the Consul Caepio-with the murther of Viriatus. Eutropius affirms that the murtherers committed the fact of their own accord, and demand∣ed a reward from the Consuls for the same, who generously answer'd that they had no reward for crimes. A Macedonian perswaded seventeen thousand Slaves, that he was son to King Perseus; but the Praetor Tre∣melius defeated him, before he had encreased his faction.

A. M. 3912. R. 611. Q. CAEPIO, C. LAELI∣US. This last Consul undertook to get the Agrarian Law enacted; but when he under∣stood that it could not be done without rai∣sing a great confusion in the Commonwealth, he gave it over: whereupon he got the sirname of Sapiens.

A. M. 3913. R. 612. CN. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. POPILIUS LAENAS, whom Flo∣rus and Eutropius call Q. POMPFIUS LAE∣NAS. This last Consul was beaten in Spain by the Numantini, who might have quite rout∣ed him; but had rather make Peace with him, than provoke the Romans.

A. M. 3914. R. 613. P. CORNELIUS CAE∣PIO or SCIPIO NASICA, D. JUNIUS BRU∣TUS. This Consul beat the Celtae, the Lusita∣nians and the Galicians at Sea; and was there∣upon sirnamed Brutus Galacius.

A. M. 3915. R. 614. M. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, C. HOSTILIUS MANCINUS, who carried on the siege of Numantia. Being gone out of his Camp against the Augur of the Au∣spices, the Numantini attacked the same, seized upon it, and having followed the Consul, o∣vertook him in a narrow passage, where they might have easily routed him, had he not con∣cluded a Peace with them: The Senate re∣fused to ratifie that Peace, being disadvanta∣geous and shameful to the Roman people, but sent Mancinus with his hands bound to Numan∣tia, with the bundle of Rods, the badge of his dignity.

A. M. 3916. R. 615. P. FURIUS PHILO, SEXTUS ATTILIUS SERANUS. Numantia was besieged again.

A. M. 3917. R. 616. SERGIUS FULVIUS FLACCUS, Q. CALPURNIUS PISO. The siege of Numantia was carried on, but very slowly.

A. M. 3918. R. 617. P. CORNELIUS SCI∣PIO AFRICANUS, C. FULVIUS FLAC∣CUS. Scipio starved the Numantini, and tho they made several vigorous sallies, reduced them to such exrremities, that they burnt their Wives, Children, and all that they had most dear and precious to them, even their Arms, and then rnn naked against the Arms of the Romans, leaving to Scipio no other orna∣ment of his triumph, but the bare name of Numantinus. Pliny says that the booty of this rich Town was but seven thousand, pound weight of Silver, and therefore Florus accounts it for nothing.

A. M. 3919. R. 618 C. MUTIUS SCAE∣VOLA, L. CALPURNIUS PISO. The Consul Murtus, who was a learned Lawyer, perswaded Tiberius Gracchus to get the Agrarian Law to be received; he brought it about, af∣ter a great resistance from the Senate, who na∣med Commissioners to share the Lands; but allowed but nine obeli a day to each of them to bear their charges. Attalus King of Pergamus gave by his last Will his Kingdom and all his goods to the Roman people. Tiberius Gracchus made use of this opportunity to flatter the people, and demanded that the Money of At∣talus might be destributed among them. The Senate opposed his demand; but Gracchus went up the Capitol, and a great number of people after him. Then Scipio Nasica, Jupiter's High Priest cried out, Let those that are for the good and conservation of the Commonwealth follow me: and having put his Gown over his head. ascended the Capitol, followed by the Sena∣tors and the most rich among the Plebeians. The people made room for him out of re∣spect to his Priesthood: but he and his fol∣lowers making use of the Seats of the Tem∣ple, instead of Arms, knock'd down Gracchus with three hundred more of his party. Ari∣stonicus, who call'd himself the Son of Atta∣lus, occasion'd a second War in Asia.

A. M. 3920. R. 619. P. POPILIUS LAE∣NAS, P. RUPILIUS. Spain having been ab∣solutely subdued by the taking of Numantia, it was reduc'd into a Province. Florus l. 2. c. 20. says that this year King Attalus died, and gave his dominions to the Roman people. Judas Machahaeus made a league with the Ro∣man people: as we read in the book of the Machabees.

A. M. 3921. R. 620. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, L. VALERIUS FLACCUS. Crassus went into Asia, to make war against Aristoni∣cus, Attalus's pretended Son, who had seized upon the Kingdom of Pergamus. The Consul took greater care to lay hold upon the Trea∣sures of Attalus, than to pursue Aristonicus, who haivng rallied his Troops, fell upon the Romans and entirely defeated them. Eutrepius l. 4. and Justinus l. 36. say, that the Consul was killed upon the spot: but Valerius Maxi∣mus relates his death otherwise, and says, that after his overthrow he was taken by some Thracian Soldiers between Smirna and Elaea, and as they were bringing him to Ari∣stonicus, he designing to be killed, put a Sol∣diers

eye out with a Switch he had in his hand, whereupon the Soldier killed him; so died Crassus, the only Roman Consul who was ever taken alive in War.

A. M. 3922. R. 621. APPIUS or C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, M. PERPENNA. This last Consul had order to revenge the affront that Aristonicus had put on the Roman people. He besieged him in Stratonica, and took him Prisoner, having forced him to sur∣render for want of Provisions. The Consul preserved his life, that he might adorn his Triumph, but he was strangled in prison by order of the Senate.

A. M. 3923. R. 622. C. SEMPRONI∣US TUDITANUS, M. AQUILIUS NE∣PUS. Aquilius made an end of the War in Asia, by poisoning the Waters. Scipio Nasica Aemilianus was found dead in his Bed, and by marks that appeared upon his Body, it was plain that he had been strangled; his own Wife, and Cornelia, the Gracchi's Mother, were suspected of having committed that crime.

A. M. 3924. R. 623. CN. OCTAVIUS NEPOS, T. ANNIUS LUSCUS.

A. M. 3925. R. 624. L. CASSIUS LON∣GUS, L. CORNELIUS CINNA. Jonathas, Brother to Judas Machabaeus, renewed the league with the Romans.

A. M. 3926. R. 625. L. AEMILIUS LEPI∣DUS, L. AURELIUS ORESTES. One of the slaves that manured the ground in Sicily, named Eunus, a Syrian born, not being able to bear the misfortune of his condition, played at first the Enthusiast, as being inspired by the Goddess of Syria: and said that he was sent from the Gods, to free the Slaves; and to get credit among the people, he had in his mouth a Nut full of Brimstone, and setting it dexterously on fire, he blew out Flames to the great amazement of the vulgar. Two thousand Slaves and others oppressed with misery, joyned him, and with their help he broke open the Prisons, and unfettered the Slaves, crying out every where Liberty. By these means he was in few days at the head of threescore thousand men, and got ground on the Romans. Perpenna being sent against them, took them by Famine, and all the Prisoners were nailed to the cross.

A. M. 3927. R. 626. M. PLAUTIUS HIPSAEUS, M. FULVIUS FLACCUS. A Slave called Athenoin, a Sicilian born, and a Shepherd, killed his Master, and got out of Prison as many Slaves as he could, and put himself at the head of them, taking upon him the quality of King and Liberator of the Slaves. Aquilius was ordered to punish him, and made use of the same means, that had so well succeeded with Perpenna, he had the like good success, except only that Athene∣on was not taken alive, because the Soldiers being too eager to seize him, tore him in pieces. Fulvius perswaded the Italians to beg the Freedom of Roman Citizens, but the Senate prevented it.

A. M. 3928. R. 627. C. CASSIUS LON∣GINUS, C. SEXTIUS CALVINUS. The Allo∣broges, Haedui and Averni made war against the Marsitians, ancient Confederates of the Romans. Sextius who was sent to assist them, destroyed the Allobroges and their Allies, after a war of three years standing. Eutropius reckons this year to be the 627 ab urbe condita.

A. M. 3929. R. 628. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS. Carthage was rebuilt two and twenty years af∣ter its ruine. Metellus laid siege before Canto∣bricum in Spain, and as he was ready to storm it, the besieged laid the Children of Rethogenes a Spanish Prince, who was on the Romans side, on the breach. Metellus moved to compassion by the prayers of Rethogenes, rais'd the siege and retired.

A. M. 3930. R. 629. CN. DOMITIUS, C. FANNIUS STRABO. Gracchu, Tribune of the people, got Commission for rebuilding Carthage; and cast a line about it in seventy days, and called her Junonia. Sextius built a Town in Gallia Narbonensis, near a spring of mineral waters, which was called Aqua Sextiae.

A. M. 3931. R. 630. L. OPIMIUS, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS. Opimius revoked all Orders decreed by Gracchus, and particularly the re-peopling of Carthage, giving out, that it was not the will of the Gods, who had de∣clared their mind about the same by a Prodi∣gy, for a Wolf had pluckt out the stakes that were driven into the ground to draw the line about it; Gracchus maintained that that pro∣digy was false and forged; and while they were arguing upon that point, a Lictor spoke so insolently, that he was kill'd by Gracchus's Faction. The Consul and the Senate made a great noise for the death of this wretched man, thinking thereby to raise the people, but on the contrary they expressed their indignation, that the Senate should make such a disturbance for the death of an insolent Lictor, who had made no scruple to knock down Tiberius Grac∣chus Tribune of the people, an inviolable Ma∣gistrate, even in the Temple of Jupiter. Af∣terwards a sedition broke out in Rome, raised by the faction of Gracchus and that of the Se∣nate. Opimius promis'd to give for the Head of Gracchus its weight in Gold, and the same was brought to him, and was found seventeen pounds eight ounces weight. Then Opimius built a Temple to the Goddess Concerrd.

A. M. 3932. R. 631. P. MANLIUS NE∣POS, C. PAPYRIUS CARBO.

A. M. 3933. R. 632. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS CALVUS, L. AURELIUS COTTA.

A. M. 3934. R. 633. M. PORTIUS CA∣TO, Q. MARTIUS REX. C. Cato, Grand∣son to Cato the Great, was fined for having converted several things in Macedonia to his own use, which belonged to the Republick. A Colony was sent to Narbona.

A. M. 3935. R. 634. P. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, Q. MUCIUS'SCAEVOLA. This last Consul triumphed over Dalmatia.

A. M. 3936. R. 635. C. LICINIUS GE∣TA, Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS.

A. M. 3937. R. 636. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS, M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS. All Arts serving only for diversion were ba∣nished Rome, except playing upon the Roman Flutes, Singers and Dice players.

A. M. 3938. R. 637. M. ACILLIUS BAL∣BUS, C. PORTIUS CATO.

A. M. 3939. R. 638. C. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS, CN. PAPIRIUS CARBO. Massi∣nissa King of Numidia being dead, his Son Micipsa succeeded him alone, after the death of his Brothers Mastanabal and Gulossa. Micipsa had two Sons Adherbal and Hiempsal; and his Bro∣ther Mastanabal had left a Son called Jugurtha, by a Concubine, whom the esteem and love that the Numidians had for him, rendered sus∣picious to Micipsa; but to get himself sure of him, he adopted him, and made him an equal sharer with his own Children. A while after this Adoption Micipsa died, and left his Kingdom to his two Sons, and to Jugurtha, who was so cruel as to cause Hiempsal to be murthered in the Town of Thirmida. Adher∣bal took up Arms to revenge his Brothers death, but was beaten; he had recourse to the Romans, but Jugartha sent them Ambassa∣dours loaded with Gold and Silver, and thereby won them over to his interest.

A. M. 3940. R. 639. C. LIVIUS DRUSUS, L. or C. CALPURNIUS PISO. L. Opimius was sent to divide the Kingdom of Numidia: The lowest Numidia, which is bounded by the Sea, fell to Adherbal; but so soon as Opimius had left Africa, Jugurtha invaded his Brother's Territories, where he destroyed all, and be∣sieged him in Cirtha, the capital City of his Kingdom, and so streighten'd him, that he was forc'd to surrender. Jugurtha put him to death with all his faithful Servants.

A. M. 3941. R. 640. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, L. CALPURNIUS BE∣STIA. The News of what Jugurtha had done in Africa being brought to Rome, a War was proclaim'd against him, and the Consul Cal∣purnius was sent into Africa. This cruel Prince sent an Embassy to Rome, to bribe the Sena∣tors and people with rich Presents: But his Ambassadors were order'd to depart Italy in ten days, and Jugurtha was summon'd to ap∣pear at Rome in person to justifie himself. He came thither upon the parole of Cassius the Proeror, who had been sent to notifie unto him the orders of the Senate. Memmius Tribune of the people accused him of having put to death the two Sons of Massinissa his Father and Benefactor; but he got off of this impeach∣ment with Money. But upon advice that Massiva Son of Gulossa had been murther'd by his orders, he was shamefully banish'd out of Rome; and at his going out of the Town he spoke these words, O infamous Town, thou art to be sold, if thou couldst find a buyer. Scipio pull'd down a very fine Theater, that Lucius Cassius had began, lest the Romans courage should be soften'd and effeminated by the Luxury and Pleasures of the Greeks.

A. M. 3942. R. 641. SPURIUS POST∣HUMIUS ALBINUS, M. MINUTIUS RU∣FUS. Albinus was sent against Jugurtha, but he came back to Rome, because the meeting of their Assemblies or Commitia required his presence, and left his Brother Aulus to com∣mand in Africa: Aulus out of a desire of gain∣ing Glory, laid siege to Stul, a Town impreg∣nable by its scituation; but Jugurtha attack'd his Camp in the night, and made a great slaughter of his men. Aulus retired upon a Hill with the scatter'd Remnants of his Army, but Jugurtha besieged him the next day, and forc'd him to surrender, upon condition that he should pass under the yoke himself, and all the rest of his Soldiers, and that he should quit Africa.

A. M. 3943. R. 642. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS NUMIDICUS, M. SYLLANUS. Metellus went into Africa, which put Jugurtha under a consternation. Metellus seiz'd upon Vacca a large Town, where he kept his Maga∣zines, and then besieged Zama the chief Town of Numidia; but being perpetually harassed by Jugurtha he rais'd the Siege.

A. M. 3944. R. 643. SERGIUS SULPI∣TIUS GALBA, M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS. Jugurtha made great preparations of war, and attempted to corrupt the Roman Garrisons. The Inhabitants of Vacta, irritated by the Co∣vetousness of the Romans, returned to the sub∣jection of their ancient Master; but Metellus retook that place, destroyed the Inhabitants thereof, and permitted his Soldiers to plun∣der it. Then he marched against Jugurtha, whom he defeated, and forced him to re∣tire to Bocus his Son-in-law, King of Mau∣ritania.

A M. 3945. R. 644. L. CASSIUS LON∣GINUS, C. MARIUS. This last Consul,

had the management of the Affairs of Africa. He formed a design upon Capsa, one of the most powerful Towns of Africa, took it with∣out resistance, and gave it up to his Soldiers to be pillaged. Afterwards he engaged Bocus and Jugurtha near Cirtha, and got a compleat victory over them. Bocus delivered up his Father-in-law to Marius, pursuant to a secret Treaty between them.

Hircanus King and Soveraign Pontiff of the Jews, renewed the confederacy with the Ro∣man people.

A. M. 3946. R. 645. Q. SERVILIUS SE∣PIO, C. ATTILIUS SERRANUS. The Cimbri and Teutoni began to fright Italy. Some think these Nations to be the Scythae, others would have them to be the Germans of the North: They were three hundred thousand fighting men, besides a great number of Wo∣men and Slaves.

A. M. 3947. R. 646. Q. RUTILIUS RU∣FUS, C. MANLIUS. The Cimbri and Teuto∣ni defeated the two Consuls on the Banks of the River Rhone. This loss brought so great a fear upon Rome, that 'tis parallell'd by Hi∣storians, with the fright that seiz'd the Ro∣mans, after they were routed at Cannae by Hannibal; they were afraid the Gauls would come again to besiege the Capitol. Rutilius instituted Fencing Masters, to teach young Soldiers how to handle their Weapons.

A. M. 3948. R. 647. C. MARIUS, C. FLAVIUS FIMBRIA. The people was in great terror, and thought that no other man but Marius was able to defend them against the fury of the Cimbri, wherefore he was na∣med Consul in his absence, contrary to the laws. Marius came again to Rome, he triumph∣ed over Jugurtha, and brought into the Ex∣chequer three thousand and seven pounds weight of Gold, and five thousand seven hun∣dred and seventy five pounds of Silver in the Mass, besides a great quantity of Gold and Silver Coin. He bestowed all the time of his Consulship, in making preparations for this great and important Expedition against the Cimbri.

A. M. 3949. R. 648. C. MARIUS, L. AURELIUS ORESTES. The Cimbri turn'd their arms against Spain, and so gave an op∣portunity to Marius to reinforce his Army, and bring it under a good Discipline. Ore∣stes died in his Magistracy.

A. M. 3950. R. 649. C. MARIUS, L. LUCTATIUS CATULUS. Marius being inform'd that the Cimbri were marching to∣wards Italy, went over the Mountains, and incamped on the banks of the River Rodanus, now the Rhone: he engag'd them in Provence, and gave such an overthrow, that they lost one hundred thousand men, either kill'd or taken Prisoners. The Inhabitants of Marseilles for a long time inclosed their Vineyards with the bones of the Cimbri and Toutoni, who were kill'd in this bloody Fight. Florus says, that Teutobocus their King was made prisoner and led in triumph to Rome.

A. M. 3951. R. 650. C. MARIUS, MANI∣US AQUILIUS. Marius preferr'd the safety of Rome before the triumph that was ordain'd him; and the glory of a second Victory, to the glory of a victorious entry into Rome, he pursued the Cimbri, whom he engaged and routed in the plain of Versellae, killing sixscore thousand of them on the spot, and taking sixty thousand Prisoners. Marius in conside∣ration of this great Victory, was called the third founder of Rome.

A. M. 3952. R. 651. C. MARIUS, L. VA∣LERIUS FLACCUS. This sixth year of Marius's Consulship was spent in Actions un∣worthy of him; for he seconded all the sedi∣tious proposals of Saturninus a Tribune of the People, and oblig'd the Senators to take an Oath, that they should follow the Laws made by the people; which they did with this limi∣tation, Si Leges sunt: There was none but Metellus that refus'd to take the Oath. Pater∣culus and Valerius Maximus both justifie Marius about the death of the Tribune Saturninus, and the Praetor Glaucia. 'Tis true that he shut up these two seditious men in the Court of Ho∣stilia; but he did so, to secure them from the fury of the people, and save them under that pretence; but the Senate having discovered his design, sent some of his faction, who got upon the tops of the Neighbouring houses, and kill'd them with their Darts.

A. M. 3953. R. 652. M. ANTONIUS, AULUS, POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS. The Thracians rebell'd, and committed horrid cru∣elties on the Romans.

A. M. 3954. R. 653. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS PIUS, T. DIDIUS. This last Consul was sent to punish the Thracians, and Metellus in several engagements defeated two Brothers, called the Herculians, Authors of the Rebellion in Spain.

A. M. 3955. R. 654. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, P. or C. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS. Cn. Carbo went over into Gaul to observe the conduct of Crassus, because he had banish∣ed his Father. A while after, finding no fault therewith, he returned into Rome, and reported that his Father could not be guilt∣less, seeing he had been condemn'd by so just and moderate a man as Crassus.

A. M. 3956. R. 655. CN. DOMITIUS AENEOBARBUS, C. CASSIUS LONGI∣NUS. Ptolomeus King of Aegypt made the Ro∣man people his Heir by his Will.

A. M. 3957. R. 656. P. LICINIUS CRAS∣SUS, Q. MUTIUS SCAEVOLA or SCAE∣VULA. They made a Law which was cal∣led after their Names Licinia and Mucia, about the regulation of the Citizens.

A M. 3958. R. 657. CAIUS COELIUS CALDUS, L. DOMITIUS AENEOBAR∣BUS.

A. M. 3959. R. 658. C. VALERIUS FLACCUS, M. HERENNIUS. All was quiet in the Roman Empire under these Con∣suls.

A. M. 3960. R. 659. C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER, M. PERPENNA.

A. M. 3961. R. 660. P. or L. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS, SEXTUS JULIUS CAESAR. M. Livius Drusus Tribune of the people, at∣tempted to restore to the Senate the right of judging in certain Causes, which Gracchus had got from them, and given to the Knights. He endeavour'd also to obtain the freedom of Roman Citizens for all the Inhabitants of Italy; but he was vigorously oppos'd: whereupon the Inhabitants of Italy rais'd one hundred thousand men, to obtain it by the force of their Army.

A. M. 3962. R. 661. C. JULIUS CAESAR, C. RUTILIUS LUPUS. The Consuls rais'd one hundred thousand men, whom they di∣vided into several Bodies, that they might re∣sist the several Nations of Italy leagued toge∣ther; yet they were worsted every where, and the Consul Rutilius was kill'd in an En∣gagement. At the latter end of the year, Julius Caesar made a Law, granting the freedom of Rome to the Latins and the Confederates, as Tully says, in his Oration for Balbus.

A. M. 3963. R. 662. CN. POMPEIUS STRABO, L. PORCIUS CATO. The war against the Inhabitants of Italy was car∣ried on; There Cato was kill'd, and several Bodies of the Army defeated. The Italians seeing the good success of their Affairs, erected a Commonwealth of their own, which they called the Italian Republick; and the capital City of this new State was Cornifi∣cium; But Pompeius destroy'd their infant Re∣publick, and routed their chief Forces. The Senate granted the freedom of their City to the Latins that were not of the League, but they were not incorporated into the thirty five Tribes, nor had the priviledge of voting in the Assemblies.

A. M. 3964. R. 663. L. CORNELIUS SYLLA or SULLA, Q. POMPEIUS RU∣FUS. Several prodigies threatned the Roman State with some fatal revolution. A woman was brought to bed of a Serpent, and great foundings of Trumpets were seen in the air: These prodigies were the forerunners of the troubles, which were occasioned by the Civil Wars between Marius and Sylla, which had their rise from what follows. Marius stood for the command of the Army against Mithri∣dates King of Pontus, and Sylla pretended the same, for being Consul, that Command be∣longed to him; yet Marius made so good an interest for himself, that he carried it, being seconded by the Tribune Sulpitius. The Con∣suls being offended at this proceeding, stopt all Employments and acts of Justice: But Sulpitius grew so insolently bold, that he at∣tacked the Consuls in the Rostra, and kill'd and overthrew all that would oppose his fury. Sylla could find no shelter, but in the House of Marius, from whence he was not permit∣ted to go out, till he had passed his word to repeal what he had ordered. Marius sent one of his Lieutenants to Nola, to oblige the Ar∣my to swear fidelity to him, but Sylla prevent∣ed it, and came to the Army before Marius's Lieutenant, whom he caus'd to be put to death, as soon as he came into the Camp; and having caus'd the Army to take an Oath to him, he march'd directly towards Rome, and possessed himself of the Gate Collina, and some other posts. The Inhabitants made at first some resistance from the tops of their Houses, but Sylla threatned them to set the whole Town on fire, if they offer'd to oppose him. Marius made a vigorous resistance in the sacred street, but not being able to withstand any longer, he quitted the Town and went over into Africa. All things being then at Sylla's command, he call'd the Senate, and caus'd Marius and Sulpitius with their followers to be proscrib'd, and declared Enemies of the Roman People.

A. M. 3965. R. 664. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, CN. OCTAVIUS FLACCUS. After the Consul's election, Sylla set out for Rome to make war against Mithridates, and be∣gan this Expedition with the defect of Arche∣laus one of his Generals. Octavius expelled Cinna out of Rome, and substituted in his room Cornelius Merula, the great Priest of Jupiter. After this affront Cinna retired into Italy, and perswaded the Italians to rebel, inticing them with the promises of the freedom of Citizens, and of being incorporated into the thirty five Tribes, that they might be partakers of all the priviledges of the Roman people: By this means Cinna raised a considerable Army, and Marius joined himself to him. They took the Town of Ostia by treachery, and destroyed all the Inhabitants thereof. Afterwards Ma∣rius went over the River Tyber, leaving Cinna on the other side, and seized the Janiculum, whereupon the Romans sent him Ambassadours to desire him to come again to Rome; and to that purpose the act of his banishment was repealed. Marius and Cinna entred again into

Rome, and there made a very great slaughter.

A. M. 3966. R. 665. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, C. MARIUS. Marius died the 17th day of his seventh Consulship, and Cinna got Valerius Flaccus elected in his room, who was ordered to go and make war against Mithri∣dates: they made Fimbria, with the quality of Praetor, his Lieutenant General, that he might have a greater Authority. He fell out with Placcus, who shamefully deposed him; but this great Man was revenged of the Consul, and got him murthered in a Well, where he had hid himself. After his death, Fimbria ha∣ving the sole command of the Army, pursued Mithridates, and forced him to retire by sea to Mitilene.

A. M. 3967. R. 666. L. CORNELIUS CINNA, CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO. Cinna went on with his Murthers and Proscriptions. P. Lenas Tribune of the people, caused his Colleague Sextus Lucilius, to be thrown head-long from the Tarpeian Rock.

A. M. 3968. R. 667. CORNELIUS CIN∣NA, CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO. Sylla divi∣ded Asia in forty four Provinces, and then re∣turned into Italy: Cinna marched against him, but his own Soldiers mutinied, and killed him in his Camp. Carbo would have no Col∣league.

A. M. 3969. R. 668. L. SCIPIO ASIA∣TICUS, C. NORBANUS FLACCUS. The two Consuls with the young Marius, opposed Sylla with two powerful Armies; but he de∣feated them, and pursued Norbanus so closely, that he besieged him in Capua.

A. M. 3970. R. 669. CN. PAPYRIUS CARBO, C. MARIUS. Sylla engaged Marius near Signium, and got a full victory, having killed twenty thousand of his men, and taken eight thousand Prisoners. Offella one of Sylla's Generals besieged Marius in Praeneste, where he retired after his defeat, and kept him so close that he could not get off; where∣upon he murthered himself. Then Praeneste was delivered up to Sylla, who got all the In∣habitants together in the place of Arms, and had them murthered by his Soldiers. Pliny affirms that Sylla found in Praeneste three thousand pounds weight of Gold, and seven thousand pounds of Silver. Sylla came again to Rome, where he took the Name of Faustus: He caused himself to be created perpetual Dictator, and obliged the Senate to approve by a decree, all that he had done, and all that he should do afterwards. He changed many ancient Laws, and made new ones, and cre∣ated three hundred Senators, whom he chose himself out of the Equestrian Order; besides he freed ten thousand Slaves, to whom he gave the freedom of Citizens, and called them by his name Cornelians. When he walk'd in the City, he was attended with four and twenty Lictors, and a great Guard. At last he quitted the Dictatorship, being guilty of many Murthers, Assassinations, Prescriptions and Banishments.

A. M. 3972. R. 671. M. TULLIUS SIL∣LIUS, CN. ORTILLIUS DOLABELLA. These two Consuls are recorded in this order in the Chronologies; but 'tis very likely that they were both Consuls, during the Year of Sylla's Dictatorship; for we find that there were Consuls during the perpetual Dictator∣ship of Caesar, and the Soveraign Authority of the Emperours.

A. M. 3973. R. 672. L. CORNELIUS SYLLA FAUSTUS, Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS PIUS. This year all things were very calm.

A. M. 3974. R. 673. P. SERVILIUS ISAURICUS, APPIUS CLAUDIUS PUL∣CHER. Sylla refus'd the Consulship and re∣tired into the Country, where he liv'd the rest of his days in quiet. The Consul Clau∣dius went into Macedonia, where he died of a fit of Sickness. His Colleague passed over Mount Taurus, where the Romans never had been before. He brought Cecilia and Licia un∣der the Roman subjection; and having in three years time performed the Expedition, return∣ed to Rome, where he receiv'd the honours of Triumph, with the Name of Isaurieus.

A. M. 3975. R. 674. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS, Q. CATULUS LUCTATIUS, Sylla died: Lepidus would not permit the Magnificent Funeral designed for him, be∣cause of the Murthers he had committed; yet Catulus was allowed to pay to the body of his Friend all the testimonies of his acknow∣ledgment. Pompeius growing in credit, sided with the Nobility, and marched at the head of an Army, that Catulus trusted him with against Brutus, and besieged him in Modena. Pompeius got the Government of Spain, with the Character of Pro-consul.

A. M. 3976. R. 675. M. AEMILIUS LE∣PIDUS SCAURUS, DECIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. Scaurus made Laws to regulate the Expences of private men. Pompey and Metellus had several Engagements in Spain with Sertorius, but Pompey was always beaten, and Metellus always victorious; whereupon Sertorius passed a biting Jest upon Pompey, as Eutropius and Plutarch relate, If that old woman, said he, rallying the Physiognomy of Metellus, was not here, I would send this Boy to School, meaning Pompey, who was then but a Youth.

A. M. 3977. R. 676. CN. OCTAVIUS COSCONIUS, CN. SCRIBONIUS CURIO. This last Consul succeeded Claudius in the Go∣vernment of Macedonia. He carried on his Conquests as far as the River Danube. He

spent, three years in these wars, and after∣wards came to Rome to make his triumphas entry. Octavius routed the Dalmatians, took Salonica, and triumphed likewise over that Nation.

A. M. 3978. R. 677. L. OCTAVIUS, C. AURELIUS COTTA. There was no∣thing remarkable transacted during their Con∣sulate.

A. M. 3979. R. 678. L. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, M. AURELIUS COTTA. Lu∣cullus got a Commission to march against Mi∣thridates, who had increased his Forces during the civil wars of Marius and Sylla; yet he de∣feated him in several Battels.

A. M. 3980. R. 679. M. LICINIUS LU∣CULLUS, C. CASSIUS. Spartacus a famous Gladiator got out of the Prisons of Capua, with seventy of his Companions; and being at the head of sixty thousand men, who join∣ed themselves to him, undertook to make war against the Roman people. He routed all the forces that oppos'd him; and beat Cassius the Praetor, who would dispute with him the pas∣sage of the River Po, with ten thousand men.

A. M. 3981. R. 680. L. GELLIUS, COR∣NELIUS LENTULUS. The Senate com∣mitted the care of the war against Spartacus to Crassus, who was followed by the most part of the Nobility. This General order'd a Trench to be made of fifteen Leagues long, from one Sea to the other, to inclose Spartacus, and prevent his escape; but he overcame this obstacle, by filling up the Trench in a certain place with Fascines, in a very dark and cold night.

A. M. 3982. R. 681. CN. AUFIDIUS ORESTES, P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SURA. Crassus pursued Spartacus, who re∣tired towards the Alps, after having lost twelve thousand men, that Crassus had cut off in several skirmishes. But two of Crassus's Generals pursuing him with too much preci∣pitation were beaten, and the Army they commanded cut in pieces. This Victory was the cause of his ruin, for his Soldiers grow∣ing proud of these advantages, forced Crassus to an Engagement, and were quite routed, and Spartacus himself lost his life. Lucius was victorious in the famous Battle of Cizicenna against Mithridates; his Lieutenant General beat the Fleet of the King, and Lucullus ha∣ving subdued Paphlagonia, Bithinia; Pontus, and taken Synopae its capital City, he again defeat∣ed Mithridates near Cabyra, and took away from him the lower Armenia. This unfortu∣nate Prince fled to Tigrannes King of the upper Armenia, who stil'd himself King of Kings. Lucuilus followed Mithridates into Armenia; besieged and took Tigranocerta the chiefest City of the Kingdom, which Tigrannes had built. Tigrannes, who had besieged Ptolomais, hearing of the great progress of the Romans, rais'd the siege and march'd against Lucullus; but he was overcome, and Lucullus took the Town of Nisiba, where Tigrannes was taken prisoner.

A. M. 3983. R. 682. M. LICINIUS CRASSUS, CN. POMPEIUS. Pompey taking notice that Crassus's opinion prevail'd in the Senate, made it his business to gain the Love of the People, wherefore he restored the Tri∣bunes the authority that Sylla had taken away from them; and referred the trial of civil and criminal Causes to the Equestrian Order.

A. M. 3984. R. 683. Q. CAECILIUS ME∣TELLUS CRETICUS, Q. HORTENSIUS. The Isle of Candia revolted, and gave a fair op∣portunity to Metellus to signalize himself. He subdued the whole Island in the space of three years, and afterwards obtain'd the triumph and the sirname of Creticus. Appion King of Cyrene and Lybia died, and by his Will bequeathed his Territories to the Roman people, with the Towns of Ptolomais, Cyrene and Bernice, says Eu∣tropius. The Capitol was intirely rebuilt, and dedicated by Quintus Catulus, according to Cas∣siedorus. The disturbances between Hircanus and Aristobulus began this year, and were carried on so far, that they occasion'd the destruction of Jerusalem, and the servitude of the Jews, as Josephus their Historian relates.

A. M. 3985. R. 684. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS, Q. MARTIUS VATIA REX. This year was imploy'd in ordering and set∣tling the Provinces, that Appion had lest by his Will to the Roman people.

A. M. 3986. R. 685. M. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. ACILIUS GLABRIO. The Pi∣rates grew formidable upon the Miditerranean Sea. Pompey was ordered to clear the Sea of them; whereupon he fitted out five hundred men of war, and raised sixscore thousand Foot, and five thousand Horse; with these Forces he cleared the Sea in forty days, and by this quick Expedition he got so far into the esteem of the people, that they gave him Commission to march against Mithridates and Tigrannes, to the prejudice of Lucullus, who having almost destroy'd them, deserved the honour of making an end of that war.

A. M. 3987. R. 686. M. ANNIUS or AEMILIUS LEPIDUS, L. MANLIUS TOR∣QUATUS or L. JULIUS TULLUS.

A. M. 3988. R. 687. L. AURELIUS COTTA, L. MANLIUS TORQUATUS.

A. M. 3989. R. 688. P. JULIUS CAESAR, Q. MARTIUS. (Salustius adds the sirname of Figulinus to that of Martius.) During these three Consulates, Pompey carried on the war against Mithridates, and kill'd forty thousand

of his Men, having lost himself but twenty Soldiers. The reason they give of this great disproportion is, that they engag'd in the night, and the Roman Soldiers had the Moon behind them: So that their shadow being carried near the Enemies, the Enemies blows could do them no harm. This Battle was fought in Asia Minor: Mithridates escap'd with two men only, and Hipsicratea one of his Wives. A while after his own Son, ha∣ving rebelled against him, he killed himself out of grief. After his death Pompey entred the Territories of Tigrannes, and incamp'd within sixteen miles from Artaxates his Capi∣tal City. Tigrannes being weakned by so ma∣ny losses, and fearing the Army of Pompey, came to him and laid down his Diadem at his feet; Pompey took it up and gave it to him again, and contented himself with some Pro∣vinces of his Kingdom, with the best part of his Treasures, which he yielded to the Roman people. Pompey came a while after into Judea, and inquired into the Quarrel between Hirca∣nus and Aristobulus, upon pretence of being Mediator between them. Aristobulus, to shew how far he trusted him, put all his strong places into his hands, and made him several rich presents, and among other, a fine golden Vine a very curious piece of work; but he was deceived in the protection he expected from Pompey: Therefore he armed what forces he could, and got into Jerusalem. Pompey pitch'd his Camp at the very Gates of it, and carried on the siege vigorously: Aristobulus, to prevent the ruin of Jerusalem, came out to surrender himself to Pompey; but while the Roman Ge∣neral was flattering this Prince with hopes, Gabinius his Lieutenant got into the place, and after a slender resistance they open'd the Gates to Pompey. The faction of Aristobulus got into the Temple, being resolved to defend them∣selves; but Pompey besieged them, and took them after a siege of three months. The Holy Temple was prophan'd, not only by the un∣circumcis'd Nations that enter'd it, but also by the slaughter of the Jewish Priests, who were promiscuously killed with the Victims. Hir∣canus was made high Priest, but was deprived of the Royalty. Pompey left the Treasure of the Sanctuary untouch'd.

A. M. 3990. R. 689. M. TULLIUS CI∣CERO, M. ANTONIUS. The City of Je∣rusalem was taken during their Consulate. Catiline began his seditious practices. Cicero quell'd this dangerous Conspiracy at its very beginning, having order'd such as were guil∣ty to be put to death., and obliged Catiline to quit the City. Cato, who was Tribune of the people, and bore a hatred to Julius Caesar, be∣cause he had an amorous Intreague with Porcia his Sister, would have his name set down in the number of the Conspiracy; but he put himself under the protection of the people. Catilline at his going out of Rome, caus'd the bundle of Rods to be carried before him, as if he had been Consul, and with this state he got at the head of twenty thousand men, that Manlius had privately rais'd. Antonius assem∣bled quickly an Army, and pursued Catiline with the utmost diligence, that he might have no time to encrease his Forces, and over∣took him in the plain of Pistois, where he en∣gaged him. The Fight was very bloody, but the greatest part of the Conspirators was killed, with Catiline himself. Scaurus made war against the Arabians, without any other design, than that he might have an opportuni∣ty to plunder the rich Town of Petra, the chief City of their States; but he took so ill measures, that his Army would have starved, had not Hircanus the High Priest of the Jews relieved them. Hircanus afterwards became Mediator of the Peace between Aretas King of the Arabians and the Romans; and the siege of Petra was raised, upon condition of paying three hundred Talents to Soaurus for the charges of the war. M. Otho or Roscius Otho then Praetor, procured a Law, by which it was order'd, that the Equestrian Order should have a distinct place at the Theater, from that of the people.

A. M. 3991. R. 690. DECIUS JUNIUS SYLLANUS, L. LICINIUS MURENA. Pompey triumph'd for several days together, viz. over the Pirates, over the Kings, Mithri∣dates, Tigrannes and Aristobulus. The Sons of Mithridates and Tigrannes and Aristobulus himself followed the triumphal Chariot.

A. M. 3992. R. 691. M. PAPYRIUS or M. CALPURNIUS PISO, M. VALERI∣US MESSALA. Cutiline was killed this year, according to Cassiodorus; but his opinion does not seem probable; for Salustus expresly observes that this Conspiracy began in June, during the Consulate of Caesar and Martius. Besides, 'tis undeniable that Anthony com∣manded the forces of the Commonwealth, when Catiline was defeated.

A. M. 3993. R. 692. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CELER, L. AFRANIUS. Caesar asked the Consulates, and making in∣terest for it, reconciled Crassus and Pompey, and married his Daughter Julia to Pompey.

A. M. 3994. R. 693. C. JULIUS CAESAR, M. CALPURNIUS BIBULUS. As soon as Caesar was made Consul, he proposed the Agra∣rian Law. Bibulus vigorously opposed these novelties, but it was to no purpose; for his Colleague carried every thing, and also abu∣sed him in his person, causing the Fasces that were carried before Bibulus, to be broke in the presence of Bibulus himself. Bibulus

durst not appear any more after so great an affront, and shut up himself in his own house, causing his oppositions to be posted up by night: wherefore the people seeing him no more, said in jest, Julio & Caesare Coss. Caesar got the Government of Gaul for five years.

A. M. 3995. R. 694. L. CALPURNIUS PISO, AULUS GABINIUS PAULUS. The hatred of the Tribune Clodius broke out against Cicero, who had impeach'd him for having prophaned the Mysteries of Ceres, be∣cause he went into the house of Calpurnia dressed in a Womans Apparel upon the ac∣count of Galantry. Cicero to avoid his fury went into Gaul, where he served in the qua∣lity of Caesar's Lieutenant. Clodius's anger seemed to be over, because Cicero was out of his reach: but Cicero fell into the snare, for he returned to Rome, where immediately Clo∣dius accused him of having put to death Lentu∣lus, Cethegus, Sura and other accomplices of Catiline, without having observed any forma∣lity of Justice: Upon this accusation Cicero was banished Rome, and his Houses both in the Town and Country were burnt down.

Alexander Son to Aristobulus having made his escape out of Pompey's hands, came into Judea, where he rais'd ten thousand Foot, and fifteen hundred Horse, and then attack'd Ga∣binius, but was beaten. Alexander lost three thousand men, and retired into Alexandria, where he defended himself for some time; but at last was forced to surrender. Aristobu∣lus King of the Jews, with Antigonus his Son, escaped also out of the Prisons of Rome, and would attempt to raise men in arms as Alex∣ander had done; but he had no better success than Alexander, for he was brought again pri∣soner to Rome.

A. M. 3996. R. 695. P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTER, Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS. Pompey taking notice that the esteem the people had for him, was lessen'd by the Artifices of Clodius, resolv'd to be re∣veng'd of him, and to recal Cicero out of his banishment, and restore him to all his Estate. Clodius could never prevent it by his Veto or opposition, for the Senate ordered that all ex∣ercise should cease till Cicero's return. Clodius being afraid that this decree of the Senate should be approved of by the People, raised as many Men as he could to prevent it, and Pompey and the Senate likewise raised forces, and engaged Clodius and his Men. The sight was bloody, but the Senate got the best; and Cicero returned. The Commission for bringing Corn to Rome was bestowed upon Pompey, as a reward in consideration of Cicero's return. A while after Milo murthered Clodius: whereupon Cicero made a sine Apology in the behalf of the murther of Clodius his Enemy, which is to be seen in his Orations.

A. M. 3997. R. 696. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, L. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS. Caesar form'd the famous Triumvirat with Pompey and Crassus, which was so fatal to the Commonwealth, that at last it brought the Roman people under the subjection of one man. Cato and the Consul Martius his Father∣in-law attempted to break this league, but could not accomplish it.

A. M. 3998. R. 697. CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, M. LICINIUS CRASSUS. The Consuls got an order, by which Caesar should remain in his Government for five years more, Pompey should be Governour in Spain and Afri∣ca, and that Crassus should have Syria and Ae∣gypt, with the absolute power of making war against what Nation soever he should think fit. Crassus was so impatient of being at war with the Parthians, that he put to Sea before the Spring, in a very hard season, so that he lost a great many of his Ships. He plunder'd the Temple of Jerusalem, which Pompey and Gabinius had spared out of respect, and car∣ried away two thousand Talents of consecra∣ted Silver.

An Arabian, whom Plutarch calls Ariamenes, and Appianus Abaris, guided Crassus and his Ar∣my into a dry and barren Plain, and expos'd him to the Parthians fury, who defeated him, kill'd his Son, and the greatest part of his Soldiers; he attempted to escape in the dark, but another Arabian, whom he had took for his Guide, betrayed him also; for he guided his forces during the night, so that the next morning they were in a great plain, in sight of the Parthians. Surena the Parthians Com∣mander pretended to be willing to come to a treaty with Crassus; whereupon the Consul advanced to the Parley, but the Parthians surrounded him, and kill'd him with their Arrows.

Caesar was more fortunate in his Govern∣ment, he defeated the Sicambri and Usipeles, which were the people of Guelderland and Zut∣phen, and laid a Bridge over the River Rhine, and passed over into Germany, where he stay'd but eighteen days, and came back again into Gaul, from whence he undertook the Con∣quest of England.

A. M. 3999. R. 698. APPIUS CLAU∣DIUS PULCHER, L. DOMITIUS AENEO∣BARBUS. The death of Crassus created Jea∣lousy betwixt Pompey and Caesar. Julia, Pompey's Wife, and Caesar's Daughter, died in Child∣bed. And after her death, Pompey seeing that Caesar's Victories had got him the love of the people, could not bear his preference; where∣fore he would have laid down his Employ∣ments; but Cato, who was Caesar's Enemy per∣swaded him to the contrary.

A. M. 4000. R. 699. CN. DOMITIUS CALVUS, M. VALERIUS MESSALA. Caesar went over a second time into England with eight hundred Sail, and all the choice of the Nobility of Gaul. The English made no great resistance; Castivelanus their King sub∣mitted to the Romans. The people of Namur and Hainault took up Arms, and besieged Cice∣ro in his Camp, but Caesar came to his relief and got him off, being then reduc'd to the last extremity. Afterwards Caesar went to∣wards Rome, and sent to Pompey to borrow two Legions of him, which Pompey sent him. Scipio Hipseus and Milo stood both at Rome, with open force for the Consulship; whereupon the Senate named Pompey the only Consul, with the power of chusing a Colleague.

A. M. 4001. R. 700. CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS. He chose for his Colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus. Pompey being a Widower took Cornelia, Scipio's Daughter, for his second Wife, and all his care was to make himself sure of the Senate, to counter-ballance the fa∣vour of the people, who declared openly for Caesar. He was continued Governour of Spain and Africa for four years; and Caesar obtain'd the Government of Gaul for the same time. Many disturbances arose in Gaul, that kept Caesar very busie. He defeated Vercingentorix, besieged and took Avaricum now Bourges Bituri∣cum, now the chief City in Berry, and Alexia, near Vellacundirum (Auxerre), and forc'd Vircin∣gentorix to surrender himself.

A. M. 4002. R. 701. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, SERVIUS SULPITIUS RU∣FUS. Marcellus upon Pompey's motion propo∣sed to send a successour to Caesar, but Sulpitius's Colleague, and the Tribunes of the people oppos'd it, saying, that Caesar had obtained his Government for four years, which time was appointed by the Senate, and that it would argue much injustice and imprudence in the people, to take his Government from him, while he was victorious, and before the time appointed by the Senate was expired. The Proposal was then rejected for this time.

A. M. 4003. R. 702. L. AEMILIUS PAU∣LUS, C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS. Mar∣cellus, Cousin German to the last Consul of this name, proposed again to recal Caesar, and send him order to disband his Army; Aemili∣us on the contrary, added to the reasons al∣ledg'd the foregoing year by Sulpitius, that Caesar offered to disband his Army, if Pompey, who was his declared Enemy, would also break his Forces. The Tribune Curio seeing that the Senate favour'd Pompey, made that proposal to the people, who approv'd the same, and Anthony Curio's Colleague, openly read Caesar's Letters in the presence of the people, notwithstanding the opposition of the Consul Marcellus, who made all his endeavours to prevent it. Marc. Antony, who was on Ca∣sar's side was made their chief Pontiff, and Galba was debarred of the Consulate, because he had been Caesar's Lieutenant.

A. M. 4004. R. 703. L. CORNELIUS LENTULUS, G. CLAUDIUS MARCEL∣LUS. The two Consuls favour'd the party of Pompey, and proposed to recal Caesar and disband his Army; but Curio and other Friends to Caesar, opposed boldly the Consuls, who dismiss'd the Assembly, upon pretence that they grew too hot. Labienus one of the chief∣est General Officers of Caesar forsook him, and went over to Pompey. The Consuls found out another way to bring their design about; they exaggerated the shame or disgrace that the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians had brought upon Rome; and that to revenge that affront, it was necessary to send two Legions of Cae∣sar's, and two other of Pompey's, with some other Forces to make war against them. As soon as Caesar had notice of this order, he sent two of his Legions, with two more that Pompey had lent him. Fabius came to Rome from Caesar, and delivered his Letters to the Consuls, who were hardly prevailed upon by the Tribunes, that the same should be read to the Senate, and would never consent that his offers should be taken into consideration, but ordered to consider of the present state of the affairs of the Republick. Lentulus one of the Consuls said, that he would never forsake the Commonwealth, if they would speak their mind boldly. Scipio, Pompey's Father-in-law, spoke to the same purpose, and said that Pom∣pey would never forsake the Republick, if the Senate would stand by it. Whereupon it was ordered that Caesar should disband his Ar∣my by a certain time, or otherwise he should be declared Criminal. Marc-Anthony and Q. Massius Tribunes of the people opposed this re∣solution. The Censor Piso and the Praetor Roscius offered themselves to go to Caesar, to inform him how the affairs went, but they were not allowed to go, and all the proceed∣ings were stopt. They had recourse at last to the last remedies, and to a Decree, by which it was ordered, That the Magistrates should take care of the safety of the Commonwealth. The Tribunes went out of Rome and retired to Caesar at Ravenna, where he was expecting an answer suitable to the equity of his De∣mands.

The following days the Senate met out of the City, that Pompey might be present at the Assembly, for being Proconsul, by his Office he could not be at Rome. Then they raised Forces throughout Italy, and took Mo∣ney out of the Exchequer to bear Pompey's charges. Caesar having intelligence of all

these proceedings, assembled his Soldiers, and represented to them in a pathetical way the in∣justice of his Enemies, and exhorted them to stand by him against their violence. The Sol∣diers cried out presently that they were ready to protect his Dignity, and that of the Tri∣bunes. Caesar trusting himself to their fideli∣ty, brought them towards Rimini, where he met the Tribunes of the people, who came to him to implore his assistance.

All the Towns of Italy where Caesar appear'd open'd their Gates, and sent away Pompey's Garrisons. This great progress surpriz'd Pompey's Followers, and obliged them to quit Rome, and Caesar pursu'd them as far as Brun∣dusium, where Pompey cross'd over the Sea with the Consuls. Caesar having no Ships to follow them, return'd to Rome. The Magistrates and the Senators that remain'd there made Lepidus Inter-Rex, who created C. Julius Caesar Dictator, who recall'd the banish'd Citizens, and restor'd them to the possession of their Estates: He laid down that great Office, after having kept it eleven days only, and then was made Consul.

A. M. 4005. R. 704. C. JULIUS CAESAR, P. SERVILIUS VATINIUS ISAURICUS. Caesar had then no other thoughts, but to pur∣sue Pompey; but first of all he thought fit to make himself Master of Spain, where Pompey had fortified himself a long while ago. He had several skirmishes on the Segra near Laeri∣da, and so closely pursued Afranius one of Pompey's Generals, that he was obliged to dis∣band his Army, composed of seven Roman Legions, and of a great many Confederates. Varro another General of Pompey's attempted to defend Calis and Cordua, but all the Neigh∣bouring Provinces declared themselves for Caesar, so that he was forc'd to yield to his good Fortune, and delivered up his Forces, Ships, and all his Ammunitions. In the mean time Pompey got together a very strong Fleet, compos'd of several Squadrons from Asia, the Cyclades Islands, Corsou, Athens and Egypt, mak∣ing in all five hundred Ships, besides the Tenders, and other small Ships. His Land Forces were not inferior to his Naval Strength, but he had dispersed his Army into several places, to keep the Provinces in his Interest; and had then with him but forty five thou∣sand Foot, and seven thousand Horse: Caesar was not so strong, for his Army consisted on∣ly of a thousand Horse, and twenty two thousand Foot. These two Armies engaged in Thessalia near Pharsalia, and Pompey's Army was defeated, and himself forc'd to escape in disguise to Amphipolis, where he attempted to rally his scatter'd Forces; but Caesar pur∣sued him so close, that he had no time to do it, and fled away into Egypt, where King Ptolomy caused him to be murther'd before he landed. Caesar was so concerned at the news of his death, that the murtherers thought they could not avoid a punishment suitable to their Crime, but by the death of Caesar himself. Photinus the Eunuch, and Archaelas attacked Caesar, but Methridates King of Perga∣mus came to his relief, and deliver'd him from these Murtherers.

A. M. 4006. R. 705. Q. FURIUS CALE∣NUS, P. VATINIUS. Tho' Caesar was ab∣sent from Rome, yet he was made Dictator the second time, and his Dictatorship conti∣nued for a whole year. He reduced the King∣dom of Pontus into a Roman Province, and be∣stow'd the Government of it upon Celius Vin∣cinianus. It was concerning this Victory that Caesar obtained over Pharnaces King of Pontus, that he wrote to his Friend Anicius, veni, vidi, vici, I am come, I have seen, I have overcome; to shew with what swiftness he had subdued the Kingdom of Pontus. Caesar return'd by way of Asia Minor, and gave the Kingdom of Bosphorus to Mithridates King of Pergamus, and from thence came to Rome, where his pre∣sence was necessary: After his arrival he dis∣banded a great part of his Forces, giving one hundred Crowns to each Soldier, with Lands enough to live there rich and contented.

A. M. 4007. R. 706. C. JULIUS CAESAR, M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS. Caesar did not stay long at Rome, but went over into Africa at the beginning of January, where at first he was worsted by Labienus's Forces. After∣wards he drew the Africans to a Fight near the Town of Tapsus, where the Forces of Labienus and Afranius, tho' reinforc'd by those of Sci∣pio, were cut in pieces. Caesar gain'd great Glory in this Battle; for he got three Camps of the Enemies, kill'd ten thousand Men, or fifty thousand, according to Plutarch; made several Prisoners, and lost but one hundred and fifty Men. After this Victory Caesar march'd towards Utica, where Cato command∣ed, who seeing all things in a desperate con∣dition kill'd himself. Tuba got off safe in the last battle with Petreius, and attempted to re∣tire to Zama a Town of his own, very strong and well provided, where he had left his Wife, Children and Treasure, but the Inha∣bitants thereof shut up the Gates upon him, and made a present of all his Treasure to Caesar. Afranius and Sylla had no better for∣tune, for they fell into a body of the Army, that Sitius, Caesar's Lieutenant commanded, and Sylla was made prisoner with Pompeia his Wife and Children. Sitius's Soldiers kill'd him and Afranius by Caesar's order, who spared the life of Pompeia and his Children, and restor'd them to their Estate. Scipio attempted to get into Spain, but the Winds and the Sea drove him

back to ••o••na, where Sitius was return'd, who sunk easily all his Ships.

Caesar having subdued Africa, made it a Pro∣vince, and subjected it to the Roman Laws. He caused all the Goods of Juba to be sold, and made presents to his Soldiers of the Mo∣ney arising by them. Caesar return'd to Rome, where he triumph'd for three days together: The first day he triumph'd over Aegypt, the second over the Kingdom of Pontus and Phar∣naces, and the third over Africa and King Juba; and in so modest a manner, that there was nothing seen in his Triumph, that could seem to insult over the memory of those he had vanquished: The next day after these Triumphs, he entertained all the Roman Peo∣ple at two and twenty thousand Tables, and gave them the diversion of a great many Fights of Gladiators, and a representation of a Sea-fight. The Citizens were numbered and were found 320000 heads of Families, who had escaped the fury of the Civil Wars.

Pompey's Sons, with the remains of his Par∣ty, were retired into that part of Spain called Ʋlterior or Baetica, where Caesar pursu'd and de∣feated them near Munda, killing thirty thou∣sand on the spot, among whom were three thousand Roman Knights, and seventeen Field Officers, with Labienus and Actius Varus. After this Victory Munda and Cordua were both be∣sieged and taken; Pompey's Sons died of their wounds.

A. M. 4008. R. 707. Q. FABIUS MAXI∣MUS, C. TREBONIANUS. Caesar crown'd with Glory after so many Conquests came to Rome, to make his triumphal Entry there; and then the Senate and the Roman people submitted to him, creating him perpetual Dictator, and render'd him such Honours that were only due to the Gods. Rome could never get a more illustrious Master. He ap∣ply'd himself carefully to all that could con∣tribute to the grandeur and welfare of the Roman people. He reform'd the Calendar, re-built and re-populated several Towns; and undertook to cut the Isthmus of Corinth, which joined Merco to the Continent of Greece, and terminates the Gulph of Lepanto. He would also join the Anio to the Tiber, by a Canal that was to be cut from Rome to Circae∣um, and fall in at Terracinae. This great man in the midst of his Grandeur and Prosperity was murthered in the Senate, and died of three and twenty wounds he received, being then fifty six years old.